title: Behavioral Interventions for Tobacco Use in HIV-Infected Smokers: A Meta-Analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Smoking is responsible for increased morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected smokers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of behavioral interventions for smoking cessation among HIV-infected smokers compared with the standard care.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed, Cochrane, CINHAL, PsychINFO, and Google Scholar were searched for randomized controlled trials published in English.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligibility criteria were randomized controlled trials with targeted behavioral interventions compared with standard of care (or enhanced standard of care) aimed at promoting abstinence in HIV-infected smokers. A total of 17,384 articles were found and 17,371 were excluded; 13 full text articles were obtained and reviewed, and 8 met the eligibility criteria (Κ = 0.94).
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was expired carbon monoxide-verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence rates. Adequate sequence generation and freedom from incomplete or selective outcome reporting was used to assess study quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1822 subjects from 8 studies yielded a statistically significant effect of behavioral interventions in increasing abstinence in HIV-infected smokers with a moderate effect size (relative risk: 1.51; 95% confidence interval: 1.17 to 1.95). Those studies with interventions of 8 sessions or more had a large effect size for abstinence (relative risk: 2.88; 95% confidence interval: 1.89 to 4.61). When stratified by the number of sessions, there was no heterogeneity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeted behavioral smoking cessation interventions are efficacious. Interventions consisting of 8 sessions or more had the greatest treatment efficacy.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and †Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Montefiore Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Asheena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keith
authors.forename: Yuelei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shuter
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Himelhoch
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D012907:Smoking / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D061485:Tobacco Use Cessation Devices