title: Gestational weight gain, prepregnancy body mass index and offspring attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and behaviour at age 10.
abstract: To assess offspring attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and emotional/behavioural impairments at age 10 years in relation to maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) and prepregnancy body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  
  Longitudinal birth cohort from Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (enrolled 1983-86).
  
  
  
  Mother-infant dyads (n = 511) were followed through pregnancy to 10 years.
  
  
  
  Self-reported total GWG was converted to gestational-age-standardised z-scores. Multivariable linear and negative binomial regressions were used to estimate effects of GWG and BMI on outcomes.
  
  
  
  Child ADHD symptoms were assessed with the Conners' Continuous Performance Test. Child behaviour was assessed by parent and teacher ratings on the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher Report Form, respectively.
  
  
  
  The mean (SD) total GWG (kg) was 14.5 (5.9), and 10% of women had a pregravid BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Prepregnancy obesity (BMI of 30 kg/m2) was associated with increased offspring problem behaviours including internalising behaviours (adjusted β 3.3 points, 95% CI 1.7-4.9), externalising behaviours (adjusted β 2.9 points, 95% CI 1.4-4.6), and attention problems (adjusted β 2.3 points, 95% CI 1.1-3.4) on the CBCL, compared with normal weight mothers (BMI of 22 kg/m2). There were nonsignificant trends towards increased offspring impulsivity with low GWG among lean mothers (adjusted incidence rate ratio 1.2, 95% CI 0.9-1.5) and high GWG among overweight mothers (adjusted incidence rate ratio 1.7, 95% CI 0.9-2.8), but additional outcomes did not differ by GWG z-score. Results were not meaningfully different after excluding high-substance users.
  
  
  
  In a low-income and high-risk sample, we observed a small increase in child behaviour problems among children of obese mothers, which could have an impact on child behaviour in the population.
  
  
  
  Maternal obesity is associated with a small increase in child behaviour problems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Pugh
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hutcheon
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Himes
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Day
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.|Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bodnar
mesh_terms: D001288:Attention; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain
keywords: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; behaviour; gestational weight gain; maternal obesity