title: Teacher candidates' mastery of phoneme-grapheme correspondence: massed versus distributed practice in teacher education.
abstract: Matching phonemes (speech sounds) to graphemes (letters and letter combinations) is an important aspect of decoding (translating print to speech) and encoding (translating speech to print). Yet, many teacher candidates do not receive explicit training in phoneme-grapheme correspondence. Difficulty with accurate phoneme production and/or lack of understanding of sound-symbol correspondence can make it challenging for teachers to (a) identify student errors on common assessments and (b) serve as a model for students when teaching beginning reading or providing remedial reading instruction. For students with dyslexia, lack of teacher proficiency in this area is particularly problematic. This study examined differences between two learning conditions (massed and distributed practice) on teacher candidates' development of phoneme-grapheme correspondence knowledge and skills. An experimental, pretest-posttest-delayed test design was employed with teacher candidates (n = 52) to compare a massed practice condition (one, 60-min session) to a distributed practice condition (four, 15-min sessions distributed over 4 weeks) for learning phonemes associated with letters and letter combinations. Participants in the distributed practice condition significantly outperformed participants in the massed practice condition on their ability to correctly produce phonemes associated with different letters and letter combinations. Implications for teacher preparation are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Special Education, University of Georgia, 517 Aderhold Hall, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. ksayeski@uga.edu.
authors.forename: Kristin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Sayeski
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Special Education, University of Georgia, 517 Aderhold Hall, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Gentry A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Earle
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Special Education, University of Georgia, 517 Aderhold Hall, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
authors.forename: R Paige
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Eslinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Special Education, University of Georgia, 517 Aderhold Hall, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
authors.forename: Jessy N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Whitenton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics; D011361:Professional Competence; D011932:Reading; D000070260:Teacher Training; D014956:Writing; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Beginning reading instruction; Distributed practice; Letter sounds; Phoneme-grapheme correspondence; Phonology; Teacher preparation