title: Ecological Momentary Assessment of Illicit Drug Use Compared to Biological and Self-Reported Methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of mHealth methods for capturing illicit drug use and associated behaviors have become more widely used in research settings, yet there is little research as to how valid these methods are compared to known measures of capturing and quantifying drug use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the concordance of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of drug use to previously validated biological and audio-computer assisted self-interview (ACASI) methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Exposure Assessment in Current Time (EXACT) study utilized EMA methods to assess drug use in real-time in participants' natural environments. Utilizing mobile devices, participants self-reported each time they used heroin or cocaine over a 4-week period. Each week, PharmChek sweat patch samples were collected for measurement of heroin and cocaine and participants answered an ACASI-based questionnaire to report behaviors and drug using events during the prior week. Reports of cocaine and heroin use captured through EMA were compared to weekly biological or self-report measures through percent agreement and concordance correlation coefficients to account for repeated measures. Correlates of discordance were obtained from logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 109 participants were a median of 48.5 years old, 90% African American, and 52% male. During 436 person-weeks of observation, we recorded 212 (49%) cocaine and 103 (24%) heroin sweat patches, 192 (44%) cocaine and 161 (37%) heroin ACASI surveys, and 163 (37%) cocaine and 145 (33%) heroin EMA reports. The percent agreement between EMA and sweat patch methods was 70% for cocaine use and 72% for heroin use, while the percent agreement between EMA and ACASI methods was 77% for cocaine use and 79% for heroin use. Misreporting of drug use by EMA compared to sweat patch and ACASI methods were different by illicit drug type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our work demonstrates moderate to good agreement of EMA to biological and standard self-report methods in capturing illicit drug use. Limitations occur with each method and accuracy may differ by type of illicit drugs used.
authors.affiliation: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD, USA. Blinas@jhu.edu.
authors.forename: Beth S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0058-5147
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Linas
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5636-6827
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Genz
authors.forename: Ryan P
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5701-4516
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Westergaard
authors.forename: Larry W
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7005-5512
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6798-6834
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bollinger
authors.forename: Carl
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7931-2116
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Latkin
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-1405
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kirk
keywords: ACASI; ecological momentary assessment; illicit drug use; mHealth; sweat patch