title: SPECIES BOUNDARIES IN THE TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE PROROCENTRUM LIMA (DINOPHYCEAE, PROROCENTRALES), BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYLOGENETIC CHARACTERS(1).
abstract: Wild and cultured specimens of Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenb.) F. Stein from 26 widely different areas in 13 countries were examined in order to determine consistent characters for delimiting species boundaries in this taxon. The morphological characters valve shape, valve size, valve ornamentation, number and shape of valve pores, number and shape of marginal pores, and periflagellar platelets were observed using LM and SEM, and two molecular genetic regions were sequenced. We identified stable morphological characters that were consistent among wild specimens and all cultures, which were valve shape, valve ornamentation, and number and arrangement of periflagellar platelets. All cultures of P. lima identified by these characters formed a monophyletic group in phylogenetic analyses based on the two genes, which, however, included the species Prorocentrum arenarium. P. arenarium was determined to be within the range of morphological variation of P. lima, and therefore we synonymize the two taxa. Within this monophyletic group, P. lima was divided into several subclades in the all phylogenetic analyses. There were no morphological characters specifically related to any one subclade. The subclades appeared to correlate broadly to sample collection regions, suggesting that geographically separated populations may have become genetically distinct within this epi-benthic species. We have emended species boundaries in P. lima.
authors.affiliation: Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, JapanSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 AustraliaAsian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagahama
authors.affiliation: Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, JapanSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 AustraliaAsian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
authors.forename: Shauna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, JapanSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 AustraliaAsian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomaru
authors.affiliation: Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, JapanSchool of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 AustraliaAsian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuwo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukuyo
keywords: DSP; ITS; Prorocentrum; Prorocentrum arenarium; Prorocentrum lima; rDNA; species boundary; taxonomy