title: Impacts of Urban Water Conservation Strategies on Energy, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Health: Southern California as a Case Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine how urban water conservation strategies in California cities can affect water and energy conservation efforts, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and benefit public health.
  
  
  METHODS
  We expanded upon our 2014 health impact assessment of California's urban water conservation strategies by comparing the status quo to 2 options with the greatest potential impact on the interrelated issues of water and energy in California: (1) banning landscape irrigation and (2) expanding alternative water sources (e.g., desalination, recycled water).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the water conservation strategies evaluated, expanded use of recycled water stood out as the water conservation strategy with potential to reduce water use, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions, with relatively small negative impacts for the public's health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the suitability of recycled water for urban uses depends on local climate, geography, current infrastructure, and finances, analyses similar to that presented here can help guide water policy decisions in cities across the globe facing challenges of supplying clean, sustainable water to urban populations.
authors.affiliation: The authors are with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Sharona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sokolow
authors.affiliation: The authors are with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Godwin
authors.affiliation: The authors are with the Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Brian L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Cole
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D002947:Cities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003246:Conservation of Energy Resources; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D062489:Health Impact Assessment; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D014881:Water Supply / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*