title: Impact of occupation on stress and anxiety among Indian women.
abstract: The objectives of this study were to: (1) assess the prevalence of anxiety and stress in Indian women; and (2) evaluate the relationship of occupation to the prevalence of anxiety and stress. A cross-sectional study was performed from January 2013 to June 2014, on women (aged 18-50 years) randomly selected from different occupations in Gujarat, India. Anxiety was evaluated using Spielberg's State and Trait Anxiety Inventory scale and stress was assessed using the International Stress Management Association questionnaire. Serum cortisol concentration was measured in a sub-sample. The association of occupation with stress and anxiety was analyzed by a generalized linear model adjusted for age. Among all participants, 26% were the most prone and 66% were somewhat more prone to stress; 35% of women showed high anxiety levels. Homemakers had 1.2 times higher anxiety and 1.3 times higher stress than working women (p < .05). Prevalence of stress (37%, p < .001) and anxiety (40%, p = .068) were also higher in homemakers compared to working women and students. Serum cortisol levels did not differ significantly (p > .05) by occupation. This study revealed high prevalence rates of stress and anxiety in Indian women. Involvement in activities outside the home may help women to reduce stress.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology , Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University , Patan , Gujarat , India.
authors.forename: Pinal A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology , Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University , Patan , Gujarat , India.
authors.forename: Prerna P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: b Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute , Jehangir Hospital, Pune , Maharashtra , India.
authors.forename: Anuradha V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Khadilkar
authors.affiliation: b Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute , Jehangir Hospital, Pune , Maharashtra , India.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chiplonkar
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology , Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University , Patan , Gujarat , India.
authors.forename: Ashish D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014931:Women, Working / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; cortisol; occupation; stress; women