title: Normal Values for the Full Visual Field, Corrected for Age- and Reaction Time, Using Semiautomated Kinetic Testing on the Octopus 900 Perimeter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine normal values of the visual field (VF), corrected for age and reaction time (RT) for semiautomated kinetic perimetry (SKP) on the Octopus 900 perimeter, create a model describing the age-dependency of these values, and assess test-retest reliability for each isopter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-six eyes of 86 ophthalmologically healthy subjects (age 11-79 years, 34 males, 52 females) underwent full-field kinetic perimetry with the Octopus 900 instrument. Stimulus size, luminance, velocity, meridional angle, subject age, and their interactions, were used to create a smooth multiple regression mathematical model (V/4e, III/4e, I/4e, I/3e, I/2e, I/1e, and I/1a isopters). Fourteen subjects (2 from each of 7 age groups) were evaluated on three separate sessions to assess test-retest reliability of the isopters. Reaction time (RT) was tested by presenting 12 designated RT-vectors between 10° and 20° within the seeing areas for the III/4e isopter (stimulus velocity, 3°/second). Four RT- vectors were presented at the nasal (0° or 180°), superotemporal (45°), and inferior (270°) meridians.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The model fit was excellent (r2= 0.94). The test-retest variability was less than 5°, and the median decrease in this deviation attributed to aging, per decade, for all age groups and for all stimulus sizes was 0.8°. No significant learning effect was observed for any age group or isopter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age-corrected and RT-corrected normative threshold values for full-field kinetic perimetry can be adequately described by a smooth multiple linear regression mathematical model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A description of the entire kinetic VF is useful for assessing a full characterization of VF sensitivity, determining function losses associated with ocular and neurologic diseases, and for providing a more comprehensive analysis of structure-function relationships.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ophthalmology/Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grobbel
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ophthalmology/Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Janko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dietzsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Wynn Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Chris A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics and the Center for Clinical Trials, University of Lübeck, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vonthein
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ophthalmology/Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stingl
authors.affiliation: Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Weleber
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ophthalmology/Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Germany ; Competence Center Vision Research, Study Course "Ophthalmic Optics and Audiology", Faculty of Optics and Mechatronics, University of Applied Sciences, Aalen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schiefer
keywords: full visual field; normal values; perimetry; semiautomated kinetic testing; visual fields