title: The protective effect of a helmet in three bicycle accidents--A finite element study.
abstract: There is some controversy regarding the effectiveness of helmets in preventing head injuries among cyclists. Epidemiological, experimental and computer simulation studies have suggested that helmets do indeed have a protective effect, whereas other studies based on epidemiological data have argued that there is no evidence that the helmet protects the brain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of a helmet in single bicycle accident reconstructions using detailed finite element simulations. Strain in the brain tissue, which is associated with brain injuries, was reduced by up to 43% for the accident cases studied when a helmet was included. This resulted in a reduction of the risk of concussion of up to 54%. The stress to the skull bone went from fracture level of 80 MPa down to 13-16 MPa when a helmet was included and the skull fracture risk was reduced by up to 98% based on linear acceleration. Even with a 10% increased riding velocity for the helmeted impacts, to take into account possible increased risk taking, the risk of concussion was still reduced by up to 46% when compared with the unhelmeted impacts with original velocity. The results of this study show that the brain injury risk and risk of skull fracture could have been reduced in these three cases if a helmet had been worn.
authors.affiliation: Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden. Electronic address: madelenf@kth.se.
authors.forename: Madelen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fahlstedt
authors.affiliation: Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Halldin
authors.affiliation: Neuronic Engineering, School of Technology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
authors.forename: Svein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kleiven
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D001642:Bicycling / Q000293:injuries*; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000070624:Brain Contusion / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000517:prevention & control; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006260:Head Protective Devices; D006801:Humans; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Accident reconstruction; Bicycle; Finite element analysis; Head injuries; Helmet; Injury prevention