title: Ozonation of hospital raw wastewaters for cytostatic compounds removal. Kinetic modelling and economic assessment of the process.
abstract: The kinetics of the ozone consumption for the pretreatment of hospital wastewater has been analysed in order to determine the reaction rate coefficients between the ozone and the readily oxidisabled organic matter and cytostatic compounds. The wastewater from a medium size hospital was treated with ozone and peroxone methodologies, varying the ozone concentration, the reaction time and the hydrogen peroxide doses. The analysis shows that there are four cytostatic compounds, i.e. irinotecan, ifosfamide, cyclophosphamide and capecitabine, detected in the wastewaters and they are completely removed with reasonably short times after the ozone treatment. Considering the reactor geometry, the gas hydrodynamics, the mass transfer of ozone from gas to liquid and the reaction of all oxidisable compounds of the wastewater it is possible to determine the chemical ozone demand, COzD, of the sample as 256mgO3L(-1) and the kinetic rate coefficient with the dissolved organic matter as 8.4M(-1)s(-1). The kinetic rate coefficient between the ozone and the cyclophosphamide is in the order of 34.7M(-1)s(-1) and higher for the other cytostatics. The direct economic cost of the treatment was evaluated considering this reaction kinetics and it is below 0.3€/m(3) under given circumstances.
authors.affiliation: Universitat Politècnica de València - EPSA, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering. Institute for Industrial, Radiophysical and Environmental Safety (ISIRYM), Pl. Ferrandiz i Carbonell, 03801 Alcoi, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferre-Aracil
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology Research Group, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Avd. Atenas s/n, Móstoles, 28922 Alcorcón, Spain.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Valcárcel
authors.affiliation: Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, (Spain).
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Negreira
authors.affiliation: Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, (Spain).
authors.forename: M López
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: de Alda
authors.affiliation: Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, (Spain); Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
authors.affiliation: Universitat Politècnica de València - EPSA, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering. Institute for Industrial, Radiophysical and Environmental Safety (ISIRYM), Pl. Ferrandiz i Carbonell, 03801 Alcoi, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Cardona
authors.affiliation: Universitat Politècnica de València - EPSA, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering. Institute for Industrial, Radiophysical and Environmental Safety (ISIRYM), Pl. Ferrandiz i Carbonell, 03801 Alcoi, Alicante, Spain. Electronic address: jnavarla@iqn.upv.es.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Navarro-Laboulais
mesh_terms: D054697:Cytostatic Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D054697:Cytostatic Agents; D010126:Ozone; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Cyclophosphamide; Cytostatics; Hospital wastewater; Ozone; Peroxone