title: Magnesium deficiency during pregnancy in mice impairs placental size and function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maternal magnesium (Mg) deficiency has been associated with fetal growth restriction. Using a mouse model of maternal Mg deficiency-induced fetal growth restriction, we sought to investigate the effect of Mg deficiency on placental physiology and function.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo: Pregnant Swiss Webster mice were fed either 100% of the recommended amount of Mg (control) or 10%Mg (Mg-deficient) (8 per group). Dams were euthanized on gestational day 17 and placentas were collected, weighed and assessed for Mg concentrations, as well as nutrient transporter mRNA expression. For nutrient transfer studies, control and Mg-deficient dams (6 per group) were injected with (14)C-amino acids and (3)H-glucose and trans-placental passage was determined. In vitro: BeWo placental cells were grown in media containing 10%Mg to 100%Mg and the effects of Mg status on cell proliferation, oxidative stress and nutrient uptake were measured. Data were analyzed by Student's t-tests comparing controls vs. Mg-deficient animals or cells. For multiple comparisons, data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post hoc testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vivo: Maternal Mg deficiency decreased placental Mg content, placental and fetal weights, ratio of fetal:placental weight (P < 0.05), placental Slc7a5 transporter mRNA expression and transplacental nutrient transport (P < 0.05). In vitro: Mg deficiency reduced BeWo nutrient uptake (P < 0.01) and cell proliferation (P < 0.01), and increased oxidative stress (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings highlight the adverse effects of maternal Mg deficiency on fetal weight and placental function, including transport and proliferation and may explain the fetal growth restriction observed with moderate Mg deficiency in mice.
authors.affiliation: New York University Medical Center, Department of OBGYN, 550 First Avenue, NY, NY 10016, USA.
authors.forename: J Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Rosner
authors.affiliation: The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset 11030, NY, USA; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset 11030, NY, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset 11030, NY, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.affiliation: The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset 11030, NY, USA.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset 11030, NY, USA.
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chatterjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Northwell Health, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset 11030, NY, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida-Hay
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Northwell Health, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset 11030, NY, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Robeson
authors.affiliation: The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset 11030, NY, USA; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset 11030, NY, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead 11549, NY, USA. Electronic address: cmetz@northwell.edu.
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Metz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D009929:Organ Size; D010920:Placenta / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Fetal growth restriction; Placenta; oxidative stress; placental transport