title: Effects of contracture on gait kinematics: A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contractures of a major joint in the lower limbs may impair human walking in addition to other daily living activities. A contracture is defined as the inability of a joint to perform the full range of motion and excessive resistance during passive mobilization of the joint. Few studies have reported methods describing how to evaluate contractures. Understanding the association among all of these studies seems essential to improve patient management. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review on this topic to elucidate the influence of contractures on gait kinematics.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic search in the literature will be conducted. Studies were screened by title and abstract and full texts were evaluated secondarily for definitive inclusion. The quality of the included studies was assessed independently by the two review authors with the Modified Quality Assessment Checklist. The included studies were separated into three categories: pathological contracture versus healthy controls (descriptive), simulated contracture versus healthy controls (experimental), and pre- and post-kinematics after surgical muscle lengthening (surgery).
  
  
  RESULTS
  From a total of 4402 references, 112 original articles were selected, and 28 studies were identified in this systematic review. No significant difference between raters was observed on the total score of the Modified Quality Assessment Checklist.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contractures influence walking depending on the location (muscle) and the contracture level (muscle-tendon length). After giving a definition of contracture, this review identified some contracture alterations, such as plantarflexion, knee flexion and hip flexion contractures, with a kinematic description and presented possible different compensations.
authors.affiliation: Willy Taillard Laboratory of Kinesiology, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Switzerland; HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, School of Health Sciences, Geneva, Switzerland; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France. Electronic address: Michael.attias@hcuge.ch.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Attias
authors.affiliation: Bern University of Applied Sciences Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Odile
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chevalley
authors.affiliation: Willy Taillard Laboratory of Kinesiology, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonnefoy-Mazure
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Orthopaedic Service, Department of Child and Adolescent, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Geraldo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Coulon
authors.affiliation: Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cheze
authors.affiliation: Willy Taillard Laboratory of Kinesiology, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva University, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Armand
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003286:Contracture / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Contracture; Gait; Kinematics; Muscle shortening; Muscle-tendon length; Systematic review