title: Changing Arctic snow cover: A review of recent developments and assessment of future needs for observations, modelling, and impacts.
abstract: Snow is a critically important and rapidly changing feature of the Arctic. However, snow-cover and snowpack conditions change through time pose challenges for measuring and prediction of snow. Plausible scenarios of how Arctic snow cover will respond to changing Arctic climate are important for impact assessments and adaptation strategies. Although much progress has been made in understanding and predicting snow-cover changes and their multiple consequences, many uncertainties remain. In this paper, we review advances in snow monitoring and modelling, and the impact of snow changes on ecosystems and society in Arctic regions. Interdisciplinary activities are required to resolve the current limitations on measuring and modelling snow characteristics through the cold season and at different spatial scales to assure human well-being, economic stability, and improve the ability to predict manage and adapt to natural hazards in the Arctic region.
authors.affiliation: FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), PO Box 6606, Langnes, 9296, Tromsø, Norway. stefbokhorst@hotmail.com.|Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. stefbokhorst@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Stef
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0184-1162
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bokhorst
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Stine Højlund
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: NASA GSFC Cryospheric Sciences Laboratory, Code 615, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA.|Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research Studies and Investigations, Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21044, USA.
authors.forename: Ludovic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brucker
authors.affiliation: State Hydrological Institute of Roshydromet, 23 Second Line V.O., St.Petersburg, Russia, 199053.|International Centre for Science and Education "Best", North-East Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Oleg
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Anisimov
authors.affiliation: FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), PO Box 6606, Langnes, 9296, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Jarle W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bjerke
authors.affiliation: Climate Research Division, Environment Canada Ouranos, 550 Sherbrooke St. West, 19th Floor, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B9, Canada.
authors.forename: Ross D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Dorothee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ehrich
authors.affiliation: School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Richard L H
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Essery
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Achim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heilig
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ingvander
authors.affiliation: Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.|Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, 104 05, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.affiliation: University Centre in Svalbard, PO Box 156, 9171, Longyearbyen, Norway.|Faculty of Life- and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland.
authors.forename: Ingibjörg Svala
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Jónsdóttir
authors.affiliation: Leavas Sámi Community, Box 53, 981 21, Kiruna, Sweden.
authors.forename: Niila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Inga
authors.affiliation: Arctic Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Luojus
authors.affiliation: IFAC-CNR - Institute of Applied Physics "Nello Carrara", National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Macelloni
authors.affiliation: National Wildlife Research Centre, Environment Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1A 0H3, Canada.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mariash
authors.affiliation: Canadian High Arctic Research Station (CHARS), 360 Albert Street, Suite 1710, Ottawa, ON, K1R 7X7, Canada.
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McLennan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bergen, 5020, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Gunhild Ninis
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Rosqvist
authors.affiliation: Snow and Ice Research Center, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, 187-16 Suyoshi, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-0821, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Thule Insitute, University of Oulu, PO Box 7300, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Hannele
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Savela
authors.affiliation: WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, Flüelastrasse 11, 7260, Davos Dorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schneebeli
authors.affiliation: Arctic Research Station of Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Labytnangi, Russia, 629400.|Science Center for Arctic Studies, State Organization of Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, Salekhard, Russia.
authors.forename: Aleksandr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sokolov
authors.affiliation: Arctic Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Geography, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory 1, Moscow, Russia, 119991.
authors.forename: Sergey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sokratov
authors.affiliation: Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council (ISAC-CNR), Corso Fiume 4, 10133, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Terzago
authors.affiliation: Division for Model and Climate Analysis, R&D Department, The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Postboks 43, Blindern, 0313, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Dagrun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vikhamar-Schuler
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405, Biological Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academic of Science, Beijing, 100094, China.|Group on Earth Observations, Cold Regions Initiative, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yubao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62, Lund, Sweden.|Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.|National Research Tomsk Stated University, 36, Lenin Ave., Tomsk, Russia, 634050.
authors.forename: Terry V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Callaghan
mesh_terms: D001110:Arctic Regions; D003081:Cold Climate; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012621:Seasons; D012914:Snow
keywords: Climate change; Ecosystem services; Human health; Indigenous; Snow; Societal costs