title: Manganese-induced regulations in growth, yield formation, quality characters, rice aroma and enzyme involved in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in fragrant rice.
abstract: Micro-nutrient application is essential for normal plant growth while a little is known about manganese (Mn)-induced regulations in morpho-physiological attributes, aroma formation and enzyme involved in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) biosynthesis in aromatic rice. Present study aimed to examine the influence of four levels of Mn i.e., Mn1 (100 mg MnSO4 pot(-1)), Mn2 (150 mg MnSO4 pot(-1)), Mn3 (200 mg MnSO4 pot(-1)), and Mn4 (250 mg MnSO4 pot(-1)) on the growth, yield formation, quality characters, rice aroma and enzyme involved in 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline biosynthesis in two fragrant rice cultivars i.e., Meixiangzhan and Nongxiang 18. Pots without Mn application were served as control (Ck). Each pot contained 15 kg of soil. Effects on agronomic characters, quality attributes, 2-AP contents and enzymes involved in 2-AP biosynthesis have been studied in early and late season rice. Results depicted that Mn improved rice growth, yield and related characters, and some quality attributes significantly. It further up-regulated proline, pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C) (precursors of 2-AP), soluble proteins and activities of proline dehydrogenase (ProDH), Δ(1) pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid synthetase (P5CS) ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) that led to enhanced 2-AP production in rice grains. Moreover, higher Mn levels resulted in increased grain Mn contents in both rice cultivars. Along with growth and yield improvement, Mn application significantly improved rice aromatic contents. Overall, Nongxiang 18 accumulated more 2-AP contents than Meixiangzhan in both seasons under Mn application. This study further explored the importance of Mn in rice aroma formation and signifies that micro-nutrients can play significant roles in rice aroma synthesis; however, intensive studies at molecular levels are still needed to understand the exact mechanisms of Mn to improve rice aroma formation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
authors.forename: Meijuan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
authors.forename: Umair
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ashraf
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhaowen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
authors.forename: Shenggang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shakeel Ahmad
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Anjum
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
authors.forename: Meiyang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China. Electronic address: tangxr@scau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiangru
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects*; D008345:Manganese / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009953:Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012275:Oryza / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011392:Proline / Q000378:metabolism; D011394:Proline Oxidase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000378:metabolism*; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D011758:Pyrroles; C015485:delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate; D008345:Manganese; D011392:Proline; D011394:Proline Oxidase; D009953:Ornithine-Oxo-Acid Transaminase; C426303:2-acetyl-1-pyrroline
keywords: 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline; Enzyme activity; Fragrant rice; Grain quality; Manganese; Yield formation