title: Using machine learning to assess covariate balance in matching studies.
abstract: In order to assess the effectiveness of matching approaches in observational studies, investigators typically present summary statistics for each observed pre-intervention covariate, with the objective of showing that matching reduces the difference in means (or proportions) between groups to as close to zero as possible. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to distinguish between study groups based on their distributions of the covariates using a machine-learning algorithm called optimal discriminant analysis (ODA). Assessing covariate balance using ODA as compared with the conventional method has several key advantages: the ability to ascertain how individuals self-select based on optimal (maximum-accuracy) cut-points on the covariates; the application to any variable metric and number of groups; its insensitivity to skewed data or outliers; and the use of accuracy measures that can be widely applied to all analyses. Moreover, ODA accepts analytic weights, thereby extending the assessment of covariate balance to any study design where weights are used for covariate adjustment. By comparing the two approaches using empirical data, we are able to demonstrate that using measures of classification accuracy as balance diagnostics produces highly consistent results to those obtained via the conventional approach (in our matched-pairs example, ODA revealed a weak statistically significant relationship not detected by the conventional approach). Thus, investigators should consider ODA as a robust complement, or perhaps alternative, to the conventional approach for assessing covariate balance in matching studies.
authors.affiliation: Linden Consulting Group, LLC, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.|Division of General Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.affiliation: Optimal Data Analysis, LLC, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Yarnold
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000069550:Machine Learning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D010865:Pilot Projects; D057216:Propensity Score; D012107:Research Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies
keywords: covariate balance; data mining; machine-learning; matching studies; observed characteristics; selection bias