title: An examination of co-infection in acute gastroenteritis and histo-blood group antigens leading to viral infection susceptibility.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate co-infection in the gastrointestinal tract in terms of viruses, bacteria and the ABO blood group. We hypothesized that a combination of norovirus (NV) and bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract could affect the likelihood of an individual to contracting NV. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are considered to act as receptors that can lead to NV susceptibility. In addition to genetics, co-infection in the gastrointestinal tract may be associated with this mechanism. A total of 370 patients with acute gastroenteritis presenting with diarrhea (14-89 years) were recruited. The male/female ratio was 20/17. Single infection (bacteria or virus), co-infection with two viruses, and co-infection with one virus and one bacterium were statistically analyzed. In total, 88 of the 376 subjects (23.4%) were positive for one virus, and 50 (13.3%) were positive for one bacterium. Co-transfection with bacteria and a virus were detected in 46 (47.9%) of the 96 bacterial gastroenteritis cases. Statistical analysis revealed that co-infection of bacteria and NV was not significant in all viral infections (P=0.768). In terms of the ABO histo-blood group type and NV infection, the frequency in the O type was not significantly increased (P=0.052). Co-infection of bacteria and a virus occurred frequently in the gastrointestinal tract. The ABO blood phenotype expression was not a significant factor in NV infection in the present case series and the results did not suggest an affinity of NV for specific bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Omori Hospital, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furuya
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Omori Hospital, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Omori Hospital, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan.
authors.forename: Yousuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Department of General Medicine and Emergency Care, Toho University School of Medicine, Omori Hospital, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Urita
keywords: ABO blood phenotype; co-infection; histo-blood group antigens; norovirus; norwalk virus