title: Unlocking the Potential of Purinergic Signaling in Transplantation.
abstract: Purinergic signaling has been recognized as playing an important role in inflammation, angiogenesis, malignancy, diabetes and neural transmission. Activation of signaling pathways downstream from purinergic receptors may also be implicated in transplantation and related vascular injury. Following transplantation, the proinflammatory "danger signal" adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released from damaged cells and promotes proliferation and activation of a variety of immune cells. Targeting purinergic signaling pathways may promote immunosuppression and ameliorate inflammation. Under pathophysiological conditions, nucleotide-scavenging ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 hydrolyze ATP, ultimately, to the anti-inflammatory mediator adenosine. Adenosine suppresses proinflammatory cytokine production and is associated with improved graft survival and decreased severity of graft-versus-host disease. Furthermore, purinergic signaling is involved both directly and indirectly in the mechanism of action of several existing immunosuppressive drugs, such as calcineurin inhibitors and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors. Targeting of purinergic receptor pathways, particularly in the setting of combination therapies, could become a valuable immunosuppressive strategy in transplantation. This review focuses on the role of the purinergic signaling pathway in transplantation and immunosuppression and explores possible future applications in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology and Oncology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zeiser
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.affiliation: Division of Transplantation Immunology & Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vaikunthanathan
authors.affiliation: Novartis Pharma, Nuernberg, Germany.|Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dworak
authors.affiliation: Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, London, UK.|Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Burnstock
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D011687:Purines / Q000378:metabolism*; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011687:Purines; D011983:Receptors, Purinergic
keywords: clinical research/practice; immune regulation; immunosuppressant; immunosuppressive regimens; molecular biology; organ transplantation in general