title: In Vivo and In Vitro Detection of Luminescent and Fluorescent Lactobacillus reuteri and Application of Red Fluorescent mCherry for Assessing Plasmid Persistence.
abstract: Lactobacillus reuteri is a symbiont that inhabits the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of mammals, and several strains are used as probiotics. After introduction of probiotic strains in a complex ecosystem like the GI tract, keeping track of them is a challenge. The main objectives of this study were to introduce reporter proteins that would enable in vivo and in vitro detection of L. reuteri and increase knowledge about its interactions with the host. We describe for the first time cloning of codon-optimized reporter genes encoding click beetle red luciferase (CBRluc) and red fluorescent protein mCherry in L. reuteri strains ATCC PTA 6475 and R2LC. The plasmid persistence of mCherry-expressing lactobacilli was evaluated by both flow cytometry (FCM) and conventional plate count (PC), and the plasmid loss rates measured by FCM were lower overall than those determined by PC. Neutralization of pH and longer induction duration significantly improved the mCherry signal. The persistency, dose-dependent signal intensity and localization of the recombinant bacteria in the GI tract of mice were studied with an in vivo imaging system (IVIS), which allowed us to detect fluorescence from 6475-CBRluc-mCherry given at a dose of 1×1010 CFU and luminescence signals at doses ranging from 1×105 to 1×1010 CFU. Both 6475-CBRluc-mCherry and R2LC-CBRluc were localized in the colon 1 and 2 h after ingestion, but the majority of the latter were still found in the stomach, possibly reflecting niche specificity for R2LC. Finally, an in vitro experiment showed that mCherry-producing R2LC adhered efficiently to the intra cellular junctions of cultured IPEC-J2 cells. In conclusion, the two reporter genes CBRluc and mCherry were shown to be suitable markers for biophotonic imaging (BPI) of L. reuteri and may provide useful tools for future studies of in vivo and in vitro interactions between the bacteria and the host.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Shokoufeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Evelina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vågesjö
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Phillipson
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jonsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003106:Colon / Q000382:microbiology*; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000235:genetics; D052200:Limosilactobacillus reuteri / Q000235:genetics*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D049449:Luminescence; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000378:metabolism; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein
chemical_list: D008156:Luciferases; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D000097573:Red Fluorescent Protein