title: Protective Role of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Against Ccl4 Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty SPF KM mice were randomly divided into 6 groups: the control group, CCl4-model group, bifendate group (DDB group), and low-, moderate-, and high-dose GSP groups. The following parameters were measured: serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT); aspartate aminotransferase (AST); tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α; interleukin-6 (IL-6); high-mobility group box (HMGB)-1; body weight; liver, spleen, and thymus indexes; superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity; HMGB1 mRNA; malondialdehyde (MDA) content; hepatocyte proliferation; and changes in liver histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the CCl4-model group, decreases in liver index and increases in thymus index significantly increased SOD and GSH-Px activities and reduced MDA content, and higher hepatocyte proliferative activity was found in all GSP dose groups and the DDB group (all P<0.001). Compared with the CCl4-model group, serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels and HMGB 1 mRNA and protein expressions decreased significantly in the high GSP dose group (all P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide strong evidence that administration of GSPs might confer significant protection against CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Jinfa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Fengjie
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China (mainland).
authors.forename: Suyan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yao
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013154:Spleen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013950:Thymus Gland / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D056604:Grape Seed Extract; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D015850:Interleukin-6; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D020011:Protective Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase