title: Tobacco outlet density and converted versus native non-daily cigarette use in a national US sample.
abstract: Investigate whether non-daily smokers' (NDS) cigarette price and purchase preferences, recent cessation attempts, and current intentions to quit are associated with the density of the retail cigarette product landscape surrounding their residential address.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional assessment of N=904 converted NDS (CNDS). who previously smoked every day, and N=297 native NDS (NNDS) who only smoked non-daily, drawn from a national panel.
  
  
  
  Kernel density estimation was used to generate a nationwide probability surface of tobacco outlets linked to participants' residential ZIP code. Hierarchically nested log-linear models were compared to evaluate associations between outlet density, non-daily use patterns, price sensitivity and quit intentions.
  
  
  
  Overall, NDS in ZIP codes with greater outlet density were less likely than NDS in ZIP codes with lower outlet density to hold 6-month quit intentions when they also reported that price affected use patterns (G2=66.1, p<0.001) and purchase locations (G2=85.2, p<0.001). CNDS were more likely than NNDS to reside in ZIP codes with higher outlet density (G2=322.0, p<0.001). Compared with CNDS in ZIP codes with lower outlet density, CNDS in high-density ZIP codes were more likely to report that price influenced the amount they smoke (G2=43.9, p<0.001), and were more likely to look for better prices (G2=59.3, p<0.001). NDS residing in high-density ZIP codes were not more likely to report that price affected their cigarette brand choice compared with those in ZIP codes with lower density.
  
  
  
  This paper provides initial evidence that the point-of-sale cigarette environment may be differentially associated with the maintenance of CNDS versus NNDS patterns. Future research should investigate how tobacco control efforts can be optimised to both promote cessation and curb the rising tide of non-daily smoking in the USA.
authors.affiliation: College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA.|Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kirchner
authors.affiliation: Steven A. Schroeder National Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anesetti-Rothermel
authors.affiliation: Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.|Department of Evaluation Science and Research, Truth Initiative, Washington DC, USA.
authors.forename: Morgane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Carlos
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
authors.forename: Taneisha S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Scheuermann
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological, Health, & Learning Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Lorraine R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Reitzel
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.
authors.forename: Jasjit S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ahluwalia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002755:Choice Behavior; D000073865:Cigarette Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Cessation; Environment; Price