title: Effects of voluntary/involuntary retirement on their own and spouses' depressive symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to elucidate the effect of voluntary/involuntary retirement on individuals' and spouses' depressive symptoms using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used a sample derived from the first- to fourth-wave cohort datasets of KLoSA, which was conducted in 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, we analyzed a total of 6706 subjects. Information about employment status, the short-form Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale, and covariates (age, property, household income, perceived health status and medical disability) were obtained. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the effects of voluntary/involuntary retirement on individuals' and spouses' depressive symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The voluntary/involuntary retirement groups showed significantly more depressive symptoms than the working group in wave 1-4, and the same results were revealed in the spouse's retirement and job loss measures. The hazard ratios of depressive symptoms of the voluntary/involuntary retirement groups were 1.26-1.31 during the 6year follow-up period. The wives' risk of depressive symptoms was also significantly increased if their husbands voluntarily retired (HR=1.35, 95% CI=1.10-1.65).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the 6year follow-up study, Voluntary/involuntary retirement increased the risk of depressive symptoms in a Korean elderly population. Furthermore, husbands' voluntary retirement increased wives' risk of depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, Graduate school, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hwanjin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Ulsan, Republic of Korea; Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: snaptoon@naver.com.
authors.forename: Mo-Yeol
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012179:Retirement / Q000523:psychology*; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology*