title: China's soil and groundwater management challenges: Lessons from the UK's experience and opportunities for China.
abstract: There are a number of specific opportunities for UK and China to work together on contaminated land management issues as China lacks comprehensive and systematic planning for sustainable risk based land management, encompassing both contaminated soil and groundwater and recycling and reuse of soil. It also lacks comprehensive risk assessment systems, structures to support risk management decision making, processes for verification of remediation outcome, systems for record keeping and preservation and integration of contamination issues into land use planning, along with procedures for ensuring effective health and safety considerations during remediation projects, and effective evaluation of costs versus benefits and overall sustainability. A consequence of the absence of these overarching frameworks has been that remediation takes place on an ad hoc basis. At a specific site management level, China lacks capabilities in site investigation and consequent risk assessment systems, in particular related to conceptual modelling and risk evaluation. There is also a lack of shared experience of practical deployment of remediation technologies in China, analogous to the situation before the establishment of the independent, non-profit organisation CL:AIRE (Contaminated Land: Applications In Real Environments) in 1999 in the UK. Many local technology developments are at lab-scale or pilot-scale stage without being widely put into use. Therefore, a shared endeavour is needed to promote the development of technically and scientifically sound land management as well as soil and human health protection to improve the sustainability of the rapid urbanisation in China.
authors.affiliation: Cranfield University, School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield, MK430AL, UK. Electronic address: f.coulon@cranfield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coulon
authors.affiliation: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, UK.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, UK.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Engineering Innovation Centre, South University of Science and Technology of China, 1088 Xue Yuan Da Dao, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Engineering Innovation Centre, South University of Science and Technology of China, 1088 Xue Yuan Da Dao, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
authors.forename: Jingyang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES), 8 Dayangfang BeiYuan Road., Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Fasheng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Science (ISSAS), 71 East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China.
authors.forename: Mengfang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: The Institute of Urban Environment (IUE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Guan
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: The Administrative Centre for China's Agenda21 (ACCA21), 8 Yuyuantan Nanlu, Haidian District, Beijing 100038, China.
authors.forename: Rongxia
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Science, Technology & Innovation, British Consulate-General Guangzhou, 5 Zhujiang Road West, Zhujiang New Town, Guangzhou 510623, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Arup, Energy and Resources, 6th floor, 3 Piccadilly place, Manchester M3 1 BN, UK.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Canning
authors.affiliation: CL:AIRE, 32 Bloomsbury Street, London WC1B 3QJ, UK.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harries
authors.affiliation: University of Brighton, Environment and Technology, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bardos
authors.affiliation: School of Geography, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK & Land Quality Management Ltd, University of Innovation Park, Sir Colin Campbell Bldg, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nathanail
authors.affiliation: CL:AIRE, 32 Bloomsbury Street, London WC1B 3QJ, UK.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.affiliation: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA, UK), Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.affiliation: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA, UK), Nobel House, 17 Smith Square, London, SW1P 3JR, UK.
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charnley
authors.affiliation: RAW, Randall and Walsh Associated Limited, 339 Yorktown road, Sandhurst GU47 0PX, UK.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Randall
authors.affiliation: RAW, Randall and Walsh Associated Limited, 339 Yorktown road, Sandhurst GU47 0PX, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richell
authors.affiliation: Environment Agency (England), Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, UK.
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: Environment Agency (England), Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol, BS1 5AH, UK.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Atkins, Water Ground and Environment, Epsom, KT18 5BW, UK and Nottingham University, Ningbo, 199 Taikang E Rd, Yinzhou, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spooner
authors.affiliation: Cranfield University, School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield, MK430AL, UK.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weeks
authors.affiliation: British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cave
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, 8 Dayangfang BeiYuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Cranfield University, School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield, MK430AL, UK.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Cranfield University, School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield, MK430AL, UK.
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Longhurst
authors.affiliation: Cranfield University, School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield, MK430AL, UK.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Prpich
authors.affiliation: AECOM, Bridgewater House, Whitworth Street Manchester, M1 6LT, UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bewley
authors.affiliation: KTN, Innovation Suite, The Heath, Runcorn, Cheshire WA7 4QX, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abra
authors.affiliation: Cranfield University, School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield, MK430AL, UK.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pollard
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003657:Decision Making; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D060587:Groundwater; D007391:International Cooperation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D012987:Soil
keywords: China; Contaminated land management; Rapid urbanisation; Risk assessment; UK