title: Biomonitoring Equivalents for molybdenum.
abstract: Molybdenum is an essential trace element for mammalian, plant, and other animal systems. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has established an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) to assure sufficient molybdenum intakes for human populations; however excessive exposures can cause toxicity. As a result, several agencies have established exposure guidance values to protect against molybdenum toxicity, including a Reference Dose (RfD), Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) and a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL). Biomonitoring for molybdenum in blood or urine in the general population is being conducted by the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) and the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Using pharmacokinetic data from controlled human dosing studies, Biomonitoring Equivalents (BEs) were calculated for molybdenum in plasma, whole blood, and urine associated with exposure guidance values set to protect against both nutritional deficits and toxicity. The BEEAR values in plasma, whole blood and urine are 0.5, 0.45 and 22 μg/L, respectively. The BEs associated with toxicity range from 0.9 to 31 μg/L in plasma, 0.8-28 μg/L in whole blood and 200-7500 μg/L in urine. These values can be used to interpret molybdenum biomonitoring data from a nutritional and toxicity perspective.
authors.affiliation: Summit Toxicology, LLP, Lyons, CO 90540, USA. Electronic address: shays@summittoxicology.com.
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hays
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Macey
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Devika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poddalgoda
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nong
authors.affiliation: Summit Toxicology, LLP, Falls Church, VA 22044, USA.
authors.forename: Lesa L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Aylward
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002170:Canada; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D009752:Nutritional Status; D064167:Recommended Dietary Allowances; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013045:Species Specificity; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D014131:Trace Elements; D008982:Molybdenum
keywords: Biomonitoring; Biomonitoring Equivalents; Molybdenum; Risk assessment