title: Outcomes of Laparoscopic Treatment Modalities for Unilateral Non-palpable Testes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To date, laparoscopy has gradually become the gold standard for treatment of non-palpable testicles (NPT) with different success and complication rates. In this study, we aimed to evaluate outcomes of laparoscopic approaches for NPT.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed data of 82 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic treatment for unilateral NPT at two institutions by two high volume surgeons from 2004 January to 2014 December. Laparoscopic-assisted orchidopexy (LAO) and two-stage Fowler-Stephens technique (FST) was performed for 45 and 37 patients, respectively. Age (at surgery), follow-up time, laterality of testes, and postoperative complications were analyzed. Modified Clavien classification system (MCCS) was used for evaluating complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age (at surgery) and median follow-up time were 18 (range: 6-56) and 60 (range: 9-130) months, respectively. Overall success rate for two laparoscopy techniques was 87.8% during the maximal follow-up time. We observed wound infection in two, hematoma in one, testicular atrophy in five, testicular re-ascending in two patients at follow-up period. There was no statistical difference between two laparoscopic techniques for grade I (five vs. two patients, p = 0.14) and grade IIIb MCCS complications (five vs. two patients, p = 0.44).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results have shown that two laparoscopic approaches have low complication rates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ankara University School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Nurullah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hamidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Ankara University School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Onur
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Telli
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ankara University School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Uygar
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bagci
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ankara University School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Baris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Esen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Karagoz
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet Metin
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hascicek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Ankara University School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Tarkan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Soygur
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Ankara University School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Berk
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burgu
keywords: Clavien; Fowler–Stephens orchiopexy; complication; laparoscopy; non-palpable testis