title: Knee instability scores for ACL reconstruction.
abstract: Despite abundant biological, biomechanical, and clinical research, return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury remains a significant challenge. Residual rotatory knee laxity has been identified as one of the factors responsible for poor functional outcome. To improve and standardize the assessment of knee instability, a variety of instability scoring systems is available. Recently, devices to objectively quantify static and dynamic clinical exams have been developed to complement traditional subjective grading systems. These devices enable an improved evaluation of knee instability and possible associated injuries. This additional information may promote the development of new treatment algorithms and allow for individualized treatment. In this review, the different subjective laxity scores as well as complementary objective measuring systems are discussed, along with an introduction of injury to an individualized treatment algorithm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.|Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Center for Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
authors.forename: Ata A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Rahnemai-Azar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.|Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Center for Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
authors.forename: Jan-Hendrik
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Naendrup
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soni
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.|Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Center for Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zlotnicki
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. musahlv@upmc.edu.|Orthopaedic Robotics Laboratory, Center for Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 300 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA. musahlv@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Musahl
keywords: ACL; Anterior cruciate ligament; Laxity scores; Quantitative pivot shift test; Treatment algorithm