title: A Review of Quality Measures for Assessing the Impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Hospitals.
abstract: The growing problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has led to calls for antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) to control antibiotic use in healthcare settings. Key strategies include prospective audit with feedback and intervention, and formulary restriction and preauthorization. Education, guidelines, clinical pathways, de-escalation, and intravenous to oral conversion are also part of some programs. Impact and quality of ASP can be assessed using process or outcome measures. Outcome measures are categorized as microbiological, patient or financial outcomes. The objective of this review was to provide an overview of quality measures for assessing ASP and the reported impact of ASP in peer-reviewed studies, focusing particularly on patient outcomes. A literature search of papers published in English between 1990 and June 2015 was conducted in five databases using a combination of search terms. Primary studies of any design were included. A total of 63 studies were included in this review. Four studies defined quality metrics for evaluating ASP. Twenty-one studies assessed the impact of ASP on antimicrobial utilization and cost, 25 studies evaluated impact on resistance patterns and/or rate of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Thirteen studies assessed impact on patient outcomes including mortality, length of stay (LOS) and readmission rates. Six of these 13 studies reported non-significant difference in mortality between pre- and post-ASP intervention, and five reported reductions in mortality rate. On LOS, six studies reported shorter LOS post intervention; a significant reduction was reported in one of these studies. Of note, this latter study reported significantly (p < 0.001) higher unplanned readmissions related to infections post-ASP. Patient outcomes need to be a key component of ASP evaluation. The choice of metrics is influenced by data and resource availability. Controlling for confounders must be considered in the design of evaluation studies to adequately capture the impact of ASP and it is important for unintended consequences to be considered. This review provides a starting point toward compiling standard outcome metrics for assessing ASP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK. m.akpan@herts.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mary Richard
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Akpan
authors.affiliation: NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance at Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK. raheelah.ahmad00@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Raheelah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK. n.a.shebl@herts.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Nada Atef
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Shebl
authors.affiliation: Antimicrobial Resistance Program, Public Health England, London, NW9 5EQ, UK. diane.ashiru-oredope@phe.gov.uk.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ashiru-Oredope
keywords: antimicrobial resistance; antimicrobial stewardship; infectious diseases; outcome; patient; quality indicators