title: Reflex ankle stiffness is inversely correlated with natural body sway.
abstract: We aimed to determine whether effective ankle stiffness (EAS), measured during slow unperceived perturbations of stance, is related to natural anterior-posterior body sway. Because the perturbations are not perceived, any neural component of the response to perturbation is assumed to be "reflex", in the broad sense of an involuntary response to a stimulus. Subjects stood on a force platform for three 10-min trials. EAS was obtained from the average slope (Δτ/Δα) of the relation between ankle torque (τ) and ankle angle (α), recorded during repeated perturbations delivered at the waist by a weak spring. EAS was normalised using the subject's "load stiffness" (LS), calculated from mass (m) and height (h) above the ankle joint (m·g·h). Sway was obtained from fluctuations in ankle angle prior to perturbation. Variation in EAS and sway between subjects provided spread of data for correlation. There were no significant changes in EAS or sway across trials. All subjects had higher EAS than LS and mean EAS (1124 N m/rad) was significantly greater (p<0.01) than mean LS (531 N m/rad). There was a strong significant inverse correlation between mean sway and mean normalised EAS (r=-0.68, p=0.03). We conclude that the body, in response to slow unperceived perturbations, simulates an inverted pendulum with a stiffness of about twice LS and that EAS is largely generated by neural modulation of postural muscles. The inverse correlation between EAS and body sway suggests that the reflex mechanisms responding to perturbation also influence the extent of natural sway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia. Electronic address: B.Julien@latrobe.edu.au.
authors.forename: Brianna L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Julien
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia. Electronic address: A.Bendrups@latrobe.edu.au.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Bendrups
mesh_terms: D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Ankle; Effective stiffness; Inverted pendulum; Reflex; Standing; Sway