title: Production of a biofunctional titanium surface using plasma electrolytic oxidation and glow-discharge plasma for biomedical applications.
abstract: In this study, the authors tested the hypotheses that plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and glow-discharge plasma (GDP) would improve the electrochemical, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of commercially pure titanium (cpTi), and that blood protein adsorption on plasma-treated surfaces would increase. Machined and sandblasted surfaces were used as controls. Standard electrochemical tests were conducted in artificial saliva (pHs of 3.0, 6.5, and 9.0) and simulated body fluid. Surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, profilometry, Vickers microhardness, and surface energy. For biological assay, the adsorption of blood serum proteins (i.e., albumin, fibrinogen, and fibronectin) was tested. Higher values of polarization resistance and lower values of capacitance were noted for the PEO and GDP groups (p < 0.05). Acidic artificial saliva reduced the corrosion resistance of cpTi (p < 0.05). PEO and GDP treatments improved the surface properties by enrichment of the surface chemistry with bioactive elements and increased surface energy. PEO produced a porous oxide layer (5-μm thickness), while GDP created a very thin oxide layer (0.76-μm thickness). For the PEO group, the authors noted rutile and anatase crystalline structures that may be responsible for the corrosion barrier improvement and increased microhardness values. Plasma treatments were able to enhance the surface properties and electrochemical stability of titanium, while increasing protein adsorption levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beline
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabella da Silva Vieira
authors.initials: Ida S
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adaias O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Erika S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Science, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antônio P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ricomini-Filho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Technological Plasmas, Engineering College, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av Três de Março, 511, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elidiane C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Rangel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Technological Plasmas, Engineering College, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Av Três de Março, 511, Sorocaba, São Paulo 18087-180, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nilson Cristino
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: da Cruz
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Dentistry, 801 S. Paulina, Chicago, Illinois 60612.
authors.forename: Cortino
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sukotjo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois, College of Medicine at Rockford, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois 61107.
authors.forename: Mathew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics Gleb Wataghin, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-859, Brazil.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Landers
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael L X
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Consani
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo Ferraz
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mesquita
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Av Limeira, 901, Piracicaba, São Paulo 13414-903, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valentim Adelino Ricardo
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Barão
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004572:Electrolysis; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D056951:Photoelectron Spectroscopy; D058626:Plasma Gases; D011485:Protein Binding; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001798:Blood Proteins; D058626:Plasma Gases; D014025:Titanium