title: Urine Proteome Biomarkers in Kidney Diseases. I. Limits, Perspectives, and First Focus on Normal Urine.
abstract: Urine proteome is a potential source of information in renal diseases, and it is considered a natural area of investigation for biomarkers. Technology developments have markedly increased the power analysis on urinary proteins, and it is time to confront methodologies and results of major studies on the topics. This is a first part of a series of reviews that will focus on the urine proteome as a site for detecting biomarkers of renal diseases; the theme of the first review concerns methodological aspects applied to normal urine. Main issues are techniques for urine pretreatment, separation of exosomes, use of combinatorial peptide ligand libraries, mass spectrometry approaches, and analysis of data sets. Available studies show important differences, suggesting a major confounding effect of the technologies utilized for analysis. The objective is to obtain consensus about which approaches should be utilized for studying urine proteome in renal diseases.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory on Physiopathology of Uremia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santucci
authors.affiliation: Laboratory on Physiopathology of Uremia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruschi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory on Physiopathology of Uremia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Candiano
authors.affiliation: Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lugani
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry - Core Facility, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petretto
authors.affiliation: Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonanni
authors.affiliation: Laboratory on Physiopathology of Uremia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.; Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Gian Marco
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ghiggeri
keywords: combinatorial peptide ligand libraries; mass spectrometry; urinary proteome; vesicles