title: Lytic to temperate switching of viral communities.
abstract: Microbial viruses can control host abundances via density-dependent lytic predator-prey dynamics. Less clear is how temperate viruses, which coexist and replicate with their host, influence microbial communities. Here we show that virus-like particles are relatively less abundant at high host densities. This suggests suppressed lysis where established models predict lytic dynamics are favoured. Meta-analysis of published viral and microbial densities showed that this trend was widespread in diverse ecosystems ranging from soil to freshwater to human lungs. Experimental manipulations showed viral densities more consistent with temperate than lytic life cycles at increasing microbial abundance. An analysis of 24 coral reef viromes showed a relative increase in the abundance of hallmark genes encoded by temperate viruses with increased microbial abundance. Based on these four lines of evidence, we propose the Piggyback-the-Winner model wherein temperate dynamics become increasingly important in ecosystems with high microbial densities; thus 'more microbes, fewer viruses'.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.|Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.affiliation: Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 46-007 Lilipuna Road, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Barott
authors.affiliation: Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Cantu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Cobián-Güemes
authors.affiliation: Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil.|Rainbow Rock, Ocean View, Hawaii 96737, USA.
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.|Rainbow Rock, Ocean View, Hawaii 96737, USA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Dinsdale
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Felts
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, 6525HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Furby
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: K T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Gregoracci
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Haggerty
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Hester
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hisakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: L W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: Y W
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Little
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.|Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.|Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luque
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, 6525HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McDole-Somera
authors.affiliation: Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McNair
authors.affiliation: Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil.
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Quistad
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: N L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Robinett
authors.affiliation: Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 8622 Kennel Way, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sala
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.|Department of Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salamon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, 6525HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandin
authors.affiliation: Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: G G Z
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, 6525HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Marine Sciences Department, Sao Paulo Federal University - Baixada Santista, Av. Alm. Saldanha da Gama, 89, Santos, São Paulo 11030-400, Brazil.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: National Geographic Society, 1145 17th St NW, Washington D.C. 20036, USA.|Department of Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
authors.forename: M J A
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vermeij
authors.affiliation: CARMABI Foundation, Piscaderabaai z/n, Willemstad, Curacao, Netherlands Antilles.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Youle
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Medical Centre, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, 6525HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zgliczynski
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Microbiology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Brainard
authors.affiliation: Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.|Rainbow Rock, Ocean View, Hawaii 96737, USA.|Rainbow Rock, Ocean View, Hawaii 96737, USA.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nulton
authors.affiliation: Biology Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, Brazil.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA.|Department of Biology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rohwer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000502:physiology / Q000821:virology*; D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D057894:Coral Reefs; D017753:Ecosystem; D005814:Genes, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D008242:Lysogeny; D008954:Models, Biological; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics; D014780:Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*