title: Helicobacter pylori Eradication Causes Perturbation of the Human Gut Microbiome in Young Adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accumulating evidence shows that Helicobacter pylori protects against some metabolic and immunological diseases in which the development of these diseases coincide with temporal or permanent dysbiosis. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of H. pylori eradication on the human gut microbiome.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of the currently on-going ESSAY (Eradication Study in Stable Adults/Youths) study, we collected stool samples from 17 H. pylori-positive young adult (18-30 years-old) volunteers. The same cohort was followed up 6, 12 and 18 months-post H. pylori eradication. The impact of H. pylori on the human gut microbiome pre- and post-eradication was investigated using high throughput 16S rRNA gene (V3-V4 region) sequencing using the Illumina Miseq followed by data analysis using Qiime pipeline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We compared the composition and diversity of bacterial communities in the fecal microbiome of the H. pylori-positive volunteers, before and after H. pylori eradication therapy. The 16S rRNA gene was sequenced at an average of 150,000-170,000 reads/sample. The microbial diversity were similar pre- and post-H. pylori eradication with no significant differences in richness and evenness of bacterial species. Despite that the general profile of the gut microbiome was similar pre- and post-eradication, some changes in the bacterial communities at the phylum and genus levels were notable, particularly the decrease in relative abundance of Bacterioidetes and corresponding increase in Firmicutes after H. pylori eradication. The significant increase of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)-producing bacteria genera could also be associated with increased risk of metabolic disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our preliminary stool metagenomics study shows that eradication of H. pylori caused perturbation of the gut microbiome and may indirectly affect the health of human. Clinicians should be aware of the effect of broad spectrum antibiotics used in H. pylori eradication regimen and be cautious in the clinical management of H. pylori infection, particularly in immunocompromised patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Theresa Wan-Chen
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.|Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Han-Ming
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.|Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yin-Peng
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Alex Hwong-Ruey
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Leow
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.|Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, 55100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ahmad Najib
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Azmi
authors.affiliation: New York University Cancer Institute, New York, NY, 10016, United States of America.|Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
authors.forename: Fritz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Francois
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.|Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, United States of America.
authors.forename: Guillermo I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Perez-Perez
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mun-Fai
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Loke
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khean-Lee
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Jamuna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vadivelu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects*; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D056186:Metagenomics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents