title: Brain 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Levels Are Dramatically and Rapidly Increased Under Acute Ischemia-Injury Which Is Prevented by Microwave Irradiation.
abstract: The involvement of brain 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in a number of critical physiological and pathophysiological regulatory mechanisms highlights the importance for an accurate brain 2-AG determination. In the present study, we validated head-focused microwave irradiation (MW) as a method to prevent postmortem brain 2-AG alterations before analysis. We compared MW to freezing to prevent 2-AG induction and estimated exogenous and endogenous 2-AG stability upon exposure to MW. Using MW, we measured, for the first time, true 2-AG brain levels under basal conditions, 30 s after brain removal from the cranium, and upon exposure to 5 min of brain global ischemia. Our data indicate that brain 2-AG levels are instantaneously and dramatically increased approximately 60-fold upon brain removal from the cranium. With 5 min of brain global ischemia 2-AG levels are also, but less dramatically, increased 3.5-fold. Our data indicate that brain tissue fixation with MW is a required technique to measure both true basal 2-AG levels and 2-AG alterations under different experimental conditions including global ischemia, and 2-AG is stable upon exposure to MW.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Rd., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Brose
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Rd., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA.
authors.forename: Svetlana A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Golovko
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 N. Columbia Rd., Grand Forks, ND, 58202-9037, USA. mikhail.golovko@med.und.edu.
authors.forename: Mikhail Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Golovko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D001921:Brain / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D063388:Endocannabinoids / Q000032:analysis*; D005989:Glycerides / Q000032:analysis*; D008872:Microwaves; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016707:Tissue Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D005989:Glycerides; C094503:glyceryl 2-arachidonate
keywords: 2-Arachidonoylglycerol; Analysis; Brain; Endocannabinoids; Injury; Ischemia; Mass spectrometry; Microwave; Stroke