title: Objective measures on knee instability: dynamic tests: a review of devices for assessment of dynamic knee laxity through utilization of the pivot shift test.
abstract: Current reconstructive methods used after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury do not entirely restore native knee kinematics. Evaluation of dynamic knee laxity is important to accurately diagnose ACL deficiency, to evaluate reconstructive techniques, and to construct treatment algorithms for patients with ACL injury. The purpose of this study is to present recent progress in evaluation of dynamic knee laxity through utilization of the pivot shift test. A thorough electronic search was performed and relevant studies were assessed. Certain dynamic knee laxity measurement methods have been present for over 10 years (Navigation system, Electromagnetic sensor system) while other methods (Inertial sensor, Image analysis system) have been introduced recently. Methods to evaluate dynamic knee laxity through the pivot shift test are already potent. However, further refinement is warranted. In addition, to correctly quantify the pivot shift test, the involved forces need to be controlled through either standardization or mechanization of the pivot shift test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden. david.sundemo@outlook.com.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sundemo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alentorn-Geli
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe Kaisei Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hoshino
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Musahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.|Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jón
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.|Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kristian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Samuelsson
keywords: ACL; Anterior cruciate ligament; Dynamic laxity; Injury; Instrumented laxity; Pivot shift test