title: Language and reading development in the brain today: neuromarkers and the case for prediction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this article is to provide an account of language development in the brain using the new information about brain function gleaned from cognitive neuroscience. This account goes beyond describing the association between language and specific brain areas to advocate the possibility of predicting language outcomes using brain-imaging data. The goal is to address the current evidence about language development in the brain and prediction of language outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recent studies will be discussed in the light of the evidence generated for predicting language outcomes and using new methods of analysis of brain data.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present account of brain behavior will address: (1) the development of a hardwired brain circuit for spoken language; (2) the neural adaptation that follows reading instruction and fosters the "grafting" of visual processing areas of the brain onto the hardwired circuit of spoken language; and (3) the prediction of language development and the possibility of translational neuroscience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain imaging has allowed for the identification of neural indices (neuromarkers) that reflect typical and atypical language development; the possibility of predicting risk for language disorders has emerged. A mandate to develop a bridge between neuroscience and health and cognition-related outcomes may pave the way for translational neuroscience.
authors.affiliation: School of Letters, Instituto do Cérebro do Rio Grande do Sul (Inscer), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: augusto.buchweitz@pucrs.br.
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buchweitz
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D000066494:Cognitive Neuroscience; D059907:Functional Neuroimaging; D006801:Humans; D007804:Language Development; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011932:Reading
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Brain imaging; Desenvolvimento da linguagem; Imagem cerebral; Language development; Prediction; Predição