title: Epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of pathogens causing urinary tract infections in the Asia-Pacific region: Results from the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART), 2010-2013.
abstract: A total of 9599 isolates of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) were collected from 60 centres in 13 countries in the Asia-Pacific region from 2010-2013. These isolates comprised Enterobacteriaceae species (mainly Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae and Morganella morganii) and non-fermentative GNB species (predominantly Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii). In vitro susceptibilities were determined by the agar dilution method and susceptibility profiles were determined using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) interpretive breakpoints recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute in 2015. Production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) amongst E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis and K. oxytoca isolates was determined by the double-disk synergy test. China, Vietnam, India, Thailand and the Philippines had the highest rates of GNB species producing ESBLs and the highest rates of cephalosporin resistance. ESBL production and hospital-acquired infection (isolates obtained ≥48 h after admission) significantly compromised the susceptibility of isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and most β-lactams, with the exception of imipenem and ertapenem. However, >87% of ESBL-producing E. coli strains were susceptible to amikacin and piperacillin/tazobactam, indicating that these antibiotics might be appropriate alternatives for treating UTIs due to ESBL-producing E. coli. Fluoroquinolones were shown to be inappropriate as empirical therapy for UTIs. Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem in the Asia-Pacific region. Therefore, continuous monitoring of evolutionary trends in the susceptibility profiles of GNB causing UTIs in Asia is crucial.
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Emergency, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shio-Shin
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Jean
authors.affiliation: Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coombs
authors.affiliation: Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.affiliation: Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Balaji
authors.affiliation: P.D. Hinduja National Hospital & Medical Research Center, Mumbai, India.
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshige
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mikamo
authors.affiliation: Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Ja
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Hospital Sultanah Aminah Johin Bahru, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Datin Ganeswrie
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Rajasekaram
authors.affiliation: Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines.
authors.forename: Myrna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Changi General Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Thean Yen
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok-Noi, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pattarachai
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kiratisin
authors.affiliation: Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yuxing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Merck Sharp & Dohme, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weinman
authors.affiliation: Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yingchun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: hsporen@ntu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Po-Ren
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Hsueh
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D044362:Australasia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001618:beta-Lactamases
keywords: ESBL; Extended-spectrum β-lactamase; Gram-negative bacteria; Hospital-acquired; Susceptibility; Urinary tract infection