title: School failure in students who are normal-hearing or deaf: with or without cochlear implants.
abstract: To evaluate the impact of cochlear implants on the school failure of deaf who attend mainstream classes by comparing them to their normal-hearing peers as well as deaf without cochlear implants. This case-control study included participants aged 8-18 years. The number of school years failed was obtained from school records. The greatest differences in achievement levels were found between hearing students and those who were deaf without cochlear implants. Cochlear implants provide educational opportunities for hearing-impaired students, yet those without cochlear implants remain at a great disadvantage. These findings suggest that measures promoting greater equity and quality for all deaf students allow achievement levels closer to those of the not impaired.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Sciences and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ivone
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Information and Decision Sciences, Centre for Research in Health Technologies and Information Systems (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cristina Costa
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Sciences and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Guilhermina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rego
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Sciences and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nunes
keywords: Adolescent; Children; Cochlear implant; Deafness; Hearing loss; Normal hearing; School; School failure