title: Anisotropic Cell Expansion Is Affected through the Bidirectional Mobility of Cellulose Synthase Complexes and Phosphorylation at Two Critical Residues on CESA3.
abstract: Here we report that phosphorylation status of S211 and T212 of the CESA3 component of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cellulose synthase impacts the regulation of anisotropic cell expansion as well as cellulose synthesis and deposition and microtubule-dependent bidirectional mobility of CESA complexes. Mutation of S211 to Ala caused a significant decrease in the length of etiolated hypocotyls and primary roots, while root hairs were not significantly affected. By contrast, the S211E mutation stunted the growth of root hairs, but primary roots were not significantly affected. Similarly, T212E caused a decrease in the length of root hairs but not root length. However, T212E stunted the growth of etiolated hypocotyls. Live-cell imaging of fluorescently labeled CESA showed that the rate of movement of CESA particles was directionally asymmetric in etiolated hypocotyls of S211A and T212E mutants, while similar bidirectional velocities were observed with the wild-type control and S211E and T212A mutant lines. Analysis of cell wall composition and the innermost layer of cell wall suggests a role for phosphorylation of CESA3 S211 and T212 in cellulose aggregation into fibrillar bundles. These results suggest that microtubule-guided bidirectional mobility of CESA complexes is fine-tuned by phosphorylation of CESA3 S211 and T212, which may, in turn, modulate cellulose synthesis and organization, resulting in or contributing to the observed defects of anisotropic cell expansion.
authors.affiliation: Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J., H.Z., D.L., Y.L., B.L.);College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J.);Energy Biosciences Institute (S.B., C.R.S.), andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA (C.R.S.) slc1916@nwsuaf.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Shaolin
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7607-8275
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J., H.Z., D.L., Y.L., B.L.);College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J.);Energy Biosciences Institute (S.B., C.R.S.), andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA (C.R.S.).
authors.forename: Honglei
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3970-1432
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J., H.Z., D.L., Y.L., B.L.);College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J.);Energy Biosciences Institute (S.B., C.R.S.), andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA (C.R.S.).
authors.forename: Heyu
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1545-9298
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J., H.Z., D.L., Y.L., B.L.);College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J.);Energy Biosciences Institute (S.B., C.R.S.), andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA (C.R.S.).
authors.forename: Dan
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9443-586X
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J., H.Z., D.L., Y.L., B.L.);College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J.);Energy Biosciences Institute (S.B., C.R.S.), andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA (C.R.S.).
authors.forename: Yanmei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J., H.Z., D.L., Y.L., B.L.);College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J.);Energy Biosciences Institute (S.B., C.R.S.), andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA (C.R.S.).
authors.forename: Boyang
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7093-3488
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J., H.Z., D.L., Y.L., B.L.);College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J.);Energy Biosciences Institute (S.B., C.R.S.), andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA (C.R.S.).
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid Lands, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J., H.Z., D.L., Y.L., B.L.);College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, China (S.C., H.J.);Energy Biosciences Institute (S.B., C.R.S.), andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA (C.R.S.).
authors.forename: Chris R
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4647-0094
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Somerville
mesh_terms: D016880:Anisotropy; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D002482:Cellulose / Q000378:metabolism; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes; D064527:Etiolation; D005964:Glucosyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018546:Hypocotyl / Q000378:metabolism; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism; D009005:Monosaccharides / Q000032:analysis; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D010766:Phosphorylation; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D036226:Seedlings / Q000254:growth & development; D013424:Sulfanilamides
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004136:Dinitrobenzenes; D009005:Monosaccharides; D013424:Sulfanilamides; C012465:oryzalin; D002482:Cellulose; C516179:At5g05170 protein, Arabidopsis; D005964:Glucosyltransferases; C478648:cellulose synthase