title: Brain Regions Related to Impulsivity Mediate the Effects of Early Adversity on Antisocial Behavior.
abstract: Individual differences in impulsivity and early adversity are known to be strong predictors of adolescent antisocial behavior. However, the neurobiological bases of impulsivity and their relation to antisocial behavior and adversity are poorly understood.
  
  
  
  Impulsivity was estimated with a temporal discounting task. Voxel-based morphometry was used to determine the brain structural correlates of temporal discounting in a large cohort (n = 1830) of 14- to 15-year-old children. Mediation analysis was then used to determine whether the volumes of brain regions associated with temporal discounting mediate the relation between adverse life events (e.g., family conflict, serious accidents) and antisocial behaviors (e.g., precocious sexual activity, bullying, illicit substance use).
  
  
  
  Greater temporal discounting (more impulsivity) was associated with 1) lower volume in frontomedial cortex and bilateral insula and 2) greater volume in a subcortical region encompassing the ventral striatum, hypothalamus and anterior thalamus. The volume ratio between these cortical and subcortical regions was found to partially mediate the relation between adverse life events and antisocial behavior.
  
  
  
  Temporal discounting is related to regions of the brain involved in reward processing and interoception. The results support a developmental imbalance model of impulsivity and are consistent with the idea that negative environmental factors can alter the developing brain in ways that promote antisocial behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont. Electronic address: msmackey@uvm.edu.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mackey
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
authors.forename: Bader
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chaarani
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kees-Jan
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Spechler
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banaschewski
authors.affiliation: Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Arun L W
authors.initials: ALW
authors.lastname: Bokde
authors.affiliation: University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Uli
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bromberg
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Büchel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cattrell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universite de Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Patricia J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Conrod
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sylvane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desrivières
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Herta
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Flor
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Frouin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gallinat
authors.affiliation: Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gowland
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heinz
authors.affiliation: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ittermann
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1000 Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris.
authors.forename: Marie-Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Paillère Martinot
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 1000 Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud, University Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Orsay, France; Psychiatry Department, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Artiges
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Frauke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nees
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay Center, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Dimitri
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos-Orfanos
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Luise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Poustka
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Smolka
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jurk
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whelan
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gunter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schumann
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Althoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Garavan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Adversity; Antisocial behavior; Development; Impulsivity; Temporal discounting; Voxel-based morphometry