title: Contrast-enhancing tumor growth dynamics of preoperative, treatment-naive human glioblastoma.
abstract: Little is known about the natural growth characteristics of untreated glioblastoma before surgical or therapeutic intervention, because patients are rapidly treated after preliminary radiographic diagnosis. Understanding the growth characteristics of uninhibited human glioblastoma may be useful for characterizing changes in response to therapy. Thus, the objective of the current study was to explore tumor growth dynamics in a cohort of patients with untreated glioblastoma before surgical or therapeutic intervention.
  
  
  
  Ninety-five patients with glioblastoma who had measurable enhancing disease on >2 magnetic resonance imaging scans before surgery were identified. Tumor growth rates were quantified in 4 different ways (the percentage change per day, the absolute rate of change per day, the estimated volumetric doubling time, and the radial expansion rate) using 3 different approaches (bidirectional product, enhancing disease, and total lesion volume).
  
  
  
  The median volumetric doubling time was 21.1 days, the percentage change in tumor volume was 2.1% per day, and the rate of change in total lesion volume was 0.18 cc per day. The length of follow-up between magnetic resonance imaging examinations should be >28 days to detect progressive disease with high specificity. Small initial tumor sizes (<3 cm in greatest dimension) are biased toward a large percentage change at follow-up.
  
  
  
  Presurgical, treatment-naive glioblastoma growth dynamics can be estimated in a variety of ways with similar results. The percentage changes in tumor size and volume depend on baseline tumor size and the time interval between scans. Cancer 2016;122:1718-27. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory, Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.|Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.|UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.|Department of Biomedical Physics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.|Department of Bioengineering, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.|Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ellingson
authors.affiliation: UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.|Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Huytram N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.|Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory, Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.|Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Ruben E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Nechifor
authors.affiliation: UCLA Brain Tumor Imaging Laboratory, Center for Computer Vision and Imaging Biomarkers, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.|Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Okkar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Whitney B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Yong
authors.affiliation: UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.|Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Phioanh L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Nghiemphu
authors.affiliation: UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.|Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Linda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Liau
authors.affiliation: UCLA Neuro-Oncology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.|Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Timothy F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Cloughesy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006128:Growth; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057234:Preoperative Period; D013997:Time Factors; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: T1 subtraction; glioblastoma; growth rates; volumetry