title: Kinetics of Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger Spores and Staphylococcus albus on Paper by Chlorine Dioxide Gas in an Enclosed Space.
abstract: Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger spore and Staphylococcus albus are typical biological indicators for the inactivation of airborne pathogens. The present study characterized and compared the behaviors of B. subtilis subsp. niger spores and S. albus in regard to inactivation by chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas under different gas concentrations and relative humidity (RH) conditions. The inactivation kinetics under different ClO2 gas concentrations (1 to 5 mg/liter) were determined by first-order and Weibull models. A new model (the Weibull-H model) was established to reveal the inactivation tendency and kinetics for ClO2 gas under different RH conditions (30 to 90%). The results showed that both the gas concentration and RH were significantly (P < 0.05) and positively correlated with the inactivation of the two chosen indicators. There was a rapid improvement in the inactivation efficiency under high RH (>70%). Compared with the first-order model, the Weibull and Weibull-H models demonstrated a better fit for the experimental data, indicating nonlinear inactivation behaviors of the vegetative bacteria and spores following exposure to ClO2 gas. The times to achieve a six-log reduction of B. subtilis subsp. niger spore and S. albus were calculated based on the established models. Clarifying the kinetics of inactivation of B. subtilis subsp. niger spores and S. albus by ClO2 gas will allow the development of ClO2 gas treatments that provide an effective disinfection method.
  
  
  
  Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas is a novel and effective fumigation agent with strong oxidization ability and a broad biocidal spectrum. The antimicrobial efficacy of ClO2 gas has been evaluated in many previous studies. However, there are presently no published models that can be used to describe the kinetics of inactivation of airborne pathogens by ClO2 gas under different gas concentrations and RH conditions. The first-order and Weibull (Weibull-H) models established in this study can characterize and compare the behaviors of Bacillus subtilis subsp. niger spores and Staphylococcus albus in regard to inactivation by ClO2 gas, determine the kinetics of inactivation of two chosen strains under different conditions of gas concentration and RH, and provide the calculated time to achieve a six-log reduction. These results will be useful to determine effective conditions for ClO2 gas to inactivate airborne pathogens in contaminated air and other environments and thus prevent outbreaks of airborne illness.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.|National Bio-Protection Engineering Center, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.|National Bio-Protection Engineering Center, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Jinhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China Qjch@npec.org.cn.|National Bio-Protection Engineering Center, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Jiancheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.|National Bio-Protection Engineering Center, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Limei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.|National Bio-Protection Engineering Center, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.|National Bio-Protection Engineering Center, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Zongxing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000391:Air Microbiology; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D017606:Chlorine Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D019551:Dental Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006813:Humidity; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects*; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013210:Staphylococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017606:Chlorine Compounds; D019551:Dental Disinfectants; D010087:Oxides; C025109:chlorine dioxide