title: Prevention programs for chronic kidney disease in low-income countries.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important determinant of the poor health outcome for major noncommunicable diseases that are the leading cause of death worldwide. Early recognition with screening programs of CKD and co-morbid conditions, like hypertension, diabetes, or toxic environments, can potentially slow progression to renal failure, improve quality of life and reduce healthcare cost. Effective multimodal tools are available to prevent CKD by managing its risk factors, and to slow or even halt disease progression to end-stage renal failure (ESRF). They can be adapted even to poor-resource settings of low- and middle-income countries for individual at high risk of CKD. CKD is also linked to acute kidney injury (AKI), that in poorest part of Africa, Asia and Latin America is preventable, treatable and often reversible, if managed adequately and in timely manner as proposed by the program "AKI 0by25" launched by the international Society of Nephrology in 2013. In addition to saving lives, prevention programs will create major heath gains, eventually reducing the current health inequity that arises from unaffordable or unobtainable renal replacement therapies in many part of the developing world if ESRF is not prevented.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò", IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy.
authors.forename: Norberto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Perico
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases "Aldo e Cele Daccò", IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy. gremuzzi@marionegri.it.|Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy. gremuzzi@marionegri.it.|Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. gremuzzi@marionegri.it.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Remuzzi
mesh_terms: D001364:Awareness; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health / Q000191:economics; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011203:Poverty; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016730:Program Development; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D035862:Vulnerable Populations
keywords: Awareness; Chronic kidney disease; Prevention programs; Screening