title: Medroxyprogesterone acetate levels among Kenyan women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate in the FEM-PrEP trial.
abstract: To describe medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) levels among Kenyan depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) users in the FEM-PrEP HIV prevention trial, and to compare MPA levels between ARV for HIV prevention (treatment) and placebo groups.
  
  
  
  We measured MPA in previously collected plasma samples from 63 Kenyan trial participants who used DMPA for one or two complete intervals. We separately assessed MPA levels among the nine DMPA users who became pregnant at this site.
  
  
  
  Mean MPA levels at the end of each 12week injection interval were 0.37ng/ml (95% CI: 0.25, 1.99) and 0.28ng/ml (95% CI: 0.19, 1.22) among participants assigned TDF/FTC and 0.49 (95% CI: 0.40, 1.27) and 0.39 (95% CI: 0.31, 1.17) among those assigned placebo. The difference between groups was not statistically significant overall, or in an analysis which adjusted for the observed low adherence to TDF/FTC. Unanticipated findings of this analysis were low 12-week MPA levels among DMPA users in both study arms. Of 61 women who contributed data for the first DMPA injection interval, 26.2% had MPA levels<0.1ng/ml and 9.8% had levels below the detection level (0.02ng/ml) at 12weeks post-injection. Levels were similar at the end of the second injection interval. Five of nine women who became pregnant had levels below 0.15ng/mL at the time of their last negative pregnancy test.
  
  
  
  Use of TDF/FTC did not appear to affect serum MPA levels, however we found lower than expected MPA concentrations at the end of the dosing interval among DMPA users in the FEM-PrEP trial, the cause of which are unknown.
  
  
  
  This study presents some of the few available data on MPA levels among DMPA users in Africa. The low levels among users described here, together with a number of pregnancies among DMPA users, are potentially concerning and require further investigation.
authors.affiliation: FHI 360, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
authors.forename: Kavita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.affiliation: FHI 360, Durham, NC 27701, USA. Electronic address: rcallahan@fhi360.org.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Callahan
authors.affiliation: FHI 360, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: FHI 360, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Impact-RDO, Kisumu, Kenya.
authors.forename: Kawango
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Agot
authors.affiliation: FHI 360, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.affiliation: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Lut
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Van Damme
authors.affiliation: FHI 360, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
authors.forename: Laneta
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dorflinger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004347:Drug Interactions; D000068679:Emtricitabine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood*; D065129:Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011258:Pregnancy Tests; D000068698:Tenofovir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D000068698:Tenofovir; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate; D000068679:Emtricitabine
keywords: Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate; HIV; Kenya; Preexposure prophylaxis