title: Two-year stability of immobilization effect of sepiolite on Cd contaminants in paddy soil.
abstract: The long-term stability of immobilization effect of immobilization agents was critical to the remediation practices. Two years consecutive in situ field-scale demonstration was conducted in Hunan province, with the purpose to certify the long-term stability of immobilization effect of sepiolite on Cd contaminants in paddy soil in the aspect of soil extraction and plant uptake. Natural sepiolite was selected as immobilization, and rice was the model plant. The immobilization effect of sepiolite on Cd contaminants in paddy soil was significant in the first year and remained at the second year. The Cd content of brown rice, 0.025 M HCl extractable Cd content and exchangeable Cd content of paddy soil decreased remarkably. The application of sepiolite led to an obvious increase in pH value of paddy soil and carbonate bounded fraction of Cd in soil. The immobilization effect was maintained even at the second year without any additional amendments. The results indicated the interaction of sepiolite and cadmium was a long-term process. The additional sepiolite at the second year had no significant lift effect on immobilization so that it was unnecessary to add sepiolite every year based on the immobilization effect and operation cost. The dynamics of available Cu, Zn, and Mn contents in paddy soil in two consecutive years indicated sepiolite had negligible effects on the bioavailability of trace metals. The result of the current research confirmed the stability of immobilization effect of sepiolite.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Quality of MOA, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, No. 31, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xuefeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Quality of MOA, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, No. 31, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China. dingandliang@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yingming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Quality of MOA, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, No. 31, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Pengchao
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Quality of MOA, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, No. 31, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Quality of MOA, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, No. 31, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuebing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Quality of MOA, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, No. 31, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qingqing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Original Environmental Quality of MOA, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute of Ministry of Agriculture, No. 31, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300191, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D017633:Magnesium Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017633:Magnesium Silicates; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; C001671:magnesium trisilicate
keywords: Cadmium; Immobilization; Sepiolite; Stability