title: Neural correlates of cognitive improvements following cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: a systematic review of randomized trials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive impairments are a core feature in schizophrenia and are linked to poor social functioning. Numerous studies have shown that cognitive remediation can enhance cognitive and functional abilities in patients with this pathology. The underlying mechanism of these behavioral improvements seems to be related to structural and functional changes in the brain. However, studies on neural correlates of such enhancement remain scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We explored the neural correlates of cognitive enhancement following cognitive remediation interventions in schizophrenia and the differential effect between cognitive training and other therapeutic interventions or patients' usual care.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and ScienceDirect databases for studies on cognitive remediation therapy in schizophrenia that used neuroimaging techniques and a randomized design. Search terms included randomized controlled trial, cognitive remediation, cognitive training, rehabilitation, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, near infrared spectroscopy, and diffusion tensor imaging. We selected randomized controlled trials that proposed multiple sessions of cognitive training to adult patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder and assessed its efficacy with imaging techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 15 reports involving 19 studies were included in the systematic review. They involved a total of 455 adult patients, 271 of whom received cognitive remediation. Cognitive remediation therapy seems to provide a neurobiological enhancing effect in schizophrenia. After therapy, increased activations are observed in various brain regions mainly in frontal - especially prefrontal - and also in occipital and anterior cingulate regions during working memory and executive tasks. Several studies provide evidence of an improved functional connectivity after cognitive training, suggesting a neuroplastic effect of therapy through mechanisms of functional reorganization. Neurocognitive and social-cognitive training may have a cumulative effect on neural networks involved in social cognition. The variety of proposed programs, imaging tasks, and techniques may explain the heterogeneity of observed neural improvements. Future studies would need to specify the effect of cognitive training depending on those variables.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche Clinique, EPS Ville Evrard, Neuilly-Sur-Marne, France; urcve1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Clémence
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Isaac
authors.affiliation: Unité de Recherche Clinique, EPS Ville Evrard, Neuilly-Sur-Marne, France.
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Januel
keywords: cognitive enhancement therapy; cognitive training; electroencephalography; magnetic resonance imaging; magnetoencephalography; neurocognition; schizophrenia; social cognition