title: Timing of primary tooth emergence among U.S. racial and ethnic groups.
abstract: To compare timing of tooth emergence among groups of American Indian (AI), Black and White children in the United States at 12 months of age.
  
  
  
  Data were from two sources - a longitudinal study of a Northern Plains tribal community and a study with sites in Indiana, Iowa and North Carolina. For the Northern Plains study, all children (n = 223) were American Indian, while for the multisite study, children (n = 320) were from diverse racial groups. Analyses were limited to data from examinations conducted within 30 days of the child's first birthday.
  
  
  
  AI children had significantly more teeth present (Mean: 7.8, Median: 8.0) than did Whites (4.4, 4.0, P < 0.001) or Blacks (4.5, 4.0, P < 0.001). No significant differences were detected between Black and White children (P = 0.58). There was no significant sex difference overall or within any of the racial groups.
  
  
  
  Tooth emergence occurs at a younger age for AI children than it does for contemporary White or Black children in the United States.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.affiliation: Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Derek R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Blanchette
authors.affiliation: Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.affiliation: Dows Institute for Dental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Justine L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Kolker
authors.affiliation: Morro Bay Consulting, LLC, Morro Bay, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kathy R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Phipps
mesh_terms: D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D014078:Tooth Eruption / Q000502:physiology*; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous; D014481:United States
keywords: children; health disparities; tooth emergence; tooth eruption