title: Growth and Risk for Islet Autoimmunity and Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in Early Childhood: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young Study.
abstract: Increased growth in early childhood has been suggested to increase the risk of type 1 diabetes. This study explored the relationship between weight or height and development of persistent islet autoimmunity and progression to type 1 diabetes during the first 4 years of life in 7,468 children at genetic risk for type 1 diabetes followed in Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the U.S. Growth data collected every third month were used to estimate individual growth curves by mixed models. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate body size and risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. In the overall cohort, development of islet autoimmunity (n = 575) was related to weight z scores at 12 months (hazard ratio [HR] 1.16 per 1.14 kg in males or per 1.02 kg in females, 95% CI 1.06-1.27, P < 0.001, false discovery rate [FDR] = 0.008) but not at 24 or 36 months. A similar relationship was seen between weight z scores and development of multiple islet autoantibodies (1 year: HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.08-1.35, P = 0.001, FDR = 0.008; 2 years: HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.06-1.32, P = 0.004, FDR = 0.02). No association was found between weight or height and type 1 diabetes (n = 169). In conclusion, greater weight in the first years of life was associated with an increased risk of islet autoimmunity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden helena.larsson@med.lu.se.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Elding Larsson
authors.affiliation: Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Kendra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vehik
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.affiliation: Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD.
authors.forename: Beena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akolkar
authors.affiliation: Pacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hagopian
authors.affiliation: Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krischer
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Åke
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Lernmark
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA.
authors.forename: Jin-Xiong
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: She
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Simell
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland Departments of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Toppari
authors.affiliation: Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anette-G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.affiliation: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rewers
mesh_terms: D015551:Autoimmunity / Q000502:physiology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000276:immunology*; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors