title: Opportunities and Challenges for Niosomes as Drug Delivery Systems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the increase in drug resistance observed in most infectious diseases as well as some forms of cancer, and with the chances of development of new drug molecules to address this issue looking bleak, one of the most plausible ways to disease treatment is combination therapy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Combination therapy would ensure delay in drug resistance, if utilized rationally. However, the biggest difficulty in employing combination therapy are adverse effects due to potential drug-drug interactions and patient compliance due to multiple routes of administration or multiple dosing that may be required. To overcome these issues, researchers have utilized nanoparticle-based systems that can hold multiple drugs in a single carrier. There are several nanocarrier systems available for such purposes. However, the focus of this review will be non-ionic surfactant-based systems (niosomes) for delivery of multiple therapeutic agents. Niosomes are artificially prepared drug delivery carriers. They are structurally similar to liposomes albeit more stable than them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature pertaining to combination drug delivery and various drug delivery systems was reviewed. It was conceptualized that many of the methods used to prepare various types of carriers for combination delivery of drugs may be used for niosomal systems as well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We envisage that niosomes may effectively be utilized to package older drugs in newer ways. The review will thus focus on techniques that may be used for the formulation of niosomes, ways to encapsulate multiple-drug moieties, and challenges associated in preparing and optimizing such systems.
authors.forename: Miloni
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thakkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed-to-be) University, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai - 400056, India. brijesh.sukumaran@nmims.edu.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brijesh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D013501:Surface-Active Agents