title: Low compliance with guidelines for re-staging in high-grade T1 bladder cancer and the potential impact on patient outcomes in the province of Alberta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite high-level evidence of benefit, early repeat resection (ERR) among high-grade T1 bladder cancer (HGT1-BC) patients remains low in several non-Canadian jurisdictions and rates in Canada are largely unreported. We evaluated rates of ERR and trends over time in Alberta. We also examined factors associated with uptake of ERR.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective review of data from all patients diagnosed with HGT1-BC from 2007 through 2011. Patients were identified from the Alberta Cancer Registry. Patients with a non-urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and those with invasion into the prostate or metastatic disease were excluded. We collected demographic and clinicopathologic information from patients' electronic medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 600 patients diagnosed with HGT1-BC were included. Overall, 167 patients (27.8%) received an ERR; however, the rate increased in a non-linear fashion from 27.4% in 2007 to 37.8% in 2011. Factors associated with ERR included age <80 years (p=0.021) and centre at which the initial transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) was performed (p=0.013). Median overall survival (OS) was not reached, but five-year OS was 72.7% (95% CI 68.9, 76.5) for those who received an ERR and 55.3% (95% CI 52.5, 58.1) for those who did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of ERR in patients with HGT1-BC is improving over time. Regional variation in practice suggests the need for implementation strategies (i.e., provincial clinical care pathways) to standardize practice and set indicators for future measurement and reporting. Targeted interventions would require further investigation around the reasons for variation in practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Southern Alberta Institute of Urology, Calgary, AB, Canada;
authors.forename: Geoffrey T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Gotto
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada;; Cancer Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Shea-Budgell
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada;
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dean Ruether