title: Physiological and therapeutic effects of carnosine on cardiometabolic risk and disease.
abstract: Obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are the most common preventable causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They represent major public health threat to our society. Increasing prevalence of obesity and T2DM contributes to escalating morbidity and mortality from CVD and stroke. Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-glycation, anti-ischaemic and chelating roles and is available as an over-the-counter food supplement. Animal evidence suggests that carnosine may offer many promising therapeutic benefits for multiple chronic diseases due to these properties. Carnosine, traditionally used in exercise physiology to increase exercise performance, has potential preventative and therapeutic benefits in obesity, insulin resistance, T2DM and diabetic microvascular and macrovascular complications (CVD and stroke) as well as number of neurological and mental health conditions. However, relatively little evidence is available in humans. Thus, future studies should focus on well-designed clinical trials to confirm or refute a potential role of carnosine in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases in humans, in addition to advancing knowledge from the basic science and animal studies.
authors.affiliation: Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia.|Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Estifanos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baye
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.|Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ukropcova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
authors.forename: Jozef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ukropec
authors.affiliation: School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hipkiss
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aldini
authors.affiliation: Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 43-51 Kanooka Grove, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia. barbora.decourten@monash.edu.|Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Unit, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. barbora.decourten@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Barbora
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Courten
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002336:Carnosine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D002336:Carnosine
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Carnosine; Cholesterol; Energy expenditure; Insulin resistance; Ischaemia; Obesity; Skeletal muscle; Type 2 diabetes