title: Displaced humeral shaft fractures in children and adolescents: results and adverse effects in patients treated by elastic stable intramedullary nailing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to retrospectively investigate the clinical and radiological outcome of humeral shaft fractures treated by ESIN in children <16 years old and to evaluate the functional outcome of these injuries using the short version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Outcome questionnaire (Quick DASH(®)).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated children with fractures of the humeral shaft, surgically treated by ESIN. All the patients were regularly followed clinically and radiographically for at least 1 year after their index surgery. After hardware removal, the patients were asked to answer the short version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Outcome questionnaire (Quick DASH).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean age at the time of trauma was 11.1 years. Mean follow-up was 30 months. All fractures healed, but three patients had a residual valgus of >10°, two a residual varum of >10°, four a residual recurvatum deformity of >10°, and one a residual procurvatum deformity of >10°. Four complications were observed. Functional outcome was nevertheless good in all the patients, with a mean Quick DASH(®) score of 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study shows good clinical and functional outcomes in children and adolescents with closed isolated fractures of the humeral shaft surgically treated by ESIN, even with ensuing mild residual frontal and sagittal plane deformity. However, conservative treatment has also been advocated in the scientific literature for this type of injuries, and surgical treatment should not be considered as the only option for the management of humeral shaft fractures in older children and adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital Estaing, 1 Place Lucie et Raymond Aubrac, 63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Lorenza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marengo
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital Estaing, 1 Place Lucie et Raymond Aubrac, 63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rousset
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery Department, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paonessa
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery Department, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vanni
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dimeglio
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital Estaing, 1 Place Lucie et Raymond Aubrac, 63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samba
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery Department, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andreacchio
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital Estaing, 1 Place Lucie et Raymond Aubrac, 63003, Clermont-Ferrand, France. canavese_federico@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Canavese
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001858:Bone Nails; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D000072039:Fracture Dislocation / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005594:Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D017102:Fracture Healing; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D006811:Humerus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Children; Complications; Elastic stable intramedullary nailing; Fracture; Humerus; Shaft