title: Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus in Children: Experience from a Tertiary Care Pediatric Dermatology Clinic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The manifestations of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) and their relevance to systemic disease are well characterized in adults, but data are limited in children. The objective of the current study was to examine the spectrum of CLE and its relationship to systemic disease in children from a tertiary care pediatric dermatology clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  An analysis of 26 children with CLE registered consecutively over 14 years was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-six percent of the patients were of Arab ethnicity. They included seven (27%) cases with neonatal lupus erythematosus (LE) (71% females and 29% males). Of the other 19 children with CLE, 95% were female. The mean and median age at diagnosis was 11 years. Eighty-nine percent of the patients fulfilled the criteria for systemic LE. All patients had LE-specific lesions and 83% had LE-nonspecific manifestations. Atypical initial presentations were recorded in 28% of the patients, and 22% of the patients had the rare LE variants. Of the LE-specific manifestations, acute CLE was seen in 83%, subacute in 44%, and chronic in 22%. Autoimmune associations were recorded in 44% and a positive family history of autoimmune diseases in 61%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights a striking female predominance, higher risk of systemic disease in children presenting with CLE, higher prevalence of atypical presentation and rare CLE variants, and underrepresentation of discoid LE in children and signifies the need for more surveys to delineate the spectrum of pediatric CLE in different parts of the world.
authors.affiliation: As'ad Al-Hamad Dermatology Center, Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Najla N A H
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: AlKharafi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alsaeid
authors.affiliation: As'ad Al-Hamad Dermatology Center, Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Anwar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: AlSumait
authors.affiliation: As'ad Al-Hamad Dermatology Center, Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Humoud
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Sabah
authors.affiliation: As'ad Al-Hamad Dermatology Center, Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Hejab
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Ajmi
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Jabriya, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Jasim Abdul
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rahim
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Jabriya, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Enezi
authors.affiliation: As'ad Al-Hamad Dermatology Center, Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Arti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nanda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008178:Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D062606:Tertiary Care Centers