title: Prospects of in vivo singlet oxygen luminescence monitoring: Kinetics at different locations on living mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Singlet oxygen observation is considered a valuable tool to assess and optimize PDT treatment. In complex systems, such as tumors in vivo, only the direct, time-resolved singlet oxygen luminescence detection can give reliable information about generation and interaction of singlet oxygen. Up to now, evaluation of kinetics was not possible due to insufficient signal-to-noise ratio. Here we present high signal-to-noise ratio singlet oxygen luminescence kinetics obtained in mouse tumor model under PDT relevant conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  A highly optimized system based on a custom made laser diode excitation source and a high aperture multi-furcated fiber, utilizing a photomultiplier tube with a multi photon counting device was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Luminescence kinetics with unsurpassed signal-to-noise ratio were gained from tumor bearing nude mice in vivo upon topic application, subcutaneous injection as well as intravenous injection of different photosensitizers (chlorin e6 and dendrimer formulations of chlorin e6). Singlet oxygen kinetics in appropriate model systems are discussed to facilitate the interpretation of complex kinetics obtained from in vivo tumor tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study addressing the complexity of singlet oxygen luminescence kinetics in tumor tissue. At present, further investigations are needed to fully explain the processes involved. Nevertheless, the high signal-to-noise ratio proves the applicability of direct time-resolved singlet oxygen luminescence detection as a prospective tool for monitoring photodynamic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfitzner
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Schlothauer
authors.affiliation: Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Campus Sciences, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, France; Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Avenue de Bourgogne, 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bastien
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hackbarth
authors.affiliation: Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Campus Sciences, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, France; Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Avenue de Bourgogne, 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bezdetnaya
authors.affiliation: Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, Campus Sciences, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherche en Automatique de Nancy, France; Research Department, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Avenue de Bourgogne, 54519 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Henri-Pierre
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Lassalle
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: roeder@physik.hu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Röder
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D007700:Kinetics; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D023421:Models, Animal; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D026082:Singlet Oxygen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D026082:Singlet Oxygen