title: The Effect of Stimulus Intensity and Carrier Frequency on Auditory Middle- and Long-Latency Evoked Potentials Using a Steady-State-Response Approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to measure magnitude changes of auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) and respective transient middle- and long-latency responses as a function of stimulus intensity and carrier frequency. The literature lacks clear consensus, including relationship to loudness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 48 adults with normal hearing was examined from a companion study (Tlumak, Durrant, & Delgado, 2015) on effects of aging. ASSRs were elicited by repeated tone-burst stimuli presented at rates of 40 and 0.75 Hz at 3 frequencies and 5 levels of stimulus intensity. The design also permitted scrutiny of any gender bias to the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Similar to derived transient response findings, ASSR magnitude (harmonic sum) systematically increased with intensity. Input-output function only at 0.75 Hz approximated a log-log linear function. However, slopes fell well below that of doubling of loudness per 10 dB SPL. Results failed to demonstrate significance as a function of carrier frequency and gender for both repetition rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Effects of stimulus intensity, carrier frequency, and gender on ASSRs were similar to those of their transient counterparts. Findings remain disappointing for objective loudness estimation. Results suggest only a clear linkage to the long-latency response and the 0.75-Hz magnitude but require careful consideration of limitations/underlying mechanisms when measuring loudness-related effects.
authors.forename: Abreena I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Tlumak
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Durrant
authors.forename: Rafael E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Delgado
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D005072:Evoked Potentials, Auditory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult