title: Residential cancer cluster investigation nearby a Superfund Study Area with trichloroethylene contamination.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an industrial solvent associated with liver cancer, kidney cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). It is unclear whether an excess of TCE-associated cancers have occurred surrounding the Middlefield-Ellis-Whisman Superfund site in Mountain View, California. We conducted a population-based cancer cluster investigation comparing the incidence of NHL, liver, and kidney cancers in the neighborhood of interest to the incidence among residents in the surrounding four-county region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case counts and address information were obtained using routinely collected data from the Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry, part of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program. Population denominators were obtained from the 1990, 2000, and 2010 US censuses. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with two-sided 99 % confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for time intervals surrounding the US Censuses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistically significant differences between the neighborhood of interest and the larger region for cancers of the liver or kidney. A statistically significant elevation was observed for NHL during one of the three time periods evaluated (1996-2005: SIR = 1.8, 99 % CI 1.1-2.8). No statistically significant NHL elevation existed in the earlier 1988-1995 (SIR = 1.3, 99 % CI 0.5-2.6) or later 2006-2011 (SIR = 1.3, 99 % CI 0.6-2.4) periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no evidence of an increased incidence of liver or kidney cancer, and there is a lack of evidence of a consistent, sustained, or more recent elevation in NHL occurrence in this neighborhood. This evaluation included existing cancer registry data, which cannot speak to specific exposures incurred by past or current residents of this neighborhood.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Ave, Suite 300, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA. djpress@uchicago.edu.|University of Southern California, 2001 N Soto St, Suite 305, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA. djpress@uchicago.edu.|Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Ave, Rm. R-214, MC2000, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA. djpress@uchicago.edu.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Press
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Ave, Suite 300, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA.
authors.forename: Meg
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McKinley
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California, 2001 N Soto St, Suite 305, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deapen
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Ave, Suite 300, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA.|Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5405, USA.
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Ave, Suite 300, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA.|Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305-5405, USA.
authors.forename: Scarlett Lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gomez
mesh_terms: D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D019352:Censuses; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D064371:Hazardous Waste Sites; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007221:Industry; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008228:Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D018426:SEER Program; D012997:Solvents; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D014241:Trichloroethylene
keywords: Cancer cluster; Kidney; Liver; Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; Superfund; Trichloroethylene