title: Study of Silymarin and Vitamin E Protective Effects on Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity on Mice Liver Primary Cell Culture.
abstract: Nanotechnology is a most promising field for generating new applications in medicine, although, only few nano products are currently in use for medical purposes. A most prominent nanoproduct is nanosilver. Nano-silver has biological properties which are significant for consumer products, food technology, textiles, and medical applications (e.g. wound care products, implantable medical devices, in diagnosis, drug delivery, and imaging). For their antibacterial activity, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are largely used in various commercially available products. The use of nano-silver is becoming more and more widespread in medicine and related applications, and due to its increasing exposure, toxicological and environmental issues need to be raised. Cytotoxicity induced by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and the role that oxidative stress plays in this process were demonstrated in human hepatoma cells AgNPs agglomerated in the cytoplasm and nuclei of treated cells, and they induced intracellular oxidative stress. AgNP reduced ATP content of the cell and caused damage to mitochondria and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a dose-dependent manner. Silymarin was known as a hepatoprotective agent that is used in the treatment of hepatic diseases including viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver diseases, Amanita mushroom poisoning, liver cirrhosis, toxic and drug-induced liver diseases. It promotes protein synthesis, helps in regenerating liver tissue, controls inflammation, enhances glucuronidation, and protects against glutathione depletion. Vitamin E is a well-known antioxidant and has hepatoprotective effect in liver diseases. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of Ag NPs on primary liver cells of mice. Cell viability (cytotoxicity) was examined with MTT assay after primary liver cells of mice exposure to AgNPs at 1, 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, 400 ppm for 24h. AgNPs caused a concentration- dependent decrease of cell viability (IC50 value = 121.7 ppm or µg/ml). Then the hepatoprotective effect of silymarin and vitamin E were experimented on silver nanoparticle toxicity on mice liver primary cell culture. The results showed that silymarin at 600 µg/ml and vitamin E at 2500 µmol/l have protective effects on silver nanoparticle toxicity on mice liver primary cell culture. Viability percentage of the primary liver cell of the mouse were exposed to silver nanoparticles at 121.7 ppm and co-treatment of silymarin, and vitamin E is more than viability percentage of the primary liver cell of the mouse were exposed to silver nanoparticles and silymarin or silver nanoparticles and vitamin E.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Firouz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Faedmaleki
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Farshad H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Shirazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ejtemaeimehr
authors.affiliation: Health Reference laboratories, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Soghra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anjarani
authors.affiliation: Deptartment of Toxicology, Aja University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir-Ahmad
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Salarian
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. AND Cosmetic Products Research Center, Iran Food and Drug Adminstration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamidreza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ahmadi Ashtiani
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. AND Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. AND Cosmetic Products Research Center, Iran Food and Drug Adminstration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rastegar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity*; D012838:Silymarin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012838:Silymarin; D014810:Vitamin E; D012834:Silver
keywords: MTT assay; Silver nanoparticle; Silymarin; Vitamin E