title: Smoking in male patients with schizophrenia in China: A meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of current smoking in male patients with schizophrenia in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was conducted from database inception until June 20, 2015 without language restrictions in PubMed, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and WanFang Database. Studies fulfilling the following criteria were included: (a) data available in male schizophrenia patients and (b) data available on current smoking status. Statistical analyses were performed with the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 23 studies met eligibility criteria for the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of current smoking was 59.1% (95% Confidence interval [CI]: 53.3-64.7%). Current smoking was significantly more frequent in inpatients than in outpatients (61.3% vs. 48.2%, Q=7.5, P=0.006), and higher in chronic compared to first-episode patients (74.5% vs. 45.1%, Q=32.3, P=0.0001). Furthermore, using a median split, patients aged 38.2 years or older smoked more often than those aged below 38.2 years (65.8% vs. 52.3%, Q=6.4, P=0.01). There were no significant associations between prevalence of current smoking and definitions of smoking, study publication year, sample size and illness duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pooled prevalence of current smoking of male patients with schizophrenia in China is lower compared to Western and other Asian countries. Possible relationships between lower prevalence of current smoking and psychopathology in patients with schizophrenia require further investigation.
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Mood Disorders Centre, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Psychological Healthcare & Shenzhen Institute of Mental Health, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Lan
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Bao-Liang
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: The University of Notre Dame Australia/Marian Centre, Perth, Australia; School of Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Gabor S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ungvari
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Helen F K
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Kelly Y C
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychiatry, Guangzhou Huiai Hospital & the Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong province, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Christoph U
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Correll
authors.affiliation: Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China. Electronic address: xyutly@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yu-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Xiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: China; Male; Meta-analysis; Schizophrenia; Smoking