title: Reliability of tristimulus colourimetry in the assessment of cutaneous bruise colour.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bruising is one of the most common types of injury clinicians observe among victims of violence and other trauma patients. However, research has shown commonly used qualitative description of cutaneous bruise colour via the naked eye is subjective and unreliable. No published work has formally evaluated the reliability of tristimulus colourimetry as an alternative for assessing bruise colour, despite its clinical and research applications in accurately assessing skin colour. The purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the test-retest and inter-observer reliability of tristimulus colourimetry in the assessment of cutaneous bruise colour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two researchers obtained repeated tristimulus colourimetry measures of cutaneous bruises with participants of diverse skin colour. Measures were obtained using the Minolta CR-400 Chomameter. Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b* colour space was used. Data was analysed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Cronbach's alpha, and minimal detectable change (MDC) on all three L*a*b* values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The colorimeter demonstrated excellent test-retest or intra-rater reliability (L* ICC=0.999; a* ICC=0.973; b* ICC=0.892) and inter-rater reliability (L* ICC=0.997; a* ICC=0.976; b* ICC=0.982).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With consistent placement, the tristimulus colourimetry is reliable for the objective assessment and documentation of cutaneous bruise colour for purposes of clinical practice and research. Recommendations for use in practice/research are provided.
authors.affiliation: George Mason University, College of Health & Human Services, United States. Electronic address: kscafide@gmu.edu.
authors.forename: Katherine N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Scafide
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M University, College of Nursing, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sheridan
authors.affiliation: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, United States.
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Georgia State University, School of Public Health, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hayat
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents; D000328:Adult; D003116:Color; D003124:Colorimetry; D003288:Contusions / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D049429:Forensic Pathology / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D000066550:Physical Abuse; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012880:Skin Pigmentation
keywords: Assessment; Bruise; Bruise colour; Reliability; Tristimulus colourimetry