title: Intrinsic Genomic Differences Between African American and White Patients With Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are well-documented racial disparities in outcomes for African American patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Despite a dramatic improvement in overall survival in white patients since the advent of targeted therapy, survival for African Americans with advanced ccRCC has not changed. There is little known about potential racial differences in tumor biology of ccRCC.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if there are racial differences in the somatic mutation rate and gene expression of ccRCC tumors from white and African American patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall, 438 patients with ccRCC were identified through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) clear cell kidney (KIRC) dataset (419 white and 19 African American patients). The GSE25540 dataset containing 135 patients (125 white and 10 African American patients) was used for validation. Tumor samples were collected from numerous cancer centers and were examined for racial differences in somatic mutation rates and RNA expression. Racial differences in somatic mutation rates and RNA expression were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The comparison of somatic mutation rates and differences in RNA expression in white and African American patients with ccRCC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 419 ccRCC tumor data sets from non-Hispanic white patients and 19 from non-Hispanic African American patients were identified through the publically available TCGA KIRC data set, and a validation set of 125 white and 10 African American ccRCC patient tumors was identified from the publicly available GSE25540 data set. African American patients were significantly less likely than white patients to have VHL mutations (2 of 12 [17%] vs 175 of 351 [50%], respectively; P = .04) and were enriched in the ccB molecular subtype (79% in African American vs 45% in white patients ; P = .005), a molecular subtype that carries a worse prognosis. It was found that RNA expression analysis revealed relative down-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-associated pathways in African American patients compared with white patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  African American patients have less frequent VHL inactivation, are enriched in the ccB molecular subtype, and have decreased up-regulation of HIF-associated gene signatures than white patients. These genomic differences would predict decreased responsiveness to VEGF-targeted therapy and are a biologically plausible contributing factor to the worse survival of African American patients with ccRCC, even in the targeted therapy era.
authors.affiliation: Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Bhavani
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.affiliation: Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill2Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Tracy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill.
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kardos
authors.affiliation: Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill2Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill3Department of Urology, University of North C.
authors.forename: Matthew I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Milowsky
authors.affiliation: Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill2Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill3Department of Urology, University of North C.
authors.forename: William Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Kim