title: Deformation and rupture of Dunaliella salina at high shear rates without the use of thickeners.
abstract: High-density cultures require operating below the critical threshold of shear stress, in order to avoid reducing the specific growth rate of the cells. When determining this threshold, direct inspection of the cells in flow provides insight into the conditions of shearing.
  
  
  
  Aim of this study was using a novel rheo-optical setup for the observation of cells in laminar shear flow and the determination of the critical shear stress required to damage them in their natural environment.
  
  
  
  Dunaliella salina cells were sheared and observed in flow for shear stresses of up to 90 Pa, at ambient temperature, without adding thickeners. The critical shear stress was determined by fitting a hydrodynamics-based criterion to the experimental data on the percentage of deformed cells after shearing.
  
  
  
  Single cells, clusters and strings of cells were visible in shear flow. The strings formed at maximum shear stresses of 10 Pa or higher. Cells lost motility for maximum shear stresses higher than 15 Pa, and more than 80% of the cells were deformed at maximum shear stresses higher than 60 Pa. The estimated critical shear stress was 18 Pa.
  
  
  
  Shear stresses higher than 18 Pa should be avoided when cultivating D. salina.
authors.affiliation: Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung und Landnutzung, Lehrstuhl für Systemverfahrenstechnik, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kokkinos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.|Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.
authors.forename: Haider
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dakhil
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fluid Mechanics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wierschem
authors.affiliation: Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung und Landnutzung, Lehrstuhl für Systemverfahrenstechnik, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Briesen
authors.affiliation: Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung und Landnutzung, Lehrstuhl für Systemverfahrenstechnik, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Braun
mesh_terms: D002465:Cell Movement; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D058086:Microalgae / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological
keywords: Microalgae; high shear stress; narrow-gap geometry; parallel-plate configuration; rheo-optics