title: The postnatal ontogeny of the sexually dimorphic vocal apparatus in goitred gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa).
abstract: This study quantitatively documents the progressive development of sexual dimorphism of the vocal organs along the ontogeny of the goitred gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa). The major, male-specific secondary sexual features, of vocal anatomy in goitred gazelle are an enlarged larynx and a marked laryngeal descent. These features appear to have evolved by sexual selection and may serve as a model for similar events in male humans. Sexual dimorphism of larynx size and larynx position in adult goitred gazelles is more pronounced than in humans, whereas the vocal anatomy of neonate goitred gazelles does not differ between sexes. This study examines the vocal anatomy of 19 (11 male, 8 female) goitred gazelle specimens across three age-classes, that is, neonates, subadults and mature adults. The postnatal ontogenetic development of the vocal organs up to their respective end states takes considerably longer in males than in females. Both sexes share the same features of vocal morphology but differences emerge in the course of ontogeny, ultimately resulting in the pronounced sexual dimorphism of the vocal apparatus in adults. The main differences comprise larynx size, vocal fold length, vocal tract length, and mobility of the larynx. The resilience of the thyrohyoid ligament and the pharynx, including the soft palate, and the length changes during contraction and relaxation of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles play a decisive role in the mobility of the larynx in both sexes but to substantially different degrees in adult females and males. Goitred gazelles are born with an undescended larynx and, therefore, larynx descent has to develop in the course of ontogeny. This might result from a trade-off between natural selection and sexual selection requiring a temporal separation of different laryngeal functions at birth and shortly after from those later in life. J. Morphol. 277:826-844, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, Medicobiological Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RNRMU), Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Kseniya O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Efremova
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.affiliation: Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.|Scientific Research Department, Moscow Zoo, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Ilya A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Volodin
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fritsch
authors.affiliation: Ecocenter "Djeiran", Bukhara, Republic of Uzbekistan.
authors.forename: Natalia V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Soldatova
authors.affiliation: Scientific Research Department, Moscow Zoo, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Elena V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Volodina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000866:Antelopes / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002356:Cartilage / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D007830:Larynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D009132:Muscles / Q000502:physiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014132:Trachea / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
keywords: Bovidae; postnatal development; ruminants; sexual dimorphism; sexual selection; vocal anatomy