title: Nitrate Medications, Fractures, and Change in Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women: Results from the Women's Health Initiative.
abstract: Nitrate medications may increase bone mineral density (BMD), although information on fracture outcomes is sparse. We examined the association of nitrate medications with fractures (hip, wrist/arm, and total fractures) and changes in BMD (hip, spine, and whole body) in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Clinical Trials and Observational Study. A total of 139,211 postmenopausal women 50 to 79 years old without history of hip fracture were included in this prospective study. Medication use was ascertained directly from drug containers at baseline during in-person interviews in 1993 to 1998. Exposure measures included any use (use/non-use), type of nitrate (as-needed, maintenance) and duration of use (≤5 years, >5 years). We used separate multivariable Cox proportional hazard models to analyze associations between each exposure and fracture outcome, with results presented as hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine 3-year and 6-year changes in BMD. At baseline, 1.2% (n = 1647) women were using a nitrate. During the mean ± SD follow-up of 7.7 ± 1.5 years through 2005, women experienced 1582 hip fractures, 5156 wrist or arm fractures, and 22, 589 total fractures. After adjustment for confounders, nitrate use was not statistically associated with risk for hip (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.56 to 1.18), wrist/arm (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.74 to 1.23), or total fractures (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.08). As-needed nitrate use, but not maintenance therapy, was associated with a lower risk of total fractures (HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.95) and wrist/arm fractures (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.98). Nitrate use was not associated with 3-year or 6-year changes in BMD at any site. We conclude that any nitrate use was not significantly associated with lower risk of fractures or higher BMD; however, as-needed nitrate use was associated with lower risks of total and wrist/arm fractures. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Negar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Golchin
authors.affiliation: Women's Health Initiative Clinical Coordinating Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Chancellor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hohensee
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: LaCroix
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Shelly L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009566:Nitrates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates
keywords: AGING; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FRACTURE PREVENTION; OSTEOPOROSIS; THERAPEUTICS