title: Body focused repetitive behavior disorders: Significance of family history.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The significance of family history in body-focused repetitive behavior disorders (BFRBs) (i.e. trichotillomania and skin picking) has received scant research attention. We sought to understand the clinical and cognitive impact of having a first-degree relative with a BFRB or a substance use disorder (SUD).
  
  
  METHODS
  265 participants with BFRBs undertook clinical and neurocognitive evaluations. Those with a first-degree relative with a BFRB or an SUD were compared to those without on a number of clinical and cognitive measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  77 (29.1%) participants had a first-degree family member with a BFRB and 59 (22.2%) had a first-degree family member with an SUD. In terms of clinical severity, the amount of time spent picking or pulling per day in the past week was higher among those with a first-degree relative with an SUD. There were a higher rate of ADHD and higher HAM-D scores among those with a positive family history of an SUD. There were no significant cognitive differences based on family history.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that among those with BFRBs, having a first-degree family member with an SUD may be associated with a unique clinical and cognitive presentation. Whether family history also is associated with differential response to treatments awaits further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Redden
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Eric W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Leppink
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. Electronic address: jongrant@uchicago.edu.
authors.forename: Jon E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D007174:Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059906:Neuroimaging; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014256:Trichotillomania / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult