title: Prediction of Neurocognitive Deficits by Parkinsonian Motor Impairment in Schizophrenia: A Study in Neuroleptic-Naïve Subjects, Unaffected First-Degree Relatives and Healthy Controls From an Indigenous Population.
abstract: Neurocognitive deficits are among the most debilitating and pervasive symptoms of schizophrenia, and are present also in unaffected first-degree relatives. Also, multiple reports reveal parkisonian motor deficits in untreated subjects with schizophrenia and in first-degree relatives of affected subjects. Yet, the relation between motor and cognitive impairment and its value as a classifier of endophenotypes has not been studied.
  
  
  
  To test the efficacy of midbrain hyperechogenicity (MHE) and parkinsonian motor impairment (PKM) as predictors of neurocognitive impairment in subjects with or at risk for schizophrenia, that could be used to segregate them from first-degree relatives and healthy controls.
  
  
  
  Seventy-six subjects with chronic schizophrenia never exposed to antipsychotic medication, 106 unaffected first-degree relatives, and 62 healthy controls were blindly assessed for cognitive and motor function, and transcranial ultrasound.
  
  
  
  Executive function, fluid intelligence, motor planning, and hand coordination showed group differences. PKM and MHE were significantly higher in untreated schizophrenia and unaffected relatives. Unaffected relatives showed milder impairment, but were different from controls.
  
  
  
  PKM and MHE predict cognitive impairment in neuroleptic-naive patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected first-degree relatives and may be used to segregate them from first-degree relatives and healthy controls.
authors.affiliation: Roskamp Laboratory of Brain Development, Modulation and Repair, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Juan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.affiliation: Fundación FULTRA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: González Alemán
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Neurociencias, Dr. J.J. Naón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Néstor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Florenzano
authors.affiliation: Hospital Neuropsiquiátrico Dr. Néstor Sequeiros, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.affiliation: Hospital Neuropsiquiátrico Dr. Néstor Sequeiros, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calvó
authors.affiliation: Hospital Neuropsiquiátrico Dr. Néstor Sequeiros, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina.
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.affiliation: Roskamp Laboratory of Brain Development, Modulation and Repair, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kamis
authors.affiliation: Roskamp Laboratory of Brain Development, Modulation and Repair, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stratton
authors.affiliation: Fundación FULTRA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toranzo
authors.affiliation: Fundación FULTRA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Molina Rangeon
authors.affiliation: Roskamp Laboratory of Brain Development, Modulation and Repair, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hernández Cuervo
authors.affiliation: Fundación FULTRA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bourdieu
authors.affiliation: Progressive Rapid Naming Tests, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sedó
authors.affiliation: Fundación FULTRA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Strejilevich
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
authors.forename: Claude Robert
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cloninger
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers University-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ.
authors.forename: Javier I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.affiliation: Roskamp Laboratory of Brain Development, Modulation and Repair, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.|Division of Neurosciences and Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, UTRGV School of Medicine, Harlingen, TX.
authors.forename: Gabriel A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: de Erausquin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D058068:Endophenotypes; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D010290:Parents; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D044382:Population Groups; D011379:Prognosis; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D035781:Siblings; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: endophenotype; genetic risk; indigenous populations; literacy-independent neuropsychological testing; parkinsonism; schizotaxia; transcranial ultrasound