title: Psychosocial counselling of identifiable sperm donors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  What do identifiable sperm donors feel about psychosocial counselling?
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identifiable sperm donors found it important that psychosocial counselling focused on emotional consequences and on rules and regulations and they expected to have access to psychosocial counselling at the time that donor-offspring actually sought contact.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Most studies on sperm donors are on anonymous donors and focus on recruitment, financial compensation, anonymity and motivations. There is limited knowledge on the value that identifiable sperm donors place on psychosocial counselling and what their needs are in this respect.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a qualitative study from March until June 2014 with 25 identifiable sperm donors, who were or had been a donor at the Centre for Reproductive Medicine of the Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam any time between 1989 and 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  We held semi-structured in-depth interviews with identifiable sperm donors with an average age of 44 years. The interviews were fully transcribed and analysed using the constant comparative method of grounded theory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve out of 15 donors (former donors ITALIC! n = 8, active donors ITALIC! n = 7) who had received a counselling session during their intake procedure found it important that they had been able to talk about issues such as the emotional consequences of donation, disclosure to their own children, family and friends, future contact with donor-offspring and rules and regulations. Of the 10 former donors who had received no counselling session, 8 had regretted the lack of intensive counselling. In the years following their donation, most donors simply wanted to know how many offspring had been born using their sperm and had no need for further counselling. Nevertheless, they frequently mentioned that they were concerned about the well-being of 'their' offspring. In addition, they would value the availability of psychosocial counselling in the event that donor-offspring actually sought contact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A limitation of our study is its generalizability, since only a small number of identifiable donors at a single centre were studied. Variation in how donors are counselled upon intake may affect how donors value psychosocial counselling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reports on the issues that identifiable donors value being addressed during their intake procedure, as well as during counselling in the event that donor-offspring actually seek contact. These findings can be used to achieve a higher quality of care for identifiable sperm donors and may be the starting point for developing guidelines on psychosocial counselling for sperm donors.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  No funding was obtained for this study. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands m.visser@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Mochtar
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: de Melker
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van der Veen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Repping
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Sociology and Anthropology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gerrits
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003376:Counseling; D030881:Disclosure; D006801:Humans; D007316:Insemination, Artificial, Heterologous; D008297:Male; D000072858:Psychosocial Support Systems; D013094:Spermatozoa; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: attitude; counselling; donor-offspring; identifiable; implications; psychology; sperm donor; third-party reproduction