title: First Report on Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Bovine and Caprine Milk.
abstract: The present investigation was carried out to study the vancomycin resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolates (n = 274) obtained from 352 milk samples of bovine (269) and caprine (63) clinical and subclinical mastitis from different districts of West Bengal, India. Of them, seven isolates (vancomycin-resistant S. aureus [VRSA] 1-7) exhibited resistance to vancomycin. Minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin (MICvan) for VRSA2 and VRSA3 was ≥16 μg/ml; thus categorized as VRSA. For rest of the isolates, MICvanwas 8 μg/ml and they were grouped as vancomycin intermediate S. aureus (VISA). Even though all the isolates were resistant to cefoxitin and oxacillin and possessed mecA gene, none of them carried vancomycin resistance gene. Furthermore, all the seven isolates were subjected to Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, Staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing, and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction. All the isolates except VRSA3 and VRSA4 from Kolkata district exhibited diverse genetic lineage, irrespective of their host and antibiotic resistance pattern. These two isolates showed clonal similarity (MRSA-SCCmec-V-spa t267) with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains previously reported in human and animal infection. Isolation of VRSA and VISA could probably be due to intensive use of vancomycin in healthcare premises, which might have led to the development of glycopeptide-resistant strains and thereafter, further disseminated in the environment, including livestock farms. Detection of VRSA in milk is a serious concern as it may further cause health problems in the consumers. This is the first ever report of VRSA in food animals, even though the pathogen is otherwise prevalent in humans.
authors.affiliation: 1 ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India .
authors.forename: Debaraj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
authors.affiliation: 1 ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India .
authors.forename: Jaydeep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.affiliation: 1 ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India .
authors.forename: Samiran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
authors.affiliation: 1 ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India .
authors.forename: Bimalendu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mondal
authors.affiliation: 1 ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India .
authors.forename: Pramod K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Nanda
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, WBUAFS , Kolkata, India .
authors.forename: Indranil
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Samanta
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, WBUAFS , Kolkata, India .
authors.forename: Achintya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahanti
authors.affiliation: 1 ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India .
authors.forename: Arun K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: 3 College of Veterinary Sciences & A.H , CAU, Aizawl, India .
authors.forename: Gunjan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: 1 ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India .
authors.forename: Premanshu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dandapat
authors.affiliation: 1 ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India .
authors.forename: Subhasish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002440:Cefoxitin / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006041:Goats; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010068:Oxacillin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010403:Penicillin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D046915:Penicillin-Binding Proteins; C487789:mecA protein, Staphylococcus aureus; D002440:Cefoxitin; D010068:Oxacillin
keywords: AMR; MRSA; VRSA; cattle; goat; milk