title: Test-retest Reliability in Reporting the Pain Induced by a Pain Provocation Test: Further Validation of a Novel Approach for Pain Drawing Acquisition and Analysis.
abstract: Pain drawings (PD) are frequently used in research to illustrate the pain response to pain provocation tests. However, there is a lack of data on the reliability in defining the extent and location of pain. We investigated the test-retest reliability in reporting an acute painful sensation induced by a pain provocation test using a novel approach for PD acquisition and analysis in healthy volunteers.
  
  
  
  Forty healthy volunteers participated. Each participant underwent 2 upper limb neurodynamic tests 1 (ULNT1), once to the point of pain onset (PO) and once until the point of submaximal pain (SP). After each ULNT1, participants completed 2 consecutive PD with an interval of 1 minute. Custom software was used to quantify the pain extent and analyze the pain overlap. The test-retest reliability of pain extent was examined using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC2,1) and Bland-Altman plots. Pain location reliability was examined using the Jaccard similarity coefficient (JSC).
  
  
  
  The ICC values for PO and SP were 0.98 (95% CI: 0.96-0.99) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95-0.98), respectively. The mean difference and 95% limits of agreement (± 1.96 SD) in the Bland-Altman plots were 14 pixels (-1080;1110) for PO, and 145 (-1610;1900) for SP. The median JSCs (Q1;Q3) were 0.73 (0.64;0.80) for PO and 0.76 (0.65;0.79) for SP.
  
  
  
  Pain drawings is a reliable instrument to investigate pain extent and pain location in healthy individuals experiencing an acute painful sensation induced by a pain provocation test.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Laboratory (r2Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, SUPSI, Manno, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leoni
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering, Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology (BFNT) Göttingen, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.|Pain Clinic, Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Falla
authors.affiliation: Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, SUPSI, Landquart, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Carolin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heitz
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Laboratory (r2Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, SUPSI, Manno, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gianpiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Capra
authors.affiliation: Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, SUPSI, Landquart, Switzerland.|University College Physiotherapy, Thim Van Der Laan AG, Landquart, Switzerland.|Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clijsen
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Laboratory (r2Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, SUPSI, Manno, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egloff
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Laboratory (r2Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, SUPSI, Manno, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Corrado
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cescon
authors.affiliation: University College Physiotherapy, Thim Van Der Laan AG, Landquart, Switzerland.|Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Baeyens
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Laboratory (r2Lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, SUPSI, Manno, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8579-0686
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbero
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D034941:Upper Extremity; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: electronic acquisition; pain drawing; pain extent; pain location; reliability