title: Microvascular Complications and Prevalence of Nocturia in Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Dogo Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between microvascular complications and nocturia among Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study subjects were 731 Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on the variables under study. Study subjects were considered to have nocturia if they answered "once or more" to the question: "How many times do you typically wake up to urinate from sleeping at night until waking in the morning?" Diabetic neuropathy was diagnosed if the patients showed two or more of the following three characteristics: neuropathic symptoms, the absence of the Achilles reflex, or abnormal vibration perception. Diabetic nephropathy was defined as positive when the estimated glomerular filtration rate was <30 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and/or the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio was ≥34 mg/mmol creatinine. Several ophthalmology specialists were responsible for evaluating diabetic retinopathy. Adjustment was made for sex, age, body mass index, duration of diabetes mellitus, current smoking, current drinking, hypertension, stroke, ischemic heart disease, and glycated hemoglobin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of nocturia was 80.4%. Diabetic retinopathy was independently positively associated with nocturia (adjusted odds ratio 2.39 [95% confidence interval: 1.08-6.11]). In contrast, diabetic nephropathy or diabetic neuropathy was not associated with nocturia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, only diabetic retinopathy was independently positively associated with nocturia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan; Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan. Electronic address: shinya.furukawa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Yawatahama General City Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Takenori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Matsuyama Shimin Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Niiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Matsuyama Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyaoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Teruki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Koutatsu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maruyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan; Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Teruhisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Senba
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Saijo Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Masamoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torisu
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Ehime Niihama Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisaka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Imabari Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Morikazu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onji
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanigawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Lifestyle-related Medicine and Endocrinology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Bunzo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Matsuura
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Metabology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hiasa
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan; Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Translational Research Center, Ehime University Hospital, Ehime, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyake
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D055806:Microvessels; D008875:Middle Aged; D053158:Nocturia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult