title: The effects of roflumilast on the pancreas and remote organs in a cerulein-induced experimental acute pancreatitis model in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Systemic damage in acute pancreatitis (AP) can be characterized by oxidative stress and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Roflumilast has been shown to be a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of roflumilast in cerulein-induced AP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two male rats were divided into four groups: group 1 (sham), group 2 (Roflumilast), group 3 (AP), and group 4 (AP + Roflumilast). AP was induced by injecting 4 × 75 μg/kg of body weight at an interval of 1 h. Rats were killed after 12 h following the last cerulein administration. AP was confirmed by measuring the serum amylase level and inflammatory features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphological changes were observed in the pancreas. Amylase levels were higher in the AP and AP + Roflumilast groups than the sham and Roflumilast groups. The serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 increased in the AP group, whereas they decreased in the Roflumilast group. The total oxidant activity (TOA) was higher and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was lower in the AP group. The administration of roflumilast decreased the TOA and increased the TAC in comparison with the AP group (p < 0.05 for both).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Roflumilast significantly decreases oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in the plasma, pancreas, and lung in cerulein-induced AP rats.
authors.affiliation: Departmant of General Surgery, Dicle University Medical Faculty, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey. druslukaya@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Uslukaya
authors.affiliation: Departmant of General Surgery, Dicle University Medical Faculty, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turkoglu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Zirve University Medical Faculty, Gaziantep, Turkey.
authors.forename: Umit Can
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Yazgan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Dicle University Medical Faculty, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Dicle University Medical Faculty, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ibiloglu
authors.affiliation: Departmant of General Surgery, Dicle University Medical Faculty, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kapan
authors.affiliation: Departmant of General Surgery, Dicle University Medical Faculty, 21280, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Metehan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gumus
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000631:Aminopyridines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000681:Amylases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002108:Ceruletide / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003521:Cyclopropanes / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000631:Aminopyridines; D001549:Benzamides; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C424423:Roflumilast; D002108:Ceruletide; D000681:Amylases
keywords: Lung; Pancreas; Pancreatitis; Roflumilast