title: Koumine Attenuates Lipopolysaccaride-Stimulated Inflammation in RAW264.7 Macrophages, Coincidentally Associated with Inhibition of NF-κB, ERK and p38 Pathways.
abstract: Medicinal herbal plants have been commonly used for intervention of different diseases and health enhancement worldwide. Koumine, an alkaloid monomer found abundantly in Gelsemium plants, can be effectively used as an anti-inflammatory medication. In this study, the mechanisms associated with the preventative effect of koumine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages were investigated. Koumine induced a decrease in the level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein, concomitant reduction in the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reduction of the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1β. Furthermore, koumine decreased the phosphorylation of p65 and inhibited nuclear factor κ Bα (IκBα) proteins, resulting in lower production of nuclear factor (NF)-κB transactivation. Koumine also induced a decrease in the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and p38 in RAW264 cells. In conclusion, these findings reveal that koumine decreases the productions of pro-inflammatory mediators though the suppression of p38 and ERK MAPK phosphorylation and the inhibition of NF-κB activation in RAW264.7 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China. yuanzhihang84@163.com.|Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha 410128, China. yuanzhihang84@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhihang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Management, College of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines. loydyreyesmatias@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Froilan Bernard
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Matias
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China. wu23jing@aliyun.com.|Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha 410128, China. wu23jing@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Changsha 410128, China. enni_007@163.com.
authors.forename: Zengenni
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China. zhiliangsun15@163.com.|Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha 410128, China. zhiliangsun15@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhiliang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D026121:Indole Alkaloids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D026121:Indole Alkaloids; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; C515085:koumine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
keywords: LPS; NF-κB; NO; RAW264.7 macrophages; iNOS; inflammation; koumine