title: Prevalence of potential nonallergic rhinitis at a community-based sleep medical center.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) is a common condition involving symptomatic nasal congestion, stuffiness, or rhinorrhea, which overlap with symptoms of allergic rhinitis. Scant research has examined NAR and sleep. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of potential NAR symptoms in a large sample of sleep center patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was conducted on 2658 adult patients at our sleep center from 2008 to 2012; 1703 reported clinically relevant nasal congestion. For this subset, potential NAR status (NAR+ vs NAR-) was determined using a brief survey. NAR groups were further divided into three sub-groups based on presenting chief complaints: insomnia (INS), nonrestorative sleep (NRS), and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Patients objectively diagnosed with SDB were also analyzed by NAR status. Validated scales for sleepiness, insomnia, anxiety, and depression were compared among the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Potential NAR+ comprised 70 % (1194 of 1703) of patients with congestion and showed significantly higher congestion scores than NAR- status [11.97 (3.62) vs 10.47 (3.37); p = .001; g = 0.42; 95 % CI, 0.32-0.53]. The proportion of potential NAR+ cases for each presenting chief complaint was nearly identical (range 69.6 to 71.2 %). However, the comparison of effects between NAR+ and NAR- cases within each presenting group (INS, NRS, SDB) was more consistently significant on the scales for insomnia, sleepiness, anxiety, and depression only in the SDB category. The same four symptoms, measured in those objectively diagnosed with SDB, were also significantly worse in NAR+ compared to NAR- patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regardless of presenting chief complaint and ultimate diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing, potential nonallergic rhinitis was common in patients at a sleep medical center at a rate possibly greater than twice that reported in the general population. Potential NAR+ was associated with worse sleep and distress symptoms. In both prevalence and treatment studies, research must further evaluate the potential impact of NAR on specific sleep disorders.
authors.affiliation: Sleep & Human Health Institute, 6739 Academy N.E., Suite 380, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, USA. bkrakow@sleeptreatment.com.|Los Alamos Medical Center Sleep Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA. bkrakow@sleeptreatment.com.
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krakow
authors.affiliation: Sleep & Human Health Institute, 6739 Academy N.E., Suite 380, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Foley-Shea
authors.affiliation: Sleep & Human Health Institute, 6739 Academy N.E., Suite 380, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, USA.|Maimonides Sleep Arts & Sciences, Ltd, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors.forename: Victor A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Ulibarri
authors.affiliation: Sleep & Human Health Institute, 6739 Academy N.E., Suite 380, Albuquerque, NM, 87109, USA.|Maimonides Sleep Arts & Sciences, Ltd, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors.forename: Natalia D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: McIver
authors.affiliation: Los Alamos Medical Center Sleep Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Honsinger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003151:Community Health Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000453:epidemiology; D017286:Polysomnography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology*; D056508:Sleep Medicine Specialty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Allergic rhinitis; Insomnia; Nonallergic rhinitis; Nonrestorative sleep; Sleep-disordered breathing