title: Post-infectious glomerulonephritis with crescents in adults: a retrospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crescent formation generally reflects severe glomerular injury. There is sparse literature on post-infectious glomerulonephritis (PIGN) with crescents in adults. This retrospective study looked at nine such cases to see if there is a correlation between the severity of presentation, steroid treatment, histological severity and outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsy reports of all the adults who underwent kidney biopsy from February 2010 to June 2014 in a tertiary care hospital were screened and all the cases with the diagnosis of PIGN with crescents were selected. Clinical presentation, laboratory data, histology, treatment and outcome were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six patients had evidence of recent/current infection, but all except two were non-streptococcal. The mean creatinine was 360.67 μmol/L (range 70.72-770.85) and the mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (MDRD eGFR) was 30.28 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (range 6.4-111.1) on presentation. All five patients who were treated with steroids had an excellent response. Among the four patients who did not receive steroids, two were left with significant renal impairment (mean MDRD eGFR 23.5 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) at a mean follow-up of 15.5 months (range 10-21). The mean percentage of glomeruli with crescents was 36.13% (range 11.76-100) and except in one, there was no tubular atrophy or interstitial fibrosis and none had glomerulosclerosis. None of the patients progressed to end-stage renal disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-streptococcal infections are more common precipitants. There was no correlation between histological and clinical severity. Patients treated with steroids had better renal outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology , Singapore General Hospital , Singapore , Singapore.
authors.forename: Shashidhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baikunje
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephropathology , Manipal Hospital , Bangalore , India.
authors.forename: Mahesha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vankalakunti
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine , Kasturba Medical College , Manipal , India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nikith
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine , K. S. Hegde Medical Academy , Mangalore, Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srivatsa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine , K. S. Hegde Medical Academy , Mangalore, Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: Suhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alva
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology , K. S. Hegde Medical Academy , Mangalore, Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: Janardhan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kamath
keywords: crescents; infection-related glomerulonephritis; post-infectious glomerulonephritis; steroids; vasculitis