title: Maximum-speed curve-running biomechanics of sprinters with and without unilateral leg amputations.
abstract: On curves, non-amputees' maximum running speed is slower on smaller radii and thought to be limited by the inside leg's mechanics. Similar speed decreases would be expected for non-amputees in both counterclockwise and clockwise directions because they have symmetric legs. However, sprinters with unilateral leg amputation have asymmetric legs, which may differentially affect curve-running performance and Paralympic competitions. To investigate this and understand the biomechanical basis of curve running, we compared maximum curve-running (radius 17.2 m) performance and stride kinematics of six non-amputee sprinters and 11 sprinters with a transtibial amputation. Subjects performed randomized, counterbalanced trials: two straight, two counterclockwise curves and two clockwise curves. Non-amputees and sprinters with an amputation all ran slower on curves compared with straight running, but with different kinematics. Non-amputees ran 1.9% slower clockwise compared with counterclockwise (P<0.05). Sprinters with an amputation ran 3.9% slower with their affected leg on the inside compared with the outside of the curve (P<0.05). Non-amputees reduced stride length and frequency in both curve directions compared with straight running. Sprinters with an amputation also reduced stride length in both curve-running directions, but reduced stride frequency only on curves with the affected leg on the inside. During curve running, non-amputees and athletes with an amputation had longer contact times with their inside compared with their outside leg, suggesting that the inside leg limits performance. For sprinters with an amputation, the prolonged contact times of the affected versus unaffected leg seem to limit maximum running speed during both straight running and running on curves with the affected leg on the inside.
authors.affiliation: University of Udine, Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, P.le M. Kolbe 4, Udine 33100, Italy Integrative Physiology Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA paolo.taboga@uniud.it.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Taboga
authors.affiliation: Integrative Physiology Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Rodger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kram
authors.affiliation: Integrative Physiology Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Denver, CO 80220, USA.
authors.forename: Alena M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Grabowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000674:Amputees; D001186:Artificial Limbs; D056352:Athletes; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Amputee; Athletics; Paralympics; Prosthesis; Track and field