title: A Retrospective Cohort Study Comparing Utilization and Costs of Biologic Therapies and JAK Inhibitor Therapy Across Four Common Inflammatory Indications in Adult US Managed Care Patients.
abstract: Biologic therapies are used to treat several inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis (PsO), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Data from a commercial claims database were used to evaluate utilization and cost of biologic treatment for these conditions.
  
  
  
  Data were obtained from the Optum Research Database. Patients were aged 18-63 years with diagnosis of moderate to severe RA, PsO, PsA, and/or AS and first (index) claim for biologics abatacept, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, rituximab, tocilizumab, or ustekinumab or non-biologic tofacitinib between March 1, 2011 and February 28, 2013. One-year treatment costs were based on observed paid amounts and used to impute dosing. Treatment patterns (persistence, switching, discontinuing, restarting) were evaluated.
  
  
  
  Data from 20,159 patients were analyzed for index medications abatacept (n = 583), adalimumab (n = 6521), certolizumab pegol (n = 415), etanercept (n = 9116), golimumab (n = 231), infliximab (n = 1906), rituximab (n = 295), tocilizumab (n = 165), ustekinumab (n = 922), and tofacitinib (n = 5). For patients with RA only, costs were lowest for tofacitinib ($18,769), rituximab ($19,569), or abatacept ($21,877), and ranged from $23,682 to $30,269 for all other medications. For patients with PsO only, costs were lowest for adalimumab ($29,186), etanercept ($31,212), and infliximab ($32,409) compared with ustekinumab ($53,746). For patients with PsA only, costs were lowest for etanercept ($26,916), followed by golimumab ($27,987), adalimumab ($28,749), and infliximab ($31,974). Costs were lowest with etanercept for RA plus PsA ($25,477) and for PsO plus PsA ($29,376), and with golimumab for AS only ($24,225). Across indications, annual costs were $29,521, $27,488, and $28,672 for adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab, respectively; persistence was greatest with infliximab (range 66-79%) compared with 11-59% for all other biologics.
  
  
  
  One-year treatment costs varied considerably between medications and indications. Some newly approved agents had lower costs but further research is needed to confirm these estimates as more patients are treated.
  
  
  
  Immunex (a wholly owned subsidiary of Amgen Inc.) and Wyeth (acquired by Pfizer).
authors.affiliation: Optum, Eden Prairie, MN, USA. Benjamin.Chastek@optum.com.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chastek
authors.affiliation: Optum, Eden Prairie, MN, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Optum, Eden Prairie, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Damon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Voorhis
authors.affiliation: Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Stolshek
mesh_terms: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000145:classification / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015535:Arthritis, Psoriatic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology; D001691:Biological Therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D053612:Janus Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D008329:Managed Care Programs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics / Q000276:immunology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D053612:Janus Kinases
keywords: Ankylosing spondylitis; Biologics; Costs; Inflammatory diseases; Psoriasis; Psoriatic arthritis; Rheumatoid arthritis; Utilization