title: Quantitative analysis of oyster larval proteome provides new insights into the effects of multiple climate change stressors.
abstract: The metamorphosis of planktonic larvae of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) underpins their complex life-history strategy by switching on the molecular machinery required for sessile life and building calcite shells. Metamorphosis becomes a survival bottleneck, which will be pressured by different anthropogenically induced climate change-related variables. Therefore, it is important to understand how metamorphosing larvae interact with emerging climate change stressors. To predict how larvae might be affected in a future ocean, we examined changes in the proteome of metamorphosing larvae under multiple stressors: decreased pH (pH 7.4), increased temperature (30 °C), and reduced salinity (15 psu). Quantitative protein expression profiling using iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS identified more than 1300 proteins. Decreased pH had a negative effect on metamorphosis by down-regulating several proteins involved in energy production, metabolism, and protein synthesis. However, warming switched on these down-regulated pathways at pH 7.4. Under multiple stressors, cell signaling, energy production, growth, and developmental pathways were up-regulated, although metamorphosis was still reduced. Despite the lack of lethal effects, significant physiological responses to both individual and interacting climate change related stressors were observed at proteome level. The metamorphosing larvae of the C. gigas population in the Yellow Sea appear to have adequate phenotypic plasticity at the proteome level to survive in future coastal oceans, but with developmental and physiological costs.
authors.affiliation: The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Ramadoss
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dineshram
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological, Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Division of Applied Mathematics and Computer Sciences and KAUST Environmental Epigenetic Program (KEEP), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Kondethimmanahalli
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chandramouli
authors.affiliation: The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Ginger Wai Kuen
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological, Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Division of Applied Mathematics and Computer Sciences and KAUST Environmental Epigenetic Program (KEEP), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Huoming
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Pei-Yuan
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological, Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Division of Applied Mathematics and Computer Sciences and KAUST Environmental Epigenetic Program (KEEP), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ravasi
authors.affiliation: The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Vengatesen
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Thiyagarajan
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D057231:Climate Change; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000502:physiology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007814:Larva / Q000502:physiology; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological; D020543:Proteome / Q000502:physiology*; D054712:Salinity; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D020543:Proteome
keywords: Crassostrea gigas; climate change; environmental proteomics; iTRAQ; multiple stressors; ocean acidification