title: TRAF3 Epigenetic Regulation Is Associated With Vascular Recurrence in Patients With Ischemic Stroke.
abstract: Clopidogrel is one of the most used antiplatelet drugs in patients with cardiovascular disease. However, 16% to 50% of patients have a high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity and an increased risk of ischemic events. The pathogenesis of high on-treatment platelet reactivity in patients with stroke is only partially explained by genetic variations. This study aims to find differentially methylated sites across the genome associated with vascular recurrence in ischemic stroke patients treated with clopidogrel.
  
  
  
  From a cohort of 1900 patients with ischemic stroke, we selected 42 patients treated with clopidogrel, including 21 with a recurrent vascular event and 21 without vascular recurrence during the first year of follow-up. Over 480 000 DNA methylation sites were analyzed across the genome. Differentially methylated CpG sites were identified by nonparametric testing using R. Replication analysis was performed in a new cohort of 191 subjects and results were correlated with platelet reactivity in a subset of 90 subjects using light transmission aggregometry.
  
  
  
  A total of 73 differentially methylated CpG sites (P<1×10(-05)) were identified; 3 of them were selected for further replication: cg03548645 (P=1.42×10(-05), TRAF3), cg09533145 (P=7.81×10(-06), ADAMTS2), and cg15107336 (P=1.89×10(-05), XRCC1). The cg03548645 CpG remained significant in the replication study (P=0.034), a deep analysis of this region revealed another methylation site associated with vascular recurrence, P=0.037. Lower cg03548645 (TRAF3) DNA methylation levels were correlated with an increased platelet aggregation (ρ=-0.29, P=0.0075).
  
  
  
