title: Cocaine and benzoylecgonine oral fluid on-site screening and confirmation.
abstract: Accurate on-site devices to screen for drug intake are critical for establishing whether an individual is driving under the influence of drugs (DUID); however, on-site oral fluid (OF) cocaine device performance is variable. We evaluated the performance of a newly developed benzoylecgonine (BE) test-strip for the Draeger® DrugTest 5000 device (20 µg/L cut-off) with equivalent cross reactivity for cocaine and BE. Ten cocaine users provided OF, collected with the Draeger cassette and Oral-Eze® and StatSure Saliva Sampler(TM) devices, up to 69 h following 25 mg intravenous cocaine administration. All screening results were confirmed by a validated two-dimensional-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (2D-GC-MS) method for cocaine and/or BE. Cocaine test-strip median Tlast for screening only results was 6.5 h, and 6.5 h with Oral-Eze® and 4 h for StatSure OF confirmation for cocaine and/or BE at 1, 8, and 10 µg/L; sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency ranged from 85.5 to 100% and 83.3 to 100% for cocaine only confirmation at 8 and 10 µg/L. For the BE test-strip, median Tlast was 12.5 h for screening only and confirmation for cocaine and/or BE at all three cut-offs; sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency ranged from 85.5 to 97.5% and 78.4 to 97.4% with cocaine and/or BE confirmation at 8 and 10 µg/L cut-offs, respectively. The Draeger cocaine test-strip with cocaine only confirmation offers a useful option for monitoring the acute intoxication phase of DUID; additionally the BE test-strip with cocaine and/or BE confirmation increases the length of detection of cocaine intake for workplace drug testing, drug court, parole, pain management, drug treatment programs and both the acute cocaine intoxication and cocaine crash/fatigue phase of DUID. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.|Program in Toxicology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Kayla N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Ellefsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Concheiro
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pirard
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Gorelick
authors.affiliation: Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, IRP, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Marilyn A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Huestis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C005618:benzoylecgonine; D003042:Cocaine
keywords: Draeger DrugTest 5000; benzoylecgonine; cocaine; on-site testing; oral fluid