title: In vitro and in vivo mechanism of immunomodulatory and antiviral activity of Edible Bird's Nest (EBN) against influenza A virus (IAV) infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For centuries, Edible Bird Nest (EBN) has been used in treatment of variety of respiratory diseases such as flu and cough as a Chinese natural medicine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This natural remedy showed the potential to inhibit influenza A virus (IAV). However, little is known about the mechanism of this process and also the evaluation of this product in an animal model. Hence, the current study was designed to elucidate the antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of EBN against IAV strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1).
  
  
  METHODS
  First, influenza infected MDCK cells treated with EBNs from two locations of Malaysia (Teluk Intan and Gua Madai) that prepared with different enzymatic preparations were analyzed by RT-qPCR and ELISA for detection of viral and cytokines genes. The sialic acid composition of these EBNs was evaluated by H-NMR. Subsequently, after toxicity evaluation of EBN from Teluk Intan, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects of this natural product was evaluated in BALB/c mice by analysis of the viral NA gene and cytokine expressions in the first week of the infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EBN showed high neuraminidase inhibitory properties in both in vitro and in vivo, which was as effective as Oseltamivir phosphate. In addition, EBN decreased NS1 copy number (p<0.05) of the virus along with high immunomodulatory effects against IAV. Some of the immune changes during treatment of IAV with EBN included significant increase in IFNγ, TNFα, NFκB, IL2, some proinflammatory cytokines like IL1β, IL6, and cytokines with regulatory properties like IL10, IL27, IL12, CCL2 and IL4 depends on the stage of the infection. EBNs from two locations contained different composition of sialic acid and thymol derivatives, which gave them different antiviral properties. EBN from Gua Madai that contained more acetylated sialic acid (Neu2,4,7,8,9 Ac6) showed higher antiviral activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study support the antiviral activity of EBN against influenza virus and validate the traditional usage of this natural remedy by elucidation of toxicity and the molecular mechanism of action.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: ahaghani@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haghani
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: mehrbode@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Parvaneh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mehrbod
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: nikoo_vet82@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Nikoo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Safi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: ainamin2013@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nur Ain
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Aminuddin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: azadeh_chemist@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Azadeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bahadoran
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: aro@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Abdul Rahman
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: aiini@upm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Aini
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ideris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001717:Birds / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012794:Sialic Acids / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D005419:Flavonoids; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D012794:Sialic Acids
keywords: 5-N-acetyl-8, 9-di-O-Acetylneuraminic acid; 5−N-acetyl-9−O-Acetylneuraminic acid; 5−Neu2,4,7,8,9 Ac6; Amantadine Hydrochloride (PubChem CID: 64150); Antiviral; Cytokine; Edible Bird Nest (EBN); Immunomodulatory; Influenza A virus; N-Acetylneuraminic acid (PubChem CID: 445063); N-Glycolneuraminic acid (PubChem CID: 123802); Oseltamivir phosphate (PubChem CID: 78000); Thymol-β-d-Glucopyranoside (PubChem CID: 88687)