title: Breast free flap complications related to haematoma formation - do the risks of multiple antithrombotics outweigh the benefits today?
abstract: Background Free flap reconstruction is today a common operation for many breast cancer patients, but local protocols for microsurgery still predict the use of antithrombotic agents. Reduced operation times and complication rates together with faster mobilisation, after introduction of perforator flaps, call for less comprehensive antithrombotic regimens. It was hypothesised that multiple antithrombotics was a risk factor for bleeding-related flap complications. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted to study the association between reoperation for haematoma and flap-related complications after free flap breast reconstruction. A combination of heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin and dextran were used as antithrombotics. A sub-analysis was performed to compare non-dextran to dextran treated patients. Results One hundred and thirty-nine patients were identified, reconstructed with 150 consecutive perforator free flaps to the breast. Reoperation for breast haematoma (13%) was associated with concomitant re-operation for venous congestion (8.6%) (p < 0.001), but also for flap thrombosis (2.9%) (p = 0.007), highlighting haematoma as a risk factor for flap-related complications. An increased rate of haematoma re-operations of the breast was noted among the flap-related complications in the dextran (n = 79), compared to the non-dextran group (p = 0.011). Conclusion The current study highlights the use of multiple antithrombotics as a risk factor for haematoma reoperation. Liberal use of drains and evacuation of breast haematomas are, therefore, indicated together with limitation of antithrombotic agents. The highly variable use of antithrombotic agents worldwide call for evidence-based guidelines in standardised free flap breast reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden ;|b Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery , Section of Plastic Surgery, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Halle
authors.affiliation: a Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden ;|b Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery , Section of Plastic Surgery, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.
authors.forename: Ann-Charlott
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Docherty Skogh
authors.affiliation: b Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery , Section of Plastic Surgery, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friberg
authors.affiliation: a Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden ;|b Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery , Section of Plastic Surgery, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.
authors.forename: Åsa
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Edsander-Nord
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058752:Free Tissue Flaps; D006406:Hematoma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000601:surgery; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000379:methods; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents
keywords: Antithrombotic treatment; breast reconstruction; complication; microvascular surgery; perforator flaps