title: Development of an Accident Reproduction Simulator System Using a Hemodialysis Extracorporeal Circulation System.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accidents that occur during dialysis treatment are notified to the medical staff via alarms raised by the dialysis apparatus. Similar to such real accidents, apparatus activation or accidents can be reproduced by simulating a treatment situation. An alarm that corresponds to such accidents can be utilized in the simulation model.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to create an extracorporeal circulation system (hereinafter, the circulation system) for dialysis machines so that it sets off five types of alarms for: 1) decreased arterial pressure, 2) increased arterial pressure, 3) decreased venous pressure, 4) increased venous pressure, and 5) blood leakage, according to the five types of accidents chosen based on their frequency of occurrence and the degree of severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to verify the alarm from the dialysis apparatus connected to the circulation system and the accident corresponding to it, an evaluation of the alarm for its reproducibility of an accident was performed under normal treatment circumstances. The method involved testing whether the dialysis apparatus raised the desired alarm from the moment of control of the circulation system, and measuring the time it took until the desired alarm was activated. This was tested on five main models from four dialyzer manufacturers that are currently used in Japan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the tests demonstrated successful activation of the alarms by the dialysis apparatus, which were appropriate for each of the five types of accidents. The time between the control of the circulatory system to the alarm signal was as follows, 1) venous pressure lower limit alarm: 7 seconds; 2) venous pressure lower limit: 8 seconds; 3) venous pressure upper limit: 7 seconds; 4) venous pressure lower limit alarm: 2 seconds; and 5) blood leakage alarm: 19 seconds. All alarms were set off in under 20 seconds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, we can conclude that a simulator system using an extracorporeal circulation system can be set to different models of dialyzers, and that the reproduced treatment scenarios can be used for simulation training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nishite
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Engineering, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare Clinical Engineering, Nobeoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takesawa
keywords: Accident; Alarm Occurrence; Hemodialysis Extracorporeal Circulation System; Hemodialysis Simulator System; Operation Training