title: The effect of auditory and visual training on the mismatch negativity in schizophrenia.
abstract: The mismatch negativity (MMN) is an electrophysiological index of early auditory attention and has repeatedly been suggested to be associated with cognitive functioning. Despite the frequently reported finding of reduced MMN amplitude in schizophrenia, up to now, studies assessing the impact of perceptual discrimination training aiming to improve MMN measures in schizophrenia patients are scarce.
  
  
  
  In the present study, the effect of auditory training (AUD, n=14) on the MMN was compared to that of visual-spatial training (VIS, n=14) and a treatment-as-usual (TAU, n=14) condition in schizophrenia patients. Training consisted of ten 50-min sessions over two weeks. Assessments took place before and after training and at a two-month follow-up. They comprised clinical measures and MMN recordings to frequency and duration deviant stimuli.
  
  
  
  There was a significant main effect for type of stimulus deviance with a more negative MMN to frequency than duration deviants. In contrast to our hypotheses, we did not find training specific effects on MMN amplitude or latency.
  
  
  
  The visual, as well as the auditory training program failed to result in treatment related MMN changes in schizophrenia patients when compared to treatment-as-usual as a control condition. In contrast to reports in healthy subjects, the induction of training related MMN changes in schizophrenia patients may constitute a specific challenge and require more extensive training protocols.
authors.affiliation: Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL-University Hospital Bochum, Germany; Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Clinic Essen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany. Electronic address: christian.kaergel@uni-due.de.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kärgel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sartory
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kariofillis
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiltfang
authors.affiliation: Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LVR-Clinic Essen, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013028:Space Perception / Q000502:physiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
keywords: Cognitive training; Evoked-potentials; Mismatch negativity (MMN); Schizophrenia