title: The Role of Bias by Emergency Department Providers in Care for American Indian Children.
abstract: American Indian children have high rates of emergency department (ED) use and face potential discrimination in health care settings.
  
  
  
  Our goal was to assess both implicit and explicit racial bias and examine their relationship with clinical care.
  
  
  
  We performed a cross-sectional survey of care providers at 5 hospitals in the Upper Midwest. Questions included American Indian stereotypes (explicit attitudes), clinical vignettes, and the Implicit Association Test. Two Implicit Association Tests were created to assess implicit bias toward the child or the parent/caregiver. Differences were assessed using linear and logistic regression models with a random effect for study site.
  
  
  
  A total of 154 care providers completed the survey. Agreement with negative American Indian stereotypes was 22%-32%. Overall, 84% of providers had an implicit preference for non-Hispanic white adults or children. Older providers (50 y and above) had lower implicit bias than those middle aged (30-49 y) (P=0.01). American Indian children were seen as increasingly challenging (P=0.04) and parents/caregivers less compliant (P=0.002) as the proportion of American Indian children seen in the ED increased. Responses to the vignettes were not related to implicit or explicit bias.
  
  
  
  The majority of ED care providers had an implicit preference for non-Hispanic white children or adults compared with those who were American Indian. Provider agreement with negative American Indian stereotypes differed by practice and respondents' characteristics. These findings require additional study to determine how these implicit and explicit biases influence health care or outcomes disparities.
authors.affiliation: *Center for Health Outcomes and Prevention Research, Sanford Research †Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD ‡Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO Departments of §Emergency Medicine ∥Research and Sponsored Programs, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN ¶Division of Extramural Scientific Programs, National Institute on Minority Health & Health Disparities National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD #Departments of Quality and Safety, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Puumala
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.forename: Anupam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kharbanda
authors.forename: Heather G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Zook
authors.forename: Dorothy M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Castille
authors.forename: Wyatt J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Pickner
authors.forename: Nathaniel R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Payne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D063505:Racism; D013240:Stereotyping; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States