title: Genetic Diversity of Flavobacterium psychrophilum Isolates from Three Oncorhynchus spp. in the United States, as Revealed by Multilocus Sequence Typing.
abstract: The use of a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) technique has identified the intraspecific genetic diversity of U.S. Flavobacterium psychrophilum, an important pathogen of salmonids worldwide. Prior to this analysis, little U.S. F. psychrophilum genetic information was known; this is of importance when considering targeted control strategies, including vaccine development. Herein, MLST was used to investigate the genetic diversity of 96 F. psychrophilum isolates recovered from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that originated from nine U.S. states. The isolates fell into 34 distinct sequence types (STs) that clustered in 5 clonal complexes (CCs) (n = 63) or were singletons (n = 33). The distribution of STs varied spatially, by host species, and in association with mortality events. Several STs (i.e., ST9, ST10, ST30, and ST78) were found in multiple states, whereas the remaining STs were localized to single states. With the exception of ST256, which was recovered from rainbow trout and Chinook salmon, all STs were found to infect a single host species. Isolates that were collected during bacterial cold water disease outbreaks most frequently belonged to CC-ST10 (e.g., ST10 and ST78). Collectively, the results of this study clearly demonstrate the genetic diversity of F. psychrophilum within the United States and identify STs of clinical significance. Although the majority of STs described herein were novel, some (e.g., ST9, ST10, ST13, ST30, and ST31) were previously recovered on other continents, which demonstrates the transcontinental distribution of F. psychrophilum genotypes.
  
  
  
  Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of bacterial cold water disease (BCWD) and rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS) and is an important bacterial pathogen of wild and farmed salmonids worldwide. These infections are responsible for large economic losses globally, yet the genetic diversity of this pathogen remains to be fully investigated. Previous studies have identified the genetic diversity of this pathogen in other main aquaculture regions; however, little effort has been focused on the United States. In this context, this study aims to examine the genetic diversity of F. psychrophilum from the United States, as this region remains important in salmonid aquaculture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Vliet
authors.affiliation: National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Wiens
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Loch
authors.affiliation: MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nicolas
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA faisal@cvm.msu.edu.|Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faisal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005417:Flavobacterium / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D017684:Oncorhynchus kisutch / Q000382:microbiology*; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000382:microbiology*; D058974:Phylogeography; D012474:Salmon / Q000382:microbiology*; D014481:United States