title: Antiplasmodial activity and phytochemical analysis of extracts from selected Ugandan medicinal plants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resistance of the parasites to known antimalarial drugs has provided the necessity to find new drugs from natural products against malaria. The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of some plants used by Traditional Medical Practitioners (TMPs) of Prometra and Rukararwe in malaria treatment in Uganda to provide scientific proof of the efficacies claimed by these Herbalists.
  
  
  METHODS
  The air dried samples of Clerodendrum rotundifolium (leaves), Microglossa pyrifolia (leaves), Momordica foetida (leaves) and Zanthoxylum chalybeum (stem bark) used for malaria treatment by TMPs were successively extracted with ethyl acetate, methanol and water to yield twelve extracts. The extracts were tested against the chloroquine-sensitive (NF54) and chloroquine-resistant (FCR3) Plasmodium falciparum strains in vitro using the micro Mark III test which is based on assessing the inhibition of schizont maturation. A compound A was extracted and purified from the stem bark of Z. chalybeum and its structure was identified and confirmed by spectroscopic methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most of the extracts tested (92%) showed an antiplasmodial activity with IC50<50µg/mL. In spite of successive extractions with different solvents, potent anti-plasmodial activity (IC50<5µg/mL) was observed in the ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of M. pyrifolia and C. rotundifolium. Preferential enrichments of activity into water (IC50<15µg/mL) and Ethyl acetate (IC50<5µg/mL) were seen in the case of M. foetida and Z. chalybeum respectively. The most active extracts were from C. rotundifolium and M. pyrifolia with IC50 values less than 2µg/mL. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and cardiac glycocides. Fagaramide isolated from Z. chalybeum had a higher activity (IC50 2.85µg/mL) against the chloroquine-resistant strain than against the chloroquine-senstive (IC50 16.6µg/mL) strain used in the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The plant extracts analysed in this study presented an average antiplasmodial activity (58%). This study revealed for the first time the antiplasmodial activity of the plant C. rotundofolium. It's the first time the compound fagaramide (N-isobutyl-3-(3,4-methylene dioxyphenyl)-2E-propenamide) has been isolated from Z. chalybeum as one of the compounds that contribute to the activity of this plant against P. falciparum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. Electronic address: madrine@cns.mak.ac.ug.
authors.forename: Madina Mohamed
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Adia
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Seyedeh Noushin
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Emami
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Byamukama
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute (MBW) Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Faye
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kungliga Tekniska Hogskolan (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna-Karin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Borg-Karlson
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029754:Catha / Q000737:chemistry*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry*; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000187:drug effects; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Antiplasmodial activity; Clerodendrum rotundifolium; Microglossa pyrifolia; Momordica foetida; Plasmodium falciparum; Zanthoxylum chalybeum