title: Functional and structural characterization of two Bacillus megaterium nitroreductases biotransforming the herbicide mesotrione.
abstract: Mesotrione is a selective herbicide belonging to the triketone family, commonly used on maize cultures since 2003. A mesotrione-transforming Bacillus megaterium Mes11 strain isolated from an agricultural soil was used as a model to identify the key enzymes initiating the biotransformation of this herbicide. Two enzymes (called NfrA1 and NfrA2/YcnD) were identified, and functionally and structurally characterized. Both belong to the NfsA FRP family of the nitro-FMN reductase superfamily (type I oxygen-insensitive nitroreductase) and show optimal pH and temperature of 6-6.5 and 23-25°C, respectively. Both undergo a Ping Pong Bi Bi mechanism, with NADPH and NADPH/NADH as cofactors for NfrA1 and NfrA2/YcnD, respectively. It is interesting that both can also reduce various nitro compounds including pesticides, antibiotics, one prodrug and 4-methylsulfonyl-2-nitrobenzoic acid, one of the mesotrione metabolites retrieved from the environment. The present study constitutes the first identification of mesotrione-transforming enzymes. These enzymes (or their corresponding genes) could be used as biomarkers to predict the capacity of ecosystems to transform mesotrione and assess their contamination by both the parent molecule and/or the metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 6023, LMGE, TSA 60026, CS 60026, 63178 Aubière Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Carles
authors.affiliation: Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, TSA 60026, CS 60026, 63178 Aubière Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Besse-Hoggan
authors.affiliation: Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 6023, LMGE, TSA 60026, CS 60026, 63178 Aubière Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joly
authors.affiliation: Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Armelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vigouroux
authors.affiliation: Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Solange
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moréra
authors.affiliation: Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement (LMGE), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 6023, LMGE, TSA 60026, CS 60026, 63178 Aubière Cedex, France isabelle.batisson@univ-bpclermont.fr.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Batisson
mesh_terms: D001410:Bacillus megaterium / Q000201:enzymology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003512:Cyclohexanones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D009601:Nitroreductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D003512:Cyclohexanones; D006540:Herbicides; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C432907:mesotrione; D009601:Nitroreductases
keywords: Bacillus megaterium; biotransformation; mesotrione herbicide; nitroreductase enzyme