title: Biodegradation of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) by Nocardioides sp. JS1661 in water, soil and bioreactors.
abstract: 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN), a low sensitivity replacement for TNT, is a key component of a new class of melt cast formulations designed for use in insensitive munitions. It is therefore essential that its fate and transport in the environment be assessed before its large scale implementation. Several recent studies have described reductive biotransformation pathways leading to dead-end products. Recently a Nocardioides strain, JS1661 was isolated based on its ability to mineralize DNAN via the 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) pathway. However, its potential for degrading DNAN under environmentally relevant conditions was not examined. Therefore we evaluated the aerobic biodegradation of DNAN by JS1661 in non-sterile soil, aqueous media and in a fluidized bed bioreactor over a wide range of DNAN concentrations. DNAN was completely degraded under all tested conditions with little or no accumulation of DNP and almost stoichiometric release of nitrite. Furthermore, when DNAN was used as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, the accumulation of nitrite was dramatically reduced. The results of the study revealed the robustness of the strain over a range of loading rates in various physical environments suggesting that it could provide the basis for waste treatment, bioremediation and bioaugmentation applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
authors.forename: Smruthi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karthikeyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Center for Environmental Diagnostics & Bioremediation, University of West Florida, 11000 University Parkway, Pensacola, FL 32514-5751, USA. Electronic address: jspain@ce.gatech.edu.
authors.forename: Jim C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Spain
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D000840:Anisoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000840:Anisoles; D053834:Explosive Agents; D012987:Soil; D014867:Water; C539360:2,4-dinitroanisole
keywords: Bioremediation; Dinitroanisole; Dinitrophenol; Insensitive munitions; Nocardioides