title: dl-3-n-butylphthalide suppresses PDGF-BB-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation via induction of autophagy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) played an important role in vascular remodeling. dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) was extracted as a pure component from seeds of Apium graveolens Linn (Chinese celery) for protecting neurons activity, but the role of NBP on VSMCs was not clearly clarified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell proliferation was measured by MTS and flow cytometry. Western blot analysis and transmission electron microscopy were performed to analyze the relative protein expression and autophagosome. Moreover, the autophagic inhibitor and β-catenin inhibitor were used to evaluate the effects of NBP on autophagy and the function of β-catenin on cell proliferation respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NBP significantly suppressed platelet derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-stimulated VSMC proliferation, and the inhibitory effects of NBP on proliferation were caused by inducing autophagy. In addition, the inhibitory effects of NBP on proliferation were associated with the β-catenin signaling pathway. Moreover, β-catenin overexpression reversed the induction effect of NBP on autophagy and the β-catenin inhibitor JW74 enhanced these effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings demonstrated that NBP protected VSMC from PDGF-BB-stimulated proliferation by inducing autophagy through suppression of the β-catenin signaling pathway, confirming the induction of autophagy might be a therapeutic strategy for use in the proliferative cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China.
authors.forename: Haijuan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China.
authors.forename: Yabei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China.
authors.forename: Demin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China.
authors.forename: Ruiqin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China. Electronic address: cuiwei@medmail.com.cn.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000071182:Autophagosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D000077214:Becaplermin; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D008297:Male; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects*; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D001572:Benzofurans; C000593016:JW74 compound; D010069:Oxadiazoles; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D014230:Triazoles; D051176:beta Catenin; D000077214:Becaplermin; C027125:3-n-butylphthalide
keywords: Autophagy; Proliferation; Vascular smooth muscle cells; β-Catenin