title: Family caregiving of individuals with traumatic brain injury in Botswana.
abstract: Background The impairments that affect survivors of TBI impact the person's independence, and family members frequently have to take on a caregiver role. This study examined the experience of caregiving for individuals with TBI in Botswana and its impact on psychological distress in caregivers. Methods Using a mixed methods study design, qualitative data from semi-structured interviews were thematically analyzed and triangulated with data regarding functional status from the Structured Head Injury Outcome Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results The study included 26 participants with moderate to severe TBI, and a total of 18 caregivers were recruited. Caregivers commonly reported receiving limited information regarding their relatives' injuries and management methods. Heavy caregiving demands were placed on them, with little support from the healthcare system. A significant proportion of caregivers experienced anxiety and depression, which was associated with lower functional independence in their injured relative. Somewhat more spouses than parents reported clinically significant anxiety levels. Other consequences of caregiving included social isolation and limited support from the wider community as well as financial difficulties. Despite these stresses caregivers tended to accept their caregiving role. Cultural factors such devotion to their families and faith and belief in God moderated burden and distress. Conclusions Carers of individuals with TBI in Botswana face significant challenges. Rehabilitation efforts need to take these into account. Specifically, more information and support needs to be provided to survivors and their families. Psychological, economic and health needs of the care providers also should be addressed in the planning of rehabilitation interventions. Implications for Rehabilitation Caregivers of individuals with TBI in under-resourced countries carry much of the burden of care, face many challenges and experience significant stress. More information and support needs to be provided to survivors of TBI and their families in countries such as Botswana in a culturally sensitive manner. Psychological, economic and health needs also need to be addressed in the planning of rehabilitation interventions, which are currently non-existent in Botswana.
authors.affiliation: a School of Psychological Sciences , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: Lingani
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mbakile-Mahlanza
authors.affiliation: a School of Psychological Sciences , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.|b School of Public Health , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa.
authors.forename: Lenore
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manderson
authors.affiliation: a School of Psychological Sciences , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.|c Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre , Epworth Hospital , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Downing
authors.affiliation: a School of Psychological Sciences , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.|c Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre , Epworth Hospital , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: Jennie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ponsford
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001902:Botswana; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000451:nursing*; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Anxiety; depression; family caregiving; traumatic brain injury