title: Relative Importance of Baseline Pain, Fatigue, Sleep, and Physical Activity: Predicting Change in Depression in Adults With Multiple Sclerosis.
abstract: To determine whether baseline levels of pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and physical activity measured at the initial assessment predicted the development of or improvement of depression 3.5 years later, while controlling for sex, age, and disease severity.
  
  
  
  Observational, longitudinal survey study.
  
  
  
  A community-based population sample.
  
  
  
  Adults with multiple sclerosis (MS) (N=489).
  
  
  
  Not applicable.
  
  
  
  Primary outcome was classification of depression group measured using a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 cutoff score ≥10, indicating probable major depression.
  
  
  
  Fatigue severity (odds ratio, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.26; P<.0001) and sleep disturbance (odds ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.10; P=.001) predicted probable major depression 3.5 years later among those not depressed at the initial assessment. An effect of age (odds ratio, .96; 95% confidence interval, .92-.99; P=.008) was found among those who developed depression, indicating that younger adults were more likely to develop depression. Pain, fatigue, sleep, and physical activity at baseline were not significantly associated with recovery from depression among those depressed at the initial assessment.
  
  
  
  Fatigue and sleep may contribute to the development of depression. Clinical trial research targeting these variables to determine their influence on depression is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Karlyn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Ivan R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Molton
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Amanda E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ehde
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Bombardier
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Samuel L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Battalio
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Electronic address: mjensen@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Chronic pain; Depression; Fatigue; Multiple sclerosis; Rehabilitation; Sleep