title: Test-Retest Reliability and Convergent Validity of Three Manual Dexterity Measures in Persons With Chronic Stroke.
abstract: Decreased manual dexterity is common in persons after stroke. Different measures are used to assess manual dexterity, but a lack of knowledge exists about their reliability and how they are related.
  
  
  
  To evaluate the test-retest reliability and convergent validity of 3 manual dexterity measures after stroke.
  
  
  
  A test-retest design.
  
  
  
  University Hospital.
  
  
  
  Forty-five persons (mean age 65 years) with mild-to-moderate impairments in the upper extremity at least 6 months after stroke.
  
  
  
  Manual dexterity was assessed on 2 occasions, 1 week apart using the Box and Block Test (BBT), the Nine-Hole Peg Test (NHPT), and the modified Sollerman Hand Function Test (mSHFT). The reliability of the BBT and NHPT was evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient together with systematic and random measurement errors. Reliability of the mSHFT was evaluated with the Kappa coefficient and the Svensson rank-invariant method (percent agreement and systematic and random disagreements). Convergent validity of the total scores was evaluated with the Spearman rank correlation coefficients (rho).
  
  
  
  The intraclass correlation coefficient for the BBT and the NHPT ranged from 0.83 to 0.99. Significant systematic measurement errors were found for both tests and hands. The Kappa coefficient for the total sum score of the mSHFT was 0.95 for the more affected hand and 0.59 for the less affected hand. One of the 3 items showed systematic disagreements for both hands. The convergent validity (rho) for the more affected hand ranged from 0.41 (BBT versus mSHFT) to -0.68 (NHPT versus mSHFT).
  
  
  
  The test-retest reliability of the BBT, NHPT and mSHFT was high but all measures showed learning effects. The relationships between the 3 measures indicate that they partly complement one another. The BBT may be preferred for persons with moderate impairments of the upper extremity and the NHPT and the mSHFT for persons with milder impairments. As the mSHFT has the advantage of reflecting activities in daily life it may be a suitable alternative to the NHPT.
  
  
  
  III.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Box 157, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden; and Department of Hand Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ekstrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; and Department of Health Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lexell
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, and Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brogårdh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020521:Stroke; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D034941:Upper Extremity