title: Ochratoxin A Producing Fungi, Biosynthetic Pathway and Regulatory Mechanisms.
abstract: Ochratoxin A (OTA), mainly produced by Aspergillus and Penicillum species, is one of the most important mycotoxin contaminants in agricultural products. It is detrimental to human health because of its nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, and immunosuppression. OTA structurally consists of adihydrocoumarin moiety linked with l-phenylalanine via an amide bond. OTA biosynthesis has been putatively hypothesized, although several contradictions exist on some processes of the biosynthetic pathway. We discuss recent information on molecular studies of OTA biosynthesis despite insufficient genetic background in detail. Accordingly, genetic regulation has also been explored with regard to the interaction between the regulators and the environmental factors. In this review, we focus on three aspects of OTA: OTA-producing strains, OTA biosynthetic pathway and the regulation mechanisms of OTA production. This can pave the way to assist in protecting food and feed from OTA contamination by understanding OTA biosynthetic pathway and regulatory mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China. wangyan062006@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China. wangyan062006@163.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China. wanglq20082009@163.com.
authors.forename: Liuqing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China. liufei0823@yeah.net.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China. juwubawangqi@163.com.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China. sjonnim@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jonathan Nimal
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Selvaraj
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China. fgxing@163.com.|Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China. fgxing@163.com.
authors.forename: Fuguo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China. zhaoyueju@caas.cn.|Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China. zhaoyueju@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Yueju
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China. liuyang01@caas.cn.|Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Nongda South Road, Xibeiwang Town, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China. liuyang01@caas.cn.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D001230:Aspergillus / Q000378:metabolism*; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D009793:Ochratoxins; C025589:ochratoxin A
keywords: biosynthetic pathway; ochratoxin A; producing fungi; regulatory mechanisms