title: Effects of Adding Sodium Nitroprusside to Semen Diluents on Motility, Viability and Lipid Peroxidation of Sperm in Holstein Bulls.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nitric oxide (NO) that plays important role in all sexual activities of animals is made from the amino acid L-arginine by the enzymatic action of NO synthase (NOS). NO makes a band with sulfur-iron complexes, but due to production of steroid sexual hormones related to the enzymes involved in this complex, NO can change the activity of these enzymes. NO affects many cells including vein endothelial cells, macrophages and mast cells. These cells are also found in Leydig cells; therefore, they are important source of NO in testis tissue. Therefore, minimizing damages to sperm at the time of freezing thawing process are really important. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate NO concentration to be added to the freezing extender to improve the quality of thawed sperm.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this experimental randomized study, sperms of four Holstein bulls with an average age of 4 were collected twice a week for 3 weeks. They received sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in concentrations of 0, 10, 50 and 100 nmol/ml. Data analysis was performed using the special issue and static (SAS) 98 software. Also, mean comparison was done using Duncan's multiple ranges test (P<0.05).This research was conducted at the laboratory of Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran at spring and summer of 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All concentrations of SNP used was found to increase motility and viability of spermatozoa at 1, 2 and 3 hours after thawing, significantly (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference at zero time. Different concentrations of SNP reduced the membrane lipid peroxidation level of sperm and increased acrosome membranes integrity, implying that SNP generally improved samples membranes, especially in 50 and 100 nmol/ml concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the obtained results, addition of SNP to semen diluents increases motility and viability of spermatozoa. Also, it reduces membrane lipid peroxidation level that leads to improved sperm function.
authors.affiliation: Depatment of Animal Science, Golpayegan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Golpayegan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamidreza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khodaei
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chamani
authors.affiliation: Depatment of Animal Science, Golpayegan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Golpayegan, Iran.
authors.forename: Behnaz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mahdavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali Asghar
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Akhondi
keywords: Lipid Peroxidation; Nitric Oxide; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa