title: Host-parasite Red Queen dynamics with phase-locked rare genotypes.
abstract: Interactions between hosts and parasites have been hypothesized to cause winnerless coevolution, called Red Queen dynamics. The canonical Red Queen dynamics assume that all interacting genotypes of hosts and parasites undergo cyclic changes in abundance through negative frequency-dependent selection, which means that any genotype could become frequent at some stage. However, this prediction cannot explain why many rare genotypes stay rare in natural host-parasite systems. To investigate this, we build a mathematical model involving multihost and multiparasite genotypes. In a deterministic and controlled environment, Red Queen dynamics occur between two genotypes undergoing cyclic dominance changes, whereas the rest of the genotypes remain subordinate for long periods of time in phase-locked synchronized dynamics with low amplitude. However, introduction of stochastic noise in the model might allow the subordinate cyclic host and parasite types to replace dominant cyclic types as new players in the Red Queen dynamics. The factors that influence such evolutionary switching are interhost competition, specificity of parasitism, and degree of stochastic noise. Our model can explain, for the first time, the persistence of rare, hardly cycling genotypes in populations (for example, marine microbial communities) undergoing host-parasite coevolution.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan.; Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
authors.forename: Jomar F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Rabajante
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan.; Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
authors.forename: Jerrold M
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4826-1966
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tubay
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan.; Department of Preschool Education, Nagoya College, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1193, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uehara
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kakishima
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morita
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan.; Department of Mathematical and Systems Engineering, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan.; Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Uchiura, Kamogawa, Chiba 299-5502, Japan.; Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, Basel 4051, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ebert
mesh_terms: D005838:Genotype; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D008954:Models, Biological
keywords: Red Queen; coevolution; cyclic dominance; environmental variability; parasitism; rare species