title: Multidimensional Germanium-Based Materials as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries.
abstract: Metallic germanium is an ideal anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), owing to its high theoretical capacity (1624 mA h g(-1) ) and low operating voltage. Herein, we highlight recent advances in the development of Ge-based anodes in LIBs, although improvements in their coulombic efficiency (CE), capacity retention, and rate performance are still required. One of the major concerns facing the development of Ge anodes is the controlled formation of microstructures. In this Focus Review, we summarize Ge-based materials with different structural dimensions, that is, zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), three-dimensional (3D), and even monolithic and macroscale structures. Moreover, the design of Ge-based oxide materials, as an effective route for achieving higher Li-storage capacities and cycling performance, is also discussed. Finally, we briefly summarize new types of Ge-based materials, such as ternary germanium oxides, germanium sulfides, and germanium phosphides, and predict that they will bring about a reformation in the field of LIBs.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Institution of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Jinwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Department of Chemistry, Beijing Institution of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China. caomh@bit.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Minhua
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cao
keywords: anodes; composite materials; germanium; lithium-ion batteries; nanostructures