title: Stopped-Flow Studies of the Reduction of the Copper Centers Suggest a Bifurcated Electron Transfer Pathway in Peptidylglycine Monooxygenase.
abstract: Peptidylglycine monooxygenase (PHM) is a dicopper enzyme that plays a vital role in the amidation of glycine-extended pro-peptides. One of the crucial aspects of its chemistry is the transfer of two electrons from an electron-storing and -transferring site (CuH) to the oxygen binding site and catalytic center (CuM) over a distance of 11 Å during one catalytic turnover event. Here we present our studies of the first electron transfer (ET) step (reductive phase) in wild-type (WT) PHM as well as its variants. Stopped flow was used to record the reduction kinetic traces using the chromophoric agent N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (DMPD) as the reductant. The reduction was found to be biphasic in the WT PHM with an initial fast phase (17.2 s(-1)) followed by a much slower phase (0.46 s(-1)). We were able to ascribe the fast and slow phase to the CuH and CuM sites, respectively, by making use of the H242A and H107AH108A mutants that contain only the CuH site and CuM site, respectively. In the absence of substrate, the redox potentials determined by cyclic voltammetry were 270 mV (CuH site) and -15 mV (CuM site), but binding of substrate (Ac-YVG) was found to alter both potentials so that they converged to a common value of 83 mV. Substrate binding also accelerated the slow reductive phase by ~10-fold, an effect that could be explained at least partially by the equalization of the reduction potential of the copper centers. Studies of H108A showed that the ET to the CuM site is blocked, highlighting the role of the H108 ligand as a component of the reductive ET pathway. Strikingly, the rate of reduction of the H172A variant was unaffected despite the rate of catalysis being 3 orders of magnitude slower than that of the WT PHM. These studies strongly indicate that the reductive phase and catalytic phase ET pathways are different and suggest a bifurcated ET pathway in PHM. We propose that H172 and Y79 form part of an alternate pathway for the catalytic phase ET while the H108 ligand along with the water molecules and substrate form the reductive phase ET pathway.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University , 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States.
authors.forename: Shefali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hosseinzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University , 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States.
authors.forename: Ninian J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Blackburn
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D055162:Biocatalysis; D016466:CHO Cells; D020134:Catalytic Domain; D002999:Clone Cells; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D003412:Cricetulus; D004579:Electron Transport; D006639:Histidine / Q000737:chemistry; D008667:Metalloproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008667:Metalloproteins; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014443:Tyrosine; D006639:Histidine; D003300:Copper; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C035189:peptidylglycine monooxygenase; D010100:Oxygen