title: Use of a knowledge broker to establish healthy public policies in a city district: a developmental evaluation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Public health is to a large extent determined by non-health-sector policies. One approach to address this apparent paradox is to establish healthy public policies. This requires policy makers in non-health sectors to become more aware of the health impacts of their policies, and more willing to adopt evidence-informed policy measures to improve health. We employed a knowledge broker to set the agenda for health and to specify health-promoting policy alternatives. This study aimed at gaining in-depth understanding of how this knowledge broker approach works.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the context of a long-term partnership between the two universities in Amsterdam and the municipal public health service, we employed a knowledge broker who worked part-time at a university and part-time for an Amsterdam city district. When setting an agenda and specifying evidence-informed policy alternatives, we considered three individual policy portfolios as well as the policy organization of the city district. We evaluated and developed the knowledge broker approach through action research using participant observation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our knowledge brokering strategy led to the adoption of several policy alternatives in individual policy portfolios, and was especially successful in agenda-setting for health. More specifically, health became an issue on the formal policy agenda as evidenced by its uptake in the city district's mid-term review and the appointment of a policy analyst for health. Our study corroborated the importance of process factors such as building trust, clearly distinguishing the knowledge broker role, and adequate management support. We also saw the benefits of multilevel agenda-setting and specifying policy alternatives at appropriate policy levels. Sector-specific responsibilities hampered the adoption of cross-sectoral policy alternatives, while thematically designed policy documents offered opportunities for including them. Further interpretation revealed three additional themes in knowledge brokering: boundary spanning, a ripple effect, and participant observation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The employment of a knowledge broker who works simultaneously on both agenda-setting for health as well as the specification of health-promoting policy alternatives seems to be a promising first step in establishing local healthy public policies. Future studies are needed to explore the usefulness of our approach in further policy development and policy implementation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands. k.langeveld@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Langeveld
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stronks
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, Amsterdam, 1100 DE, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Janneke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harting
mesh_terms: D000288:Administrative Personnel / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006291:Health Policy; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D011050:Policy Making; D011634:Public Health; D014481:United States
keywords: Agenda-setting; Alternative specification; Boundary spanning; Healthy public policies; Knowledge brokering; Participant observation method; Ripple effect