title: In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Aristolochia indica and Toddalia asiatica Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria.
abstract: Bacteria have developed multidrug resistance against available antimicrobial agents. Infectious diseases caused by these multidrug-resistant bacteria are major causes of morbidity and mortality in human beings. Synthetic drugs are expensive and inadequate for the treatment of diseases, causing side effects and ineffective against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The medicinal plants are promising to have effective antimicrobial property due to presence of phytochemical compounds like alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins and phenolic compounds. The present study aimed to find the antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Multidrug-resistant bacteria were identified by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Production of β-lactamases (extended spectrum β-lactamases, metallo β-lactamase and AmpC β-lactamase) were identified by combination disc method. Antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanol extract of Aristolochia indica and Toddalia asiatica were detected by agar well diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. All bacteria used in this study showed antibiotic resistance to ≥3 antibiotics. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Vibrio cholerae were found to be positive for β-lactamase production. Ethanol extract of Aristolochia indica showed more significant antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria than Toddalia asiatica. Ethanol extracts of Aristolochia indica and Toddalia asiatica showed minimum inhibitory concentration values of 50-100 μg/ml and 100-200 μg/ml, respectively against multidrug-resistant bacteria. From this study, it was concluded that Aristolochia indica has more potential to treat multidrug-resistant bacteria than Toddalia asiatica.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College (Autonomous), Chennai-600 034, India.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Venkatadri
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Presidency College (Autonomous), Chennai-600 005, India.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arunagirinathan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Presidency College (Autonomous), Chennai-600 005, India.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Rameshkumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College (Autonomous), Chennai-600 034, India.
authors.forename: Latha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences University of Madras Taramani Campus, Chennai-600 113, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dhanasezhian
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College (Autonomous), Chennai-600 034, India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agastian
keywords: Aristolochia indica; Multidrug-resistant bacteria; Toddalia asiatica; combination disc method; extended spectrum β-lactamases; minimum inhibitory concentration