title: Shared Physiological Traits of Exophiala Species in Cold-Blooded Vertebrates, as Opportunistic Black Yeasts.
abstract: Several species of the genus Exophiala are found as opportunistic pathogens on humans, while others cause infections in cold-blooded waterborne vertebrates. Opportunism of these fungi thus is likely to be multifactorial. Ecological traits [thermotolerance and pH tolerance, laccase activity, assimilation of mineral oil, and decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR)] were studied in a set of 40 strains of mesophilic Exophiala species focused on the salmonis-clade mainly containing waterborne species. Thermophilic species and waterborne species outside the salmonis-clade were included for comparison. Strains were able to tolerate a wide range of pHs, although optimal growth was observed between pH 4.0 and 5.5. All strains tested were laccase positive. Strains were able to grow in the presence of the compounds (mineral oil and RBBR) with some differences in assimilation patterns between strains tested and also were capable of degrading the main chromophore of RBBR. The study revealed that distantly related mesophilic species behave similarly, and no particular trend in evolutionary adaptation was observed.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Programme, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, 81540-970, Brazil.|CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mariana Machado Fidelis
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: do Nascimento
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Programme, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, 81540-970, Brazil.|CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, PO Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94248, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G Sybren
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: de Hoog
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Programme, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, 81540-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata Rodrigues
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Programme, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, 81540-970, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jason Lee
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Furuie
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Programme, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, 81540-970, Brazil.|University of West of Santa Catarina - UNOESC, Videira, 89900-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jane Mary Lafayette
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gelinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Ghaem Hospital, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Javad
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Najafzadeh
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Programme, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, 81540-970, Brazil.|Department of Zoology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, 81540-970, Brazil.|Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil.
authors.forename: Walter Antonio Pereira
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Boeger
authors.affiliation: Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Programme, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, 81540-970, Brazil. vaniava63@gmail.com.|Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Brasília, Brazil. vaniava63@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vania Aparecida
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Vicente
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000880:Anthraquinones / Q000378:metabolism; D005093:Exophiala / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D042845:Laccase / Q000032:analysis; D008899:Mineral Oil / Q000378:metabolism; D009181:Mycoses / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D014714:Vertebrates
chemical_list: D000880:Anthraquinones; D008899:Mineral Oil; D042845:Laccase; C024758:Remazol Brilliant Blue R
keywords: Exophiala; Laccase; Physiology; Thermotolerance