title: Why Do You Believe in God? Relationships between Religious Belief, Analytic Thinking, Mentalizing and Moral Concern.
abstract: Prior work has established that analytic thinking is associated with disbelief in God, whereas religious and spiritual beliefs have been positively linked to social and emotional cognition. However, social and emotional cognition can be subdivided into a number of distinct dimensions, and some work suggests that analytic thinking is in tension with some aspects of social-emotional cognition. This leaves open two questions. First, is belief linked to social and emotional cognition in general, or a specific dimension in particular? Second, does the negative relationship between belief and analytic thinking still hold after relationships with social and emotional cognition are taken into account? We report eight hypothesis-driven studies which examine these questions. These studies are guided by a theoretical model which focuses on the distinct social and emotional processing deficits associated with autism spectrum disorders (mentalizing) and psychopathy (moral concern). To our knowledge no other study has investigated both of these dimensions of social and emotion cognition alongside analytic thinking. We find that religious belief is robustly positively associated with moral concern (4 measures), and that at least part of the negative association between belief and analytic thinking (2 measures) can be explained by a negative correlation between moral concern and analytic thinking. Using nine different measures of mentalizing, we found no evidence of a relationship between mentalizing and religious or spiritual belief. These findings challenge the theoretical view that religious and spiritual beliefs are linked to the perception of agency, and suggest that gender differences in religious belief can be explained by differences in moral concern. These findings are consistent with the opposing domains hypothesis, according to which brain areas associated with moral concern and analytic thinking are in tension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, College of Arts & Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.|Inamori International Center for Ethics and Excellence, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.|Department of Organizational Behavior, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.|Department of Psychology, College of Arts & Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.|Department of Neurology, Medical School, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.|Department of Neurosciences, Medical School, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Anthony Ian
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Jack
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, College of Arts & Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.|Inamori International Center for Ethics and Excellence, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jared Parker
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.affiliation: Department of Organizational Behavior, Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.|Department of Psychology, College of Arts & Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Richard Eleftherios
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Boyatzis
authors.affiliation: Management Division, Babson College, Babson Park, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Scott Nolan
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009014:Morals; D012067:Religion; D056345:Theory of Mind / Q000502:physiology*; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*