title: Subcortical neuromorphometry in schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disorders within the schizophrenia spectrum genetically overlap with bipolar disorder, yet questions remain about shared biological phenotypes. Investigation of brain structure in disease has been enhanced by developments in shape analysis methods that can identify subtle regional surface deformations. Our study aimed to identify brain structure surface deformations that were common across related psychiatric disorders, and characterize differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the automated FreeSurfer-initiated Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping, we examined volumes and shapes of seven brain structures: hippocampus, amygdala, caudate, nucleus accumbens, putamen, globus pallidus and thalamus. We compared findings in controls (CON; n = 40), and those with schizophrenia (SCZ; n = 52), schizotypal personality disorder (STP; n = 12), psychotic bipolar disorder (P-BP; n = 49) and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder (N-BP; n = 24), aged 15-35. Relationships between morphometric measures and positive, disorganized and negative symptoms were also investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inward deformation was present in the posterior thalamus in SCZ, P-BP and N-BP; and in the subiculum of the hippocampus in SCZ and STP. Most brain structures however showed unique shape deformations across groups. Correcting for intracranial size resulted in volumetric group differences for caudate (p < 0.001), putamen (p < 0.01) and globus pallidus (p < 0.001). Shape analysis showed dispersed patterns of expansion on the basal ganglia in SCZ. Significant clinical relationships with hippocampal, amygdalar and thalamic volumes were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Few similarities in surface deformation patterns were seen across groups, which may reflect differing neuropathologies. Posterior thalamic contraction in SCZ and BP suggest common genetic or environmental antecedents. Surface deformities in SCZ basal ganglia may have been due to antipsychotic drug effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, United States. Electronic address: mamahd@psychiatry.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mamah
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States.
authors.forename: Kathryn I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Alpert
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, United States; Department of Psychology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, United States; Department of Radiology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, United States.
authors.forename: Deanna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Barch
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Csernansky
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Amygdala; Basal ganglia; Bipolar; Hippocampus; Schizoid personality; Schizophrenia; Shape; Thalamus