title: Is plasticity across seasons adaptive in the annual cleistogamous plant Lamium amplexicaule?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many angiosperms exhibit cleistogamy, the production of both cleistogamous flowers (CL), which remain closed and obligately self-pollinated, and chasmogamous flowers (CH), which are potentially open-pollinated. The CH proportion can be plastic. Plasticity is adaptive if environmental changes can be reliably assessed and responded to with an appropriate phenotype and if plastic genotypes have higher fitness in variable environments than non-plastic ones.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the plastic response of four natural populations from northern and southern France of an annual cleistogamous plant, Lamium amplexicaule, to predictable seasonal variation. Plants were grown in a semi-controlled environment in spring and in autumn. We assessed the variation in flower number, phenology and cleistogamy-related traits, which were all plastic with respect to season. The CH proportion was higher in spring than in autumn in all four populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed significant stabilizing selection for cleistogamy traits, with higher optimal CH proportions and more pronounced stabilizing selection in spring than in autumn. Observed CH proportions were close to the predicted optimal CH proportions in each season except in autumn for southern populations, which do not experience the autumnal growing season in nature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are consistent with adaptive plasticity across seasons of cleistogamy in L. amplexicaule.We propose that adaptive plasticity of cleistogamy could be driven by pollination environment variation, with CL flowers providing reproductive assurance when pollinators are scarce and CH flowers reducing the inbreeding depression in offspring when pollinators are abundant.
authors.affiliation: LBPV LUNAM Université de Nantes, 2 chemin de la Houssinière, 44000 Nantes, France, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE - C.C. 065, Place Eugène Bataillon - 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France and CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE - 1919, route de Mende - 34293 Montpellier cedex 05, France bojana.stojanova@gmail.com.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stojanova
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE - C.C. 065, Place Eugène Bataillon - 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France and.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maurice
authors.affiliation: CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE - 1919, route de Mende - 34293 Montpellier cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: P-O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Cheptou
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D016014:Linear Models; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000502:physiology*; D017440:Photoperiod; D054817:Pollination / Q000502:physiology*; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D012621:Seasons
keywords: Lamium amplexicaule; adaptive plasticity; cleistogamy; mixed mating; selection coefficients