title: Effect of Shear Applied During a Pharmaceutical Process on Near Infrared Spectra.
abstract: This study describes changes observed in the near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance (DR) spectra of pharmaceutical tablets after these tablets were subjected to different levels of strain (exposure to shear) during the mixing process. Powder shearing is important in the mixing of powders that are cohesive. Shear stress is created in a system by moving one surface over another causing displacements in the direction of the moving surface and is part of the mixing dynamics of particulates in many industries including the pharmaceutical industry. In continuous mixing, shear strain is developed within the process when powder particles are in constant movement and can affect the quality attributes of the final product such as dissolution. These changes in the NIR spectra could affect results obtained from NIR calibration models. The aim of the study was to understand changes in the NIR diffuse reflectance spectra that can be associated with different levels of strain developed during blend shearing of laboratory samples. Shear was applied using a Couette cell and tablets were produced using a tablet press emulator. Tablets with different shear levels were measured using NIR spectroscopy in the diffuse reflectance mode. The NIR spectra were baseline corrected to maintain the scattering effect associated with the physical properties of the tablet surface. Principal component analysis was used to establish the principal sources of variation within the samples. The angular dependence of elastic light scattering shows that the shear treatment reduces the size of particles and produces their uniform and highly isotropic distribution. Tablet compaction further reduces the diffuse component of scattering due to realignment of particles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico rodolfoj.romanach@upr.edu.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Pallavi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pawar
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Sergiy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lysenko
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Fernando J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Muzzio
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Rodolfo J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Romañach
mesh_terms: D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D010316:Particle Size; D012995:Solubility; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013607:Tablets / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D013607:Tablets
keywords: Diffuse reflectance; Light scattering; Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy; Pharmaceutics; Shear; Tablet compaction