title: Determination of the Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the genes expression involved in phyto-degradation of cyanide and ferri-cyanide.
abstract: Hydroponic experiments were conducted with different species of plants (rice, maize, soybean and willow) exposed to ferri-cyanide to investigate the half-saturation constant (K M ) and the maximal metabolic capacity (v max ) involved in phyto-assimilation. Three varieties for each testing species were collected from different origins. Measured concentrations show that the uptake rates responded biphasically to ferri-cyanide treatments by showing increases linearly at low and almost constant at high concentrations from all treatments, indicating that phyto-assimilation of ferri-cyanide followed the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Using non-linear regression, the highest v max was by rice, followed by willows. The lowest v max was found for soybean. All plants, except maize (DY26) and rice (XJ12), had a similar K M value, suggesting the same enzyme was active in phyto-assimilation of ferri-cyanide. Transcript level, by real-time quantitative PCR, of enzymes involved in degradation of cyanides showed that the analyzed genes were differently expressed during different cyanides exposure. The expression of CAS and ST genes responded positively to KCN exposure, suggesting that β-CAS and ST pathways were two possible pathways for cyanide detoxification in rice. The transcript level of NIT and ASPNASE genes also showed a remarkable up-regulation to KCN, implying the contribution to the pool of amino acid aspartate, which is an end product of CN metabolism. Up-regulation of GS genes suggests that acquisition of ammonium released from cyanide degradation may be an additional nitrogen source for plant nutrition. Results also revealed that the expressions of these genes, except for GS, were relatively constant during iron cyanide exposure, suggesting that they are likely metabolized by plants through a non-defined pathway rather than the β-CAS pathway.
authors.affiliation: The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory & Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China. yuxiaozhang@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Zhang
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory & Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.|Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xue-Hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D003486:Cyanides / Q000378:metabolism*; D005292:Ferricyanides / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D018527:Hydroponics; D007700:Kinetics; D012275:Oryza; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010944:Plants / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D032108:Salix; D036226:Seedlings; D013025:Glycine max; D003313:Zea mays
chemical_list: D003486:Cyanides; D005292:Ferricyanides; D010940:Plant Proteins
keywords: Cyanide; Cyanoalanine synthase; Ferri-cyanide; Gene expression; Michaelis–Menten kinetics; Rice