title: Physicologically Based Toxicokinetic Models of Tebuconazole and Application in Human Risk Assessment.
abstract: A series of physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models for tebuconazole were developed in four species, rat, rabbit, rhesus monkey, and human. The developed models were analyzed with respect to the application of the models in higher tier human risk assessment, and the prospect of using such models in risk assessment of cumulative and aggregate exposure is discussed. Relatively simple and biologically sound models were developed using available experimental data as parameters for describing the physiology of the species, as well as the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of tebuconazole. The developed models were validated on in vivo half-life data for rabbit with good results, and on plasma and tissue concentration-time course data of tebuconazole after i.v. administration in rabbit. In most cases, the predicted concentration levels were seen to be within a factor of 2 compared to the experimental data, which is the threshold set for the use of PBTK simulation results in risk assessment. An exception to this was seen for one of the target organs, namely, the liver, for which tebuconazole concentration was significantly underestimated, a trend also seen in model simulations for the liver after other nonoral exposure scenarios. Possible reasons for this are discussed in the article. Realistic dietary and dermal exposure scenarios were derived based on available exposure estimates, and the human version of the PBTK model was used to simulate the internal levels of tebuconazole and metabolites in the human body for these scenarios. By a variant of the models where the R(-)- and S(+)-enantiomers were treated as two components in a binary mixture, it was illustrated that the inhibition between the two tebuconazole enantiomers did not affect the simulation results for these realistic exposure scenarios. The developed models have potential as an important tool in risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Svava Ósk
authors.initials: SÓ
authors.lastname: Jónsdóttir
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Trine Klein
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Reffstrup
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark , Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008954:Models, Biological; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D018570:Risk Assessment; D066007:Toxicokinetics; D014230:Triazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D014230:Triazoles; C087114:tebuconazole