title: The force output of handle and pedal in different bicycle-riding postures.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyse the force output of handle and pedal as well as the electromyography (EMG) of lower extremity in different cycling postures. Bilateral pedalling asymmetry indices of force and EMG were also determined in this study. Twelve healthy cyclists were recruited for this study and tested for force output and EMG during steady state cycling adopting different pedalling and handle bar postures. The standing posture increased the maximal stepping torque (posture 1: 204.2 ± 47.0 Nm; posture 2: 212.5 ± 46.1 Nm; posture 3: 561.5 ± 143.0 Nm; posture 4: 585.5 ± 139.1 Nm), stepping work (posture 1: 655.2 ± 134.6 Nm; posture 2: 673.2 ± 116.3 Nm; posture 3: 1852.3 ± 394.4 Nm; posture 4: 1911.3 ± 432.9 Nm), and handle force (posture 1: 16.6 ± 3.6 N; posture 2: 16.4 ± 3.6 N; posture 3: 26.5 ± 8.2 N; posture 4: 41.4 ± 11.1 N), as well as muscle activation (posture 1: 13.6-25.1%; posture 2: 13.0-23.9%; posture 3: 23.6-61.8%; posture 4: 22.5-65.8%) in the erector spine, rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, and soleus. However, neither a sitting nor a standing riding posture affected the hamstring. The riding asymmetry was detected between the right and left legs only in sitting conditions. When a cyclist changes posture from sitting to standing, the upper and lower extremities are forced to produce more force output because of the shift in body weight. These findings suggest that cyclists can switch between sitting and standing postures during competition to increase cycling efficiency in different situations. Furthermore, coaches and trainers can modify sitting and standing durations to moderate cycling intensity, without concerning unbalanced muscle development.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Athletic Performance , National University of Kaohsiung , Kaohsiung , Taiwan.|b Department of Athletic Performance , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Hsiang
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: b Department of Athletic Performance , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei , Taiwan.|c Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Technology , School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.|d Human Engineering Research Laboratories , Department of Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Yu-Kuang
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: e Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA.|f Department of Physical Education , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Sheng
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: b Department of Athletic Performance , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei , Taiwan.|e Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy , University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA , USA.
authors.forename: Yo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.affiliation: b Department of Athletic Performance , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei , Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzyy-Yuang
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Shiang
mesh_terms: D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D019415:Torque; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: biomechanics; exercise; kinesiology