title: Multipesticide residue levels in UHT and raw milk samples by GC-μECD after QuEChER extraction method.
abstract: In the present study, milk samples including raw and ultra-high temperature (UHT) processed milk were analyzed for pesticide residue levels, including five pesticides, viz chloripyrifos, endosulfan (α and β), profenofos and bifenthrin by gas chromatography microelectron capture detector (GC-μECD) after extraction by QuEChERS method. Further confirmation of the pesticide residue was done by GC-MS. The pesticide residual level in raw and UHT milk samples (n = 70) was determined in the range of 0.1-30 μg L(-1). All UHT processed milk samples contain pesticide residues within permissible limit set by the World Health Organization (WHO); however, among raw milk samples, chloripyrifos (12 %), α (24 %), and β (14 %) endosulfan were found above the maximum residue limit (MRL). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of these four pesticide residues were also calculated as 1.32, 16.16, 5.30, 10.20, and 9.93 μg kg(-1) body weight for chloripyrifos, endosulfan α, profenofos, endosulfan β, and bifenthrin, respectively. It is concluded that the raw milk samples showed higher prevalence of pesticide residues as compared to UHT processed milk. Graphical abstract Determination of pesticide residues in dairy milk by GC-μECD after QuEChERS extraction method.
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jawaid
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan. farahtalpur@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Farah N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Talpur
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shafi M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nizamani
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abid A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khaskheli
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan.
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis; D011722:Pyrethrins
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D010575:Pesticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; C099952:bifenthrin; D004726:Endosulfan
keywords: Bifenthrin; Chloropyrifos; Endosulfan; GC μECD; Milk; Profenofos; QuEChERS