title: Impact of Preservation of Subsoil Water Act on Groundwater Depletion: The Case of Punjab, India.
abstract: Indian states like Punjab and Haryana, epicenters of the Green Revolution, are facing severe groundwater shortages and falling water tables. Recognizing it as a serious concern, the Government of Punjab enacted the Punjab Preservation of Subsoil Water Act in 2009 (or the 2009 act) to slow groundwater depletion. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of this policy on groundwater depletion, using panel data from 1985 to 2011. Results from this study find a robust effect of the 2009 act on reducing groundwater depletion. Our models for pre-monsoon, post-monsoon, and overall periods of analysis find that since implementation of the 2009 act, groundwater tables have improved significantly. Second, our study reveals that higher shares of tube wells per total cropped area and increased population density have led to a significant decline in the groundwater tables. On the other hand, rainfall and the share of area irrigated by surface water have had an augmenting effect on groundwater resources. In the two models, pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, this study shows that seasonality plays a key role in determining the groundwater table in Punjab. Specifically, monsoon rainfall has a very prominent impact on groundwater.
authors.affiliation: FASAL Programme, Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Amarnath
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA. Ashok.K.Mishra@asu.edu.
authors.forename: Ashok K
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0988-1428
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Research, Analytics, & Knowledge, KPMG Global Services, Bengaluru, India.
authors.forename: Geetanjali
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Verma
mesh_terms: D057914:Agricultural Irrigation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D058735:Environmental Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D033161:Government Regulation; D060587:Groundwater / Q000032:analysis* / Q000592:standards; D007194:India; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011891:Rain; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D060753:Water Quality; D062066:Water Resources / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Green Revolution; Groundwater depletion; India; Panel data; Rainfall; Water policy