title: The effects of organic fouling on the removal of radionuclides by reverse osmosis membranes.
abstract: The removals of cesium (Cs) and strontium (Sr), two hazardous and abundant radionuclides in aquatic environment, were assessed with their isotopes in a synthetic water containing Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM), a natural surface water (SW) and a wastewater effluent (WW) by two different types of ultra-low pressure RO membranes (M1 and M2). The rejections of Sr by the membranes M1 and M2 were higher than 97.5% and 96.0%, respectively, and the rejections of Cs exceeded 90.0% and 85.0%, respectively, in the filtration of real water. The membrane M1 exhibited a more significant flux decline in the filtration of the SRNOM solution, while more severe flux declines were observed with the membrane M2 in the filtration of SW and WW. Protein-like materials with relatively high molecular weight were the main contributors to the flux decline, and humic-acid-like compounds had little effect on the flux decline. Donnan exclusion and size exclusion by humic-acid-like compounds improved the rejections by the membrane M2 with weaker hydrophilicity, while the cake-enhanced concentration polarization reduced the rejections of Cs and Sr by the membrane M1 with stronger hydrophilicity. The ionic strength in the real water resulted in the mitigation of membrane fouling. This study provided important insights into foulant characterization and the mechanisms of organic-fouling-enhanced rejections of Cr and Sr by ultra-low pressure RO membranes.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. Electronic address: dingshiyuan@bnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shiyuan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. Electronic address: yangyu@bnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. Electronic address: lichen@bnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. Electronic address: huanghaiou@bnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Haiou
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Xi'an High-Tech Institute, Xi'an, 710025, China. Electronic address: houlian678@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Li-An
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hou
mesh_terms: D005374:Filtration; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009995:Osmosis; D011868:Radioisotopes; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011868:Radioisotopes
keywords: Cesium; Organic fouling; Radionuclides; Reverse osmosis membrane; Strontium