title: Resilience research in schizophrenia: a review of recent developments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The concept of resilience is expected to be relevant in understanding the heterogeneous outcomes associated with schizophrenia. We reviewed recent developments in clinical studies focusing on the biological and psychological aspects of resilience in this population. We aimed to clarify current concepts of resilience in the field, elucidate gaps in the literature, and provide recommendations for future research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 20 articles published between 2014 and 2015 were included. Six studies were neuroimaging studies, while the remaining studies used various psychological assessments. Most studies were cross-sectional except for three studies with naturalistic follow-up, one single-blind randomized controlled trial, and two published protocols of prospective studies. The following patterns of research were evident among the highly heterogeneous literature: studies focusing on protective factors and others emphasizing dynamic processes, studies investigating 'at-risk but resilient' groups (e.g. nonpsychotic siblings of patients with schizophrenia), and studies using psychological scales to measure resilience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The heterogeneity in how reports conceptualize, assess, and interpret resilience likely reflects the multidimensional nature of the concept itself and the lack of a 'gold standard' in assessing resilience in schizophrenia. Further research is needed to make recommendations on how to facilitate resilience in clinical care.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan bDepartment of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Yuya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wartelsteiner
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Frajo-Apor
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D035781:Siblings