title: Cerebrospinal Fluid Oxaliplatin Contributes to the Acute Pain Induced by Systemic Administration of Oxaliplatin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systemic administration of oxaliplatin has no effect on the tumors in the central nervous system (CNS) due to the limited concentration of oxaliplatin in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), while it was clinically reported that oxaliplatin can induce acute encephalopathy. Currently, the impairment of neuronal functions in the CNS after systemic administration of oxaliplatin remains uninvestigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The von Frey test and the plantar test were performed to evaluate neuropathic pain behavior after a single intraperitoneal administration of oxaliplatin (4 mg/kg) in rats. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, electrophysiologic recording, real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, chromatin immunoprecipitation, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and small interfering RNA were applied to understand the mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentration of oxaliplatin in CSF showed a time-dependent increase after a single administration of oxaliplatin. Spinal application of oxaliplatin at the detected concentration (6.6 nM) significantly increased the field potentials in the dorsal horn, induced acute mechanical allodynia (n = 12 each) and thermal hyperalgesia (n = 12 each), and enhanced the evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in the projection neurokinin 1 receptor-expressing lamina I to II neurons. The authors further found that oxaliplatin significantly increased the nuclear factor-κB p65 binding and histone H4 acetylation in cx3cl1 promoter region. Thus, the upregulated spinal CX3CL1 markedly mediated the induction of central sensitization and acute pain behavior after oxaliplatin administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study suggested that oxaliplatin in CSF may directly impair the normal function of central neurons and contribute to the rapid development of CNS-related side effects during chemotherapy. This provides novel targets to prevent oxaliplatin-induced acute painful neuropathy and encephalopathy.
authors.affiliation: From the Pain Research Center and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China (Z.-Z.H., D.L., X.-G.L., J.-Y.W., Y.L., W.-J.X.); Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China (H.-D.O.-Y.); and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China (C.-C.L., C.M.).
authors.forename: Zhen-Zhen
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Dai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Han-Dong
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Ou-Yang
authors.forename: Cui-Cui
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Xian-Guo
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Jia-You
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wen-Jun
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Xin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D010147:Pain Measurement; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D054428:Chemokine CX3CL1; C515540:Cx3cl1 protein, rat; D006657:Histones; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D018040:Receptors, Neurokinin-1; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D000077150:Oxaliplatin