title: Limbic Activity Modulation Guided by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Inspired Electroencephalography Improves Implicit Emotion Regulation.
abstract: The amygdala has a pivotal role in processing traumatic stress; hence, gaining control over its activity could facilitate adaptive mechanism and recovery. To date, amygdala volitional regulation could be obtained only via real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), a highly inaccessible procedure. The current article presents high-impact neurobehavioral implications of a novel imaging approach that enables bedside monitoring of amygdala activity using fMRI-inspired electroencephalography (EEG), hereafter termed amygdala-electrical fingerprint (amyg-EFP). Simultaneous EEG/fMRI indicated that the amyg-EFP reliably predicts amygdala-blood oxygen level-dependent activity. Implementing the amyg-EFP in neurofeedback demonstrated that learned downregulation of the amyg-EFP facilitated volitional downregulation of amygdala-blood oxygen level-dependent activity via real-time fMRI and manifested as reduced amygdala reactivity to visual stimuli. Behavioral evidence further emphasized the therapeutic potential of this approach by showing improved implicit emotion regulation following amyg-EFP neurofeedback. Additional EFP models denoting different brain regions could provide a library of localized activity for low-cost and highly accessible brain-based diagnosis and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Jackob N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Keynan
authors.affiliation: Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Yehudit
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Meir-Hasson
authors.affiliation: Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Gadi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gilam
authors.affiliation: Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Avihay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Gilan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jackont
authors.affiliation: Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Sivan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kinreich
authors.affiliation: Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Limor
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ikar
authors.affiliation: Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Ayelet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Or-Borichev
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Etkin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Anett
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gyurak
authors.affiliation: Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Ilana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Klovatch
authors.affiliation: Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Intrator
authors.affiliation: Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: hendlert@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Talma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hendler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000502:physiology*; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces / Q000523:psychology*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D000069550:Machine Learning; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D058765:Neurofeedback / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Amygdala; Brain-computer interface; EEG neurofeedback; Machine learning; Real-time fMRI; Stress