title: Quantifying the consequences of nutritional strategies aimed at decreasing phosphorus excretion from pig populations: a modeling approach.
abstract: There is a global imperative to reduce phosphorous (P) excretion from pig systems. In this study, a previously validated deterministic model was modified to be stochastic, in order to investigate the consequences of different management strategies on P excretion by a group of growing pigs. The model predicts P digestion, retention and excretion from feed composition and growth parameters that describe a specified pig phenotype. Stochasticity was achieved by introducing random variation in the latter. The strategies investigated were: (1) changing feed composition frequently in order to match more closely pig digestible P (digP) requirements to feed composition (phase feeding) and (2) grouping pigs into light and heavy groups and feeding each group according to the requirements of their group average BW (sorting). Phase feeding reduced P excretion as the number of feeding phases increased. The effect was most pronounced as feeding phases increased from 1 to 2, with a 7.5% decrease achieved; the increase in phases from 2 to 3 was associated with a further 2.0% reduction. Similarly, the effect was more pronounced when the feed targeted the population requirements for digP at the average BW of the first third, rather than the average requirements at the mid-point BW of each feeding sequence plan. Increasing the number of feeding phases increased the percentage of pigs that met their digP requirements during the early stages of growth and reduced the percentage of pigs that were supplied <85% of their digP requirements at any stage of their growth; the latter may have welfare implications. Sorting of pigs reduced P excretion to a lesser extent; the reduction was greater as the percentage of pigs in the light group increased from 10% to 30% (from 1.5% to 3.0% reduction, respectively). This resulted from an increase in the P excreted by the light group, accompanied by a decrease in the P excreted by the remaining pigs. Sorting increased the percentage of light pigs that met their dig P requirements, but only slightly decreased the percentage of heavy pigs that met these requirements at any point of their growth. Exactly the converse was the case as far as the percentage of pigs that were supplied <85% of their digP requirements were concerned. The developed model is flexible and can be used to investigate the effectiveness of other management strategies in reducing P excretion from groups of pigs, including precision livestock feeding.
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development,Newcastle University,Newcastle upon Tyne,NE1 7RU,UK.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Symeou
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development,Newcastle University,Newcastle upon Tyne,NE1 7RU,UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Leinonen
authors.affiliation: School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development,Newcastle University,Newcastle upon Tyne,NE1 7RU,UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kyriazakis
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D004063:Digestion; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary / Q000378:metabolism*; D013552:Swine / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D016226:Phosphorus, Dietary
keywords: phase feeding; phosphorus excretion; pig; sorting; stochastic model