title: Streptococcus suis in invasive human infections in Poland: clonality and determinants of virulence and antimicrobial resistance.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to perform an analysis of Streptococcus suis human invasive isolates, collected in Poland by the National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis. Isolates obtained from 21 patients during 2000-2013 were investigated by phenotypic tests, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), analysis of the TR9 locus from the multilocus variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) scheme and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of SmaI-digested DNA. Determinants of virulence and antimicrobial resistance were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and analysed by sequencing. All isolates represented sequence type 1 (ST1) and were suggested to be serotype 2. PFGE and analysis of the TR9 locus allowed the discrimination of four and 17 types, respectively. Most of the isolates were haemolysis- and DNase-positive, and around half of them formed biofilm. Genes encoding suilysin, extracellular protein factor, fibronectin-binding protein, muramidase-released protein, surface antigen one, enolase, serum opacity factor and pili were ubiquitous in the studied group, while none of the isolates carried sequences characteristic for the 89K pathogenicity island. All isolates were susceptible to penicillin, cefotaxime, imipenem, moxifloxacin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, gentamicin, linezolid, vancomycin and daptomycin. Five isolates (24 %) were concomitantly non-susceptible to erythromycin, clindamycin and tetracycline, and harboured the tet(O) and erm(B) genes; for one isolate, lsa(E) and lnu(B) were additionally detected. Streptococcus suis isolated in Poland from human invasive infections belongs to a globally distributed clonal complex of this pathogen, enriched in virulence markers. This is the first report of the lsa(E) and lnu(B) resistance genes in S. suis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bojarska
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland.|Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gene Expression and Gene Medicine, C.F. Møllers Allé 3, building 1130, 422, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Molska
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland.|Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Janas
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skoczyńska
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stefaniuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hryniewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725, Warsaw, Poland. ewasadowy@cls.edu.pl.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sadowy
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D018598:Minisatellite Repeats; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010641:Phenotype; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D017011:Streptococcus suis / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents