title: Phylogenetic fields through time: temporal dynamics of geographical co-occurrence and phylogenetic structure within species ranges.
abstract: Species co-occur with different sets of other species across their geographical distribution, which can be either closely or distantly related. Such co-occurrence patterns and their phylogenetic structure within individual species ranges represent what we call the species phylogenetic fields (PFs). These PFs allow investigation of the role of historical processes--speciation, extinction and dispersal--in shaping species co-occurrence patterns, in both extinct and extant species. Here, we investigate PFs of large mammalian species during the last 3 Myr, and how these correlate with trends in diversification rates. Using the fossil record, we evaluate species' distributional and co-occurrence patterns along with their phylogenetic structure. We apply a novel Bayesian framework on fossil occurrences to estimate diversification rates through time. Our findings highlight the effect of evolutionary processes and past climatic changes on species' distributions and co-occurrences. From the Late Pliocene to the Recent, mammal species seem to have responded in an individualistic manner to climate changes and diversification dynamics, co-occurring with different sets of species from different lineages across their geographical ranges. These findings stress the difficulty of forecasting potential effects of future climate changes on biodiversity.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II/UFG, CxP 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil fabricio.villalobos@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Fabricio
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5230-2217
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Villalobos
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli Federico II, Largo S. Marcellino 10, 80138 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carotenuto
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli Federico II, Largo S. Marcellino 10, 80138 Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-8006
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ecologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus II/UFG, CxP 131, 74001-970 Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Alexandre F
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Diniz-Filho
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D005580:Fossils; D008954:Models, Biological; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: fossil mammals; historical processes; palaeo-macroecology; phylogenetic fields; species co-occurrence