title: Immunostaining Phospho-epitopes in Ciliated Organs of Whole Mount Zebrafish Embryos.
abstract: The rapid proliferation of cells, the tissue-specific expression of genes and the emergence of signaling networks characterize early embryonic development of all vertebrates. The kinetics and location of signals - even within single cells - in the developing embryo complements the identification of important developmental genes. Immunostaining techniques are described that have been shown to define the kinetics of intracellular and whole animal signals in structures as small as primary cilia. The techniques for fixing, imaging and processing images using a laser-scanning confocal compound microscope can be completed in as few as 36 hr. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a desirable organism for investigators who seek to conduct studies in a vertebrate species that is affordable and relevant to human disease. Genetic knockouts or knockdowns must be confirmed by the loss of the actual protein product. Such confirmation of protein loss can be achieved using the techniques described here. Clues into signaling pathways can also be deciphered by using antibodies that are reactive with proteins that have been post-translationally modified by phosphorylation. Preserving and optimizing the phosphorylated state of an epitope is therefore critical to this determination and is accomplished by this protocol. This study describes techniques to fix embryos during the first 72 hr of development and co-localize a variety of relevant epitopes with cilia in the Kupffer's Vesicle (KV), the kidney and the inner ear. These techniques are straightforward, do not require dissection and can be completed in a relatively short period of time. Projecting confocal image stacks into a single image is a useful means of presenting these data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University.
authors.forename: Sarah C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Rothschild
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Ludmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Francescatto
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University; rtombes@vcu.edu.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Tombes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000235:genetics*; D002923:Cilia / Q000378:metabolism; D047108:Embryonic Development; D000939:Epitopes / Q000032:analysis*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology*; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000939:Epitopes; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins