title: Quantitative susceptibility mapping detects abnormalities in cartilage canals in a goat model of preclinical osteochondritis dissecans.
abstract: To use quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to investigate changes in cartilage canals in the distal femur of juvenile goats after their surgical transection.
  
  
  
  Chondronecrosis was surgically induced in the right medial femoral condyles of four 4-day-old goats. Both the operated and control knees were harvested at 2, 3, 5, and 10 weeks after the surgeries. Ex vivo MRI scans were conducted at 9.4 Tesla using TRAFF(relaxation time along a fictitious field)-weighted fast spin echo imaging and QSM to detect areas of chondronecrosis and investigate cartilage canal abnormalities. Histological sections from these same areas stained with hematoxylin and eosin and safranin O were evaluated to assess the affected tissues.
  
  
  
  Both the histological sections and the TRAFF-weighted images of the femoral condyles demonstrated focal areas of chondronecrosis, evidenced by pyknotic chondrocyte nuclei, loss of matrix staining, and altered MR image contrast. At increasing time points after surgery, progressive changes and eventual disappearance of abnormal cartilage canals were observed in areas of chondronecrosis by using QSM.
  
  
  
  Abnormal cartilage canals were directly visualized in areas of surgically induced chondronecrosis. Quantitative susceptibility mapping enabled investigation of the vascular changes accompanying chondronecrosis in juvenile goats. Magn Reson Med 77:1276-1283, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Luning
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.|Diagnostic Imaging Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Mikko J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nissi
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.|Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Ferenc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Toth
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Casey P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garwood
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.|Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Cathy S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ellermann
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D058070:Asymptomatic Diseases; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology*; D006041:Goats; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010008:Osteochondritis Dissecans / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: OCD; QSM; cartilage canals; chondronecrosis; epiphyseal cartilage; high-field MRI; osteochondritis dissecans; osteochondrosis; quantitative susceptibility mapping; vascular canal abnormality