title: Inflammation related responses of intestinal cells to plum and cabbage digesta with differential carotenoid and polyphenol profiles following simulated gastrointestinal digestion.
abstract: Plums/cabbages represent fruits/vegetables rich in carotenoids and polyphenols, and have been associated with anti-inflammatory properties.
  
  
  
  We tested four plum (Italian Plum, Plum 620, Ersinger, and Cherry Plum) and cabbage varieties (Duchy, Kalorama, Kale, Scots Kale) with contrasting carotenoid/polyphenol content for their capability to alter inflammation/oxidative stress following simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Digesta were exposed to Caco-2(TC-7) and to a triple-culture(Caco-2/HT-29-MTX (90:10 v/v) including THP-1 like macrophages), stimulated to induce inflammation (10 μg/mL LPS, 100 ng/mL TNF-α, 25 ng/mL IL-1-β for 24 h, the last 18 h with digesta). Endpoints investigated included IL-6, IL-8, PGE-2, NO (all ELISA), NF-κB, MAPK, IL-6, IL-8, iNOS, Nrf2, COX-2 (real-time-PCR) and Nrf2 (immunostaining). IL-6 secretion was reduced in THP-1 cells by Scots Kale and Kalorama (up to 22%, p<0.05), and IL-8 secretion in the coculture (up to 35% in plums, p<0.05). This was accompanied by decreased NF-kB expressions in THP-1 cells (up to 30%, p<0.05). Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus was partly reduced by plums and cabbages (up to 40% (p<0.05).
  
  
  
  Some varieties, especially in the triple-culture, reduced inflammation, though this was unrelated to concentrations of carotenoids/polyphenols. The potential of phytochemical-rich fruits and vegetables to ameliorate gastrointestinal inflammation should be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology - Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Anouk
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaulmann
authors.affiliation: Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology - Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Legay
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences de la Vie, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
authors.forename: Yves-Jacques
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology - Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Lucien
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology - Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Belvaux, Luxembourg.|Luxembourg Institute of Health - Population Health Department, Strassen, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bohn
mesh_terms: D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000068242:Prunus domestica / Q000737:chemistry*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D016328:NF-kappa B; C495635:NFE2L2 protein, human; D059808:Polyphenols; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002338:Carotenoids; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human
keywords: Digestion; Epithelium; Inflammation models; Nuclear receptors and cytokines; Phytochemicals