title: Increase in the carbohydrate content of the microalgae Spirulina in culture by nutrient starvation and the addition of residues of whey protein concentrate.
abstract: Non-renewable sources that will end with time are the largest part of world energy consumption, which emphasizes the necessity to develop renewable sources of energy. This necessity has created opportunities for the use of microalgae as a biofuel. The use of microalgae as a feedstock source for bioethanol production requires high yields of both biomass and carbohydrates. With mixotrophic cultures, wastewater can be used to culture algae. The aim of the study was to increase the carbohydrate content in the microalgae Spirulina with the additions of residues from the ultra and nanofiltration of whey protein. The nutrient deficit in the Zarrouk medium diluted to 20% and the addition of 2.5% of both residue types led to high carbohydrate productivity (60 mg L(-1) d(-1)). With these culture conditions, the increase in carbohydrate production in Spirulina indicated that the conditions were appropriate for use with microalgae as a feedstock in the production of bioethanol.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fermentations, Course of Food Engineering and Course of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, km 171, BR 285, P.O. Box 611, CEP 99001-970 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Cláudia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Vieira Salla
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fermentations, Course of Food Engineering and Course of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, km 171, BR 285, P.O. Box 611, CEP 99001-970 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Cláudia
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Margarites
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fermentations, Course of Food Engineering and Course of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, km 171, BR 285, P.O. Box 611, CEP 99001-970 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fábio Ivan
authors.initials: FI
authors.lastname: Seibel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fermentations, Course of Food Engineering and Course of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, km 171, BR 285, P.O. Box 611, CEP 99001-970 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Carlos
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Holz
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fermentations, Course of Food Engineering and Course of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, km 171, BR 285, P.O. Box 611, CEP 99001-970 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vandré Barbosa
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Brião
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fermentations, Course of Food Engineering and Course of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, km 171, BR 285, P.O. Box 611, CEP 99001-970 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Telma Elita
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Bertolin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fermentations, Course of Food Engineering and Course of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering and Architecture, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, km 171, BR 285, P.O. Box 611, CEP 99001-970 Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciane Maria
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Colla
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande, P.O. Box 474, CEP 96201-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jorge Alberto Vieira
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels; D018533:Biomass; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D058086:Microalgae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D053545:Spirulina / Q000737:chemistry / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014462:Ultrafiltration; D062065:Wastewater; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D002241:Carbohydrates; D003470:Culture Media; D062065:Wastewater; D000067816:Whey Proteins
keywords: Bioethanol feedstock; Diluted culture medium; Fed batch; Mixotrophic culture