title: Investigating social functioning after early mild TBI: the quality of parent-child interactions.
abstract: The young brain is particularly vulnerable to injury due to inherent physiological and developmental factors, and even mild forms of traumatic brain injury (mTBI) can sometimes result in cognitive and behavioural difficulties. Despite the high prevalence of paediatric mTBI, little is known of its impact on children's social functioning. Parent-child relationships represent the centre of young children's social environments and are therefore ideal contexts for studying the potential effects of mTBI on children's social functioning. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of parent-child interactions after mTBI using observational assessment methods and parental report. The sample included 130 children (18-60 months at recruitment) divided into three groups: children with uncomplicated mTBI (n = 47), children with orthopaedic injury (OI, n = 27), and non-injured children (NI, n = 56). The quality of parent-child interactions was assessed 6 months post-injury using the Mutually Responsive Orientation (MRO) scale, an observational measure which focuses on the dyadic nature of parent-child exchanges, and the Parental Stress Index questionnaire (Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction (PCDI) domain). Significant differences with medium effect sizes were found between the mTBI group and the NI group on the MRO, but not between the OI group and the other two groups. PCDI scores did not differ across groups, suggesting that observational measures may be more sensitive to changes in parent-child interactions after TBI. The current findings have implications for children's post-injury social development and highlight the importance of monitoring social outcomes even after minor head injuries.
authors.affiliation: Ste-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Department of psychology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lalonde
authors.affiliation: Department of psychology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernier
authors.affiliation: Ste-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Beaudoin
authors.affiliation: Ste-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Ste-Justine Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Jocelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gravel
authors.affiliation: Ste-Justine Research Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.|Department of psychology, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Miriam H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Beauchamp
mesh_terms: D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D012919:Social Behavior
keywords: concussion; outcome; paediatric; parent-child; social interactions; social skills; traumatic brain injury