title: Newcastle disease virus infection in chicken embryonic fibroblasts but not duck embryonic fibroblasts is associated with elevated host innate immune response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chickens and ducks are major hosts of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) with distinct responses to infection. However, whereas ducks are generally asymptomatic or exhibit only mild symptoms following NDV infection and are thus regarded as potential long-term reservoirs of the virus, chickens exhibit severe clinical lesions, transient infections and even death due to NDV infection. These differences may in part result from the host innate immune response to NDV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  To better understand the host innate immune response to NDV infection in avian species, by using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method we examined the messenger RNA expression levels of immune-related genes in chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs) and duck embryonic fibroblasts (DEFs) when infected with NDV of different pathogenicities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gene expression profiles showed that the expression of IL-1beta, TNF-α-like factor (LITAF) and interferon (IFN)-beta was upregulated in both CEFs and DEFs infected with SS-10 and NH-10 viruses or treated with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], as well as that expression levels were greater in CEFs than in DEFs. The expression of TLR3, TLR7, IL-6, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, MHC-I and MHC-II, except for IL-8, were also greater in CEFs than in DEFs in response to infection to both viruses or treatment with poly(I:C). However, unlike moderate virulent NH-10, highly virulent SS-10 induced greater pattern recognition receptors and cytokines, except for IFNs, in CEFs and DEFs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results show distinct expression patterns of cytokines, Toll-like receptors and IFNs associated with inflammatory immune responses to NDV between species and by virulence.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.|Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China.|National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yinfeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.|Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China.|National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Minsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.|Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China.|National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiaqiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.|Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China.|National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.|Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China.|National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.|Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China.|National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Pei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.|Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China.|National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yulian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China.|Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.|Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China.|National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yanling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510642, P.R. China. rentao6868@126.com.|Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China. rentao6868@126.com.|Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong, Guangzhou, China. rentao6868@126.com.|National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China. rentao6868@126.com.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002645:Chickens; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004372:Ducks; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000821:virology; D015870:Gene Expression; D005838:Genotype; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D009521:Newcastle Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000502:physiology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors