title: Qualitative study of views and experiences of performance management for healthcare-associated infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Centrally led performance management regimes using standard setting, monitoring, and incentives have become a prominent feature of infection prevention and control (IPC) in health systems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterize views and experiences of regulation and performance management relating to IPC in English hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two qualitative datasets containing 139 interviews with healthcare workers and managers were analysed. Data directly relevant to performance management and IPC were extracted. Data analysis was based on the constant comparative method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants reported that performance management regimes had mobilized action around specific infections. The benefits of establishing organizational structures of accountability were seen in empirical evidence of decreasing infection rates. Performance management was not, however, experienced as wholly benign, and setting targets in one area was seen to involve risks of 'tunnel vision' and the marginalization of other potentially important issues. Financial sanctions were viewed especially negatively; performance management was associated with risks of creating a culture of fearfulness, suppressing learning and disrupting inter-professional relationships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Centrally led performance management may have some important roles in IPC, but identifying where it is appropriate and determining its limits is critical. Persisting with harsh regimes may affect relationships and increase resistance to continued improvement efforts, but leaving all improvement to local teams may also be a flawed strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brewster
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tarrant
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. Electronic address: md11@le.ac.uk.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dixon-Woods
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D054869:Clinical Audit / Q000379:methods; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods*; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Hospital management; Infection prevention and control; Performance management; Qualitative