title: Competencies to enable learning-focused clinical supervision: a thematic analysis of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical supervision is essential for development of health professional students and widely recognised as a significant factor influencing student learning. Although considered important, delivery is often founded on personal experience or a series of predetermined steps that offer standardised behavioural approaches. Such a view may limit the capacity to promote individualised student learning in complex clinical environments. The objective of this review was to develop a comprehensive understanding of what is considered 'good' clinical supervision, within health student education. The literature provides many perspectives, so collation and interpretation were needed to aid development and understanding for all clinicians required to perform clinical supervision within their daily practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive thematic literature review was carried out, which included a variety of health disciplines and geographical environments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Literature addressing 'good' clinical supervision consists primarily of descriptive qualitative research comprising mostly small studies that repeated descriptions of student and supervisor opinions of 'good' supervision. Synthesis and thematic analysis of the literature resulted in four 'competency' domains perceived to inform delivery of learning-focused or 'good' clinical supervision. Domains understood to promote student learning are co-dependent and include 'to partner', 'to nurture', 'to engage' and 'to facilitate meaning'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical supervision is a complex phenomenon and establishing a comprehensive understanding across health disciplines can influence the future health workforce. The learning-focused clinical supervision domains presented here provide an alternative perspective of clinical supervision of health students. This paper is the first step in establishing a more comprehensive understanding of learning-focused clinical supervision, which may lead to development of competencies for clinical supervision.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing & Midwifery, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: Leeanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pront
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing & Midwifery, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gillham
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.|Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Lambert W T
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Schuwirth
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods*; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007600:Judgment; D000071252:Mentoring / Q000379:methods*; D000067074:Peer Influence; D011361:Professional Competence / Q000592:standards*; D024382:Professional Role; D012944:Social Support; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology; D013663:Teaching / Q000592:standards