title: How to best manage time interaction with patients? Community pharmacist workload and service provision analysis.
abstract: Primary health care disease management models are rooted in multidisciplinary participation; however, implementation of services is lagging behind desires and predictions. Barriers like workload and lack of demand have been described. The aim of this research is to observe the workload and work patterns of Portuguese community pharmacists, and relate it with the demand of pharmaceutical services.
  
  
  
  A time-and-motion observational study was performed to describe community pharmacists' workload in a sample of four pharmacies in the metropolitan Lisbon area. A reference list of activities to be observed was developed by reviewing other studies of community pharmacy work. This study took place during a weekday's 8-h shift, focusing on pharmacists' activities. Data to be collected included the type and duration of the activity, who performed it and where. To estimate the demand of pharmaceutical care services, "thematic-patient scenarios" were developed. These scenarios were based on the defined daily dose and package size of the most consumed medicines in Portugal, combined with data obtained from the four pharmacies' information systems on the day the observational study took place.
  
  
  
  Between 67.0% and 81.8% of the registered activities were pharmacist-patient interactions. These interactions summed 158.44 min, with a mean duration of 3.98 min per interaction. On average, participant pharmacies' professionals handled 4.2 prescriptions and 0.9 over-the-counter (OTC) consultations per hour. About one third of the day was spent performing administrative and non-differentiated tasks. About 54.92 min were registered as free time, 50% of which were "micro pauses" with 1 min or less. The most dispensed therapeutic subgroup was antihypertensive drugs, while the dispensation of antidiabetics was characterized by a high number of packages sold per interaction. From the developed scenarios, one can estimate that a chronic patient may visit the pharmacy 4-9 times per year, depending on the condition presented.
  
  
  
  Workload results are very similar to findings from studies in other countries, which may be an indication of uniformity of community pharmacy practice across countries. The amount of time a pharmacist has at the counter to interact with a patient during a year renders disease management or therapeutic management non-viable. Also, the perception of "lack of time," many times reported as a barrier for service provision, must be called into question, since substantial available time was found. However, to turn this available time into usable time, redesign of work processes and new role definition are necessary. Both better management and new communication channels should be developed to address this gap and increase patient follow-up services.
authors.affiliation: Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, n° 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; WHO Collaborating Center for Health Workforce Policy and Planning, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, n° 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: jpgregorio@ihmt.unl.pt.
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gregório
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Afonso Miguel
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cavaco
authors.affiliation: Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, n° 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; WHO Collaborating Center for Health Workforce Policy and Planning, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, n° 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luís Velez
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Lapão
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011174:Portugal; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D024382:Professional Role; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D013997:Time Factors; D013996:Time and Motion Studies; D016526:Workload
keywords: Community pharmacy; Pharmaceutical services; Pharmacist workload; Pharmacist-patient interaction; Portugal; Service demand