title: Influence of Type 2 Diabetes on Prevalence of Key Periodontal Pathogens, Salivary Matrix Metalloproteinases, and Bone Remodeling Markers in Sudanese Adults with and without Chronic Periodontitis.
abstract: This study compared the influence of type 2 diabetes on the occurrence of six periodontal pathogens in plaque samples of patients with and without chronic periodontitis. Levels of salivary MMP-8, MMP-9, RANKL, and OPG were also investigated. The study enrolled 31 patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis (DM + CP), 29 with chronic periodontitis (CP), and 20 with type 2 diabetes (DM). Questionnaire-guided interviews were conducted and plaque index, bleeding on probing, and pocket depth were recorded. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was utilized to determine the prevalence of the bacteria. The levels of salivary molecules were determined by enzyme immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The CP group had the highest prevalence of P. gingivalis (81.5%), followed by the DM + CP (59.3%) and DM (55.0%) groups (P > 0.05). Similar trends were observed for P. intermedia and T. denticola. The prevalence of T. forsythia was 100% in both periodontitis groups compared to 90% in the DM group. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding the concentrations of MMP-8, MMP-9, or OPG. RANKL concentrations were below the detection limit. Our data show that type 2 diabetes has no significant influence on the prevalence of the investigated periodontal pathogens, or the levels of salivary MMP-8, MMP-9, and OPG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway; Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Khartoum, Al-Qasr Street, 11123 Khartoum, Sudan.
authors.forename: Hasaan Gassim
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Shaza Bushra
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Idris
authors.affiliation: Oral Health Competence Center in Western Norway, Hordaland, Årstadveien 21, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Manal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: Hamad Medical Corporation, 3050 Doha, Qatar.
authors.forename: Mutaz Faisal
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne Nordrehaug
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Åstrøm
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Kamal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mustafa
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 19, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Salah Osman
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Ibrahim