title: Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and serum sex steroid hormones among men in NHANES.
abstract: Recent literature suggests that high circulating vitamin D may increase prostate cancer risk. Although the mechanism through which vitamin D may increase risk is unknown, vitamin D concentration could influence circulating sex steroid hormones that may be associated with prostate cancer; an alternate explanation is that it could be associated with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration causing detection bias.
  
  
  
  We examined whether serum vitamin D concentration was associated with sex steroid hormone and PSA concentrations in a cross-sectional analysis of men in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES).
  
  
  
  Testosterone, oestradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), androstanediol glucuronide, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) were measured in serum from men aged 20 and older participating in NHANES III (n = 1315) and NHANES 2001-2004 (n = 318). Hormone concentrations were compared across 25(OH)D quintiles, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, body fat percentage, and smoking. PSA concentration was estimated by 25(OH)D quintile in 4013 men from NHANES 2001-2006.
  
  
  
  In NHANES III, higher testosterone (quintile (Q) 1 = 17·2, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 16·1-18·6; Q5 = 19·6, 95% CI = 18·7-20·6 nmol/l, P-trend = 0·0002) and SHBG (Q1 = 33·8, 95% CI = 30·8-37·0; Q5 = 38·4, 95% CI = 35·8-41·2 nmol/l, P-trend = 0·0005) were observed with increasing 25(OH)D. Similar results were observed in NHANES 2001-2004. PSA concentration was not associated with serum 25(OH)D (P-trend = 0·34).
  
  
  
  Results from these nationally representative studies support a positive association between serum 25(OH)D and testosterone and SHBG. The findings support an indirect mechanism through which vitamin D may increase prostate cancer risk, and suggest the link to prostate cancer is not due to PSA-detection bias.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.|Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Gabriella M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Anic
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Demetrius
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albanes
authors.affiliation: Division of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rohrmann
authors.affiliation: Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kanarek
authors.affiliation: Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bradwin
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rifai
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: McGlynn
authors.affiliation: Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Platz
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Alison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mondul
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D044469:Racial Groups; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000032:analysis; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen