title: Other- and Self-Directed Forms of Violence and Their Relationship With Number of Substance Use Disorder Criteria Among Youth Ages 12-17: Results From the National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between the number of substance use disorder (SUD) criteria as listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, and other- and self-directed forms of violence among youth ages 12-17 in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were obtained from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health pooled across survey years 2008-2013, with a combined sample of 108,560 respondents ages 12-17. Violence categories defined by suicide attempt (self-directed) and attacking someone with the intent for serious injury (other-directed) were categorized as follows: none, self-directed only, other-directed only, and combined self-/other-directed. Multinomial logistic regression estimated odds ratios of the increased number of criteria for alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drug use, and nicotine dependence for each violence category, by controlling for sociodemographics and criminal justice involvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multivariable model indicates that increased number of SUD criteria confers significantly higher odds for each violence category versus no violence. For combined violence versus self-directed violence, male gender, non-Hispanic Black and mixed race (with non-Hispanic White as referent), nicotine dependence, increased number of alcohol use disorder criteria, and other drug use disorder criteria have significantly higher odds, whereas Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander and age have significantly lower odds. For combined violence versus other-directed violence, non-Hispanic mixed race and the increased number of other drug use disorder criteria have significantly higher odds, whereas male gender, non-Hispanic Black and Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and Hispanic have significantly lower odds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of the combined self-/other-directed violence in the general population provides additional support for clinical studies that established associations between self- and other-directed violent behaviors. Prevention and treatment programs need to address both instances of violence and suicidality.
authors.affiliation: CSR, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia.
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Harford
authors.affiliation: CSR, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia.
authors.forename: Chiung M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Bridget F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Grant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology; D002648:Child; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000639:trends; D014754:Violence / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000639:trends*; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology