title: Availability and affordability of essential medicines for children in the Western part of Ethiopia: implication for access.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Essential medicines (EMs) are those medicines which satisfy the priority health care needs of the population. Although it is a fundamental human right, access to essential medicines has been a big challenge in developing countries particularly for children. WHO recommends assessing the current situations on availability and affordability of EMs as the first step towards enhancing access to them. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess access to EMs for children based on availability, affordability, and price.
  
  
  METHODS
  We adapted the WHO and Health Action International tools to measure availability, affordability, and prices of EMs. We collected data on 22 EMs for children from 15 public to 40 private sectors' drug outlets in east Wollega zone. Availability was expressed as percentage of drug outlets per sector that stocked surveyed medicines on the day of data collection, and prices were expressed as median price ratio. Affordability was measured as the number of daily wages required for the lowest-paid government unskilled worker (1.04 US $per day) to purchase one standard treatment of an acute condition or treatment for a chronic condition for a month.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average availability of essential medicines was 43 % at public and 42.8 % at private sectors. Lowest priced medicines were sold at median of 1.18 and 1.54 times their international reference prices (IRP) in the public and private sectors, respectively. Half of these medicines were priced at 0.90 to 1.3 in the public sector and 1.23 to 2.07 in the private sector times their respective IRP. Patient prices were 36 % times higher in the private sector than in the public sector. Medicines were unaffordable for treatment of common conditions prevalent in the zone at both public and private sectors as they cost a day or more days' wages for the lowest paid government unskilled worker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Access to EMs to children is hampered by low availability and high price which is unaffordable. Thus, further study on larger scale is critical to identify acute areas for policy interventions such as price and or supply, and to enhance access to EMs to children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacoepidemiology and Social Pharmacy Unit, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Wollega University Ethiopia, P.O. Box 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia. edaosd6@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Edao
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sado
authors.affiliation: Department of Public health, Reproductive Health Unit, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Wollega University Ethiopia, P.O. Box 395, Nekemte, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Alemu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sufa
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries; D018954:Drugs, Essential / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D005002:Ethiopia; D005252:Fees, Pharmaceutical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D018954:Drugs, Essential
keywords: Access to medicine; Affordability; Availability; Children; East wollega zone; Ethiopia; Nekemte town; Prices of medicine