title: Space occupying lesions in the presence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous reports describe lung malformations and other chest lesions in association with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), yet little is known how these lesions affect outcomes. We sought to evaluate the incidence and outcomes of patients diagnosed with chest lesions in association with CDH.
  
  
  METHODS
  The charts of all infants treated for CDH in a single tertiary center from January 2004 to January 2015 were reviewed. The outcomes of those with space occupying lesions (SOLs) in association with CDH were compared to those with isolated CDH. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables and Fisher's exact for categorical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 214 infants treated, 20 had an associated SOL (4 had>1 lesion). SOLs were confirmed by pathological examination and included: bronchopulmonary sequestration (n=10; 4.7%), ectopic liver (n=9; 4.2%), foregut duplication cyst (n=2; 1%), and other lesions (n=3; 1.4%). No statistical difference was noted in the long-term outcomes of patients with SOL in comparison to those with isolated CDH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SOLs are not uncommon in neonates with CDH. Despite theoretical concerns, there is no evidence that SOLs are associated with worse outcomes, a finding which is helpful during prenatal counseling of families.
authors.affiliation: Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.affiliation: Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Adesola C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Akinkuotu
authors.affiliation: Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Darrell L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Cass
authors.affiliation: Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Timothy C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Christopher I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Cassady
authors.affiliation: Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Amy R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Mehollin-Ray
authors.affiliation: Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruano
authors.affiliation: Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pediatrics-Newborn Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Welty
authors.affiliation: Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Children's Fetal Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States. Electronic address: oolutoye@bcm.edu.
authors.forename: Oluyinka O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Olutoye
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D001998:Bronchopulmonary Sequestration / Q000150:complications*; D002828:Choristoma / Q000151:congenital; D005260:Female; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007422:Intestines / Q000002:abnormalities; D008099:Liver; D008168:Lung / Q000002:abnormalities*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: Diaphragmatic hernia; Duplication cyst; Ectopic liver; Pulmonary sequestration