title: Kenyan Isolates of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici from 2008 to 2014: Virulence to SrTmp in the Ug99 Race Group and Implications for Breeding Programs.
abstract: Frequent emergence of new variants in the Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Ug99 race group in Kenya has made pathogen survey a priority. We analyzed 140 isolates from 78 P. graminis f. sp. tritici samples collected in Kenya between 2008 and 2014 and identified six races, including three not detected prior to 2013. Genotypic analysis of 20 isolates from 2013 and 2014 collections showed that the new races TTHST, TTKTK, and TTKTT belong to the Ug99 race group. International advanced breeding lines were evaluated against an isolate of TTKTT (Sr31, Sr24, and SrTmp virulence) at the seedling stage. From 169 advanced lines from Kenya, 23% of lines with resistance to races TTKSK and TTKST were susceptible to TTKTT and, from two North American regional nurseries, 44 and 91% of resistant lines were susceptible. Three lines with combined resistance genes were developed to facilitate pathogen monitoring and race identification. These results indicate the increasing virulence and variability in the Kenyan P. graminis f. sp. tritici population and reveal vulnerabilities of elite germplasm to new races.
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fifteenth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth and ninth authors: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya; tenth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; eleventh author: CIMMYT-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; twelfth and thirteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; and fourteenth author: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Newcomb
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fifteenth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth and ninth authors: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya; tenth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; eleventh author: CIMMYT-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; twelfth and thirteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; and fourteenth author: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Pablo D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Olivera
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fifteenth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth and ninth authors: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya; tenth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; eleventh author: CIMMYT-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; twelfth and thirteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; and fourteenth author: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Matthew N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Rouse
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fifteenth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth and ninth authors: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya; tenth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; eleventh author: CIMMYT-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; twelfth and thirteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; and fourteenth author: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Les J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Szabo
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fifteenth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth and ninth authors: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya; tenth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; eleventh author: CIMMYT-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; twelfth and thirteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; and fourteenth author: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fifteenth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth and ninth authors: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya; tenth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; eleventh author: CIMMYT-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; twelfth and thirteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; and fourteenth author: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gale
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fifteenth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth and ninth authors: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya; tenth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; eleventh author: CIMMYT-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; twelfth and thirteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; and fourteenth author: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Luster
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fifteenth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth and ninth authors: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya; tenth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; eleventh author: CIMMYT-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; twelfth and thirteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; and fourteenth author: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wanyera
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fifteenth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth and ninth authors: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya; tenth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; eleventh author: CIMMYT-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; twelfth and thirteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; and fourteenth author: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Godwin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Macharia
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fifteenth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth and ninth authors: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya; tenth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; eleventh author: CIMMYT-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; twelfth and thirteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; and fourteenth author: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Sridhar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhavani
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fifteenth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth and ninth authors: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya; tenth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; eleventh author: CIMMYT-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; twelfth and thirteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; and fourteenth author: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hodson
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fifteenth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth and ninth authors: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya; tenth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; eleventh author: CIMMYT-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; twelfth and thirteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; and fourteenth author: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Patpour
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fifteenth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth and ninth authors: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya; tenth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; eleventh author: CIMMYT-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; twelfth and thirteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; and fourteenth author: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Mogens S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hovmøller
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fifteenth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth and ninth authors: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya; tenth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; eleventh author: CIMMYT-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; twelfth and thirteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; and fourteenth author: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Fetch
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108; third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and fifteenth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Cereal Disease Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul; seventh author: USDA-ARS Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick, MD 21702; eighth and ninth authors: Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Njoro, Kenya; tenth author: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya; eleventh author: CIMMYT-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; twelfth and thirteenth authors: Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Flakkebjerg, DK4200 Slagelse, Denmark; and fourteenth author: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
mesh_terms: D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D007630:Kenya; D000069600:Plant Breeding; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D014908:Triticum / Q000382:microbiology*; D014774:Virulence