title: Ugly but tasty: A systematic review of possible human and animal health risks related to entomophagy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  According to many recent studies, the use of insects as food seems to be convenient, sustainable, economical and healthy. The objective of this study is to analyze the possible effects of insect consumption on human and animal health.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature was performed using the PubMed, Scopus and CAB databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 6026 items initially retrieved, 70 were eligible for inclusion; 40 studies analyzed the use of insects in human foods or drugs, while 30 analyzed the use of insects in animal feed. In humans, the most commonly analyzed risks are nutrient malabsorption, growth alteration, chemical and microbiological contamination and allergy risk. Studies of animals focus on growth alteration, nutrient malabsorption and hematic and qualitative meat alteration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In recent years, researchers have shifted their focus from the possible use of edible insects in animal feed to their use as possible nutrient sources for humans. The results suggest that, if properly treated and preserved, products derived from insects are safe and efficient sources of nutrients for animals. Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible effects of prolonged insect consumption on human health.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Turin, Turin , Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Turin, Turin , Italy.
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stillo
authors.affiliation: b Independent Scientific Communication Expert , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maffei
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Turin, Turin , Italy.
authors.forename: Violetta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Andriolo
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Turin, Turin , Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gardois
authors.affiliation: a Department of Sciences of Public Health and Pediatrics , University of Turin, Turin , Italy.
authors.forename: Carla Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Zotti
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D004032:Diet; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D059022:Food Safety; D006801:Humans; D007313:Insecta; D008460:Meat; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000032:analysis; D009753:Nutritive Value; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D018977:Micronutrients
keywords: Food safety; entomophagy; insects; nutrition