title: Retrograde signaling: Organelles go networking.
abstract: The term retrograde signaling refers to the fact that chloroplasts and mitochondria utilize specific signaling molecules to convey information on their developmental and physiological states to the nucleus and modulate the expression of nuclear genes accordingly. Signals emanating from plastids have been associated with two main networks: 'Biogenic control' is active during early stages of chloroplast development, while 'operational' control functions in response to environmental fluctuations. Early work focused on the former and its major players, the GUN proteins. However, our view of retrograde signaling has since been extended and revised. Elements of several 'operational' signaling circuits have come to light, including metabolites, signaling cascades in the cytosol and transcription factors. Here, we review recent advances in the identification and characterization of retrograde signaling components. We place particular emphasis on the strategies employed to define signaling components, spanning the entire spectrum of genetic screens, metabolite profiling and bioinformatics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'EBEC 2016: 19th European Bioenergetics Conference, Riva del Garda, Italy, July 2-6, 2016', edited by Prof. Paolo Bernardi.
authors.affiliation: Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kleine
authors.affiliation: Plant Molecular Biology (Botany), Department Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany; Copenhagen Plant Science Centre (CPSC), Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: leister@lmu.de.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leister
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019295:Computational Biology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D055442:Metabolome / Q000235:genetics; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C519677:GUN1 protein, Arabidopsis; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: Biogenic control; Chloroplasts; Genomes uncoupled; Gun; Mitochondria; Nuclear gene expression; Operational control; Organellar gene expression; Retrograde; Transcription factors