title: Effect of Ginger and Turmeric Rhizomes on Inflammatory Cytokines Levels and Enzyme Activities of Cholinergic and Purinergic Systems in Hypertensive Rats.
abstract: Inflammation exerts a crucial pathogenic role in the development of hypertension. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) on enzyme activities of purinergic and cholinergic systems as well as inflammatory cytokine levels in Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride-induced hypertensive rats. The rats were divided into seven groups (n = 10); groups 1-3 included normotensive control rats, hypertensive (Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride) rats, and hypertensive control rats treated with atenolol (an antihypertensive drug), while groups 4 and 5 included normotensive and hypertensive (Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride) rats treated with 4 % supplementation of turmeric, respectively, and groups 6 and 7 included normotensive and hypertensive rats treated with 4 % supplementation of ginger, respectively. The animals were induced with hypertension by oral administration of Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride, 40 mg/kg body weight. The results revealed a significant increase in ATP and ADP hydrolysis, adenosine deaminase, and acetylcholinesterase activities in lymphocytes from Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride hypertensive rats when compared with the control rats. In addition, an increase in serum butyrylcholinesterase activity and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 and - 6, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α) with a concomitant decrease in anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10) was observed in Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride hypertensive rats. However, dietary supplementation of both rhizomes was efficient in preventing these alterations in hypertensive rats by decreasing ATP hydrolysis, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase activities and proinflammatory cytokines in hypertensive rats. Thus, these activities could suggest a possible insight about the protective mechanisms of the rhizomes against hypertension-related inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ayodele Jacob
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Akinyemi
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo Roberto
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Thomé
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vera Maria
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Morsch
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nathieli B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Bottari
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jucimara
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baldissarelli
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lizielle Souza
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Health Basic Sciences Institute, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jeferson Ferraz
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Goularte
authors.affiliation: Health Basic Sciences Institute, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belló-Klein
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências da Saude, Universidade Luterana do Brazil (ULBRA), Campus Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciências da Saude, Universidade Luterana do Brazil (ULBRA), Campus Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Augusti
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Boligon
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Margareth Linde
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Athayde
authors.affiliation: Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Akintunde Afolabi
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Akindahunsi
authors.affiliation: Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Ganiyu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oboh
authors.affiliation: Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Rosa Chitolina
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Schetinger
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism*; D018678:Cholinergic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D030024:Curcuma; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D020939:Zingiber officinale; D006973:Hypertension / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058905:Purinergic Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D027343:Rhizome; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018678:Cholinergic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D028321:Plant Preparations; D058905:Purinergic Agents; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D002091:Butyrylcholinesterase