title: Salinity-dependent mechanisms of copper toxicity in the galaxiid fish, Galaxias maculatus.
abstract: The euryhaline galaxiid fish, inanga (Galaxias maculatus) is widely spread throughout the Southern hemisphere occupying near-coastal streams that may be elevated in trace elements such as copper (Cu). Despite this, nothing is known regarding their sensitivity to Cu contamination. The mechanisms of Cu toxicity in inanga, and the ameliorating role of salinity, were investigated by acclimating fish to freshwater (FW), 50% seawater (SW), or 100% SW and exposing them to a graded series of Cu concentrations (0-200μgL(-1)) for 48h. Mortality, whole body Cu accumulation, measures of ionoregulatory disturbance (whole body ions, sodium (Na) influx, sodium/potassium ATPase activity) and ammonia excretion were monitored. Toxicity of Cu was greatest in FW, with mortality likely resulting from impaired Na influx. In both FW and 100% SW, ammonia excretion was significantly elevated, an effect opposite to that observed in previous studies, suggesting fundamental differences in the effect of Cu in this species relative to other studied fish. Salinity was protective against Cu toxicity, and physiology seemed to play a more important role than water chemistry in this protection. Inanga are sensitive to waterborne Cu through a conserved impairment of Na ion homeostasis, but some effects of Cu exposure in this species are distinct. Based on effect concentrations, current regulatory tools and limits are likely protective of this species in New Zealand waters.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Alberta, Canada. Electronic address: cglover@athabascau.ca.
authors.forename: Chris N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Concepción, Chile.
authors.forename: Mauricio A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Urbina
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Harley
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jacqueline A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005618:Fresh Water; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D009520:New Zealand; D036441:Osmeriformes / Q000502:physiology*; D054712:Salinity; D012623:Seawater; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000641:Ammonia; D003300:Copper; D012964:Sodium
keywords: Cutaneous; Estuary; Ionoregulation; Metal toxicity; Osmoregulation; Salinity