title: Role of anxiety and depression in adolescents with chest pain referred to a cardiology clinic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We carried out this study in order to evaluate the causes of chest pain in teenagers and the role of anxiety and depression in this age group compared with the normal population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective case-control study, all patients aged 11-18 years with chest pain and no history of trauma and referred to a paediatric cardiology clinic from March, 2009-April, 2010 were selected. A chest pain protocol including a detailed history, full physical examination, required blood tests, electrocardiography, and echocardiography was performed for all. The presence of depression and anxiety and their severity were assessed by Beck questionnaires. The patients were compared with age- and sex-matched, randomly selected healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 194 patients with a mean age of 14±2 years were selected. The most frequent presentation was idiopathic chest pain (43.3%), followed by the psychological group (29.9%). These groups had no abnormal points in history, physical, and para-clinical tests. Moderate-to-severe depression was found in 45.9% in the patients group, compared with 17.6% of controls, which was statistically significant (p=0.016). Moreover, anxiety was detected in 67.5% of patients versus 15.4% in controls, which is a statistically significant difference (p=0.009). Cardiac chest pain with 9.27% was the most common type of organic causes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chest pain during teenage is more prevalent, but not risky. Undergoing a detailed history and full physical examination can help diagnose the causes in the majority of cases. Given the prevalence of a psychological group as well as role of anxiety and depression in most patients, referring to a psychiatrist is suggested.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Pediatrics,Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine,Islamic Azad University - Kazerun Branch,Kazerun,Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Khairandish
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Pediatrics,Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine,Islamic Azad University - Kazerun Branch,Kazerun,Iran.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jamali
authors.affiliation: 2Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine,Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,Shiraz,Iran.
authors.forename: Saeedeh
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1437-7568
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haghbin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Chest pain; anxiety; cardiac; depression; psychological