title: Body mass index, fat free mass, uric acid, and renal function as blood pressure levels determinants in young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assessed some major determinants of blood pressure (BP) in young adulthood to plan a lifestyle changes policy METHODS: A cross sectional survey was held, involving 2373 high school people (age 18-21), measuring BP, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WCirc), fat free mass (FFM); alcohol and smoking habits were evaluated by a questionnaire. In a subset of this population (n = 60) uric acid (UA), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were also evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking and not alcohol was correlated to systolic blood pressure (SBP) through quartiles (31.7%, 39.1%, 46.5%, 45.5%). Systolic BP was significantly correlated with FFM in the whole population (r = 0.51) as well as in SBP quartiles (r = 0.243, 0.138, 0.118, 0.204). FFM-SBP cluster analysis gave two centroids corresponding to sexes; females n = 998; coordinates (116.4 mmHg, 38.9 kg) and males n = 1068; coordinates (131.3 mmHg, 56.7 kg). In the n = 60 substudy a multiple linear regression model (multiple R = 0.741) with SBP as dependent variable and UA, FFM, BMI, eGFR as explicative ones, only UA (β coefficent = 0.363, partial r = 0.240, P < 0.01) was the determinant of BP particularly in men. Moreover in the same group we found an inverse relationship between eGFR (albeit always in the normal range) and UA, as well as for women (r = -0.54, P < 0.01) and men (r = -0.43, P < 0.01) analyzed separately.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A significant correlation exists between BP and FFM; UA has proven to be the most important SBP determinant. At variance with paediatric age UA was negatively correlated with renal function. Dietary intervention on UA and alcohol habits in young adults seems advisable to prevent hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Alta Val D'Elsa Hospital, Nephrology, Poggibonsi, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sidoti
authors.affiliation: Annunziata Hospital, Nephrology, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Santi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nigrelli
authors.affiliation: Campo di Marte Hospital, Nephrology, Lucca, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rosati
authors.affiliation: Spedali Riuniti Hospital, Nephrology, Livorno, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bigazzi
authors.affiliation: Azienda Ospedaliera Pisana Hospital, Nephrology, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caprioli
authors.affiliation: Annunziata Hospital, Nephrology, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fanelli
authors.affiliation: Annunziata Hospital, Nephrology, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Pasqualina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Acconcia
authors.affiliation: Alta Val D'Elsa Hospital, Nephrology, Poggibonsi, Italy.
authors.forename: Donella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Borracelli
authors.affiliation: Alta Val D'Elsa Hospital, Nephrology, Poggibonsi, Italy.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biagioli
authors.affiliation: Campo di Marte Hospital, Nephrology, Lucca, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Angelini
authors.affiliation: Campo di Marte Hospital, Nephrology, Lucca, Italy.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parrini
authors.affiliation: Regione Toscana Health Council, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tonelli
authors.affiliation: Regione Toscana Health Council, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tosi
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Manzoni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D058246:Prehypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood*; D055105:Waist Circumference; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014527:Uric Acid
keywords: blood pressure; estimated glomerular filtration rate; fat free mass; uric acid; young adults