title: Hepatitis B immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy.
abstract: Worldwide there are over 248 million chronic carriers of HBV of whom about a third eventually develop severe HBV-related complications. Due to the major limitations of current therapeutic approaches, the development of more effective strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients seems crucial. Immune activation plays a critical role in spontaneous viral control; therefore, new modalities based on stimulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses could result in the resolution of infection and are promising approaches. Here, we summarize the HBV immunopathogenesis, and discuss the encouraging results obtained from the promising immune-based innovations, such as therapeutic vaccination, cytokine therapy, cell-based therapies and blocking inhibitory receptors, as current and future immunotherapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Forough
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Golsaz-Shirazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fazel
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shokri
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000818:Animals; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007167:Immunotherapy; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Hepatitis B virus; cell-based therapies; cytokine therapy; immune-based innovations; immunopathogenesis; therapeutic vaccination