title: Determinants of the Bovine Leukemia Virus Envelope Glycoproteins Involved in Infectivity, Replication and Pathogenesis.
abstract: Interaction of viral envelope proteins with host cell membranes has been extensively investigated in a number of systems. However, the biological relevance of these interactions in vivo has been hampered by the absence of adequate animal models. Reverse genetics using the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) genome highlighted important functional domains of the envelope protein involved in the viral life cycle. For example, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAM) of the envelope transmembrane protein (TM) are essential determinants of infection. Although cell fusion directed by the aminoterminal end of TM is postulated to be essential, some proviruses expressing fusion-deficient envelope proteins unexpectedly replicate at wild-type levels. Surprisingly also, a conserved N-linked glycosylation site of the extracellular envelope protein (SU) inhibits cell-to-cell transmission suggesting that infectious potential has been limited during evolution. In this review, we summarize the knowledge pertaining to the BLV envelope protein in the context of viral infection, replication and pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Liège (ULg), 4000 Liège, Belgium. alix.debrogniez@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Alix
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Brogniez
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center CODA-CERVA, 1180 Brussels, Belgium. jan.mast@coda-cerva.be.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mast
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics (GIGA) and Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Liège (ULg), 4000 Liège, Belgium. luc.willems@ulg.ac.be.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Willems
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D006031:Glycosylation; D001909:Leukemia Virus, Bovine / Q000472:pathogenicity* / Q000502:physiology*; D054730:Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs; D021122:Protein Subunits; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D053585:Virus Attachment; D053586:Virus Internalization; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D021122:Protein Subunits; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D014760:Viral Fusion Proteins
keywords: J0101; envelope; glycoprotein; retroviruses; viral entry