title: OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY CHARACTERISTICS OF MACULAR EDEMA AND HARD EXUDATES AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH LIPID SERUM LEVELS IN TYPE 2 DIABETES.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether hyperreflective foci (HF) and macular thickness on spectral domain ocular coherence tomography are associated with lipid levels in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and thirty-eight participants from four sites had fundus photographs and spectral domain ocular coherence tomography images graded for hard exudates and HF, respectively. Regression models were used to determine the association between serum lipid levels and 1) presence of HF and hard exudates and 2) central subfield macular thickness, central subfield macular volume, and total macular volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients with hard exudates on fundus photographs had corresponding HF on spectral domain ocular coherence tomography, but 57% of patients with HF on optical coherence tomography did not have hard exudates detected in their fundus photographs. Presence of HF was associated with higher total cholesterol (odds ratio = 1.13, 95% confidence interval = 1.01-1.27, P = 0.03) and higher low-density lipoprotein levels (odds ratio = 1.17, 95% confidence interval = 1.02-1.35, P = 0.02) in models adjusting for other risk factors. The total macular volume was also associated with higher total cholesterol (P = 0.009) and triglyceride (P = 0.02) levels after adjusting for other risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were associated with presence of HF on spectral domain ocular coherence tomography. Total macular volume was associated with higher total cholesterol and triglyceride levels.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; †Department of Ophthalmology, Farabi Eye Hospital, Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; ‡Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; §Department of Ophthalmology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; ¶Visual Services Department, Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, Boston, Massachusetts; **Ophthalmology, St. Dominic's Hospital, Jackson, Mississippi; and ††Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.
authors.forename: Samaneh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davoudi
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papavasileiou
authors.forename: Ramak
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roohipoor
authors.forename: Heeyoon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Shreyas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kudrimoti
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hancock
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoadley
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andreoli
authors.forename: Deeba
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: Maurice
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Penman
authors.forename: Ching J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sobrin
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000208:ethnology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis; D005122:Exudates and Transudates; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human