title: Real-time-guided bone regeneration around standardized critical size calvarial defects using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and collagen membrane with and without using tricalcium phosphate: an in vivo micro-computed tomographic and histologic experiment in rats.
abstract: The aim of the present real time in vivo micro-computed tomography (µCT) and histologic experiment was to assess the efficacy of guided bone regeneration (GBR) around standardized calvarial critical size defects (CSD) using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), and collagen membrane (CM) with and without tricalcium phosphate (TCP) graft material. In the calvaria of nine female Sprague-Dawley rats, full-thickness CSD (diameter 4.6 mm) were created under general anesthesia. Treatment-wise, rats were divided into three groups. In group 1, CSD was covered with a resorbable CM; in group 2, BMSCs were filled in CSD and covered with CM; and in group 3, TCP soaked in BMSCs was placed in CSD and covered with CM. All defects were closed using resorbable sutures. Bone volume and bone mineral density of newly formed bone (NFB) and remaining TCP particles and rate of new bone formation was determined at baseline, 2, 4, 6, and 10 weeks using in vivo µCT. At the 10th week, the rats were killed and calvarial segments were assessed histologically. The results showed that the hardness of NFB was similar to that of the native bone in groups 1 and 2 as compared to the NFB in group 3. Likewise, values for the modulus of elasticity were also significantly higher in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2. This suggests that TCP when used in combination with BMSCs and without CM was unable to form bone of significant strength that could possibly provide mechanical "lock" between the natural bone and NFB. The use of BMSCs as adjuncts to conventional GBR initiated new bone formation as early as 2 weeks of treatment compared to when GBR is attempted without adjunct BMSC therapy.
authors.affiliation: Engineer A.B. Growth Factors and Bone Regeneration Research Chair and 3D Imaging Center, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.|Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Al-Hezaimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Sundar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramalingam
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mansour
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Askar
authors.affiliation: Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Aws S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: ArRejaie
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nasser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nooh
authors.affiliation: Engineer A.B. Growth Factors and Bone Regeneration Research Chair and 3D Imaging Center, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Fawad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jawad
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aldahmash
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atteya
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Cun-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003094:Collagen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D003094:Collagen; C018392:tricalcium phosphate