title: Orofacial Pain during Mastication in People with Dementia: Reliability Testing of the Orofacial Pain Scale for Non-Verbal Individuals.
abstract: Objectives. The aim of this study was to establish the reliability of the "chewing" subscale of the OPS-NVI, a novel tool designed to estimate presence and severity of orofacial pain in nonverbal patients. Methods. The OPS-NVI consists of 16 items for observed behavior, classified into four categories and a subjective estimate of pain. Two observers used the OPS-NVI for 237 video clips of people with dementia in Dutch nursing homes during their meal to observe their behavior and to estimate the intensity of orofacial pain. Six weeks later, the same observers rated the video clips a second time. Results. Bottom and ceiling effects for some items were found. This resulted in exclusion of these items from the statistical analyses. The categories which included the remaining items (n = 6) showed reliability varying between fair-to-good and excellent (interobserver reliability, ICC: 0.40-0.47; intraobserver reliability, ICC: 0.40-0.92). Conclusions. The "chewing" subscale of the OPS-NVI showed a fair-to-good to excellent interobserver and intraobserver reliability in this dementia population. This study contributes to the validation process of the OPS-NVI as a whole and stresses the need for further assessment of the reliability of the OPS-NVI with subjects that might already show signs of orofacial pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Research Institute MOVE Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Merlijn W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Research Institute MOVE Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Corine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Visscher
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Research Institute MOVE Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Delwel
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice & Elderly Care Medicine, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jenny T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: van der Steen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care (PHEG), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Hippocratespad 21, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marjoleine J C
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik J A
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Scherder
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Primary Care (PHEG), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Hippocratespad 21, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wilco P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Achterberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Research Institute MOVE Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lobbezoo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003704:Dementia; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000145:classification*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results