title: Survival, growth, detoxifying and antioxidative responses of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to soils with industrial DDT contamination.
abstract: The survival, growth, activity of the biotransformation system phase II enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and the oxidative defense enzyme catalase (CAT) of earthworms exposed to the contaminated soils from a former DDT plant and reference soils were investigated, and compared with the corresponding indicators in simulated soil-earthworm system, unpolluted natural soils with spiked-in DDT series, to identify the toxic effects of DDT on earthworms and their cellular defense system in complex soil system. The results indicated that DDT level in the contaminated soils was significantly higher than that in the reference soils with similar level of other pollutants and soil characters. The mortality, growth inhibition rates, GST and CST activities of earthworms exposed to the contaminated soils were significantly higher than that in reference soils. The contribution of historical DDT in contaminated soils to earthworms was confirmed by the DDT spiked tests. DDT spiked in soils at rates of higher than 200 mg·kg(-1) was significantly toxic to both the survival and the growth of earthworms. DDT significantly stimulated GST and CAT activity in earthworms after 14 days. The CAT and GST activities were also stimulated by DDT exposure at rates of 100 mg·kg(-1) after chronic exposure (42 days). The results provide implications for validating the extrapolation from laboratory simulated soils criteria to contaminated soils and for making site risk assessments.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. Electronic address: yajuanshi@rcees.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Yajuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China.
authors.forename: Qiangbin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China.
authors.forename: Dunqi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; National Center for Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation, Beijing 100038, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Liaoning 117004, China.
authors.forename: Yajing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003634:DDT / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003634:DDT
keywords: Biochemical responses; Contaminated sites risk assessment; Growth; Natural soils; Oxidative defense responses; Survival