title: Lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides on Chrysoperla carnea larvae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and the influence of rainfastness in their degradation pattern over time.
abstract: The predator Chrysoperla carnea is a model species for the study of non-target effects of pesticides under different scenarios: registration of plant protection products under the European Union and effects of the Bt toxin. Laboratory and persistence studies were carried out with six pesticides currently used in corn crops in Spain that were applied at their maximum field recommended concentrations. The assessed end-points were larval mortality, survivorship until adult stage, duration of the larval and pupal periods, fecundity, fertility and sex ratio of the emerged adults. Based on the total effect (lethal and sublethal) caused to L3 larvae in contact with fresh residues in the laboratory, pendimethalin was harmless (IOBC 1), lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin, and hexythiazox were slightly harmful (IOBC 2), deltamethrin was moderately harmful (IOBC 3) and chlorpyrifos was harmful (IOBC 4). Afterwards, the residues of the two most toxic pesticides in the lab (deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos) were aged under greenhouse conditions (22 ± 2 °C, 40 ± 10 % R.H., 16.9 μmol m(-2) s(-1) UV radiation) in the presence and absence of artificial rainfall (10 l m(-2) h(-1), applied 24 h after pesticide application). Deltamethrin was classified as short lived (IOBC A) in both cases. However, degradation of chlorpyrifos residues was accelerated in the presence of rainfall, leading to the classification as slightly persistent (IOBC B), while in absence of rainfall it behaved as persistent (IOBC D). Every pesticide can be recommended for inclusion in corn IPM programs where the predator is present except chlorpyrifos that exhibited high direct toxicity in the lab and prolonged residual action even in the presence of rainfall.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Entomology, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil. maiajader@yahoo.com.br.|Crop Protection Unit, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. maiajader@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Jader Braga
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Entomology, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Geraldo Andrade
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Crop Protection Unit, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.affiliation: Crop Protection Unit, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Agustín
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garzón
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Department of Entomology, Federal University of Lavras, P.O. Box 3037, Lavras, MG, 37200-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pablo da Costa
authors.initials: Pda C
authors.lastname: Gontijo
authors.affiliation: Crop Protection Unit, School of Agricultural, Food and Biosystems Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Viñuela
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D013030:Spain; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides
keywords: Integrated pest management; Lacewing; Persistence; Residual contact; Selectivity; Sublethal effects