title: Heavy metals in road dust from Xiandao District, Changsha City, China: characteristics, health risk assessment, and integrated source identification.
abstract: The physicochemical properties and the contents of metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Fe) in 51 road dust samples from Xiandao District (XDD) were investigated. Enrichment factor (EF), multivariate statistics, geostatistics, and health risk assessment model were adopted to study the spatial pollution pattern and to identify the priority pollutants and regions of concern and sources of studied metals. The mean EFs revealed the following order: Cd > Zn ≈ Pb ≈ Cu > Cr. For non-carcinogenic effects, the exposure pathway which resulted in the highest levels of exposure risk for children and adults was ingestion, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. Hazard index (HI) values for the studied metals at each site were within the safe level of 1 except maximum HI Cr (1.08) for children. The carcinogenic risk (CR) for Cd and Cr at each site was within the acceptable risk level (1E-06) except CR Cr (1.08E-06) for children in the road intersection between the Changchang highway and the Yuelin highway. Cr was identified as the priority pollutant followed by Pb and Cd with consideration of the local population distribution. Spatially, northwest and northeast of XDD were regarded as the priority regions of concern. Results based on the proposed integrated source identification method indicated that Pb was probably sourced from traffic-related sources, Cd was associated with the dust organic material mainly originated from industrial sources, and Cr was mainly derived from both sources.
authors.affiliation: School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China. lifei@znufe.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China. jingdongz@163.com.
authors.forename: Jingdong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
authors.forename: Jinhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
authors.forename: Dawei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Information and Safety Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, 430073, China.
authors.forename: Yongwei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
authors.forename: Guangming
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002681:China; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy
keywords: Distribution characteristics; Health risk assessment; Heavy metals; Road dust; Source identification