title: Emotion regulation mediates the effect of childhood trauma on depression.
abstract: Childhood trauma increases the risks of both depression and dysfunctional emotion regulation, which is a factor that has been strongly linked to depression. Because of these demonstrated relationships, it can be hypothesized that dysfunctional emotion regulation is a mediator of the association between childhood trauma and depression.
  
  
  
  To test this hypothesis, we assessed the indirect effect of emotion regulation (Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire) on the relationship between childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) and depression severity (24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression) as well as depression lifetime persistency (i.e., lifetime percentage spent in major depressive episodes; assessed via SCID and Life Chart Interviews) in 269 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).
  
  
  
  Bootstrapping-enhanced mediation analyses indicated that deficits in general emotion regulation mediated the association of childhood trauma to both depression severity and depression lifetime persistency. Further exploratory analyses indicated that specific emotion regulation skills (such as the ability to mindfully observe, accept, and tolerate undesired emotions or the willingness to voluntarily confront situations that prompt negative emotions in order to attain personally relevant goals) significantly mediated the association between childhood trauma and depression severity. Willingness to confront was a mediator for both depression outcomes (depression severity and lifetime persistency).
  
  
  
  The employed mediation analyses are cross-sectional in nature, which limits any firm conclusions regarding causality.
  
  
  
  The findings support the assumption that a sophisticated emotion regulation may help prevent the onset or unfavorable course of depression in individuals who have experienced childhood trauma.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hopfinger
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berking
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology, University of Utrecht, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Claudi L H
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bockting
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany; Innovation Incubator, Leuphana University, Lueneburg, Germany. Electronic address: david.ebert@fau.de.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Ebert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Childhood trauma; Depression lifetime persistency; Depression severity; Emotion regulation; Mediator; Regression