title: Stress Reactivity as a Prospective Predictor of Risky Substance Use During Adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Youth who report risky substance use and who have a familial history of substance use disorders (SUDs) are at increased risk for developing SUDs themselves later in life. Physiological stress reactivity may be a potential biological mechanism underlying this increased risk. In the current study, we examined (a) whether physiological stress reactivity to a psychosocial stressor was prospectively related to risky substance use later in adolescence and (b) whether this relation was moderated by a familial history of SUDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Youth from the general population (n = 220) and the children of a parent/parents with an SUD (CPSUDs; n = 60) participated in a psychosocial stress procedure at Time 1. Cortisol and heart rate reactivity were measured during the procedure. Four years later, on average, risky substance use was self-reported (Time 2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic regression analyses showed that youth who had lower cortisol reactivity at Time 1 were more likely to report risky substance use at Time 2. Heart rate reactivity was not related to risky substance use at Time 2, and the relation between stress reactivity and risky substance use was not more pronounced in CPSUDs compared with youth from the general population. These analyses were controlled for alcohol use at Time 1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings suggest hyporeactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in youth who are more likely to engage in risky substance use later in adolescence. These individuals may be inherently hypoaroused, which leads them to seek out substances in order to achieve a more normalized level of arousal.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center/ Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Developmental Psychology and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.|Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Brittany E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center/ Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kirstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Greaves-Lord
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center/ Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anja S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Euser
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thissen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joke H M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tulen
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center/ Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.|Department of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ingmar H A
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Franken
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anja C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Huizink
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012309:Risk-Taking; D057566:Self Report; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone