title: Genotypic Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Derived from Antiretroviral Therapy-Naive Individuals Residing in Sorong, West Papua.
abstract: Papua and West Papua provinces have the highest prevalence rate of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in Indonesia; however, data on the molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 are limited. We conducted a genotypic study on HIV-1 genes derived from antiretroviral therapy-naive individuals residing in Sorong, West Papua. HIV-1 genomic fragments were amplified from 43 peripheral blood samples, and sequencing analysis of the genes was carried out. Of the 43 samples, 41 protease (PR), 31 reverse transcriptase (RT), 26 gag, and 25 env genes were sequenced. HIV-1 subtyping revealed that CRF01_AE (48.8%, 21/43) and subtype B (41.9%, 18/43) were the major subtypes prevalent in the region, whereas other recombinant forms were also detected. Major drug resistance-associated mutations for PR inhibitors were not detected; however, mutations for the RT inhibitors, A62V and E138A, appeared in a few samples, indicating the possible emergence of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance in Sorong, West Papua.
authors.affiliation: 1 Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University , Surabaya, Indonesia .
authors.forename: Adiana Mutamsari
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Witaningrum
authors.affiliation: 1 Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University , Surabaya, Indonesia .|2 Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences , Hyogo, Japan .
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kotaki
authors.affiliation: 1 Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University , Surabaya, Indonesia .
authors.forename: Siti Qamariyah
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Khairunisa
authors.affiliation: 1 Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University , Surabaya, Indonesia .
authors.forename: Muhammad Qushai
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Yunifiar M
authors.affiliation: 1 Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University , Surabaya, Indonesia .
authors.forename: Dwi Wahyu
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Indriati
authors.affiliation: 3 Sele be Solu Hospital , Sorong, Indonesia .
authors.forename: Rendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bramanthi
authors.affiliation: 1 Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University , Surabaya, Indonesia .|4 Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University , Surabaya, Indonesia .
authors.lastname: Nasronudin
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences , Hyogo, Japan .|5 Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine , Hyogo, Japan .
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kameoka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009154:Mutation; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease