title: Tunable tissue scaffolds fabricated byin situcrosslink in phase separation system.
abstract: Three-dimensional (3-D) scaffolds with intrinsic porous structures are desirable in various tissue regeneration applications. In this study, a unique method that combines thermally induced phase separation with a photocrosslinking process was developed for the fabrication of 3-D crosslinked polymer scaffolds with densely interconnected porous structures. Biodegradable poly(propylene fumarate)-co-poly(L-lactic acid) with crosslinkable fumarate bonds were used as the structural polymer material and a dioxane/water binary system was applied for the phase separation. By altering the polymer composition (9, 5 and 3 wt%), different types of scaffolds with distinct morphology, mechanical strength, degradation rate, cell growth and morphology, and extracellular matrix production were fabricated. These crosslinked 3-D porous scaffolds with tunable strength and biological responses show promise for potential applications in regenerative therapies, including bone and neural tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Xifeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Wenjian
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Carl T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: A Lee
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Waletzki
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Yaszemski
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Laboratory, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Lichun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu