title: Managing Conflicts in Urban Communities: Youth Attitudes Regarding Gun Violence.
abstract: Gun violence remains a pressing public health concern, especially in high-risk urban environments. Community-level violence intervention efforts are being mounted in cities across the United States to prevent and reduce the most severe forms of violence. There is growing evidence to suggest the effectiveness of the Safe Streets Program/ Cure Violence as a community-based intervention to reduce homicides and shootings. The mechanism underlying the reductions in community violence is theorized to be linked with changes in attitudes toward violence as well as shifts in social norms related to violence and retaliation, but there are few tools to assess these domains. This preliminary investigation sought to establish the metric properties of the Survey on Attitudes About Guns and Shootings (SAGAS) with the goal of providing an empirical measure of attitudes and community-level norms. Males aged 18 to 24 were surveyed using the SAGAS in two high-violence communities in Baltimore, Maryland, using street intercept methodology. We found acceptable reliability and validity metrics for the SAGAS. Reliability and validity of the SAGAS were assessed using internal consistency and a latent class analysis with violent behavior outcomes. The internal consistency of the total scale was in the extensive range (α = .70-.79) and the internal consistency of the factors was in the exemplary range (α ≥ .80). In addition, latent classes of attitudes were predictive of being arrested or being shot. Future studies will examine if rates of violence decrease in neighborhoods targeted by the Safe Streets Program and the mediating role of attitudes toward gun violence using the SAGAS.
authors.affiliation: 1 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Milam
authors.affiliation: 1 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.|2 Michigan State University College of Human Medicine Division of Public Health, Flint, Michigan, USA.
authors.forename: C Debra
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Furr-Holden
authors.affiliation: 1 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leaf
authors.affiliation: 1 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Webster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001290:Attitude; D015142:Baltimore; D005389:Firearms; D000078402:Gun Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006708:Homicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011634:Public Health; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: adolescence; guns; urban; violence