title: Distal biceps ruptures: open and endoscopic techniques.
abstract: Distal biceps tendon ruptures are relatively rare. Patients are usually middle-aged men involved in heavy labor. Patients usually present with the history of a pop and a proximal migration of the biceps muscle belly. Clinical exam should be sufficient to diagnose a complete rupture. Several specific tests have been described. Ultrasound scanning or MRI can help confirm the diagnosis. Radiographs are not needed to diagnose distal biceps tendon rupture but may show typical findings. Imaging, more specifically the flexion-abduction-supination (FABS) view MRI, is particularly helpful in the case of a partial rupture or chronic rupture of the distal biceps tendon. Results of surgical reinsertion of the distal biceps have been shown to be superior to conservative treatment. Different techniques and approaches have been described with specific advantages and disadvantages. Primary repair of the tendon is preferred. If this is no longer possible in chronic tears, an augmentation can be done using tendon graft. Results of surgical treatment are good in the vast majority of patients. Reruptures are rare but minor complications are common. Major complications may include posterior interosseous nerve palsy or radioulnar synostosis, but the risk of these complications may be decreased by meticulous attention to detail during surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, AZ Monica Hospital, Stevenslei 20, 2100, Deurne, Belgium.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vandenberghe
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, AZ Monica Hospital, Stevenslei 20, 2100, Deurne, Belgium. Roger.Van.Riet@azmonica.bea.|Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium. Roger.Van.Riet@azmonica.bea.|Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Erasme University Hospital, Route De Lennik 808, Brussels, Belgium. Roger.Van.Riet@azmonica.bea.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Riet
keywords: Avulsion; Biceps endoscopy; Biceps tendon; Double incision; Rupture; Single incision