title: Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of a trypanocidal drug quinapyramine sulfate loaded-sodium alginate nanoparticles in mammalian cells.
abstract: We synthesized quinapyramine sulfate loaded-sodium alginate nanoparticles (QS-NPs) to reduce undesirable toxic effects of QS against the parasite Trypanosoma evansi, a causative agent of trypanosomosis. To determine the safety of the formulated nanoparticles, biocompatibility of QS-NPs was determined using Vero, Hela cell lines and horse erythrocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Our experiments unveiled a concentration-dependent safety/cytotoxicity (metabolic activity), genotoxicity (DNA damage, chromosomal aberrations), production of reactive oxygen species and hemolysis in QS-NPs treated cells. Annexin-V propidium iodide (PI) staining showed no massive apoptosis or necrosis. However, at very high doses (more than 300 times than the effective doses), we observed more toxicity in QS-NPs treated cells as compared to QS treated cells. QS-NPs were safe at effective trypanocidal doses and even at doses several times higher than the effective dose.
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India. Electronic address: amanuja@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Anju
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manuja
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Balvinder
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Meenu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Anshu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bajaj
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Rajender
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio & Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dilbaghi
authors.affiliation: Department of Bio & Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India; Department of Bio & Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Riyesh
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Suresh C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yadav
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000187:drug effects; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D006736:Horses; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011806:Quinolinium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D004337:Drug Carriers; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D011806:Quinolinium Compounds; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014344:Trypanocidal Agents; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; C005707:quinapyramine
keywords: Cytotoxicity; Genotoxicity; Nanomedicine; Oxidative stress; Trypanosoma