title: Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation from Smartphones on Learning Ability and Hippocampal Progenitor Cell Proliferation in Mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonionizing radiation is emitted from electronic devices, such as smartphones. In this study, we intended to elucidate the effect of electromagnetic radiation from smartphones on spatial working memory and progenitor cell proliferation in the hippocampus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both male and female mice were randomly separated into two groups (radiated and control) and the radiated group was exposed to electromagnetic radiation for 9 weeks and 11 weeks for male and female mice, respectively. Spatial working memory was examined with a Y maze, and proliferation of hippocampal progenitor cells were examined by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine administration and immunohistochemical detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When spatial working memory on a Y maze was examined in the 9(th) week, there was no significant difference in the spontaneous alternation score on the Y maze between the two groups. In addition, there was no significant difference in hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation. However, immunoreactivity to glial fibrillary acidic protein was increased in exposed animals. Next, to test the effect of recovery following chronic radiation exposure, the remaining female mice were further exposed to electromagnetic radiation for 2 more weeks (total 11 weeks), and spontaneous alternation was tested 4 weeks later. In this experiment, although there was no significant difference in the spontaneous alternation scores, the number of arm entry was significantly increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that although chronic electromagnetic radiation does not affect spatial working memory and hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation it can mediate astrocyte activation in the hippocampus and delayed hyperactivity-like behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea.
authors.forename: Yu-Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan, Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choi
keywords: electromagnetic radiation; hyperactivity-like behavior; neurogenesis; smartphone; spatial working memory