title: Venous angioplasty and stenting improve pelvic congestion syndrome caused by venous outflow obstruction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) is widely thought to be due to ovarian or internal iliac vein reflux. This report of a retrospective review of treatment of nonthrombotic common iliac vein (CIV) or inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction with relief of symptoms demonstrates an often overlooked pathologic process. Stent placement is evaluated as an effective treatment of PCS due to venous obstruction even if observed left ovarian vein (OV) reflux is left untreated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records from two institutions were reviewed for patients with nonthrombotic venous outflow obstruction and symptoms of PCS severely affecting quality of life. The patients were evaluated with ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and intravascular ultrasound before stent placement. From January 2008 through May 2013, 19 patients were treated with stents for severe venous outflow obstruction. Although seven patients also were found to have OV reflux, only one of these was treated with left OV coil occlusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas 10 of the 19 patients presented with a chief complaint of lower extremity pain, edema, or varicose veins, all patients described their pelvic symptoms as their dominant complaint. Ultrasound and CT suggested moderate to severe compression of the left CIV in 18 patients and a high-grade stenosis of the suprarenal IVC in one patient. Venography showed outflow obstruction with pelvic collaterals, and intravascular ultrasound confirmed focal severe stenosis of the involved vein. Follow-up of 1 to 59 months (median, 11 months) revealed complete resolution of pelvic pain in 15 of 19 patients and of dyspareunia in 14 of 17 sexually active patients. Of the 15 patients who experienced left lower extremity pain or edema before treatment, 13 experienced complete resolution after treatment. Imaging follow-up by ultrasound or CT showed 16 of the stents to be widely patent, with 3 minor asymptomatic stenoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonthrombotic obstruction of the left CIV or IVC is an underappreciated cause of PCS. Venous angioplasty and stenting provide excellent short-term results for such patients, with resolution of chronic pelvic pain and dyspareunia. Venous obstruction should be considered and carefully evaluated in patients presenting with pelvic congestion, and treatment of obstruction alone may solve the patient's symptoms.
authors.affiliation: VeinCare Centers of Tennessee, Clarksville, Tenn. Electronic address: sdaugherty@clarksvillesurgical.com.
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Daugherty
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Southcoast Healthcare System, Fall River, Mass.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Gillespie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017130:Angioplasty; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007084:Iliac Vein / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D017699:Pelvic Pain; D010690:Phlebography; D011788:Quality of Life; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D013577:Syndrome; D055815:Young Adult