title: Synaptic Mechanisms Generating Orientation Selectivity in the ON Pathway of the Rabbit Retina.
abstract: Neurons that signal the orientation of edges within the visual field have been widely studied in primary visual cortex. Much less is known about the mechanisms of orientation selectivity that arise earlier in the visual stream. Here we examine the synaptic and morphological properties of a subtype of orientation-selective ganglion cell in the rabbit retina. The receptive field has an excitatory ON center, flanked by excitatory OFF regions, a structure similar to simple cell receptive fields in primary visual cortex. Examination of the light-evoked postsynaptic currents in these ON-type orientation-selective ganglion cells (ON-OSGCs) reveals that synaptic input is mediated almost exclusively through the ON pathway. Orientation selectivity is generated by larger excitation for preferred relative to orthogonal stimuli, and conversely larger inhibition for orthogonal relative to preferred stimuli. Excitatory orientation selectivity arises in part from the morphology of the dendritic arbors. Blocking GABAA receptors reduces orientation selectivity of the inhibitory synaptic inputs and the spiking responses. Negative contrast stimuli in the flanking regions produce orientation-selective excitation in part by disinhibition of a tonic NMDA receptor-mediated input arising from ON bipolar cells. Comparison with earlier studies of OFF-type OSGCs indicates that diverse synaptic circuits have evolved in the retina to detect the orientation of edges in the visual input.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A core goal for visual neuroscientists is to understand how neural circuits at each stage of the visual system extract and encode features from the visual scene. This study documents a novel type of orientation-selective ganglion cell in the retina and shows that the receptive field structure is remarkably similar to that of simple cells in primary visual cortex. However, the data indicate that, unlike in the cortex, orientation selectivity in the retina depends on the activity of inhibitory interneurons. The results further reveal the physiological basis for feature detection in the visual system, elucidate the synaptic mechanisms that generate orientation selectivity at an early stage of visual processing, and illustrate a novel role for NMDA receptors in retinal processing.
authors.affiliation: Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239.
authors.forename: Sowmya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Venkataramani
authors.affiliation: Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 taylorw@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: W Rowland
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6806-3249
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate / Q000494:pharmacology; D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D003712:Dendrites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D018683:Excitatory Amino Acid Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D018682:GABA Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000494:pharmacology; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011817:Rabbits; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D013569:Synapses / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018683:Excitatory Amino Acid Agents; D018682:GABA Agents; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D015763:2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase
keywords: NMDA receptors; electrophysiology; neural circuit; receptive field; retinal ganglion cell; synaptic transmission