title: The Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version Test of Mobile Phone Dependency (TMD).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  ‎ ‏ ‏Despite the fact that ‎the mobile phone has become a ‎pervasive technology of our time, ‎little research has been done on ‎mobile dependency. A valid and ‎reliable assessment instrument ‎corresponding to the Persian ‎culture is essential. This study ‎aimed to describe the ‎construction and validation of the ‎Persian version of TMD (Test of ‎Mobile phone Dependency) to ‎assess the addictive use of ‎mobile phone.‎
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-‎sectional study, for which data ‎were collected from 350 students ‎who were studying at Tehran ‎universities. Sampling method ‎was quota sampling. The ‎participants anonymously ‎completed the demographic ‎questionnaire, and CPDQ as a ‎valid questionnaire and gold ‎standard. Finally, clinical ‎interview [based on DSM-IV-TR] ‎was performed. To analyze the ‎data, concurrent validity, factor ‎analysis, internal consistency ‎‎(Cronbachα), split half; test-retest ‎and ROC Curve by SPSS18 ‎Software were used.‎
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a result of the ‎reliability analysis and factor ‎analysis by principal component ‎and Varimax rotation, three ‎factors ("salient", "preoccupation" ‎and "Spend a lot of time and ‎money") for both male and ‎female participants were ‎extracted. Internal consistency ‎‎(Cronbach's alpha) of the TMD ‎was .92 (Cronbach alpha of the ‎factors is .88, .82, and .84, ‎respectively). The test-retest ‎correlation of the TMD was ‎‎.56.The best cut off point for this ‎questionnaire (TMD) is 38.‎
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TMD proved to ‎have an acceptable internal ‎consistency with adequate factor ‎models to assess the extent of ‎problems caused by the "misuse" ‎of the mobile phone in the ‎Iranian society. Therefore, it can ‎be concluded that the Persian ‎version of the test was reliable ‎and valid; however, further ‎analysis is needed.‎.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyyed Salman
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Alavi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Roudehen Branch, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Pegah
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Farokhzad
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fereshteh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jannatifard
authors.affiliation: Young Researchers and Elite Club, Roudehen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran.
authors.forename: Soroush
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohammadi Kalhori
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ghazal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sepahbodi
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baba Reisi
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Sanaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sajedi
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farshchi
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Rasul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khoda Karami
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hatami Kasvaee
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sepasi
authors.affiliation: Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
authors.forename: Samaneh Sadat
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Alavi
keywords: Mobile Phone Dependency; Reliability; Student; Validity