title: Detrimental Effects of "Stretch" Goals in Specialty Substance Use Disorder Treatment Organizations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  "Stretch" goals, a rarely examined concept that represents seemingly impossible, highly ambitious organizational goals ostensibly established to fill performance gaps and motivate employees, are examined within a sample of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment centers in the United States in terms of their prevalence and effects on organizational behavior. Stretch goals are defined as "seemingly impossible" goals intended to motivate employees to achieve high performance. In light of the high level of environmental change and unpredictability faced by SUD treatment centers in recent decades, we theorize that stretch goals would be both common and often detrimental (in terms of capacity utilization rate and efficiency) in these settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a temporally lagged analysis of data from leaders of a representative U. S. national sample of 219 SUD treatment centers characterized by entrepreneurial management structures, we examined the prevalence of stretch goals and their impact on key outcome variables of capacity utilization rate and efficiency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Widespread adoption of stretch goals was found, with 43% of our sample falling within the stretch category. Stretch goals had a negative main effect on capacity utilization rate as compared to less ambitious challenging goals. Stretch and prior performance interacted to further predict capacity utilization rate, whereas stretch and slack resource availability interacted to predict center efficiency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although stretch goals are frequently used in the SUD treatment industry, we find them mostly detrimental to performance. Stretch goals may enhance the efficiency of treatment centers with prior limited resource availability, but they are negatively associated with capacity utilization, especially in centers with a record of already strong performance. Despite the high prevalence of such goals and positive values centered on aspirational behavior, these results strongly suggest caution in such goal setting in SUD treatment centers.
authors.affiliation: School of Management, University at Buffalo-SUNY, 260 Jacobs Management Center, Buffalo, NY, 14260.
authors.forename: G James
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Lemoine
authors.affiliation: Scheller College of Business, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322.
authors.forename: Terry C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.affiliation: Owens Institute of Behavioral Research and Department of Sociology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Roman
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009937:Organizational Objectives; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014481:United States
keywords: Capacity; Efficiency; Goals; Performance; SUD; Stretch