title: A combined application of biochar and phosphorus alleviates heat-induced adversities on physiological, agronomical and quality attributes of rice.
abstract: Present study examined the influence of high-temperature stress and different biochar and phosphorus (P) fertilization treatments on the growth, grain yield and quality of two rice cultivars (IR-64 and Huanghuazhan). Plants were subjected to high day temperature-HDT (35 °C ± 2), high night temperature-HNT (32 °C ± 2), and control temperature-CT (28 °C ± 2) in controlled growth chambers. The different fertilization treatments were control, biochar alone, phosphorous (P) alone and biochar + P. High-temperature stress severely reduced the photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and increased the leaf water potential of both rice cultivars. Grain yield and its related attributes except for number of panicles, were reduced under high temperature. The HDT posed more negative effects on rice physiological attributes, while HNT was more destructive for grain yield. High temperature stress also hampered the grain appearance and milling quality traits in both rice cultivars. The Huanghuazhan performed better than IR-64 under high-temperature stress with better growth and higher grain yield. Different soil fertilization treatments were helpful in ameliorating the detrimental effects of high temperature. Addition of biochar alone improved some growth and yield parameters but such positive effects were lower when compared with the combined application of biochar and P. The biochar+P application recorded 7% higher grain yield (plant(-1)) of rice compared with control averaged across different temperature treatments and cultivars. The highest grain production and better grain quality in biochar+P treatments might be due to enhanced photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and grain size, which compensated the adversities of high temperature stress.
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
authors.forename: Shah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fahad
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
authors.forename: Saddam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
authors.forename: Shah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saud
authors.affiliation: Department of Extension, Agricultural University Peshawar, 25130, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
authors.forename: Mohsin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanveer
authors.affiliation: Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment & Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Muhammad Zahid
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Ihsan
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
authors.forename: Adnan Noor
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
authors.forename: Abid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
authors.lastname: Nasrullah
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
authors.forename: Fahad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hesham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alharby
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Vehari, 61100, Pakistan; CIHEAM - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (IAMM), 3191 Route de Mende, 34090, Montpellier, France; CSIRO Sustainable Agriculture, National Research Flagship, Toowoomba, Qld, 4350, Australia.
authors.forename: Wajid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Nasim
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Hubei, China. Electronic address: jhuang@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jianliang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D002606:Charcoal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D012275:Oryza / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; C540010:biochar; D014867:Water; D002606:Charcoal; D010758:Phosphorus
keywords: Biochar; Grain yield and quality; High night temperature; Phosphorus fertilization; Water use efficiency