title: Primary cilia distribution and orientation during involution of the bovine mammary gland.
abstract: The regulation of mammary gland involution occurs through multiple levels including environmental factors, hormones, and local intramammary signals. Primary cilia (PC) are signaling organelles that sense biochemical and biophysical extracellular stimuli and are vital for cellular and tissue function. The aim of this study was to examine the distribution, incidence, and orientation of PC. Furthermore, we determined changes in expression levels of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6 at the onset of bovine mammary gland involution. Mammary tissue was collected from pasture-fed, primiparous, nonpregnant Friesian dairy cows at mid lactation (n=5 per group) killed 6-h after milking (lactating controls) and during involution after 7 and 28 d of nonmilking (NM). Fluorescent immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy of tissue sections showed that PC were present on luminal secretory epithelial cells (SEC), myoepithelial cells (MEC), and stromal fibroblast cells (SFC). Furthermore, in all 3 experimental groups, different PC positions or orientations relative to the cell surface were identified on SEC and MEC, which projected toward the lumen and were either straight, bent, or deflected against the apical cell surface, whereas PC in SFC were confined to the interalveolar space. However, by 28-d NM, fewer PC projected into the luminal space and most appeared deflected or projected toward the interalveolar space. Furthermore, by 28-d NM, with the increase in stromal connective tissue, more PC were detected within the interalveolar and interlobular stroma. At 28-d NM, we observed a decrease in luminal cilia relative to the total number of cilia. The number of ciliated cells in the total fraction (SEC, MEC, and SFC) was the same for all 3 groups, although in the luminal fraction (SEC and MEC), PC per nuclei increased by 28-d NM relative to lactation. At all 3 stages, we detected variations in shape and orientation of PC within the same alveolus, with some PC projecting directly into lumen, whereas others appeared to be bent or deflected flat against the cell surface. Within each treatment, the average number of bent cilia was low, whereas the average number of deflected cilia was higher than the average number of cilia projecting directly into the lumen. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR analysis showed that expression levels of milk protein genes (αS1-casein, α-lactalbumin, and κ-casein) declined and that of lactoferrin increased in the involuted mammary tissue following NM, compared with lactating controls. Although STAT6 mRNA levels did not change following NM, STAT6 protein levels did increase following 28-d NM compared with the control lactation group. In conclusion, PC were detected in all cell types in the mammary gland, and changes in orientation during involution suggest the potential for PC to play a role in signal transduction through both mechanosensation and chemosensation. Furthermore, the STAT6-mediated signaling pathway may have a role during involution of the mammary gland.
authors.affiliation: AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; Institute of Agriculture and Environment, College of Sciences, Massey University, PB 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biet
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.affiliation: SciLactis Ltd., Waikato Innovation Park, Ruakura Road, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stelwagen
authors.affiliation: Bioscience and Animal Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Margerison
authors.affiliation: AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand. Electronic address: kuljeet.singhparhar@outlook.com.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002364:Caseins / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002923:Cilia; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins
keywords: bovine mammary gland; involution; mechanotransduction; primary cilia; signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6)