title: Agricultural Management and Climatic Change Are the Major Drivers of Biodiversity Change in the UK.
abstract: Action to reduce anthropogenic impact on the environment and species within it will be most effective when targeted towards activities that have the greatest impact on biodiversity. To do this effectively we need to better understand the relative importance of different activities and how they drive changes in species' populations. Here, we present a novel, flexible framework that reviews evidence for the relative importance of these drivers of change and uses it to explain recent alterations in species' populations. We review drivers of change across four hundred species sampled from a broad range of taxonomic groups in the UK. We found that species' population change (~1970-2012) has been most strongly impacted by intensive management of agricultural land and by climatic change. The impact of the former was primarily deleterious, whereas the impact of climatic change to date has been more mixed. Findings were similar across the three major taxonomic groups assessed (insects, vascular plants and vertebrates). In general, the way a habitat was managed had a greater impact than changes in its extent, which accords with the relatively small changes in the areas occupied by different habitats during our study period, compared to substantial changes in habitat management. Of the drivers classified as conservation measures, low-intensity management of agricultural land and habitat creation had the greatest impact. Our framework could be used to assess the relative importance of drivers at a range of scales to better inform our policy and management decisions. Furthermore, by scoring the quality of evidence, this framework helps us identify research gaps and needs.
authors.affiliation: The RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Sandy, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.affiliation: The RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Sandy, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.affiliation: Bat Conservation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kate E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Björn C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Beckmann
authors.affiliation: Butterfly Conservation, Wareham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brereton
authors.affiliation: Department of AgroEcology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter M J
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: People's Trust for Endangered Species, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nida
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al Fulaij
authors.affiliation: Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, Bournemouth, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gent
authors.affiliation: British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.affiliation: British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.affiliation: Butterfly Conservation, Wareham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Powney
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stroh
authors.affiliation: Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Bristol, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Amphibian and Reptile Conservation, Bournemouth, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.affiliation: The RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Sandy, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Simon R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wotton
authors.affiliation: The RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, Sandy, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Gregory
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D044822:Biodiversity; D057231:Climate Change; D006113:United Kingdom