title: Early risk factors for posterior crossbite and anterior open bite in the primary dentition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate risk factors specific to posterior crossbite and anterior open bite at the age of 3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 422 children of the French EDEN mother-child cohort. The main outcomes were the presence of posterior crossbite and anterior open bite assessed by dentists at 3 years. Social characteristics (collected during pregnancy), neonatal characteristics (collected at birth), duration of breast-feeding (collected prospectively), sucking habits at 3 years, and open lips (as a proxy for mouth breathing) were studied and two logistic regressions conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preterm birth appears to be a risk factor specific for posterior crossbite (OR: 3.13; 95% CI: 1.13-8.68), whereas small for gestational age seems to be associated with a lower risk of posterior crossbite (OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.12-0.87). Ongoing pacifier or thumb sucking at 3 years is a risk factor for both posterior crossbite and anterior open bite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children born preterm seem to be more at risk for posterior crossbite than those born at term. Different mechanisms may be involved in posterior crossbite and anterior open bite.
authors.affiliation: a  Associate Professor, Paris Descartes University, Faculty of Odontology, Montrouge, France; INSERM, UMR 1153, Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology (EPOPE) Team, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Paris, France; Hôpital Charles Foix, Ivry-sur-Seine, France.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Germa
authors.affiliation: b  Associate Professor, Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clément
authors.affiliation: c  Professor Emeritus, Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dental Surgery, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weissenbach
authors.affiliation: d  Senior Researcher, INSERM, UMR 1153, Early Origin of the Child's Health and Development Team (ORCHAD) team, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heude
authors.affiliation: e  Research Engineer, INSERM, UMR 1153, Early Origin of the Child's Health and Development Team (ORCHAD) team, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Forhan
authors.affiliation: f  Research Engineer, INSERM, UMR 1153, Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology (EPOPE) Team, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martin-Marchand
authors.affiliation: g  Researcher, INSERM, UMR 1153, Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology (EPOPE) Team, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonet
authors.affiliation: h  Professor, Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology, Paris Descartes University, Montrouge, France.
authors.forename: Sibylle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vital
authors.affiliation: i  Senior Researcher, INSERM, UMR 1153, Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology (EPOPE) Team, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Research Center, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaminski
authors.affiliation: j  Professor, Department of Dentistry, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nabet
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008310:Malocclusion; D024343:Open Bite; D012307:Risk Factors; D013391:Sucking Behavior; D014094:Tooth, Deciduous
keywords: Child; Crossbite; Epidemiology; Open bite; Orthodontics; Preterm birth