title: Phenolic compounds as indicators of drought resistance in shrubs from Patagonian shrublands (Argentina).
abstract: Plants exposed to drought stress, as usually occurs in Patagonian shrublands, have developed different strategies to avoid or tolerate the lack of water during their development. Production of phenolic compounds (or polyphenols) is one of the strategies used by some native species of adverse environments to avoid the oxidative damage caused by drought. In the present study the relationship between phenolic compounds content, water availability and oxidative damage were evaluated in two native shrubs: Larrea divaricata (evergreen) and Lycium chilense (deciduous) of Patagonian shrublands by their means and/or by multivariate analysis. Samples of both species were collected during the 4 seasons for the term of 1 year. Soil water content, relative water content, total phenols, flavonoids, flavonols, tartaric acid esters, flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation were measured. According to statistical univariate analysis, L. divaricata showed high production of polyphenols along the year, with a phenolic compound synthesis enhanced during autumn (season of greatest drought), while L. chilense has lower production of these compounds without variation between seasons. The variation in total phenols along the seasons is proportional to the antioxidant capacity and inversely proportional to lipid peroxidation. Multivariate analysis showed that, regardless their mechanism to face drought (avoidance or tolerance), both shrubs are well adapted to semi-arid regions and the phenolic compounds production is a strategy used by these species living in extreme environments. The identification of polyphenol compounds showed that L. divaricata produces different types of flavonoids, particularly bond with sugars, while L. chilense produces high amount of non-flavonoids compounds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  These results suggest that flavonoid production and accumulation could be a useful indicator of drought tolerance in native species.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Fac. de Cs. Exactas, Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina. Electronic address: cvarela@exa.unrc.edu.ar.
authors.forename: M Celeste
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Varela
authors.affiliation: Pamukkale University, Faculty of Technology, Biomedical Eng., 20200, Denizli, Turkey. Electronic address: iarslan@pau.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Idris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Fac. de Cs. Exactas, Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina. Electronic address: mreginato@exa.unrc.edu.ar.
authors.forename: Mariana A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Reginato
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecofisiología y Bioquímica Vegetal, Instituto para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales Patagónicos-Centro Nacional Patagónico-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Boulevard Brown 2915, 9120, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina. Electronic address: cenzano@cenpat-conicet.gob.ar.
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cenzano
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Fac. de Cs. Exactas, Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina. Electronic address: vluna@exa.unrc.edu.ar.
authors.forename: M Virginia
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Luna
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D001118:Argentina; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D055864:Droughts; D044948:Flavonols / Q000032:analysis; D016014:Linear Models; D032305:Lycium / Q000502:physiology*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000302:isolation & purification; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000032:analysis; D011891:Rain; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D044948:Flavonols; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D012987:Soil; D014867:Water
keywords: Antioxidant capacity; Drought stress; Ecophysiology; Lipid peroxidation; Plant development and life-history traits; Polyphenols