title: Executive functions in adults with developmental dyslexia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Executive functioning (EF) deficits are well recognized in developmental dyslexia, yet the majority of studies have concerned children rather than adults, ignored the subjective experience of the individual with dyslexia (with regard to their own EFs), and have not followed current theoretical perspectives on EFs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study addressed these shortfalls by administering a self-report measure of EF (BRIEF-A; Roth, Isquith, & Gioia, 2005) and experimental tasks to IQ-matched groups of adults with and without dyslexia. The laboratory-based tasks tested the three factors constituting the framework of EF proposed by Miyake et al. (2000).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison to the group without dyslexia, the participants with dyslexia self-reported more frequent EF problems in day-to-day life, with these difficulties centering on metacognitive processes (working memory, planning, task monitoring, and organization) rather than on the regulation of emotion and behaviour. The participants with dyslexia showed significant deficits in EF (inhibition, set shifting, and working memory).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicated that dyslexia-related problems have an impact on the daily experience of adults with the condition. Further, EF difficulties are present in adulthood across a range of laboratory-based measures, and, given the nature of the experimental tasks presented, extend beyond difficulties related solely to phonological processing.
authors.affiliation: London South Bank University, London, UK. Electronic address: smithspj@lsbu.ac.uk.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Smith-Spark
authors.affiliation: City University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Lucy A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Messer
authors.affiliation: London South Bank University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Edvardsdottir
authors.affiliation: London South Bank University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Adam P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Zięcik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000523:psychology*; D056344:Executive Function; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D000067489:Metacognition; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D057566:Self Report; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adult cognition; Developmental dyslexia; Executive functions