title: Disability-Free Life Expectancy Over 30 Years: A Growing Female Disadvantage in the US Population.
abstract: To examine changes in active life expectancy in the United States over 30 years for older men and women (aged ≥ 65 years).
  
  
  
  We used the 1982 and 2004 National Long Term Care Survey and the 2011 National Health and Aging Trends Study to estimate age-specific mortality and disability rates, the overall chances of survival and of surviving without disability, and years of active life for men and women.
  
  
  
  For older men, longevity has increased, disability has been postponed to older ages, disability prevalence has fallen, and the percentage of remaining life spent active has increased. However, for older women, small longevity increases have been accompanied by even smaller postponements in disability, a reversal of a downward trend in moderate disability, and stagnation of active life as a percentage of life expectancy. As a consequence, older women no longer live more active years than men, despite their longer lives.
  
  
  
  Neither a compression nor expansion of late-life disability is inevitable. Public health measures directed at older women to postpone disability may be needed to offset impending long-term care pressures related to population aging.
authors.affiliation: Vicki A. Freedman is with the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Douglas A. Wolf is with the Aging Studies Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY. Brenda C. Spillman is with the Health Policy Center at the Urban Institute, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Vicki A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.affiliation: Vicki A. Freedman is with the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Douglas A. Wolf is with the Aging Studies Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY. Brenda C. Spillman is with the Health Policy Center at the Urban Institute, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Douglas A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: Vicki A. Freedman is with the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Douglas A. Wolf is with the Aging Studies Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY. Brenda C. Spillman is with the Health Policy Center at the Urban Institute, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Brenda C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Spillman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy / Q000639:trends*; D008136:Longevity; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States