title: Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve-in-Valve Implantation for the Treatment of Dysfunctional Surgical Bioprosthetic Valves: An International, Multicenter Registry Study.
abstract: Off-label use of transcatheter aortic and pulmonary valve prostheses for tricuspid valve-in-valve implantation (TVIV) within dysfunctional surgical tricuspid valve (TV) bioprostheses has been described in small reports.
  
  
  
  An international, multicenter registry was developed to collect data on TVIV cases. Patient-related factors, procedural details and outcomes, and follow-up data were analyzed. Valve-in-ring or heterotopic TV implantation procedures were not included. Data were collected on 156 patients with bioprosthetic TV dysfunction who underwent catheterization with planned TVIV. The median age was 40 years, and 71% of patients were in New York Heart Association class III or IV. Among 152 patients in whom TVIV was attempted with a Melody (n=94) or Sapien (n=58) valve, implantation was successful in 150, with few serious complications. After TVIV, both the TV inflow gradient and tricuspid regurgitation grade improved significantly. During follow-up (median, 13.3 months), 22 patients died, 5 within 30 days; all 22 patients were in New York Heart Association class III or IV, and 9 were hospitalized before TVIV. There were 10 TV reinterventions, and 3 other patients had significant recurrent TV dysfunction. At follow-up, 77% of patients were in New York Heart Association class I or II (P<0.001 versus before TVIV). Outcomes did not differ according to surgical valve size or TVIV valve type.
  
  
  
  TVIV with commercially available transcatheter prostheses is technically and clinically successful in patients of various ages across a wide range of valve size. Although preimplantation clinical status was associated with outcome, many patients in New York Heart Association class III or IV at baseline improved. TVIV should be considered a viable option for treatment of failing TV bioprostheses.
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.). doff@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Doff B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McElhinney
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Allison K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Cabalka
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Jamil A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Aboulhosn
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eicken
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Younes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Boudjemline
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Himbert
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Asnes
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salizzoni
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Martin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bocks
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cheatham
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Tarek S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Momenah
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Dennis W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schranz
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Jeffery
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meadows
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: John D R
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Bryan H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Ivory
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Crittendon
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Webb
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Horlick
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Jeffrey W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Thomas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Shabana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahanavaz
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moretti
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hainstock
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Damien P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Charanjit S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Rihal
authors.affiliation: From Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA (D.B.M.); Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (A.K.C., C.J.R.); University of California Los Angeles (J.A.A.); German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany (A.E.); Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France (Y.B.); Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (S. Schubert, B.G.); Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (D.H.); Yale University, New Haven, CT (J.D.A.); Città della Salute e della Scienza, Molinette, Torino, Italy (S. Salizzoni); University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (M.L.B.); Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (J.P.C.); Prince Sultan Cardiac Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (T.S.M.); Emory University, Atlanta, GA (D.W.K.); University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany (D.S.); University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (J.M.); Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK (J.D.R.T.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (B.H.G.); Ochsner Hospital for Children, New Orleans, LA (J.C.); Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (T.E.F.); St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, CA (J.G.W., D.D.); Toronto General Hospital, ON, Canada (E.H.); Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE (J.W.D.); Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA (T.K.J.); St. Louis Children's Hospital, MO (S. Shahanavaz); S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy (C.M.); University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.R.H.); and Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL (D.P.K.).
authors.forename: Danny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dvir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001705:Bioprosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000639:trends*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D038622:Internationality; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011475:Prosthesis Failure / Q000639:trends*; D012042:Registries; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Ebstein anomaly; endocarditis; heart valves; rheumatic heart disease; transcatheter aortic valve replacement