title: Selecting best-fit models for estimating the body mass from 3D data of the human calcaneus.
abstract: Body mass (BM) estimation could facilitate the interpretation of skeletal materials in terms of the individual's body size and physique in forensic anthropology. However, few metric studies have tried to estimate BM by focusing on prominent biomechanical properties of the calcaneus. The purpose of this study was to prepare best-fit models for estimating BM from the 3D human calcaneus by two major linear regression analysis (the heuristic statistical and all-possible-regressions techniques) and validate the models through predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) statistics. A metric analysis was conducted based on 70 human calcaneus samples (29 males and 41 females) taken from 3D models in the Digital Korean Database and 10 variables were measured for each sample. Three best-fit models were postulated by F-statistics, Mallows' Cp, and Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayes information criterion (BIC) for each available candidate models. Finally, the most accurate regression model yields lowest %SEE and 0.843 of R(2). Through the application of leave-one-out cross validation, the predictive power was indicated a high level of validation accuracy. This study also confirms that the equations for estimating BM using 3D models of human calcaneus will be helpful to establish identification in forensic cases with consistent reliability.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Anthropological Laboratory, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 911-1, Mok-5-Dong, Yangcheon-gu, 158710, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 911-1, Mok-5-Dong, Yangcheon-gu, 158710, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Go-Un
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Gu, 137701, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: U-Young
authors.initials: UY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Gu, 137701, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dong-Ho
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505, Banpo-Dong, Seocho-Gu, 137701, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Dai-Soon
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, 1-10, Ami-dong, Seo-gu, 602739, Busan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yong-Woo
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84, Heukseok-Ro, Dongjack-gu, 156756, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Forensic Anthropological Laboratory, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 911-1, Mok-5-Dong, Yangcheon-gu, 158710, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 911-1, Mok-5-Dong, Yangcheon-gu, 158710, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: jwkiss@ewha.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yi-Suk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D001835:Body Weight; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: All-possible-regression; Body mass estimation; Calcaneus; Forensic Anthropology Population data; Korean population; Three-dimensional model