title: Agreement of infrared temporal artery thermometry with other thermometry methods in adults: systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To critically review and synthesise the evidence on the agreement of temporal artery thermometry with invasive and noninvasive thermometry methods in hospitalised adults.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Noninvasive thermometry methods aim at combining patient comfort and ease of use with satisfactory accuracy of temperature measurements. Infrared temporal artery thermometry is based on the detection of heat radiated from this artery in the forehead and temporal region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic literature review.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted in Pubmed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Embase. Data were extracted from twenty method-comparison studies published between 2002-2015. Methodological quality of selected studies was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Temperature measurements of temporal artery were compared with pulmonary artery, urinary bladder, oesophageal or nasopharyngeal ones in eight studies for the whole temperature range. Accuracy and precision of temporal artery thermometry exceeded recommended levels of 0·3°C in three and six studies respectively. Likewise, in nine studies that compared temporal artery temperature measurements with oral and ear-based ones, satisfactory agreement and variability was reported in five and none of them respectively. With regard to fever and hypothermia, although specificity of temporal artery thermometers for detecting these disorders was satisfactory, their sensitivity was low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Existing evidence does not support that temporal artery thermometry can replace common invasive and noninvasive thermometry methods in adult patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health care professionals are recommended to avoid the use of infrared temporal artery temporal artery thermometry in adults, or be cautious about the accuracy and precision of its readings, until improved devices are developed.
authors.affiliation: Nursing Department, Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kiekkas
authors.affiliation: Nursing Department, Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stefanopoulos
authors.affiliation: Nursing Department, Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bakalis
authors.affiliation: Nursing Department, Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Antonios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kefaliakos
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Menelaos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karanikolas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature; D005334:Fever / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005546:Forehead; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013699:Temporal Arteries; D013821:Thermometers; D062125:Thermometry; D001743:Urinary Bladder
keywords: accuracy; adult patients; precision; temperature measurement; temporal artery; thermometry