title: Statin intake is associated with MMP-1 level in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was conducted to assess whether statin intake is associated with clinical parameters of periodontitis and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of non-diabetic and diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first determined the effect of simvastatin on MMP expression in mononuclear cells. We then recruited 117 non-diabetic and diabetic patients, who all had periodontitis and took or did not take statin, and measured periodontal probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL), and collected gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to quantify MMPs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The in vitro studies showed that simvastatin potently inhibited the expression of MMP-1, MMP-8, and MMP-9 upregulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and high glucose in mononuclear cells. The patient study showed that, after adjusting for age and smoking status, PPD in diabetic patients on statin was significantly less than that in diabetic patients not on statin. MMP-1 level in GCF of non-diabetic and diabetic patients on statin was lower than that of non-diabetic and diabetic patients not on statin, respectively. No difference was found for MMP-8 and -9 levels in GCF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statin intake is associated with reduced PPD in diabetic patients and MMP-1 level in GCF in either non-diabetic or diabetic patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Poston
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Brinson
authors.affiliation: Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Lauer
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontics, Department of Stomatology, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.|Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D017364:Collagenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D019821:Simvastatin; D017364:Collagenases; C488762:MMP8 protein, human; D020784:Matrix Metalloproteinase 8; C579270:MMP9 protein, human; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C522360:MMP1 protein, human; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1
keywords: diabetes mellitus; matrix metalloproteinase-1; periodontitis; statin