title: Plasmodium delichoni n. sp.: description, molecular characterisation and remarks on the exoerythrocytic merogony, persistence, vectors and transmission.
abstract: Malaria parasite Plasmodium (Novyella) delichoni n. sp. (Haemosporida, Plasmodiidae) was found in a widespread Eurasian songbird, the common house martin Delichon urbicum (Hirundinidae). It is described based on the morphology of its blood stages and segments of the mitochondrial cytochrome b and apicoplast genes, which can be used for molecular identification of this species. Erythrocytic meronts and gametocytes are strictly nucleophilic, and mature gametocytes possess pigment granules of markedly variable size, including large ones (1 μm in length). Due to these features, P. delichoni can be readily distinguished from all described species of avian malaria parasites belonging to subgenus Novyella. Additionally, mature erythrocytic merozoites contain a dense clump of chromatin, a rare character in avian malaria parasites. Erythrocytic merogony is asynchronous. Illustrations of blood stages of the new species are given, and phylogenetic analysis identifies DNA lineages closely related to this parasite. Domestic canary Serinus canaria and Eurasian siskin Carduelis spinus were infected after subinoculation of infected blood obtained from the house martin. Parasitemia was long lasting in both these hosts, but it was high (up to 70 %) in Eurasian siskins and low (up to 1 %) in canaries. Mortality was not observed, and histological examination and chromogenic in situ hybridisation did not reveal secondary exoerythrocytic meronts (phanerozoites) in the exposed birds. It is likely that persistence of this infection occurs due to long-lasting parasitemia in avian hosts. Sporogony was abortive in mosquitoes Culex pipiens pipiens form molestus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti at gametogenesis or ookinete stages. The new species is absent from juvenile birds at breeding sites in Europe, indicating that transmission occurs at African wintering grounds.
authors.affiliation: Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania. gedvalk@ekoi.lt.
authors.forename: Gediminas
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Valkiūnas
authors.affiliation: Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Mikas
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ilgūnas
authors.affiliation: Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Dovilė
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bukauskaitė
authors.affiliation: Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Žiegytė
authors.affiliation: Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Rasa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bernotienė
authors.affiliation: Ventės Ragas Ornithological Station, LT-99361, Kintai, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Vytautas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jusys
authors.affiliation: Ventės Ragas Ornithological Station, LT-99361, Kintai, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Vytautas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Eigirdas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fragner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weissenböck
authors.affiliation: Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Tatjana A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Iezhova
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000469:parasitology; D000818:Animals; D002171:Canaries / Q000469:parasitology; D003465:Culex / Q000469:parasitology; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D005060:Europe; D008289:Malaria, Avian / Q000469:parasitology; D046109:Passeriformes / Q000469:parasitology; D010802:Phylogeny; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000145:classification*; D020308:Songbirds / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D045303:Cytochromes b
keywords: Birds; Delichon urbicum; Molecular characterisation; New species; Persistence; Plasmodium; Transmission; Vectors