title: Incidence and Risk Factors Involved in the Development of Nephropathy in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Follow Up Since Onset.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Estimation of the incidence of nephropathy as well as potential risk factors involved in its onset in a cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes who were followed from diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 716 patients, who were followed for a mean (standard deviation [SD]) of 10.1 (SD: 5.3) years. We analyzed the influence of demographic characteristics and levels of glycated hemoglobin (A1C), lipids and blood pressure during the course of the disease by univariate and multivariate survival methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative incidence of nephropathy was 2.6%, 6.3% and 11.9% at 5, 10 and 15 years of evolution, respectively. The factors associated with increased risk for nephropathy were systolic blood pressure and A1C levels. An increment of 10 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure increases the risk by 36%, and an increment of 1% in A1C levels raises the risk by 13% at 5 years since onset and 68% at 10 years, and it doubles the risk at 15 years. Women have higher risk than men (hazard ratio 1.79; p=0.024).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study suggests that female gender and high levels of A1C and systolic blood pressure throughout the course of the disease are the main factors associated with an increased risk for development of nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. Electronic address: mariajosegoniiriarte@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Goñi
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Forga
authors.affiliation: Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, Red de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Berta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ibañez
authors.affiliation: Navarrabiomed, Fundación Miguel Servet, Red de Investigación en Servicios Sanitarios en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Navarra, Spain.
authors.forename: Koldo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cambra
authors.affiliation: Fundación Miguel Servet, Centro de Investigación Biomédica Pamplona, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mozas
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006454:Hemoglobins; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: cholestérol à faible densité; glycated hemoglobin; hémoglobine glyquée; le diabète de type 1; low-density cholesterol; nephropathy; néphropathie; type 1 diabetes