title: Determination of the wingsnap sonation mechanism of the golden-collared manakin (Manacus vitellinus).
abstract: Male golden-collared manakins (Manacus vitellinus), small suboscine passeriform birds of Panamanian forests, communicate acoustically using a variety of non-vocal sonations. The most prominent sonations are single or multiple intense 'wingsnaps' with a dominant acoustic frequency around 5 kHz. Several hypotheses have been proposed addressing the source of the sound, ranging from purely aerodynamic origins (due to a rapid jet of air formed by the wings or by a 'whiplike' motion) to purely structural origins (such as physical contact of the wings), but without deﬁnitive assessment. Using anatomical analysis as well as high-speed video and synchronized audio recordings, we show that compared with related species, M. vitellinus radii are morphologically unique and confirm that they collide over the back of the bird at the moment (±1 ms) the wingsnap is produced. Using aeroacoustic theory, we quantitatively estimate the acoustic signatures from several sonation mechanisms. We conclude that only the physical contact hypothesis, wherein the wing collisions create the sound, is consistent with the measured sonation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA bodony@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bodony
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Lainy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Day
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Friscia
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, UZA 1, Biologiezentrum Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria Konrad Lorenz Institute for Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Savoyenstrasse 1a, A-1160 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Leonida
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fusani
authors.affiliation: Department of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30313, USA.
authors.forename: Aharon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karon
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: George W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Swenson
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte Radolfzell, Am Obstberg 1, 78315 Radoflzell, Germany Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Postfach M633, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wikelski
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Avenue, Tupper Building - 401, Panama City 0843-03092, Panama.
authors.forename: Barney A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Schlinger
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D009038:Motion; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000502:physiology*; D013016:Sound; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013997:Time Factors; D014732:Vibration; D014741:Video Recording; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Aeroacoustics; Manakin; Sonation