title: Tomato Sauce Enriched with Olive Oil Exerts Greater Effects on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors than Raw Tomato and Tomato Sauce: A Randomized Trial.
abstract: Epidemiological studies have observed a negative association between tomato intake and the incidence of cardiovascular disease. As tomato sauces are usually cooked with the addition of oil, some studies have pointed out that both processes may increase the bioavailability of the bioactive compounds. However, the effect of consumption of raw tomatoes and tomato sauces on inflammation biomarkers and adhesion molecules related to atherosclerosis remains unknown. The aim of this study was to test the postprandial effects of a single dose of raw tomatoes (RT), tomato sauce (TS) and tomato sauce with refined olive oil (TSOO) on cardiovascular disease risk factors. We performed an open, prospective, randomized, cross-over, controlled feeding trial in 40 healthy subjects who randomly received: 7.0 g of RT/kg of body weight (BW), 3.5 g of TS/kg BW, 3.5 g of TSOO/Kg BW and 0.25 g of sugar solved in water/kg BW on a single occasion on four different days. Biochemical parameters and cellular and circulating inflammatory biomarkers were assessed at baseline and 6 h after each intervention. The results indicate that, compared to control intervention, a single tomato intake in any form decreased plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and several cellular and plasma inflammatory biomarkers, and increased plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol and interleukine (IL) 10 concentrations. However, the changes of plasma IL-6 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) from T-lymphocytes and CD36 from monocytes were significantly greater after TSOO than after RT and TS interventions. We concluded that tomato intake has beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors, especially cooked and enriched with oil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, Medicine School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain. pvalderas@clinic.ub.es.|Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain. pvalderas@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Palmira
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Valderas-Martinez
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, Medicine School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain. gchiva@clinic.ub.es.|Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain. gchiva@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chiva-Blanch
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, Medicine School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain. rcasas1@clinic.ub.es.|Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain. rcasas1@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casas
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, Medicine School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain. sarranz@clinic.ub.es.|Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain. sarranz@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arranz
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain. mmartinezh@ub.edu.|Department of Nutrition and Food Science, XaRTA, INSA, Pharmacy School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain. mmartinezh@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Huélamo
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, XaRTA, INSA, Pharmacy School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain. murpi@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urpi-Sarda
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, XaRTA, INSA, Pharmacy School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain. xaviertorrado@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Torrado
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain. dolores.corella@uv.es.|Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain. dolores.corella@uv.es.
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corella
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain. lamuela@ub.edu.|Department of Nutrition and Food Science, XaRTA, INSA, Pharmacy School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain. lamuela@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lamuela-Raventós
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer, Medicine School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain. restruch@clinic.ub.es.|Biomedical Research Centre in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain. restruch@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Estruch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum; D008297:Male; D009753:Nutritive Value; D000069463:Olive Oil; D019518:Postprandial Period; D011446:Prospective Studies; D065840:Protective Factors; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008055:Lipids; D000069463:Olive Oil
keywords: bioavailability; cardiovascular; cooked; food matrix; postprandial; tomato