title: Identification of a Tsal152-75 salivary synthetic peptide to monitor cattle exposure to tsetse flies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The saliva of tsetse flies contains a cocktail of bioactive molecules inducing specific antibody responses in hosts exposed to bites. We have previously shown that an indirect-ELISA test using whole salivary extracts from Glossina morsitans submorsitans was able to discriminate between (i) cattle from tsetse infested and tsetse free areas and (ii) animals experimentally exposed to low or high numbers of tsetse flies. In the present study, our aim was to identify specific salivary synthetic peptides that could be used to develop simple immunoassays to measure cattle exposure to tsetse flies.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a first step, 2D-electrophoresis immunoblotting, using sera from animals exposed to a variety of bloodsucking arthropods, was performed to identify specific salivary proteins recognised in cattle exposed to tsetse bites. Linear epitope prediction software and Blast analysis were then used to design synthetic peptides within the identified salivary proteins. Finally, candidate peptides were tested by indirect-ELISA on serum samples from tsetse infested and tsetse free areas, and from exposure experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combined immunoblotting and bioinformatics analyses led to the identification of five peptides carrying putative linear epitopes within two salivary proteins: the tsetse salivary gland protein 1 (Tsal1) and the Salivary Secreted Adenosine (SSA). Of these, two were synthesised and tested further based on the absence of sequence homology with other arthropods or pathogen species. IgG responses to the Tsal152-75 synthetic peptide were shown to be specific of tsetse exposure in both naturally and experimentally exposed hosts. Nevertheless, anti-Tsal152-75 IgG responses were absent in animals exposed to high tsetse biting rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that Tsal152-75 specific antibodies represent a biomarker of low cattle exposure to tsetse fly. These results are discussed in the light of the other available tsetse saliva based-immunoassays and in the perspective of developing a simple serological tool for tsetse eradication campaigns to assess the tsetse free status or to detect tsetse reemergence in previously cleared areas.
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso. somdabienvenu@yahoo.fr.|Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1 091, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso. somdabienvenu@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Martin Bienvenu
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Somda
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 224, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cornelie
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Zakaria
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bengaly
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 224, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mathieu-Daudé
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 224, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poinsignon
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.|Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1 091, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dama
authors.affiliation: CIRAD, UMR CIRAD-INRA Contrôle des Maladies Animales, Campus International de Baillarguet, F34398, Montpellier, France.|Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites dans les maladies dues aux Trypanosomatidae, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, 34398 Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bouyer
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), 01 BP 454, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.|Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC), Projet de Création de Zones Libérées Durablement de Tsé-tsé et de Trypanosomoses (PCZLD), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Issa
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sidibé
authors.affiliation: Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U1191, UM1, UM2, Plate-forme de Protéomique Fonctionnelle CNRS UMS BioCampus 3426, 34094, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Demettre
authors.affiliation: Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U1191, UM1, UM2, Plate-forme de Protéomique Fonctionnelle CNRS UMS BioCampus 3426, 34094, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Martial
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seveno
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Unité Mixte de Recherche 224, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, 34394 Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Remoué
authors.affiliation: Université de Ouagadougou, UFR/SVT, Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LEFA), BP 9499, Ouagadougou 06, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sanon
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites dans les maladies dues aux Trypanosomatidae, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, 34398 Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bucheton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D004478:Ectoparasitic Infestations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D000939:Epitopes / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood*; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000939:Epitopes; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides
keywords: African Animal Trypanosomosis; Biomarker of Exposure; Cattle; Synthetic Peptide; Tsetse Flies