title: Gender Differences in Dietary Patterns and Their Association with the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome among Chinese: A Cross-Sectional Study.
abstract: Few studies have investigated gender differences in dietary intake. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to examine gender differences in dietary patterns and their association with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. The food intakes of 3794 subjects enrolled by a two-stage cluster stratified sampling method were collected using a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and its prevalence was 35.70% in the sample (37.67% in men and 24.67% in women). Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis combined with cluster analysis and multiple group confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the factorial invariance between gender groups. The dominating dietary pattern for men was the "balanced" dietary pattern (32.65%) and that for women was the "high-salt and energy" dietary pattern (34.42%). For men, the "animal and fried food" dietary pattern was related to higher risk of MetS (odds ratio: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.01-1.60), after adjustment for age, marital status, socioeconomic status and lifestyle factors. For women, the "high-salt and energy" dietary pattern was related to higher risk of MetS (odds ratio: 2.27; 95% CI: 1.24-4.14). We observed gender differences in dietary patterns and their association with the prevalence of MetS. For men, the "animal and fried food" dietary pattern was associated with enhancive likelihood of MetS. For women, it was the "high-salt and energy" dietary pattern.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannanlu Street, Taiyuan 030001, China. xushuh_sxmu@sina.com.
authors.forename: Shu-Hong
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannanlu Street, Taiyuan 030001, China. qiaonan_sxmu@sina.com.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Qiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Datong Coal Mining Group, Datong 037000, China. hjj1958@126.com.
authors.forename: Jian-Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, General Hospital of Datong Coal Mining Group, Datong 037000, China. bun005@126.com.
authors.forename: Chen-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannanlu Street, Taiyuan 030001, China. cuiyan_sxmu@sina.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannanlu Street, Taiyuan 030001, China. tianshuang_sxmu@sina.com.|Department of Health Statistics, Taiyuan Xinghualing District Food &amp; Drug Administration, Taiyuan 030001, China. tianshuang_sxmu@sina.com.
authors.forename: Shuang-Shuang
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannanlu Street, Taiyuan 030001, China. wangcong_sxmu@sina.com.
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannanlu Street, Taiyuan 030001, China. liuxiaomengsy@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Meng
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannanlu Street, Taiyuan 030001, China. zhx.196@163.com.
authors.forename: Hai-Xia
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannanlu Street, Taiyuan 030001, China. annieyuner@163.com.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannanlu Street, Taiyuan 030001, China. liangjie_sxmu@sina.com.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannanlu Street, Taiyuan 030001, China. qlu@epi.msu.edu.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. qlu@epi.msu.edu.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xinjiannanlu Street, Taiyuan 030001, China. tongwang@sxmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: cluster analysis; dietary patterns; factor analysis; invariance; metabolic syndrome