title: Perineural invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Case series and review of literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oral cancer constitutes 3% of all neoplasms and is the eighth most frequent cancer in the world. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) corresponds to 95% of all oral cancers. It is associated with severe morbidity, recurrence and reduced survival rates. Its prognosis is affected by several clinicopathologic factors, one of which is perineural invasion (PNI). It is the third most common form of tumor spread exhibited by neurotropic malignancies that correlate with aggressive behavior, disease recurrence and increased morbidity and mortality. In this retrospective study, our aim was to assess the presence of PNI in different grades of both primary and recurrent cases of OSCC correlating it with tumor size and lymph node status. The various patterns of PNI we encountered were also noted.
  
  
  METHODS
  PNI was assessed in 117 cases of primary and recurrent cases of OSCC. PNI was correlated with tumor thickness, lymph node status and with the different histologic grades. Location of PNI, density of PNI and various patterns of PNI were also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study showed that 47 out of 117 patients (40.5%) showed PNI. Both primary and recurrent tumors showed PNI of 42.50% and 40.50%, respectively. PNI was present in 34 out of 69 cases (49.3%) of clinically positive nodes. Around 79% of the nerves involved by PNI were intratumoral in location, 80% of the cases showed PNI density of 1-3 nerves per section and incomplete and/or "crescent-like" encirclement was the most common pattern of PNI noted in our study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study showed that the incidence of PNI was as high as 40% in OSCC. PNI was present in both primary and recurrent tumors, irrespective of its histologic grading. Tumor thickness and lymph node status correlated well with PNI. Therefore, the presence of PNI should be checked in every surgical specimen with OSCC as it gives significant prognostic value, influences treatment decisions, recurrence and distant metastasis. The presence of PNI necessitates more aggressive resection, coincident management of neck lymph nodes and the addition of adjuvant therapy. Also, targeted drug therapy for this type of tumor spread can open up new avenues in the treatment of OSCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Varsha
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Radhika
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Soumya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Makarla
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical Oncology, Head and Neck Oncology Service, Mazumdar-Shaw Cancer Center, Narayana Hrudayalaya Health City Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Moni Abraham
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kuriakose
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Gvv Satya
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kiran
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Padmalatha
keywords: Growth patterns; Oral squamous cell carcinoma; histological grading; perineural invasion; primary and recurrent tumors; tumor-node-metastases staging