title: The intravesicular cocktail and its role in the regulation of exocytosis.
abstract: The accumulation of neurotransmitters within secretory vesicles (SVs) far exceeds the theoretical tonic concentrations in the cytosol, a phenomenon that has captivated the attention of scientists for decades. For instance, chromaffin granules can accumulate close to molar concentrations of catecholamines, along with many other products like ATP, calcium, peptides, chromogranins, ascorbate, and other nucleotides. In this short review, we will summarize the interactions that are currently believed to occur between the elements that make up the vesicular cocktail in the acidic environment of SVs, and how they permit the accumulation of such high concentrations of certain components. In addition, we will examine how the vesicular cocktail regulates the exocytosis of neurotransmitters. In this review, we have highlighted the mechanisms that permit the storage of neurotransmitters and hormones inside secretory vesicles. We also have proposed a novel model based in the intravesicular interactions of the main components of this inner cocktail - catecholamines, ATP, and chromogranins - to allow the accumulation of near molar concentrations of transmitters in secretory vesicles. This article is part of a mini review series on Chromaffin cells (ISCCB Meeting, 2015).
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Unit, University of La Laguna Medical School, Tenerife, Spain.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Estévez-Herrera
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Unit, University of La Laguna Medical School, Tenerife, Spain.
authors.forename: Ayoze
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González-Santana
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Unit, University of La Laguna Medical School, Tenerife, Spain.
authors.forename: Rebeca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Baz-Dávila
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Unit, University of La Laguna Medical School, Tenerife, Spain.
authors.forename: José D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Unit, University of La Laguna Medical School, Tenerife, Spain.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borges
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002837:Chromaffin Granules / Q000502:physiology; D002864:Chromogranins / Q000378:metabolism; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D022142:Secretory Vesicles / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002864:Chromogranins; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate
keywords: adrenal; chromaffin; chromogranins; secretion; vesicular ATP