title: Course of residual symptoms according to the duration of euthymia in remitted bipolar patients.
abstract: Although many studies showed the negative impact of residual symptoms on the course of bipolar disorder (BD), there is a need to examine potential differences in residual symptoms according to the duration of euthymia in remitted BD patients.
  
  
  
  This was a large cross-sectional study of 525 euthymic BD out-patients. A multivariate analysis of covariance was conducted to compare depressive and manic residual symptoms, sleep disturbances and cognitive complaints among three patient groups on the basis of duration of euthymia (A. 6 months to <1 year; B. 1 year to <3 years; C. 3 years to ≤5 years).
  
  
  
  A significant difference between the three groups was found in residual symptoms [Pillai's Trace: F(8942) = 4.659, P < 0.001]. Tukey post hoc analysis indicated that patients from Group C presented lower residual depressive symptoms, higher sleep quality and better perceived cognitive performance compared with Group A. Group B also presented better sleep and cognitive outcomes than Group A. In addition, Group C showed the lowest incidence of functional impairment.
  
  
  
  This study suggests that the intensity of residual symptoms and functional impairment in remitted BD patients is negatively related to the duration of euthymia.
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Psychiatry, EA 7280, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.|Bipolar Disorder Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Samalin
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reinares
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Psychiatry, EA 7280, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: de Chazeron
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torrent
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bonnin
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hidalgo-Mazzei
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Murru
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pacchiarotti
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR-S 1144, VariaPsy, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France.|AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - F. Widal, Pôle de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Paris, France.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Geoffroy
authors.affiliation: INSERM UMR-S 1144, VariaPsy, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France.|AP-HP, GH Saint-Louis - Lariboisière - F. Widal, Pôle de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Paris, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bellivier
authors.affiliation: CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Psychiatry, EA 7280, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Llorca
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vieta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003527:Cyclothymic Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: bipolar disorder; clinical aspects; treatment