title: N-butyl cyanoacrylate- and alpha-cyanoacrylate induced hepatotoxicity and venous sclerosis in a rabbit model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tissue adhesives are commonly used. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and hepatotoxicity of intravenous injection of N-butyl cyanoacrylate versus alpha-cyanoacrylate in a rabbit model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 20 rabbits were divided into three groups: group I included four rabbits injected with lipiodol in the dorsal vein of a pinna (control group); group II included eight rabbits injected with N-butyl cyanoacrylate/lipiodol; and group III included eight rabbits injected with alpha-cyanoacrylate/lipiodol. All animals were left under normal living conditions for 1week, and then euthanised. Specimens of ear and liver were taken and fixed in 10% formalin saline for histological examination. Secondary fixation was performed using Bouin solution. Specimens of ear were decalcified in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at room temperature for 3months. Then, all specimens were processed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained with haematoxylin and eosin stains for microscopic examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microscopic examination of all specimens of the control group revealed normal structure of pinna and liver tissue. Both test groups demonstrated a wide variability of structural changes ranging from oedema and congestion to necrosis and marked cellular inflammatory infiltration. The two groups were compared using a self-designed inflammatory score. This revealed that alpha-cyanoacrylate caused more venous sclerosis with extensive perivenous reaction and hepatotoxicity than both N-butyl cyanoacrylate and control (p<0.05 and p<0.05). N-butyl cyanoacrylate was also found to cause more venous sclerosis and hepatotoxicity than control (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggested that injection of Krazy Glue, either the clinically usable N-butyl cyanoacrylate or the commercially available alpha-cyanoacrylate, caused comparable venous sclerosis. Unfortunately, both induced significant hepatotoxicity. Therefore, neither of them should be used unless all other safe options are absent. Larger studies have to be conducted and effects of these components on other organs should be investigated; however, caution must be exercised in their clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amal A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Shehab
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hasan ElSayed
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: El-Batea
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ibrahim S Shehab
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: El-Din
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
authors.forename: Asem A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Elfert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000209:etiology*; D003487:Cyanoacrylates / Q000633:toxicity*; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000633:toxicity*; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000633:toxicity*; D023421:Models, Animal; D011817:Rabbits; D012598:Sclerosis; D014680:Veins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D003487:Cyanoacrylates; D006490:Hemostatics; C029054:ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate; D004659:Enbucrilate
keywords: Cyanoacrylate; Hepatotoxicity; Rabbit model; Sclerotherapy