title: Genetic variation in target-site resistance to pyrethroids and pirimicarb in Tunisian populations of the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We used molecular assays to diagnose resistance to pyrethroids and pirimicarb in samples of Myzus persicae from field crops or an insect suction trap in Tunisia. Genotypes for resistance loci were related to ones for polymorphic microsatellite loci in order to investigate breeding systems and patterns of genetic diversity, and to inform resistance management tactics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The kdr mutation L1014F conferring pyrethroid resistance was found in all samples. The M918T s-kdr mutation also occurred in most samples, but only in conjunction with kdr. We discovered a previously unreported genotype heterozygous for L1014F but homozygous for M918T. Samples with modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE) conferring resistance to pirimicarb were less common but widespread. 16% of samples contained both the kdr and MACE mutations. Many unique microsatellite genotypes were found, suggesting that M. persicae is holocyclic in Tunisia. There were no consistent associations between resistance and microsatellite markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This first study of insecticide resistance in M. persicae in North Africa showed genetic variation in insecticide resistance within microsatellite multilocus genotypes (MLGMs) and the same resistance mechanisms to be present in different MLGMs. This contrasts with variation in northern Europe where M. persicae is fully anholocyclic. Implications for selection and control strategies are discussed. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Medfly Rearing Facility, Research Unit UR04CNSTN01 'Medical Agricultural Application of Nuclear Techniques', National Centre for Nuclear Sciences and Technology (CNSTN), Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Kamel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Charaabi
authors.affiliation: INRAT, Laboratoire de Protection des Végétaux, Ariana, Tunis, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boukhris-Bouhachem
authors.affiliation: UR Génomique des Insectes Ravageurs des Cultures d'Intérêt Agronomique (GIRC), Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El-Manar, El-Manar, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makni
authors.affiliation: Scotland's Rural College, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK. i.denholm@herts.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9797-874X
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Denholm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D002219:Carbamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D009154:Mutation; D000068239:Prunus persica; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011198:Solanum tuberosum; D014416:Tunisia
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D011743:Pyrimidines; C011994:pirimicarb
keywords: Myzus persicae; acetylcholinesterase; holocycly; insecticide resistance; knockdown resistance; microsatellite polymorphism; resistance management