title: Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fat-free goat milk yogurt with added stabilizers and skim milk powder fortification.
abstract: Goat milk yogurt has a less consistent coagulum compared with cow milk yogurt; furthermore, the presence of goat milk in foodstuffs imparts a characteristic flavor that can restrict its acceptance by consumers. This study aimed to assess and compare the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of fat-free goat milk yogurts with added stabilizers or bovine skim milk powder to improve the final product. Four treatment additions were evaluated: (1) a mixture of 0.1% (wt/vol) carrageenan and 0.1% (wt/vol) pectin (treatment CR); (2) 0.5% (wt/vol) pectin (treatment PE); (3) 4.65% (wt/vol) bovine skim milk powder (treatment BM); and (4) control (no stabilizer; treatment CT). The physicochemical parameters were investigated at on d 1 and 5 of storage. The BM treatment presented higher pH and titratable acidity values, resulting in a buffering capacity effect. The total crude protein (CP) and solids-not-fat (SNF) contents were also higher in BM compared with the other evaluated treatments because of the addition of bovine skim milk powder. We detected a reduction in pH values for all treatments. Lower SNF contents were present in the CR and CT treatments, which might be related to a syneresis process during storage; moreover, an increase in total CP was observed for all treatments due to the proteolytic action of the starter culture. Sensory attributes, including appearance (color, consistency, and presence of lumps), texture (consistency, viscosity, and presence of lumps), flavor (bitter, sweet, and characteristic of commercial plain nonfat yogurt), and overall impression were evaluated by quantitative descriptive analysis. The addition of 0.5% (wt/vol) of pectin (PE treatment) strengthened the curd; however, the visual and oral presence of lumps and a higher bitterness score were noted by trained panelists, which resulted in the lowest overall impression score for the PE treatment. In several sensory attributes, the CR treatment was considered similar to the control; the mixture of 0.1% (wt/vol) carrageenan and 0.1% (wt/vol) pectin was not as effective as expected. Goat milk yogurt containing added bovine skim milk powder (BM) had improved consistency, viscosity, and flavor due to its higher SNF and total CP contents, which are particularly important for the desirable texture of plain nonfat yogurt. In addition, the BM yogurt was considered to have characteristics most similar to that of available commercial brands and achieved the best score for overall impression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition, University of São Paulo, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: F P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Bruzantin
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
authors.forename: J L P
authors.initials: JLP
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.affiliation: Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition, University of São Paulo, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: P P M
authors.initials: PPM
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Agri-Food Industry, Food and Nutrition, University of São Paulo, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: martaspoto@usp.br.
authors.forename: M H F
authors.initials: MHF
authors.lastname: Spoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling; D006041:Goats / Q000378:metabolism; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D008894:Milk Proteins; D015014:Yogurt
chemical_list: D008894:Milk Proteins
keywords: carrageenan; pectin; principal component analysis; quantitative descriptive analysis; skim milk powder