title: Neuroprotective and Cognition-Enhancing Effects of Compound K Isolated from Red Ginseng.
abstract: The present study was aimed at elucidating the effect of compound K derived from red ginseng on memory function in mouse model and glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. Compound K induced antioxidant enzymes in nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-mediated manner, and effectively attenuated cytotoxicity and mitochondrial damage induced by glutamate in HT22 cells. However, the cytoprotective effect by compound K was abolished by heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor, tin protophorphyrin IX, suggesting that neuroprotective effect of compound K was caused by its Nrf2-mediated induction of antioxidant enzymes. Further, memory deficit induced by scopolamine was restored by compound K, which did not inhibit acetylcholine esterase, in C57BL/6 mice but not in Nrf2 knockout mice as assessed by passive avoidance test, Y-maze and water maze tests, suggesting that scopolamine-induced memory impairment was overcome by the induction of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzymes by the compound K. Overall, our data indicate that compound K could be useful in prevention and treatment of reactive oxygen species-induced neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 plus), Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 plus), Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ju
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 plus), Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jisun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Ginseng Research Team, Overseas Business Division, Ilhwa Company, Ltd. , Guri, Gyeonggi-do 11933, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Kwon
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Biotechnology (BK21 plus), Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Sang
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: 20-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol; cognition; neuroprotective; red ginseng