title: (1)H-MR imaging of the lungs at 3.0 T.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One disadvantage of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the inability to adequately image the lungs. Recent advances in hyperpolarized gas technology [e.g., helium-3 ((3)He) and xenon-129 ((129)Xe)] have changed this. However, the required technology is expensive and often needing extra physics or engineering staff. Hence there is considerable interest in developing (1)H (proton)-based MRI approaches that can be readily implemented on standard clinical systems. Thus, the purpose of this work was to compare a newly developed free breathing proton-based MR lung imaging method to that of a standard gadolinium (Gd) based perfusion approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy volunteers [10] were scanned using a 3-T MRI with 8 parallel receivers, and a cardiac gated fast spin echo (FSE) sequence. Acquisition was cardiac triggered, with different time delays incremented to cover the entire cardiac cycle. Image k-space was filled rectilinearly. But to reduce motion artefacts k-space was retrospectively sorted using the minimal variance algorithm (MVA), based on physiologic data recorded from both the respiratory bellows and electrocardiogram (ECG). Resorted and reconstructed FSE images were compared to contrast enhanced lung images, obtained following intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA-BMA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biphasic variation in FSE lung signal intensity was observed across the cardiac cycle with a maximal signal change following rapid cardiac ejection (between S and T waves), and following rapid isovolumetric relaxation. A difference image between systolic and diastolic states in the cardiac cycle resulted in images with improved lung contrast to noise ratio (CNR). FSE image intensity was uniform over lung parenchyma while Gd-based enhancement of spoiled gradient recalled echo (SPGR) images showed gravitational dependence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here we show how 1H-MR images of lung can be obtained during free breathing. The image contrast obtained during this approach is likely the result of flow and oxygen modulation during the cardiac cycle. This free breathing method provides lung images comparable to those obtained using Gd-enhancement. Besides having the advantage of free breathing, this approach doesn't require any Gd-contrast or suffer from methodological problems associated with perfusion (e.g., poor bolus timing). However, as gravitational differences typically observed in lung perfusion are not visible with this method it is not providing exclusive microvascular perfusion information.
authors.affiliation: 1 Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada ; 2 Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada ; 3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 4 McMaster School of Biomedical Engineering, 5 Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sergei I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Obruchkov
authors.affiliation: 1 Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada ; 2 Imaging Research Centre, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada ; 3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 4 McMaster School of Biomedical Engineering, 5 Department of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Noseworthy
keywords: Lung; free breathing; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); perfusion