title: Foliar Essential Oil Glands of Eucalyptus Subgenus Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) Are a Rich Source of Flavonoids and Related Non-Volatile Constituents.
abstract: The sub-dermal secretory cavities (glands) embedded within the leaves of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) were once thought to be the exclusive repositories of monoterpene and sesquiterpene oils. Recent research has debunked this theory and shown that abundant non-volatile compounds also occur within foliar glands. In particular, glands of four species in subgenus Eucalyptus contain the biologically active flavanone pinocembrin. Pinocembrin shows great promise as a pharmaceutical and is predominantly plant-sourced, so Eucalyptus could be a potential commercial source of such compounds. To explore this we quantified and assessed the purity of pinocembrin in glands of 11 species of E. subg. Eucalyptus using Electro-Spray Ionisation Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry of acetonitrile extracts and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analyses of hexane extracts of isolated glands which were free from other leaf tissues. Our results showed that the glands of subgenus Eucalyptus contain numerous flavanones that are structurally related to pinocembrin and often present in much greater abundance. The maximum concentration of pinocembrin was 2 mg g-1 dry leaf found in E. stellulata, whereas that of dimethylpinocembrin (5,7-dimethoxyflavanone) was 10 mg g-1 in E. oreades and that of pinostrobin (5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone) was 12 mg g-1 in E. nitida. We also found that the flavanones are exclusively located within the foliar glands rather than distributed throughout leaf tissues. The flavanones differ from the non-methylated pinocembrin in the degree and positions of methylation. This finding is particularly important given the attractiveness of methylated flavonoids as pharmaceuticals and therapeutics. Another important finding was that glands of some members of the subgenus also contain flavanone O-glucosides and flavanone-β-triketone conjugates. In addition, glands contain free β-triketones, β-triketone heterodimers and chromone C-glucosides. Therefore, the foliar glands of this taxonomically distinct group of plants are a rich source of a range of flavonoids and other biologically active compounds with great commercial potential.
authors.affiliation: School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Jason Q D
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Goodger
authors.affiliation: School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Samiddhi L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Seneratne
authors.affiliation: Currency Creek Arboretum, PO Box 808 Melrose Park, Currency Creek, SA, 5039, Australia.
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nicolle
authors.affiliation: School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Ian E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Woodrow
mesh_terms: D000097:Acetonitriles; D005591:Chemical Fractionation; D005052:Eucalyptus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry; D044950:Flavanones / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D005960:Glucosides / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006586:Hexanes; D007659:Ketones / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012997:Solvents; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
chemical_list: D000097:Acetonitriles; D044950:Flavanones; D005419:Flavonoids; D005960:Glucosides; D006586:Hexanes; D007659:Ketones; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; C016063:pinocembrin; C411294:pinostrobin; C032159:acetonitrile