title: Vitamin D deficiency in Swiss elite wheelchair athletes.
abstract: METHODS
  This is a retrospective analysis of total serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) in Swiss elite wheelchair athletes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to investigate the occurrence of vitamin D deficiency in Swiss elite wheelchair athletes over the whole year and to detect differences between winter and summer months, and between indoor and outdoor athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted in Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 164 blood samples from 72 Swiss elite wheelchair athletes (mean±s.d.: age 32±13 years) were analyzed for total serum 25[OH]D. All participants were members of the national team in their discipline. The following disciplines have been included: rugby, athletics, cycling, tennis, ski alpine, curling and basketball. According to general guidelines, insufficient vitamin D status was defined between 50 and 75 nmol l-1, deficiency below 50 nmol l-1and severe deficiency below 27.5 nmol l-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all, 73.2% of all samples showed an insufficiency/deficiency in vitamin D status. Total serum 25[OH]D was significantly higher during summer compared with winter months (69.5±21.4 nmol l-1vs 51.5±21.9 nmol l-1; P<0.001). Indoor sports showed a higher amount of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency (80.9%) than outdoor sports (70.1%), with a significantly higher 25[OH]D concentration in outdoor sports (P=0.042).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high percentage of vitamin D deficiency was found among Swiss elite wheelchair athletes. Conclusively, we recommend supplementation with vitamin D-especially during winter-to prevent a deficiency and an impairment of performance.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre Nottwil, Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Flueck
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre Nottwil, Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre Nottwil, Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Strupler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre Nottwil, Nottwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perret
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000097:blood*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012621:Seasons; D013557:Switzerland; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood*; D014910:Wheelchairs; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D