title: Attention demands of language production in adults who stutter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether language production is atypically resource-demanding in adults who stutter (AWS) versus typically-fluent adults (TFA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen TFA and 15 AWS named pictures overlaid with printed Semantic, Phonological or Unrelated Distractor words while monitoring frequent low tones versus rare high tones. Tones were presented at a short or long Stimulus Onset Asynchrony (SOA) relative to picture onset. Group, Tone Type, Tone SOA and Distractor Type effects on P3 amplitudes were the main focus. P3 amplitude was also investigated separately in a simple tone oddball task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  P3 morphology was similar between groups in the simple task. In the dual task, a P3 effect was detected in TFA in all three distractor conditions at each Tone SOA. In AWS, a P3 effect was attenuated or undetectable at the Short Tone SOA depending on Distractor Type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In TFA, attentional resources were available for P3-indexed processes in tone perception and categorization in all distractor conditions at both Tone SOAs. For AWS, availability of attentional resources for secondary task processing was reduced as competition in word retrieval was resolved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that language production can be atypically resource-demanding in AWS. Theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, USA. Electronic address: nmaxfield@usf.edu.
authors.forename: Nathan D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Maxfield
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, USA.
authors.forename: Wendy L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, USA; University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychology, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, USA.
authors.forename: Stefan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Frisch
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychology, USA.
authors.forename: Victor S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lister
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013342:Stuttering / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adults; Attention; Brain electrophysiology; Language production; Stuttering