title: Risk management of viral infectious diseases in wastewater reclamation and reuse: Review.
abstract: Inappropriate usage of reclaimed wastewater has caused outbreaks of viral infectious diseases worldwide. International and domestic guidelines for wastewater reuse stipulate that virus infection risks are to be regulated by the multiple-barrier system, in which a wastewater treatment process composed of sequential treatment units is designed based on the pre-determined virus removal efficiency of each unit. The objectives of this review were to calculate representative values of virus removal efficiency in wastewater treatment units based on published datasets, and to identify research topics that should be further addressed for improving implementation of the multiple-barrier system. The removal efficiencies of human noroviruses, rotaviruses and enteroviruses in membrane bioreactor (MBR) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes were obtained by a systematic review protocol and a meta-analysis approach. The log10 reduction (LR) of norovirus GII and enterovirus in MBR were 3.35 (95% confidence interval: 2.39, 4.30) and 2.71 (1.52, 3.89), respectively. The LR values of rotavirus, norovirus GI and GII in CAS processes were 0.87 (0.20, 1.53), 1.48 (0.96, 2.00) and 1.35 (0.52, 2.18), respectively. The systematic review process eliminated a substantial number of articles about virus removal in wastewater treatment because of the lack of information required for the meta-analysis. It is recommended that future publications should explicitly describe their treatment of left-censored datasets. Indicators, surrogates and methodologies appropriate for validating virus removal performance during daily operation of wastewater reclamation systems also need to be identified.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan. Electronic address: dsano@eng.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13, West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amarasiri
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, 1-23 Wakaba-machi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katayama
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D012308:Risk Management; D012722:Sewage / Q000821:virology; D014481:United States; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000821:virology*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Meta-analysis; Multiple-barrier system; Viral infectious diseases; Virus log(10) reduction; Wastewater reclamation; Water reuse