title: Analgesia in Neurocritical Care: An International Survey and Practice Audit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize analgesic administration in neurocritical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  ICU pharmacy database analgesic delivery audits from five countries. A 31-question analgesic agent survey was constructed, validated, and e-distributed in four countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  International multicenter neuro-ICU database audit and electronic survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six ICUs provided individual, anonymized analgesic delivery data in primary neurological diagnosis patients. Prescriber surveys were disseminated by neurocritical care societies.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analgesic delivery data from 173 patients in French, Canadian, American, and Australian and New Zealand ICUs suggest that acetaminophen/paracetamol is the most common first-line analgesic (49.1% of patients); opiates are the "second line" in 31.5% of patients; however, 33% patients received no second agent. In the 2.3% with demyelinating disease, gabapentin was the most likely second analgesic (50.0%). Third-line analgesics were scarce across sites and neuropathologies. Few national or regional differences were found. The analgesic preference rankings noted by the 95 international physicians who completed the survey matched the audits. However, self-reported analgesic prescription rates were much higher than pharmacy records indicate, with self-reported prescribing of both acetaminophen/paracetamol and opiates in 97% of patients and gabapentin in 45% of patients. Third-line analgesic variability appeared to be driven by neuropathology; ibuprofen was preferred for traumatic brain injury, postcraniotomy, and thromboembolic stroke patients, whereas gabapentin/pregabalin were favored in subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracranial hemorrhage, spine, demyelinating disease, and epileptic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Opiates and acetaminophen are preferred analgesic agents, and gabapentin is a contextual third choice, in neurocritically ill patients. Other agents are rarely prescribed. The discordance in physician self-reports and objective audits suggest that pain management optimization studies are warranted.
authors.affiliation: 1Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 2Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 3Department of Nursing, Misericordia Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 4Section of Neurocritical Care, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. 5Department of Medicine, McGill and Queen's Universities, Montreal, QC, Canada. 6Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Zeiler
authors.forename: Fahd
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: AlSubaie
authors.forename: Kaitlin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zeiler
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Yoanna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Skrobik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics