title: Prenatal and Postnatal Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among US Women: Associations with WIC Participation.
abstract: Objective Evaluate variation in fruit and vegetable intake by Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participation and poverty status among pregnant, and postpartum women participating in the Infant Feeding Practice Study II (IFPSII). Methods IFPSII (2005-2007) followed US women from third trimester through 1 year postpartum through mailed questionnaires measuring income, WIC participation, breastfeeding; and dietary history questionnaires (DHQ) assessing prenatal/postnatal fruit and vegetable consumption. Poverty measurements used U.S. Census Bureau Federal Poverty thresholds to calculate percent of poverty index ratio (PIR) corresponding to WIC's financial eligibility (≤185 % PIR). Comparison groups: WIC recipients; WIC eligible (≤185 % PIR), but non-recipients; and women not financially WIC eligible (>185 % PIR). IFPSII participants who completed at least one DHQ were included. Intake variation among WIC/poverty groups was assessed by Kruskal-Wallis tests and between groups by Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon tests and logistic regression. Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon tests examined postnatal intake by breastfeeding. Results Prenatal vegetable intake significantly varied by WIC/poverty groups (p = 0.04) with WIC recipients reporting significantly higher intake than women not financially WIC eligible (p = 0.02); association remained significant adjusting for confounders [odds ratio 0.66 (95 % confidence interval: 0.49-0.90)]. Prenatal fruit and postnatal consumption did not significantly differ by WIC/poverty groups. Postnatal intake was significantly higher among breastfeeding than non-breastfeeding women (fruit: p < 0.0001; vegetable: p = 0.006). Conclusions for Practice Most intakes did not significantly differ by WIC/poverty groups and thus prompts research on WIC recipient's dietary behaviors, reasons for non-participation in WIC, and the influence of the recent changes to the WIC food package.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Avenue NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC, 20052, USA. tstallings@email.gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Tiffany L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Stallings
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gazmararian
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kleinbaum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D063105:Food Assistance; D005523:Food Supply; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011203:Poverty; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D014675:Vegetables; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Breastfeeding; Fruit consumption; Postpartum; Poverty; Pregnancy; Vegetable consumption; WIC