title: Jet A fuel recovery using micellar flooding: Design and implementation.
abstract: Surfactants offer two mechanisms for recovering NAPLs: 1) to mobilize NAPL by reducing NAPL/water interfacial tension, and; 2) to increase the NAPL's aqueous solubility-called solubilization-as an enhancement to pump & treat. The second approach has been well-studied and applied successfully in several pilot-scale and a few full-scale tests within the last 15years, known as Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation (SEAR). A useful source of information for this second approach is the "Surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) design manual" from the U.S. Navy Facilities Engineering Command. Few attempts, however, have been made at recovering NAPLs using the mobilization approach presented in this paper. Now, a full-scale field implementation of the mobilization approach is planned to recover an LNAPL (Jet A fuel) from a surficial sand aquifer located in Denmark using a smaller amount of surfactant solution and fewer PVs of throughput compared with the SEAR approach. The approach will rely on mobilizing the LNAPL so that it is recovered ahead of the surfactant microemulsion, also known as a micellar flood. This paper will review the laboratory work performed as part of the design for a full-scale implementation of a micellar flood. Completed lab work includes screening of surfactants, phase behavior and detailed salinity scans of the most promising formulations, and generating a ternary diagram to be used for the numerical simulations of the field application. The site owners and regulators were able to make crucial decisions such as the anticipated field results based on this work.
authors.affiliation: Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kostarelos
authors.affiliation: NIRAS A/S, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lenschow
authors.affiliation: Civil & Environmental Engineering, Subsurface Research Laboratory, Nireas-IWRC, The University of Cyprus, 20537-1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
authors.forename: Marinos A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Stylianou
authors.affiliation: GSI Environmental Inc., Houston, TX 77098, USA.
authors.forename: Phillip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: de Blanc
authors.affiliation: Danish Ministry of Defense, Estates and Infrastructure Organisation, Environmental and Nature Section, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mette Marie
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mygind
authors.affiliation: NIRAS A/S, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Christensen
keywords: Jet A fuel; Micellar flood; NAPL; Remediation; Soil pollution; Surfactant