title: Changes in the Pacemaker Rate After Transition From Edwards SAPIEN XT to SAPIEN 3 Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: The Critical Role of Valve Implantation Height.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to analyze the pacemaker implantation rate (PMIR) with the new balloon-expandable Edwards SAPIEN 3 valve (S3) and the factors associated with it.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The introduction of the S3 for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has led to a reduction in paravalvular regurgitation. There are, however, concerns that the new design may increase the PMIR.
  
  
  METHODS
  The first 206 patients treated with the S3 were compared with 371 preceding patients treated with SAPIEN XT valves. Patients who previously underwent pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation or transapical and valve-in-valve procedures were excluded from the analysis. All patients were monitored for at least 7 days. Previous and new conduction abnormalities were documented, and prosthesis implantation height was assessed for the S3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between groups. The PMIR was, however, significantly higher for the S3 (19.1% vs. 12.2%; p = 0.046). The mean implantation height was significantly lower in patients requiring PMI (67%/33% vs. 72%/28% aortic/ventricular stent extension, p = 0.032). On multivariate regression analysis, implantation height was the only independent predictor of PMI (odds ratio: 0.94 [95% confidence interval: 0.90 to 0.99]; p = 0.009). It increased from 68%/32% to 75%/25% when comparing the first with the second half of S3 implantations (p < 0.0001). This change was associated with a significant decrease in PMIR from 25.9% to 12.3% (p = 0.028), no longer different from the XT valve (12.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PMIR after TAVR is higher with the S3 than with the XT and is independently associated with the implantation height. This increase in the PMIR may be avoided by intending an aortic stent extension >70%.
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Torres-Alba
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaleschke
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard Paul
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Diller
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vormbrock
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Orwat
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Radke
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reinke
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reinecke
authors.affiliation: Division of Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany. Electronic address: Helmut.Baumgartner@ukmuenster.de.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002304:Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005260:Female; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Edwards SAPIEN 3; balloon-expandable valve; conduction abnormalities; pacemaker; transcatheter aortic valve replacement