title: Surgical treatment of substernal goiter: An analysis of 44 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Substernal goiters are classified as primary or secondary intrathoracic goiters. Here, we report the diagnosis, symptoms, treatment, and postoperative complications of 44 substernal goiters (2 primary mediastinal goiter and 42 secondary mediastinal goiters).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review of 351 patients undergoing thyroidectomy at the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of the Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center. Between 2009 and 2015, 44 patients underwent surgery for substernal goiter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of primary and secondary mediastinal goiters was 0.5% and 11.9%, respectively. The preoperative symptoms were neck mass, dyspnea, and dysphagia. Eight patients were asymptomatic. Thirty-nine patients had benign masses and 5 patients had malignant masses. Most patients were operated on for adenomatous goiters (52.2%). In ten cases beyond the aortic arch, the tumors were benign and there were eight cases of adenomatous goiter. All patients underwent a successful transcervical incision without sternotomy. Even the primary intrathoracic goiters were extracted after total thyroidectomy via the cervical approach without complications. Although one case showed unilateral recurrent nerve paralysis as a postoperative complication, phonetic function improved in 6 postoperative months. No instances of postoperative bleeding or definitive hypoparathyroidism occurred, and tracheostomy was not performed in any of the cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cervical approach was safely performed in almost all substernal goiters without an extracervical procedure. Selected cases of primary mediastinal goiter may be excised via the cervical approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of the Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan. Electronic address: muneo@jcom.home.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Muneo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of the Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of the Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of the Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Mineko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of the Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Omura
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of the Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kida
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of the Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inayoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of the Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of the Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan.
authors.forename: Teruhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fuchigami
mesh_terms: D018263:Adenocarcinoma, Follicular / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D000236:Adenoma / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006045:Goiter, Substernal / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000077273:Thyroid Cancer, Papillary; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D013965:Thyroidectomy / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Cervical approach; Ectopic goiter; Ectopic thyroid; Intrathoracic goiter; Substernal goiter; Thyroidectomy