title: Effect of photoactivated disinfection using light in the blue spectrum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Light in the blue spectrum is well known to cure composites. This in vitro-study was aimed to analyze a potential antimicrobial activity when combined with riboflavin as a photosensitizer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Photoactivated disinfection (PAD) using a LED lamp emitting in the blue spectrum for 30s (PAD30) and 60s (PAD60) after application of 0.1% riboflavin was compared with a LED lamp emitting in the red spectrum with the respective photosensitizer (PADred). Killing activity was analyzed against planktonic 14 single species and a 12-species mixture with and without 25% serum. In addition, there was a reduction of viable bacterial counts in single species and a 12-species biofilm was measured after PAD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gram-positive bacteria were less sensitive to PAD30 and PAD60 than Gram-negatives. PAD60 decreased the counts by more than 3log10cfu in two of five Gram-positive and in six of nine Gram-negative strains, the total viable counts of the mixture were reduced by 1.04±0.46log10cfu. In the presence of 25% serum a decrease by more than 2log10cfu was only found in tests with one Porphyromonas gingivalis strain. PADred killed all included strains except for the 12-species mixture and Eubacterium nodatum. PAD60 reduced the counts in P. gingivalis biofilms by 2-3log10cfu, however there was no activity of PAD60 and PADred on the multi-species biofilm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAD using LED emitting in the blue spectrum combined with riboflavin is active against periodontopathogenic microbial species but clearly inferior to PADred. Multi-species biofilms are not sensitive to PAD using LED.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bärenfaller
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clausen
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sculean
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland. Electronic address: sigrun.eick@zmk.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Sigrun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eick
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D004203:Disinfection; D008027:Light
keywords: Biofilm; Light-emitting diodes; Periodontopathogens; Photoactivated disinfection