title: Molecular and Phenotypic Characterization of a Highly Evolved Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Isolated from Seawater in Brazil, 2014.
abstract: A type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV), differing from the Sabin 2 strain at 8.6% (78/903) of VP1 nucleotide positions, was isolated from seawater collected from a seaport in São Paulo State, Brazil. The P1/capsid region is related to the Sabin 2 strain, but sequences within the 5'-untranslated region and downstream of the P1 region were derived from recombination with other members of Human Enterovirus Species C (HEV-C). The two known attenuating mutations had reverted to wild-type (A481G in the 5'-UTR and Ile143Thr in VP1). The VDPV isolate had lost the temperature sensitive phenotype and had accumulated amino acid substitutions in neutralizing antigenic (NAg) sites 3a and 3b. The date of the initiating OPV dose, estimated from the number of synonymous substitutions in the capsid region, was approximately 8.5 years before seawater sampling, a finding consistent with a long time of virus replication and possible transmission among several individuals. Although no closely related type 2 VDPVs were detected in Brazil or elsewhere, this VDPV was found in an area with a mobile population, where conditions may favor both viral infection and spread. Environmental surveillance serves as an important tool for sensitive and early detection of circulating poliovirus in the final stages of global polio eradication.
authors.affiliation: Enterovirus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Klécia Marília S de Melo
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Cassemiro
authors.affiliation: Enterovirus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Burlandy
authors.affiliation: Environmental Analysis Department, Environmental Company of São Paulo State, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mikaela R F
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of Americaa.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of Americaa.
authors.forename: Jaume
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jorba
authors.affiliation: Environmental Analysis Department, Environmental Company of São Paulo State, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elayse M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hachich
authors.affiliation: Environmental Analysis Department, Environmental Company of São Paulo State, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria I Z
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of Americaa.
authors.forename: Cara C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.affiliation: Enterovirus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Edson E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: da Silva
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D001938:Brazil; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D017955:Poliovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012623:Seawater / Q000821:virology*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D036022:Capsid Proteins