title: The Developmental Origins of Osteoporosis.
abstract: Osteoporosis is one of the most prevalent skeletal disorders and has enormous public health consequences due to the morbidity and mortality of the resulting fractures. This article discusses the developmental origins of osteoporosis and outlines some of the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in both intrauterine and postnatal life that contribute to the later onset of osteoporosis. Evidence for the effects of birth size and early growth in both preterm and term born infants are discussed and the role of epigenetics within the programming hypothesis is highlighted. This review provides compelling evidence for the developmental origins of osteoporosis and highlights the importance of osteoporosis prevention at all stages of the life course.
authors.affiliation: Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK;; Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Claire L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK;
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stenson
authors.affiliation: Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK;; Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Embleton
keywords: Bone mineral density; Life course; Osteoporosis.; Programming