title: Pharmacological Management of Childhood-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rare, severe, multisystem autoimmune disorder. Childhood-onset SLE (cSLE) follows a more aggressive course with greater associated morbidity and mortality than adult-onset SLE. Its aetiology is yet to be fully elucidated. It is recognised to be the archetypal systemic autoimmune disease, arising from a complex interaction between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Its complexity is reflected by the fact that there has been only one new drug licensed for use in SLE in the last 50 years. However, biologic agents that specifically target aspects of the immune system are emerging. Immunosuppression remains the cornerstone of medical management, with glucocorticoids still playing a leading role. Treatment choices are led by disease severity. Immunosuppressants, including azathioprine and methotrexate, are used in mild to moderate manifestations. Mycophenolate mofetil is widely used for lupus nephritis. Cyclophosphamide remains the first-line treatment for patients with severe organ disease. No biologic therapies have yet been approved for cSLE, although they are being used increasingly as part of routine care of patients with severe lupus nephritis or with neurological and/or haematological involvement. Drugs influencing B cell survival, including belimumab and rituximab, are currently undergoing clinical trials in cSLE. Hydroxychloroquine is indicated for disease manifestations of all severities and can be used as monotherapy in mild disease. However, the management of cSLE is hampered by the lack of a robust evidence base. To date, it has been principally guided by best-practice guidelines, retrospective case series and adapted adult protocols. In this pharmacological review, we provide an overview of current practice for the management of cSLE, together with recent advances in new therapies, including biologic agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Institute in the Park, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thorbinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Institute in the Park, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oni
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Institute in the Park, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK.
authors.forename: Eve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Institute in the Park, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Midgley
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Institute in the Park, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK. m.w.beresford@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Beresford
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents