title: Comparison of Smoking History Patterns Among African American and White Cohorts in the United States Born 1890 to 1990.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Characterizing smoking history patterns summarizes life course exposure for birth cohorts, essential for evaluating the impact of tobacco control on health. Limited attention has been given to patterns among African Americans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Life course smoking histories of African Americans and whites were estimated beginning with the 1890 birth cohort. Estimates of smoking initiation and cessation probabilities, and intensity can be used as a baseline for studying smoking intervention strategies that target smoking exposure. US National Health Interview Surveys conducted from 1965 to 2012 yielded cross-sectional information on current smoking behavior among African Americans and whites. Additional detail for smokers including age at initiation, age at cessation and smoking intensity were available in some surveys and these were used to construct smoking histories for participants up to the date that they were interviewed. Age-period-cohort models with constrained natural splines provided estimates of current, former and never-smoker prevalence in cohorts beginning in 1890.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This approach yielded yearly estimates of initiation, cessation and smoking intensity by age for each birth cohort. Smoking initiation probabilities tend to be lower among African Americans compared to whites, and cessation probabilities also were generally lower. Higher initiation leads to higher smoking prevalence among whites in younger ages, but lower cessation leads to higher prevalence at older ages in blacks, when adverse health effects of smoking become most apparent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These estimates provide a summary that can be used to better understand the effects of changes in smoking behavior following publication of the Surgeon General's Report in 1964.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel method of estimating smoking histories was applied to data from the National Health Interview Surveys, which provided an extensive summary of the smoking history in this population following publication of the Surgeon General's Report in 1964. The results suggest that some of the existing disparities in smoking-related disease may be due to the lower cessation rates in African Americans compared to whites. However, the number of cigarettes smoked is also lower among African Americans. Further work is needed to determine mechanisms by which smoking duration and intensity can account for racial disparities in smoking-related diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT; theodore.holford@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Theodore R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Holford
authors.affiliation: Cancer Control, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC;
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000639:trends; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data