title: A study of increase in leg volume during complex physical therapy for leg lymphedema using subcutaneous tissue ultrasonography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to discuss the mode of increase in leg volume during complex physical therapy (CPT) for lymphedema using subcutaneous tissue ultrasonography.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-eight patients (51 legs) with secondary lymphedema who were treated by CPT for longer than 2 years (3.0 ± 0.8 years) at our clinic were studied. The leg circumferences were measured at every visit. Subcutaneous tissue ultrasonography was performed at the initial and latest visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall change in leg volume was -284 ± 915 (range, -4588 to 1139) mL. Among them, the increase in leg volume was found in 18 legs; of those, 9 (1 in stage I, 7 in stage II, 1 in stage III) were adherent to hosiery use. In the legs whose average volume was decreased (group A, n = 33; mean, -821 [-4588 to -19] mL), the circumference had decreased in all the leg levels. However, in the legs whose average volumes had increased (group B, n = 18; mean, +449 [18-1139] mL), the circumference had increased in the thigh but remained unchanged or even decreased in the lower leg. In group B, subcutaneous thickness (SCT), subcutaneous echogenicity (SEG), and subcutaneous echo-free space (SEFS), assessed by ultrasonography, were found to have increased particularly in the lower medial thigh compared with those in group A (SCT change: group A, -1.5 ± 5.9 cm vs group B, 3.7 ± 5.4 cm [P < .05]; SEG grade change: group A, -0.3 ± 0.7 vs group B, 0.3 ± 0.7 [P < .05]; SEFS grade change: group A, -0.1 ± 0.7 vs group B, 0.4 ± 0.6 [P < .05]), whereas these remained unchanged or even decreased in the lower leg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increase in leg volume during CPT might not be caused simply by noncompliance to hosiery use and seemed closely related to the increase in thigh circumferences, particularly the lower thigh, in which SCT, SEG, and SEFS were increased.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan. Electronic address: ksuehiro-circ@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suehiro
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriyasu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morikage
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Takasuke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Koshiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samura
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Kimikazu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D007869:Leg Injuries; D007871:Leg Ulcer; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue; D013848:Thigh; D016896:Treatment Outcome