title: The evolving landscape of imprinted genes in humans and mice: Conflict among alleles, genes, tissues, and kin.
abstract: Three recent genome-wide studies in mice and humans have produced the most definitive map to date of genomic imprinting (gene expression that depends on parental origin) by incorporating multiple tissue types and developmental stages. Here, we explore the results of these studies in light of the kinship theory of genomic imprinting, which predicts that imprinting evolves due to differential genetic relatedness between maternal and paternal relatives. The studies produce a list of imprinted genes with around 120-180 in mice and ~100 in humans. The studies agree on broad patterns across mice and humans including the complex patterns of imprinted expression at loci like Igf2 and Grb10. We discuss how the kinship theory provides a powerful framework for hypotheses that can explain these patterns. Finally, since imprinting is rare in the genome despite predictions from the kinship theory that it might be common, we discuss evolutionary factors that could favor biallelic expression.
authors.affiliation: Ronin Institute, Montclair, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Jon F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wilkins
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Úbeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Cleve
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D005260:Female; D051383:GRB10 Adaptor Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D056426:Genetic Loci; D016678:Genome; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D018392:Genomic Imprinting; D006801:Humans; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008957:Models, Genetic; D009928:Organ Specificity; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: C096358:GRB10 protein, human; C035170:IGF2 protein, human; D051383:GRB10 Adaptor Protein; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II
keywords: Grb10; Igf2; RNA-seq; genome-wide map; genomic imprinting; intragenomic conflict; kinship theory