title: SUSCEPTIBILITY AND ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF VESPER SPARROWS (POOECETES GRAMINEUS) TO WEST NILE VIRUS: A POTENTIAL AMPLIFICATION HOST IN SAGEBRUSH-GRASSLAND HABITAT.
abstract: West Nile virus (WNV) spread to the US western plains states in 2003, when a significant mortality event attributed to WNV occurred in Greater Sage-grouse ( Centrocercus urophasianus ). The role of avian species inhabiting sagebrush in the amplification of WNV in arid and semiarid regions of the North America is unknown. We conducted an experimental WNV challenge study in Vesper Sparrows ( Pooecetes gramineus ), a species common to sagebrush and grassland habitats found throughout much of North America. We found Vesper Sparrows to be moderately susceptible to WNV, developing viremia considered sufficient to transmit WNV to feeding mosquitoes, but the majority of birds were capable of surviving infection and developing a humoral immune response to the WNV nonstructural 1 and envelope proteins. Despite clearance of viremia, after 6 mo, WNV was detected molecularly in three birds and cultured from one bird. Surviving Vesper Sparrows were resistant to reinfection 6 mo after the initial challenge. Vesper sparrows could play a role in the amplification of WNV in sagebrush habitat and other areas of their range, but rapid clearance of WNV may limit their importance as competent amplification hosts of WNV.
authors.affiliation: 1   US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA.
authors.forename: Erik K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Hofmeister
authors.affiliation: 1   US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Dusek
authors.affiliation: 2   Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 226 Russell Labs, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.|3   Department of Biology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fassbinder-Orth
authors.affiliation: 3   Department of Biology, Creighton University, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.affiliation: 1   US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, USA.
authors.forename: J Christian
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Franson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D019306:Artemisia; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility / Q000662:veterinary; D065948:Grassland; D046370:Sparrows; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014902:West Nile virus / Q000276:immunology*; D015047:Zoonoses
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral
keywords: Pooecetes gramineus; Vesper Sparrow; West Nile virus; zoonotic disease