title: Resolution of Cardiogenic Shock Using Echocardiography-Guided Pacing Optimization in Intensive Care: A Case Series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inotropic and vasopressor drugs are routinely used in critically ill patients to maintain adequate blood pressure and cardiac output in patients with cardiogenic shock although potentially at the expense of increasing myocardial oxygen demand. Pacing optimization has been demonstrated as effective in reducing catecholamine requirements in patients with chronic heart failure by improving cardiac efficiency; however, there are no reports relating to the effectiveness of pacemaker optimization on cardiac output in critically ill patients with cardiogenic shock in the intensive care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective data analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-bed adult tertiary cardiothoracic ICU, university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight sequential patients receiving dual chamber pacemaker with DDD modality with cardiogenic shock and hemodynamic instability refractory to catecholamines underwent echocardiography-guided pacemaker optimization of cardiac output. An iterative method with Doppler echocardiography was used to assess changes in cardiac output, left ventricular filling time, ejection time, total isovolumic time, mitral regurgitation, ejection fraction, and blood pressure at different increments of heart rate, and atrioventricular and interventricular delay. All results are shown as median (minimum/maximum level) or mean ± SD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using echocardiography-guided pacemaker optimization on cardiac output, the cardiac output increased from 3.2 (2.3/3.8) to 5.7 L/min (4.85/7.1) and cardiac index from 1.64 (1.1/1.9) to 2.68 L/min/m (2.1/3.2) and the total isovolumic time reduced from 22.8 to normal values (<14). In association, the glomerular filtration rate increased significantly except in one patient with stage IV chronic kidney disease. All inotropes and vasopressors were discontinued within 12 hours of pacemaker optimization on cardiac output, and all patients were discharged from the ICU within 1 week.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Echocardiography-guided pacemaker optimization of cardiac output is a feasible bedside therapeutic option, which should be considered when standard medical treatments are insufficient for the treatment of cardiogenic shock refractory to inotropic support, thereby minimizing the detrimental effect of catecholamines.
authors.affiliation: 1Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. 2Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Emergency Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. 3Royal Brompton Hospital Cardiology Unit NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom. 4IRCCS "S.Maria Nascente", Don Gnocchi Foundation, Milan, Italy. 5Royal Brompton Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Adult Intensive Care, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tavazzi
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kontogeorgis
authors.forename: Niels P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Bergsland
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D012770:Shock, Cardiogenic / Q000628:therapy*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents