title: Heel ulcers - Pressure ulcers or symptoms of peripheral arterial disease? An exploratory matched case control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between pressure ulcers of the heel and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and determine the feasibility of conducting a statistically powered matched case control study.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Evidence indicates a relationship between chronic leg ulcers and vascular disease. The relationship between pressure ulcers of the heel and vascular disease is less well established.
  
  
  METHODS
  A matched case control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected between March 2014 and January 2015. 15 patients identified as having a grade 2, 3 or 4 pressure ulcer of the heel were compared with 15 matched controls without pressure ulcers of the heel. The primary clinical outcome measure was the ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI), where an ABPI <0.9 or >1.3 was considered clinically indicative of PAD. The primary feasibility outcome measure was the rate of recruitment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty seven patients were reported as having foot and heel ulcers; 36 of whom were identified as having pressure ulcers of the heel, 15 (42%) of whom were recruited to the study. Patients presenting with pressure ulcers of the heel were significantly more likely to simultaneously have previously undiagnosed PAD compared with age, gender and ethnicity matched controls without pressure ulcers of the heel (odds ratio: 11, 95% confidence interval 1.99-60.57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The formation of pressure ulcers of the heel could, in some patients, be related to the presence of PAD rather than a consequence of poor quality care. Healthcare professionals should assess the patient to exclude or confirm PAD.
authors.affiliation: Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, 3 Priestley Wharf, Holt Street, Birmingham, B7 4BN, UK.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Twilley
authors.affiliation: Birmingham City University, Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, City South Campus, Westbourne Road, Edgbaston, B15 3TN, UK. Electronic address: Sarahjane.jones@bcu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sarahjane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006365:Heel; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000150:complications*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000209:etiology
keywords: Nursing; Peripheral arterial disease; Pilot study; Pressure ulcer