title: Inflammatory Markers in Obese Adolescents with Type 2 Diabetes and Their Relationship to Hepatokines and Adipokines.
abstract: To analyze inflammatory markers, adipokines, and hepatokines in obese adolescents with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  
  We studied high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-1β, and interferon-γ, the hepatokines (fetuin-A and fibroblast growth factor [FGF]-21), and the adipokines (adiponectin and leptin) in a cross-sectional study of 74 predominately Caucasian adolescents with T2DM aged 12-18 years and in 74 body mass index (BMI)-, age-, and sex-matched controls.
  
  
  
  Adolescents with T2DM had significantly higher concentrations of hsCRP, TNF-α, and interleukin-1β compared with obese controls without T2DM. Interferon-γ was not detectable in obese adolescents with or without T2DM. In multiple linear regression analysis, hsCRP was significantly associated with FGF-21 and BMI, but not with hemoglobin A1c, adiponectin, leptin, fetuin-A, sex, or age. TNF-α was significantly related negatively to leptin, positively to BMI, but not to hemoglobin A1c, adiponectin, fetuin-A, FGF-21 sex, or age in multiple linear regression analysis.
  
  
  
  Increased inflammatory markers are associated with T2DM in adolescents. Because hsCRP was related to FGF-21 and TNF-α was associated with leptin, these findings suggest a link between increased levels of these adipokines and hepatokines and chronic inflammation. Future longitudinal studies in humans are necessary to confirm these hypotheses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Hospital for Children and Adolescents Datteln, University of Witten/Herdecke, Germany. Electronic address: T.Reinehr@kinderklinik-datteln.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reinehr
authors.affiliation: Medical Faculty, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Germany.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Karges
authors.affiliation: Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), University Children's Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meissner
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Charité Children's Hospital Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wiegand
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stoffel-Wagner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Zentralinstitut für Biomedizinische Technik, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), University of Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Reinhard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Holl
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Endocrinology Division, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Woelfle
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D060749:alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: C556354:AHSG protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D015415:Biomarkers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D020738:Leptin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D060749:alpha-2-HS-Glycoprotein; C414620:fibroblast growth factor 21; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: FGF21; TNFalpha; adiponectin; adolescents; fetuin; hsCRP; leptin; obesity; type 2 diabetes mellitus