title: Realistic aortic phantom to study hemodynamics using MRI and cardiac catheterization in normal and aortic coarctation conditions.
abstract: To design and characterize a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible aortic phantom simulating normal and aortic coarctation (AoCo) conditions and to compare its hemodynamics with healthy volunteers and AoCo patients.
  
  
  
  The phantom is composed of an MRI-compatible pump, control unit, aortic model, compliance chamber, nonreturn, and shutoff valves. The phantom without and with AoCo (13, 11, and 9 mm) was studied using 2D and 3D phase-contrast data and with a catheterization unit to measure pressures. The phantom data were compared with the mean values of 10 healthy volunteers and two AoCo patients.
  
  
  
  Hemodynamic parameters in the normal phantom and healthy volunteers were: heart rate: 68/61 bpm, cardiac output: 3.5/4.5 L/min, peak flow and peak velocity (Vpeak) in the ascending aorta (AAo): 270/357 mL/s (significantly, P < 0.05) and 97/107 cm/s (not significantly, P = 0.16), and pressure in the AAo of the normal phantom of 131/58 mmHg. Hemodynamic parameters in the 13, 11, and 9 mm coarctation phantoms and Patients 1 and 2 were: heart rate: 75/75/75/97/78 bpm, cardiac output: 3.3/3.0/2.9/4.0/5.8 L/min, peak flow in the AAo: 245/265/215/244/376 mL/s, Vpeak in the AAo: 96/95/81/196/187 cm/s, Vpeak after the AoCo: 123/187/282/247/165 cm/s, pressure in the AAo: 124/56, 127/51, 133/50, 120/51 and 87/39 mmHg, and a trans-coarctation systolic pressure gradient: 7, 10, 30, 20, and 11 mmHg.
  
  
  
  We propose and characterize a normal and an AoCo phantom, whose hemodynamics, including velocity, flow, and pressure data are within the range of healthy volunteers and patients with AoCo. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:683-697.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.|Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Urbina
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.|Electrical Engineering Department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.|Structural and Geotechnical Engineering Department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Julio A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sotelo
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiology Unit, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Springmüller
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montalba
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Karis
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Letelier
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.|Electrical Engineering Department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Cristián
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tejos
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.|Electrical Engineering Department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Irarrázaval
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.|Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Marcelo E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Andia
authors.affiliation: Division of Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Razavi
authors.affiliation: Division of Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.|Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.|Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Valverde
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Imaging Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.|Radiology Department, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Sergio A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Uribe
mesh_terms: D001011:Aorta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001017:Aortic Coarctation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: 3D PC-MRI; aortic coarctation; aortic phantom; catheterization; hemodynamic parameters