title: Role of computed tomography scores and findings to predict early death in patients with traumatic brain injury: A reappraisal in a major tertiary care hospital in Nepal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glasgow Coma Scale has been a long sought model to classify patients with head injury. However, the major limitation of the score is its assessment in the patients who are either sedated or under the influence of drugs or intubated for airway protection. The rational approach for prognostication of such patients is the utility of scoring system based on the morphological criteria based on radiological imaging. Among the current armamentarium, a scoring system based on computed tomography (CT) imaging holds the greatest promise in conquering our conquest for the same.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included a total of 634 consecutive neurosurgical trauma patients in this series, who presented with mild-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) from January 2013 to April 2014 at a tertiary care center in rural Nepal. All pertinent medical records (including all available imaging studies) were reviewed by the neurosurgical consultant and the radiologist on call. Patients' worst CT image scores and their outcome at 30 days were assessed and recorded. We then assessed their independent performance in predicting the mortality and also tried to seek the individual variables that had significant interplay for determining the same.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both imaging score (Marshall) and clinical score (Rotterdam) can be used to reliably predict mortality in patients with acute TBI with high prognostic accuracy. Other specific CT characteristics that can be used to predict early mortality are traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, midline shift, and status of the peri-mesencephalic cisterns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated in this cohort that though the Marshall score has the high predictive power to determine the mortality, better discrimination could be sought through the application of the Rotterdam score that encompasses various individual CT parameters. We thereby recommend the use of such comprehensive prognostic model so as to augment our predictive power for properly dichotomizing the prognosis of the patients with TBI. In the future, it will therefore be important to develop prognostic models that are applicable for the majority of patients in the world they live in, and not just a privileged few who can use resources not necessarily representative of their societal environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Munakomi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal.
authors.forename: Binod
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bhattarai
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal.
authors.forename: Balaji
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal.
authors.forename: Iype
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cherian
keywords: Computed tomography variables; Marshall score; Rotterdam score; prognosis; traumatic brain injury