title: Musculoskeletal anatomy of the Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx (Carnivora: Felidae) forelimb: Adaptations to capture large prey?
abstract: Mammalian carnivores adhere to two different feeding strategies relative to their body masses. Large carnivores prey on animals that are the same size or larger than themselves, whereas small carnivores prey on smaller vertebrates and invertebrates. The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) falls in between these two categories. Lynx descend from larger forms that were probably large prey specialists, but during the Pleistocene became predators of small prey. The modern Eurasian lynx may be an evolutionary reversal toward specializing in large prey again. We hypothesized that the musculoskeletal anatomy of lynx should show traits for catching large prey. To test our hypothesis, we dissected the forelimb muscles of six Eurasian lynx individuals and compared our findings to results published for other felids. We measured the bones and compared their dimensions to the published material. Our material displayed a well-developed pectoral girdle musculature with some uniquely extensive muscle attachments. The upper arm musculature resembled that of the pantherine felids and probably the extinct sabertooths, and also the muscles responsible for supination and pronation were similar to those in large cats. The muscles controlling the pollex were well-developed. However, skeletal indices were similar to those of small prey predators. Our findings show that lynx possess the topographic pattern of muscle origin and insertion like in large felids. J. Morphol. 277:753-765, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), 00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Suvi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Viranta
authors.affiliation: Anatomy and developmental biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, 00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lommi
authors.affiliation: Natural Resources Institute Finland, Jokiniemenkuja 1, Vantaa, 013011, Finland.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holmala
authors.affiliation: Anatomy and developmental biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 66, 00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Laakkonen
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005552:Forelimb / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D007596:Joints / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D046008:Lynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Felidae; antebrachium; brachium; evolution; pectoral girdle