title: High levels of omega-3 fatty acids in milk from omega-3 fatty acid-supplemented mothers are related to less immunoglobulin E-associated disease in infancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We previously reported a protective effect of maternal omega-3 fatty acid supplements on the development of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-associated disease in infancy. This study assessed omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in maternal milk in relation to omega-3 LCPUFA supplementation and the development of allergic disease in their infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study randomised 95 pregnant women at risk of having an allergic infant, to daily supplements of 2.6 g omega-3 LCPUFA or a placebo of 2.7 g soya bean oil from gestational week 25 until 3 months of lactation. Breast milk samples were collected as colostrum, at one and 3 months. Milk fatty acids were related to allergic outcome in the infants at 24 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Omega-3 milk fatty acids were higher in women who received omega-3 supplements than the placebo group (p < 0.01). Higher proportions of milk eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and a lower arachidonic/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio were associated with an absence of IgE-associated disease in the infants. None of the children developed IgE-associated atopic eczema above a level of 0.83 mol% eicosapentaenoic acid in colostrum. [Correction added on 7 July 2016, after online publication: In the preceding sentence, the correct word should be "above" instead of "below" and this has been amended in this current version.] CONCLUSION: High omega-3 LCPUFA milk levels in mothers who received omega-3 LCPUFA supplements were related to fewer allergies in their children.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Clinical and Experimental Research, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Warstedt
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Childrens Hospital, Linköping University Hospital, The County Council in Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Catrin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Furuhjelm
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|Childrens Hospital, Linköping University Hospital, The County Council in Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fälth-Magnusson
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.|AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden.
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fagerås
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. Karel.Duchen.Munoz@regionostergotland.se.|Childrens Hospital, Linköping University Hospital, The County Council in Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden. Karel.Duchen.Munoz@regionostergotland.se.
authors.forename: Karel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Duchén
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007112:Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000276:immunology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012882:Skin Tests; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D007073:Immunoglobulin E
keywords: Allergic disease; Breastfeeding; Immunoglobulin E; Omega-3; Pregnancy