title: Community Health Workers Versus Nurses as Counselors or Case Managers in a Self-Help Diabetes Management Program.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To confirm the effectiveness of community health workers' involvement as counselors or case managers in a self-help diabetes management program in 2009 to 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our open-label, randomized controlled trial determined the effectiveness of a self-help intervention among Korean Americans aged 35 to 80 years in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. We measured and analyzed physiological and psychobehavioral health outcomes of the community health worker-counseled (n = 54) and registered nurse (RN)-counseled (n = 51) intervention groups in comparison with the control group (n = 104).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The community health workers' performance was comparable to that of the RNs for both psychobehavioral outcomes (e.g., self-efficacy, quality of life) and physiological outcomes. The community health worker-counseled group showed hemoglobin A1C reductions from baseline (-1.2%, -1.5%, -1.3%, and -1.6%, at months 3, 6, 9, and 12, respectively), all of which were greater than reductions in the RN-counseled (-0.7%, -0.9%, -0.9%, and -1.0%) or the control (-0.5%, -0.5%, -0.6%, and -0.7%) groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Community health workers performed as well as or better than nurses as counselors or case managers in a self-help diabetes management program in a Korean American community.
authors.affiliation: Kim B. Kim is with Korean Resource Center, Ellicott City, MD. Miyong T. Kim is with the School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin. Hochang B. Lee is with the School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Tam Nguyen is with the Connell School of Nursing, Boston College, Boston, MA. Lee R. Bone is with the School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. David Levine is with the School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University.
authors.forename: Kim B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Kim B. Kim is with Korean Resource Center, Ellicott City, MD. Miyong T. Kim is with the School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin. Hochang B. Lee is with the School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Tam Nguyen is with the Connell School of Nursing, Boston College, Boston, MA. Lee R. Bone is with the School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. David Levine is with the School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University.
authors.forename: Miyong T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Kim B. Kim is with Korean Resource Center, Ellicott City, MD. Miyong T. Kim is with the School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin. Hochang B. Lee is with the School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Tam Nguyen is with the Connell School of Nursing, Boston College, Boston, MA. Lee R. Bone is with the School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. David Levine is with the School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University.
authors.forename: Hochang B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Kim B. Kim is with Korean Resource Center, Ellicott City, MD. Miyong T. Kim is with the School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin. Hochang B. Lee is with the School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Tam Nguyen is with the Connell School of Nursing, Boston College, Boston, MA. Lee R. Bone is with the School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. David Levine is with the School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University.
authors.forename: Tam
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Kim B. Kim is with Korean Resource Center, Ellicott City, MD. Miyong T. Kim is with the School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin. Hochang B. Lee is with the School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Tam Nguyen is with the Connell School of Nursing, Boston College, Boston, MA. Lee R. Bone is with the School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. David Levine is with the School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University.
authors.forename: Lee R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bone
authors.affiliation: Kim B. Kim is with Korean Resource Center, Ellicott City, MD. Miyong T. Kim is with the School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin. Hochang B. Lee is with the School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Tam Nguyen is with the Connell School of Nursing, Boston College, Boston, MA. Lee R. Bone is with the School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. David Levine is with the School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian; D015142:Baltimore; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D000071959:Case Managers; D003150:Community Health Workers; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D019468:Disease Management; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin