title: Microsatellite Genotyping of Plasmodium vivax Isolates from Pregnant Women in Four Malaria Endemic Countries.
abstract: Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed human parasite and the main cause of human malaria outside the African continent. However, the knowledge about the genetic variability of P. vivax is limited when compared to the information available for P. falciparum. We present the results of a study aimed at characterizing the genetic structure of P. vivax populations obtained from pregnant women from different malaria endemic settings. Between June 2008 and October 2011 nearly 2000 pregnant women were recruited during routine antenatal care at each site and followed up until delivery. A capillary blood sample from the study participants was collected for genotyping at different time points. Seven P. vivax microsatellite markers were used for genotypic characterization on a total of 229 P. vivax isolates obtained from Brazil, Colombia, India and Papua New Guinea. In each population, the number of alleles per locus, the expected heterozygosity and the levels of multilocus linkage disequilibrium were assessed. The extent of genetic differentiation among populations was also estimated. Six microsatellite loci on 137 P. falciparum isolates from three countries were screened for comparison. The mean value of expected heterozygosity per country ranged from 0.839 to 0.874 for P. vivax and from 0.578 to 0.758 for P. falciparum. P. vivax populations were more diverse than those of P. falciparum. In some of the studied countries, the diversity of P. vivax population was very high compared to the respective level of endemicity. The level of inter-population differentiation was moderate to high in all P. vivax and P. falciparum populations studied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menegon
authors.affiliation: Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Azucena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bardají
authors.affiliation: Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flor
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martínez-Espinosa
authors.affiliation: Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil.|Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bôtto-Menezes
authors.affiliation: Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ome-Kaius
authors.affiliation: Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.|Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.|Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Australia.
authors.forename: Ivo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea.
authors.forename: Inoni
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Betuela
authors.affiliation: Centro Internacional de Vacunas / Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arévalo-Herrera
authors.affiliation: Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner, India.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kochar
authors.affiliation: Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner, India.
authors.forename: Sanjay K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kochar
authors.affiliation: Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Puneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jaju
authors.affiliation: Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Dhiraj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hans
authors.affiliation: Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Chetan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chitnis
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
authors.forename: María Eugenia
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Castellanos
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Sergi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.affiliation: Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piqueras
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Center for Global Health, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, United States of America.
authors.forename: Meghna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.affiliation: Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mayor
authors.affiliation: Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.|Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Hernando
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Del Portillo
authors.affiliation: Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menéndez
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Severini
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001938:Brazil; D003105:Colombia; D005260:Female; D005819:Genetic Markers; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008288:Malaria / Q000469:parasitology*; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D010219:Papua New Guinea; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers