title: Do Caucasians and East Asians have Different Outcomes Following Surgery for the Treatment of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy?: Results From the Prospective Multicenter AOSpine International Study.
abstract: METHODS
  A prospective multicenter cohort study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare outcomes of surgery for the treatment for degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) between Caucasians and East Asians.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Numerous studies have indicated that race can influence both disease prevalence and clinical prognosis in a variety of medical conditions; however, none have evaluated the impact of race on surgical outcomes in patients with DCM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and seventy-nine patients with symptomatic DCM were enrolled in the prospective AOSpine CSM-International study at 16 global sites. Preoperatively, and at each follow-up, patients were evaluated using the modified Japanese Orthopedic Association scale (mJOA), the Nurick score, the Neck Disability Index (NDI), and the Short- Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey. A mixed-model analytic approach was used to evaluate differences in outcomes between races at 24 months postoperatively, while controlling for relevant baseline characteristics and surgical factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and twenty-four (67.64%) patients were Caucasian and 106 (22.13%) were East Asian. There was no difference in the incidence of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) between the two races; however a greater percentage of Caucasians in India (46.15%) and Turkey (41.38%) displayed evidence of OPLL than Caucasians in other regions (P < 0.001). The frequency of spondylosis was significantly higher in Caucasians (P < 0.001). Caucasians had a longer duration of symptoms (27.33 ± 34.47 months) than East Asians (23.11 ± 35.68 months) (P < 0.001), and a lower preoperative score on the SF-36 Physical Component Score (33.85 ± 9.04) than East Asians (37.47 ± 8.67) (P < 0.001). At 24 months after surgery, there were no differences in functional status or QOL between East Asians and Caucasians, after adjusting for baseline characteristics, surgical preferences, and disease causation. Rates of perioperative complications were not significantly different between the races (P = 0.261).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decompressive surgery for DCM results in comparable functional gains and is equally safe in Caucasians and East Asians.
  
  
  METHODS
  2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery and Spinal Program, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Narihito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery and Spinal Program, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lindsay A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Tetreault
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery and Spinal Program, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery and Spinal Program, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Aria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nouri
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas, Department Neurosurgery, Kansas City, KS.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.affiliation: Ege University, Department of Neurosurgery, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zileli
authors.affiliation: Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Gamaliel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Branko
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kopjar
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery and Spinal Program, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fehlings
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery*; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D044465:White People