title: Intraluminal tranexamic acid inhibits intestinal sheddases and mitigates gut and lung injury and inflammation in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock.
abstract: Intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) is an effective adjunct after hemorrhagic shock (HS) because of its antifibrinolytic properties. TXA is also a serine protease inhibitor, and recent laboratory data demonstrated that intraluminal TXA into the small bowel inhibited digestive proteases and protected the gut. A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM-17) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) are effective sheddases of intestinal syndecan-1, which when shed, exposes the underlying intestinal epithelium to digestive proteases and subsequent systemic insult. We therefore hypothesized that intraluminal TXA as a serine protease inhibitor would reduce intestinal sheddases and syndecan-1 shedding, mitigating gut and distant organ (lung) damage.
  
  
  
  Mice underwent 90 minutes of HS to a mean arterial pressure of 35 ± 5 mm Hg followed by the intraluminal administration of TXA or vehicle. After 3 hours, the small intestine, lung, and blood were collected for analysis.
  
  
  
  Intraluminal TXA significantly reduced gut and lung histopathologic injury and inflammation compared with HS alone. Gut, lung, and systemic ADAM-17 and TNF-α were significantly increased by HS but lessened by TXA. In addition, gut and lung syndecan-1 immunostaining were preserved and systemic shedding lessened after TXA. TXA reduced ADAM-17 and TNF-α, but not syndecan-1, in TXA-sham animals compared with sham vehicles.
  
  
  
  Results of the present study demonstrate a beneficial effect of intraluminal TXA in the gut and lung after experimental HS in part because of the inhibition of the syndecan-1 shedding by ADAM-17 and TNF-α. Further studies are needed to determine if orally administered TXA could provide similar intestinal protection and thus be of potential benefit to patients with survivable hemorrhage at risk for organ injury. This is particularly relevant in patients or soldiers who may not have access to timely medical care.
authors.affiliation: From the Shock Trauma Center (Z.P., R.A.K.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pathology and Immunology (K.B.), Baylor College of Medicine; and Department of Surgery (A.L.), University of Texas, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Zhanglong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Kechen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ban
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: LeBlanc
authors.forename: Rosemary A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kozar
mesh_terms: D000072198:ADAM17 Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D053668:Syndecan-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053668:Syndecan-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D014148:Tranexamic Acid; D009195:Peroxidase; D000072198:ADAM17 Protein