title: Correlates of smoking among youth: the role of parents, friends, attitudes/beliefs, and demographics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Family engagement has been shown to play a crucial role in youth cigarette use prevention and uptake. We examine cross-sectional and longitudinal data to determine whether changes in parental monitoring factors influence changes in smoking susceptibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two cross-sectional surveys of Florida youth (12-17 years) were conducted in 2009, with a follow-up survey in 2010. Multivariable analyses examined demographics, parent characteristics, family engagement, and parental monitoring on youth susceptibility to smoke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cross-sectional data show eating together 6+ times/week and doing something for fun 5+ times/week were related to an increased likelihood of Very Low and decreased likelihood of High susceptibility, respectively. Parental monitoring factors and parents tell on a friend who smokes was significantly related to having Very Low susceptibility in both surveys. Mother's education, parent smokes, family engagement factors, and parental monitoring were significant in both survey rounds. Longitudinal analyses showed change in eating together did not significantly affect the odds of change in smoking susceptibility; however, change in the frequency of doing things for fun with a parent showed decreased odds of susceptibility (OR = .63 [.49-.82]), opposite of the hypothesized direction. Lastly, as youth aged, they were more likely to experience a greater odds of decreased susceptibility (OR14-15y = 1.47 [1.08-1.99] and OR≥16y = 1.40 [1.05-1.84], respectively) and less likely to experience an increased odds of susceptibility (OR14-15y = .65 [.49-.86] and OR≥16y = .72 [.56-.93], respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found mixed results for family engagement and parental monitoring on changes in youth smoking susceptibility. Cross-sectional data showed general associations in the expected direction; however, longitudinal analyses showed family engagement variables had significance, but in the opposite hypothesized direction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, 9th Floor C202, Miami, FL 33136 USA.
authors.forename: Noella A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, 10th Floor, Miami, FL 33136 USA.
authors.forename: Kristopher L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Arheart
authors.affiliation: Florida State University, College of Social Sciences, 1860 Rabalo Drive #106A, Vero Beach, FL 32960 USA.
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Sly
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, 9th Floor C202, Miami, FL 33136 USA.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1120 NW 14th Street, 9th Floor, Miami, FL 33136 USA.
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: McClure
keywords: Family engagement and tobacco use; Parental monitoring and tobacco use; Smoking initiation; Youth susceptibility to smoke