title: Effects of gender on ketamine-induced conditioned placed preference and urine metabonomics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine whether or not there was a gender difference in CPP (conditioned placed preference) induced by ketamine and to further explore the effect of sex on metabolic responses to ketamine inducing in SD rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured ketamine-induced conditioned place preference and ketamine-induced metabolic changes in urine by using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) coupled with principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares (PLS) and orthogonal signal correction (OSC) analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the CPP experiment, ketamine served as a positive reinforcing agent in both male and female rats, but, in particularly, the preference score of female rats was significantly higher than that of male rats. Compared with male rats, the metabolic trajectory fluctuation of the female rats was relatively larger. At the same time, different metabolites (1, 3-dimethyluric acid, cysteine-S-sulfate, glyceraldehydes, glycine, ribitol, acetoacetic acid, creatine, 3-methyladenine, hypotaurine, taurine, dimethylglycine and theobromine) between male and female rats were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female Sprague-Dawley rats were more sensitive to the ketamine-induced CPP than male rats. The fluctuation ranges of metabolic trajectory and metabolite contents in urine were both different between female and male rats. This would provide targeted suggestions for ketamine abuser, for example, men and women should take different drug withdrawal therapeutic methods.
authors.affiliation: College of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Run
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Qunxing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: College of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: College of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Xinhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: College of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Youyi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: College of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. Electronic address: linchuanliao@scu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Linchuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology / Q000652:urine; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007649:Ketamine / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D015415:Biomarkers; D007649:Ketamine
keywords: (1)H NMR; Addicted rat; CPP; Gender; Ketamine