title: UV Irradiation and Pleiotropic Effects of Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease - Benefits on Cardiovascular Comorbidities and Quality of Life.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D3 can be metabolized in the skin to 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D because the skin expresses vitamin D-25-hydroxylase, 25(OH)D-1-alpha-hydroxylase, and the vitamin D receptor. The aim of this review was to discuss the pleiotropic effects after serial suberythemal UVB irradiation with a sun-simulating UV spectrum in end-stage kidney disease patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen hemodialysis patients, with a mean age of 51 (range 41-57) years, were whole-body UV irradiated over 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients demonstrated an increase in their hematocrit and required less erythropoietin. An increase in maximal oxygen uptake and workload capacity was associated with decreased lactic acid production. The patients demonstrated a decreased heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure with an increase in the R-R-interval and the beat-to-beat-differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardiovascular disease is the most important comorbidity. Exposure to simulated sunlight that contains both UVB and UVA reduce cardiovascular risk factors and improve quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Medicine, Research Group of Medical Heliotherapy, Charité - University Medicine Berlin and Immanuel Hospital, Berlin, Germany Nephrological Center Moabit, Curatorium for Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Berlin, Germany rolfdieter.krause@t-online.de.
authors.forename: Rolfdieter
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Medicine, Research Group of Medical Heliotherapy, Charité - University Medicine Berlin and Immanuel Hospital, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stange
authors.affiliation: Institute of Lighting Technics, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kaase
authors.affiliation: Department Endocrinology, Vitamin D Research Laboratory, School of Medicine Boston University, Boston, MA, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Holick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D002762:Cholecalciferol / Q000378:metabolism; D015897:Comorbidity; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013472:Sunlight; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D002762:Cholecalciferol; D002112:Calcifediol
keywords: Sun-simulating suberythemal UVB exposure; cardiovascular comorbidity; chronic kidney disease; end-stage kidney disease; erythropoiesis; erythropoietin supplementation; heart rate variability; oxygen consumption; quality of life; vitamin D status