title: Prevalence of the developmental defects of the enamel in children aged 12-15 years in Kollam district.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of developmental defects of enamel in children aged 12-15 years in Kollam district and to examine the etiological factors associated with the developmental defects of the enamel (DDE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,500 children from 10 urban and 10 rural schools were examined using modified DDE criteria for recording enamel defects. Ten index permanent teeth were screened for the DDE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall prevalence of the DDE was found to be 32% and the prevalence is higher in urban schools (34.3%) compared to rural schools (29.6%). The most common tooth affected by the defect was maxillary right lateral incisor (P = 28.6%) and the tooth least affected was maxillary right first premolar (P = 3%). The most common deformity was demarcated opacities (P = 28.76%) and the least common deformity was combination of diffuse opacities and hypoplasia and combination of demarcated, diffuse opacities, and hypoplasia (P = 0%). There was a very high significant association between DDE and the mothers' pregnancy age, illness during pregnancy for mother, medication taken during pregnancy by mother, prematurity of birth, intubation done during prematurity, birth weight, systemic illness during the first 5 years of life, intake of drugs or chemicals during the first 5 years of life, nutritional status, and trauma or infection on deciduous teeth and dental caries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study population showed a prevalence of 32% and very high significant association between perinatal, natal, and postnatal etiological factors. It indicates the need for educating the population about the risk factors for the DDE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Azeezia College of Dental Science and Research, Meeyannoor, India.
authors.forename: Rathy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ravindran
authors.affiliation: Department of of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Malabar Dental College, Edappal, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Ajish M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Saji
keywords: Demarcated opacity; developmental defects of the enamel; diffuse opacity; enamel hypoplasia