title: Grammatical Gender in American Norwegian Heritage Language: Stability or Attrition?
abstract: This paper investigates possible attrition/change in the gender system of Norwegian heritage language spoken in America. Based on data from 50 speakers in the Corpus of American Norwegian Speech (CANS), we show that the three-gender system is to some extent retained, although considerable overgeneralization of the masculine (the most frequent gender) is attested. This affects both feminine and neuter gender forms, while declension class markers such as the definite suffix remain unaffected. We argue that the gender category is vulnerable due to the lack of transparency of gender assignment in Norwegian. Furthermore, unlike incomplete acquisition, which may result in a somewhat different or reduced gender system, attrition is more likely to lead to general erosion, eventually leading to complete loss of gender.
authors.affiliation: Department of Language and Literature, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway; Department of Language and Culture, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of NorwayTromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Terje
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lohndal
authors.affiliation: Department of Language and Culture, University of Tromsø The Arctic University of NorwayTromsø, Norway; Department of Language and Literature, Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westergaard
keywords: American Norwegian; acquisition; declension class; gender; heritage language