title: The effect of dimple error on the horizontal launch angle and side spin of the golf ball during putting.
abstract: This study aimed to examine the effect of the impact point on the golf ball on the horizontal launch angle and side spin during putting with a mechanical putting arm and human participants. Putts of 3.2 m were completed with a mechanical putting arm (four putter-ball combinations, total of 160 trials) and human participants (two putter-ball combinations, total of 337 trials). The centre of the dimple pattern (centroid) was located and the following variables were measured: distance and angle of the impact point from the centroid and surface area of the impact zone. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify whether impact variables had significant associations with ball roll variables, horizontal launch angle and side spin. Significant associations were identified between impact variables and horizontal launch angle with the mechanical putting arm but this was not replicated with human participants. The variability caused by "dimple error" was minimal with the mechanical putting arm and not evident with human participants. Differences between the mechanical putting arm and human participants may be due to the way impulse is imparted on the ball. Therefore it is concluded that variability of impact point on the golf ball has a minimal effect on putting performance.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Social and Health Sciences , Abertay University , Dundee , UK.
authors.forename: Ashley K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: b Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Faculty of Education and Sport , University of Bedfordshire , Bedford , UK.
authors.forename: Andrew C S
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: c Sport, Health and Exercise Subject Group, School of Life and Medical Sciences , University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield , UK.
authors.forename: Gerwyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hughes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006055:Golf; D006801:Humans; D009068:Movement; D019876:Sports Equipment; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis
keywords: Biomechanics; direction variability; golf putting; kinematics