title: Species phylogeny and diversification process of Northeast Asian Pungitius revealed by AFLP and mtDNA markers.
abstract: Pungitius is a highly diversified genus of sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae) occurring widely in northern parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Several ecologically and genetically divergent types that are largely isolated reproductively but occasionally hybridize in sympatry have been discovered in Northeast Asia, although the taxonomy and evolutionary relationships among them remain unclear. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers to infer phylogenies among individuals collected from sympatric and allopatric populations, including the type localities of the described species. Phylogenetic analyses based on 2683 polymorphic AFLP loci confirmed seven species, each of which (except for one entirely allopatric species P. platygaster) was clearly differentiated from one or two other sympatric species and constituted a highly supported monophyletic clade with conspecific allopatric populations. The phylogeny showed that two lineages arose early; one gave rise to two species (circumpolar species P. pungitius and Paratethys species P. platygaster) and the other to five species endemic to Northeast Asia (P. sinensis, P. tymensis, P. polyakovi, P. kaibarae, and P. bussei). The brackish-water, freshwater, and Omono types previously discovered in Japan were reidentified as P. pungitius, P. sinensis, and P. kaibarae, respectively. A marked incongruence was noted between the phylogenies of AFLP and mtDNA markers, suggesting the occasional occurrence of hybridization and mtDNA introgression among distinct species. Our results highlight that the marginal seas of Northeast Asia played a key role as barriers to or facilitators of gene flow in the evolution of species diversity of Pungitius concentrated in this region.
authors.affiliation: National Fisheries University, 2-7-1 Nagata-honmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan. Electronic address: hiroshi@fish-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
authors.forename: Sergei V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Shedko
authors.affiliation: Karakalpak Research Institute of Natural Science, Karakalpak Branch of Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences, Nukus, Uzbekistan.
authors.forename: Temirbekov
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ramatulla
authors.affiliation: Sang Myung University, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-743, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Rin
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Joen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 25 Beisihuan Xilu, Haidian, Beijing 100080, PR China.
authors.forename: Chun-Guang
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Universitetskaya Emb. no. 1., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
authors.forename: Valentina G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Sideleva
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takata
authors.affiliation: National Fisheries University, 2-7-1 Nagata-honmachi, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan.
authors.forename: Harumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakai
authors.affiliation: Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan.
authors.forename: Mutsumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishida
mesh_terms: D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D005202:Asia, Eastern; D005819:Genetic Markers; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D010802:Phylogeny; D023701:Smegmamorpha / Q000235:genetics*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D005819:Genetic Markers; D045303:Cytochromes b
keywords: AFLP; Introgression; Ninespine stickleback; Sea of Japan; Speciation