title: Genome-wide analysis of MATE transporters and expression patterns of a subgroup of MATE genes in response to aluminum toxicity in soybean.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family is an important group of the multidrug efflux transporters that extrude organic compounds, transporting a broad range of substrates such as organic acids, plant hormones and secondary metabolites. However, genome-wide analysis of MATE family in plant species is limited and no such studies have been reported in soybean.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 117 genes encoding MATE transporters were identified from the whole genome sequence of soybean (Glycine max), which were denominated as GmMATE1 - GmMATE117. These 117 GmMATE genes were unevenly localized on soybean chromosomes 1 to 20, with both tandem and segmental duplication events detected, and most genes showed tissue-specific expression patterns. Soybean MATE family could be classified into four subfamilies comprising ten smaller subgroups, with diverse potential functions such as transport and accumulation of flavonoids or alkaloids, extrusion of plant-derived or xenobiotic compounds, regulation of disease resistance, and response to abiotic stresses. Eight soybean MATE transporters clustered together with the previously reported MATE proteins related to aluminum (Al) detoxification and iron translocation were further analyzed. Seven stress-responsive cis-elements such as ABRE, ARE, HSE, LTR, MBS, as well as a cis-element of ART1 (Al resistance transcription factor 1), GGNVS, were identified in the upstream region of these eight GmMATE genes. Differential gene expression analysis of these eight GmMATE genes in response to Al stress helps us identify GmMATE75 as the candidate gene for Al tolerance in soybean, whose relative transcript abundance increased at 6, 12 and 24 h after Al treatment, with more fold changes in Al-tolerant than Al-sensitive cultivar, which is consistent with previously reported Al-tolerance related MATE genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A total of 117 MATE transporters were identified in soybean and their potential functions were proposed by phylogenetic analysis with known plant MATE transporters. The cis-elements and expression patterns of eight soybean MATE genes related to Al detoxification/iron translocation were analyzed, and GmMATE75 was identified as a candidate gene for Al tolerance in soybean. This study provides a first insight on soybean MATE family and their potential roles in soybean response to abiotic stresses especially Al toxicity.
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Juge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
authors.forename: Junyi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gai
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean (General, Ministry of Agriculture), Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China. yanli1@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000633:toxicity*; D020440:Gene Duplication; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018745:Genome, Plant; D005810:Multigene Family; D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D056916:Segmental Duplications, Genomic; D013025:Glycine max / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D027701:Organic Cation Transport Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D000535:Aluminum
keywords: Abiotic stress; Aluminum toxicity; Duplication; Expression analysis; MATE; Phylogenetic analysis; Soybean; cis-element