title: Molecular and clinical significance of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2 /bFGF) in malignancies of solid and hematological cancers for personalized therapies.
abstract: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is essential for normal and cancer biology. Mammalian FGF family members participate in multiple signaling pathways by binding to heparan sulfate and FGF receptors (FGFR) with varying affinities. FGF2 is the prototype member of the FGF family and interacts with its receptor to mediate receptor dimerization, phosphorylation, and activation of signaling pathways, such as Ras-MAPK and PI3K pathways. Excessive mitogenic signaling through the FGF/FGFR axis may induce carcinogenic effects by promoting cancer progression and increasing the angiogenic potential, which can lead to metastatic tumor phenotypes. Dysregulated FGF/FGFR signaling is associated with aggressive cancer phenotypes, enhanced chemotherapy resistance and poor clinical outcomes. In vitro experimental settings have indicated that extracellular FGF2 affects proliferation, drug sensitivity, and apoptosis of cancer cells. Therapeutically targeting FGF2 and FGFR has been extensively assessed in multiple preclinical studies and numerous drugs and treatment options have been tested in clinical trials. Diagnostic assays are used to quantify FGF2, FGFRs, and downstream signaling molecules to better select a target patient population for higher efficacy of cancer therapies. This review focuses on the prognostic significance of FGF2 in cancer with emphasis on therapeutic intervention strategies for solid and hematological malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Mohamed R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Akl
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Poonam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nagpal
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
authors.forename: Nehad M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ayoub
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Sathyen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Capac
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gliksman
authors.affiliation: Lymphoma Division, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goy
authors.affiliation: Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: K Stephen
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Suh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D057285:Precision Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; C496353:FGFR2 protein, human; D051497:Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2
keywords: FGF2; bFGF; diagnosis; malignancy; prognosis