title: Unlocking the genetic diversity of Creole wheats.
abstract: Climate change and slow yield gains pose a major threat to global wheat production. Underutilized genetic resources including landraces and wild relatives are key elements for developing high-yielding and climate-resilient wheat varieties. Landraces introduced into Mexico from Europe, also known as Creole wheats, are adapted to a wide range of climatic regimes and represent a unique genetic resource. Eight thousand four hundred and sixteen wheat landraces representing all dimensions of Mexico were characterized through genotyping-by-sequencing technology. Results revealed sub-groups adapted to specific environments of Mexico. Broadly, accessions from north and south of Mexico showed considerable genetic differentiation. However, a large percentage of landrace accessions were genetically very close, although belonged to different regions most likely due to the recent (nearly five centuries before) introduction of wheat in Mexico. Some of the groups adapted to extreme environments and accumulated high number of rare alleles. Core reference sets were assembled simultaneously using multiple variables, capturing 89% of the rare alleles present in the complete set. Genetic information about Mexican wheat landraces and core reference set can be effectively utilized in next generation wheat varietal improvement.
authors.affiliation: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vikram
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biometría, Estadística y Computación, Facultad de Agronomía, Udelar, Ruta 3, Km. 363, Paysandú, Uruguay.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burgueño-Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, CIMMYT-China Office, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Huihui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Deepmala
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sehgal
authors.affiliation: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saint Pierre
authors.affiliation: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: The Ohio State University, USA.
authors.forename: Clay
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sneller
authors.affiliation: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tattaris
authors.affiliation: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.affiliation: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carolina Paola
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Sansaloni
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock, INIFAP, Mexico.
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fuentes-Davila
authors.affiliation: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.affiliation: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sonders
authors.affiliation: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Pawan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.affiliation: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wenzl
authors.affiliation: Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana, India.
authors.forename: Achla
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana, India.
authors.forename: Navtej Singh
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bains
authors.affiliation: Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi-110012, India.
authors.forename: Gyanendra Pratap
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crossa
authors.affiliation: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641, 06600, Mexico DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Sukhwinder
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000483:Alleles; D032461:Chromosomes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D051456:Gene Flow; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D005843:Geography; D008800:Mexico; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D000069600:Plant Breeding; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011123:Polyploidy; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D014908:Triticum / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*