title: Relearning of Writing Skills in Parkinson's Disease After Intensive Amplitude Training.
abstract: Micrographia occurs in approximately 60% of people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Although handwriting is an important task in daily life, it is not clear whether relearning and consolidation (ie the solid storage in motor memory) of this skill is possible in PD. The objective was to conduct for the first time a controlled study into the effects of intensive motor learning to improve micrographia in PD.
  
  
  
  In this placebo-controlled study, 38 right-handed people with PD were randomized into 2 groups, receiving 1 of 2 equally time-intensive training programs (30 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks). The experimental group (n = 18) performed amplitude training focused at improving writing size. The placebo group (n = 20) received stretch and relaxation exercises. Participants' writing skills were assessed using a touch-sensitive writing tablet and a pen-and-paper test, pre- and posttraining, and after a 6-week retention period. The primary outcome was change in amplitude during several tests of consolidation: (1) transfer, using trained and untrained sequences performed with and without target zones; and (2) automatization, using single- and dual-task sequences.
  
  
  
  The group receiving amplitude training significantly improved in amplitude and variability of amplitude on the transfer and automatization task. Effect sizes varied between 7% and 17%, and these benefits were maintained after the 6-week retention period. Moreover, there was transfer to daily life writing.
  
  
  
  These results show automatization, transfer, and retention of increased writing size (diminished micrographia) after intensive amplitude training, indicating that consolidation of motor learning is possible in PD. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
authors.affiliation: Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Evelien
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nackaerts
authors.affiliation: Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heremans
authors.affiliation: Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Griet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vervoort
authors.affiliation: Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bouwien C M
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Smits-Engelsman
authors.affiliation: Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Stephan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Swinnen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.|Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vandenberghe
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, A.Z. Sint-Jan Brugge-Oostende AV, Bruges, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bergmans
authors.affiliation: Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nieuwboer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D000066530:Neurological Rehabilitation / Q000379:methods*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014163:Transfer, Psychology / Q000502:physiology
keywords: handwriting; memory consolidation; micrographia; motor learning; neurological rehabilitation