title: Prevalence of osteoma cutis in the maxillofacial region and classification of its radiographic pattern in cone beam CT.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Osteoma cutis is a rare soft tissue ossification of cutaneous tissue and may be primary or secondary. In the majorityof cases it is clinically asymptomatic and may detected incidentally on radiographic examination. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has can be of great assistance in the detection of this asymptomatic lesion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this retrospective study, the prevalence and different radiographic appearance of osteoma cutis was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 6,500 CBCT images were evaluated for the presence of osteoma cutis. Ectopic existence of calcified tissue within the soft tissue of the dermis or epidermis that was incompatible with the calcification of other anatomic structures or soft tissue calcifications was considered to be osteoma cutis. Accordingly, the detected patterns were divided into four distinct groups: (1) a single nodule, (2) plate-like lesion, (3) single or multiple depth lesion(s), trans-epidermal, and (4) multiple, disseminated lesions of various sizes known as multiple miliary. The data were evaluated in terms of prevalence and variations. The frequency, total prevalence, percentage and the prevalence of different radiographic forms of this lesion were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and forty eight (2.27%) cases of 6,500 evaluated tomograms had osteoma cutis. Of these, 5 (0.07%) were in the form of a single nodule, 4 (0.06%) were single, plate-like lesions, 7 (0.1%) were multiple plate-like lesions, 2 (0.03%) were in the form of a deep thread-like lesion, and 130 (2%) presented as multiple disseminated lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the radiographic views, osteoma cutis may be categorized into single nodular, single or multiple plate- like, deep, and multiple disseminated forms. Of the mentioned radiogarphic patterns, the multiple disseminated form (miliary) hada higher prevalence in our study. CBCT images enable accurate evaluation of the nature and frequency of osteoma cutis.
authors.affiliation: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Dental Faculty, Tehran.
authors.forename: Yaser
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Safi
authors.forename: Solmaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valizadeh
authors.forename: Sahra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vasegh
authors.forename: Mohammad Mahdi
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Aghdasi
authors.forename: Nafiseh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shamloo
authors.forename: Zeynab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Azizi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D005153:Facial Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009999:Ossification, Heterotopic; D010016:Osteoma / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012867:Skin / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*