title: Breakdowns in communication of radiological findings: an ethical and medico-legal conundrum.
abstract: Communication problems in diagnostic testing have increased in both number and importance in recent years. The medical and legal impact of failure of communication is dramatic. Over the past decades, the courts have expanded and strengthened the duty imposed on radiologists to timely communicate radiologic abnormalities to referring physicians and perhaps the patients themselves in certain situations. The need to communicate these findings goes beyond strict legal requirements: there is a moral imperative as well. The Code of Medical Ethics of the American Medical Association points out that "Ethical values and legal principles are usually closely related, but ethical obligations typically exceed legal duties." Thus, from the perspective of the law, radiologists are required to communicate important unexpected findings to referring physicians in a timely fashion, or alternatively to the patients themselves. From a moral perspective, radiologists shouldwantto effect such communications. Practice standards, moral values, and ethical statements from professional medical societies call for full disclosure of medical errors to patients affected by them. Surveys of radiologists and non-radiologic physicians reveal that only few would divulge all aspects of the error to the patient. In order to encourage physicians to disclose errors to patients and assist in protecting them in some manner if malpractice litigation follows, more than 35 states have passed laws that do not allow a physician's admission of an error and apologetic statements to be revealed in the courtroom. Whether such disclosure increases or decreases the likelihood of a medical malpractice lawsuit is unclear, but ethical and moral considerations enjoin physicians to disclose errors and offer apologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Skokie Hospital, 9600 Gross Point Rd., Skokie, IL 60076, USA, Lberlin@live.com ; and Rush University and University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berlin
authors.affiliation: Houston VA Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA; and Section of Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Houston VA Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA; and Section of Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Hardeep
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Singh
keywords: case law; communication; disclosure; malpractice; medical ethics; radiology