title: Assessment of an aqueous seed extract of Parkia clappertoniana on reproductive performance and toxicity in rodents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The seeds of Parkia clappertoniana Keay (Family: Fabaceae) are extensively used in food in the form of a local condiment called 'Dawadawa' in Ghana and consumed by all class of people including sensitive groups such as pregnant women and children. Also, crudely pounded preparations of P. clappertoniana seeds are used as labor inducing agent in farm animals by local farmers across northern Ghana where nomadism is the livelihood of most indigenes. Ecologically, P. clappertoniana is extensively distributed across the savannah ecological zone of many African countries where just like Ghana it enjoys ethnobotanical usage. Although, many studies have investigated some aspects of the pharmacological activity of P. clappertoniana, none of these studies focused on the reproductive system, particularly its effects on reproductive performance and toxicity. To contribute, this study assessed the effect of aqueous seed extract of P. clappertoniana (PCE) on reproductive performance and toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats and ICR mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  After preparation of PCE, it was then tested on rodents at different gestational and developmental windows (1-7, 8-14, and 15-term gestational days) to assess the following: mating behavior, implantation rate, maternal and developmental toxicities. Generally, animals were randomly grouped into five and treated as follows: normal saline group (5ml/kg po), cytotec (misoprostol) group (200mg/kg po), folic acid group (5mg/kg po), and PCE groups (100, 200, and 500mg/kg po), however, these groupings were varied to suit the specific requirements of some parameters. For acute toxicity, animals were orally administered PCE (3 and 5g/kg for mice and rats respectively).
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCE-treated rats showed improved mating behavior compared to control rats. PCE improved implantation rate compared to misoprostol-treated rats. On the average, PCE-treated rats delivered termed live pubs at 21 days compared to that of folic acid-treated rats at 23 days. Also, PCE-treated rats showed no observable maternal and developmental toxicities compared to folic acid and control rats. PCE (3-5g/kg po) was orally tolerated in rodents.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral administration of Parkia clappertoniana seed extract improves reproductive performance in rodents with no observable maternal and developmental toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 230032, Meishan Road 81, Hefei, China. Electronic address: boye_alex@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boye
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
authors.forename: Victor Addai
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Boampong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Center for Scientific Research into Plant Medicine (CSRPM), Mampong-Akuapim, Eastern Region, Ghana.
authors.forename: Nutifafa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takyi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Center for Scientific Research into Plant Medicine (CSRPM), Mampong-Akuapim, Eastern Region, Ghana.
authors.forename: Orleans
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Martey
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D005492:Folic Acid
keywords: Developmental toxicity; Implantation; Maternal toxicity; Reproductive performance; Teratogenicity