title: Prevalence and distribution of 15 high-risk human papillomavirus types in squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotum.
abstract: Which subtype(s) of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) are involved in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the scrotum is unknown. Twenty-seven cases of SCC of the scrotum were retrieved, and all 15 subtypes of hrHPV and their viral loads were assessed using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results were correlated with the histopathologic features, p16 expression, and in situ hybridization for hrHPV. hrHPV was identified in 18 (67%) of 27 of the cases, including HPV16 (n=8), HPV35 (n=7), HPV31 (n=5), HPV59 (n=5), HPV33 (n=3), HPV18 (n=2), HPV51 (n=2), HPV39 (n=1), HPV56 (n=1), and HPV82 (n=1). Of the 18 cases, 10 (56%) were infected by multiple hrHPV subtypes. In situ carcinomas had higher viral loads than invasive (50M versus 2M in average). The average age of HPV-positive and -negative cases was similar, 55 and 51, respectively. Of 11 cases of invasive carcinoma, 5 (45%) were positive for hrHPV versus 13 of 16 (81%) of in situ carcinomas. The highest proportion of hrHPV-positive cases was seen in basaloid type (7/7; 100%) and warty type (4/4; 100%), followed by usual type (7/16; 44%). Of 18 of the HPV-positive cases, 9 (50%) were also positive for p16 by immunohistochemistry and 6 of 18 (33%) were positive by in situ hybridization. Similar to SCC of the vulva and penis, the most frequently HPV-positive tumors are basaloid and warty types. However, a proportion of SCC usual type are also positive for hrHPV. Our results show that 8 (44%) of 18 of cases are associated with hrHPV subtypes other than 16 and 18. Additionally, 7 (70%) of 10 of hrHPV16/18-positive cases are coinfected with other subtypes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02860. Electronic address: Andres_Matoso@brown.edu.
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matoso
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fabre
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Women & Infants Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02905.
authors.forename: M Ruhul
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Quddus
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02860.
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lepe
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02860.
authors.forename: Kara A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Lombardo
authors.affiliation: Physicians Reference Laboratory, Overland Park, KS 66210.
authors.forename: Pradip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manna
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Urology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21231.
authors.forename: Jonathan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000032:analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005834:Genital Neoplasms, Male / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D061809:Human Papillomavirus DNA Tests; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060885:Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012611:Scrotum / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C000614131:CDKN2A protein, human; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; D004279:DNA, Viral
keywords: HPV; Scrotum; Squamous cell carcinoma; Vaccine; p16