title: Rapid direct analysis to discriminate geographic origin of extra virgin olive oils by flash gas chromatography electronic nose and chemometrics.
abstract: At present, the geographical origin of extra virgin olive oils can be ensured by documented traceability, although chemical analysis may add information that is useful for possible confirmation. This preliminary study investigated the effectiveness of flash gas chromatography electronic nose and multivariate data analysis to perform rapid screening of commercial extra virgin olive oils characterized by a different geographical origin declared in the label. A comparison with solid phase micro extraction coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry was also performed. The new method is suitable to verify the geographic origin of extra virgin olive oils based on principal components analysis and discriminant analysis applied to the volatile profile of the headspace as a fingerprint. The selected variables were suitable in discriminating between "100% Italian" and "non-100% Italian" oils. Partial least squares discriminant analysis also allowed prediction of the degree of membership of unknown samples to the classes examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: dora.melucci@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Dora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Melucci
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DiSTAL), University of Bologna, P.zza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy. Electronic address: alessandra.bendini@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bendini
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DiSTAL), University of Bologna, P.zza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy. Electronic address: federica.tesini@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tesini
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DiSTAL), University of Bologna, P.zza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy. Electronic address: sara.barbieri@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barbieri
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry Ciamician, University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: alessandro.zappi12@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zappi
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Barcelona, Food and Nutrition Torribera Campus, Av. Prat de la Riba, 171,, S.ta Coloma de Gramenet, Spain. Electronic address: stefaniavichi@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vichi
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/a, 33100 Udine, Italy. Electronic address: lanfranco.conte@uniud.it.
authors.forename: Lanfranco
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DiSTAL), University of Bologna, P.zza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena, Italy. Electronic address: tullia.gallinatoschi@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Tullia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gallina Toschi
mesh_terms: D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods*; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D062609:Electronic Nose; D007558:Italy; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D031658:Olea / Q000737:chemistry; D000069463:Olive Oil / Q000737:chemistry*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000069463:Olive Oil; D010938:Plant Oils
keywords: Extra virgin olive oil; FGC E-nose; Geographic origin; Headspace volatile compounds; Non-target analysis; PCA; PLS-DA; SPME/GC–MS