title: Study of energy transfer by different light curing units into a class III restoration as a function of tilt angle and distance, using a MARC Patient Simulator (PS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The MARC Patient Simulator (MARC PS) enables researchers to observe the influence of handling errors on the radiant exposure that is delivered by light curing units (LCUs). Changes in the tilt angle and distance of the light guide exit face in relation to the surface of the composite increment have a distinct effect on the total amount of light delivered during polymerization and may cause insufficient conversion of the material. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the influence of the tilt angle and distance of irradiance on the efficiency of light application by recording the total amount of energy using the anterior tooth sensor of the MARC PS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The influence of the tilt angle and distance of the light guide to the sensor surface on the delivered radiant exposure was examined for three different LCUs (Celalux 2 [C2], Bluephase [BP] and Translux Powerblue [TPB]). The measurements were performed for 20 s each with five different tilt angles (α=0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°) and nine different distances (L=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 mm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For all LCUs, a distinct influence of the tilt angle on the delivered amount of fluence was found. At 0° tilt the C2 delivered a total light energy of 38.55 J/cm(2). By increasing the tilt of the light guide the amount of energy applied significantly decreased. At 20° tilt a reduction by 31.2% of the original light fluence was recorded. However, the C2 was the most powerful LCU measured. Even under optimum measurement conditions, the BP delivered a fluence of only 14.8 J/cm(2). At a tilt angle of 20°, though, the light sensor still registered 92.7% of the original output power. Under the same conditions, the TPB delivered 81.4%. With increasing distance of the light guide exit face to the surface of the sensor all LCUs showed a significant loss in delivered light energy. At a distance of 2mm the C2 showed a reduction by 46.7%, whereas total fluence of BP and TPB were reduced by 3.8% and 4.8%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The choice of LCU and the application of an appropriate curing time are important for successful polymerization. Nevertheless, a perpendicular positioning of the light guide as close as possible to the surface of the composite increment is of essential importance in order to ensure sufficient delivery of light.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Friedrich-Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Konerding
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Friedrich-Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heyder
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Friedrich-Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: Stefan.Kranz@med.uni-jena.de.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kranz
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Friedrich-Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guellmar
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Friedrich-Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Voelpel
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, School of Dentistry, Oxford Road, M13 9PL Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.affiliation: Chair of Materials Science, Otto Schott Institute for Materials Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Loebdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Jandt
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Friedrich-Schiller University, An der alten Post 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Sigusch
mesh_terms: D003188:Composite Resins; D055117:Curing Lights, Dental; D004735:Energy Transfer; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D058105:Polymerization
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins
keywords: Distance of irradiance; Infection control sleeves; Light curing unit; MARC Patient Simulator; Tilt angle