title: Testicular microlithiasis and testicular cancer: review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To perform a systematic literature review to assess whether the occurrence of testicular microlithiasis (TML) in conjunction with other risk factors is associated with testicular cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was performed of original articles in English published 1998 to 2015. Relevant studies were selected by reading the title and abstract by two of the authors. Studies were included if TML was diagnosed by ultrasonography and a risk condition was reported. Studies were only eligible if the particular risk condition was reported in more than one article.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 282 abstracts in were identified. Based on title and abstract the eligibility was assessed and 31 studies were included. Five conditions in relation to TML and testicular cancer emerged: Down syndrome, McCune-Albright syndrome, cryptorchidism, infertility and familial disposition of testicular cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data support the conclusion that TML is not an independent risk factor for testicular cancer but associated with testicular cancer through other conditions. In male infertility, TML appears to be related to an increased risk of testicular cancer possibly as part of a testicular dysgenesis syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Vejle Hospital, Part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Kabbeltoft 25, 7100, Vejle, Denmark. malene.roland.vils.pedersen@rsyd.dk.|Department of Urology, Urological Research Center, Lillebaelt Hospital, Fredericia, Denmark. malene.roland.vils.pedersen@rsyd.dk.|Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. malene.roland.vils.pedersen@rsyd.dk.
authors.forename: Malene Roland
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5167-7968
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Vejle Hospital, Part of Lillebaelt Hospital, Kabbeltoft 25, 7100, Vejle, Denmark.|Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren Rafael
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Rafaelsen
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology and Population Health, King's College London, London, UK.|Research Unit for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.affiliation: Research Unit for General Practice, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vedsted
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Urological Research Center, Lillebaelt Hospital, Fredericia, Denmark.|Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Palle Jörn
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Osther
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002137:Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015994:Incidence; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013733:Testicular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Testicular cancer; Testicular dysgenesis syndrome; Testicular microlithiasis; Ultrasonography