title: Maternal Intimate Partner Violence: Relationships with Language and Neurological Development of Infants and Toddlers.
abstract: Objectives This longitudinal study examined the influence of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) experience of pregnant women participating in the Domestic Violence Enhanced Home Visitation Program on the language and neurological development of infants and toddlers. Methods A total of 210 infants and toddlers born to women reporting low, moderate, and high levels of IPV were included in the analysis. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the bivariate association between maternal IPV and risk of language and neurological delay of infants and toddlers and between covariates and language and neurological delay. Generalized estimating equation models with logit link was used to predict the risk of language and neurological delay of infants and toddlers as a result of maternal IPV. Results Infants and toddlers born to women exposed to moderate levels of IPV had increased odds of language delay compared to infants and toddlers of women who experienced low levels of violence (OR 5.31, 95 % CI 2.94, 9.50, p < 0.001). Infants and toddlers born to women who experienced moderate and high levels of IPV were at higher risk of neurological delay respectively, compared to infants and toddlers of women who experienced low levels of IPV (OR 5.42, 95 % CI 2.99, 9.82, p < 0.001 and OR 2.57, 95 % CI 1.11, 5.61, p = 0.026). Conclusions for Practice Maternal IPV is associated with increased risk of language and neurological delay of infants and toddlers. These findings have implications for health care for women and infants exposed to IPV. Clinicians including pediatricians working with pregnant women should screen for IPV throughout pregnancy to identify women and children at risk. Interventions to reduce maternal IPV and early intervention services for infants and toddlers exposed to IPV are necessary for optimal maternal and child health.
authors.affiliation: Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA. Ifeyinwa.udo@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Ifeyinwa E
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1637-2063
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Udo
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Public Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharps
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Health Science, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bronner
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Analysis, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Mian B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Hossain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002657:Child Development; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000066511:Intimate Partner Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007804:Language Development; D008423:Maternal Age; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012424:Rural Population; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: IPV; Infants and toddlers; Language development; Neurological development; Pregnancy