title: Central administrations of hemopressin and related peptides inhibit gastrointestinal motility in mice.
abstract: Hemopressin was identified as an endogenous inverse agonist/antagonist of CB1 receptor, whereas VD-hemopressin(α) [VD-Hpα] and VD-hemopressin(β) [VD-Hpβ] were found as the novel endogenous peptidic agonists of cannabinoid receptors. As cannabinoids are potent modulators of gastrointestinal (GI) motility, our aim was to characterize the effects of hemopressin and related peptides on GI motility in vivo.
  
  
  
  The responses of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of the reference compound WIN55,212-2, hemopressin, and related peptides to GI motility were investigated by measuring upper GI transit, colonic bead expulsion, and whole gut transit in mice.
  
  
  
  Central administration of the classical cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 dose-dependently slowed upper GI transit, colonic expulsion, and whole gut transit via CB1 receptor. Similarly, Hpα, VD-Hpα, and VD-Hpβ delayed upper GI transit and colonic expulsion after i.c.v. administration. At the high doses, Hpα and VD-Hpβ inhibited whole gut transit, whereas VD-Hpα had no effect on whole gut transit. In addition, the effects of these three peptides on GI transit were antagonized by the CB1 receptor selective antagonist AM251, but not by the CB2 receptor selective antagonist AM630.
  
  
  
  The endogenous cannabinoid peptide ligands hemopressin, VD-Hpα, and VD-Hpβ inhibited GI transit through the activation of CB1 , but not CB2 cannabinoid receptors. The lower potencies of the hemopressin and related peptides in GI transit assays may be important for the future development of cannabinoid peptides as the therapeutic analgesics with limited GI side effects.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: X-H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: M-L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Z-L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: H-H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Y-Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, Institute of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009025:Morpholines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000819:agonists / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D048588:Benzoxazines; D002186:Cannabinoids; D006454:Hemoglobins; D009025:Morpholines; D009281:Naphthalenes; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; C473218:hemopressin; C070417:(3R)-((2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-((4-morpholinyl)methyl)pyrrolo-(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl))methanone
keywords: cannabinoid; cannabinoid receptor type 1; colonic bead expulsion gastrointestinal transit; hemopressin