title: Aberrant neutrophil function among heavy smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammation disease of the respiratory tract. The aberrant functions of neutrophils has been reported in COPD patients including respiratory burst and phagocytosis. Unfortunately, there is little evidence of neutrophil functions in healthy smokers who are considered a high risk group for COPD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the alteration of leukocytic parameters, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and phagocytosis percentages among smokers and COPD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen smokers, 17 COPD patients and 10 healthy controls were recruited. The informed consent and recruitment process were ethically approved by the WU-IRB committee. Leukocyte percentages were analyzed by automated cell counter. Polymorphonuclear cells were purified by gradient centrifugation. The cell suspensions were incubated with FITC-conjugated bacteria to allow phagocytosis. Dichlorofluorescin diacetate was loaded to the cells followed by porbol-12-myristyl acetate stimulation to generate ROS. The percentages of phagocytosis and intracellular ROS levels were analyzed using flow cytometry. Mean of leukocyte numbers, mean fluorescence intensities and phagocytosis percentages were compared by t-test using SPSS (version 17).
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increased ROS level of circulating neutrophils was observed among heavy smokers and COPD (p<0.05) compared to healthy controls. There was concordance to neutrophil percentages. However, the function on phagocytosis of neutrophils was not abolished in any group of smokers except COPD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggested that the elevation of intracellular ROS generated by circulating neutrophils resulted in pools of inflammatory mediators among heavy smokers, which was suspected as one of the factors causing COPD in high risk people.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences and Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80161.
authors.forename: Jiraporn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jaroenpool
authors.affiliation: Centre of Excellence in Flow Cytometry, Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand 10700.
authors.forename: Kovit
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pattanapanyasat
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing,Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80161.
authors.forename: Naiyana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Noonin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences and Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 80161.
authors.forename: Issara
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Prachongsai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000276:immunology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000276:immunology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species