title: Challenges and solutions in immigrant occupational health in the United States: a literature review and comparative analysis.
abstract: Because of the declining birthrate in Japan, an increasing number of companies are hiring immigrants to fill the labor shortage. Although research on migrant occupational health has progressed in the United States, this topic has received little attention in Japan. The aim of this study was to elucidate the current situation, challenges, and solutions surrounding the occupational health of immigrant workers in the United States.
  
  
  
  Data and selected studies were reviewed and analyzed. The results are discussed, and a few anecdotal experiences in the United States are introduced and compared.
  
  
  
  Possible causes of disparities in immigrant occupational health fell into the following seven categories. (Keywords for each category are shown in parentheses.) (1) Occupation (hazardous job, injury, missed workday, blue-collar worker, low birth weight); (2) Education (academic record, health literacy, training); (3) Culture (culture-specific, community-based); (4) Environment (poor hygiene, regional disparities, environmental change); (5) Access (language, statistics, workers' compensation, health insurance, voluntary restraint); (6) Infection (tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, follow-up); and (7) Discrimination (race, assault, harassment). Lack of data on immigrant workers was found to be a common problem. Some businesses and community groups achieved positive results by simultaneously dealing with multiple aforementioned categories.
  
  
  
  In the United States, the occupational health of immigrant workers has been studied mainly in terms of health disparities. Possible causes of disparities in immigrant occupational health fell into seven categories. Solutions centered on the keywords in each category were inferred. Some businesses and community groups achieved positive results by simultaneously dealing with multiple aforementioned categories. Occupational health professionals have to take each of seven categories into account to improve immigrant occupational health. Even the United States-a developed country facing many migrant occupational health problems-needs further research and better data. To address this issue in Japan, we too need more data and further research on immigrants, along with efforts by businesses and community groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical College.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsuji
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Usuda
authors.forename: Yuka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tamaki
mesh_terms: D018864:Cultural Diversity; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000193:education; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D016272:Occupational Health; D014481:United States