title: Brain effects of manganese exposure in mice pups during prenatal and breastfeeding periods.
abstract: Manganese (Mn) is a trace element essential for brain development and functioning of the central nervous system. However, there is a lack of information concerning the neurotoxicity of Mn under realistic doses in early stages of development, though excess of Mn results in a progressive disorder of the nervous system called manganism. In the current study, adult mice were exposed to three doses of Mn for 60 days through daily gavages, while mice pups were exposed to the same Mn doses during developmental period (gestational and breast-feeding). From the latter group of mice, a group was exposed for more 60 days to the same Mn doses. Chemical analysis revealed a dose-dependent bioaccumulation of Mn in mice's brain. Biochemical parameters revealed that (1) Mn affects non-protein thiol levels, glutathione S-tranferase and acetylcholinesterase activities, as well as the levels of oxidized lipids and proteins in mice brain, though lipids and proteins alterations were found only after exposure to high and unrealistic doses; (2) Realistic doses of Mn affects the activity of brain AChE and finally; (3) Pups' brain were affected by Mn even whether only the parental females had been previously exposed. The current study shows evidences of chemical stress in mice exposed to Mn during the early period of development and an efficient mechanism of Mn elimination under higher doses. These findings open new lines of investigation regarding manganese toxicity in vertebrates mainly in the early stages of development.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19.031, CEP 81.531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: maokada86@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Monica Akemi
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19.031, CEP 81.531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: filipak@ufpr.br.
authors.forename: Francisco Filipak
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Neto
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19.031, CEP 81.531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: carmenluvoigh@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Cassio Hideo
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Noso
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Química, Caixa Postal 992, CEP: 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: cassiohideo@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Carmen Lúcia
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Voigt
authors.affiliation: Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Departamento de Química, Caixa Postal 992, CEP: 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: campos@uepg.br.
authors.forename: Sandro Xavier
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19.031, CEP 81.531-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Electronic address: ciro@ufpr.br.
authors.forename: Ciro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alberto de Oliveira Ribeiro
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000833:Animals, Suckling; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D020149:Manganese Poisoning / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D008345:Manganese; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase
keywords: Brain effects; Manganese; Mouse; Parental exposure; Pups