title: Chemical composition, toxicity and non-target effects of Pinus kesiya essential oil: An eco-friendly and novel larvicide against malaria, dengue and lymphatic filariasis mosquito vectors.
abstract: Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are vectors of important parasites and pathogens causing death, poverty and social disability worldwide, with special reference to tropical and subtropical countries. The overuse of synthetic insecticides to control mosquito vectors lead to resistance, adverse environmental effects and high operational costs. Therefore, the development of eco-friendly control tools is an important public health challenge. In this study, the mosquito larvicidal activity of Pinus kesiya leaf essential oil (EO) was evaluated against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi, the dengue vector Aedes aegypti and the lymphatic filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus. The chemical composition of the EO was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. GC-MS revealed that the P. kesiya EO contained 18 compounds. Major constituents were α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene and germacrene D. In acute toxicity assays, the EO showed significant toxicity against early third-stage larvae of An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, with LC50 values of 52, 57, and 62µg/ml, respectively. Notably, the EO was safer towards several aquatic non-target organisms Anisops bouvieri, Diplonychus indicus and Gambusia affinis, with LC50 values ranging from 4135 to 8390µg/ml. Overall, this research adds basic knowledge to develop newer and safer natural larvicides from Pinaceae plants against malaria, dengue and filariasis mosquito vectors.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: drgovind1979@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Marimuthu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Govindarajan
authors.affiliation: Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rajeswary
authors.affiliation: Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: g.benelli@sssup.it.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Benelli
mesh_terms: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects*; D000475:Alkenes / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects*; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D003465:Culex / Q000187:drug effects*; D003715:Dengue; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008288:Malaria; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D000072138:Mosquito Vectors / Q000187:drug effects; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D028223:Pinus; D018515:Plant Leaves; D045788:Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000475:Alkenes; D000081008:Bicyclic Monoterpenes; D001643:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; D007306:Insecticides; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D045788:Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane; C471077:germacrene A; C509595:myrcene; C010789:beta-pinene; C005451:alpha-pinene
keywords: Arbovirus; Biosafety; GC–MS; Medical entomology; Mosquito borne diseases; Pinaceae