title: Effective extraction and simultaneous determination of Sudan dyes from tomato sauce and chili-containing foods using magnetite/reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography.
abstract: A simple, effective, and robust magnetic solid-phase extraction method was developed using magnetite/reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles as the adsorbent for the simultaneous determination of Sudan dyes (I, II, III, and IV) in foodstuffs. The magnetite/reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The extraction parameters including extraction time, elution solution, and elution time and volume were investigated in detail. Such magnetite/reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles based magnetic solid-phase extraction in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography and variable wavelength detection gave the detection limits of 3-6 μg/kg for Sudan I-IV in chili sauce, tomato sauce, chili powder, and chili flake samples. The recoveries were 79.6-108% at three spiked levels with the intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations of 1.2-8.6 and 4.5-9.6%, respectively. The feasibility was further performed by a comparison with commercial alumina-N. This method is suitable for the routine analysis of Sudan dyes due to its sensitivity, simplicity, and low cost.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Healh, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Yue
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Healh, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China.
authors.forename: Man-Man
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Healh, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Lan
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: School of Public Healh, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Ran
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: School of Public Healh, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China.
authors.forename: Xue-Sheng
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D005504:Food Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D010087:Oxides; D006108:Graphite; C033003:sudan red; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide
keywords: Chili; Magnetic solid-phase extraction; Reduced graphene oxide; Sudan dyes; Tomato sauce