title: Ultra-Widefield Steering-Based Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging of the Retinal Periphery.
abstract: To describe the spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) features of peripheral retinal findings using an ultra-widefield (UWF) steering technique to image the retinal periphery.
  
  
  
  Observational study.
  
  
  
  A total of 68 patients (68 eyes) with 19 peripheral retinal features.
  
  
  
  Spectral-domain OCT-based structural features.
  
  
  
  Nineteen peripheral retinal features, including vortex vein, congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, pars plana, ora serrata pearl, typical cystoid degeneration (TCD), cystic retinal tuft, meridional fold, lattice and cobblestone degeneration, retinal hole, retinal tear, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, typical degenerative senile retinoschisis, peripheral laser coagulation scars, ora tooth, cryopexy scars (retinal tear and treated retinoblastoma scar), bone spicules, white without pressure, and peripheral drusen, were identified by peripheral clinical examination. Near-infrared scanning laser ophthalmoscopy images and SD OCT of these entities were registered to UWF color photographs.
  
  
  
  Spectral-domain OCT resolved structural features of all peripheral findings. Dilated hyporeflective tubular structures within the choroid were observed in the vortex vein. Loss of retinal lamination, neural retinal attenuation, retinal pigment epithelium loss, or hypertrophy was seen in several entities, including congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, ora serrata pearl, TCD, cystic retinal tuft, meridional fold, lattice, and cobblestone degenerations. Hyporeflective intraretinal spaces, indicating cystoid or schitic fluid, were seen in ora serrata pearl, ora tooth, TCD, cystic retinal tuft, meridional fold, retinal hole, and typical degenerative senile retinoschisis. The vitreoretinal interface, which often consisted of lamellae-like structures of the condensed cortical vitreous near or adherent to the neural retina, appeared clearly in most peripheral findings, confirming its association with many low-risk and vision-threatening pathologies, such as lattice degeneration, meridional folds, retinal breaks, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachments.
  
  
  
  Ultra-widefield steering-based SD OCT imaging of the retinal periphery is feasible with current commercially available devices and provides detailed anatomic information of the peripheral retina, including benign and pathologic entities, not previously imaged. This imaging technique may deepen our structural understanding of these entities and their potentially associated macular and systemic pathologies, and may influence decision-making in clinical practice, particularly in areas with teleretinal capabilities but poor access to retinal specialists.
authors.affiliation: Herzig Eye Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: netan.choudhry@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Netan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Choudhry
authors.affiliation: Herzig Eye Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Golding
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Manry
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Electronic address: rajeshr@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Rajesh C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D012160:Retina / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods*