title: Effect of anthocyanidins on myogenic differentiation in induced and non-induced primary myoblasts from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
abstract: A study was conducted to test whether an anthocyanidin mixture (peonidin, cyanidin and pelargonidin chloride) modulates myogenesis in both induced and non-induced myogenic cells from juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We evaluated three different anthocyanidin concentrations (1×, 2.5× and 10×) at two sampling times (24 and 36h). To test for treatment effects, we analyzed the expression of myoD and pax7 as well as two target genes of the Notch signaling pathway, hey2 and her6. In induced myogenic cells, the lowest and middle anthocyanidin doses caused significantly greater expression of myoD after 24h of treatment compared to control. A significantly higher expression of pax7 in cells exposed to either anthocyanidin treatment during 36h compared was observed. Similarly, the pax7/myoD ratio was significantly lower in cells exposed to the lowest anthocyanidin doses during 24h compared to control. No significant effect of anthocyanidin treatments on the expression of hey2 and her6 at either sampling point was detected. In non-induced cells, we observed no effect of anthocyanidins on myoD expression and significant down-regulation on pax7 expression in cells exposed to either anthocyanidin mixture concentrations after 24 and 36h of treatment compared to control. Further, the pax7/myoD ratio was significantly lower in cells exposed to either anthocyanidin doses at both sampling time. In non-induced cells, the highest anthocyanidin dose provoked significantly greater expression of hey2 after 24h of treatment compared to control. We detected no such effect in non-induced cells exposed to the lowest and middle anthocyanidin doses during 24h of treatment. The expression of her6 was unaffected by anthocyanidin treatments at either sampling time or doses compared to control. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that anthocyanidins modulate specific components of the myogenic programming in fish, thereby potentially affecting somatic growth in fish fed plant-derived extracts rich in this type of polyphenols. Moreover, in early differentiating myogenic cells, the anthocyanidin effect on myogenic programming appears to differ based upon the exposure time and the differentiation stage of the myogenic cells by boosting myogenic differentiation signaling after 24h treatment while pausing differentiation, potentially favoring cell survival after 36h treatment. Further research to determine whether plant-derived secondary metabolites including alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids and essential oils can modulate myogenic programming in myogenic cells isolated from finfish species is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA. Electronic address: alejandro.villasante@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Villasante
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA.
authors.forename: Madison S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
authors.forename: Gordon K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Murdoch
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS Hagerman Fish Culture Experimental Station, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overturf
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2260, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Departamento de Producción Animal, Casilla 1004 Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Jurij
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wacyk
authors.affiliation: Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hardy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D024510:Muscle Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss; D051880:Receptors, Notch / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D051880:Receptors, Notch
keywords: Anthocyanidins; Myoblasts; Myogenic differentiation; Rainbow trout; Skeletal muscle