title: Risk assessment of human health from exposure to the discharged ballast water after full-scale electrolysis treatment.
abstract: The presence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) releasing from ballast water management systems (BWMS) can cause a possible adverse effects on humans. The objectives of this study were to compute the Derived No Effect Levels (DNELs) for different exposure scenarios and to compare these levels with the exposure levels from the measured DBPs in treated ballast water. The risk assessment showed that when using animal toxicity data, all the DNELs values were approximately 10(3)-10(12) times higher than the exposure levels of occupational and general public exposure scenarios, indicating the level of risk was low (risk characterization ratios (RCRs) < 1). However, when using human data, the RCRs were higher than 1 for dichlorobromomethane and trichloromethane, indicating that the risk of adverse effects on human were significant. This implies that there are apparent discrepancies between risk characterization from animal and human data, which may affect the overall results. We therefore recommend that when appropriate, human data should be used in risk assessment as much as possible, although human data are very limited. Moreover, more appropriate assessment factors can be considered to be employed in estimating the DNELs for human when the animal data is selected as the dose descriptors.
authors.affiliation: Ballast Water Detecting Lab, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201306, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Resource, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201306, China.
authors.forename: Nahui
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Ballast Water Detecting Lab, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201306, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Resource, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201306, China.
authors.forename: Yidan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Ballast Water Detecting Lab, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201306, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Resource, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201306, China.
authors.forename: Junzeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Ballast Water Detecting Lab, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201306, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Resource, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201306, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Ballast Water Detecting Lab, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201306, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Resource, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201306, China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Ballast Water Detecting Lab, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201306, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Resource, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201306, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Ballast Water Detecting Lab, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201306, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Resource, Shanghai Ocean University, No. 999 Huchenghuan Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201306, China. Electronic address: hxwu@shou.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Huixian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: China Classification Society, 9 Dongzhimen Nan Da Jie, Beijing 100007, China. Electronic address: hukf@ccs.org.cn.
authors.forename: Kefeng
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004572:Electrolysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D016272:Occupational Health; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012623:Seawater / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D012767:Ships; D013045:Species Specificity; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Ballast water treatment; Derived no effect levels (DNELs); Disinfection by-products (DBPs); Full-scale; Human health risk assessment