title: Characterization of long-range functional connectivity in epileptic networks by neuronal spike-triggered local field potentials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quantifying the relationship between microelectrode-recorded multi-unit activity (MUA) and local field potentials (LFPs) in distinct brain regions can provide detailed information on the extent of functional connectivity in spatially widespread networks. These methods are common in studies of cognition using non-human animal models, but are rare in humans. Here we applied a neuronal spike-triggered impulse response to electrophysiological recordings from the human epileptic brain for the first time, and we evaluate functional connectivity in relation to brain areas supporting the generation of seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Broadband interictal electrophysiological data were recorded from microwires adapted to clinical depth electrodes that were implanted bilaterally using stereotactic techniques in six presurgical patients with medically refractory epilepsy. MUA and LFPs were isolated in each microwire, and we calculated the impulse response between the MUA on one microwire and the LFPs on a second microwire for all possible MUA/LFP pairs. Results were compared to clinical seizure localization, including sites of seizure onset and interictal epileptiform discharges.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We detected significant interictal long-range functional connections in each subject, in some cases across hemispheres. Results were consistent between two independent datasets, and the timing and location of significant impulse responses reflected anatomical connectivity. However, within individual subjects, the spatial distribution of impulse responses was unique. In two subjects with clear seizure localization and successful surgery, the epileptogenic zone was associated with significant impulse responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the spike-triggered impulse response can provide valuable information about the neuronal networks that contribute to seizures using only interictal data. This technique will enable testing of specific hypotheses regarding functional connectivity in epilepsy and the relationship between functional properties and imaging findings. Beyond epilepsy, we expect that the impulse response could be more broadly applied as a measure of long-range functional connectivity in studies of cognition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lopour
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Staba
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Itzhak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: Dario L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ringach
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*