title: Effectiveness of social marketing strategies to reduce youth obesity in European school-based interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of social marketing to modify lifestyle choices could be helpful in reducing youth obesity. Some or all of the 8 domains of the National Social Marketing Centre's social marketing benchmark criteria (SMBC) are often used but not always defined in intervention studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this review is to assess the effectiveness of European school-based interventions to prevent obesity relative to the inclusion of SMBC domains in the intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed, Cochrane, and ERIC databases were used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonrandomized and randomized controlled trials conducted from 1990 to April 2014 in participants aged 5 to 17 years were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  After the study selection, the 8 domains of the SMBC were assessed in each included study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight publications were included in the systematic review. For the meta-analysis, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting body mass index or prevalence of overweight and obesity were considered. Eighteen RCTs with a total of 8681 participants included at least 5 SMBC. The meta-analysis showed a small standardized mean difference in body mass index of -0.25 (95%CI, -0.45 to -0.04) and a prevalence of overweight and obesity odds ratio of 0.72 (95%CI, 0.5-0.97).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current evidence indicates that the inclusion of at least 5 SMBC domains in school-based interventions could benefit efforts to prevent obesity in young people. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42014007297.
authors.affiliation: M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease Research Group (NFOC), Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Health Promotion and Education Research Team, Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Spanish Research Team at the European Youth Tackling Obesity (EYTO) Project. C.F. Moreno-García is with the Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. T.G. Trujillo Escobar is with the Mathematics and Statistics Faculty, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Magaly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aceves-Martins
authors.affiliation: M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease Research Group (NFOC), Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Health Promotion and Education Research Team, Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Spanish Research Team at the European Youth Tackling Obesity (EYTO) Project. C.F. Moreno-García is with the Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. T.G. Trujillo Escobar is with the Mathematics and Statistics Faculty, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Llauradó
authors.affiliation: M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease Research Group (NFOC), Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Health Promotion and Education Research Team, Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Spanish Research Team at the European Youth Tackling Obesity (EYTO) Project. C.F. Moreno-García is with the Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. T.G. Trujillo Escobar is with the Mathematics and Statistics Faculty, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tarro
authors.affiliation: M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease Research Group (NFOC), Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Health Promotion and Education Research Team, Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Spanish Research Team at the European Youth Tackling Obesity (EYTO) Project. C.F. Moreno-García is with the Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. T.G. Trujillo Escobar is with the Mathematics and Statistics Faculty, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos Francisco
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Moreno-García
authors.affiliation: M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease Research Group (NFOC), Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Health Promotion and Education Research Team, Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Spanish Research Team at the European Youth Tackling Obesity (EYTO) Project. C.F. Moreno-García is with the Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. T.G. Trujillo Escobar is with the Mathematics and Statistics Faculty, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Tamy Goretty
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Trujillo Escobar
authors.affiliation: M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease Research Group (NFOC), Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Health Promotion and Education Research Team, Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Spanish Research Team at the European Youth Tackling Obesity (EYTO) Project. C.F. Moreno-García is with the Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. T.G. Trujillo Escobar is with the Mathematics and Statistics Faculty, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. rosa.sola@urv.cat.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Solà
authors.affiliation: M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Functional Nutrition, Oxidation and Cardiovascular Disease Research Group (NFOC), Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Health Promotion and Education Research Team, Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. M. Aceves-Martins, E. Llauradó, L. Tarro, R. Solà, and M. Giralt are with the Spanish Research Team at the European Youth Tackling Obesity (EYTO) Project. C.F. Moreno-García is with the Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain. T.G. Trujillo Escobar is with the Mathematics and Statistics Faculty, Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Montse
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giralt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012572:School Health Services; D012574:Schools; D040241:Social Marketing
keywords: Europe; adolescents; children; obesity; school-based interventions; social marketing