title: Arabinogalactan proteins and pectin distribution during female gametogenesis in Quercus suber L.
abstract: Quercus suber L. (cork oak) is one of the most important monoecious tree species in semi-arid regions of Southern Europe, with a high ecological value and economic potential. However, as a result of its long reproductive cycle, complex reproductive biology and recalcitrant seeds, conventional breeding is demanding. In its complex reproductive biology, little is known about the most important changes that occur during female gametogenesis. Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and pectins are the main components of plant cell walls and have been reported to perform common functions in cell differentiation and organogenesis of reproductive plant structures. AGPs have been shown to serve as important molecules in several steps of the reproductive process in plants, working as signalling molecules, associated with the sporophyte-gametophyte transition, and pectins have been implicated in pollen-pistil interactions before double fertilization. In this study, the distribution of AGP and pectin epitopes was assessed during female gametogenesis.
  
  
  
  Immunofluorescence labelling of female flower cells was performed with a set of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to the carbohydrate moiety of AGPs (JIM8 and JIM13) and pectic homogalacturonans (HGs) (mAbs JIM5 and JIM7).
  
  
  
  The selective labelling obtained with AGP and pectin mAbs JIM8, JIM13, JIM5 and JIM7 during Q. suber female gametogenesis shows that AGPs and pectic HG can work as markers for mapping gametophytic cell differentiation in this species. Pectic HG showed different distribution patterns, depending on their levels of methyl esterification. Methyl-esterified HGs showed a uniform distribution in the overall female flower cells before fertilization and a more specific pattern after fertilization. A low methyl-ester pectin distribution pattern during the different developmental stages appears to be related to the pathway that pollen tubes follow to reach the embryo sac. AGPs showed a more sparse distribution in early stages of development, but specific labelling is shown in the synergids and their filiform apparatus.
  
  
  
  The labelling obtained with anti-AGP and anti-pectin mAbs in Q. suber female flower cells showed a dynamic distribution of AGPs and pectic HGs, which may render these molecules useful molecular markers during female gametogenesis. Changes occurring during development will be determined in order to help describe cork oak ovule structural properties before and after fertilization, providing new insight to better understand Q. suber female gametogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana Lúcia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal and.
authors.forename: Mário Luís
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal and Plant Functional Biology Centre, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rómulo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sobral
authors.affiliation: University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal and Plant Functional Biology Centre, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria Manuela
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal and.
authors.forename: Maria Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal and scoimbra@fc.up.pt.
authors.forename: Sílvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coimbra
mesh_terms: D000939:Epitopes / Q000378:metabolism; D056626:Inflorescence / Q000378:metabolism*; D009088:Mucoproteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D056771:Ovule / Q000378:metabolism; D010368:Pectins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D053205:Pollen Tube / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D029963:Quercus / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000939:Epitopes; D009088:Mucoproteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; C006619:arabinogalactan proteins; D010368:Pectins
keywords: Arabinogalactan proteins; Quercus suber; cork oak; immunolocalization; monoclonal antibodies; ovule development; pectins