title: Effects of GSM-like radiofrequency irradiation during the oogenesis and spermiogenesis of Xenopus laevis.
abstract: We aimed to evaluate the effect of GSM-like radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on the oogenesis, and spermiogenesis of Xenopus laevis, and so the development of the embryos obtained from Normal Females+Normal Males (i.e. "N(F)+N(M)"); Normal Females+RF-exposed Males (i.e. "N(F)+RF(M)"); RF-exposed Female+Normal Male (i.e. "RF(F)+N(M)"); and RF-exposed Female+RF-exposed Male (i.e. "RF(F)+RF(M)". Various, assessments were performed to determine potential teratogenic effects and mortality, body growth and behavior on first generation embryos. After exposing adults frogs of both sexes to 900MHz RF-EMR (at 1.0W/kg) for 8h a day over a 5-week period, the embryos' specific energy absorption rate (SAR) was calculated. In our present study (control group; 2.2% abnormal, 0.0% dead); with the N(F)+RF(M) combination, the long-term exposure of adult males to GSM-like radiation at 900MHz (RF: 2W) for 5 week/8h/day resulted in normal, abnormal and dead embryo ratios of 88.3%, 3.3% and 8.3%, respectively (p<0.001). In the RF(F)+N(M) combination, long-term exposure (5 week/8h/day) of adult females led to normal, abnormal and dead embryo ratios of 76.7%, 11.7%, and 11.7%, respectively (p<0.001). And in the RF(F)+RF(M) combination, long-term exposure (5 week/8h/day) of both adult males and females led to normal, abnormal and dead embryo ratios of 73.3%, 11.7%, and 15%, respectively (p<0.001). With the exception RF(F)+RF(M) group (p<0.001), no significant changes were observed on body growth (lengths) in comparison to the control group. It was also observed that the offspring of female adult Xenopus exposed to RF-EMR during oogenesis exhibited a more aggressive behavior compared to the control group. Cell phones radiation can thus lead to detrimental effects in humans' male and female reproductive cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physiology, Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Adana, Turkey. Electronic address: aypbog@cu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Ayper
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boga
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Emre
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yasar
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sertdemir
authors.affiliation: Department of Biophysics, Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: İbrahim
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Uncu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physiology, Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Secil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Binokay
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biology, Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Adana, Turkey.
authors.forename: Osman
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Demirhan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009866:Oogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Amphibian; FETAX; Oogenesis; RF-EMR; Spermiogenesis; Teratogenesis