title: Bias in food intake reporting in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: the role of body size, age and gender.
abstract: An assessment of total daily energy intake is helpful in planning the overall treatment of children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, energy intake misreporting may hinder nutritional intervention.
  
  
  
  To assess the plausibility of energy intake reporting and the potential role of gender, body mass index (BMI) z-score (z-BMI), disease duration and insulin requirement in energy intake misreporting in a sample of children and adolescents with T1D.
  
  
  
  The study included 58 children and adolescents aged 8-16 yr with T1D. Anthropometry, blood pressure and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured. Subjects were instructed to wear a SenseWear Pro Armband (SWA) for 3 consecutive days, including a weekend day and to fill out with their parents a weighed dietary record for the same days. Predicted energy expenditure (pEE) was calculated by age and gender specific equations, including gender, age, weight, height and physical activity level (assessed by SWA). The percent reported energy intake (rEI)/pEE ratio was used as an estimate of the plausibility of dietary reporting.
  
  
  
  Misreporting of food intake, especially under-reporting, was common in children and adolescents with T1D: more than one-third of participants were classified as under-reporters and 10% as over-reporters. Age, z-BMI and male gender were associated with the risk of under-reporting (model R2= 0.5). Waist circumference was negatively associated with the risk of over-reporting (model R2= 0.25).
  
  
  
  Children and adolescents with T1D frequently under-report their food intake. Age, gender and z-BMI contribute to identify potential under-reporters.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maffeis
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Schutz
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fornari
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marigliano
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tomasselli
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tommasi
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chini
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morandi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D015930:Diet Records; D003927:Diet, Diabetic; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications*; D010290:Parents; D010349:Patient Compliance; D057566:Self Report; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: adolescent; armband; children; energy expenditure; energy intake; type 1 diabetes; under-reporting