title: Differences between chronological and brain age are related to education and self-reported physical activity.
abstract: This study investigated the relationship between education and physical activity and the difference between a physiological prediction of age and chronological age (CA). Cortical and subcortical gray matter regional volumes were calculated from 331 healthy adults (range: 19-79 years). Multivariate analyses identified a covariance pattern of brain volumes best predicting CA (R(2) = 47%). Individual expression of this brain pattern served as a physiologic measure of brain age (BA). The difference between CA and BA was predicted by education and self-report measures of physical activity. Education and the daily number of flights of stairs climbed (FOSC) were the only 2 significant predictors of decreased BA. Effect sizes demonstrated that BA decreased by 0.95 years for each year of education and by 0.58 years for 1 additional FOSC daily. Effects of education and FOSC on regional brain volume were largely driven by temporal and subcortical volumes. These results demonstrate that higher levels of education and daily FOSC are related to larger brain volume than predicted by CA which supports the utility of regional gray matter volume as a biomarker of healthy brain aging.
authors.affiliation: PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Québec, Canada. Electronic address: jason.steffener@concordia.ca.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steffener
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Habeck
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Deirdre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Shea
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Qolamreza
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Razlighi
authors.affiliation: PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Québec, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bherer
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Yaakov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Stern
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015415:Biomarkers; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D004522:Educational Status; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D066128:Gray Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Brain age; Education; Gray matter volume; Healthy aging; Lifestyle; Physical activity