title: Trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to adulthood as predictors of unemployment status in the early forties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the degree to which individuals in different trajectories of marijuana use are similar or different in terms of unemployment status at mean age 43.
  
  
  METHODS
  We gathered longitudinal data on a prospective cohort taken from a community sample (N = 548). Forty-nine percent of the original participants were females. Over 90% of the participants were white. The participants were followed from adolescence to early midlife. The mean ages of participants at the follow-up interviews were 14.1, 16.3, 22.3, 27.0, 31.9, 36.6, and 43.0, respectively. We used the growth mixture modeling (GMM) approach to identify the trajectories of marijuana use over a 29-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five trajectories of marijuana use were identified: chronic users/decreasers (8.3%), quitters (18.6%), increasing users (7.3%), chronic occasional users (25.6%), and nonusers/experimenters (40.2%). Compared with nonusers/experimenters, chronic users/decreasers had a significantly higher likelihood of unemployment at mean age 43 (adjusted odds ratio = 3.51, 95% confidence interval = 1.13-10.91), even after controlling for the covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the associations between the distinct trajectories of marijuana use and unemployment in early midlife indicate that it is important to develop intervention programs targeting chronic marijuana use as well as unemployment in individuals at this stage of development. Results from this study should encourage clinicians, teachers, and parents to assess and treat chronic marijuana use in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York.
authors.forename: Chenshu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York.
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Carl G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Leukefeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Brook
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult