title: Analysis of the presence of perfluoroalkyl substances in water, sediment and biota of the Jucar River (E Spain). Sources, partitioning and relationships with water physical characteristics.
abstract: The presence, sources and partitioning of 21 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs: C4-C14, C16, C18 carboxylate, C4, C6-C10 sulfonates and C8 sulfonamide) were assessed in water, sediment, and biota of the Jucar River basin (E Spain). Considering the three matrices, perfluoropentanoate (PFPeA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were the most frequent compounds, being remarkable the high occurrence of short-chain PFASs (C≤8), which are intended to replace the long-chain ones in several industrial and commercial applications. In general, all samples were contaminated with at least one PFAS, with the exception of three fish samples. Mean concentrations detected in sediments (0.22-11.5ng g(-1)) and biota (0.63-274µgkg(-1)) samples were higher than those measured in water (0.04-83.1ngL(-1)), which might suggest (bio) accumulation. The occurrence of PFAS is related to urban and industrial discharges (Cuenca city in the upper part of basin, and car's factory, and effluents of the sewage treatment plant (STP) of Alzira, in the lower part). Increasing pollution gradients were found. On the other hand, higher contamination levels were observed after regulation dams of the catchment pointing out their importance in the re-distribution of these contaminants. None of the hazard quotients (HQ) calculated indicate potential risk for the different tropic levels considered (algae, Daphnia sp. and fish). PFAS concentrations found in this study can be considered in acceptable levels if compared to existing Regulatory Legislation and, consequently, they do not pose an immediate human health risk.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Forensic and Landscape Chemistry Research Group. Desertification Research Centre - CIDE (Spanish Council for Scientific Research, University of Valencia, Generalitat Valenciana), Carretera Moncada - Náquera km 4.5 (Campus IVIA), Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain; Earth Surface Science, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystems Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Julian.Campo@uv.es.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campo
authors.affiliation: Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE, UV-CSIC-GV) and Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lorenzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pérez
authors.affiliation: Food and Environmental Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Centro de Investigaciones sobre Desertificación (CIDE, UV-CSIC-GV) and Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Picó
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marinel la
authors.initials: Ml
authors.lastname: Farré
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit, 101, Edifici H2O, Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, E-17003 Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Damià
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000032:analysis*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013030:Spain; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005466:Fluorocarbons; D014867:Water
keywords: Bioaccumulation; Hazard quotient; LC-MS/MS; Mediterranean ecosystem; Perfluoroalkyl substances; Regulation dam