title: Nationwide Distribution of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Outdoor Dust in Mainland China From Eastern to Western Areas.
abstract: From eastern to western areas, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were detected at substantial levels in the outdoor dust across mainland China. Urban samples generally showed higher levels compared with those of rural samples. Compared with neutral PFASs, ionizable PFASs (C4-C12 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and C4/C8 perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids) were more abundant, with the highest total concentration up to 1.6 × 10(2) ng/g and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) being a predominant analogue. Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and polyfluoroalkyl phosphoric acid diesters (DiPAPs) were both detected in most samples with total concentrations of 0.12-32 and 0.030-20 ng/g, respectively. Perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols/sulfonamides (FOSE/As) were detected at low frequencies (<30%). In addition to partitioning to organic moiety, specific adsorption onto mineral particles can be important for PFASs to bind onto outdoor dust, especially for short-chain ionizable PFASs. The eastern plain areas were characterized by a higher contribution of long-chain ionizable PFASs; whereas the western high plateau areas were characterized by the dominating contribution of short-chain analogues. The difference suggests that the long-range atmospheric transport potential of PFASs from source regions to the inland is probably limited by the increase in altitude, and different sources from adjacent regions may influence the western border area of China.
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Yiming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Hongwen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
authors.forename: Zhiwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Yangyang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Qixing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D002210:Caprylates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002681:China; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002210:Caprylates; D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C073608:perfluorooctane; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid