title: Preconditioning at a distance: Involvement of endothelial vasoactive substances in cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: There is growing preclinical as well as clinical evidence supporting remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC), in which short cycles of non-fatal ischemia followed by reperfusion to an organ or tissue distant from the heart elicits cardioprotection. It is the most practical, non-invasive, cost-free, and clinically compatible, secure procedure for reducing ischemia-reperfusion induced injury. The use of a conventional blood pressure cuff on the upper or lower limb in eliciting cardioprotection has expedited its clinical applicability. Endothelium has been documented to respond very quickly to blood flow and hypoxia by releasing different humoral factors such as endothelium derived releasing factor, endothelium derived contracting factor, endothelium derived hyperpolarizing factor. In recent years, there have been studies suggesting the key role of endothelial derived factors in RIPC induced cardioprotection. The signaling cascade involves nitric oxide, gap junctions, epoxyeicosatrienoic (EETs) acids, Ca-activated K(+) channels, angiotensin II, thromboxane A2, superoxide anions and prostacyclin. The present review describes the role of these endothelial derived factors in RIPC induced cardioprotection with possible mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India.
authors.forename: Sapna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India.
authors.forename: Puneet Kaur
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Randhawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India.
authors.forename: Nirmal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India. Electronic address: amteshwarjaggi@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: Amteshwar Singh
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jaggi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001685:Biological Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism*; D045462:Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning / Q000379:methods*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001685:Biological Factors; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D045462:Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors; C067410:endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization factor
keywords: Cardioprotection; Endothelium; Endothelium derived factor; Ischemia-reperfusion injury; Nitric oxide; Remote ischemic preconditioning