title: Stigma of tiger attack: Study of tiger-widows from Sundarban Delta, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Human-tiger conflict (HTC) is a serious public health issue in Sundarban Reserve Forest, India. HTC is a continued concern for significant mortality and morbidity of both human and tiger population. This study examined 49 widows, whose husbands were killed by tigers, in order to explore the cultural stigma related with tiger-killing and consequent discrimination and social rejection. Different psychosocial aspects of community stigma associated with tiger-killings is discussed in the context of local culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mix of both quantitative and qualitative methods was used in this ethnographic study in two mouzas of Sundarban adjacent to Reserve Forest, involving (1) Village Survey for Tiger-widows, (2) In-depth interview of the widows, (3) Focus Group discussions, (4) Participatory mapping and (5) Stigma assessment by using a 28 item stigma scale especially devised for this research. For comparison of stigma-burden snake-bite widows and normal widows were taken from the same community.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tiger-widows showed significantly higher stigma scores on all the clusters (fear, negative feelings, disclosure, discrimination, community attitudes, and spiritual dimension) than from both normal and snake-bite widows. They also showed higher total stigma score (65.9 ± 9.8) than normal widows (35.8 ± 8.0) and snake-bite widows (40.1 ± 7.1) and this difference was highly significant (P < 0.001). IDIs and FGDs helped to unfold the cultural construct of stigma related to tiger-killing. This can be seen in how the tiger-widows' quality of life has been negatively impacted with a multitude of post-trauma psychological scars, deprivation, abuse and exploitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study proposes that administrative strategy for sustainable alternative income generation and conservation policy with integrated participatory forest management may save both human and tiger. A community ecocultural mental health programme addressing to eradicate the cultural stigma related with tiger attack, with environmental awareness may help to reduce the social miseries of the tiger-widows.
authors.affiliation: Bedford South Wing Hospital, Weller Wing, Department of Liaison Psychiatry, East London NHS Foundation Trust, Bedford, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Arabinda N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Arabinda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brahma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Ranajit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mondal
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Mrinal K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Biswas
keywords: Conservation; Sundarban; ecopsychiatry; ethnography; gender and human-animal conflict; human-tiger conflict; stigma of tiger attack; tiger-widows