title: Potential Therapeutic Aspects of Alarmin Cytokine Interleukin 33 or Its Inhibitors in Various Diseases.
abstract: The purpose of this review was to examine the comprehensively accumulated data regarding potential therapeutic aspects of exogenous administration of interleukin 33 (IL-33) or its antagonists in allergic, cancerous, infectious, and inflammatory diseases.
  
  
  
  A selected review was undertaken of publications that examined the protective and exacerbating effects of IL-33 or its inhibitors in different diseases. Mechanisms of action are summarized to examine the putative role of IL-33 in various diseases.
  
  
  
  IL-33 promoted antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and vaccine adjuvant functions. However, in TH2-biased respiratory, allergic, parasitic, and inflammatory conditions, IL-33 exhibited disease-sensitizing effects. The alarmin cytokine IL-33 induced protective effects in diseases via recruitment of regulatory T cells; antiviral CD8(+) cells, natural killer cells, γδ T cells, and nuocytes; antibacterial and antifungal neutrophils or macrophages; vaccine-associated B/T cells; and inhibition of nuclear factor-κB-mediated gene transcription. In contrast, IL-33 exacerbated the disease process by increasing TH2 cytokines, IgE and eosinophilic immune responses, and inhibition of leukocyte recruitment in various diseases.
  
  
  
  The protective or exacerbated aspects of use of IL-33 or its inhibitors are dependent on the type of infection or inflammatory condition, duration of disease (acute or chronic), organ involved, cytokine microenvironment, dose or kinetics of IL-33, and genetic predisposition. The alarmin cytokine IL-33 acts at cellular, molecular, and transcriptional levels to mediate pluripotent functions in various diseases and has potential therapeutic value to mitigate the disease process.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Structure Fédérative BioSit UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 Inserm, Rennes, France; Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Imran
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Arshad
authors.affiliation: Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hilal Ahmad
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Structure Fédérative BioSit UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 Inserm, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Noel
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Structure Fédérative BioSit UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 Inserm, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Piquet-Pellorce
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Institut de Recherche Santé Environnement Travail (IRSET), Rennes, France; Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Structure Fédérative BioSit UMS 3480 CNRS-US18 Inserm, Rennes, France. Electronic address: michel.samson@univ-rennes1.fr.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samson
mesh_terms: D000067531:Alarmins; D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research; D006801:Humans; D000067596:Interleukin-33; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice
chemical_list: D000067531:Alarmins; D000067596:Interleukin-33
keywords: IL-33; diseases; immunity; therapeutic aspects