title: Chronic kidney disease in children and adolescents in Brunei Darussalam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine epidemiology of Bruneian paediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and factors that affect growth and progression of disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study conducted on all children below 18 years old who were diagnosed with CKD over a ten year period (2004 to 2013). The reference population was all children (< 18 years old) suffering from CKD and attending the tertiary paediatric nephrology clinic in Brunei Darussalam. Demographic (current age, age of diagnosis, gender, ethnicity), anthropometric (weight and height), diagnosis, laboratory data (serum creatinine and haemoglobin, urinalysis) and blood pressure were extracted from the patients' clinical case notes and recorded using a data collection form.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study revealed a high national prevalence [736 per million child population (pmcp)] and incidence (91 pcmp) of CKD. If CKD was defined at Stage 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, the associated prevalence figures were 736, 132, 83, 50 and 33 pmcp. Glomerulonephritis accounted for 69% of all prevalent cases, followed by congenital abnormalities of kidney and urinary tract (20%) and tubulointerstitial diseases (8%). Minimal change disease being the most common histological diagnosis. The median age of diagnosis was 4.5 years, with congenital disease patients experiencing an earlier onset of diagnosis. A large proportion of patients were below the 5% percentile for height and weight. Non-glomerular diseases, adolescent and female patients were significantly associated with poor growth, but not glomerular filtration rate, age of diagnosis or steroid usage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brunei has a high prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the paediatric population with glomerulonephritis being the most common disease.
authors.affiliation: Shi Ying Tan, Lin Naing, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam BE 1410, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei.
authors.forename: Shi Ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Shi Ying Tan, Lin Naing, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam BE 1410, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Naing
authors.affiliation: Shi Ying Tan, Lin Naing, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam BE 1410, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei.
authors.forename: Aye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Shi Ying Tan, Lin Naing, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam BE 1410, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei.
authors.forename: Muhammad Abdul Mabood
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.affiliation: Shi Ying Tan, Lin Naing, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam BE 1410, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei.
authors.forename: Vui Heng
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: Shi Ying Tan, Lin Naing, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam BE 1410, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei.
authors.forename: Jackson
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
keywords: Adolsecent; Brunei; Children; Chronic kidney disease; Epidemiology