title: Reverse vaccinology 2.0: Human immunology instructs vaccine antigen design.
abstract: Traditionally, vaccines have been developed by cultivating infectious agents and isolating the inactivated whole pathogen or some of its purified components. 20 years ago, reverse vaccinology enabled vaccine discovery and design based on information deriving from the sequence of microbial genomes rather than via the growth of pathogens. Today, the high throughput discovery of protective human antibodies, sequencing of the B cell repertoire, and the increasing structural characterization of protective antigens and epitopes provide the molecular and mechanistic understanding to drive the discovery of novel vaccines that were previously impossible. We are entering a "reverse vaccinology 2.0" era.
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy rino.r.rappuoli@gsk.com.
authors.forename: Rino
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rappuoli
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bottomley
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: D'Oro
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Oretta
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Finco
authors.affiliation: GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines S.r.l., 53100 Siena, Italy.
authors.forename: Ennio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Gregorio
mesh_terms: D000941:Antigens / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015195:Drug Design; D000939:Epitopes / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D014612:Vaccines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000941:Antigens; D000939:Epitopes; D014612:Vaccines