title: Oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and incidence of type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are interrelated factors in the etiology of cardiovascular disease, but their linkage to type 2 diabetes is less clear. We examined the association of these biomarkers with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of 2339 participants in the community-based coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. Participants (age 40.1 ± 3.6 years, 44 % Black, 58 % women) were free of diabetes, and were followed 10 years. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for incident T2D adjusting for the other biomarkers under study, demographic and lifestyle measures, dietary biomarkers, BMI (kg/m(2)) and metabolic syndrome components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  F2-isoprostanes and oxidized LDL (oxidative stress) were positively associated with incident T2D, but the associations were attenuated by adjustment for BMI. C-reactive protein was positively associated with T2D even with full adjustment: HR (95 % CI) = 2.21 (1.26-3.88) for quartile 4 (Q4) v. quartile 1 (Q1). The HR (95 % CI) for T2D for biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction ICAM-1 and E-selectin for Q4 v. Q1 were 1.64 (0.96-2.81) and 1.68 (1.04-2.71) respectively, with full adjustment. Including these two markers in a common risk score incorporating BMI and clinical measures improved the prediction probability of T2D: relative risk for the average person classified up compared to the average person classified down: 1.09, (1.06-1.13), P < 0.0001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction were positively associated with incident T2D. ICAM-1 and E-selectin add to the prediction of T2D beyond a common risk score.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-7550, USA. aodegaar@uci.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Odegaard
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: Otto A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Denver, USA.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Reiner
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.|Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: Myron D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D044383:Black People; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004727:Endothelium / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Endothelial dysfunction; Incidence; Inflammation; Type 2 diabetes; Young adults; oxidative stress