title: Prevalence of ADHD symptoms across clinical stages of major depressive disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression and ADHD often co-occur in clinical samples. Depression severity may be linked to ADHD symptomatology. We therefore assessed ADHD symptoms across clinical stages of major depressive disorder (MDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 4-year follow-up data of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (September 2008 until April 2011), including healthy controls, groups with remitted and current MDD (N=2053; age range 21-69 years; 66.8% females). Probable ADHD was defined as having current ADHD symptoms on the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scale and a positive score on childhood or early-adolescent ADHD indicators. We examined ADHD symptom rates across (i) those with and without lifetime MDD, (ii) clinical characteristics of MDD including severity, course and outcomes, (iii) clinical stages of MDD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (i) The prevalence of ADHD symptoms was 0.4% in healthy controls, 5.7% in remitted MDD and 22.1% in current MDD (OR=4.5; 95% CI 3.1-6.5). (ii) ADHD symptom rates and odds were significantly increased among those with more severe depression (29.4%; OR=6.8; 95% CI 2.9-16.1), chronic depression (21.8%; OR=3.8; 95% CI 2.5-5.7), earlier age of onset of depressive symptoms (9.9%; OR=1.5; 95% CI 1.0-2.3), and comorbid anxiety disorders (29.0%; OR=3.4; 95% CI 2.0-5.7). (iii) ADHD symptom rates increased across clinical stages of MDD, up to 22.5% in chronic MDD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We used self-reports on ADHD symptoms. Also, clinical staging models have not yet been validated for mental disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADHD symptoms are very common among MDD patients, especially among those in recurrent and chronic stages of MDD. Considering ADHD may be an important step forward in improving the treatment of depression.
authors.affiliation: PsyQ Expertise Center Adult ADHD, The Hague, The Netherlands. Electronic address: annet.bron4@psyq.nl.
authors.forename: Tannetje I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Bron
authors.affiliation: PsyQ Expertise Center Adult ADHD, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bijlenga
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and EMGO+Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verduijn
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and EMGO+Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Brenda W J H
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and EMGO+Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aartjan T F
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Beekman
authors.affiliation: PsyQ Expertise Center Adult ADHD, The Hague, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and EMGO+Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J J Sandra
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kooij
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D063189:Symptom Assessment; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: ADHD; Depression; Epidemiology