title: The antibiotic of choice determined by antibiogram in maxillary sinus elevation surgery: a clinical study.
abstract: This study set out to make antibiograms of positive bacteria cultures in samples collected when performing maxillary sinus elevations to determine a specific and effective antibiotic in each case.
  
  
  
  A total of 174 patients (90 women and 84 men) with a mean age of 55.92 years underwent 227 sinus elevations. As the membrane was lifted, a sample was collected from the maxillary sinus floor with a cotton swab and placed on a blood agar and chocolate agar culture to incubate for 48 h at 37°; the samples then underwent microbiological analysis. Antibiograms were made for each positive culture to identify the most sensitive antibiotic, which were regrouped according to their mechanism of action as: beta-lactam (penicillins), beta-lactam (cephalosporins), macrolides, quinolones, fosfomycin, aminoglycosides, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
  
  
  
  Of 227 cultures, 18.1% were bacteria-positive. Of the germs, 45% were of the Streptococcus genus, most of which belonged to the Streptococcus viridans group (61.1%). The germs studied showed greater resistance to macrolides and greater sensitivity to penicillins, cephalosporins, and ciprofloxacin. The antibiotics that showed the greatest efficacy were as follows: ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and ciprofloxacin.
  
  
  
  On the basis of antibiograms of positive cultures, the antibiotics presenting the greatest efficacy against possible complications were as follows: ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and ciprofloxacin. Clinically, the antibiograms proved useful as they allowed the prescription of specific antibiotics to resolve possible postoperative sinus infections.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carreño Carreño
authors.affiliation: Director of Master's Program in Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Chairman of Pharmacological Research in Dentistry Group, Senior Lecturer of Special Care in Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gómez-Moreno
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacological Research in Dentistry, Master of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Salvatierra
authors.affiliation: Brånemark Osseointegration Center, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martínez Corriá
authors.affiliation: Becaria de Iniciación a la Investigación 2015, Faculty of Dentistry, Vicerrectorado de Investigación y Transferencia, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: María Luisa
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9939-8394
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Menéndez López-Mateos
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9886-2167
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menéndez-Núñez
keywords: antibiogram; antibiotics; infection; maxillary sinus elevation