title: Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Iodine-123 Meta-Iodobenzylguanidine Imaging for Screening Heart Failure Patients Eligible for an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator in the USA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many guideline-eligible heart failure (HF) patients do not receive a survival benefit from implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). Improved risk stratification may help to reduce costs and improve the cost effectiveness of ICDs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the potential outcomes, costs, and cost effectiveness of using iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine (I-mIBG) to screen HF patients eligible for an ICD.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision-analytic model was developed to compare screening with I-mIBG imaging and no screening over 2-year and 10-year time horizons from a US payer perspective. Data on I-mIBG imaging and risk stratification were obtained from the ADMIRE-HF/HFX (AdreView Myocardial Imaging for Risk Evaluation in Heart Failure) trial. Data on ICD effectiveness for prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) were obtained from a meta-analysis. Costs of ICDs and costs of generator and lead procedures were obtained from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality National Inpatient Sample. Age-specific mortality was modeled using US life tables and data from the ACT (Advancements in ICD Therapy) Registry on risks of SCD and non-SCD mortality. Sensitivity analyses were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the analysis, screening with I-mIBG imaging was associated with a reduction in ICD utilization of 21 %, resulting in a number needed to screen to prevent 1 ICD implantation of 5. Screening reduced the costs per patient by US$5500 and US$13,431 (in 2013 dollars) over 2 and 10 years, respectively, in comparison with no screening and resulted in losses of 0.001 and 0.040 life-years, respectively, over 2 and 10 years. Screening was decrementally cost effective, with savings of US$5,248,404 and US$513,036 per quality-adjusted life-year lost over 2 and 10 years, respectively. In subgroup analyses, cost savings were greater for patients with an ejection fraction (EF) of 25-35 % than for those with an EF <25 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the model, screening of guideline-eligible patients selected for ICDs with I-mIBG imaging may be cost effective and may help reduce costs associated with implantation of ICDs, with a minimal impact on survival.
authors.affiliation: Xcenda, LLC, 4114 Woodlands Parkway, Suite 500, Palm Harbor, FL, 34685, USA. ken.oday@xcenda.com.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Day
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Wayne C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare US, Princeton, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Meridith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: GE Healthcare US, Princeton, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Arnold F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine / Q000191:economics*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D015993:Life Tables; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000191:economics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019797:3-Iodobenzylguanidine