title: Fouling-release and chemical activity effects of a siloxane-based material on tunicates.
abstract: The antifouling performance of a siloxane-based elastomeric impression material (EIM) was compared to that of two silicone fouling-release coatings, Intersleek 757 and RTV-11. In field immersion trials, the EIM caused the greatest reduction in fouling by the solitary tunicate Ciona intestinalis and caused the longest delay in the progression of fouling by two species of colonial tunicate. However, in pseudobarnacle adhesion tests, the EIM had higher attachment strengths. Further laboratory analyses showed that the EIM leached alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) that were toxic to C. intestinalis larvae. The EIM thus showed the longest duration of chemical activity measured to date for a siloxane-based coating (4 months), supporting investigations of fouling-release coatings that release targeted biocides. However, due to potential widespread effects of APEs, the current EIM formulation should not be considered as an environmentally-safe antifoulant. Thus, the data also emphasize consideration of both immediate and long-term effects of potentially toxic constituents released from fouling-release coatings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada. Electronic address: nfilip@stfx.ca.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Filip
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada. Electronic address: apustam@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pustam
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada. Electronic address: x2012ajv@stfx.ca.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ells
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada. Electronic address: x2010pae@stfx.ca.
authors.forename: Kathleen M T
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Grosicki
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada. Electronic address: yangjin@uvic.ca.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada. Electronic address: x2011sbs@stfx.ca.
authors.forename: Ikenna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Oguejiofor
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada. Electronic address: cbishop@stfx.ca.
authors.forename: Cory D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada. Electronic address: edemont@stfx.ca.
authors.forename: M Edwin
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: DeMont
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada. Electronic address: tsmithpa@stfx.ca.
authors.forename: Truis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Smith-Palmer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, St Francis Xavier University, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada; Centre for Biofouling Research, 2321 Notre Dame Ave, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada. Electronic address: rwyeth@stfx.ca.
authors.forename: Russell C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wyeth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D012833:Siloxanes / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D014561:Urochordata / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D012833:Siloxanes
keywords: Alkylphenol ethoxylates; Antifouling; Ciona intestinalis; Fouling-release; Silicone coatings; Surfactants