title: Left atrial deformation and phasic function determined by 2-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in healthy dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Feasibility, intra- and inter-observer variability of measuring left atrial (LA) longitudinal strain and strain rate (SR) variables using speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) have not been reported in the dog. Reference intervals for these variables which can be useful to estimate LA function have been provided.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight healthy adult dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Left atrial longitudinal deformation was evaluated in each dog by STE, and different combinations of STE variables were used to describe the 3 phases (reservoir, conduit and booster pump phase) of the LA function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Left atrial STE was possible in 40/48 dogs (83%). Strain and SR curves in healthy dogs were characterized, and reference intervals for several strain and SR variables are provided. Intra- and inter-observer variability, expressed as percent difference between observations or observers, was 3.58%-10.8% for indices of the LA reservoir function, 10.48%-15.82% for indices of the LA conduit function and 14.1%-34% for indices of the LA contractile function. Strain rate in early diastole and strain rate at atrial contraction variables were correlated significantly with age. No other relationships (body weight, heart rate or LA size) with any STE variables could be identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Speckle tracking echocardiography provides quantitative measurements of LA longitudinal deformation and can be used to assess LA phasic function in healthy dogs. Further studies of these variables in dogs with cardiac diseases are needed to determine the clinical applicability and utility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caivano
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Information Network, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rishniw
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patata
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Giorgi
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy. Electronic address: francesco.birettoni@unipg.it.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Birettoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Porciello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016279:Atrial Function, Left; D004285:Dogs / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000662:veterinary*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D012016:Reference Values
keywords: Canine; Left atrium; Reference range; Strain imaging