title: The Paradoxical Role of Perceived Control in Late Life Health Behavior.
abstract: Research has established the health benefits of psychological factors, including the way individuals appraise outcomes. Although many studies confirm that appraising outcomes as controllable is adaptive for health, a paradoxical possibility is largely ignored: Perceived control may be detrimental under some conditions. Our premise was that appraising health as controllable but at the same time ascribing little value to it might signal a dysfunctional psychological mindset that fosters a mistaken sense of invincibility. During face-to-face interviews with a representative sample of older adults (age range = 72-99), we identified individuals with such a potentially maladaptive "invincible" mindset (high perceived control and low health value) and compared them to their counterparts on several outcomes. The findings were consistent with our hypotheses. The invincibles denied future risks, they lacked the activating emotion of fear, and they visited their physicians less often over a subsequent five-year period. Moreover, in contrast to their counterparts, the invincibles did not appear strategic in their approach to seeking care: Even poor health did not prompt them to seek the counsel of a physician. The recognition that psychological appraisals are modifiable highlights the promise of remedial methods to alter maladaptive mindsets, potentially improving quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Judith G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Chipperfield
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Raymond P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pekrun
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barchfeld
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychogerontology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Frieder R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeremy M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hamm
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life