title: A Parenting Program to Promote an Alcohol-Free Childhood: Influence on Parents' Readiness to Prevent Child Sipping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study reports effects of a parenting program to increase parents' readiness to socialize their children against early alcohol use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-group randomized controlled trial was conducted with a nonprobability sample of 816 mothers. Participants were recruited from school districts located primarily in North Carolina and completed telephone interviews at baseline and 6 and 18 months after delivery of a parenting program to the treatment group mothers. Mothers reported on psychological indicators of readiness to prevent child alcohol use (e.g., attitude toward child sipping) and on parenting behaviors with potential to prevent such use (e.g., setting rules about child sipping). Multivariate analysis of variance models tested program effects on composite sets of psychological and behavioral outcomes; step-down analysis identified the individual outcomes driving overall program effects. Moderation of program effects by mother's alcohol use, established beliefs about the consequences of child sipping, educational attainment, and race/ethnicity was tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The program had significant overall effects on each composite set of psychological and behavioral outcomes. Effects on psychological outcomes were moderated by mother's alcohol use, beliefs about the consequences of child sipping, and educational attainment; effects on the behavioral outcomes were moderated by mother's race/ethnicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The parenting program had favorable, sustained effects on targeted outcomes intended to increase parental readiness to socialize children against early alcohol use. Mothers expected to be least receptive to the program-those who, at baseline, believed that allowing children to sip alcohol can have beneficial consequences-were most changed by it.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Susan T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Ennett
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Seulki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Kim A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: RTI International, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Denise M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Behavior, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bowling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004505:Education, Nonprofessional / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*