title: Unsaponifiable matter from oil of green coffee beans: cosmetic properties and safety evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Unsaponifiable matter (UM), a fraction of green coffee oil (GCO) contains functional compounds responsible for desirable cosmetic properties such as UV-B absorption.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate oil content and sun protection factor (SPF) variability of the two most important species of coffee and, the toxic and cytotoxic effects, as well as cosmetic properties, including antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of UM obtained from green Coffea arabica seed oil.
  
  
  METHODS
  The safety and potential cosmetic properties of UM extracted from green coffee oil (GCO) were evaluated by the brine shrimp viability and the MTT cytotoxicity assays. The SPF and antioxidant activity were evaluated using in vitro methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relevant cytotoxicity was found against keratinocytes for concentrations ≥25 µg/mL and in the brine shrimp assay (LC50 24 µg/mL). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities (IC50 1448 µg/mL) were low in UM but SPF was 10 times higher than in GCO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UM is a novel potential UV-B absorbent but its use as a cosmetic ingredient should be better considered due to the considerable cytotoxicity shown in the experimental conditions described.
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of São Paulo , Avenida do Café, s/n , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil ;|b CBIOS Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona , Portugal ;|c Agronomic Institute of Campinas , Av. Theodureto de Alemida Camargo , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Tais A L
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Wagemaker
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of São Paulo , Avenida do Café, s/n , Ribeirão Preto , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Patrícia M B G Maia
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: b CBIOS Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona , Portugal ;|d Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Gama Pinto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Sofia
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: b CBIOS Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona , Portugal ;|d Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Gama Pinto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Patrícia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rijo
authors.affiliation: b CBIOS Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona , Portugal ;
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nicolai
authors.affiliation: b CBIOS Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona , Portugal ;
authors.forename: Amílcar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roberto
authors.affiliation: b CBIOS Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona , Portugal ;
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rosado
authors.affiliation: b CBIOS Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona , Portugal ;
authors.forename: Catarina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: b CBIOS Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies, Universidade Lusófona , Portugal ;|d Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Gama Pinto , Portugal.
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: c Agronomic Institute of Campinas , Av. Theodureto de Alemida Camargo , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Cássia Regina Limonta
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: c Agronomic Institute of Campinas , Av. Theodureto de Alemida Camargo , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Nilson Borlina
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Maia
authors.affiliation: c Agronomic Institute of Campinas , Av. Theodureto de Alemida Camargo , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Oliveiro
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Guerreiro Filho
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D040503:Coffea / Q000737:chemistry*; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000737:chemistry*; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D003358:Cosmetics; D010938:Plant Oils
keywords: Antioxidant activity; Coffea arabica L.; UV-B radiation absorbent; antimicrobial activity; cytotoxicity