title: Non-Invasive and Minimally Invasive Imaging Evaluation of CSF Rhinorrhoea - a Retrospective Study with Review of Literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Localization of a cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] fistula is a diagnostic challenge. The choice of an optimal imaging technique is necessary to locate the site of CSF leak which is required for surgical/endoscopic repair of the CSF fistula.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of imaging was performed in 33 patients who presented with symptoms suggestive of CSF rhinorrhoea over a period of two years. Either a bone defect on high resolution CT [HRCT] or CSF column extending extracranially from the subarachnoid space with or without brain/ meningeal herniation on magnetic resonance [MR] cisternography was considered positive for CSF leak. The MR imaging technique included 1-mm heavily T2-weighted [TR 2000 ms; TE-200 ms] fast spin echo study in coronal and sagittal planes. HRCT sections involved 0.625 to 0.8-mm sections in the coronal plane, with or without axial planes, through the paranasal sinuses, reconstructed in a sharp algorithm and acquired with the patient in prone position. Imaging findings were compared with endoscopic findings, being the gold standard for the assessment of CSF rhinorrhea.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 25 patients had a combination of HRCT and MR cisternography. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value [PPV] and negative predictive value [NPV] of both MR cisternography and HRCT together were 93%, 100%, 100% and 50% respectively. Two patients underwent only MR cisternography, 5 patients underwent only HRCT and one patient underwent HRCT, MR cisternography and CT cisternography. Though PPV was 100% in the groups with HRCT alone, MR cisternography alone and combined CT cisternography, HRCT and MR cisternography, the results were not statistically significant as the number of patients in those groups was lower.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination of MR cisternography and HRCT appears to be complementary, accurate and non-invasive and should be considered as optimal imaging modality for pre-op imaging in the evaluation of CSF rhinorrhoea.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Leena Robinson
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Vimala
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Anitha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jasper
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: Aparna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Irodi
keywords: Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Multidetector Computed Tomography