title: Sporadic Retinoblastoma and Parental Smoking and Alcohol Consumption before and after Conception: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinoblastoma is the most frequent tumor of the eye in children and very little is known about the etiology of non-familial (sporadic) retinoblastoma. In this study we examined whether parental tobacco smoking or alcohol consumption (pre- or post-conception) contribute to the two phenotypes (bilateral or unilateral) of sporadic retinoblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two large multicenter case-control studies identified 488 cases through eye referral centers in the United States and Canada or through the Children's Oncology Group. Controls (n = 424) were selected from among friends and relatives of cases and matched by age. Risk factor information was obtained via telephone interview. We employed multivariable logistic regression to estimate the effects of parental tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on retinoblastoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal smoking before and during pregnancy contributed to unilateral retinoblastoma risk in the child: year before pregnancy conditional Odds Ratio (OR), 8.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-51, and unconditional OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.7; month before or during pregnancy, conditional OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 0.5-20.8, and unconditional OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1-7.0. No association was found for maternal or paternal alcohol consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicate that maternal active smoking during pregnancy may be a risk factor for sporadic retinoblastoma. Our study supports a role for tobacco exposures in embryonal tumors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Saeedeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Azary
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
authors.forename: Arupa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganguly
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Greta R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Bunin
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Julia E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Heck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution