title: DISC1 as a Possible Genetic Contribution to Opioid Dependence in a Polish Sample.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) has been linked to vulnerability to a variety of psychiatric disorders and neuropsychiatric phenotypes. However, DISC1 has not been frequently examined as a potential risk factor for substance dependence. An association between opioid dependence and DISC1 rs2738888 polymorphism has been recently reported. In addition, opioid dependence was associated with rs6419156 located close to the protein phosphatase 3 catalytic subunit alpha isoform (PPP3CA) gene. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations between opioid dependence with rs2738888 and rs6419156 in an independent sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  The selected polymorphisms were genotyped in a sample of 392 individuals (69.9% male) diagnosed as alcohol- and/or opioid-dependent. A control group (n = 257; 67.7% male) was derived from the Polish National Health Survey (N = 14,350).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of rs2738888 C allele was higher in controls than in opioid-dependent cases (OR = 0.65, p = .045). Phenotypic-oriented analyses performed within opioid-dependent individuals revealed the association between lifetime suicide attempt and rs2738888. The C allele of rs2738888 had a protective effect on lifetime suicide attempt in opioid-dependent patients (OR = 0.25, p = .003). Rs6419156 was not associated with substance dependence in the examined sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DISC1 may play an important role in vulnerability to opioid dependence. In addition, DISC1 may also be a genetic risk factor for suicide attempt in opioid-dependent individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Sylwia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fudalej
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jakubczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kopera
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Piwonski
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Pathologies, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bielecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, and Health Promotion, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland.|Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Drygas
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Krystyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wasilewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.|Department of Veterans Affairs National Serious Mental Illness Treatment Research and Evaluation Center (SMITREC), Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ilgen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.|Department of Veterans Affairs National Serious Mental Illness Treatment Research and Evaluation Center (SMITREC), Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bohnert
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.|Department of Veterans Affairs National Serious Mental Illness Treatment Research and Evaluation Center (SMITREC), Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Rafał
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Płoski
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.|Department of Veterans Affairs National Serious Mental Illness Treatment Research and Evaluation Center (SMITREC), Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Frederic C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Blow
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.|Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wojnar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013406:Suicide, Attempted
chemical_list: C412476:DISC1 protein, human; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins