title: [Cognitive impairment in predialysis stages of chronic kidney disease].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the development and progression of cognitive impairment (CI), its risk factors and relationship with vascular-wall remodeling in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), stages I-IV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-one patients, aged 53±10 years, including 20 with CKD, stages I-II, 20 with CKD, stage III, and 11 with CKD, stage IV, were enrolled. Frequency, severity and character of CI were studied using neuropsychological tests for assessment of global mental status, short-term and delayed memory, frontal lobe functions. Standard laboratory examinations, echocardiographic study, 24h arterial blood pressure monitoring, measurement of the thickness of carotid intima-media complex, pulse-wave velocity and augmentation index, brain MRI study were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CI was found in 68% of patients, including 35% with CKD, stages I-II, and 90.3% with CKD, stage IV. The severity of CI was higher in patients with CKD, stages III-IV, compared to those with stages I-II (p<0.001). CKD predicted the development of CI (OR 27.32, 95% CI 4.3-72.9, р<0.001). MRI revealed the focal lesions of the white matter in 30% of patients, leukoaraiosis in 23.3%, lateral ventricular dilatation in 50%, expressed dilatation in the sulci of brain hemispheres in 10%. There was a relationship between CI and male sex, hyperhomocysteinemia, anemia, abdominal obesity, left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy and age. The frequency and severity of CI was associated with the signs of atherosclerotic lesions of common carotid arteries and indices of arterial rigidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The more increased the CKD severity, the higher the severity of CI. The dysfunction of frontal lobes plays a key role in the development of CI in patients with CKD, stages III-IV. CKD, stages III-IV, is an independent predictor of CI in people in predialysis stages.
authors.affiliation: GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. I.M. Sechenova', Moskva.
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Fomin
authors.affiliation: GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. I.M. Sechenova', Moskva.
authors.forename: I V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Rogova
authors.affiliation: GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. I.M. Sechenova', Moskva.
authors.forename: I V
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Damulin
authors.affiliation: GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. I.M. Sechenova', Moskva.
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Mukhin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003956:Dialysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology