title: Evolution of East Asia's Arcto-Tertiary relict Euptelea (Eupteleaceae) shaped by Late Neogene vicariance and Quaternary climate change.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The evolutionary origin and historical demography of extant Arcto-Tertiary forest species in East Asia is still poorly understood. Here, we reconstructed the evolutionary and population demographic history of the two extant Euptelea species in China (E. pleiosperma) and Japan (E. polyandra). Chloroplast/nuclear DNA sequences and microsatellite loci were obtained from 36 Euptelea populations to explore molecular structure and diversity in relation to past and present distributions based on ecological niche modelling (ENM). Time-calibrated phylogenetic/phylogeographic inferences and niche-identity tests were used to infer the historical process of lineage formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Euptelea pleiosperma diverged from E. polyandra around the Late Miocene and experienced significant ecological differentiation. A near-simultaneous diversification of six phylogroups occurred during the mid-to-late Pliocene, in response to the abrupt uplift of the eastern Tibetan Plateau and an increasingly cooler and drier climate. Populations of E. pleiosperma seem to have been mostly stationary through the last glacial cycles, while those of E. polyandra reflect more recent climate-induced cycles of range contraction and expansion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results illustrate how Late Neogene climatic/tectonic changes promoted speciation and lineage diversification in East Asia's Tertiary relict flora. They also demonstrate for the first time a greater variation in such species' responses to glacial cycles in Japan when compared to congeners in China.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Nan
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology & Evolution, Salzburg University, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.
authors.forename: Hans Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Comes
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Evolution and Biodiversity, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 153-0041, Japan.
authors.forename: Shota
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakaguchi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
authors.forename: Lu-Yao
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education, and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China. qyxhero@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ying-Xiong
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Qiu
mesh_terms: D005075:Biological Evolution; D002681:China; D057231:Climate Change; D018742:DNA, Chloroplast / Q000235:genetics; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005202:Asia, Eastern; D005580:Fossils; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D007564:Japan; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000235:genetics*; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography
chemical_list: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer