title: Heterogeneity of Human Research Ethics Committees and Research Governance Offices across Australia: An observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conducting ethically grounded research is a fundamental facet of all investigations. Nevertheless, the administrative burdens of current ethics review are substantial, and calls have been made for a reduction in research waste.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the heterogeneity in administration and documentation required by Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs) and Research Governance Offices (RGOs) across Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In establishing a nationwide study to investigate the molecular aetiology of Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA), for which archived pathological specimens from around Australia are being recruited, we identified variation across separate HREC and RGO requirements. Submission paperwork and correspondence from each collaborating site and its representative office for research were reviewed. This data was interrogated to evaluate differences in current guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five pathology departments across seven Australian States collaborated in this study. All states, except Victoria, employed a single ethics review model. There was discrepancy amongst HRECs as to which application process applied to our study: seven requested completion of a "National Ethics Application Form" and three a "Low Negligible Risk" form. Noticeable differences in guidelines included whether electronic submission was sufficient. There was variability in the total number of documents submitted (range five to 22) and panel review turnaround time (range nine to 136 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate the challenges and illustrate the heavy workload involved in receiving widespread ethics and governance approval across Australia. We highlight the need to simplify, homogenise, and nationalise human ethics for non-clinical trial studies. Reducing unnecessary administration will enable investigators to achieve research aims more efficiently.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, The University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Smit
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, The University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Lisa S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Kearns
authors.affiliation: Centre for Eye Research Australia, The University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.affiliation: Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Unit, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Catherine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: Menzies Institute for Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, TAS, Australia.
authors.forename: Alex W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Hewitt
keywords: Australian Offices for Research; Ethics administration; Human Research Ethics Committees; Multisite Medical Research; Regional Governance Offices