title: Effects of emerging contaminants on neurotransmission and biotransformation in marine organisms - An in vitro approach.
abstract: The effects of gold (ionic form and nanoparticles - AuNPs) and pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine and fluoxetine) on enzymes involved in neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase - AChE) and biotransformation (glutathione S-transferases - GST) were assessed by their incubation with Mytilus galloprovincialis' hemolymph and subcellular fraction of gills, respectively. AuNPs did not alter enzymatic activities unlike ionic gold that inhibited AChE and GST activities at 2.5 and 0.42mg·L(-1), respectively. Carbamazepine inhibited AChE activity at 500mg·L(-1) and fluoxetine at 1000mg·L(-1). GST was inhibited by carbamazepine at 250mg·L(-1) and by fluoxetine at 125mg·L(-1). Increased AChE activity was found in simultaneous exposures to fluoxetine and bovine serum albumin coated AuNPs (BSA-AuNPs). Concerning GST, in the simultaneous exposures, AuNPs revealed protective effects against carbamazepine (citrate and polyvinylpyrrolidone coated) and fluoxetine (citrate and BSA coated) induced inhibition. However, BSA-AuNPs increased the inhibition caused by carbamazepine. AuNPs demonstrated ability to interfere with other chemicals toxicity justifying further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luis G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Luis
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ângela
authors.initials: Â
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Tito
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Trindade
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Amadeu M V M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: migueloliveira@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000378:metabolism*; D001711:Biotransformation; D002220:Carbamazepine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005880:Gills / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D049878:Mytilus / Q000378:metabolism; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002220:Carbamazepine; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
keywords: Gold nanoparticles; Human pharmaceuticals; Mixtures; Mytilus galloprovincialis; Neurotransmission; Phase II biotransformation