title: A method of treatment for nonunion after fractures using mesenchymal stromal cells loaded on collagen microspheres and incorporated into platelet-rich plasma clots.
abstract: There is evidence showing that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) may constitute a potential therapeutic strategy to induce bone regeneration. In this work, we investigate the capacity of autologous bone marrow (BM) MSC loaded on collagen microspheres (CM) and included into autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) clots (MSC/CM/PRP) to induce bone formation in patients with nonunion lesions.
  
  
  
  MSC were isolated from BM cells of patients with nonunion lesions. Phenotypical (marker expression) and functional studies (osteogenic differentiation) were performed. MSC were seeded on CM and included into autologous PRP clot (MSC/CM/PRP). The capacity of MSC/CM/PRP to induce bone formation was evaluated in three patients diagnosed with nonunion.
  
  
  
  MSC loaded on CM/PRP clots maintain their biological functions, in vitro. After three months, post-MSC transplantation, all patients showed evidence of osteogenesis at the site of nonunion. After one year, all patients showed a complete healing of the nonunion.
  
  
  
  Our results support the use of autologous MSC transplanted as MSC/CM/PRP for the treatment of nonunion fractures. Future studies incorporating a larger number of patients may confirm the results obtained in this work.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas, 1020-A, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wittig
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas, 1020-A, Venezuela. egidio_romano@yahoo.es.
authors.forename: Egidio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Traumatología, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas, 1020-A, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Dylana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Diaz-Solano
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas, 1020-A, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Maria Elena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Marquez
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Traumatología, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tovar
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Traumatología, Hospital Universitario de Caracas, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aoun
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas, 1020-A, Venezuela. jcardier@ivic.gob.ve.
authors.forename: Jose E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Cardier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D008863:Microspheres; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D053657:Platelet-Rich Plasma / Q000187:drug effects; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen
keywords: Bone regeneration; Collagen; Mesenchymal stromal cells; Nonunion; PRP