title: An initial investigation of abnormal bodily phenomena in subjects at ultra high risk for psychosis: Their prevalence and clinical implications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contemporary phenomenological research has considered abnormal bodily phenomena (ABP) to be a phenotypic trait of subjects with schizophrenia in their first psychotic episode. Yet the prevalence of ABP and their clinical significance in subjects at Ultra High Risk (UHR) of psychosis remain unidentified. This study is an exploratory investigation of ABP in UHR subjects and matched healthy controls (HCs) examining their relation to clinical features and basic self-disturbances.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 26 UHR and 14 HC subjects from three prodromal and early intervention clinics in South London, West London and Cambridge was assessed with the Abnormal Bodily Phenomena questionnaire (ABPq), Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) and the Examination of Anomalous Self Experiences (EASE) checklist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our sample ABP occurred in 73.1% of UHR subjects and prominent ABP (proABP) were referred in 53.8% of them. No HC subject reported ABP. The UHR group with proABP had lower CAARMS total score (t=-9.265, p=0.006). There were no differences in PANSS total score (t=-1.235, p=0.277), SOFAS score (H(2) 22.27, p=0.666) and EASE total scores (z=8.565, adjusted p=0.185) in the UHR subjects with prominent ABP versus those that did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This initial investigation suggests that ABP could be a prevalent phenotypic feature of UHR subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; "OASIS" prodromal clinic, SLaM NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Hospital Santa Maria, Psychiatry Department, Lisbon, Portugal. Electronic address: luismadeiramd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Madeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; "OASIS" prodromal clinic, SLaM NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bonoldi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rocchetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Carly
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Samson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Matilda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azis
authors.affiliation: CAMEO Early Intervention Services, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
authors.forename: Beverly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Queen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Matthijs
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bossong
authors.affiliation: CAMEO Early Intervention Services, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.affiliation: The West London Early Intervention Service, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Oliver D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Howes
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; "OASIS" prodromal clinic, SLaM NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway; NORMENT and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raballo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; "OASIS" prodromal clinic, SLaM NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fusar-Poli
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ballerini
authors.affiliation: 'G. D'Annunzio' University, Chieti, Italy; 'D. Portales' University, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stanghellini
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult