title: Recommendations on Screening for Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy (2016 Revision).
abstract: The American Academy of Ophthalmology recommendations on screening for chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) retinopathy are revised in light of new information about the prevalence of toxicity, risk factors, fundus distribution, and effectiveness of screening tools.
  
  
  
  Although the locus of toxic damage is parafoveal in many eyes, Asian patients often show an extramacular pattern of damage. DOSE: We recommend a maximum daily HCQ use of ≤5.0 mg/kg real weight, which correlates better with risk than ideal weight. There are no similar demographic data for CQ, but dose comparisons in older literature suggest using ≤2.3 mg/kg real weight.
  
  
  
  The risk of toxicity is dependent on daily dose and duration of use. At recommended doses, the risk of toxicity up to 5 years is under 1% and up to 10 years is under 2%, but it rises to almost 20% after 20 years. However, even after 20 years, a patient without toxicity has only a 4% risk of converting in the subsequent year.
  
  
  
  High dose and long duration of use are the most significant risks. Other major factors are concomitant renal disease, or use of tamoxifen.
  
  
  
  A baseline fundus examination should be performed to rule out preexisting maculopathy. Begin annual screening after 5 years for patients on acceptable doses and without major risk factors.
  
  
  
  The primary screening tests are automated visual fields plus spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT). These should look beyond the central macula in Asian patients. The multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) can provide objective corroboration for visual fields, and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) can show damage topographically. Modern screening should detect retinopathy before it is visible in the fundus.
  
  
  
  Retinopathy is not reversible, and there is no present therapy. Recognition at an early stage (before any RPE loss) is important to prevent central visual loss. However, questionable test results should be repeated or validated with additional procedures to avoid unnecessary cessation of valuable medication.
  
  
  
  Patients (and prescribing physicians) should be informed about risk of toxicity, proper dose levels, and the importance of regular annual screening.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Marmor
authors.affiliation: Zentrum für Seltene Netzhauterkrankungen, AugenZentrum Siegburg, Siegburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kellner
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Timothy Y Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kaiser Permanente, Redwood City Medical Center, Redwood City, California.
authors.forename: Ronald B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Melles
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: William F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Mieler
mesh_terms: D000047:Academies and Institutes; D000328:Adult; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004596:Electroretinography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D008875:Middle Aged; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000458:organization & administration; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D012307:Risk Factors; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014481:United States; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D006886:Hydroxychloroquine; D002738:Chloroquine