title: A novel method of edema fluid drainage in obstructive lymphedema of limbs by implantation of hydrophobic silicone tubes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lymphedema of limbs is caused by partial or total obstruction of lymphatic collectors as a consequence of skin and deep soft tissue inflammation, trauma of soft tissues and bones, lymphadenectomy, and irradiation in cancer therapy. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, around 300 million people are affected by pathologic edema of limbs. Effective treatment of such large cohorts has been a challenge for centuries. However, none of the conservative and surgical methods applied so far proved to restore the shape and function of limbs to normal conditions. Actually, physiotherapy is the therapy of choice as a main modality or supplementary to surgical procedures divided into two groups: the bridging drainage and excisional techniques. The microsurgical operations can be performed if some parts of the peripheral collecting lymphatics remain patent and partially drain edematous regions. However, in advanced cases of lymphedema, all main lymphatics are obstructed and tissue fluid accumulates in the interstitial spaces, spontaneously forming "blind channels" or "lakes." The only solution would be to create artificial pathways for edema fluid flow away to the nonobstructed regions where absorption of fluid can take place. The aim of this study was to form artificial pathways for edema fluid flow by subcutaneous implantation of silicone tubes placed along the limb from the lower leg to the lumbar or hypogastric region.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a group of 20 patients with obstructive lymphedema of the lower limbs that developed after lymphadenectomy and irradiation of the pelvis because of uterine cancer with unsuccessful conservative therapy, implantation was done, followed by external compression as intermittent pneumatic compression and elastic support of tissues. Postoperative circumference measurements, lymphoscintigraphy, and ultrasonography of tissues were carried out during 2 years of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a fast decrease of calf circumference since the day of implantation during weeks by a mean 3% with stabilization afterward. Patency of tubes and accumulation of fluid around them were seen on ultrasonography and lymphoscintigraphy in all cases. No tissue cellular reaction to silicone tubes was noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The simplicity of the surgical procedure, decrease of limb edema, and lack of tissue reaction to the implant make the method worth applying in advanced stages of lymphedema with large volumes of accumulated tissue edema fluid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Central Clinical Hospital, Ministry of Home Affairs, Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: waldemar.l.olszewski@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Waldemar L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Olszewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Applied Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Central Clinical Hospital, Ministry of Home Affairs, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Marzanna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zaleska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods; D004487:Edema; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D061305:Lymphoscintigraphy; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D012828:Silicones; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012828:Silicones