title: Hypofractionated 3D radiotherapy for inoperable T1-3 N0-1 non-small-cell lung cancer.
abstract: This study assessed the toxicity and clinical outcomes of three-dimensional (3D) hypofractionated radiotherapy (HFRT) for medically inoperable T1-3 N0-1 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
  
  
  
  34 patients with inoperable early-stage NSCLC were treated from August 2008 to April 2013. Prior to enrolment, patients were required to be evaluated by an experienced thoracic surgeon to determine the "operability". All received 57 Gy in 19 fractions followed by escalated doses of 3-Gy fractions, up to a total dose of 66 Gy using a 3D conformal technique. Toxicities were measured using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Effects v. 4.0.
  
  
  
  The median follow-up was 33 months (7-74 months). Toxicity grades ≥3 were not observed. Local control (LC) was 80.4% at 2 years, whereas regional control (RC) was 78%. The overall survival (OS), time to progression (TTP) and time to distant metastasis (TTM) at 2 years were 60%, 59% and 80%, respectively. For patients with T1-2 N0 and a tumour size <45 mm (n = 19), rates of OS, TTP and TTM at 2 years were 71%, 75% and 94%, respectively. LC and RC at 2 years were 85% and 94%, respectively.
  
  
  
  HFRT using 3.0-Gy fractions amounting to a total dose of 66 Gy is the recommended dose. A Phase 2 trial is warranted in order to assess the safety and efficacy of this fractionation scheme.
  
  
  
  HFRT results in a favourable outcome in early-stage lung cancer without the usual restrictions in tumour size and/or location associated with previous treatment methods. No special equipment is required, therefore permitting its application in any centre.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Meritxell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mollà
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Medical Physics, Hospital de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saez
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giraldo
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Medical Physics, Hospital de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seoane
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Radiology, Hospital de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andreu
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simó
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital de la Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giralt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D000069473:Radiation Dose Hypofractionation; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome