title: Manipulation of ruminal fermentation and methane production by dietary saponins and tannins from mangosteen peel and soapberry fruit.
abstract: Four fistulated Holstein Friesian heifers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The main factors were two roughage-to-concentrate ratios (R:C, 70:30 and 30:70) and two supplementation levels of soapberry fruit-mangosteen peel (SM) pellets (0 and 4% tannins-saponins of total diets). Rice straw was used as a roughage source. The diet was fed ad libitum as a total mixed ration. SM pellets contained crude tannins and saponins at 12.1 and 15.7% of DM, respectively. It was found that at R:C 30:70 the DM intake and the digestibility of DM, CP and NDF were increased (p < 0.05), while SM pellet supplementation reduced the DM digestibility (p < 0.05). Ruminal pH was decreased at R:C 30:70. Total VFA and propionate was increased at high concentrate level and after SM pellet supplementation (p < 0.05); simultaneously, the acetate concentration and the acetate-to-propionate ratios were decreased (p < 0.05). Methane production was decreased at R:C 30:70 and additionally when SM pellets were supplemented (p < 0.05). This was in agreement with the percentage of methanogens in total ruminal DNA. Furthermore, the number of fungal zoospores were reduced at a higher concentrate proportion (R:C 30:70) and by SM-pellet supplementation (p < 0.05). Protozoal populations were diminished when SM pellets were supplemented (p < 0.05). In this study, it was shown that the roughage-to-concentrate ratio, as well as the supplementation of SM pellets containing condensed tannins and saponins, caused changes in ruminal microorganisms and their fermentation end-products.
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Natural Resources, Sakon Nakhon Campus, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan , Thailand.
authors.forename: Onanong
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Poungchompu
authors.affiliation: b Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University , Thailand.
authors.forename: Metha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wanapat
authors.affiliation: b Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University , Thailand.
authors.forename: Chalong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wachirapakorn
authors.affiliation: c Department of Plant Science and Natural Resources , Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University , Thailand.
authors.forename: Sadudee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wanapat
authors.affiliation: b Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University , Thailand.
authors.forename: Anusorn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cherdthong
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000378:metabolism*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000032:analysis; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D029762:Garcinia mangostana / Q000737:chemistry; D008697:Methane / Q000378:metabolism*; D012417:Rumen / Q000378:metabolism*; D032127:Sapindus / Q000737:chemistry; D012503:Saponins / Q000378:metabolism*; D013634:Tannins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004043:Dietary Fiber; D012503:Saponins; D013634:Tannins; D008697:Methane
keywords: cattle; concentrate; methane production; roughage; rumen; saponins; tannins