title: In vivo characterization of lamina cribrosa pore morphology in primary open-angle glaucoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the in vivo morphology of human lamina cribrosa pores in healthy and glaucoma eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional, observational study, a flood-illumination adaptive optics fundus (FIAO) camera was used to perform in vivo, high-resolution, noninvasive imaging of the optic disc and lamina cribrosa in 30 patients diagnosed with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), in 15 healthy controls and in 14 healthy subjects with at least one direct relative with POAG. Two masked graders measured each visible lamina cribrosa pore along the major and minor axes in order to categorize pores as oval (minor/major axis ratio<0.75) or round. We used these same measurements to calculate pore surface area as a best-fit oval.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lamina cribrosa pores were visible in 95.2% of the subjects. In 52% of controls, the pores were visualized under the neuroretinal rim. In POAG patients, 78% of visible pores had an oval shape versus 19.4% in controls (P<0.01). Average pore surface area was significantly different (1561 px(2) versus 724 px(2); P<0.01). In healthy subjects with at least one direct relative with POAG, 21% had pores with an appearance comparable to that of subjects in the glaucoma group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On average, lamina cribrosa pores are elongated in POAG eyes and also in healthy eyes of POAG relatives. In vivo characterization of lamina cribrosa pore morphology by FIAO imaging may enhance our understanding of glaucoma, and offer new means for its early detection.
authors.affiliation: Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Clinical Investigation Center Inserm 1423, 75012 Paris, France. Electronic address: stephanie.zwillinger@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zwillinger
authors.affiliation: Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Clinical Investigation Center Inserm 1423, 75012 Paris, France; Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University Paris 6, institut de la vision, UMRS968, 75006 Paris, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paques
authors.affiliation: Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Clinical Investigation Center Inserm 1423, 75012 Paris, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Safran
authors.affiliation: Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, 28, rue de Charenton, 75012 Paris, France; Clinical Investigation Center Inserm 1423, 75012 Paris, France; Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University Paris 6, institut de la vision, UMRS968, 75006 Paris, France; Ambroise-Paré hospital, AP-HP, IFR Paris, 92100 Île-de-France Ouest, France; University of Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 78000 Versailles, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baudouin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005902:Glaucoma, Open-Angle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D009900:Optic Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D009929:Organ Size
keywords: Adaptive optics; Glaucome primitif à angle ouvert; Lame criblée; Lamina cribrosa; Optique adaptative; Primary open-angle glaucoma