title: The genetic and environmental etiologies of the relations between cognitive skills and components of reading ability.
abstract: Although previous research has shown cognitive skills to be important predictors of reading ability in children, the respective roles for genetic and environmental influences on these relations is an open question. The present study explored the genetic and environmental etiologies underlying the relations between selected executive functions and cognitive abilities (working memory, inhibition, processing speed, and naming speed) with 3 components of reading ability (word reading, reading comprehension, and listening comprehension). Twin pairs drawn from the Colorado Front Range (n = 676; 224 monozygotic pairs; 452 dizygotic pairs) between the ages of 8 and 16 (M = 11.11) were assessed on multiple measures of each cognitive and reading-related skill. Each cognitive and reading-related skill was modeled as a latent variable, and behavioral genetic analyses estimated the portions of phenotypic variance on each latent variable due to genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental influences. The covariance between the cognitive skills and reading-related skills was driven primarily by genetic influences. The cognitive skills also shared large amounts of genetic variance, as did the reading-related skills. The common cognitive genetic variance was highly correlated with the common reading genetic variance, suggesting that genetic influences involved in general cognitive processing are also important for reading ability. Skill-specific genetic variance in working memory and processing speed also predicted components of reading ability. Taken together, the present study supports a genetic association between children's cognitive ability and reading ability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Boulder.
authors.forename: Micaela E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Christopher
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Denver.
authors.forename: Janice M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.affiliation: Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hulslander
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Boulder.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: DeFries
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.affiliation: Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder.
authors.forename: Sally J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wadsworth
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Willcutt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Denver.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pennington
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder.
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Olson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001076:Aptitude / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011932:Reading