title: Oxidative Stress, Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Earthworm Eisenia fetida at Different Di-n-Butyl Phthalate Exposure Levels.
abstract: Recognized as ubiquitous contaminants in soil, the environmental risk of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) is of great concern recently. Effects of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), an extensively used PAE compound to Eisenia fetida have been investigated in spiked natural brown yellow soil (Alfisol) for soil contact test. The toxicity of DnBP to E. fetida on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, peroxidase (POD), reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, and the apoptosis of coelomocytes and DNA damage at the 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day of the incubation have been paid close attention to. In general, SOD activity and ROS content were significantly induced, opposite to total protein content and POD activity, during the toxicity test of 28 days especially under concentrations higher than 2.5 mg kg-1. The reduction in neutral red retention (NRR) time along with the increase of dead coelomocytes as the increasing of DnBP concentrations, indicating severe damage to cell viability under varying pollutant stress during cultivation, which could also be proved by comet assay results for exerting evident DNA damage in coelomocytes. DnBP in spiked natural soil could indeed cause damage to tissues, coelomocytes and the nucleus of E. fetida. The key point of the apparent change in different indices presented around 2.5 mg DnBP kg-1 soil, which could be recommended as the threshold of DnBP soil contamination, so that further investigation on threshold values to other soil animals or microorganisms could be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hanjiang, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China.|Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.|Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Li'ke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Longhua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.|Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Costal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.
authors.forename: Haibo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.|Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Costal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.
authors.forename: Yongming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003993:Dibutyl Phthalate