title: Continuous passive motion in adhesive capsulitis patients with diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of continuous passive motion (CPM) treatment on adhesive capsulitis (AC) in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one DM patients with AC were randomized to two treatment groups. The first group (n= 20) (CPM group) received CPM treatments; the second group (n= 21) had conventional physical therapy (CPT group), including active stretching, range of motion (ROM) and pendulum exercises. All patients received electrotherapy. After a four-week-long physical therapy program, the patients were instructed to continue with an eight-week home exercise program. The patients rated the pain they felt at night, both while at rest and in motion, in the past week using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Functional outcome evaluations were performed using the Constant Shoulder Score (CSS) and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). All patients were evaluated at baseline, and during the fourth and twelfth weeks of the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant improvements in both groups' active and passive ROM for the shoulder, VAS measures, SPADI pain and disability scores and CSS, and excluding the active and passive internal and external rotation of shoulder increased with both treatment methods (CPM or CPT) over time (p< 0.001), however these differences were found to be prominent in patients receiving CPM therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the CPM and CPT therapies seemed to be beneficial for the treatment of AC in DM patients, however CPM revealed more distinctive improvements in the function and pain levels of the AC patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Zübeyde Hanım Campus, Eskişehir Public Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ayşe Aydemir
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ekim
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
authors.forename: Esra Erkol
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: İnal
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Eskişehir Public Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gönüllü
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Eskişehir Public Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamarat
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Eskişehir Public Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Göknur
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yorulmaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Zübeyde Hanım Campus, Eskişehir Public Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gamze
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mumcu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Zübeyde Hanım Campus, Eskişehir Public Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Şebnem
authors.initials: Ş
authors.lastname: Yılmazer
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Zübeyde Hanım Campus, Eskişehir Public Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Dilek Serin
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Zübeyde Hanım Campus, Eskişehir Public Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Selen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuzgun
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ertuǧrul
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Çolak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hikmet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Orhan
mesh_terms: D002062:Bursitis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D064232:Visual Analog Scale
keywords: Shoulder pain; continuous passive motion; frozen shoulder; physical therapy