title: Evaluation of Exercise Performance, Cardiac Function, and Quality of Life in Children After Liver Transplantation.
abstract: In children, after having liver transplantation (LT), it is important to assess the quality of life (QOL). Physical fitness is an important determinant of QOL, and because cardiac function can influence exercise performance, it is the purpose of the present study to assess these factors.
  
  
  
  Children in stable follow-up for more than 6 months post-LT were invited to participate in a case control study. Patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing and echocardiography to assess systolic and diastolic function, and left ventricular wall dimensions. Health-related QOL was evaluated using child- and adolescent-reported PedsQL questionnaire.
  
  
  
  Twenty-eight of 31 included patients performed a maximal exercise test (15 boys, 11.6 ± 2.9 years, weight, 40.9 ± 13.1 kg; length, 148.6 ± 17.3 cm; body mass index, 17.6 ± 2.3). Liver transplantation patients had lower maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max/kg) (37.5 ± 9.3 mL/kg per minute vs 44.1 ± 8.8 mL/kg per minute), shorter exercise duration (9.3 ± 2.8 minutes vs 13.3 ± 3 minutes) and lower load (71 ± 14 vs 85 ± 20%). They reached the ventilatory anaerobic threshold earlier (81.4 ± 9.5 vs 88.3 ± 11.9%). Echocardiography demonstrated increased interventricular septal wall thickness (interventricular septum in diastole Z value, +0.45 ± 0.49, P < 0.001) and more diastolic dysfunction (lower E', Z value, -0.7 ± 1.02, P = 0.002, higher E/E' Z value, 0.64 ± 1.05. P = 0.005) but no relations with cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Health-related QOL showed lower overall, emotional, psychosocial, and school functioning scores. Children on antihypertensive medication had impaired physical functioning compared with other LT patients.
  
  
  
  Lower physical fitness level, more deconditioning and lower health-related QOL in children after LT emphasize the importance of exercise stimulation and fitness programs. Patients on antihypertensive medication seem to be the most vulnerable group suffering from decreased physical fitness.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. 2 Department of Pediatric Psychology, Ghent University Belgium, Ghent, Belgium. 3 Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. 4 Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kristof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vandekerckhove
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Coomans
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Bruyne
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: De Groote
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Panzer
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: De Wolf
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boone
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Bruyne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D004452:Echocardiography; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D016027:Heart Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017093:Liver Failure / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents