title: From immunotoxicity to carcinogenicity: the effects of carbamate pesticides on the immune system.
abstract: The immune system can be the target of many chemicals, with potentially severe adverse effects on the host's health. In the literature, carbamate (CM) pesticides have been implicated in the increasing prevalence of diseases associated with alterations of the immune response, such as hypersensitivity reactions, some autoimmune diseases and cancers. CMs may initiate, facilitate, or exacerbate pathological immune processes, resulting in immunotoxicity by induction of mutations in genes coding for immunoregulatory factors and modifying immune tolerance. In the present study, direct immunotoxicity, endocrine disruption and inhibition of esterases activities have been introduced as the main mechanisms of CMs-induced immune dysregulation. Moreover, the evidence on the relationship between CM pesticide exposure, dysregulation of the immune system and predisposition to different types of cancers, allergies, autoimmune and infectious diseases is criticized. In addition, in this review, we will discuss the relationship between immunotoxicity and cancer, and the advances made toward understanding the basis of cancer immune evasion.
authors.affiliation: Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisie. dhouib_ines@yahoo.fr.|Ecole Supérieure Privée des Ingénieurs et des Etudes Technologiques, Université Arabe des Sciences, Tunis, Tunisie. dhouib_ines@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: Ines
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dhouib
authors.affiliation: Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jallouli
authors.affiliation: Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Alya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Annabi
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire d'immunologie clinique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Soumaya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marzouki
authors.affiliation: Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Najoua
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gharbi
authors.affiliation: Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Saloua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elfazaa
authors.affiliation: Unité de physiologie des agressions: études métaboliques et endocriniens, Laboratoire de Microorganismes et Biomolécules Actives Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, Université El-Manar, Tunis, Tunisie.
authors.forename: Mohamed Montassar
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Lasram
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002219:Carbamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D010575:Pesticides / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D002273:Carcinogens; D010575:Pesticides
keywords: Animal; Cancer; Carbamates; Human; Immune system; Immunotoxicity