title: Long Term Association between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Mortality in a Cohort of 4379 Men.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A number of observational studies have shown an inverse association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and total mortality, but a reverse J-shaped association has also been reported. In a large nested case-control study, serum-25-hydroxyvitamin D (s-25(OH)D) was positively associated with incident prostate cancer. Based on the same study population, the primary aim of the present study was to investigate the association between s-25(OH)D and total mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Men participating in population based health screenings during 1981-1991 and enrolled in a nested case-control study were followed throughout 2007 with respect to all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men with prostate cancer (n = 2282), there was a significant inverse association between s-25(OH)D and total mortality after controlling for potential confounders (HR = 1.25 (95% CI 1.05-1.50), s-25(OH)D <50 nmol/l versus s-25(OH)D ≥ 50 nmol/l). The corresponding figure among controls (n = 2147) was HR = 1.15 (95% CI 0.88-1.50) and in the total study population HR = 1.19 (95% CI 1.03-1.38). For cause-specific deaths, we found no significant associations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study population, s-25(OH)D was inversely associated with total mortality during more than two decades of follow-up, despite, as previous reported, high s-25(OH)D was associated with increased risk of prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Haakon E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Nathalie C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Støer
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Sven O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Samuelsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.|Division of Cancer, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Rune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blomhoff
authors.affiliation: The Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Trude E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Robsahm
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, UIT The Artic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Magritt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brustad
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.|Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.affiliation: The Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Tone
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bjørge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D