title: The role of preoperative vascular embolization in surgery for metastatic spinal tumours.
abstract: To determine the effect of preoperative embolization on intraoperative blood loss in surgery for metastatic spinal tumours stratified by tumour type, type of surgical approach and extent of surgery.
  
  
  
  We retrospectively analysed 218 patients undergoing open surgery for metastatic spine tumours in our institution between 2005 and 2014. The cohort was divided to those who underwent preoperative embolization and those who did not. The patients were further stratified into different subgroups by tumour types, types of surgical procedure, levels of instrumentation and levels of decompression. Estimated blood loss, duration of surgery and length of hospital stay were compared between embolized and non-embolized cases in each subgroup. The impact of embolization extent, the time gap between embolization and index surgery on blood loss were also studied.
  
  
  
  Preoperative embolization was performed in 45 out of 218 patients. Non-embolized cases had insignificantly lesser blood loss and shorter duration of surgery compared to embolized cases in all subgroups. Embolization, however, conferred reduction in length of hospital stay in some of the subgroups, yet the differences were not significant. The patients who achieved total embolization bled less than those who achieved subtotal or partial embolization. The effectiveness of the embolization procedure in reducing intraoperative blood loss was found to be profound when the gap between embolization and surgery was within 24 h.
  
  
  
  Our study demonstrated that success of embolization in reducing blood loss depends on the extent of embolization and time interval between embolization and index surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, 119074, Singapore. naresh@doctors.org.uk.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Orthopaedics, Hand & Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore. naresh@doctors.org.uk.
authors.forename: Naresh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Orthopaedics, Hand & Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Orthopaedics, Hand & Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
authors.forename: Aye Sandar
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Zaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Orthopaedics, Hand & Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
authors.forename: Hnin Ei
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Khine
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.
authors.forename: Karthikeyan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maharajan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Orthopaedics, Hand & Reconstructive Microsurgery Cluster, 1E Kent Ridge Road, NUHS Tower Block, Level 11, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
authors.forename: Leok Lim
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National University Hospital, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.
authors.forename: Prapul Chander
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Rajendran
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National University Hospital, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gopinathan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Blood loss; Duration of surgery; Hospital stay; Metastatic spine tumour; Preoperative embolization