title: Influence of Different Nanomaterials on Growth and Mycotoxin Production of Penicillium verrucosum.
abstract: Nanoparticles are ubiquitous in the environment. They originate from anthropogenic or natural sources or they are intentionally produced for different purposes. There exist manifold applications of nanoparticles in modern life leading unavoidably to a confrontation and interaction between nanomaterial and living organisms. Based on their wide distribution tending to increase steadily, the influence of particles based on silica and silver, exhibiting nominal sizes between 0.65 nm and 200 nm, on the physiology of the mycotoxigenic filamentous fungus Penicillium verrucosum was analyzed. The applied concentration and time-point, the size and the chemical composition of the particles was shown to have a strong influence on growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis. On microscopic scale it could be shown that silver nanoparticles attach to the mycelial surface. Moreover, silver nanoparticles with 0.65 nm and 5 nm in size were shown to internalize within the cell, form agglomerates in the cytoplasm and associate to cell organelles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Safety and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kotzybik
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gräf
authors.affiliation: Department of Safety and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kugler
authors.affiliation: Department of Safety and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Dominic A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Stoll
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.affiliation: Department of Safety and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Geisen
authors.affiliation: Department of Safety and Quality of Fruits and Vegetables, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Heydt
mesh_terms: D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D025282:Mycelium / Q000254:growth & development*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000254:growth & development*; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins; D012834:Silver