title: Restrictive pattern on spirometry: association with cardiovascular risk and level of physical activity in asymptomatic adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether a restrictive pattern on spirometry is associated with the level of physical activity in daily life (PADL), as well as with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, in asymptomatic adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 374 participants (mean age, 41 ± 14 years) underwent spirometry, which included the determination of FVC and FEV1. A restrictive pattern on spirometry was defined as an FEV1/FVC ratio > 0.7 and an FVC < 80% of the predicted value. After conducting demographic, anthropometric, and CVD risk assessments, we evaluated body composition, muscle function, and postural balance, as well as performing cardiopulmonary exercise testing and administering the six-minute walk test. The PADL was quantified with a triaxial accelerometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A restrictive pattern on spirometry was found in 10% of the subjects. After multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for confounders (PADL and cardiorespiratory fitness), the following variables retained significance (OR; 95% CI) as predictors of a restrictive pattern: systemic arterial hypertension (17.5; 1.65-184.8), smoking (11.6; 1.56-87.5), physical inactivity (8.1; 1.43-46.4), larger center-of-pressure area while standing on a force platform (1.34; 1.05-1.71); and dyslipidemia (1.89; 1.12-1.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A restrictive pattern on spirometry appears to be common in asymptomatic adults. We found that CVD risk factors, especially systemic arterial hypertension, smoking, and physical inactivity, were directly associated with a restrictive pattern, even when the analysis was adjusted for PADL and cardiorespiratory fitness. Longitudinal studies are needed in order to improve understanding of the etiology of a restrictive pattern as well as to aid in the design of preventive strategies.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Evandro Fornias
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Sperandio
authors.affiliation: AngioCorpore - Instituto de Medicina Cardiovascular, Santos, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Rodolfo Leite
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Arantes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Agatha Caveda
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Matheus
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Pereira da
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Vinícius Tonon
authors.initials: VT
authors.lastname: Lauria
authors.affiliation: AngioCorpore - Instituto de Medicina Cardiovascular, Santos, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romiti
authors.affiliation: AngioCorpore - Instituto de Medicina Cardiovascular, Santos, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Antônio Ricardo de Toledo
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gagliardi
authors.affiliation: AngioCorpore - Instituto de Medicina Cardiovascular, Santos, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Victor Zuniga
authors.initials: VZ
authors.lastname: Dourado
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008173:Lung Diseases, Obstructive / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013147:Spirometry; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology*