title: pH buffering of single rat skeletal muscle fibers in the in vivo environment.
abstract: Homeostasis of intracellular pH (pHi) has a crucial role for the maintenance of cellular function. Several membrane transporters such as lactate/H(+) cotransporter (MCT), Na(+)/H(+) exchange transporter (NHE), and Na(+)/HCO3 (-) cotransporter (NBC) are thought to contribute to pHi regulation. However, the relative importance of each of these membrane transporters to the in vivo recovery from the low pHi condition is unknown. Using an in vivo bioimaging model, we pharmacologically inhibited each transporter separately and all transporters together and then evaluated the pHi recovery profiles following imposition of a discrete H(+) challenge loaded into single muscle fibers by microinjection. The intact spinotrapezius muscle of adult male Wistar rats (n = 72) was exteriorized and loaded with the fluorescent probe 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein-acetoxymethyl ester (10 μM). A single muscle fiber was then loaded with low-pH solution [piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) buffer, pH 6.5, ∼2.33 × 10(-3) μl] by microinjection over 3 s. The rats were divided into groups for the following treatments: 1) no inhibitor (CONT), 2) MCT inhibition (by α-Cyano-4-hydroxyciannamic acid; 4 mM), 3) NHE inhibition (by ethylisopropyl amiloride; 0.5 mM), 4) NBC inhibition (by DIDS; 1 mM), and 5) MCT, NHE, and NBC inhibition (All blockade). The fluorescence ratio (F500 nm/F445 nm) was determined from images captured during 1 min (60 images/min) and at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after injection. The pHi at 1-2 s after injection significantly decreased from resting pHi (ΔpHi = -0.73 ± 0.03) in CONT. The recovery response profile was biphasic, with an initial rapid and close-to-exponential pHi increase (time constant, τ: 60.0 ± 7.9 s). This initial rapid profile was not affected by any pharmacological blockade but was significantly delayed by carbonic anhydrase inhibition. In contrast, the secondary, more gradual, return toward baseline that restored CONT pHi to 84.2% of baseline was unimpeded by MCT, NHE, and NBC blockade separately but abolished by All blockade (ΔpHi = -0.60 ± 0.07, 72.8% initial pHi, P < 0.05 vs. CONT). After injection of H(+) into, or superfusion onto, an adjacent fiber pHi of the surrounding fibers decreased progressively for the 20-min observation period (∼7.0, P < 0.05 vs. preinjection/superfusion). In conclusion, these results support that, after an imposed H(+) load, the MCT, NHE, and NBC transporters are not involved in the initial rapid phase of pHi recovery. In contrast, the gradual recovery phase was abolished by inhibiting all three membrane transporter systems simultaneously. The alteration of pHi in surrounding fibers suggest that H(+) uptake by neighboring fibers can help alleviate the pH consequences of myocyte H(+) exudation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, Bioscience and Technology Program, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan;
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, Bioscience and Technology Program, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan; and.
authors.forename: Tadakatsu
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2639-199X
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anatomy and Physiology and Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering Science, Bioscience and Technology Program, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan; kano@pc.uec.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kano
mesh_terms: D000086:Acetazolamide; D000818:Animals; D002021:Buffers; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000494:pharmacology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004032:Diet; D005452:Fluoresceins; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011522:Protons; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D005452:Fluoresceins; D011522:Protons; C057433:2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D000086:Acetazolamide
keywords: bioimaging; fatigue; fluorescence indicator; membrane transporter; mitochondria; pH regulation; skeletal muscle