title: Sensitive sentinel mutation screening reveals differential underestimation of transmitted HIV drug resistance among demographic groups.
abstract: To examine the association of majority and minority-level transmitted HIV drug resistance (TDR) among diverse demographic populations in the United States and assess what different mutations may infer about TDR risk and engagement in care.
  
  
  
  Used sensitive assays to screen 1070 deidentified convenience plasma specimens from United States national HIV surveillance conducted in 2009-2011 on newly diagnosed persons with no evidence of antiretroviral drug use.
  
  
  
  We applied validated allele-specific PCR for five HIV reverse transcriptase mutations as sentinel markers of TDR. The total and minority-level prevalence of TDR by demographic characteristics was compared.
  
  
  
  Sensitive screening identified 72% more TDR than conventional sequencing for the five mutations assessed (13.6 vs. 7.9%, P < 0.0001), with K65R having the greatest increase (0-1.7%). One-third of K65R was in persons who also had at least one of the other mutations screened. The total TDR prevalence among whites (16.4%) and blacks (14.9%) was significantly higher than that among Hispanics/Latinos (6.4%) (P = 0.005 and 0.013, respectively). TDR prevalence was highest (23.1%) in those 13-19 years (85% black). TDR prevalence among women (72% black) was nearly as high as among MSM (47% black) (14.3 vs. 15.1%, respectively).
  
  
  
  A significant proportion of TDR, primarily in older, white MSM, was undetected by conventional testing. The greatest underestimation was for rapid-decaying mutations typically associated with the source virus having recent exposure to antiretroviral therapy. However, total TDR prevalence was highest in the less than 20-year age group who were predominantly black, underscoring the importance of prevention efforts for at-risk youth.
authors.affiliation: Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Jin-Fen
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Linley
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kline
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ziebell
authors.forename: Walid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heneine
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods*; D006678:HIV / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult