title: Current advances in therapies for osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although osteoarthritis (OA) has received a paucity of attention from researchers in terms of drug development, there have been some significant findings relevant to clinical issues in OA that are summarized in this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent osteoarthritis research has focused on synovial, subchondral bone, and biomechanical effects of the disease. Results from a pilot study of patients treated with methotrexate demonstrated 20% pain reduction in 50% of patients and 40% pain reduction in 37% of patients. Data show that plasma levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and synovial fluid levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha associate with radiographic progression, suggesting that these mediators may be prognostic biomarkers and/or targets for drug development. Recent data suggest that subchondral bone features associate with structural progression, suggesting a need for therapeutic approaches that target this region. Patient-reported outcome measures and kinematic factors may predict success to an exercise treatment protocol and unloader braces appear to reduce the knee adduction moment, suggesting a need for a comprehensive review of the clinical effects of braces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advances in the understanding of key areas of osteoarthritis pathogenesis are helping define the spectrum of therapeutic targets that potentially should be explored to reduce the symptomatic and structural effects of osteoarthritis.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Kalunian
mesh_terms: D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000628:therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic