title: Nanomechanical Characterization of Bacillus anthracis Spores by Atomic Force Microscopy.
abstract: The study of structures and properties of bacterial spores is important to understanding spore formation and biological responses to environmental stresses. While significant progress has been made over the years in elucidating the multilayer architecture of spores, the mechanical properties of the spore interior are not known. Here, we present a thermal atomic force microscopy (AFM) study of the nanomechanical properties of internal structures of Bacillus anthracis spores. We developed a nanosurgical sectioning method in which a stiff diamond AFM tip was used to cut an individual spore, exposing its internal structure, and a soft AFM tip was used to image and characterize the spore interior on the nanometer scale. We observed that the elastic modulus and adhesion force, including their thermal responses at elevated temperatures, varied significantly in different regions of the spore section. Our AFM images indicated that the peptidoglycan (PG) cortex of Bacillus anthracis spores consisted of rod-like nanometer-sized structures that are oriented in the direction perpendicular to the spore surface. Our findings may shed light on the spore architecture and properties.
  
  
  
  A nanosurgical AFM method was developed that can be used to probe the structure and properties of the spore interior. The previously unknown ultrastructure of the PG cortex of Bacillus anthracis spores was observed to consist of nanometer-sized rod-like structures that are oriented in the direction perpendicular to the spore surface. The variations in the nanomechanical properties of the spore section were largely correlated with its chemical composition. Different components of the spore materials showed different thermal responses at elevated temperatures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA Alex.Li@afit.edu.
authors.forename: Alex G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Physics, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Larry W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Burggraf
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D013170:Spores / Q000648:ultrastructure*