title: Protein kinase C beta II suppresses colorectal cancer by regulating IGF-1 mediated cell survival.
abstract: Despite extensive efforts, cancer therapies directed at the Protein Kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases have failed in clinical trials. These therapies have been directed at inhibiting PKC and have, in some cases, worsened disease outcome. Here we examine colon cancer patients and show not only that PKC Beta II is a tumour suppressor, but patients with low levels of this isozyme have significantly decreased disease free survival. Specifically, analysis of gene expression levels of all PKC genes in matched normal and cancer tissue samples from colon cancer patients revealed a striking down-regulation of the gene coding PKC Beta in the cancer tissue (n = 21). Tissue microarray analysis revealed a dramatic down-regulation of PKC Beta II protein levels in both the epithelial and stromal diseased tissue (n = 166). Of clinical significance, low levels of the protein in the normal tissue of patients is associated with a low (10%) 10 year survival compared with a much higher (60%) survival in patients with relatively high levels of the protein. Consistent with PKC Beta II levels protecting against colon cancer, overexpression of PKC Beta II in colon cancer cell lines reveals that PKC Beta II reverses transformation in cell based assays. Further to this, activation of PKC Beta II results in a dramatic downregulation of IGF-I-induced AKT, indicating a role for PKCs in regulating IGF-1 mediated cell survival. Thus, PKC Beta II is a tumour suppressor in colon cancer and low levels serve as a predictor for poor survival outcome.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Entry Medical School and Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.|Department of Life Sciences, and Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.|Stokes Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: Catríona M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Dowling
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phelan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Julia A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Callender
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Mary Clare
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cathcart
authors.affiliation: GEMS, St. James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mehigan
authors.affiliation: GEMS, St. James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.affiliation: Stokes Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.affiliation: 4i Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Jacintha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Graduate Entry Medical School and Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.|Department of Life Sciences, and Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.|Stokes Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
authors.forename: Patrick A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kiely
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011379:Prognosis; D064546:Protein Kinase C beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015996:Survival Rate; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; D064546:Protein Kinase C beta
keywords: IGF-1; cell survival; colorectal cancer; protein kinase C; tumour suppressor