title: The effects of binary UV filter mixtures on the midge Chironomus riparius.
abstract: Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are used in a wide variety of products, including cosmetics, to prevent damage from UV light in tissues and industrial materials. Their extensive use has raised concerns about potential adverse effects in human health and aquatic ecosystems that accumulate these pollutants. To increase sun radiation protection, UV filters are commonly used in mixtures. Here, we studied the toxicity of binary mixtures of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC), octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC), and benzophenone-3 (BP-3), by evaluating the larval mortality of Chironomus riparius. Also molecular endpoints have been analyzed, including alterations in the expression levels of a gene related with the endocrine system (EcR, ecdysone receptor) and a gene related with the stress response (hsp70, heat shock protein 70). The results showed that the mortality caused by binary mixtures was similar to that observed for each compound alone; however, some differences in LC50 were observed between groups. Gene expression analysis showed that EcR mRNA levels increased in the presence of 0.1mg/L 4MBC but returned to normal levels after exposure to mixtures of 4MBC with 0.1, 1, and 10mg/L of BP-3 or OMC. In contrast, the hsp70 mRNA levels increased after exposure to the combinations tested of 4MBC and BP-3 or OMC mixtures. These data suggest that 4MBC, BP-3, and OMC may have antagonist effects on EcR gene transcription and a synergistic effect on hsp70 gene activation. This is the first experimental study to show the complex patterned effects of UV filter mixtures on invertebrates. The data suggest that the interactions within these chemicals mixtures are complex and show diverse effects on various endpoints.
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ozáez
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morcillo
authors.affiliation: Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: jlmartinez@ccia.uned.es.
authors.forename: José-Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Martínez-Guitarte
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000633:toxicity; D002164:Camphor / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D002683:Chironomidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000633:toxicity; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000633:toxicity; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D002934:Cinnamates; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D013473:Sunscreening Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C118580:octylmethoxycinnamate; D002164:Camphor; C038939:enzacamene; C005290:oxybenzone
keywords: 4MBC; BP-3; Ecdysone receptor; Heat shock protein 70; OMC