title: Prevalence and Associated Factors for Dual Form of Malnutrition in Mother-Child Pairs at the Same Household in the Gaza Strip-Palestine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In many developing countries nutritional, and epidemiological transitions are emerging into continuing undernutrition and escalating overnutrition, giving rise to the double burden of the malnutrition phenomenon.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to determine the prevalence of the dual form of malnutrition (overweight mother/underweight child) in the same household and its associated factors in the Gaza Strip.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 357 mother-child pairs from the same households were surveyed from three different geographical locations in the Gaza Strip, namely, El Remal urban area, Jabalia refugee camp, and Al Qarara rural area. The height and weight of mothers aged 18-50 years were measured, and their body mass index (BMI) was computed. The mothers were categorized according to the criterion of the World Health Organization (WHO) for BMI as overweight if they have a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. Anthropometric indices were measured for children aged two to five years to classify the underweight children Z-score <-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed the prevalence of the dual form of malnutrition in the Gaza Strip was 15.7%, and its associated factors were child's birth order (ORadj, 1.50, 95% CL, 1.22, 1.82; p = <0.001), father's educational (low or medium) levels (ORadj, 3.19, 95% CL, 1.07, 9.5; p = 0. 036), or (ORadj, 3.4, 95% CL, 1.12, 10.37; p = 0. 031), high scores of mothers' nutrition knowledge (ORadj, 1.23, 95% CL, 1.01, 1.52; p = 0. 048), and low monthly income (ORadj, 0.28, 95% CL, 0.09, 0.88; p = 0. 030).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study showed the dual form of malnutrition in the same household was prevalent in the Gaza Strip. This is a public health issue that must be understood and addressed and policy makers must implement an appropriate nutrition action plan to control dual form of malnutrition based on the underlying specific risk factors in the study population. In addition, interventions are needed to help individuals to translate their nutrition knowledge into healthy dietary behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Program of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rima Rafiq
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: El Kishawi
authors.affiliation: Program of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kah Leng
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Soo
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Al Quds University, Gaza City, Gaza Strip, Palestine.
authors.forename: Yehia Awad
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Abed
authors.affiliation: Program of Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Wan Abdul Manan
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Wan Muda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018912:Arabs; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008877:Middle East / Q000453:epidemiology; D009035:Mothers; D009752:Nutritional Status; D050177:Overweight; D055815:Young Adult