title: Acute Interstitial Nephritis Following Snake Envenomation: A Single-Center Experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the clinical and histopathological characteristics of patients who develop acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) following snake envenomation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with snake envenomation-induced AIN from October 2013 to November 2014.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After snake envenomation, 88 patients developed acute kidney injury (AKI). Biopsies were performed on 7 patients due to nonrecovery of kidney function. Among these, 5 patients had AIN. Thus, AIN accounted for 5.7% of snakebite-related acute kidney injury. All patients had severe envenomation at presentation and had prolonged renal failure. Kidney biopsy found a mixed infiltrate composed of predominantly lymphocytes, with variable proportions of other cells including eosinophils neutrophils and plasma cells. The response rate to corticosteroids was 80%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AIN after snake bite is not uncommon. AIN needs to be considered in patients with persistent renal failure after snake envenomation. Identifying this complication is of utmost importance because of the potentially reversible nature.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nephrology (Drs Priyamvada, Shankar, and Parameswaran) and Pathology (Drs Srinivas and Rajesh), Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India. Electronic address: priyamvadaps@gmail.com.
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Priyamvada
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nephrology (Drs Priyamvada, Shankar, and Parameswaran) and Pathology (Drs Srinivas and Rajesh), Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nephrology (Drs Priyamvada, Shankar, and Parameswaran) and Pathology (Drs Srinivas and Rajesh), Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nephrology (Drs Priyamvada, Shankar, and Parameswaran) and Pathology (Drs Srinivas and Rajesh), Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: N G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Rajesh
authors.affiliation: Departments of Nephrology (Drs Priyamvada, Shankar, and Parameswaran) and Pathology (Drs Srinivas and Rajesh), Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Sreejith
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parameswaran
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000209:etiology; D000328:Adult; D000997:Antivenins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009395:Nephritis, Interstitial / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012909:Snake Bites / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000997:Antivenins
keywords: Renal failure; tubulo-interstitial inflammation; viper bite