title: Primary Prevention of Urinary Incontinence: A Case Study of Prenatal and Intrapartum Interventions.
abstract: A wealth of information is available regarding the diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence. However, there is a dearth of quality information and clinical practice guidelines regarding the primary prevention of urinary incontinence. Given the high prevalence of this concern and the often cited correlation between pregnancy, childbirth, and urinary incontinence, women's health care providers should be aware of risk factors and primary prevention strategies for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in order to reduce associated physical and emotional suffering. This case report describes several common risk factors for SUI and missed opportunities for primary prevention of postpartum urinary incontinence. The most effective methods for preventing urinary incontinence include correct teaching of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT; specifically Kegel exercises), moderate combined physical exercise regimens, counseling and support for weight loss, counseling against smoking, appropriate treatment for asthma and constipation, and appropriate labor management to prevent pelvic organ prolapse, urethral injury, and pelvic floor muscle damage.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kissler
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Yount
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rendeiro
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zeidenstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018743:Perinatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods*; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Kegel exercises; female urogenital diseases and pregnancy complications; pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT); pelvic floor muscles; postpartum; pregnancy; second-stage labor; urinary incontinence