title: Complex Multiplexing of Reward-Cue- and Licking-Movement-Related Activity in Single Midline Thalamus Neurons.
abstract: Midline thalamus is implicated in linking visceral and exteroceptive sensory information with behavior. However, whether neuronal activity is modulated with temporal precision by cues and actions in real time is unknown. Using single-neuron recording and a Pavlovian visual-cue/liquid-reward association task in rats, we discovered phasic responses to sensory cues, appropriately timed to modify information processing in output targets, as well as tonic modulations within and between trials that were differentially reward modulated, which may have distinct arousal functions. Many of the cue-responsive neurons also responded to repetitive licks, consistent with sensorimotor integration. Further, some lick-related neurons were activated only by the first rewarded lick and only if that lick were also part of a conditioned response sequence initiated earlier, consistent with binding action decisions to their ensuing outcome. This rich repertoire of responses provides electrophysiological evidence for midline thalamus as a site of complex information integration for reward-mediated behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Disparate brain circuits are involved in sensation, movement, and reward information. These must interact in order for the relationships between cues, actions, and outcomes to be learned. We found that responses of single neurons in midline thalamus to sensory cues are increased when associated with reward. This output may amplify similar signals generated in parallel by the dopamine system. In addition, some neurons coded a three-factor decision in which the neuron fired only if there was a movement, if it was the first one after the reward becoming available, and if it was part of a sequence triggered in response to a preceding cue. These data highlight midline thalamus as an important node integrating multiple types of information for linking sensation, actions, and rewards.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, and the Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Yuhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, and the Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3608-8740
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lindemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, and the Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Goddard
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, and the Brain Research New Zealand Centre of Research Excellence, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand brian.hyland@otago.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Brian I
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7593-4885
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Hyland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003463:Cues; D008297:Male; D020644:Midline Thalamic Nuclei / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012201:Reward; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: action-outcome binding; conditioned response; paraventricular thalamus; reward; rhythmic motor pattern; single neuron