title: The first report: An analysis of bacterial flora of the first voided urine specimens of patients with male urethritis using the 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based clone library method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the bacterial flora of urine from patients with male urethritis using the clone library method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine specimens from patients with urethritis were used. The bacterial flora was analysed according to the 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based clone library method. In addition, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum or Ureaplasma parvum were detected by the conventional PCR methods (TMA or real-time PCR) and data from the clone library and conventional PCR methods were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 58 urine specimens, 38 were successfully analysed using the clone library method. From the specimens, 2427 clones were evaluated and 95 bacterial phylotypes were detected. N. gonorrhoeae was detected from 6 specimens and as the predominant bacterial species in 5 specimens. M. genitalium was detected from 5 specimens and as the predominant bacterial species in 3 specimens. C. trachomatis was detected from 15 specimens using the TMA method, but was detected from only 1 specimen using the clone library method. U. parvum was detected from only 2 specimens using the clone library method. In addition, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis were also detected in 8 and 1 specimens, respectively. Gardnerella vaginalis, which is a potential pathogen for bacterial vaginitis in women, was detected in 10 specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clone library method can detect the occupancy rate of each bacteria species among the bacterial flora and may be a new method for bacterial analyses in male urethritis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan. Electronic address: youchunlin1982@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Chunlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hamasuna
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Midori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hachisuga
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Hatsumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Taniguchi
mesh_terms: D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D058448:Biota; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D015723:Gene Library; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014526:Urethritis / Q000382:microbiology*; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Clone library method; Mycoplasma genitalium; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Urethritis