title: Treatment of vitamin A deficiency retinopathy with sublingual vitamin A palmitate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report treatment of vitamin A deficiency retinopathy with sublingual vitamin A drops.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report with review of the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 69-year-old Caucasian woman with a history of small bowel resection presented with progressive symptoms of bilateral nyctalopia and decreased visual acuity. Ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral conjunctival xerosis and fine white granular deposits in the midperipheral retina suggestive of vitamin A deficiency. Full-field electroretinogram (ERG), multifocal ERG (mfERG), and two-color dark adaptometry revealed significant impairment of rod and cone photoreceptor function. Kinetic perimetry demonstrated depressed macular sensitivity with constriction of the finer isopters. After 5 months of treatment with sublingual vitamin A drops, the patient's vision, ERG, mfERG, dark adaptometry, and perimetry normalized. A review of the literature summarizing the electrophysiologic testing in vitamin A deficiency is also discussed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case highlights novel observations on the effects of sublingual vitamin A supplementation for acquired vitamin A deficiency retinopathy. Sublingual vitamin A may represent a viable and efficacious treatment modality for vitamin A deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Associated Retina Consultants, 1750 East Glendale Avenue, Phoenix, AZ, 85020, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.affiliation: Associated Retina Consultants, 1750 East Glendale Avenue, Phoenix, AZ, 85020, USA.|University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bakall
authors.affiliation: Associated Retina Consultants, 1750 East Glendale Avenue, Phoenix, AZ, 85020, USA.
authors.forename: Grant M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Associated Retina Consultants, 1750 East Glendale Avenue, Phoenix, AZ, 85020, USA. rreddy375@yahoo.com.|University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA. rreddy375@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Rahul K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000368:Aged; D004224:Diterpenes; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009755:Night Blindness / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012160:Retina / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014802:Vitamin A Deficiency / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014801:Vitamin A; C014794:retinol palmitate
keywords: Dark adaptometry; ERG; Visual fields; Vitamin A deficiency; mfERG