title: A Longitudinal Study of Multiple Drug Use and Overdose Among Young People Who Inject Drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between multiple drug use and nonfatal overdose among young people (younger than 30 years) who inject drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We completed a longitudinal study of 173 injection drug users younger than 30 years living in San Francisco, California, between April 2012 and February 2014.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The odds of nonfatal overdose increased significantly as heroin and benzodiazepine pill-taking days increased and when alcohol consumption exceeded 10 drinks per day compared with 0 drinks per day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heroin, benzodiazepine, and alcohol use were independently associated with nonfatal overdose over time among young people who inject drugs. Efforts to address multiple central nervous system depressant use remain an important component of a comprehensive approach to overdose, particularly among young people.
authors.affiliation: Elise D. Riley and Paula J. Lum are with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Jennifer L. Evans and Alya Briceno are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. Judith A. Hahn is with the Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. Peter J. Davidson is with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego. Kimberly Page is with the Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque.
authors.forename: Elise D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.affiliation: Elise D. Riley and Paula J. Lum are with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Jennifer L. Evans and Alya Briceno are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. Judith A. Hahn is with the Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. Peter J. Davidson is with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego. Kimberly Page is with the Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Elise D. Riley and Paula J. Lum are with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Jennifer L. Evans and Alya Briceno are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. Judith A. Hahn is with the Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. Peter J. Davidson is with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego. Kimberly Page is with the Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque.
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Elise D. Riley and Paula J. Lum are with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Jennifer L. Evans and Alya Briceno are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. Judith A. Hahn is with the Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. Peter J. Davidson is with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego. Kimberly Page is with the Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque.
authors.forename: Alya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Briceno
authors.affiliation: Elise D. Riley and Paula J. Lum are with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Jennifer L. Evans and Alya Briceno are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. Judith A. Hahn is with the Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. Peter J. Davidson is with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego. Kimberly Page is with the Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.affiliation: Elise D. Riley and Paula J. Lum are with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Jennifer L. Evans and Alya Briceno are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. Judith A. Hahn is with the Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. Peter J. Davidson is with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego. Kimberly Page is with the Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque.
authors.forename: Paula J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lum
authors.affiliation: Elise D. Riley and Paula J. Lum are with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Jennifer L. Evans and Alya Briceno are with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. Judith A. Hahn is with the Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. Peter J. Davidson is with the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego. Kimberly Page is with the Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque.
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Page
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055030:Drug Users / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology; D003932:Heroin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003932:Heroin