title: Surgical Therapy of Early Carcinoma of the Esophagus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The modern therapy of early esophageal carcinomas (pT1) requires an excellent cooperation between experienced gastroenterologists, pathologists, and esophageal surgeons. While endoscopic resection (ER) is accepted as the standard curative treatment for mucosal esophageal carcinomas, submucosal tumors are regarded as a strict indication for surgery. There is an ongoing discussion about the operative approach and the extent of lymph node dissection in these cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed to evaluate the operative treatment of early esophageal cancer. In view of oncological risk factors, treatment strategies, and operative procedures, current studies are summarized and compared to the results of our own center.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In early esophageal cancer, lymph node involvement is the only independent risk factor for survival and recurrence rates. There is evidence that infiltrated lymph nodes (N+) are significantly correlated with tumor infiltration depth, lymphovascular (L1) and microvascular invasion (V1), and poor tumor differentiation (G3). Several studies suggest that early squamous cell carcinomas (eSCCs) and early adenocarcinomas (eACs) have a different tumor biology and therefore need a different treatment strategy. While eSCCs in stage m1 and m2 can be cured by ER, tumors infiltrating the submucosal layer (sm1-3) show a high rate of lymph node metastasis (LNM); thus, surgical resection (SR) is clearly indicated. In tumors with invasion into the deep mucosa (m3) the risk of LNM is up to 11%; however, reliable data are rare and the type of therapy should be discussed with the patients individually. In eACs, ER is the standard curative treatment for all mucosal tumors (m1-m4) and sm1 tumors with low-risk constellation (G1, L0, VO, R0). All high-risk sm1 tumors and those with deeper submucosal infiltration (sm2, sm3) show a high rate of LNM and require SR. The standard operative procedure for early esophageal carcinomas is an Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy with radical, at least two-field lymphadenectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Sana Klinikum Offenbach GmbH, Teaching Hospital of the University Medicine of Frankfurt am Main, Offenbach, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pauthner
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Sana Klinikum Offenbach GmbH, Teaching Hospital of the University Medicine of Frankfurt am Main, Offenbach, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haist
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Sana Klinikum Offenbach GmbH, Teaching Hospital of the University Medicine of Frankfurt am Main, Offenbach, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Sana Klinikum Offenbach GmbH, Teaching Hospital of the University Medicine of Frankfurt am Main, Offenbach, Germany.
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lorenz
keywords: Early esophageal cancer; Esophagectomy; Lymphadenectomy; Prognostic risk factors