title: Antiviral effects of black raspberry (Rubus coreanus) seed extract and its polyphenolic compounds on norovirus surrogates.
abstract: Black raspberry seeds, a byproduct of wine and juice production, contain large quantities of polyphenolic compounds. The antiviral effects of black raspberry seed extract (RCS) and its fraction with molecular weight less than 1 kDa (RCS-F1) were examined against food-borne viral surrogates, murine norovirus-1 (MNV-1) and feline calicivirus-F9 (FCV-F9). The maximal antiviral effect was achieved when RCS or RCS-F1 was added simultaneously to cells with MNV-1 or FCV-F9, reaching complete inhibition at 0.1-1 mg/mL. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed enlarged viral capsids or disruption (from 35 nm to up to 100 nm) by RCS-F1. Our results thus suggest that RCS-F1 can interfere with the attachment of viral surface protein to host cells. Further, two polyphenolic compounds derived from RCS-F1, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and gallic acid, identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, showed inhibitory effects against the viruses. C3G was suggested to bind to MNV-1 RNA polymerase and to enlarge viral capsids using differential scanning fluorimetry and TEM, respectively.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics , Korea University , Sejong , Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Hye
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: b Department of Food and Nutrition , Duksung Women's University , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: b Department of Food and Nutrition , Duksung Women's University , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Mi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics , Korea University , Sejong , Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Hyeon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Seok
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics , Korea University , Sejong , Korea.
authors.forename: Sella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics , Korea University , Sejong , Korea.
authors.forename: Yeon Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics , Korea University , Sejong , Korea.
authors.forename: Giri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gowda K
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science , Eulji University , Gyeonggi-do , Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Mun
authors.affiliation: b Department of Food and Nutrition , Duksung Women's University , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Mi Sook
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics , Korea University , Sejong , Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017927:Calicivirus, Feline / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D002392:Catechin / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D002415:Cats; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000821:virology; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D029322:Norovirus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D065856:Rubus / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014764:Viral Proteins; D004610:Ellagic Acid; D005707:Gallic Acid; D002392:Catechin
keywords: antiviral activity; black raspberry seed extract; cyanidin-3-glucoside; feline calicivirus; murine norovirus