title: Accuracy of advanced cancer patients' life expectancy estimates: The role of race and source of life expectancy information.
abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the source of advanced cancer patients' information about their prognosis and determine whether this source of information could explain racial disparities in the accuracy of patients' life expectancy estimates (LEEs).
  
  
  
  Coping With Cancer was a prospective, longitudinal, multisite study of terminally ill cancer patients followed until death. In structured interviews, patients reported their LEEs and the sources of these estimates (ie, medical providers, personal beliefs, religious beliefs, and other). The accuracy of LEEs was calculated through a comparison of patients' self-reported LEEs with their actual survival.
  
  
  
  The sample for this analysis included 229 patients: 31 black patients and 198 white patients. Only 39.30% of the patients estimated their life expectancy within 12 months of their actual survival. Black patients were more likely to have an inaccurate LEE than white patients. A minority of the sample (18.3%) reported that a medical provider was the source of their LEEs; none of the black patients (0%) based their LEEs on a medical provider. Black race remained a significant predictor of an inaccurate LEE, even after the analysis had been controlled for sociodemographic characteristics and the source of LEEs.
  
  
  
  The majority of advanced cancer patients have an inaccurate understanding of their life expectancy. Black patients with advanced cancer are more likely to have an inaccurate LEE than white patients. Medical providers are not the source of information for LEEs for most advanced cancer patients and especially for black patients. The source of LEEs does not explain racial differences in LEE accuracy. Additional research into the mechanisms underlying racial differences in prognostic understanding is needed. Cancer 2016;122:1905-12. © 2016 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
authors.affiliation: Cornell Center for Research on End-of-Life Care, New York, New York.|Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Trevino
authors.affiliation: Johnson & Johnson Medical Device, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Baohui
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Cornell Center for Research on End-of-Life Care, New York, New York.|Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Megan J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Cornell Center for Research on End-of-Life Care, New York, New York.|Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Holly G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Prigerson
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy / Q000208:ethnology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: advanced cancer; end of life; illness understanding; life expectancy; racial disparities