title: Hardiness, psychosocial factors and shift work tolerance among nurses - a 2-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the predictive power of the subfactors of hardiness (commitment, control and challenge) on shift work tolerance (measured with sleepiness, fatigue, anxiety and depression) over 2 years in nurses working shifts. We also investigated the direct effects of psychosocial variables such as role conflict, social support and fair leadership on shift work tolerance, as well as their moderating role on the relationship between hardiness and shift work tolerance.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Several scholars have discussed the role of individual differences and psychosocial variables in predicting shift work tolerance. The conclusions are not clear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal questionnaire study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of Norwegian nurses employed in shift work including nights participated in this longitudinal questionnaire study: 1877 at baseline, 1228 at 1-year follow-up and 659 nurses at 2-year follow-up. Data were collected in three waves, first wave in 2008 and third in 2011 and were analysed with a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the subfactor commitment could predict fatigue over 1 year and anxiety and depression over 2 years. Challenge could predict anxiety over 1 year. Control was unrelated to shift work intolerance. Hardiness did not predict sleepiness. Social support, role conflict and fair leadership were important for some aspects of shift work tolerance; however, hardiness seemed to be more eminent for shift work tolerance than the psychosocial variables. Social support moderated the relationship between hardiness and shift work tolerance to some degree, but this interaction was weak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hardiness can to some degree predict shift work tolerance over 2 years among nurses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Ingvild
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Saksvik-Lehouillier
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Bjørn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bjorvatn
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Magerøy
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Ståle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pallesen
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety; D003863:Depression; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009664:Norway; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance
keywords: hardiness; night work; nurses; personality; shift work tolerance; social support