title: Homogeneously dispersed multimetal oxygen-evolving catalysts.
abstract: Earth-abundant first-row (3d) transition metal-based catalysts have been developed for the oxygen-evolution reaction (OER); however, they operate at overpotentials substantially above thermodynamic requirements. Density functional theory suggested that non-3d high-valency metals such as tungsten can modulate 3d metal oxides, providing near-optimal adsorption energies for OER intermediates. We developed a room-temperature synthesis to produce gelled oxyhydroxides materials with an atomically homogeneous metal distribution. These gelled FeCoW oxyhydroxides exhibit the lowest overpotential (191 millivolts) reported at 10 milliamperes per square centimeter in alkaline electrolyte. The catalyst shows no evidence of degradation after more than 500 hours of operation. X-ray absorption and computational studies reveal a synergistic interplay between tungsten, iron, and cobalt in producing a favorable local coordination environment and electronic structure that enhance the energetics for OER.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada. Department of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
authors.forename: Xueli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Oleksandr
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Voznyy
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Comin
authors.affiliation: SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bajdich
authors.affiliation: SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: García-Melchor
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China. Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Jixian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Lirong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: F Pelayo
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: García de Arquer
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Cao Thang
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Dinh
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Fengjia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Mingjian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Emre
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yassitepe
authors.affiliation: Canadian Light Source (CLS), 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2V3, Canada.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Canadian Light Source (CLS), 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2V3, Canada.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Regier
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
authors.forename: Yuhang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Phil
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Luna
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Alyf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Janmohamed
authors.affiliation: Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
authors.forename: Huolin L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Xin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
authors.forename: Huagui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. ted.sargent@utoronto.ca alevoj@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vojvodic
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada. ted.sargent@utoronto.ca alevoj@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Sargent