title: Human resources needed to perform antimicrobial stewardship teams' activities in French hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In January 2015, the French ministry of Health set up a task force on antibiotic resistance. Members of the task force's "antimicrobial stewardship" group conducted a study to evaluate the human resources needed to implement all the required activities of the multidisciplinary antimicrobial stewardship teams (AST - antibiotic/infectious disease lead supervisors, microbiologists, and pharmacists) in French healthcare facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an online cross-sectional nationwide survey. The questionnaire was designed based on regulatory texts and experts' consensus. The survey took place between March and May 2015. We used the mailing list of the French Infectious Diseases Society (SPILF) to send out questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 65 healthcare facilities completed the questionnaire. The human resources needed to implement all AST's activities were estimated at 3.6 full-time equivalent (FTE) positions/1000 acute care beds for antibiotic/infectious disease lead supervisors, at 2.5 FTE/1000 beds for pharmacists, and at 0.6 FTE/1000 beds for microbiologists. This almost amounts to a total of 2000 FTE positions for all healthcare facilities (public and private) in France and to an annual cost of 200 million euros.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dedicated and sustainable funding for AST is urgently needed to implement comprehensive and functional AST programs in all healthcare facilities.
authors.affiliation: Inserm, IAME, UMR 1137, UFR de médecine Paris 7 Denis-Diderot, 16, rue Henri-Huchard, 75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 16, rue Henri-Huchard 75018 Paris, France. Electronic address: pierre.lecoz.scpo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Le Coz
authors.affiliation: World Alliance Against Antimicrobial Resistance (WAAAR), 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlet
authors.affiliation: Inserm 1070, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, université de Poitiers, 86022 Poitiers, France; Service de médecine interne et maladies infectieuses, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roblot
authors.affiliation: EA 4360 APEMAC, faculté de médecine, université de Lorraine, université Paris Descartes, 9, avenue de la Forêt-de-Haye, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France; Service de maladies infectieuses et tropicales, hôpitaux de Brabois, CHU de Nancy, bâtiment des spécialités médicales, allée du Morvan, 54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pulcini
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D005377:Financial Management, Hospital; D005602:France; D006268:Health Facilities / Q000191:economics*; D058016:Health Facility Administration; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006740:Hospital Administrators / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution; D006801:Humans; D055552:Infectious Disease Medicine / Q000191:economics; D007324:Institutional Management Teams / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008829:Microbiology / Q000191:economics; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution; D013192:Staff Development / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D000078329:Workforce
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibiotic stewardship; Bon usage des antibiotiques; Infectiologue; Infectious disease specialist; Microbiologist; Microbiologiste; Pharmacien; Pharmacist