title: The budget impact of cervical cancer screening using HPV primary screening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the clinical and budgetary impacts of human papillomavirus (HPV) primary screening with HPV16/18 genotyping, in contrast to current cervical cancer screening strategies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision-tree framework and Markov model were used to model clinical and cost implications of screening and diagnosis of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A model was developed to compare the annual clinical and budgetary impact of HPV screening with genotyping versus cytology, and co-testing with and without genotyping. Epidemiology and test performance inputs are from the literature and the Addressing THE Need for Advanced HPV Diagnostics (ATHENA) trial. Costs are from a US payer perspective. Clinical impact was measured as the resulting incidence of cervical cancer, and budget impact is reported as annual cost per screened woman. The model considered the impact of patient noncompliance (loss to follow-up) at both the initial screen and re-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cytology was found to be inferior to both co-testing and HPV primary screening. Co-testing was inferior to co-testing with genotyping. Co-testing with genotyping every 3 years (incidence = 5.5 per 100,000 women; annual investment = $61) or 5 years (incidence = 7.4 per 100,000 women; annual investment = $37) was slightly more effective, but more costly than HPV primary screening every 3 years (incidence = 6.2 per 100,000 women; annual investment = $48) or 5 years (incidence = 8.1 per 100,000 women; annual investment = $30). Genotyping strategies were relatively stable to the effects of patient noncompliance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary HPV screening with genotyping represents a sensible combination of clinical effectiveness and costs, while reducing the risks associated with patient noncompliance.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Roche Molecular Diagnostics, 4300 Hacienda Dr, Pleasanton, CA 94588. E-mail: joice.huang@roche.com.
authors.forename: Joice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garfield
authors.forename: Deanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hertz
authors.forename: J Thomas
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cox
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002017:Budgets; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003663:Decision Trees; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D017048:Health Care Costs; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control