title: Killing of Gyrodactylus salaris by heat and chemical disinfection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gyrodactylus salaris is a monogenean, which has collapsed tens of wild Atlantic salmon populations. One of the means of preventing the spread of the parasite is the disinfection of the fishing equipment, which is used in the rivers having susceptible salmon populations. Little is known about the dosage of disinfectants against G. salaris. There are not standards for the testing of disinfectants against multicellular parasites. The present investigation developed a method to test disinfectants and examined the effectiveness of heated water and a commercially available disinfectant (Virkon S) in killing G. salaris. Individual G. salaris worms were followed under the microscope during treatment with heated water or Virkon S disinfectant blend. The logarithm of the time needed to kill the parasite was used as a dependent variable in linear regression. The upper 99.98 % prediction line for the dependent variable was used to obtain a value resembling the time needed for a 4 log reduction of the microbial pathogen, which is commonly used as a criterion for disinfectants. Also 6 log reduction was applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to a relatively low temperature was found to kill the parasite. Even 5-50 min treatment (=10-100 times the 99.98 % upper prediction value) with heated water at 40 °C might be used. This would enable the utilisation of hot tap water in the disinfection of fishing gear. The present practice of 1 % Virkon S for 15 min was also found to kill the parasite.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The follow-up of single parasites of a test population and the use of the calculated upper predictive line in the regression analysis offers a method to analyse the effects of disinfectants on parasites like G. salaris. The results of our tests give possibilities for using disinfection methods, which may be more acceptable by the fishermen than the present ones.
authors.affiliation: Production Animal and Wildlife Health Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Elektroniikkatie 3, 90590, Oulu, Finland. perttu.koski@evira.fi.
authors.forename: Perttu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Koski
authors.affiliation: Production Animal and Wildlife Health Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Elektroniikkatie 3, 90590, Oulu, Finland.|Perämeren Kalatalousyhteisöjen Liitto, Piuhatie 8, 90620, Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Pasi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anttila
authors.affiliation: Production Animal and Wildlife Health Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Elektroniikkatie 3, 90590, Oulu, Finland.|Lahti University of Applied Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland.
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuusela
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010545:Peroxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010986:Platyhelminths / Q000187:drug effects*; D020317:Salmo salar; D013464:Sulfuric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D004202:Disinfectants; D010545:Peroxides; D013464:Sulfuric Acids; C071517:monoperoxysulfate