title: Organ-specific autoimmunity in relation to clinical characteristics in children with long-lasting type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of diabetes and other organ-specific autoantibodies (Ab) associated with various autoimmune conditions, in Polish children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study 114 patients, aged 13.4 years, with mean diabetes duration 5.2 years were included. Ab to islet cell antigens: glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2), zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8), together with thyroid peroxidase Ab (TPO Ab), thyroglobulin Ab (Tg Ab), tissue transglutaminase Ab (tTG Ab) and 21-hydroxylase Ab (21-OH Ab) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of at least one diabetes associated Ab was found in 87%, with the highest prevalence of 64% for ZnT8 Ab. In patients with disease duration <5 years, at least one antibody was present in 90%, the most prevalent was ZnT8 Ab (72%). In patients with duration >10 years, 50% had at least one antibody. The prevalence of other than islet cell autoimmunity was high (34%). Thyroid Ab were detected in 26% patients, 42% in girls vs. 8% in boys, p<0.001. tTG Ab were found in 11% patients, with a greater prevalence in children with early onset (p=0.01). 21-OH Ab were found in 2.6% T1DM patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Islet Ab were found in most T1DM children and remained positive even 10 years after onset. ZnT8 Ab emerged as an important marker for the diagnosis of T1DM in the Polish children. Screening for non-diabetes Ab in T1DM may be helpful in identifying subclinical cases of autoimmune thyroid, celiac or Addison's disease (AD).
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Głowińska-Olszewska
authors.forename: Justyna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michalak
authors.forename: Włodzimierz
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Łuczyński
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Pilar Larosa
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jadwiga
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Furmaniak
authors.forename: Bernard Rees
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bossowski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015551:Autoimmunity; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009928:Organ Specificity; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D013255:Steroid 21-Hydroxylase / Q000276:immunology; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007453:Iodide Peroxidase; D013255:Steroid 21-Hydroxylase; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase