title: Primary hyperparathyroidism.
abstract: Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common endocrine disorder caused by overactivation of parathyroid glands resulting in excessive release of parathyroid hormone. The resultant hypercalcemia leads to a myriad of symptoms. Primary hyperparathyroidism may increase a patient's morbidity and even mortality if left untreated. During the last few decades, disease presentation has shifted from the classic presentation of severe bone and kidney manifestations to most patients now being diagnosed on routine labs. Although surgery is the only curative therapy, many advances have been made over the past decades in the diagnosis and the surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism. The aim of this review is to summarize the characteristics of the disease, the work up, and the treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
authors.forename: Tarıq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Madkhali
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
authors.forename: Amal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alhefdhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Elfenbein
keywords: Primary hyperparathyroidism; parathyroid hormone; parathyroidectomy