title: Flow modulation comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using ≈4 mL min(-1) gas flows.
abstract: The main objective of the herein described research was focused on performing satisfactory flow modulation (FM), in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS), using an MS-compatible second-dimension gas flow of approx. 4 mL min(-1). The FM model used was based on that initially proposed by Seeley et al. [3]. The use of limited gas flows was enabled through fine tuning of the FM parameters, in particular the duration of the re-injection (or flushing) process. Specifically, the application of a long re-injection period (i.e., 700 ms) enabled efficient accumulation-loop flushing with gas flows of about 4 mL min(-1). It was possible to apply such extended re-injection periods by using different restrictor lengths in the connections linking the modulator to the auxiliary pressure source. FM GC×GC-MS applications were performed on a mixture containing C9-10 alkanes, and on a sample of essential oil. GC×GC-MS sensitivity was compared with that attained by using conventional GC-MS analysis, in essential oil applications. It was observed that signal intensities were, in general, considerably higher in the FM GC×GC-MS experiments.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Flavio A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Franchina
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariarosa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maimone
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Peter Q
authors.initials: PQ
authors.lastname: Tranchida
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy; Università Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, via Álvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy. Electronic address: lmondello@unime.it.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mondello
mesh_terms: D000473:Alkanes / Q000032:analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000473:Alkanes; D009822:Oils, Volatile
keywords: Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography; Flow modulation; Mass spectrometry; Method optimization