title: Genomics and epigenetics: A study of ependymomas in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We identify chromosomal alterations, the methylation pattern and gene expression changes in pediatric ependymomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  CGH microarray, methylation and gene expression were performed through the Agilent platform. The results were analyzed with the software MatLab, MapViewer, DAVID, GeneCards and Hippie.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Amplification was found in 14q32.33, 2p22.3 and 8p22, and deletion was found in 8p11.23-p11.22 and 1q21.3. We observed 42.387 CpG islands with changes in their methylation pattern, in which we found 272 genes involved in signaling pathways related to carcinogenesis. We found 481 genes with altered expression. The genes IMMT, JHDMD1D, ASAH1, ZWINT, IPO7, GNAO1 and CISD3 were found to be altered among the three levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 2p22.3, 8p11.23-p11.22 and 14q32.33 regions were identified as the most important; the changes in the methylation pattern related to cell cycle and cancer genes occurred in MIB2, FGF18 and ITIH5. The IPO7, GNAO1 and ASAH1 genes may play a major role in ependymoma development.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Hospital de Pediatría "Dr. Silvestre Frenk Freud", Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México D. F., Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, 04360 México D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Monserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez-Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurocirugía Pediátrica, Hospital General "Dr. Gaudencio González Garza", Centro Médico Nacional "La Raza", IMSS, Calzada Vallejo y Jacarandas S/N, Col. La Raza, Del. Azcapotzalco, 02980 Mexico D.F, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejo Justino
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hernández-Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurocirugía Pediátrica, Hospital General "Dr. Gaudencio González Garza", Centro Médico Nacional "La Raza", IMSS, Calzada Vallejo y Jacarandas S/N, Col. La Raza, Del. Azcapotzalco, 02980 Mexico D.F, Mexico.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guerrero-Guerrero
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Pediatría Ambulatoria, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Dr. Márquez 162, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México D.F, Mexico.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Benadón-Darszon
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Patología, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Dr. Márquez 162, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérezpeña-Díazconti
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Patología, Hospital de Pediatría "Dr. Silvestre Frenk Freud", Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Alicia Georgina
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Siordia-Reyes
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Neurocirugía Pediátrica, Hospital General "Dr. Gaudencio González Garza", Centro Médico Nacional "La Raza", IMSS, Calzada Vallejo y Jacarandas S/N, Col. La Raza, Del. Azcapotzalco, 02980 Mexico D.F, Mexico.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: García-Méndez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurocirugía, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Dr. Márquez 162, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Fernando Chico-Ponce
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: de León
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Hospital de Pediatría "Dr. Silvestre Frenk Freud", Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México D. F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Fabio Abdel
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Salamanca-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Hospital de Pediatría "Dr. Silvestre Frenk Freud", Centro Médico Nacional "Siglo XXI", IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México D. F., Mexico. Electronic address: normandgarcia@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Normand
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: García-Hernández
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004806:Ependymoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male
keywords: Cancer; Genetic expression and chromosomal aberration; Methylation; Pediatric ependymoma