title: Acute macular neuroretinopathy: A comprehensive review of the literature.
abstract: Acute macular neuroretinopathy is a relatively rare condition originally defined by the presence of intraretinal, reddish-brown, wedge-shaped lesions, the apices of which tend to point toward the fovea. Acute onset of paracentral scotomas corresponding to the clinically evident lesions is both common and characteristic. Although the pathogenesis of acute macular neuroretinopathy is complex, recent research suggests a microvascular etiology. Advances in multimodal imaging have enabled better characterization of this retinal disorder and have led to newly proposed diagnostic criteria. We review 101 reported cases in the English and non-English language literature identified from 1975, when acute macular neuroretinopathy was first described, to December, 2014. We discuss common risk factors, demographic and clinical characteristics, and multimodal imaging findings, which together provide insights into pathogenesis and guide areas of future investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, Manhattan, New York, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, LuEsther T. Mertz Retinal Research Center, Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, New York, New York, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Kavita V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Bhavsar
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Sally
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rahimy
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, Manhattan, New York, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, LuEsther T. Mertz Retinal Research Center, Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, New York, New York, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. Electronic address: kbfnyf@aol.com.
authors.forename: K Bailey
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarraf
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, The Francis I. Proctor Foundation, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, West Coast Retina Medical Group, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Emmett T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000473:pathology*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*
keywords: AMN; AMNR; AMOR; DCI; PAMM; acute macular neuroretinopathy; deep capillary ischemia; multimodal imaging; optical coherence tomography; paracentral acute middle maculopathy