title: Outcomes for Physicians With Opioid Dependence Treated Without Agonist Pharmacotherapy in Physician Health Programs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare treatment outcome among substance dependent physicians enrolled in a physician health program (PHP) who have a history of alcohol use only, any opioid use, or non-opioid drug use, in order to determine whether the distinctive PHP system of care management is as effective for individuals with opioid use disorders as for those with alcohol or other drug use disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 5-year, retrospective chart review, intent-to-treat analysis was conducted for all physicians admitted to 16 physician health programs (N=702; 85.5% male; age range=24-75). Analyses compared treatment outcomes for participants based upon their substance(s) of abuse [i.e., 1) "Alcohol Only" (n=204), 2) "Any Opioid" with or without alcohol use (n=339), and 3) "Non-Opioid" drug use with or without alcohol use (n=159)].
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this sample, 75-80% of physicians across the three groups never tested positive for alcohol or drugs during their extended care management period with random drug testing. This included physicians with opioid dependence who did not receive opioid substitution therapy (OST). Of the 22.1% of physicians who had a positive test, two thirds (i.e., 14.5% of the total sample) had just one positive test, and only one third (i.e., 7.6% of the total sample) had more than one positive test. These results were similar in all three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that individuals with opioid use disorders who are managed by PHPs can achieve long-term abstinence from opioids, alcohol, and other drugs without OST through participation in abstinence-based psychosocial treatment with extended, intensive care management following discharge.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, Department of Psychiatry, 4001 SW 13th St, Gainesville, FL 32608. Electronic address: lmerlo@UFL.edu.
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Merlo
authors.affiliation: Institute for Behavior and Health, Inc., 6191 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Electronic address: Campbell.Mike@jeassociates.com.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Promises Treatment Centers, 2515 Wilshire Blvd, Santa Monica, CA 90403. Electronic address: gregory.skipper@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Skipper
authors.affiliation: Institute for Behavior and Health, Inc., 6191 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Electronic address: corinne.shea@ibhinc.org.
authors.forename: Corinne L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.affiliation: Institute for Behavior and Health, Inc., 6191 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Electronic address: BobDuPont@aol.com.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: DuPont
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009786:Occupational Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards*; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010820:Physicians; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Abstinence; Opioid abuse; Opioid dependence; Physician health programs