title: Genetic and neurodevelopmental spectrum of SYNGAP1-associated intellectual disability and epilepsy.
abstract: We aimed to delineate the neurodevelopmental spectrum associated with SYNGAP1 mutations and to investigate genotype-phenotype correlations.
  
  
  
  We sequenced the exome or screened the exons of SYNGAP1 in a total of 251 patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. Molecular and clinical data from patients with SYNGAP1 mutations from other centres were also collected, focusing on developmental aspects and the associated epilepsy phenotype. A review of SYNGAP1 mutations published in the literature was also performed.
  
  
  
  We describe 17 unrelated affected individuals carrying 13 different novel loss-of-function SYNGAP1 mutations. Developmental delay was the first manifestation of SYNGAP1-related encephalopathy; intellectual disability became progressively obvious and was associated with autistic behaviours in eight patients. Hypotonia and unstable gait were frequent associated neurological features. With the exception of one patient who experienced a single seizure, all patients had epilepsy, characterised by falls or head drops due to atonic or myoclonic seizures, (myoclonic) absences and/or eyelid myoclonia. Triggers of seizures were frequent (n=7). Seizures were pharmacoresistant in half of the patients. The severity of the epilepsy did not correlate with the presence of autistic features or with the severity of cognitive impairment. Mutations were distributed throughout the gene, but spared spliced 3' and 5' exons. Seizures in patients with mutations in exons 4-5 were more pharmacoresponsive than in patients with mutations in exons 8-15.
  
  
  
  SYNGAP1 encephalopathy is characterised by early neurodevelopmental delay typically preceding the onset of a relatively recognisable epilepsy comprising generalised seizures (absences, myoclonic jerks) and frequent triggers.
authors.affiliation: Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France Centre de Référence "Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Paris, France Groupe de Recherche Clinique (GRC) "Déficience Intellectuelle et Autisme", UPMC, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mignot
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Neuropediatrics and Neurological Rehabilitation, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Vogtareuth, Germany Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Celina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: von Stülpnagel
authors.affiliation: Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nava
authors.affiliation: Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, CHU de Lyon, Bron, France.
authors.forename: Dorothée
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authors.lastname: Ville
authors.affiliation: Service de Génétique, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, bâtiment IMBL, Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sanlaville
authors.affiliation: Service de Génétique, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, INSERM U1028, bâtiment IMBL, Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Gaetan
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authors.lastname: Lesca
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rastetter
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gachet
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Yannick
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authors.lastname: Marie
authors.affiliation: Klinikum Oldenburg, Zentrum für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin (Elisabeth Kinderkrankenhaus), Klinik für Neuropädiatrie u. angeborene Stoffwechselerkrankungen, Oldenburg, Germany.
authors.forename: G Christoph
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Korenke
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Medicine and Epilepsy Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingo
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authors.lastname: Borggraefe
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoffmann-Zacharska
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Neurology of Children and Adolescents, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
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authors.affiliation: Clinic of Neurology of Children and Adolescents, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland.
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authors.affiliation: Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Uluç
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authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Istanbul, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hande
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Çağlayan
authors.affiliation: AP-HP, Hôpital Trousseau, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Arnaud
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authors.affiliation: Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
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authors.affiliation: Epilepsy, Sleep and Pediatric Neurophysiology Department (ESEFNP), University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), France.
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authors.lastname: Panagiotakaki
authors.affiliation: Département de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Neuropédiatrie-Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Korff
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Eva
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authors.lastname: Rossier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Angelika
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authors.lastname: Riess
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefanie
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authors.lastname: Beck-Woedl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anita
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authors.lastname: Rauch
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Christiane
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authors.lastname: Zweier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Juliane
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authors.lastname: Hoyer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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authors.affiliation: Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Mikhail
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authors.affiliation: Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Maria
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authors.lastname: Bobylova
authors.affiliation: Svt. Luka's Institute of Child Neurology and Epilepsy, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Konstantin
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authors.lastname: Mukhin
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
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authors.affiliation: Genetikum, Neu-Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Dieter
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authors.lastname: Glaeser
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France Neurogenetics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weckhuysen
authors.affiliation: Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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authors.initials: CT
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authors.affiliation: Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Mefford
authors.affiliation: CeGaT GmbH, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Konstanze
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authors.lastname: Hörtnagel
authors.affiliation: CeGaT GmbH, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Saskia
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authors.lastname: Biskup
authors.affiliation: CeGaT GmbH, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lemke
authors.affiliation: Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France Centre de Référence "Déficiences Intellectuelles de Causes Rares, Paris, France Groupe de Recherche Clinique (GRC) "Déficience Intellectuelle et Autisme", UPMC, Paris, France Hospital for Neuropediatrics and Neurological Rehabilitation, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Vogtareuth, Germany.
authors.forename: Delphine
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authors.lastname: Héron
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Neuropediatrics and Neurological Rehabilitation, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Vogtareuth, Germany Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Gerhard
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authors.lastname: Kluger
authors.affiliation: Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR S 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, Paris, France.
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keywords: Epilepsy and seizures; Genetics; Neurology