title: Upper and Lower Urinary Tract Endoscopy Training on Thiel-embalmed Cadavers.
abstract: To evaluate Thiel-embalmed cadavers as a new training model for urological endoscopy procedures.
  
  
  
  Twelve urologists performed upper and lower urinary tract endoscopies on 5 different Thiel-embalmed cadavers to evaluate this potentially new training model in urological endoscopic procedural training. Using a 5-point Likert scale, the participants assessed the quality of the tissue and the overall experience of the endoscopy in comparison to a live patient procedure.
  
  
  
  Thiel-embalmed cadavers have shown to mimic live patient endoscopy of the upper and lower urinary tract in terms of almost identical overall anatomical conditions and manipulation characteristics of the tissue. The mucosa of the urethra and ureters showed similar colors and consistency in comparison to a live patient, whereas bladder mucosa was lacking the visibility of the vessels, thus was unsuitable for identifying any mucosal abnormalities. The flexibility of the muscles allowed for proper patient positioning, whereas the loss of muscle tonus made ureteroscopy more difficult although sufficiently comparable to the procedure done in a live patient.
  
  
  
  Thiel-embalmed cadavers have already been proven to be a suitable training model for several medical procedures. They are known for preserving tissue color, consistency, and flexibility without the irritant odors or risk of infection, which make them resemble live patients with real-life surgical challenges. The results of our study strongly suggest that despite some minor drawbacks, Thiel-embalmed cadavers are a suitable simulation model for initial training of urethrocystoscopy and ureteroscopy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia; Institute for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia. Electronic address: uros.bele@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Uros
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bele
authors.affiliation: Institute for Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Robi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kelc
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000193:education*; D004615:Embalming / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000193:education*