title: Long term gait outcomes of surgically treated idiopathic toe walkers.
abstract: Toe walking is a common gait deviation which in the absence of a known cause is termed idiopathic toe walking. Surgical treatment in the presence of a triceps surae contracture includes tendo-Achilles or gastrocnemius/soleus recession and has been shown to be effective in improving kinematic outcomes at a one year follow up. The purpose of this study was to assess longer term kinematic and kinetic outcomes of children with idiopathic toe walking treated surgically for gastrocnemius/soleus contractures. Eight subjects with a diagnosis of idiopathic toe walking who had surgical lengthening of the gastrocnemius/soleus and had previous motion analysis laboratory studies pre-operative and 1 year post-operative, returned for a motion analysis laboratory study greater than 5 years since surgery. Subjects completed lower extremity physical exam and 3-D computerized kinematics and kinetics. Significant improvements for mean pelvic tilt, peak dorsiflexion in stance and swing, and overall kinematics index at 1 year post-operative were maintained at 5 years post-operative. Kinetic variables of ankle moment and power were improved at 1 year and 5 years post-operative. On physical exam, dorsiflexion with knee extended was tighter from 1 to 5 year follow-up which did not correspond to the functional changes of gait. Idiopathic toe walkers who were treated surgically for triceps surae contractures showed significant improvements in key kinematic and kinetic gait analysis variables at 1 year post-operative that were maintained at 5 years post-operative. Overall, subjects were satisfied with outcomes of the surgery, unrestricted in activities, and reported minimal pain.
authors.affiliation: Walter E. Griffin and Agnes M. Griffin Motion Analysis Laboratory, Shriners Hospitals for Children(®)-Spokane, 911 West 5th Avenue, Spokane, WA 99204, USA. Electronic address: mmcmulkin@shrinenet.org.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McMulkin
authors.affiliation: Walter E. Griffin and Agnes M. Griffin Motion Analysis Laboratory, Shriners Hospitals for Children(®)-Spokane, 911 West 5th Avenue, Spokane, WA 99204, USA.
authors.forename: Andi B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Walter E. Griffin and Agnes M. Griffin Motion Analysis Laboratory, Shriners Hospitals for Children(®)-Spokane, 911 West 5th Avenue, Spokane, WA 99204, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Tompkins
authors.affiliation: Walter E. Griffin and Agnes M. Griffin Motion Analysis Laboratory, Shriners Hospitals for Children(®)-Spokane, 911 West 5th Avenue, Spokane, WA 99204, USA.
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Caskey
authors.affiliation: Walter E. Griffin and Agnes M. Griffin Motion Analysis Laboratory, Shriners Hospitals for Children(®)-Spokane, 911 West 5th Avenue, Spokane, WA 99204, USA.
authors.forename: Glen O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Baird
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D003286:Contracture / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014034:Toes; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Gait; Idiopathic toe walking; Long term outcomes; Orthopedic surgery