title: Evaluation of medicated feeds with antiparasitical and immune-enhanced Chinese herbal medicines against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus).
abstract: Since malachite green was banned for using in food fish due to its carcinogenic and teratogenic effects on human, the search of alternative drug to treat Ichthyophthirius multifiliis becomes urgent. This study aimed to (1) evaluate the ethanol extracts of medicinal plants Cynanchum atratum, Zingiber officinale, Cynanchum paniculatum, immunostimulant (A), and immunostimulant (B) for their efficacy against I. multifiliis, and (2) determine effects of medicated feeds with C. atratum, Z. officinale, C. paniculatum, and immunostimulant (A) to treat I. multifiliis in grass carp. The results in this study showed that the minimum concentrations of C. atratum, Z. officinale, and C. paniculatum extracts for killing all theronts were 16, 8, and 16 mg/L, respectively. In vivo experiments, fish fed with medicated feeds of C. atratum for 10 days, or Z. officinale for 3 days, or combination of three plants for 10 days resulted in a significant reduction in the I. multifiliis infective intensity on grass carp after theronts exposure. Grass carp fed with medicated feeds of immunostimulant (A) for 21 days showed no infection and 100 % of survival 15 days post theronts exposure. Therefore, immunostimulant (A) is a promising feed supplement to treated I. multifiliis with good antiparasitic efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: De-Jie
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ya-Nan
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China. zhangqzdr@126.com.
authors.forename: Qi-Zhong
authors.initials: QZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, 36832-4352, USA.
authors.forename: De-Hai
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yao-Wu
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan-Meng
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Sheng-Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029062:Apocynaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D002347:Carps / Q000469:parasitology*; D016770:Ciliophora Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000662:veterinary*; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry; D016803:Hymenostomatida / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D066047:Vincetoxicum / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Cynanchum atratum; Cynanchum paniculatum; Ichthyophthirius multifiliis; Immunostimulants; Medicated feed; Zingiber officinale