title: Management of Recurrent or Persistent Macromastia.
abstract: Recurrent or persistent macromastia can occur after breast reduction. This may be due to inadequate primary volume reduction, poor postoperative shape, and breast or nipple-areola complex asymmetry. Postpartum breast changes, weight change, and aging can also contribute to recurrent macromastia. The concern in these cases is the altered blood supply to the nipple-areola complex and the safety of nipple-areola complex transposition. Literature on the safety of repeated breast reduction is limited with conflicting approaches. This article discusses an approach to recurrent or persistent macromastia and outlines a modified breast reduction technique that is safe in cases of repeated breast reduction.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, 5th Floor, Suite 508, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5, Canada.
authors.forename: Ryan E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lista
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: drahmad@theplasticsurgeryclinic.com.
authors.forename: Jamil
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D009558:Nipples / Q000601:surgery; D012008:Recurrence
keywords: Breast reduction; Complication; Mammary hypertrophy; Pedicle; Recurrent; Reduction mammaplasty; Revision; Vertical scar