title: Searching for new features of intravitality of hanging based on macro- and microscopic evaluation of the proximal attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
abstract: Assessment of the usefulness of intravital lesions in the proximal attachment of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the mastoid process of the temporal bone in medico-legal evaluation of death by hanging.
  
  
  
  The study material was obtained from the bodies of 35 people who died by hanging. The control group comprised specimens collected from 30 people who died of non-traumatic causes. The structures under study were examined macro- and microscopically. The basic change which could be recognized as a marker of intravitality of hanging was the presence of a macroscopically extensive blotchy area of abundant ecchymosis in the proximal muscle attachment, similar to that found in the distal attachment, and the presence of abundant diffuse intraosseous ecchymoses in the mastoid process.
  
  
  
  None of the cases revealed any ecchymoses in the proximal attachment of the muscle that would be similar to those present in the distal attachment. Discolourations within the mastoid processes, macroscopically suggestive of extensive intraosseous effusions arising from the mechanism of stretching, were not confirmed by microscopic evaluation and occurred at the same frequency as in the control group. Limitations of the study were related to the method which involved sample collection by means of bone chisels, decalcification and preparation of specimens, which had an effect, for example, on the measurable evaluation of the degree of congestion.
  
  
  
  The study has failed to provide convincing and unambiguous data on the usefulness of examining mastoid processes and proximal attachments of the sternocleidomastoid muscles during autopsy to determine the presence of intravitality features of hanging. A description of research methodology and its associated difficulties, e.g. with the interpretation of results, can also be useful for the planning of similar studies by other researchers.
authors.affiliation: Łukasz Szleszkowski, Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 4, 50-345 Wroclaw, Poland, e-mail: lukasz.szleszkowski@umed.wroc.pl.
authors.forename: Ł
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Szleszkowski
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hałoń
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thannhäuser
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jurek
mesh_terms: D001237:Asphyxia / Q000473:pathology*; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000097:blood*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000473:pathology*; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000473:pathology; D008416:Mastoid / Q000473:pathology; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000473:pathology*; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000473:pathology*; D013405:Suicide