title: Neuronal circuits and physiological roles of the basal ganglia in terms of transmitters, receptors and related disorders.
abstract: The authors have reviewed recent research advances in basal ganglia circuitry and function, as well as in related disorders from multidisciplinary perspectives derived from the results of morphological, electrophysiological, behavioral, biochemical and molecular biological studies. Based on their expertise in their respective fields, as denoted in the text, the authors discuss five distinct research topics, as follows: (1) area-specific dopamine receptor expression of astrocytes in basal ganglia, (2) the role of physiologically released dopamine in the striatum, (3) control of behavioral flexibility by striatal cholinergic interneurons, (4) regulation of phosphorylation states of DARPP-32 by protein phosphatases and (5) physiological perspective on deep brain stimulation with optogenetics and closed-loop control for ameliorating parkinsonism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan.
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan.
authors.forename: Fuyuki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Karube
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumino
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fujiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Nishi-Shinbashi Campus, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan. tmomi@jikei.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Momiyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology*; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000502:physiology*; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter
keywords: Closed-loop control; Deep brain stimulation; Optogenetic technology; Parkinson’s disease; Striatum