title: Intestinal, Systemic, and Oral Gluten-related Alterations in Patients With Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity.
abstract: Nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is an emergent condition, the framework of which is yet unclear, whereas the diagnosis is suggested only by gluten-dependent symptoms after excluding wheat allergy and celiac disease (CD). Our goal was to highlight intestinal, systemic, and oral alterations to clarify the NCGS pathogenesis and identify new diagnostic tools.
  
  
  
  A total of 60 NCGS patients, 20 untreated CD, 20 treated CD, and 20 healthy volunteers were recruited. The differential diagnosis among gluten-related disorders was performed by serological, allergy, and histologic tools. NCGS patients were also subjected to antigliadin antibody (AGA) detection and HLA typing. All participants underwent an oral mucosa patch test for gluten (GOMPT), whereas an oral provocation test (OPT) for gluten was performed in 26 NCGS patients.
  
  
  
  About 6/60 (10%) NCGS patients showed IgG AGA-positive results, whereas 45/60 (75%) patients carried HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8 genes. GOMPT showed positive results in 45/60 (75%) NCGS patients, 3/20 (15%) untreated CD patients, 5/20 (25%) treated CD patients, and in no healthy volunteers. No significant difference was found between the severity of symptoms reported by NCGS patients subjected to OPT with gluten-containing croissants and those who underwent OPT with gluten-free croissants.
  
  
  
  GOMPT seems to be a specific tool for NCGS diagnosis, although further investigations are needed to overcome limits due to the small population studied and to contextualize GOMPT false-positive results.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties †General and Special Surgery "Paride Stefanini" ¶Clinical Medicine, Sapienza University ‡Allergy Unit, Complesso Integrato Columbus ∥AINuC, Rome §Department of Pathology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picarelli
authors.forename: Raffaele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borghini
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Tola
authors.forename: Mariacatia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Urciuoli
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Isonne
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Puzzono
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Porowska
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rumi
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lonardi
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salemme
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiberti
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Donato
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Villanacci
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000209:etiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D005260:Female; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005983:Glutens / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005983:Glutens