title: On-line classification of pollutants in water using wireless portable electronic noses.
abstract: A portable electronic nose with database connection for on-line classification of pollutants in water is presented in this paper. It is a hand-held, lightweight and powered instrument with wireless communications capable of standalone operation. A network of similar devices can be configured for distributed measurements. It uses four resistive microsensors and headspace as sampling method for extracting the volatile compounds from glass vials. The measurement and control program has been developed in LabVIEW using the database connection toolkit to send the sensors data to a server for training and classification with Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The use of a server instead of the microprocessor of the e-nose increases the capacity of memory and the computing power of the classifier and allows external users to perform data classification. To address this challenge, this paper also proposes a web-based framework (based on RESTFul web services, Asynchronous JavaScript and XML and JavaScript Object Notation) that allows remote users to train ANNs and request classification values regardless user's location and the type of device used. Results show that the proposed prototype can discriminate the samples measured (Blank water, acetone, toluene, ammonia, formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, ethanol, benzene, dichloromethane, acetic acid, xylene and dimethylacetamide) with a 94% classification success rate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer and Telematics Systems Engineering, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain. Electronic address: jherrero@unex.es.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Herrero
authors.affiliation: Department of Electric Technology, Electronics and Automation, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain. Electronic address: jesuslozano@unex.es.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lozano
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physics Technology and Information, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (ITEFI-CSIC), Serrano 144, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: jp.santos@csic.es.
authors.forename: José Pedro
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Electric Technology, Electronics and Automation, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain. Electronic address: jmarcelo@unex.es.
authors.forename: José Ignacio
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Suárez
mesh_terms: D001330:Electronic Data Processing; D062609:Electronic Nose; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water
keywords: Components; Electronic nose; Neural networks; Web applications; Web services