title: Effect of timolol maleate gel-forming solution on intraocular pressure, pupil diameter, and heart rate in normal and glaucomatous cats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of once-daily topical treatment with timolol maleate gel-forming solution (GFS) on intraocular pressure (IOP), pupil diameter (PD), and heart rate (HR) in normal cats and cats with feline primary congenital glaucoma (FCG).
  A single drop of timolol maleate 0.5% GFS was administered topically to one randomly assigned eye of 18 adult cats (8 normal, 10 FCG) at 8 am for 8 days; the opposite eye served as the untreated control. IOP was measured in both eyes (OU) every 2 h (PD and HR were measured every 4 h), for 14 h total, 1 day prior to and on days 1 and 8 of treatment. In a second treatment phase, a single drop of timolol was administered at 8 pm for 3 nights and IOP, PD, and HR were measured, as above, beginning at 8 am on day 4. Slit-lamp examinations were conducted prior to and after treatment phases. Comparisons of mean IOP, PD, and HR were made at each time point and between treated and untreated eyes by repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer post hoc test, with P < 0.05 considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Timolol maleate 0.5% GFS had an inconsistent effect on IOP, with maximum IOP-lowering effect (mean = 5.6 mmHg, 17.4%) observed 6 h post-treatment in FCG. The drug caused significant miosis (from 4 to 8 h post-treatment), but had no effect on HR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Once-daily application of timolol maleate 0.5% GFS may be of limited clinical benefit in the management of feline congenital glaucoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kiland
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.|Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.|McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Gillian J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: McLellan
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002415:Cats; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011680:Pupil / Q000187:drug effects*; D013999:Timolol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D013999:Timolol
keywords: cat; glaucoma; heart rate; intraocular pressure; pupil diameter; timolol