title: Myocardial strain can be measured from first trimester fetal echocardiography using velocity vector imaging.
abstract: Alterations in myocardial strain can identify cardiac dysfunction and can be measured in the mid-gestation fetus. This study evaluates feasibility of strain measurements in early fetuses and establishes normal early fetal strain values.
  
  
  
  Normal fetal echocardiograms were reviewed for image adequacy for strain measurements in 12- to 14-week gestation fetuses. Two readers performed independent strain measurements. Values were compared with data from 40 normal second trimester fetuses.
  
  
  
  Strain evaluation could be attempted in 36 of 53 (68%) of first trimester echocardiograms (mean gestation 13.4 weeks); excessive motion or inadequate imaging planes precluded tracking analysis in the remainder. Strain measurements were feasible in 19 of 53 fetuses (36%, or 53% of those in whom tracking was attempted). Peak systolic global longitudinal left ventricular (RV) and right ventricular (LV) strain were similar (LV = -13.9 ± 5.7%, RV = -14.4 ± 5.5%, p = 0.7). RV strain was higher in first trimester fetuses compared with second trimester normals (p = 0.003). Intraobserver and interobserver agreement were moderate to strong for peak global LV and RV strain but poor for regional basal and mid-septal segments.
  
  
  
  Strain measurements were feasible in one-third of retrospectively assessed early fetal echocardiograms. Global longitudinal strain may be higher in earlier than mid-gestation fetuses. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5761-5303
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chelliah
authors.affiliation: Children's National Medical Center, Children's National Heart Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Niti
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dham
authors.affiliation: Children's National Medical Center, Children's National Heart Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Lowell H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: Children's National Medical Center, Children's National Heart Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Donofrio
authors.affiliation: Children's National Medical Center, Children's National Heart Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishnan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004452:Echocardiography; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013599:Systole; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal