title: A Cross-Cultural Study of the Cognitive Model of Depression: Cognitive Experiences Converge between Egypt and Canada.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Models of depression that arise in the West need to be examined in other regions of the world. This study examined a set of foundational hypotheses generated by Beck's cognitive model of depression among depressed individuals in Egypt and Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 29 depressed and 29 non-depressed Egyptians and compared their results with those of 35 depressed and 38 non-depressed Canadians. Depression status was ascertained using a structured interview, scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, and scores on the Psychiatric Diagnostic Screening Questionnaire. Participants completed questionnaires designed to measure the frequency of negative and positive automatic thoughts (ATQ-N, BHS, and ATQ-P), and dysfunctional attitudes (DAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressed individuals in both countries had significantly more negative thoughts about self and future, greater frequency of dysfunctional attitudes, and diminished positive self-thoughts in comparison to non-depressed individuals. Egyptians generally showed significantly more dysfunctional attitudes than their Canadian counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The four hypotheses that were tested were supported among the depressed Egyptian sample, which is consistent with the cognitive model. Implications for the cognitive-behavioral model and treatment for this group of sufferers are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Shadi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beshai
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Keith S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Dobson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kasr Al-Aini, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ashraf
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adel
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kasr Al-Aini, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Niveen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hanna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003071:Cognition; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult