title: Chloroplasts at work during plant innate immunity.
abstract: The major role played by chloroplasts during light harvesting, energy production, redox homeostasis, and retrograde signalling processes has been extensively characterized. Beyond the obvious link between chloroplast functions in primary metabolism and as providers of photosynthesis-derived carbon sources and energy, a growing body of evidence supports a central role for chloroplasts as integrators of environmental signals and, more particularly, as key defence organelles. Here, we review the importance of these organelles as primary sites for the biosynthesis and transmission of pro-defence signals during plant immune responses. In addition, we highlight interorganellar communication as a crucial process for amplification of the immune response. Finally, molecular strategies used by microbes to manipulate, directly or indirectly, the production/function of defence-related signalling molecules and subvert chloroplast-based defences are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.affiliation: LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Audran
authors.affiliation: LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France Susana.Rivas@toulouse.inra.fr.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rivas
mesh_terms: D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000502:physiology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D057865:Plant Immunity; D015398:Signal Transduction
keywords: Chloroplast; interorganellar signalling; microbial effector; plant immunity; pro-defence molecule; retrograde signalling; stromule.