title: Chronic radiation proctopathy: A practical review of endoscopic treatment.
abstract: Chronic radiation proctopathy (CRP) is a troublesome complication of pelvic radiotherapy. The most common presentation is rectal bleeding. CRP symptoms interfere with daily activities and decrease quality of life. Rectal bleeding management in patients with CRP represents a conundrum for practitioners. Medical therapy is ineffective in general and surgical approach has a high morbid-mortality. Endoscopy has a role in the diagnosis, staging and treatment of this disease. Currently available endoscopic modalities are formalin, potassium titanyl phosphate laser, neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser, argon laser, bipolar electrocoagulation (BiCAP), heater probe, band ligation, cryotherapy, radiofrequency ablation and argon plasma coagulation (APC). Among these options, APC is the most promising.
authors.affiliation: Luciano Lenz, Rachel Rohr, Frank Nakao, Ermelindo Libera, Fleury Medicina e Saúde, Centro de Medicina Diagnóstica, São Paulo 04513-100, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.affiliation: Luciano Lenz, Rachel Rohr, Frank Nakao, Ermelindo Libera, Fleury Medicina e Saúde, Centro de Medicina Diagnóstica, São Paulo 04513-100, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rohr
authors.affiliation: Luciano Lenz, Rachel Rohr, Frank Nakao, Ermelindo Libera, Fleury Medicina e Saúde, Centro de Medicina Diagnóstica, São Paulo 04513-100, Brazil.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.affiliation: Luciano Lenz, Rachel Rohr, Frank Nakao, Ermelindo Libera, Fleury Medicina e Saúde, Centro de Medicina Diagnóstica, São Paulo 04513-100, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ermelindo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Libera
authors.affiliation: Luciano Lenz, Rachel Rohr, Frank Nakao, Ermelindo Libera, Fleury Medicina e Saúde, Centro de Medicina Diagnóstica, São Paulo 04513-100, Brazil.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferrari
keywords: Argon plasma coagulation; Bipolar probe; Cryotherapy; Endoscopic treatment; Formalin; Laser; Pelvic radiotherapy; Proctitis; Radiation proctopathy; Radiofrequency ablation