title: Implications of MMP9 for Blood Brain Barrier Disruption and Hemorrhagic Transformation Following Ischemic Stroke.
abstract: Numerous studies have documented increases in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), specifically MMP-9 levels following stroke, with such perturbations associated with disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB), increased risk of hemorrhagic complications, and worsened outcome. Despite this, controversy remains as to which cells release MMP-9 at the normal and pathological BBB, with even less clarity in the context of stroke. This may be further complicated by the influence of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment. The aim of the present review is to examine the relationship between neutrophils, MMP-9 and tPA following ischemic stroke to elucidate which cells are responsible for the increases in MMP-9 and resultant barrier changes and hemorrhage observed following stroke.
authors.affiliation: Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Renée J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Frank R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Sharp
keywords: MMP-9; blood-brain barrier; cerebral edema; hemorrhagic transformation; ischemic stroke; neutrophils; tPA