title: Complex spatial and temporal variation of subtropical benthic macrofauna under sewage impact.
abstract: To better understand variation in sewage-impacted benthic macrofauna from subtropical tidal flats over time and space, we applied a five-factor linear model at a hierarchy of spatial (Condition - Contaminated or Non-Contaminated, Tidal Flat and Plot) and temporal scales (Season and Fortnight). The Contaminated site showed high levels of coprostanol and the presence of Paranais cf frici as markers or indicators of organic enrichment. Differences between Seasons were more pronounced for the faunal variation patterns than for the other parameters, with lower species richness and abundance in summer. There were significant interactions between Fortnight and Tidal Flat for most variables, reflecting marked heterogeneity within Tidal Flats. Benthic community has significantly changed over short periods of time. These rapid changes may lead to erroneous interpretations and mask the true sources of variation. Our results clearly demonstrate the need to better understand benthic temporal variability even at small scales.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil. Electronic address: fernanda.cem@gmail.com.
authors.forename: F M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Núcleo de Estudos do Mar, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Brauko
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Lana
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil; Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 96205080 Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Camargo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D044822:Biodiversity; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000502:physiology*; D016014:Linear Models; D011156:Population Density; D012621:Seasons; D012722:Sewage / Q000032:analysis*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D014873:Water Pollutants
keywords: Hierarchical design; Mixed design; Organic enrichment; Paranaguá bay; Subtropical estuary