title: A Nonautochthonous U.S. Strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Chesapeake Bay Oysters Caused the Outbreak in Maryland in 2010.
abstract: In the summer of 2010, Vibrio parahaemolyticus caused an outbreak in Maryland linked to the consumption of oysters. Strains isolated from both stool and oyster samples were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). However, the oysters contained other potentially pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strains exhibiting different PFGE patterns. In order to assess the identity, genetic makeup, relatedness, and potential pathogenicity of the V. parahaemolyticus strains, we sequenced 11 such strains (2 clinical strains and 9 oyster strains). We analyzed these genomes by in silico multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and determined their phylogeny using a whole-genome MLST (wgMLST) analysis. Our in silico MLST analysis identified six different sequence types (STs) (ST8, ST676, ST810, ST811, ST34, and ST768), with both of the clinical and four of the oyster strains being identified as belonging to ST8. Using wgMLST, we showed that the ST8 strains from clinical and oyster samples were nearly indistinguishable and belonged to the same outbreak, confirming that local oysters were the source of the infections. The remaining oyster strains were genetically diverse, differing in >3,000 loci from the Maryland ST8 strains. eBURST analysis comparing these strains with strains of other STs available at the V. parahaemolyticus MLST website showed that the Maryland ST8 strains belonged to a clonal complex endemic to Asia. This indicates that the ST8 isolates from clinical and oyster sources were likely not endemic to Maryland. Finally, this study demonstrates the utility of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and associated analyses for source-tracking investigations.
  
  
  
  Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important foodborne pathogen and the leading cause of bacterial infections in the United States associated with the consumption of seafood. In the summer of 2010, Vibrio parahaemolyticus caused an outbreak in Maryland linked to oyster consumption. Strains isolated from stool and oyster samples were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The oysters also contained other potentially pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strains with different PFGE patterns. Since their identity, genetic makeup, relatedness, and potential pathogenicity were unknown, their genomes were determined by using next-generation sequencing. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis by whole-genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) allowed (i) identification of clinical and oyster strains with matching PFGE profiles as belonging to ST8, (ii) determination of oyster strain diversity, and (iii) identification of the clinical strains as belonging to a clonal complex (CC) described only in Asia. Finally, WGS and associated analyses demonstrated their utility for trace-back investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haendiges
authors.affiliation: Division of Seafood Science and Technology, Gulf Coast Seafood Laboratory, Food and Drug Administration, Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Clifford S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Nutricion y Tecnologia de los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Magaly
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6280-2215
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toro
authors.affiliation: Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA narjol.gonzalez-escalona@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Narjol
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Escalona
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008396:Maryland / Q000453:epidemiology; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010125:Ostreidae / Q000382:microbiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014735:Vibrio Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014736:Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial