title: Traumatic basal ganglia hematoma following closed head injuries in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High-velocity trauma with acceleration/deceleration forces turns into shear stress over lenticulostriate or anterior choroidal arteries that lead to basal ganglia hemorrhage. Traumatic basal ganglia hematoma has rarely been described in pediatric population. The aim of this study was to present our clinical series of pediatric patients with traumatic basal ganglia hematoma and to analyze the prognostic indicators of traumatic basal ganglia hematoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this retrospective case series, emergency admissions of pediatric patients with traumatic basal ganglia hematoma due to closed head injury were analyzed. Demographic, clinical, and radiographical data of the patients were retrieved from patients' charts and picture archiving and communication system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were four children with traumatic basal ganglia hematoma (TBGH). All patients were male. Median age was 8 years (range = 7-16 years). Road accident (three) and fall (one) were the causes of the traumas. Basal ganglia hematoma was present on the right side in one patient and on the left side in three patients. Hematoma volumes ranged from 0.9 to 8.94 ml. All patients were treated conservatively. One patient recovered fully; two patients were moderately disabled at their last clinical follow-ups. The last patient with diffuse subarachnoidal hemorrhage and edema died despite all interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Traumatic basal ganglia hematomas are unique and different from other kind of intracerebral hematomas. The eloquent nature of basal ganglia makes it more vulnerable to head trauma. Mechanism of injury, energy and velocity of injury are the most important prognostic criteria. Post-traumatic phase of injury should be carefully observed in patients with TBGH, especially when mechanism and velocity of injury are severe and high.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Batman State Hospital, Batman, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Öğrenci
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Spine Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. muratsakireksi@gmail.com.|University of California at San Francisco, Medical Center, 500 Parnassus Avenue MU320 West, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0728, USA. muratsakireksi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Murat Şakir
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3036-0061
authors.initials: MŞ
authors.lastname: Ekşi
authors.affiliation: Touro University, Vallejo, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Barış
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gün
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kurtköy Ersoy Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Orkun
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Koban
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D020145:Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D016489:Head Injuries, Closed / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Basal ganglia; Brain edema; Contusion; Diffuse axonal injury; Intracerebral hematoma