title: Effect of Vitamin E and Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Protecting Ambient PM2.5-Induced Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress in Vascular Endothelial Cells.
abstract: Although the mechanisms linking cardiopulmonary diseases to ambient fine particles (PM2.5) are still unclear, inflammation and oxidative stress play important roles in PM2.5-induced injury. It is well known that inflammation and oxidative stress could be restricted by vitamin E (Ve) or omega-3 fatty acids (Ω-3 FA) consumption. This study investigated the effects of Ve and Ω-3 FA on PM2.5-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells. The underlying mechanisms linking PM2.5 to vascular endothelial injury were also explored. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with 50 μg/mL PM2.5 in the presence or absence of different concentrations of Ve and Ω-3 FA. The inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers were determined. The results showed that Ve induced a significant decrease in PM2.5-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. Malondialdehyde (MDA) in supernatant and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cytoplasm decreased by Ve, while the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity elevated. The inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) also reduced by Ve. Moreover, Ω-3 FA played the same role on decreasing the inflammation and oxidative stress. IL-6 and TNF-α expressions were significantly lower in combined Ve with Ω-3 FA than treatment with Ve or Ω-3 FA alone. The Ve and Ω-3 FA intervention might abolish the PM2.5-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in vascular endothelial cells. There might be an additive effect of these two nutrients in mediating the PM2.5-induced injury in vascular endothelial cells. The results suggested that inflammation and oxidative stress might be parts of the mechanisms linking PM2.5 to vascular endothelial injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bo
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Shuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092 China.
authors.forename: Yuquan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Haidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Weimin
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health and the Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Jinzhuo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D052638:Particulate Matter; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014810:Vitamin E; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase