title: Visible and Invisible Trends in Black Men's Health: Pitfalls and Promises for Addressing Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Inequities in Health.
abstract: Over the past two decades, there has been growing interest in improving black men's health and the health disparities affecting them. Yet, the health of black men consistently ranks lowest across nearly all groups in the United States. Evidence on the health and social causes of morbidity and mortality among black men has been narrowly concentrated on public health problems (e.g., violence, prostate cancer, and HIV/AIDS) and determinants of health (e.g., education and male gender socialization). This limited focus omits age-specific leading causes of death and other social determinants of health, such as discrimination, segregation, access to health care, employment, and income. This review discusses the leading causes of death for black men and the associated risk factors, as well as identifies gaps in the literature and presents a racialized and gendered framework to guide efforts to address the persistent inequities in health affecting black men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education and.
authors.forename: Keon L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Maryland at College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742.
authors.forename: Rashawn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and.|Division of Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada.|Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.
authors.forename: Arjumand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siddiqi
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education and.
authors.forename: Shivan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shetty
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education and.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Management and Policy, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104; email: kgilber9@slu.edu.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.affiliation: Center for Medicine, Health, and Society and.|Institute for Research on Men's Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240.
authors.forename: Derek M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Griffith
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000367:Age Factors; D002423:Cause of Death; D004777:Environment; D015444:Exercise; D005783:Gender Identity; D015438:Health Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D054526:Men's Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D063505:Racism / Q000208:ethnology; D012737:Sex Factors; D064890:Social Determinants of Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States
keywords: African American; health equity; intersectionality; men's health; men's health disparities; social determinants of health