  This study suggests for the first time that epigenetics may significantly contribute to the variability of clopidogrel response and recurrence of ischemic events in patients with stroke.
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroscience Department, Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundació Docència i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain (C.G.-F., J.M.-F., E.M., N.C., I.F.-C.); School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-F.); Neurology Department, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.C., J.M.); Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R.); Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R., P.F.); Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (P.F.); Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (A.S., J.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Neurological Clinic, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (A.P.); Neurology Department, Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain (G.S.-H., T.S.); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-F.); Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrasa, (Barcelona), Spain (J.K.); and Neuroscience Department, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.K.).
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallego-Fabrega
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroscience Department, Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundació Docència i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain (C.G.-F., J.M.-F., E.M., N.C., I.F.-C.); School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-F.); Neurology Department, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.C., J.M.); Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R.); Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R., P.F.); Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (P.F.); Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (A.S., J.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Neurological Clinic, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (A.P.); Neurology Department, Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain (G.S.-H., T.S.); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-F.); Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrasa, (Barcelona), Spain (J.K.); and Neuroscience Department, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.K.).
authors.forename: Caty
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carrera
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroscience Department, Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundació Docència i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain (C.G.-F., J.M.-F., E.M., N.C., I.F.-C.); School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-F.); Neurology Department, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.C., J.M.); Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R.); Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R., P.F.); Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (P.F.); Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (A.S., J.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Neurological Clinic, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (A.P.); Neurology Department, Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain (G.S.-H., T.S.); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-F.); Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrasa, (Barcelona), Spain (J.K.); and Neuroscience Department, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.K.).
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Reny
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroscience Department, Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundació Docència i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain (C.G.-F., J.M.-F., E.M., N.C., I.F.-C.); School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-F.); Neurology Department, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.C., J.M.); Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R.); Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R., P.F.); Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (P.F.); Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (A.S., J.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Neurological Clinic, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (A.P.); Neurology Department, Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain (G.S.-H., T.S.); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-F.); Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrasa, (Barcelona), Spain (J.K.); and Neuroscience Department, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.K.).
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroscience Department, Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundació Docència i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain (C.G.-F., J.M.-F., E.M., N.C., I.F.-C.); School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-F.); Neurology Department, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.C., J.M.); Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R.); Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R., P.F.); Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (P.F.); Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (A.S., J.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Neurological Clinic, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (A.P.); Neurology Department, Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain (G.S.-H., T.S.); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-F.); Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrasa, (Barcelona), Spain (J.K.); and Neuroscience Department, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.K.).
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Slowik
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroscience Department, Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundació Docència i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain (C.G.-F., J.M.-F., E.M., N.C., I.F.-C.); School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-F.); Neurology Department, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.C., J.M.); Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R.); Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R., P.F.); Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (P.F.); Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (A.S., J.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Neurological Clinic, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (A.P.); Neurology Department, Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain (G.S.-H., T.S.); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-F.); Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrasa, (Barcelona), Spain (J.K.); and Neuroscience Department, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.K.).
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pera
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroscience Department, Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundació Docència i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain (C.G.-F., J.M.-F., E.M., N.C., I.F.-C.); School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-F.); Neurology Department, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.C., J.M.); Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R.); Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R., P.F.); Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (P.F.); Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (A.S., J.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Neurological Clinic, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (A.P.); Neurology Department, Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain (G.S.-H., T.S.); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-F.); Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrasa, (Barcelona), Spain (J.K.); and Neuroscience Department, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.K.).
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pezzini
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroscience Department, Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundació Docència i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain (C.G.-F., J.M.-F., E.M., N.C., I.F.-C.); School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-F.); Neurology Department, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.C., J.M.); Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R.); Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R., P.F.); Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (P.F.); Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (A.S., J.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Neurological Clinic, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (A.P.); Neurology Department, Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain (G.S.-H., T.S.); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-F.); Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrasa, (Barcelona), Spain (J.K.); and Neuroscience Department, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.K.).
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Serrano-Heras
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroscience Department, Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundació Docència i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain (C.G.-F., J.M.-F., E.M., N.C., I.F.-C.); School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-F.); Neurology Department, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.C., J.M.); Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R.); Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R., P.F.); Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (P.F.); Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (A.S., J.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Neurological Clinic, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (A.P.); Neurology Department, Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain (G.S.-H., T.S.); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-F.); Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrasa, (Barcelona), Spain (J.K.); and Neuroscience Department, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.K.).
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Segura
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroscience Department, Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundació Docència i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain (C.G.-F., J.M.-F., E.M., N.C., I.F.-C.); School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-F.); Neurology Department, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.C., J.M.); Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R.); Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R., P.F.); Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (P.F.); Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (A.S., J.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Neurological Clinic, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (A.P.); Neurology Department, Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain (G.S.-H., T.S.); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-F.); Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrasa, (Barcelona), Spain (J.K.); and Neuroscience Department, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.K.).
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martí-Fàbregas
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroscience Department, Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundació Docència i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain (C.G.-F., J.M.-F., E.M., N.C., I.F.-C.); School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-F.); Neurology Department, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.C., J.M.); Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R.); Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R., P.F.); Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (P.F.); Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (A.S., J.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Neurological Clinic, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (A.P.); Neurology Department, Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain (G.S.-H., T.S.); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-F.); Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrasa, (Barcelona), Spain (J.K.); and Neuroscience Department, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.K.).
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muiño
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroscience Department, Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundació Docència i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain (C.G.-F., J.M.-F., E.M., N.C., I.F.-C.); School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-F.); Neurology Department, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.C., J.M.); Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R.); Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R., P.F.); Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (P.F.); Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (A.S., J.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Neurological Clinic, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (A.P.); Neurology Department, Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain (G.S.-H., T.S.); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-F.); Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrasa, (Barcelona), Spain (J.K.); and Neuroscience Department, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.K.).
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cullell
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroscience Department, Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundació Docència i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain (C.G.-F., J.M.-F., E.M., N.C., I.F.-C.); School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-F.); Neurology Department, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.C., J.M.); Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R.); Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R., P.F.); Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (P.F.); Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (A.S., J.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Neurological Clinic, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (A.P.); Neurology Department, Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain (G.S.-H., T.S.); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-F.); Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrasa, (Barcelona), Spain (J.K.); and Neuroscience Department, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.K.).
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montaner
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroscience Department, Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundació Docència i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain (C.G.-F., J.M.-F., E.M., N.C., I.F.-C.); School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-F.); Neurology Department, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.C., J.M.); Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R.); Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R., P.F.); Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (P.F.); Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (A.S., J.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Neurological Clinic, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (A.P.); Neurology Department, Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain (G.S.-H., T.S.); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-F.); Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrasa, (Barcelona), Spain (J.K.); and Neuroscience Department, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.K.).
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krupinski
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroscience Department, Stroke Pharmacogenomics and Genetics, Fundació Docència i Recerca Mutua Terrassa, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Terrassa (Barcelona), Spain (C.G.-F., J.M.-F., E.M., N.C., I.F.-C.); School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (C.G.-F.); Neurology Department, Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Research (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.C., J.M.); Division of Internal Medicine, and Rehabilitation, Trois-Chêne Hospital, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R.); Geneva Platelet Group, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland (J.-L.R., P.F.); Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (P.F.); Department of Neurology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland (A.S., J.P.); Department of Clinical and Experimental Science, Neurological Clinic, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (A.P.); Neurology Department, Albacete Hospital, Albacete, Spain (G.S.-H., T.S.); Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, IIB-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain (J.M.-F.); Neurology Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrasa, (Barcelona), Spain (J.K.); and Neuroscience Department, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom (J.K.). israelcadenas@yahoo.es.
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Cadenas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D057890:Epigenomics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012008:Recurrence; D020521:Stroke / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D048008:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 3; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D048008:TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 3; C090656:TRAF3 protein, human; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine
keywords: aspirin; clopidogrel; methylation; stroke; vascular resistance