title: DINOPHYSIS CAUDATA (DINOPHYCEAE) SEQUESTERS AND RETAINS PLASTIDS FROM THE MIXOTROPHIC CILIATE PREY MESODINIUM RUBRUM(1).
abstract: "Phototrophic"Dinophysis Ehrenberg species are well known to have chloroplasts of a cryptophyte origin, more specifically of the cryptophyte genus complex Teleaulax/Geminigera. Nonetheless, whether chloroplasts of "phototrophic"Dinophysis are permanent plastids or periodically derived kleptoplastids (stolen chloroplasts) has not been confirmed. Indeed, molecular sequence data and ultrastructural data lead to contradictory interpretations about the status of Dinophysis plastids. Here, we used established cultures of D. caudata strain DC-LOHABE01 and M. rubrum strain MR-MAL01 to address the status of Dinophysis plastids. Our approach was to experimentally generate D. caudata with "green" plastids and then follow the ingestion and fate of "reddish-brown" prey plastids using light microscopy, time-lapse videography, and single-cell TEM. Our results for D. caudata resolve the apparent discrepancy between morphological and molecular data by showing that plastids acquired when feeding on M. rubrum are structurally modified and retained as stellate compound chloroplasts characteristic of Dinophysis species.
authors.affiliation: LOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 306-764, KoreaSmithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, USALOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
authors.forename: Miran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: LOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 306-764, KoreaSmithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, USALOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: LOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 306-764, KoreaSmithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, USALOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
authors.forename: Woongghi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: LOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 306-764, KoreaSmithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, USALOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
authors.forename: D Wayne
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Coats
authors.affiliation: LOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, KoreaDepartment of Biological Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 306-764, KoreaSmithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, USALOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea.
authors.forename: Myung Gil
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Park
keywords: Dinophysis caudata; Mesodinium rubrum; kleptoplastid; plastid; single-cell TEM; ultrastructure