title: Utilization of nanoemulsions to enhance bioactivity of pharmaceuticals, supplements, and nutraceuticals: Nanoemulsion delivery systems and nanoemulsion excipient systems.
abstract: The efficacy of many hydrophobic bioactives (pharmaceuticals, supplements, and nutraceuticals) is limited due to their relatively low or highly variable bioavailability. Nanoemulsions consisting of small lipid droplets (r < 100 nm) dispersed in water can be designed to improve bioavailability.
  
  
  
  The major factors limiting the oral bioavailability of hydrophobic bioactive agents are highlighted: bioaccessibility, absorption and transformation. Two nanoemulsion-based approaches to control these processes and improve bioavailability are discussed: nanoemulsion delivery systems (NDS) and nanoemulsion excipient systems (NES). In NDS, hydrophobic bioactives are dissolved within the lipid phase of oil-in-water nanoemulsions. In NES, the bioactives are present within a conventional drug, supplement, or food, which is consumed with an oil-in-water nanoemulsion. Examples of NDS and NES utilization to improve bioactive bioavailability are given.
  
  
  
  Considerable progress has been made in nanoemulsion design, fabrication, and testing. This knowledge facilitates the design of new formulations to improve the bioavailability of pharmaceuticals, supplements, and nutraceuticals. NDS and NES must be carefully designed based on the major factors limiting the bioavailability of specific bioactives. Research is still required to ensure these systems are commercially viable, and to demonstrate their safety and efficacy using animal and human feeding studies.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bioactive Natural Products Research Group , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Khaled Omer
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Aboalnaja
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Soonham
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yaghmoor
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bioactive Natural Products Research Group , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia.|b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Taha Abdullah
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kumosani
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Production of Bioproducts for Industrial Applications Research Group , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia.|c Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , MA , USA.
authors.forename: David Julian
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: McClements
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004655:Emulsions; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005079:Excipients
keywords: Bioavailability; delivery systems; emulsions; excipients; nanoemulsions; nutraceuticals