title: Critical View on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Using the Ferri/Ferrocyanide Redox Couple at Gold Electrodes.
abstract: Electrochemical or faradaic impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using the ferri/ferrocyanide couple as a redox probe at gold working electrodes was evaluated with respect to its ability to monitor consecutive surface modification steps. As a model reaction, the reversible hybridization and dehybridization of DNA was studied. Thiol-modified single stranded DNA (ssDNA, 20 bases, capture probe) was chemisorbed to a gold electrode and treated with a solution of short thiols to release nonspecifically adsorbed DNA before hybridization with complementary ssDNA (20 bases, target) was carried out. Reversible dehybridization was achieved by intense rinsing with pure water. The experimental procedures were optimized by kinetic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) measurements to maximize the increase in reflectivity or decrease in frequency upon hybridization before hybridization/dehybridization was also monitored by EIS. In contrast to SPR and QCM-D, repeatable EIS measurements were not possible at first. Combined SPR/EIS and QCM-D/EIS measurements revealed that during EIS the gold surface is seriously damaged due to the presence of CN(-) ions, which are released from the ferri/ferrocyanide redox probe. Even at optimized experimental conditions, etching the gold electrodes could not be completely suppressed and the repeatability of the EIS measurements was limited. In three out of four experimental runs, only two hybridization/dehybridization steps could be monitored reversibly by EIS. Thereafter etching the gold electrode significantly contributed to the EIS spectra whereas the QCM-D response was still repeatable. Hence great care has to be taken when this technique is used to monitor surface modification at gold electrodes.
authors.affiliation: Nöll Junior Research Group, Organic Chemistry, Chemistry and Biology Department, Faculty IV, Siegen University , Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.affiliation: Nöll Junior Research Group, Organic Chemistry, Chemistry and Biology Department, Faculty IV, Siegen University , Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Nöll Junior Research Group, Organic Chemistry, Chemistry and Biology Department, Faculty IV, Siegen University , Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Nöll Junior Research Group, Organic Chemistry, Chemistry and Biology Department, Faculty IV, Siegen University , Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany.
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nöll
mesh_terms: D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded / Q000032:analysis*; D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy; D004566:Electrodes; D005292:Ferricyanides / Q000737:chemistry*; D005295:Ferrocyanides / Q000737:chemistry*; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D058525:Quartz Crystal Microbalance Techniques; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D004277:DNA, Single-Stranded; D005292:Ferricyanides; D005295:Ferrocyanides; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; C007931:hexacyanoferrate III; D006046:Gold; C020354:hexacyanoferrate II