title: High Prevalence of Non-psychotic Delusions in Children with High-functioning Pervasive Develonmental Disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-psychotic delusions are reported to be associated with depression and anxiety. When these delusions occur in high-functioning pervasive developmental disorder (HFPDD) children, they are often misdiagnosed as schizophrenia and have consequently been studied less. This study has three goals: to investigate the prevalence of non-psychotic delusions in HFPDD children, to test the hypothesis that HFPDD children are more likely to have non-psychotic delusions than non-HFPDD children, and to test the hypothesis that non-psychotic delusions are associated with depression and anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional and case-control study. The participants were 45 HFPDD children (cases) and 51 children without HFPDD (controls). Semi-structured interviews were conducted to assess the presence of non-psychotic delusions. We used the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) to assess levels of anxiety and depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the cases, 62.2% had non-psychotic delusions, which was significantly higher than controls (25.5%, p<0.001, OR: 4.81, 95% CI: 2.01-11.51). Cases tended to score higher for internalizing problems (including anxiety and depression) on the CBCL than controls (69.8±9.4 vs 65.9±10.4, t= 1.9, p=0.062). Cases with non-psychotic delusions scored significantly higher for internalizing problems in CBCL than children without non-psychotic delusions (72.2±7.7 vs 65.7±10.7, t=2.4, p= 0.022).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More than half of the HFPDD children were suffering from non-psychotic delusions, and these delusions were associated with anxiety and depression. Therefore, accurate diagnoses of non-psychotic delusions should be conducted for appropriate treatments to be prescribed.
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Dai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miyawaki
authors.forename: Hiroto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kusaka
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Nobuyoshi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Asada
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwakura
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yanagihara
authors.forename: Koki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inoue
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003071:Cognition; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003702:Delusions / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D016743:Mental Competency; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011581:Psychological Tests