title: Adolescent psychological distress, unemployment, and the Great Recession: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have shown a link between psychological distress in early life and subsequent higher unemployment, but none have used sibling models to account for the unobserved family background characteristics which may explain the relationship.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This paper uses the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 data to examine whether adolescent psychological distress in 2000 predicts higher unemployment over 2000-11, whether this relationship changed in the period following the Great Recession, and whether it is robust to adjustment for family effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  7125 cohort members (2986 siblings) self-reported their mental health in 2000 and employment activities over 2000-11. This association was examined using Probit and ordinary least squares regressions controlling for intelligence, physical health, other sociodemographic characteristics and family background.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for covariates and compared to those with low distress, highly distressed adolescents were 2.7 percentage points (32%) more likely to be unemployed, 5.1 points (26%) more likely to be unemployed or out of the labor force and experienced 11 weeks (28%) more unemployment. The impact of high distress was similar to a one standard deviation decrease in intelligence, and double the magnitude of having a serious physical health problem, and these estimates were robust to adjustment for family fixed-effects. The highly distressed were also disproportionately more likely to become unemployed or exit the labor force in the years following the Great Recession.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide strong evidence of the unemployment penalty of early-life psychological distress and suggest that this relationship may be intensified during economic recessions. Investing in mental health in early life may be an effective way to reduce unemployment.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Centre, Stirling Management School, Stirling University, FK94LA, United Kingdom. Electronic address: mark.egan@stir.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Centre, Stirling Management School, Stirling University, FK94LA, United Kingdom; UCD Geary Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daly
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Centre, Stirling Management School, Stirling University, FK94LA, United Kingdom; UCD Geary Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: Liam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delaney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D057172:Economic Recession; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012306:Risk; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Longitudinal studies; Mental health; Psychological distress; Recession; Sibling fixed-effects; Unemployment