title: Latent virus-like infections are present in a diverse range of Symbiodinium spp. (Dinophyta).
abstract: Coral reefs are increasingly threatened by disease outbreaks, which affect the coral animal and/or its algal symbionts (Symbiodinium spp.) and can cause mass mortalities. Currently around half of the recognized coral diseases have unknown causative agents. While many of the diseases are thought to be bacterial in origin, there is growing evidence that viruses may play a role. In particular, it appears that viruses may infect the algal symbionts, causing breakdown of the coral-algal mutualism. In this study, we screened a wide range of Symbiodinium cultures in vitro for the presence of latent viral infections. Using flow cytometry and electron microscopy, we found that many types of Symbiodinium apparently harbor such infections, and that the type of putative virus varied within and among host types. Furthermore, the putative viral infections could be induced via abiotic stress and cause host cell lysis and population decline. If similar processes occur in Symbiodinium cells in hospite, they may provide an explanation for some of the diseases affecting corals and other organisms forming symbioses with these algae.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, UK.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Joanne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Davy
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Simon K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Davy
keywords: Cnidarian; TEM; Zooxanthella; dinoflagellate; latency; phycodnavirus; symbiosis