title: The 1966 Ciba Symposium on Transplantation Ethics: 50 Years Later.
abstract: In March 1966, the Ciba Foundation sponsored the first international, interdisciplinary symposium focused on ethical and legal issues in transplantation. The attendees included not only physicians and surgeons but also judges and legal scholars, a minister, and a science journalist. In this article, we will consider some of the topics in organ transplantation that were discussed by the attendees, what we have learned in the intervening half century, and the relevance of their discussions today. Specifically, we examine the definition of death and its implications for organ procurement, whether it is ethical and legal to "maim" a living individual for the benefit of another, how to ensure that the consent of the living donor is voluntary and informed, the case of identical twins, the question of whether ethically minors can serve as living donors, the health risks of living donation, the ethics and legality of an organ market, and the economic barriers to living donation. We show that many of the concerns discussed at the Ciba symposium remain highly relevant, and their discussions have helped to shape the ethical boundaries of organ transplantation today.
authors.affiliation: 1 Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Surgery, MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago, Chicago IL. 2 Department of Surgery, MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, University of Chicago, Chicago IL.
authors.forename: Lainie Friedman
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: J Richard
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Thistlethwaite
mesh_terms: D003226:Congresses as Topic; D004200:Diseases in Twins; D004992:Ethics, Medical; D006291:Health Policy; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D007391:International Cooperation; D019520:Living Donors; D016377:Organ Transplantation / Q000191:economics / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods*; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012306:Risk; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement / Q000379:methods*