title: Hypothalamic digoxin-mediated model for epileptogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assessed the changes in the isoprenoid pathway and its metabolites in seizure disorder (ILAE classification - I generalized - idiopathic generalized epilepsy with age-related onset - epilepsy with generalized tonic clonic seizures on awakening) and the metabolic cascade produced by isoprenoid pathway dysregulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following parameters were assessed in seizure disorder: isoprenoid pathway metabolites, tyrosine and tryptophan catabolites, glycoconjugates metabolism and red blood cell (RBC) membrane composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was elevation in plasma HMG-CoA reductase activity, serum digoxin and dolichol and a reduction in RBC membrane Na-K+ ATPase activity, serum magnesium and ubiquinone levels. Serum tryptophan, serotonin, strychnine, nicotine and quinolinic acid were elevated while tyrosine, dopamine, morphine and norepinephrine were decreased. The total serum glycosaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycan fractions (except dermatan sulfate), the activity of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) degrading enzymes and glycohydrolases, carbohydrate residues of glycoproteins and serum glycolipids were elevated. Total serum cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and free fatty acids were increased while HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were unaltered. The concentration of membrane hexose, fucose, cholesterol and phospholipids in the RBC membrane decreased significantly but the total RBC membrane GAG was unaltered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epileptogenesis could be due to a dysfunctional isoprenoidal pathway and paroxysmal hypothalamic digoxin hypersecretion.
authors.affiliation: 1Department of Medicine, Medical College Hospital, Trivandrum.
authors.forename: Ravi Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kurup
authors.affiliation: 2Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Parameswara Achutha
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kurup