title: Effects of melatonin and green-wavelength LED light on the physiological stress and immunity of goldfish, Carassius auratus, exposed to high water temperature.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of increasing water temperature (22-30 °C) on the physiological stress response and immunity of goldfish, Carassius auratus, and the ability of green light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation or melatonin injections to mitigate this temperature-induced stress. To evaluate the effects of either green-wavelength LED light or melatonin on stress in goldfish, we measured plasma triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid hormone receptor (TR) mRNA expression; plasma cortisol and glucose; and immunoglobulin M (IgM) and lysozyme mRNA expression. The thyroid hormone activities, TR mRNA expression, and plasma cortisol and glucose were higher in goldfish exposed to high-temperature water, but were lower after exposure to melatonin or green-wavelength LED light. Lysozyme mRNA expression and plasma IgM activity and protein expression were lower after exposure to high water temperatures and higher after melatonin or green-wavelength LED light treatments. Therefore, high water temperature induced stress and decreased immunity; however, green-wavelength LED light and melatonin treatments mitigated the effects of stress and enhanced immunity. The benefits of melatonin decreased with time, whereas those of green-wavelength LED treatment did not.
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seo Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Na Na
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Jae
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Biological Oceanography and Marine Biology Division, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ansan, 15627, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Ung
authors.initials: YU
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: LED-Marine Biology Convergence Technology Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48547, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Youn Seong
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea. choic@kmou.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Cheol Young
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006054:Goldfish / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007075:Immunoglobulin M / Q000097:blood; D008027:Light; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008550:Melatonin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009113:Muramidase / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone / Q000235:genetics; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000528:radiation effects; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007075:Immunoglobulin M; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011988:Receptors, Thyroid Hormone; D014867:Water; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D009113:Muramidase; D008550:Melatonin; D013974:Thyroxine; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Cortisol; Goldfish; Green-wavelength LED; Melatonin; Thermal stress; Thyroid hormone