title: Photobiomodulation on human annulus fibrosus cells during the intervertebral disk degeneration: extracellular matrix-modifying enzymes.
abstract: Destruction of extracellular matrix (ECM) leads to degeneration of the intervertebral disk (IVD), which is a major contributor to many spine disorders. IVD degeneration is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), which are secreted by immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils. The cytokines modulate ECM-modifying enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in human annulus fibrosus (AF) cells. The resulting imbalance in catabolic and anabolic enzymes can cause generalized back, neck, and low back pain (LBP). Photobiomodulation (PBM) is known to regulate inflammatory responses and wound healing. The aim of this study was to mimic the degenerative IVD microenvironment, and to investigate the effect of a variety of PBM conditions (wavelength: 635, 525, and 470 nm; energy density: 16, 32, and 64 J/cm(2)) on the production of ECM-modifying-enzymes by AF cells under degenerative conditions induced by macrophage-conditioned medium (MCM), which contains pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-β secreted by macrophage during the development of intervertebral disk inflammation. We showed that the MCM-stimulated AF cells express imbalanced ratios of TIMPs (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) and MMPs (MMP-1 and MMP-3). PBM selectively modulated the production of ECM-modifying enzymes in AF cells. These results suggest that PBM can be a therapeutic tool for degenerative IVD disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 80, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea.
authors.forename: Min Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 80, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 80, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea.
authors.forename: Chang Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 80, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 80, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo Geun
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 80, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Su
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Guro Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Joo Han
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kwang Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 80, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea. hyuk76@korea.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hyuk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000070616:Annulus Fibrosus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; C560822:TIMP1 protein, human; C560823:TIMP2 protein, human; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; C511768:MMP3 protein, human; D019278:Matrix Metalloproteinase 3; C522360:MMP1 protein, human; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1
keywords: Extracellular matrix; Human annulus fibrosus; Inflammation; Intervertebral disk degeneration; Photobiomodulation