title: An integrated overview on pyrrolizines as potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic agents.
abstract: Despite the existence of huge number of NSAIDs, the quest for safer drugs is still in the focus of several drug discovery programs. Pyrrolizine heterocyclic system is among the privileged scaffolds utilized in this regard. At least one of these pyrrolizines, ketorolac, has reached the market. The current review represents a collective effort to highlight the reported pyrrolizines with anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential and categorize them into eight different classes. Furthermore, the various synthetic approaches, structure-activity relationship as well as metabolic pathways have been discussed. Taken together, this review sets a base for researchers to design and synthesize novel pyrrolizine-based libraries for further development into safer and efficient anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt. Electronic address: ahmed.gouda@pharm.bsu.edu.eg.
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gouda
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmed H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Abdelazeem
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D011758:Pyrroles; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; C036293:prostaglandin D2 receptor
keywords: Anti-inflammatory; COX/5-LOX dual inhibitors; Ketorolac; Licofelone; NSAIDs; Pyrrolizine; SFZ-47