title: NaF Inhibits Matrix-Bound Cathepsin-Mediated Dentin Matrix Degradation.
abstract: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cysteine cathepsins (CCs) degrade the collagen fibrils of demineralized dentin. Sodium fluoride (NaF) has previously been shown to inhibit recombinant MMP-2 and MMP-9. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of NaF on the inhibition of dentin-bound MMPs and CCs. Dentin beams were completely demineralized in 10% phosphoric acid. The baseline total MMP activity and dry masses were measured. Beams were assigned to test groups based on similar MMP activity and dry mass (n = 10/group), and incubated in artificial saliva (control) or artificial saliva with NaF containing 6-238 mM fluoride for 1, 7 and 21 days. The dry mass loss and MMP activities were reassessed at each time point. The proteolytic activity was screened by gelatin zymography. ICTP and CTX released to the incubation medium were analyzed as indices of MMP and cathepsin K activity, respectively. The beams were examined under scanning electron microscopy. All NaF doses reduced the dry mass loss after 21 days (p < 0.05). NaF inhibition of the total MMP activity ranged between 5 and 80%. In gelatin zymography, the bands of MMP-2 and MMP-9 became less prominent with increasing NaF levels. NaF did not decrease the released ICTP (p > 0.05). Less CTX release was detected with F ≥179 mM (p < 0.05). CaF2-like minerals were observed on the beams. High levels of NaF may slow the degradation of the dentin matrix due to the inhibition of cathepsin K. Fluoride does not seem effective in the direct inhibition of proteolysis by dentin matrix-bound MMPs.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Doctoral Program in Oral Sciences, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Pinar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Altinci
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mutluay
authors.forename: Roda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seseogullari-Dirihan
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pashley
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tjäderhane
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tezvergil-Mutluay
mesh_terms: D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D056657:Cathepsin K / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010455:Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010756:Phosphoric Acids / Q000009:adverse effects; D059748:Proteolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors; D017001:Tooth Demineralization / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D024042:Collagen Type I; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D010455:Peptides; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; C052929:collagen type I trimeric cross-linked peptide; C017630:phosphophoryn; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; C030242:phosphoric acid; D056657:Cathepsin K; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9