title: Reduction of chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in human lymphocytes by selected phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
abstract: One of the most famous and commonly used compounds from organophosphate (OP) family is chlorpyrifos (CP) which is widespreadly used as a powerful insecticide. Previous studies have shown that OPs induce oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis by generating the free radicals. The protective effects of three members of phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDEI) family, including rolipram (RLP), milrinon (MLR) and pentoxifylline (PTX) were evaluated in the human lymphocytes against CP's toxicity. In this case, the level of oxidative stress biomarkers, the viability of the cells and the rate of apoptosis by flow cytometry were investigated. The results of this study revealed that CP makes a significant increase in the level of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers such as meyloperoxidase (MPO), lipid peroxidation (LPO), total thiol molecules (TTM) and total antioxidant potential (TAP), and also makes an enhancement in the rate of apoptosis process. On the other hand, PDEIs and specifically the combination of them restored the negative effects of CP and significantly prevented the apoptosis and oxidative stress imbalance. It is concluded that these PDEIs have positive effects in attenuation, recovery, and protection of CP-induced toxicity in the human lymphocytes.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
authors.forename: Narges
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jowzi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahban
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahimifard
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navaei-Nigjeh
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baeeri
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
authors.forename: Behrad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Darvishi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Amin
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rezvanfar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran; Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Toxicology and Poisoning Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdollahi
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009195:Peroxidase; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D004390:Chlorpyrifos
keywords: Apoptosis; Chlorpyrifos; Human lymphocytes; Oxidative stress; Phosphodiesterase inhibitors