title: The Sorghum Gene for Leaf Color Changes upon Wounding (P) Encodes a Flavanone 4-Reductase in the 3-Deoxyanthocyanidin Biosynthesis Pathway.
abstract: Upon wounding or pathogen invasion, leaves of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] plants with the P gene turn purple, whereas leaves with the recessive allele turn brown or tan. This purple phenotype is determined by the production of two 3-deoxyanthocyanidins, apigeninidin and luteolinidin, which are not produced by the tan-phenotype plants. Using map-based cloning in progeny from a cross between purple Nakei-MS3B (PP) and tan Greenleaf (pp) cultivars, we isolated this gene, which was located in a 27-kb genomic region around the 58.1 Mb position on chromosome 6. Four candidate genes identified in this region were similar to the maize leucoanthocyanidin reductase gene. None of them was expressed before wounding, and only the Sb06g029550 gene was induced in both cultivars after wounding. The Sb06g029550 protein was detected in Nakei-MS3B, but only slightly in Greenleaf, in which it may be unstable because of a Cys252Tyr substitution. A recombinant Sb06g029550 protein had a specific flavanone 4-reductase activity, and converted flavanones (naringenin or eriodictyol) to flavan-4-ols (apiforol or luteoforol) in vitro Our data indicate that the Sb06g029550 gene is involved in the 3-deoxyanthocyanidin synthesis pathway.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2, Kan-non-dai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan shiwak@affrc.go.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6278-8583
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawahigashi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-Minowa-mura, Kamiina-gun, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigemitsu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasuga
authors.affiliation: RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2, Kan-non-dai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun-Ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yonemaru
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2, Kan-non-dai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2, Kan-non-dai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanamori
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2, Kan-non-dai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Jianzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2, Kan-non-dai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2, Kan-non-dai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Momma
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2, Kan-non-dai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Zui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.affiliation: RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
authors.forename: Masami Yokota
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Hirai
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2, Kan-non-dai, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D044950:Flavanones / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D010858:Pigmentation / Q000235:genetics*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045868:Sorghum / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D044950:Flavanones; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D010088:Oxidoreductases
keywords: DFR; apigenin; gene mapping; luteolin; tan color