title: Normative Judgments and Individual Essence.
abstract: A growing body of research has examined how people judge the persistence of identity over time-that is, how they decide that a particular individual is the same entity from one time to the next. While a great deal of progress has been made in understanding the types of features that people typically consider when making such judgments, to date, existing work has not explored how these judgments may be shaped by normative considerations. The present studies demonstrate that normative beliefs do appear to play an important role in people's beliefs about persistence. Specifically, people are more likely to judge that the identity of a given entity (e.g., a hypothetical nation) remains the same when its features improve (e.g., the nation becomes more egalitarian) than when its features deteriorate (e.g., the nation becomes more discriminatory). Study 1 provides a basic demonstration of this effect. Study 2 shows that this effect is moderated by individual differences in normative beliefs. Study 3 examines the underlying mechanism, which is the belief that, in general, various entities are essentially good. Study 4 directly manipulates beliefs about essence to show that the positivity bias regarding essences is causally responsible for the effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Harvard University.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Freitas
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Yale University.
authors.forename: Kevin P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Tobia
authors.affiliation: School of Management, Yale University.
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Yale University.|Program in Cognitive Science, Yale University.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knobe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male
keywords: Concepts; Essentialism; Identity; Morality; Normative factors; Persistence; True self