title: Factors in the Selection of Surface Disinfectants for Use in a Laboratory Animal Setting.
abstract: Because surface disinfectants are an important means of pathogen control within laboratory animal facilities, these products must have an appropriate spectrum of antimicrobial activity. However, many other factors must also be considered, including effects on human health, environmental safety, and animal behavior. Aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite often are considered to be the 'gold standard' for surface disinfection, but these products can be corrosive, caustic, and aversive in odor. This study was designed to identify disinfectants that are as effective as hypochlorite solutions but more acceptable for use in a laboratory animal setting. An antiviral disinfectant-efficacy assay was developed by using viral vectors that expressed green fluorescence protein as surrogates for wild-type viruses of concern in laboratory animals. Efficacy testing revealed that most of the products were highly effective when used against viral vectors in suspension. However, when the disinfectants were challenged by buffering virus in protein or drying virus on nonporous surfaces, the hypochlorite and peroxymonosulfate products performed the best. Review of safety data sheets for the agents indicated that a peroxide-based product was considerably safer than the other products tested and that the pH of most products was not conducive to disposal down a drain. Behavioral testing of Swiss Webster, C57Bl/6, and BALB/c mice showed that the hypochlorite- and peroxide-based products were clearly aversive, given that the mice consistently avoided these products. All of these factors must be considered when choosing the appropriate disinfectant.
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA. mcampagna@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: Michael V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Campagna
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Faure-Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Treger
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Jesse D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cushman
authors.affiliation: Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Tristan R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Grogan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kasahara
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Animal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Lawson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D004203:Disinfection; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010545:Peroxides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004202:Disinfectants; D010545:Peroxides; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite