title: An evaluation of the bioaccessibility of arsenic in corn and rice samples based on cloud point extraction and hydride generation coupled to atomic fluorescence spectrometry.
abstract: A simple, inexpensive and rapid method was proposed for the determination of bioaccessible arsenic in corn and rice samples using an in vitro bioaccessibility assay. The method was based on the preconcentration of arsenic by cloud point extraction (CPE) using o,o-diethyldithiophosphate (DDTP) complex, which was generated from an in vitro extract using polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether (Triton X-114) as a surfactant prior to its detection by atomic fluorescence spectrometry with a hydride generation system (HG-AFS). The CPE method was optimized by a multivariate approach (two-level full factorial and Doehlert designs). A photo-oxidation step of the organic species prior to HG-AFS detection was included for the accurate quantification of the total As. The limit of detection was 1.34μgkg(-1) and 1.90μgkg(-1) for rice and corn samples, respectively. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by analyzing certified reference material ERM BC-211 (rice powder). The corn and rice samples that were analyzed showed a high bioaccessible arsenic content (72-88% and 54-96%, respectively), indicating a potential human health risk.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Fotocatálisis y Electroquímica Ambiental, Av. Guerrero y Progreso s/n, Col. Treviño, CP 64570, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico; Group of Analytical Chemistry, Automation and Environment, University of Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: José Martín Rosas
authors.initials: JMR
authors.lastname: Castor
authors.affiliation: Group of Analytical Chemistry, Automation and Environment, University of Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Lindomar
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Portugal
authors.affiliation: Group of Analytical Chemistry, Automation and Environment, University of Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Fotocatálisis y Electroquímica Ambiental, Av. Guerrero y Progreso s/n, Col. Treviño, CP 64570, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico. Electronic address: laura.hinojosary@uanl.edu.mx.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hinojosa-Reyes
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Fotocatálisis y Electroquímica Ambiental, Av. Guerrero y Progreso s/n, Col. Treviño, CP 64570, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
authors.forename: Jorge Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Guzmán-Mar
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Fotocatálisis y Electroquímica Ambiental, Av. Guerrero y Progreso s/n, Col. Treviño, CP 64570, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico.
authors.forename: Aracely
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernández-Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Group of Analytical Chemistry, Automation and Environment, University of Balearic Islands, Cra. Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cerdà
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D017830:Octoxynol; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017830:Octoxynol; C010615:Nonidet P-40; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Arsenic bioaccessibility; Automation; Cloud point extraction; Corn and rice samples; HG-AFS