title: Species-specific contribution of volumetric growth and tissue convergence to posterior body elongation in vertebrates.
abstract: Posterior body elongation is a widespread mechanism propelling the generation of the metazoan body plan. The posterior growth model predicts that a posterior growth zone generates sufficient tissue volume to elongate the posterior body. However, there are energy supply-related differences between vertebrates in the degree to which growth occurs concomitantly with embryogenesis. By applying a multi-scalar morphometric analysis in zebrafish embryos, we show that posterior body elongation is generated by an influx of cells from lateral regions, by convergence-extension of cells as they exit the tailbud, and finally by a late volumetric growth in the spinal cord and notochord. Importantly, the unsegmented region does not generate additional tissue volume. Fibroblast growth factor inhibition blocks tissue convergence rather than volumetric growth, showing that a conserved molecular mechanism can control convergent morphogenesis through different cell behaviours. Finally, via a comparative morphometric analysis in lamprey, dogfish, zebrafish and mouse, we propose that elongation via posterior volumetric growth is linked to increased energy supply and is associated with an overall increase in volumetric growth and elongation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris cedex 15 75724, France bjs57@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Steventon
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris cedex 15 75724, France.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Development and Evolution of Vertebrates, CNRS-UPMC-UMR 7150, Station Biologique, Roscoff 29680, France CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7232, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls 66650, France.
authors.forename: Ronan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lagadec
authors.affiliation: Development and Evolution of Vertebrates, CNRS-UPMC-UMR 7150, Station Biologique, Roscoff 29680, France CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR7232, Observatoire Océanologique, Banyuls 66650, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazan
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris cedex 15 75724, France.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Nicolas
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris cedex 15 75724, France.
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hirsinger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004284:Dogfish / Q000196:embryology; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D007798:Lampreys / Q000196:embryology; D051379:Mice; D009672:Notochord / Q000196:embryology; D038081:Organogenesis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013045:Species Specificity; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000196:embryology; D013623:Tail; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000196:embryology*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology
chemical_list: D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors
keywords: Dogfish; Energy supply; Lamprey; Mouse; Multi-scalar morphometric analysis; Zebrafish