title: Elevated B Cell Activation is Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Development in Obese Subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite strong association between obesity and the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D), only a subset of obese individuals eventually develops T2D. We sought to determine the immunological factors behind this heterogeneity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood of obese non-diabetic subjects and obese diabetic subjects were collected and the B cell responses in these subjects were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the B cells from obese diabetic subjects had similar B cell subtype composition and secreted similar levels of low-grade pro-inflammatory cytokines to obese non-diabetic subjects, characteristic to the background chronic immune activation frequently observed in obese subjects. When examining adaptive B cell antibody responses, however, obese diabetic subjects presented much higher levels of polyclonal activation and antibody secretion, with impaired ability to response to new antigens such as seasonal influenza vaccination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrated that in obese diabetic subjects, B cell adaptive response is impaired and potentially contribute to overall higher inflammation.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: Guangfang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Yiran
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jiancan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yaping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Qijin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000917:Antibody Formation; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines