title: Comparative Analysis of Matrix Metalloproteinase Family Members Reveals That MMP9 Predicts Survival and Response to Temozolomide in Patients with Primary Glioblastoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant TMZ chemotherapy is the current standard of care for patients with GBM. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases, are key modulators of tumor invasion and metastasis due to their ECM degradation capacity. The aim of the present study was to identify the most informative MMP member in terms of prognostic and predictive ability for patients with primary GBM.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mRNA expression profiles of all MMP genes were obtained from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), the Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (REMBRANDT) and the GSE16011 dataset. MGMT methylation status was also examined by pyrosequencing. The correlation of MMP9 expression with tumor progression was explored in glioma specimens of all grades. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to investigate the association of MMP9 expression with survival and response to temozolomide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMP9 was the only significant prognostic factor in three datasets for primary glioblastoma patients. Our results indicated that MMP9 expression is correlated with glioma grade (p<0.0001). Additionally, low expression of MMP9 was correlated with better survival outcome (OS: p = 0.0012 and PFS: p = 0.0066), and MMP9 was an independent prognostic factor in primary GBM (OS: p = 0.027 and PFS: p = 0.032). Additionally, the GBM patients with low MMP9 expression benefited from temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy regardless of the MGMT methylation status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with primary GBMs with low MMP9 expression may have longer survival and may benefit from temozolomide chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.|Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qingbin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.|Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Baoshi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.|Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jinquan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.|Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.|Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Guangzhi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.|Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yongli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.|Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ruiyan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.|Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.|Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.|Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jianlong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.|Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.|Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Liye
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.|Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Chuanlu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016019:Survival Analysis; D000077204:Temozolomide; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003606:Dacarbazine; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D000077204:Temozolomide