title: Coronary Catheterization and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in China: 10-Year Results From the China PEACE-Retrospective CathPCI Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of coronary catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is increasing in China, but, to date, there are no nationally representative assessments of the quality of care and outcomes in patients undergoing these procedures.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the quality of care and outcomes of patients undergoing coronary catheterization and PCI in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a clinical observational study (China PEACE [Patient-Centered Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events]-Retrospective CathPCI Study), we used a 2-stage, random sampling strategy to create a nationally representative sample of 11 241 patients undergoing coronary catheterization and PCI at 55 urban Chinese hospitals in calendar years 2001, 2006, and 2011. Data analysis was performed from July 11, 2014, to November 20, 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient characteristics, treatment patterns, quality of care, and outcomes associated with these procedures and changes over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 11 241 patients included in the study, the samples included, for 2001, 285 women (weighted percentage, 28.6%); for 2006, 826 women (weighted percentage, 32.2%), and for 2011, 2588 women (weighted percentage, 35.7%). Mean (SD) ages were 58 (8), 60 (11), and 61 (11) years, respectively. Between 2001 and 2011, estimated national rates of hospitalizations for coronary catheterization increased from 26 570 to 452 784 and for PCI, from 9678 to 208 954 (17-fold and 21-fold), respectively. More than half of stable patients undergoing coronary catheterization had nonobstructive coronary artery disease; this amount did not change significantly over time (2001: 60.3% [95% CI, 56.1%-64.5%]; 2011: 57.5% [95% CI, 55.8%-59.3%], P = .05 for trend). The proportion of PCI procedures performed via radial approach increased from 3.5% (95% CI, 1.7%-5.3%) in 2001 to 79.0% (95% CI, 77.7%-80.3%) in 2011 (P < . 001 for trend). The use of drug-eluting stents (DESs) increased from 18.0% (95% CI, 14.2%-21.7%) in 2001 to 97.3% (95% CI, 96.9%-97.7%) in 2011 (P < .001 for trend) largely owing to increased use of domestic DESs. The median length of stay decreased from 14 days (interquartile range [IQR], 9-20) in 2001 to 10 days (IQR, 7-14) in 2011 (P < .001 for trend). In-hospital mortality did not change significantly, but both adjusted risk of any bleeding (odds ratio [OR], 0.53 [95% CI, 0.36-0.79], P < .001 for trend) and access bleeding (OR, 0.23 [95% CI, 0.12-0.43], P < .001) were decreased between 2001 and 2011. The medical records lacked documentation needed to calculate commonly used process metrics including door to balloon times for primary PCI and the prescription of evidence-based medications at discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the use of catheterization and PCI in China has increased dramatically, we identified critical quality and documentation gaps that represent opportunities to improve care. Our findings can serve as a foundation to guide future quality improvement initiatives in China.
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, Peopl.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut3Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Jeptha P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, Peopl.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Yongfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuejin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Masoudi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Outcomes Research, Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute/University of Missouri-Kansas City.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Spertus
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, Peopl.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, Peopl.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut3Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Kumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dharmarajan
authors.affiliation: Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Nicholas S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Downing
authors.affiliation: Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut3Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut7Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Cli.
authors.forename: Harlan M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Krumholz
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, Peopl.
authors.forename: Lixin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000789:Angina, Unstable / Q000601:surgery*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000601:surgery*; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000601:surgery*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D019106:Postoperative Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D061665:Time-to-Treatment