title: Immunosensors in Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics.
abstract: The application of simple, cost-effective, rapid, and accurate diagnostic technologies for detection and identification of cardiac and cancer biomarkers has been a central point in the clinical area. Biosensors have been recognized as efficient alternatives for the diagnostics of various diseases due to their specificity and potential for application on real samples. The role of nanotechnology in the construction of immunological biosensors, that is, immunosensors, has contributed to the improvement of sensitivity, since they are based in the affinity between antibody and antigen. Other analytes than biomarkers such as hormones, pathogenic bacteria, and virus have also been detected by immunosensors for clinical point-of-care applications. In this chapter, we first introduced the various types of immunosensors and discussed their applications in clinical diagnostics over the recent 6 years, mainly as point-of-care technologies for the determination of cardiac and cancer biomarkers, hormones, pathogenic bacteria, and virus. The future perspectives of these devices in the field of clinical diagnostics are also evaluated.
authors.affiliation: CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; ISEIT/Viseu-Instituto Piaget, Estrada do Alto do Gaio, Galifonge, Lordosa, Viseu, Portugal. Electronic address: celinejustino@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Celine I L
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Justino
authors.affiliation: CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Armando C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: CESAM and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Teresa A P
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Rocha-Santos
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies / Q000737:chemistry*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Biomarkers; Clinical diagnostics; Electrochemical; Hormones; Immunosensor; Optical; Piezoelectric; Point-of-care; Proteins; Virus