title: Calcium mobilisation following shell damage in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas.
abstract: Shell growth of oysters requires calcium uptake from the environment and transport to the area of shell formation. A shell regeneration assay in combination with radiolabelled calcium was used to investigate uptake and distribution of calcium to different tissues and hemolymph fractions in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas (Bivalvia, Ostreoida). Oysters were notched at the shell margin and subsequently sampled for hemolymph and grading of shell regeneration during a two week experimental period. Half of the oysters were additionally exposed to (45)Ca and sampled for hemolymph and tissues. Total plasma calcium concentrations increased in notched oysters compared to controls on 1, 2 and 7days after notching. A decrease in plasma calcium levels was apparent on day 4, for both total and ionic calcium. The shell regeneration assay in the notched oysters resulted in a visible deposition of CaCO3 onto the regenerate from day 7 onwards. This was coinciding with an increased uptake of total calcium on days 11 and 14 as well as free, i.e. ionic and ligand-bound calcium, on day 14. At day 1, notching also increased calcium uptake into the mantle tissues, in areas above the notch and near the hinge. During the experiment, both the total hemocyte count and the number of granulocytes increased in notched compared to control oysters. The present study suggests that induced shell damage results in a dynamic regulation of the calcium uptake from the environment and the distribution of calcium within the body, starting directly after notching. Increases in both total calcium concentrations and uptake rates coincided with the visible depositions of CaCO3 on the regenerate shell. C. gigas was found to transport calcium mainly in the ionic form in the hemolymph, with only minor parts being bound to proteins or smaller ligands. Hemolymph measurement also revealed that C. gigas is able to regulate the extracellular concentrations of calcium and potassium. The changes in plasma calcium concentrations and speciation, concomitant with increases in granulocytes indicate that multiple calcium transport processes are activated after induced shell damage.
authors.affiliation: Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: kirsikka.sillanpaa@bioenv.gu.se.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Sillanpää
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Melzner
authors.affiliation: Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sundh
authors.affiliation: Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sundell
mesh_terms: D060105:Animal Shells / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006458:Hemolymph / Q000378:metabolism; D012038:Regeneration
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium
keywords: Biomineralisation; Calcium; Crassostrea; Hemocytes; Hemolymph; Molluscs