title: A model for measuring the health burden of classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia in adults.
abstract: Patients with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) have poor health outcomes. In the absence of a comprehensive observational study, this manuscript provides a model to estimate the lifetime disease burden of adults with classic CAH.
  
  
  
  The model, built in Excel, comprises subdomains addressing the health consequences of CAH and synthesises evidence from clinical and epidemiological studies on health outcomes.
  
  
  
  The model estimates that adults with classic CAH will implement 'sick day rules' (doubling or tripling glucocorticoid and/or use of parenteral therapy) 171 times over their lifetime and attend hospital for adrenal crisis on 11 occasions. In a population of 1000, over 200 will die of a condition complicated by adrenal crisis resulting, on average, in a loss of 7 years of life. Patients with CAH may also suffer from excess CVD events. Treatment with glucocorticoids almost doubles the risk of bone fractures in patients with CAH compared to the general population, leading on average to an additional 0·8 fractures per patient with CAH over their lifetime.
  
  
  
  The disease burden model highlights gaps in evidence, particularly regarding intensity of care and adrenal crisis, and the relationship between control of CAH and risks of CVD, osteoporosis, diabetes and infertility. The model can be used for research on the impact of new clinical pathways and therapeutic interventions in terms of clinical events and cost.
authors.affiliation: The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Silvia R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.affiliation: The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Susannah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadler
authors.affiliation: The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Whitaker
authors.affiliation: The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Roberta M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ara
authors.affiliation: The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.affiliation: The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000312:Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D000328:Adult; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D007246:Infertility; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010024:Osteoporosis; D012306:Risk