title: Metabolites Associated With Circulating Interleukin-6 in Older Adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circulating levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels are elevated in older adults, but mechanisms are unclear. In the current study, we used an untargeted metabolomic approach to develop an improved understanding about mechanisms related to circulating IL-6 in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum IL-6 values were log-transformed to normalize its distribution. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression was used to examine the association between 324 serum metabolites with log IL-6. Backward elimination linear regression was used to develop a metabolite predictor set representative of log IL-6.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six metabolites were significantly associated (p < 0.05 and q < 0.30) with log IL-6 in 73 older adults (average age, 78 years). Metabolites related to tryptophan metabolism (kynurenine, 3-indoxyl sulfate, indoleacetate, indolepropionate, C-glycosyltryptophan), infectious burden (C-glycosyltryptophan, N6-carbamoylthreonyladenosine, 1-methylurate, N-formylmethionine, N1-methyladenosine, 3-indoxyl sulfate, bilirubin (E,E), indoleacetate, γ-CEHC, N-acetylneuraminate), aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A expression (kynurenine, 3-indoxyl sulfate, indoleacetate, N6-carbamoylthreonyladenosine, bilirubin, 1-methylurate) were positively associated, whereas metabolites related to CYP-mediated ω-oxidation (adipate, 8-hydroxyoctanoate, azelate, sebacate, undecanedioate, γ-CEHC), and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α) activation (13 + 9-HODE, bilirubin, 5-oxoproline, cholesterol, glycerate, uridine) were negatively associated with log IL-6. The use of backward elimination regression identified tyrosine, cysteine, uridine, bilirubin, N-formylmethionine, indoleacetate, and 3-indoxyl sulfate to collectively explain 51% of the variance inherent in log IL-6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest roles for tryptophan metabolism, infectious burden, activation of host defense, and detoxification through CYP1A-mediated pathways in mechanisms related to elevated inflammation, whereas CYP-mediated ω-oxidation and PPAR-α activation may be related to decreased inflammation in older adults.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Lustgarten
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fielding
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D057185:Sedentary Behavior
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6
keywords: Aging; Inflammation; Metabolomics