title: The International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification (IFAC) and Classification of the Extent of Endoscopic Frontal Sinus Surgery (EFSS).
abstract: The frontal recess and frontal sinus anatomy can vary from simple to complex. The variations in the anatomy of the frontal recess and frontal sinus are considerable but almost all variations can be classified if the various cell patterns are analyzed. This consensus document was developed to improve the ability of the surgeon to understand these possible variations, plan the surgery, and communicate these complexities when teaching or reporting outcomes. Once the surgeon understands the anatomical pattern of the frontal sinus and recess cells, the extent of surgery can be planned. This document presents a classification of the extent of surgery based on the anatomical classification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter-John
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Wormald
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hoseman
authors.affiliation: Otorhinolaryngology Department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Callejas
authors.affiliation: Division of Sinus and Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Citardi
authors.affiliation: Division of Rhinology, Allergy, and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors.forename: Brent A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Senior
authors.affiliation: Division of Rhinology and Sinus/Skull Base Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR.
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA.
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
authors.forename: Richard R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Orlandi
authors.affiliation: Department of ENT, Sankt Gertrauden Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kaschke
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Jin Keat
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Siow
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Kornel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szczygielski
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Mannheim, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Goessler
authors.affiliation: HNO-Klinik, Klinikum Dahme-Spreewald GmbH, Königs-Wusterhausen, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: University of Barcelona Medical School, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernal-Sprekelsen
authors.affiliation: ORL-Dept, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Regensburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuehnel
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery-Otolaryngology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Alkis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Psaltis
mesh_terms: D004724:Endoscopy / Q000145:classification*; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: EFSS; IFAC; frontal sinusotomy; radiology; sinus anatomy; sinus surgery