title: Effects of Epoetin Alfa Titration Practices, Implemented After Changes to Product Labeling, on Hemoglobin Levels, Transfusion Use, and Hospitalization Rates.
abstract: Little is known about epoetin alfa (EPO) dosing at dialysis centers after implementation of the US Medicare prospective payment system and revision of the EPO label in 2011.
  
  
  
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  
  Approximately 412,000 adult hemodialysis patients with Medicare Parts A and B as primary payer in 2009 to 2012 to describe EPO dosing and hemoglobin patterns; of these, about 70,000 patients clustered in about 1,300 dialysis facilities to evaluate facility-level EPO titration practices and patient-level outcomes in 2012.
  
  
  
  Facility EPO titration practices when hemoglobin levels were <10 and >11g/dL (grouped treatment variable) determined from monthly EPO dosing and hemoglobin level patterns.
  
  
  
  Patient mean hemoglobin levels, red blood cell transfusion rates, and all-cause and cause-specific hospitalization rates using a facility-based analysis.
  
  
  
  Monthly EPO dose and hemoglobin level, red blood cell transfusion rates, and all-cause and cause-specific hospitalization rates.
  
  
  
  Monthly EPO doses declined across all hemoglobin levels, with the greatest decline in patients with hemoglobin levels < 10g/dL (July-October 2011). In 2012, nine distinct facility titration practices were identified. Across groups, mean hemoglobin levels differed slightly (10.5-10.8g/dL) but within-patient hemoglobin standard deviations were similar (∼0.68g/dL). Patients at facilities implementing greater dose reductions and smaller dose escalations had lower hemoglobin levels and higher transfusion rates. In contrast, patients at facilities that implemented greater dose escalations (and large or small dose reductions) had higher hemoglobin levels and lower transfusion rates. There were no clinically meaningful differences in all-cause or cause-specific hospitalization events across groups.
  
  
  
  Possibly incomplete claims data; excluded small facilities and those without consistent titration patterns; hemoglobin levels reported monthly; inferred facility practice from observed dosing.
  
  
  
  Following prospective payment system implementation and labeling revisions, EPO doses declined significantly. Under the new label, facility EPO titration practices were associated with mean hemoglobin levels (but not standard deviations) and transfusion use, but not hospitalization rates.
authors.affiliation: Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN. Electronic address: jmolony@cdrg.org.
authors.forename: Julia T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Molony
authors.affiliation: Center for Observational Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA.
authors.forename: Keri L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Monda
authors.affiliation: Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Suying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Center for Observational Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA.
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Beaubrun
authors.affiliation: Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Gilbertson
authors.affiliation: Center for Observational Research, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Bradbury
authors.affiliation: Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Allan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D011356:Product Labeling; D011445:Prospective Payment System; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa
keywords: Dialysis; EPO titration; Medicare reimbursement; anemia management; dose; end-stage renal disease (ESRD); epoetin alfa; erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA); grouped-treatment level analysis; hemoglobin; hospitalization; practice patterns; recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO); red blood cell transfusion rate