title: Chronic nitrate enrichment decreases severity and induces protection against an infectious disease.
abstract: Excessive fertilisation is one of the most pernicious forms of global change resulting in eutrophication. It has major implications for disease control and the conservation of biodiversity. Yet, the direct link between nutrient enrichment and disease remains largely unexplored. Here, we present the first experimental evidence that chronic nitrate enrichment decreases severity and induces protection against an infectious disease. Specifically, this study shows that nitrate concentrations ranging between 50 and 250mgNO3(-)/l reduce Gyrodactylus turnbulli infection intensity in two populations of Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata, and that the highest nitrate concentration can even clean the parasites from the fish. This added to the fact that host nitrate pre-exposure altered the fish epidermal structure and reduced parasite intensity, suggests that nitrate protected the host against the disease. Nitrate treatments also caused fish mortality. As we used ecologically-relevant nitrate concentrations, and guppies are top-consumers widely used for mosquito bio-control in tropical and often nutrient-enriched waters, our results can have major ecological and social implications. In conclusion, this study advocates reducing nitrate level including the legislative threshold to protect the aquatic biota, even though this may control an ectoparasitic disease.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
authors.forename: Willow
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Smallbone
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cable
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK. Electronic address: albertomaceda@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maceda-Veiga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004478:Ectoparasitic Infestations / Q000401:mortality; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000469:parasitology*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D011036:Poecilia / Q000469:parasitology*; D014200:Trematoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D014201:Trematode Infections / Q000401:mortality; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Aquatic food-web; Eutrophication; Nitrate toxicity; Nutrient loading; Parasitic disease; Species interactions