title: Potential reference measurement procedures for PBDE in surface water at levels required by the EU Water Frame Directive.
abstract: Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE), used as flame retardants, are named as priority substances in the Directive 2000/60/EC of the European parliament and of the council establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. An annual average environmental quality standard (EQS) for inland surface waters of 0.0005 µg/L (0.0002 µg/L for other surface waters) for PBDE congeners involved in the technical penta-PBDE mixtures containing PBDE with five bromine atoms has been established. The directives focus especially on the congeners PBDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153 and 154 contained in the penta-PBDE mixture. Up to now, no reference measurement procedures have been established reaching the limits of quantification (LOQs) and the associated uncertainties as defined in the directives with results traceable to the SI. Within a recent European project on metrology, different approaches for the traceable quantification of PBDE, based on liquid/liquid or solid phase extraction followed by the detection with gas chromatography coupled to either inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry or triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, were investigated and the related LOQs and expanded uncertainties of the results were compared. A complete uncertainty budget for each method was estimated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM). All presented analytical procedures can serve as reference measurement procedures regarding the LOQs and their associated expanded uncertainties for monitoring the six priority PBDEs named above. LOQs as low as 0.026 ng/kg with an associated expanded uncertainty of 0.002 ng/kg could be achieved.
authors.affiliation: Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany. Electronic address: Claudia.Swart@ptb.de.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Swart
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire national de metrologie et d'essais (LNE), 1, rue Gaston Boissier, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gantois
authors.affiliation: LGC Limited (LGC), Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 OLY, UK.
authors.forename: Panayot
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petrov
authors.affiliation: LGC Limited (LGC), Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 OLY, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Entwisle
authors.affiliation: LGC Limited (LGC), Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 OLY, UK.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goenaga-Infante
authors.affiliation: Finish Environment Institute (SYKE), Hakuninmaantie 6, 00430 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Marjaana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nousiainen
authors.affiliation: TÜBİTAK Ulusal Metroloji Enstitusu (TÜBİTAK UME), Chemistry Group, P.O. Box 54, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bílsel
authors.affiliation: TÜBİTAK Ulusal Metroloji Enstitusu (TÜBİTAK UME), Chemistry Group, P.O. Box 54, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
authors.forename: Burcu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Binici
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Gago
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pröfrock
authors.affiliation: TÜBİTAK Ulusal Metroloji Enstitusu (TÜBİTAK UME), Chemistry Group, P.O. Box 54, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey. Electronic address: ahmetceyhan.goren@tubitak.gov.tr.
authors.forename: Ahmet C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Gören
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000379:methods; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D059625:Liquid-Liquid Extraction / Q000379:methods; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: IDMS; Method validation; PBDE; Water; Water Frame Directive