title: Holothurian Nervous System Diversity Revealed by Neuroanatomical Analysis.
abstract: The Echinodermata comprise an interesting branch in the phylogenetic tree of deuterostomes. Their radial symmetry which is reflected in their nervous system anatomy makes them a target of interest in the study of nervous system evolution. Until recently, the study of the echinoderm nervous system has been hindered by a shortage of neuronal markers. However, in recent years several markers of neuronal and fiber subpopulations have been described. These have been used to identify subpopulations of neurons and fibers, but an integrative study of the anatomical relationship of these subpopulations is wanting. We have now used eight commercial antibodies, together with three antibodies produced by our group to provide a comprehensive and integrated description and new details of the echinoderm neuroanatomy using the holothurian Holothuria glaberrima (Selenka, 1867) as our model system. Immunoreactivity of the markers used showed: (1) specific labeling patterns by markers in the radial nerve cords, which suggest the presence of specific nerve tracts in holothurians. (2) Nerves directly innervate most muscle fibers in the longitudinal muscles. (3) Similar to other deuterostomes (mainly vertebrates), their enteric nervous system is composed of a large and diverse repertoire of neurons and fiber phenotypes. Our results provide a first blueprint of the anatomical organization of cells and fibers that form the holothurian neural circuitry, and highlight the fact that the echinoderm nervous system shows unexpected diversity in cell and fiber types and their distribution in both central and peripheral nervous components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Ullmann Room 709, Bronx, New York, 10461, United States of America.|Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, 00931-3360, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Díaz-Balzac
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Ullmann Room 709, Bronx, New York, 10461, United States of America.|Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, 00931-3360, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: María I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Lázaro-Peña
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, 00931-3360, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Lionel D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Vázquez-Figueroa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, 00931-3360, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Roberto J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Díaz-Balzac
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23360, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, 00931-3360, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: José E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: García-Arrarás
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047332:Holothuria / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D007422:Intestines / Q000294:innervation; D009132:Muscles / Q000294:innervation; D009420:Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology