title: Production of Fusaric Acid by Fusarium spp. in Pure Culture and in Solid Medium Co-Cultures.
abstract: The ability of fungi isolated from nails of patients suffering from onychomycosis to induce de novo production of bioactive compounds in co-culture was examined. Comparison between the metabolite profiles produced by Sarocladium strictum, by Fusarium oxysporum, and by these two species in co-culture revealed de novo induction of fusaric acid based on HRMS. Structure confirmation of this toxin, using sensitive microflow NMR, required only three 9-cm Petri dishes of fungal culture. A targeted metabolomics study based on UHPLC-HRMS confirmed that the production of fusaric acid was strain-dependent. Furthermore, the detected toxin levels suggested that onychomycosis-associated fungal strains of the F. oxysporum and F. fujikuroi species complexes are much more frequently producing fusaric acid, and in higher amount, than strains of the F. solani species complex. Fusarium strains producing no significant amounts of this compound in pure culture, were shown to de novo produce that compound when grown in co-culture. The role of fusaric acid in fungal virulence and defense is discussed.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. nadine.bohni@unige.ch.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bohni
authors.affiliation: Mycology and Biotechnology Group, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P. O. Box 1012, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland. valerie.hofstetter@agroscope.admin.ch.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hofstetter
authors.affiliation: Mycology and Biotechnology Group, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P. O. Box 1012, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland. katia.gindro@agroscope.admin.ch.
authors.forename: Katia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gindro
authors.affiliation: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Systématique et Évolution, CP 39, ISYEB, UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, 12 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France. buyck@mnhn.fr.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buyck
authors.affiliation: Mycology and Biotechnology Group, Institute for Plant Production Sciences IPS, Agroscope, Route de Duillier 50, P. O. Box 1012, CH-1260 Nyon, Switzerland. olivier.schumpp@agroscope.admin.ch.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schumpp
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. nadine.bohni@chem.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bertrand
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Laboratory of Mycology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. michel.monod@chuv.ch.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monod
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, EPGL, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. jean-luc.wolfender@unige.ch.
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wolfender
mesh_terms: D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D005669:Fusaric Acid / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D005669:Fusaric Acid
keywords: UHPLC-TOFMS; confrontation zone; fusaric acid; induction; microorganism co-culture; multi-locus phylogenetic analyses; solid medium