title: Non-invasive and label-free detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma using saliva surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and multivariate analysis.
abstract: Reported here is the application of silver nanoparticle-based surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) as a label-free, non-invasive technique for detection of oral squamous cell cancer (OSCC) using saliva and desquamated oral cells. A total of 180 SERS spectra were acquired from saliva and 120 SERS spectra from oral cells collected from normal healthy individuals and from confirmed oropharyngeal cancer patients. Notable biochemical peaks in the SERS spectra were tentatively assigned to various components. Data were subjected to multivariate statistical techniques including principal component analysis, linear discriminate analysis (PCA-LDA) and logistic regression (LR) revealing a sensitivity of 89% and 68% and a diagnostic accuracy of 73% and 60% for saliva and oral cells, respectively. The results from this study demonstrate the potential of saliva and oral cell SERS combined with PCA-LDA or PCA-LR diagnostic algorithms as a promising clinical adjunct for the non-invasive detection of oral cancer.
authors.affiliation: School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Department of Physiology, Ross University School of Medicine, Commonwealth of Dominica, West Indies. Electronic address: jenniferconnolly.is@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National University of Ireland Galway and Galway University Hospital, Ireland.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistical Science, University College London (UCL), London, UK; Bio-Optical Imaging Group, Singapore Bio-Imaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Helios #01-02, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore.
authors.forename: Agne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kazakeviciute
authors.affiliation: Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Antony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wheatley
authors.affiliation: Anatomy, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dockery
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National University of Ireland Galway and Galway University Hospital, Ireland.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Keogh
authors.affiliation: School of Physics, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland; Bio-Optical Imaging Group, Singapore Bio-Imaging Consortium (SBIC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Helios #01-02, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore.
authors.forename: Malini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olivo
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012463:Saliva; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
keywords: Diagnostics; Oral cancer; Point-of-care; Raman; Spectroscopy