title: Neonatal malnutrition programs the oxidant function of macrophages in response to Candida albicans.
abstract: Experimental maternal nutrition restriction models are used to investigate short or long-term consequences of nutritional deficiency on puppies' growth. By assuming that the immune function is directly related to host's nutritional status, the current study aims to investigate the effects of neonatal malnutrition on oxidative stress and on the cell death of the alveolar macrophage after in vitro infection by Candida albicans. Wistar rats were suckled by mothers fed on diets containing 17% protein (Nourished group) or 8% protein (Malnourished group) in the current assay. Both groups received the standard diet used in the vivarium until adulthood, after weaning. The results showed that the offspring from mothers fed on low-protein diet presented lower body weight from 5 days of life on. Their low weight remained until adulthood when it was compared to that of rats in the nourished group. Superoxide and nitric oxide production was lower in malnourished animals and it was accompanied by low inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression levels in systems in which the alveolar macrophages were challenged by immunogenic stimulus. No significant differences were observed in comparisons performed between the nourished and malnourished groups in any of the analyzed cell viability (apoptosis/necrosis) parameters. The fungal inoculum-stimulated system induced higher oxidative stress and cell death by necrosis. The current study demonstrated that dietary restriction during lactation alters the oxidant function of alveolar macrophages in puppies; It happens from the gene transcription step to the release of mediators, thus compromising the host's defenses against Candida albicans. It raises the possibility that Candida albicans may cease to be a commensal fungus to become a pathogen in offspring that have suffered nutritional deficiency during critical developmental periods, due to impaired immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Keizo Asami Laboratory of Immunopathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil. Electronic address: thaciannabc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Thacianna Barreto Da
authors.initials: TBD
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Federal University of São Francisco Valley, Avenida José de Sá Maniçoba - Centro, Petrolina, Pernambuco, 56304-917, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália Gomes De
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Morais
authors.affiliation: Keizo Asami Laboratory of Immunopathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Amanda Lúcia F
authors.initials: ALF
authors.lastname: Pedrosa
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Suênia Da Cunha G
authors.initials: SDCG
authors.lastname: De Albuquerque
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Carolina A B
authors.initials: MCAB
authors.lastname: De Castro
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Valéria Rêgo A
authors.initials: VRA
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Milena De Paiva
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti
authors.affiliation: Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil; Keizo Asami Laboratory of Immunopathology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Célia Maria M B
authors.initials: CMMB
authors.lastname: De Castro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000276:immunology*; D016923:Cell Death; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000032:analysis; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016877:Oxidants; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase
keywords: Alveolar macrophage; Candida albicans; Cell death; Malnutrition; Oxidative stress; Programming