title: The development of high-content screening (HCS) technology and its importance to drug discovery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High-content screening (HCS) was introduced about twenty years ago as a promising analytical approach to facilitate some critical aspects of drug discovery. Its application has spread progressively within the pharmaceutical industry and academia to the point that it today represents a fundamental tool in supporting drug discovery and development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Here, the authors review some of significant progress in the HCS field in terms of biological models and assay readouts. They highlight the importance of high-content screening in drug discovery, as testified by its numerous applications in a variety of therapeutic areas: oncology, infective diseases, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. They also dissect the role of HCS technology in different phases of the drug discovery pipeline: target identification, primary compound screening, secondary assays, mechanism of action studies and in vitro toxicology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent advances in cellular assay technologies, such as the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) cultures, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and genome editing technologies (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9), have tremendously expanded the potential of high-content assays to contribute to the drug discovery process. Increasingly predictive cellular models and readouts, together with the development of more sophisticated and affordable HCS readers, will further consolidate the role of HCS technology in drug discovery.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biology , Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l ., Nerviano , Milano , Italy.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fraietta
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biology , Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l ., Nerviano , Milano , Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gasparri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055808:Drug Discovery; D057166:High-Throughput Screening Assays; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological
keywords: Cell-based assays; high-content screening; phenotypic drug discovery; target identification