title: Advanced analysis of polymer emulsions: Particle size and particle size distribution by field-flow fractionation and dynamic light scattering.
abstract: Field flow fractionation (FFF) is an advanced fractionation technique for the analyses of very sensitive particles. In this study, different FFF techniques were used for the fractionation and analysis of polymer emulsions/latexes. As model systems, a pure acrylic emulsion and emulsions containing titanium dioxide were prepared and analyzed. An acrylic emulsion polymerization was conducted, continuously sampled from the reactor and subsequently analyzed to determine the particle size, radius of gyration in specific, of the latex particles throughout the polymerization reaction. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) and sedimentation field-flow fractionation (SdFFF), coupled to a multidetector system, multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS), ultraviolet (UV) and refractive index (RI), respectively, were used to investigate the evolution of particle sizes and particle size distributions (PSDs) as the polymerization progressed. The obtained particle sizes were compared against batch-mode dynamic light scattering (DLS). Results indicated differences between AF4 and DLS results due to DLS taking hydration layers into account, whereas both AF4 and SdFFF were coupled to MALLS detection, hence not taking the hydration layer into account for size determination. SdFFF has additional separation capabilities with a much higher resolution compared to AF4. The calculated radii values were 5 nm larger for SdFFF measurements for each analyzed sample against the corresponding AF4 values. Additionally a low particle size shoulder was observed for SdFFF indicating bimodality in the reactor very early during the polymerization reaction. Furthermore, different emulsions were mixed with inorganic species used as additives in cosmetics and coatings such as TiO2. These complex mixtures of species were analyzed to investigate the retention and particle interaction behavior under different AF4 experimental conditions, such as the mobile phase. The AF4 system was coupled online to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for elemental speciation and identification of the inorganic additive. SdFFF had a larger separation power to distinguish different particle size populations whereas AF4 had the capability of separating the organic particles and inorganic TiO2 particles, with high resolution.
authors.affiliation: Kansai Plascon Research Centre, Polymer Science Building, Room 2028, University of Stellenbosch, 7602, Matieland, South Africa; Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ashwell C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Makan
authors.affiliation: Postnova Analytics GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 14, 86899 Landsberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Spallek
authors.affiliation: Kansai Plascon Research Centre, Polymer Science Building, Room 2028, University of Stellenbosch, 7602, Matieland, South Africa.
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: du Toit
authors.affiliation: Postnova Analytics GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 14, 86899 Landsberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa. Electronic address: hpasch@sun.ac.za.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pasch
mesh_terms: D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; D000067493:Dynamic Light Scattering; D004655:Emulsions; D031521:Fractionation, Field Flow; D010316:Particle Size; D011108:Polymers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D011108:Polymers; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation; Emulsions; Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Inorganic additives; Sedimentation field-flow fractionation