title: Imidazolium salts with antifungal potential for the control of head blight of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the in vitro effect of imidazolium salts (IMS) on the conidia germination and mycelial growth of Fusarium graminearum and their in vivo efficacy for suppressing the symptoms of the disease and infection of kernels in wheat plants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of three IMS (C16 MImCl, C16 MImMeS and C16 MImNTf2 ) were determined for four F. graminearum isolates using serial broth dilution method. The MICs found for all IMS were either 3·12 or 6·25 μg ml(-1) across the isolates, with the former as the most frequent. In the mycelial growth assay on potato dextrose agar media, only the C16 MImCl among the IMS reduced 50% of mycelial growth of one isolate at an estimated concentration of 0·32 mg ml(-1) . The time-kill curves showed a strong fungicidal effect starting 1 h after incubation at a concentration of 12·5 μg ml(-1) , representing a fourfold increase in the most frequent MIC. The C16 MImCl sprayed onto the spikes of potted wheat plants during the flowering stage reduced disease intensity at levels comparable to the commercial fungicide when applied preventatively (1 h prior to fungal inoculation), rather than curatively, and at the higher dosage (2 mg ml(-1) ) rather than lower dosage (0·5 mg ml(-1) ).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  C16 MImCl proved to be a potent inhibitor of F. graminearum growth and provided good levels of control of the disease at levels comparable to a commercial fungicide, in wheat plants treated prior to fungal infection during flowering stages.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests the potential of using IMS as alternative to the hazardous standard fungicides in the management of Fusarium head blight of wheat.
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.|Multidisciplinary Group in Microbiological and Medical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ribas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Del Ponte
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Group in Microbiological and Medical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dalbem
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dalla-Lana
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bündchen
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Group in Microbiological and Medical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Donato
authors.affiliation: Multidisciplinary Group in Microbiological and Medical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Schrekker
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.|Multidisciplinary Group in Microbiological and Medical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.|Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Fuentefria
mesh_terms: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D014908:Triticum / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007093:Imidazoles; C483970:imidazolium methylsulfonate; C029899:imidazole
keywords: Fusarium graminearum; fungicides; imidazolium salts; inhibition; wheat