title: Complications with office-based venoplasties and stenting and their clinical correlation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endovenous therapy by venoplasty and stenting is rapidly gaining momentum and popularity in treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (nonthrombotic iliac vein lesions, in particular). The purpose of this study was to examine the results of office-based venoplasty and stenting procedures that were performed at our office-based facility from July 28, 2012, until April 28, 2013. The study focused on any complications during and after the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  From July 2012 to April 2013, 245 patients underwent venography for the correction of suspected iliac vein stenosis in the office setting. Data included 74 patients undergoing bilateral iliac procedures and 137 patients undergoing unilateral procedures. The remaining 34 patients underwent venography only, without any intervention. The remaining 285 limbs were classified according to the Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology (CEAP) classification as follows: C1, n = 0; C2, n = 84; C3, n = 97; C4, n = 34; C5, n = 53, and C6, n = 17. Postprocedure pain was assessed with a Likert scale of 0 to 10, and scores were collected in 108 patients in the latter portion of the study once this was established to be our primary complication. Pain was considered to be significant if ≥ 5 (n = 20) and insignificant if <5 (n = 88). Pearson correlation was used to evaluate any correlation between pain and gender, age, laterality, CEAP scores (2-6), stent size, and balloon size. Fourteen patients had a history of prior deep venous thrombosis (DVT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the series, 90 women and 47 men underwent unilateral intervention, and 23 women and 14 men underwent bilateral intervention. The average age was 69 years (range, 22-96; standard deviation [SD], ± 13). In 20 patients with significant pain, the average pain score was 6 (range, 5-10; SD, ± 1.4). In 88 patients with insignificant pain, the average pain score was 1.15 (range, 0-4; SD, ± 1.5). The overall average pain score for 108 cases was 2 (range, 0-10; SD, ± 2.4). Five patients (2%) who underwent intervention developed thrombosis of the iliac stent either <30 days (n = 4) or >30 days (n = 1); all five patients had history of DVT. No statistically significant correlation of pain to age, gender, laterality, CEAP scores (2-6), or stent and balloon size was found. No correlation was found between stent thrombosis and gender, age, laterality, CEAP scores (2-6), or stent and balloon size. No complications were reported, such as pseudoaneurysm formation, infection, and insertion site DVT, within 5 days. Iliac fossa hematoma developed 30 days after the procedure in one patient, who required hospital admission for evaluation and treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The correction of iliac vein outflow obstruction in office-based settings results in a low incidence of complications, such as thrombosis (2%), and average pain score of 2 of 10 on the Likert scale. The procedure is minimally invasive with minimal complications.
authors.affiliation: Total Vascular Center, Brooklyn, NY. Electronic address: ganelin.arkady@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Arkady
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganelin
authors.affiliation: Total Vascular Center, Brooklyn, NY.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hingorani
authors.affiliation: Total Vascular Center, Brooklyn, NY.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ascher
authors.affiliation: Total Vascular Center, Brooklyn, NY.
authors.forename: Borislav
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kheyson
authors.affiliation: Total Vascular Center, Brooklyn, NY.
authors.forename: Eleanora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iadgarova
authors.affiliation: Total Vascular Center, Brooklyn, NY.
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.affiliation: Total Vascular Center, Brooklyn, NY.
authors.forename: Yuriy
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ostrozhynskyy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D005121:Extremities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007084:Iliac Vein / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000628:therapy*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis