title: Coping strategies and real-world functioning in bipolar disorder.
abstract: Bipolar disorder (BD) patients encounter significant life adversity, which has contributed to bipolar disorder being a leading cause of disability worldwide. Studies suggest BD patients have more maladaptive coping strategies, some of which can impact their illness course. Yet research on which coping strategies most influence disability is lacking. Such research could inform cognitive-behavioral targets to improve functional outcomes. Thus, we sought to identify relations between coping strategies and real-world function in BD.
  
  
  
  In 92 affectively-stable BD outpatients, we measured coping strategies via the Brief COPE, real-world disability via the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, current symptoms, illness chronicity, and neurocognitive functioning via the MATRICS. Multiple regression analysis served to identify the neurocognitive domains predictive of disability for entry into subsequent analyses. Multiple regressions assessed how adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies influenced disability.
  
  
  
  Only one neurocognitive domain, verbal learning, significantly predicted disability and was included in subsequent analyses. Maladaptive coping significantly predicted disability while adaptive coping did not. Behavioral disengagement (giving up) and self-blame were the only remaining predictors of disability, after controlling for age, sex, illness chronicity, current symptoms, and neurocognitive functioning.
  
  
  
  The study was limited by the use of a self-report disability measure and a brief-form coping scale.
  
  
  
  Results suggest that giving up and self-blame are significant predictors of real-world functioning beyond sub-threshold depressive symptoms. Our results in BD expand upon recent schizophrenia studies suggesting that defeatist beliefs negatively influence functional outcomes across the range of major psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, United States. Electronic address: george.nitzburg@mssm.edu.
authors.forename: George C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Nitzburg
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, United States.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, United States.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cuesta-Diaz
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, United States.
authors.forename: Luz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ospina
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, United States.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shanahan
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, United States.
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perez-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, United States.
authors.forename: Meaghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McGrath
authors.affiliation: Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, United States; The James J Peters VA Hospital, United States.
authors.forename: Katherine E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Burdick
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Bipolar disorder; Coping; Defeatist beliefs; Disability; Real-world functioning; Resilience