title: Surface gene variants of hepatitis B Virus in Saudi Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be one of the most important viral pathogens in humans. Surface (S) protein is the major HBV antigen that mediates virus attachment and entry and determines the virus subtype. Mutations in S gene, particularly in the "a" determinant, can influence virus detection by ELISA and may generate escape mutants. Since no records have documented the S gene mutations in HBV strains circulating in Saudi Arabia, the current study was designed to study sequence variation of S gene in strains circulating in Saudi Arabia and its correlation with clinical and risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 123 HBV-infected patients were recruited for this study. Clinical and biochemical parameters, serological markers, and viral load were determined in all patients. The entire S gene sequence of samples with viral load exceeding 2000 IU/mL was retrieved and exploited in sequence and phylogenetic analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 48 mutations (21 unique) were recorded in viral strains in Saudi Arabia, among which 24 (11 unique) changed their respective amino acids. Two amino acid changes were recorded in "a" determinant, including F130L and S135F with no evidence of the vaccine escape mutant G145R in any of the samples. No specific relationship was recognized between the mutation/amino acid change record of HBsAg in strains in Saudi Arabia and clinical or laboratory data. Phylogenetic analysis categorized HBV viral strains in Saudi Arabia as members of subgenotypes D1 and D3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present report is the first that describes mutation analysis of HBsAg in strains in Saudi Arabia on both nucleotide and amino acid levels. Different substitutions, particularly in major hydrophilic region, may have a potential influence on disease diagnosis, vaccination strategy, and antiviral chemotherapy.
authors.forename: Ahmed Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Al-Qudari
authors.forename: Haitham M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Amer
authors.forename: Ayman A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abdo
authors.forename: Zahid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Waleed
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Al-Hamoudi
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alswat
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Fahad N
authors.initials: FN
authors.lastname: Almajhdi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000821:virology*; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000235:genetics*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens