title: Bilateral Symmetrical Comparison of Femoral and Tibial Anatomic Features.
abstract: Variability in morphologic features of the human lower extremity within and across populations has been reported, but limb asymmetry within individuals is often overlooked. For example, in 19 studies of version of the lower extremity in the literature, 6 document asymmetry in the population, but none of these reports document asymmetry in an individual. The aim of this study was to identify the (a)symmetry and quantify variability in the tibiae and femora of matched pairs of limbs. More specifically, using a computed tomography scan database tool, we (1) identified (a)symmetry between paired left and right legs for angulation, version, and alignment features and (2) calculated the percentage of paired limbs with >1° of (a)symmetry for each evaluated parameter.
  
  
  
  Computerized axial tomographic scans (<1.0 mm slices) from bilateral lower limbs of 361 skeletally mature subjects without bone pathology were prospectively acquired. Bones were segmented and morphologic features were measured.
  
  
  
  Angular features are symmetric left to right, but rotational features are not, with 7° of mean asymmetry in femoral anteversion (range: 0°-23°) and 3° of asymmetry in tibial version (range: 0°-8°).
  
  
  
  This study disproves the hypothesis that human limbs are absolutely symmetric, confirming instead that there is asymmetry in version between left and right paired limbs. Surgeons strive for symmetry in lower extremity reconstruction, and they often compare side to side in outcome studies, believing that normal limbs are absolutely symmetric when this is not necessarily true. These assumptions concerning lower extremity symmetry need to be reassessed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, CU School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Donald G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Eckhoff
authors.affiliation: CORE Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jacofsky
authors.affiliation: OrthoCarolina Hip and Knee Center, Charlotte, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Bryan D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dunbar
authors.affiliation: Center for Joint Preservation and Replacement, Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Cherian
authors.affiliation: Center for Joint Preservation and Replacement, Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Randa K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Elmallah
authors.affiliation: Center for Joint Preservation and Replacement, Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mont
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic and Rheumatologic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Greene
mesh_terms: D017760:Bone Malalignment / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015588:Observer Variation; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: alignment; anatomic comparison; asymmetry; femur; tibia; version