title: Perspectives on reticular pseudodrusen in age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: Drusen have been considered the clinical hallmark of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Reticular pseudodrusen (RPD), although first described about 25 years ago, have only been recently recognized as an additional clinical phenotype of AMD with distinct characteristics on multimodal imaging and significant impact on visual function. Eyes with RPD are at greater risk of progression to advanced AMD when compared with eyes with drusen only. RPD can also occur in the absence of drusen. Unlike features external to the retinal pigment epithelium that have received most attention in AMD, evidence suggests that RPD are associated with changes internal to the RPE. Therefore, new avenues regarding the pathogenesis of AMD are highlighted by these recent observations. We summarize the current knowledge regarding the histology, imaging, and functional changes in eyes with RPD in AMD and offer concepts of future research for the AMD community to discuss.
authors.affiliation: Medical Retina Department, NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK; Department of Ocular Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK; Laser and Retinal Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK. Electronic address: senswathi@aol.com.
authors.forename: Sobha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sivaprasad
authors.affiliation: Medical Retina Department, NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK; Department of Ocular Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bird
authors.affiliation: Laser and Retinal Research Centre, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Rynda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nitiahpapand
authors.affiliation: Medical Retina Department, NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK; Department of Ocular Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nicholson
authors.affiliation: Medical Retina Department, NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hykin
authors.affiliation: Medical Retina Department, NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
authors.forename: Irini
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chatziralli
mesh_terms: D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D015593:Retinal Drusen / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*
keywords: OCT; age-related macular degeneration; choroid; photoreceptors; reticular pseudodrusen; retinal pigment epithelium; scotopic microperimetry; subretinal drusenoid deposits