title: Innovations in surgical stone disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary stone disease is a condition characterized by a rich history of surgical innovation. Herein, we review the new ideas, devices and methods that are the cornerstones of contemporary surgical innovation in stone disease, specifically flexible ureteroscopy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The new ideas being applied to flexible ureteroscopy include extending the boundaries of surgical indications and eliminating the need for intraoperative fluoroscopy. Device advancements include disposable ureteroscopes and flexi semirigid ureteroscopes. Robotic flexible ureteroscopy, the use of magnets and mobile technology applications represent progress in methods of performing flexible ureteroscopy. Three-dimensional computed tomography and printing technology are enhancing percutaneous renal access. Novel image-guided access techniques are improving the accuracy of percutaneous surgery particularly for complex cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New ideas, devices and methods are continuing to reshape the landscape of surgical stone treatment and in so doing not only have the potential to improve surgical outcomes but also to cultivate further scientific and technological advancements in this area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Jodi A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Antonelli
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D062069:Inventions; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D065287:Robotic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D020709:Ureteroscopes / Q000639:trends*; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000601:surgery*