title: Presence of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables: Health risk implications in Bangladesh.
abstract: The presence of toxic heavy metals such as As, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Zn in nationally representative samples of highly consumed fruits and vegetables was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Their concentrations exceeded the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) set by FAO/WHO for Pb in mango and Cd in tomato among the analyzed fruits and vegetables. Pb content in mango was found to be six times higher than the safe limit at production level. Health risks associated with the intake of these metals were evaluated in terms of estimated daily intake (EDI), and carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks by target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI). EDI values of all the metals were found to be below the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI). The THQs of all metals were <1, suggesting no health hazards for adult population. However, total THQs of Mn and Cu were >1 through consumption of all vegetables, indicating significant health risks. HI was found to be <1 (0.825) for consumption of fruits; however, it was >1 (3.727) for vegetable consumption, suggesting adverse health effects from vegetable consumption only. The total carcinogenic risk (CR) of As was below the threshold level (10(-6)) and 9.82E-05 for Pb, suggesting no potential CR from As consumption, but indicating the risk of Pb-induced carcinogenesis. The findings of this study reveal the health risks associated with the consumption of heavy metals through the intake of selected fruits and vegetables in adult population of Bangladesh.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh. Electronic address: nzmshaheen58@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nazma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shaheen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Nafis Md
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Irfan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Ishrat Nourin
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Science (INFS), University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Saiful
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Saiful
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Islam
authors.affiliation: Department of Oceanography, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Kawser
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ahmed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001459:Bangladesh; D004435:Eating; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014675:Vegetables / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: Bangladesh; EDI; Fruits & vegetables; Health risks; Heavy metals