title: Chromium(VI) bioremediation by probiotics.
abstract: Chromium is a common mineral in the earth's crust and can be released into the environment from anthropogenic sources. Intake of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) through drinking water and food causes toxic effects, leading to serious diseases, and is a commonly reported environmental problem. Microorganisms can mitigate or prevent the toxic effects caused by heavy metals in addition to having effective resistance mechanisms to prevent cell damage and bind to these metals, sequestering them from the cell surface and removing them from the body. Species of Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Bacillus and Bifidobacterium present in the human mouth and gut and in fermented foods have the ability to bind and detoxify some of these substances. This review address the primary topics related to Cr(VI) poisoning in animals and humans and the use of probiotics as a way to mitigate or prevent the toxic effects caused by Cr(VI). Further advances in the genetic knowledge of such microorganisms may lead to discoveries which will clarify the most active microorganisms that act as bioprotectants in bodies exposed to Cr(VI) and are an affordable option for people and animals intoxicated by the oral route. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Sciences, Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Western São Paulo - UNOESTE, CEP 19050-920, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Soraia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Younan
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Sciences, Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Western São Paulo - UNOESTE, CEP 19050-920, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriel Z
authors.initials: GZ
authors.lastname: Sakita
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Sciences, Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Western São Paulo - UNOESTE, CEP 19050-920, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Talita R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Sciences, Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Western São Paulo - UNOESTE, CEP 19050-920, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rogéria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: Department of Functional Sciences, Laboratory of Biophysics, University of Western São Paulo - UNOESTE, CEP 19050-920, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bremer-Neto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D002857:Chromium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D005506:Food Contamination; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D019936:Probiotics
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion
keywords: functional foods; gut microbiota; hexavalent chromium; intoxication; probiotic