title: Detection and Diversity of Fungal Nitric Oxide Reductase Genes (p450nor) in Agricultural Soils.
abstract: Members of the Fungi convert nitrate (NO3 (-)) and nitrite (NO2 (-)) to gaseous nitrous oxide (N2O) (denitrification), but the fungal contributions to N loss from soil remain uncertain. Cultivation-based methodologies that include antibiotics to selectively assess fungal activities have limitations, and complementary molecular approaches to assign denitrification potential to fungi are desirable. Microcosms established with soils from two representative U.S. Midwest agricultural regions produced N2O from added NO3 (-) or NO2 (-) in the presence of antibiotics to inhibit bacteria. Cultivation efforts yielded 214 fungal isolates belonging to at least 15 distinct morphological groups, 151 of which produced N2O from NO2 (-) Novel PCR primers targeting the p450nor gene, which encodes the nitric oxide (NO) reductase responsible for N2O production in fungi, yielded 26 novel p450nor amplicons from DNA of 37 isolates and 23 amplicons from environmental DNA obtained from two agricultural soils. The sequences shared 54 to 98% amino acid identity with reference P450nor sequences within the phylum Ascomycota and expand the known fungal P450nor sequence diversity. p450nor was detected in all fungal isolates that produced N2O from NO2 (-), whereas nirK (encoding the NO-forming NO2 (-) reductase) was amplified in only 13 to 74% of the N2O-forming isolates using two separate nirK primer sets. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the value of p450nor-targeted PCR to complement existing approaches to assess the fungal contributions to denitrification and N2O formation.
  
  
  
  A comprehensive understanding of the microbiota controlling soil N loss and greenhouse gas (N2O) emissions is crucial for sustainable agricultural practices and addressing climate change concerns. We report the design and application of a novel PCR primer set targeting fungal p450nor, a biomarker for fungal N2O production, and demonstrate the utility of the new approach to assess fungal denitrification potential in fungal isolates and agricultural soils. These new PCR primers may find application in a variety of biomes to assess the fungal contributions to N loss and N2O emissions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5209-5000
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Allana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Luis H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Orellana
authors.affiliation: School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.|School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Konstantinos T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Konstantinidis
authors.affiliation: U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Joanne C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chee-Sanford
authors.affiliation: Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sanford
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.|University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (UT-ORNL) Joint Institute for Biological Sciences (JIBS), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.|Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Schadt
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA frank.loeffler@utk.edu.|Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.|Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.|University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (UT-ORNL) Joint Institute for Biological Sciences (JIBS), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.|Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
authors.forename: Frank E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Löffler
mesh_terms: D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014644:Genetic Variation; D054892:Metagenome; D015146:Midwestern United States; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C034747:nitric-oxide reductase; D009609:Nitrous Oxide