title: Novel ATRX gene damaging missense mutation c.6740A>C segregates with profound to severe intellectual deficiency without alpha thalassaemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  ATRX is a recessive X-linked intellectual deficiency (X-LID) gene causing predominately alpha-thalassaemia with a wide and clinically heterogeneous spectrum of intellectual deficiency syndromes. Although alpha-thalassaemia is commonly present, some patients do not express this sign despite the ATRX gene being altered. Most pathological mutations have been localized in two different major domains, the helicase and the plant homeo-domain (PHD)-like domain. In this study we examined a family of three males having an X-linked mental deficiency and developmental delay, and tried to establish a genetic diagnosis while discussing and comparing the phenotype of our patients to those reported in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three related males with intellectual deficiency underwent clinical investigations. We performed a karyotype analysis, CGH-array, linkage study, and X-exome sequencing in the index case to identify the genetic origin of this disorder. The X-inactivation study was carried out in the mother and Sanger sequencing was achieved in all family members to confirm the mutation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  a0 novel ATRX gene missense mutation (p.His2247Pro) was identified in a family of two uncles and their nephew manifesting intellectual deficiency and specific facial features without alpha-thalassaemia. The mutation was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. It segregated with the pathological phenotype. The mother and her two daughters were found to be heterozygous.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel mutation c.6740A>C was identified within the ATRX gene helicase domain and confirmed by Sanger sequencing in the three affected males as well as in the mother and her two daughters. This mutation was predicted to be damaging and deleterious. The novel mutation segregated with the phenotype without alpha-thalassaemia and with non-skewed X chromosome.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades. Laboratoire de génétique médicale, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Habib
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bouazzi
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trujillo
authors.forename: Mohammad Khalid
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Alwasiyah
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munnich
mesh_terms: D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics*; D059472:Exome / Q000235:genetics; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D038901:X-Linked Intellectual Disability / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D049951:X Chromosome Inactivation / Q000235:genetics; D000075924:X-linked Nuclear Protein; D017085:alpha-Thalassemia / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D004265:DNA Helicases; C092332:ATRX protein, human; D000075924:X-linked Nuclear Protein