title: Automated Detection of Uninformative Frames in Pulmonary Optical Endomicroscopy.
abstract: Optical endomicroscopy (OEM) is a novel real-time imaging technology that provides endoscopic images at a microscopic level. The nature of OEM data, as acquired in clinical use, gives rise to the presence of uninformative frames (i.e., pure-noise and motion-artefacts). Uninformative frames can comprise a considerable proportion (up to > 25%) of a dataset, increasing the resources required for analyzing the data (both manually and automatically), as well as diluting the results of any automated quantification analysis.
  
  
  
  There is, therefore, a need to automatically detect and remove as many of these uninformative frames as possible while keeping frames with structural information intact.
  
  
  
  This paper employs Gray Level Cooccurrence Matrix texture measures and detection theory to identify and remove such frames. The detection of pure-noise and motion-artefacts frames is treated as two independent problems.
  
  
  
  Pulmonary OEM frame sequences of the distal lung are employed for the development and assessment of the approach. The proposed approach identifies and removes uninformative frames with a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 92.6%.
  
  
  
  The detection algorithm is accurate and robust in pulmonary OEM frame sequences. Conditional to appropriate model refinement, the algorithms can become applicable in other organs.
authors.forename: Antonios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perperidis
authors.forename: Ahsan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akram
authors.forename: Yoann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Altmann
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCool
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westerfeld
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhaliwal
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013382:Subtraction Technique