title: Identification of sixteen peptides reflecting heat and/or storage induced processes by profiling of commercial milk samples.
abstract: Peptide profiles of different drinking milk samples were examined to study how the peptide fingerprint of milk reflects processing conditions. The combination of a simple and fast method for peptide extraction using stage tips and MALDI-TOF-MS enabled the fast and easy generation and relative quantification of peptide fingerprints for high-temperature short-time (HTST), extended shelf life (ESL) and ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk of the same dairies. The relative quantity of 16 peptides changed as a function of increasing heat load. Additional heating experiments showed that among those, the intensity of peptide β-casein 196-209 (m/z 1460.9Da) was most heavily influenced by heat treatment indicating a putative marker peptide for milk processing conditions. Storage experiments with HTST- and UHT milk revealed that the differences between different types of milk samples were not only caused by the heating process. Relevant was also the proteolytic activity of enzymes during storage, which were differently influenced by the heat treatment. These results indicate that the peptide profile may be suitable to monitor processing as well as storage conditions of milk.
  
  
  
  In the present study, peptide profiling of different types of milk was carried out by MALDI-TOF-MS after stage-tip extraction and relative quantification using an internal reference peptide. Although MALDI-TOF-MS covers only part of the peptidome, the method is easy and quick and is, therefore, suited for routine analysis to address several aspects of food authenticity. Using this method, 16 native peptides were detected in milk that could be modulated by different industrial processes. Subsequent heating and storage experiments with pasteurized and UHT milk confirmed that these peptides are indeed related to the production or storage conditions of the respective products. Furthermore, the heating experiments revealed one peptide, namely the β-casein-derived sequence β-casein 196-209, which underwent particularly sensitive modulation by heat treatment. The present results indicate that the modulated peptides, and especially β-casein 196-209, may be suitable markers to monitor processing parameters for industrial milk production. Furthermore, the model experiments suggest mechanisms leading to the formation or degradation of peptides, which help to evaluate putative marker peptides.
authors.affiliation: Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schuhstr. 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ebner
authors.affiliation: Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schuhstr. 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.affiliation: Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schuhstr. 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany. Electronic address: monika.pischetsrieder@fau.de.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pischetsrieder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002364:Caseins / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002364:Caseins; D010455:Peptides
keywords: Heat treatment; MALDI–TOF–MS; Milk; Peptide profiling; Processing marker; Storage marker