title: Arctic ground squirrel neuronal progenitor cells resist oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced death.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of ischemia/reperfusion on arctic ground squirrel (AGS) neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs), we subjected these cultured cells to oxygen and glucose deprivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  AGS NPCs were expanded and differentiated into NPCs and as an ischemia vulnerable control, commercially available human NPCs (hNPCs) were seeded from thawed NPCs. NPCs, identified by expression of TUJ1 were seen at 14-21 d in vitro (DIV). Cultures were exposed to control conditions, hypoxia, oxygen and glucose deprivation or glucose deprivation alone or following return to normal conditions to model reperfusion. Cell viability and death were assessed from loss of ATP as well as from measures of alamarBlue(®) and lactate dehydrogenase in the media and from counts of TUJ1 positive cells using immunocytochemistry. Dividing cells were identified by expression of Ki67 and phenotyped by double labeling with GFAP, MAP2ab or TUJ1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report that when cultured in NeuraLife™, AGS cells remain viable out to 21 DIV, continue to express TUJ1 and begin to express MAP2ab. Viability of hNPCs assessed by fluorescence alamarBlue (arbitrary units) depends on both glucose and oxygen availability [viability of hNPCs after 24 h oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) with return of oxygen and glucose decreased from 48151 ± 4551 in control cultures to 43481 ± 2413 after OGD, P < 0.05]. By contrast, when AGS NPCs are exposed to the same OGD with reperfusion at 14 DIV, cell viability assessed by alamarBlue increased from 165305 ± 11719 in control cultures to 196054 ± 13977 after OGD. Likewise AGS NPCs recovered ATP (92766 ± 6089 in control and 92907 ± 4290 after modeled reperfusion; arbitrary luminescence units), and doubled in the ratio of TUJ1 expressing neurons to total dividing cells (0.11 ± 0.04 in control cultures vs 0.22 ± 0.2 after modeled reperfusion, P < 0.05). Maintaining AGS NPCs for a longer time in culture lowered resistance to injury, however, did not impair proliferation of NPCs relative to other cell lineages after oxygen deprivation followed by re-oxygenation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ischemic-like insults decrease viability and increase cell death in cultures of human NPCs. Similar conditions have less affect on cell death and promote proliferation in AGS NPCs.
authors.affiliation: Kelly L Drew, Austin P Ross, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States.
authors.forename: Kelly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Drew
authors.affiliation: Kelly L Drew, Austin P Ross, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: Kelly L Drew, Austin P Ross, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.affiliation: Kelly L Drew, Austin P Ross, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States.
authors.forename: Austin P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Kelly L Drew, Austin P Ross, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775, United States.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kelleher-Andersson
keywords: Hibernation; Hypoxia tolerance; Neurogenesis; Neuronal progenitor