title: Plasma pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and tissue distribution of agnuside following peroral and intravenous administration in mice using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: Agnuside (AGN), an iridoid glycoside, is the chemotaxonomic marker of the genus Vitex which has gained enormous attention by virtue of its potential health benefits. Regardless of claiming many therapeutic applications reports demonstrating its pharmacokinetics or quantification in biomatrices are lacking. This is the first report which presents a sensitive liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of AGN in mice plasma and various tissues (including liver, intestine, spleen, kidney, heart, lungs and brain). AGN was extracted from the biological samples using protein precipitation followed by liquid-liquid extraction and the separation was achieved on C18 reversed phase column with a mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid in triple distilled water (92:8, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.7mL/min. The MS/MS detection was performed by electrospray ionization (ESI) using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in negative scan mode. The bioanalytical method was found linear over the concentration range of 1-4000ng/mL for plasma and tissue homogenates (r(2)≥0.990). The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for all matrices was 1ng/mL. Intra-day and inter-day variance and accuracy ranged from 90 to 110% and 1-10%, respectively. Matrix effect and recoveries were well within the satisfactory limits. The validated method was applied successfully to measure AGN concentrations in plasma and tissues following intravenous (i.v.) and peroral (p.o.) administration to mice. Maximal AGN concentrations in plasma and tissues were reached within 30-45min. The mean absolute bioavailability (%F) of AGN was∼0.7%. After oral administration, AGN was most abundant in intestine, followed by kidney, liver, spleen, brain, lungs and heart. The identified target tissues of AGN may help in understanding its pharmacological action in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001, India.
authors.forename: Rachumallu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramakrishna
authors.affiliation: Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001, India.
authors.forename: Manisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bhateria
authors.affiliation: Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001, India.
authors.forename: Rajbir
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001, India.
authors.forename: Santosh Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Puttrevu
authors.affiliation: Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001, India. Electronic address: rabi.cdri@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rabi Sankar
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bhatta
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005260:Female; D005960:Glucosides / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D051379:Mice; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D005960:Glucosides; C452960:agnuside
keywords: Agnuside; Bioavailability; Chaste tree berry; LC–MS/MS; Pharmacokinetics; Tissue distribution