title: Fetal and neonatal abnormalities due to congenital rubella syndrome: a review of literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rubella virus infection during the first trimester of pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). We aimed to describe the abnormalities in order to define the ultrasound features to look for when performing prenatal scans. The goal of this review is to focus specifically on the signs of CRS accessible to prenatal diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed every case of CRS described before and/or after birth that we identified in the Pubmed database and classified them as accessible or not to prenatal diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequently reported malformations accessible to prenatal diagnosis were: cardiac septal defects, pulmonary artery stenosis, microcephaly, cataract, microphtalmia, and hepatosplenomegaly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This extensive literature review shows that the ultrasound features of CRS are not well known, even though rubella was the first teratogenic virus described. This review will help clinicians in the management of rubella during pregnancy by clarifying the findings to be sought.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Hôpital Foch , Suresnes , France.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yazigi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Hôpital Foch , Suresnes , France.
authors.forename: Aurelia Eldin
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: De Pecoulas
authors.affiliation: b AP-HP, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Virologie, WHO Rubella NRL, National Reference Laboratory for Maternofetal Rubella Infections, Univ Paris-Sud , INSERM U1193, Villejuif , France , and.
authors.forename: Christelle
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vauloup-Fellous
authors.affiliation: b AP-HP, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Paris-Sud, Virologie, WHO Rubella NRL, National Reference Laboratory for Maternofetal Rubella Infections, Univ Paris-Sud , INSERM U1193, Villejuif , France , and.
authors.forename: Liliane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grangeot-Keros
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Hôpital Foch , Suresnes , France.|c EA2493; UFR Des Sciences De La Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin En Yvelines , Montigny Le Bretonneux , France.
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ayoubi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Hôpital Foch , Suresnes , France.|c EA2493; UFR Des Sciences De La Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin En Yvelines , Montigny Le Bretonneux , France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Picone
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D012410:Rubella Syndrome, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
keywords: Antenatal ultrasound; congenital cataract; congenital heart diseases; congenital rubella syndrome; fetal infection; rubella and pregnancy