title: Germination sensitivity to water stress in four shrubby species across the Mediterranean Basin.
abstract: Mediterranean shrublands are generally water-limited and fire-driven ecosystems. Seed-based post-fire regeneration may be affected by varying rainfall patterns, depending on species sensitivity to germinate under water stress. In our study, we considered the germination response to water stress in four species from several sites across the Mediterranean Basin. Seeds of species with a hard coat (Cistus monspeliensis, C. salviifolius, Cistaceae, Calicotome villosa, Fabaceae) or soft coat (Erica arborea, Ericaceae), which were exposed or not to a heat shock and smoke (fire cues), were made to germinate under water stress. Final germination percentage, germination speed and viability of seeds were recorded. Germination was modelled using hydrotime analysis and correlated to the water balance characteristics of seed provenance. Water stress was found to decrease final germination in the three hard-seeded species, as well as reduce germination speed. Moreover, an interaction between fire cues and water stress was found, whereby fire cues increased sensitivity to water stress. Seed viability after germination under water stress also declined in two hard-seeded species. Conversely, E. arborea showed little sensitivity to water stress, independent of fire cues. Germination responses varied among populations of all species, and hydrotime parameters were not correlated to site water balance, except in E. arborea when not exposed to fire cues. In conclusion, the species studied differed in germination sensitivity to water stress; furthermore, fire cues increased this sensitivity in the three hard-seeded species, but not in E. arborea. Moreover, populations within species consistently differed among themselves, but these differences could only be related to the provenance locality in E. arborea in seeds not exposed to fire cues.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chamorro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Luna
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175 CNRS/Université de Montpellier/Université Paul Valery Montpellier/EPHE, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ourcival
authors.affiliation: Batı Akdeniz Ormancılık Arastirma Enstitüsü, Southwest Anatolia Forest Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kavgacı
authors.affiliation: DIPNET, Dipartimento di Scienze della Natura e del Territorio, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.|IAFES Division of the CMCC, Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Climate Change, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sirca
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175 CNRS/Université de Montpellier/Université Paul Valery Montpellier/EPHE/IRD, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mouillot
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Systematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arianoutsou
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D030601:Cistaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D029758:Cistus / Q000502:physiology*; D003681:Dehydration; D029791:Ericaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D005843:Geography; D018525:Germination; D019083:Mediterranean Region; D012639:Seeds / Q000502:physiology*; D012906:Smoke; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke; D014867:Water
keywords: 
  Erica arborea
  ; Cistaceae; Fabaceae; PEG; fire cues; heat shock; hydrotime analysis; smoke