title: Management of Pregnant Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Consequences of Fetal Programming in Their Offspring.
abstract: The obesity epidemic has fueled an epidemic of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women of childbearing age. This paper examines the state of the science on preconception and pregnancy management of women with type 2 diabetes to optimize outcomes for the women and their infants. In addition, the consequence of fetal programming as a result of suboptimal maternal glycemic control is discussed. The paper focuses on type 2 diabetes, not type 1 diabetes or gestational diabetes. Management of women with type 2 diabetes includes preconception counseling, preconception weight management and weight loss, proper weight gain during pregnancy, self-monitoring of blood glucose levels, medication, medical nutrition therapy, and exercise.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7460, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7460, USA. dberry@email.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Diane C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3010 Old Clinic Building, CB#7516, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7516, USA.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boggess
authors.affiliation: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3010 Old Clinic Building, CB#7516, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7516, USA.
authors.forename: Quinetta B
authors.initials: QB
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: Fetal programming; Poor glycemic control; Pregnancy; Type 2 diabetes