title: Systemic Cytokine Levels Do Not Predict CD4(+) T-Cell Recovery After Suppressive Combination Antiretroviral Therapy in Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.
abstract: Background.  Subjects on suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) who do not achieve robust reconstitution of CD4(+) T cells face higher risk of complications and death. We studied participants in the Women's Interagency HIV Study with good (immunological responder [IR]) or poor (immunological nonresponder [INR]) CD4(+) T-cell recovery after suppressive cART (n = 50 per group) to determine whether cytokine levels or low-level viral load correlated with INR status. Methods.  A baseline sample prior to viral control and 2 subsequent samples 1 and 2 years after viral control were tested. Serum levels of 30 cytokines were measured at each time point, and low-level human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral load and anti-HIV antibody levels were measured 2 years after viral suppression. Results.  There were minimal differences in cytokine levels between IR and INR subjects. At baseline, macrophage inflammatory protein-3β levels were higher in IR subjects; after 1 year of suppressive cART, soluble vascular endothelial growth factor-R3 levels were higher in IR subjects; and after 2 years of suppressive cART, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 levels were higher in INR subjects. Very low-level HIV viral load and anti-HIV antibody levels did not differ between IR and INR subjects. Conclusions.  These results imply that targeting residual viral replication might not be the optimum therapeutic approach for INR subjects.
authors.affiliation: Blood Systems Research Institute; Departments ofLaboratory Medicine; Medicine.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jinbing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Hologic , San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Worlock
authors.affiliation: Hologic , San Diego, California.
authors.forename: Sangeetha V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx.
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anastos
authors.affiliation: SUNY Downstate Medical Center , Brooklyn, New York.
authors.forename: Howard L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Minkoff
authors.affiliation: Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California , Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Villacres
authors.affiliation: Georgetown University Medical Center , Washington, District of Columbia.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy , University of California , San Francisco.
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Greenblatt
authors.affiliation: Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.affiliation: Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Alan L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Landay
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gange
authors.affiliation: Hologic , San Diego, California.
authors.forename: C Thomas
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Nugent
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Elizabeth T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Golub
authors.affiliation: Blood Systems Research Institute; Departments ofLaboratory Medicine.
authors.forename: Sheila M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Keating
keywords: CD4+ T cells; HIV; cART; chemokines; cytokines