title: Ionic Compatibilization of Cellulose Nanocrystals with Quaternary Ammonium Salt and Their Melt Extrusion with Polypropylene.
abstract: On account to their high mechanical properties along with high reinforcing capacity, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) could be the ultimate choice for polymer nanocomposites as filler. Recently, different strategies have been investigated for the melt extrusion of CNC-based polymer nanocomposites because it is a solvent-free process and because this technique is more viable for commercial industrialization. However, most thermoplastic polymers are processed at high temperatures, and sulfuric acid preparation of CNC limits the processing because of surface sulfate groups degradation. In this study we profitably used these negatively charged groups, and quaternary ammonium salt was ionically adsorbed on CNC by a simple aqueous method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize adsorbed CNC, and changes in polarity were investigated by contact angle measurements. Modified CNC was extruded with polypropylene at 190 °C, and the ensuing composites were characterized in terms of mechanical (by dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile tests), thermal (by differential scanning calorimetry), and morphological (scanning electron microscopy) properties. The melt rheology of PP-based nanocomposites was also reported.
authors.affiliation: LRP and ‡LGP2, Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble, France.|LRP and ∥LGP2, CNRS , F-38000, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Malladi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nagalakshmaiah
authors.affiliation: LRP and ‡LGP2, Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble, France.|LRP and ∥LGP2, CNRS , F-38000, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: El Kissi
authors.affiliation: LRP and ‡LGP2, Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble, France.|LRP and ∥LGP2, CNRS , F-38000, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dufresne
keywords: cellulose nanocrystal; melt extrusion; polymer nanocomposite; polypropylene; quaternary ammonium salt