title: Incidence of Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas Spp. in ICU Patients with Special Reference to ESBL, AMPC, MBL and Biofilm Production.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas spp. have been reported to be the important cause of ICU infections. The appearance of ESBL, AmpC and MBL genes and their spread among bacterial pathogens is a matter of great concern. Biofilm production also attributes to antimicrobial resistance due to close cell to cell contact that permits bacteria to more effectively transfer plasmids to one another. This study aimed at determining the incidence of ESBL, AmpC, MBL and biofilm producing Pseudomonas spp. in ICU patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical specimens were collected aseptically from 150 ICU patients from February 2012 to October 2013. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. ESBLs and AmpC were detected phenotypically and genotypically. MBL was detected by modified Hodge and imipenem-EDTA double-disk synergy test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pseudomonas spp. 35(28%) were the most prevalent pathogen in ICU infections. Multidrug resistance and biofilm production was observed in 80.1% and 60.4% isolates, respectively. Prevalence of ESBL, AmpC and MBL was 22.9%, 42.8% and 14.4%, respectively. The average hospital stay was 25 days and was associated with 20% mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A regular surveillance is required to detect ESBL, AmpC and MBL producers especially in ICU patients. Carbapenems should be judiciously used to prevent their spread. The effective antibiotics, such as fluoroquinolones and piperacillin-tazobactum should be used after sensitivity testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, J N Medical College, Aligarh, India.
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, J N Medical College, Aligarh, India.
authors.forename: Abida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, J N Medical College, Aligarh, India.
authors.forename: Meher
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizvi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, AMU, Aligarh, India.
authors.forename: S Moied
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ahmed
keywords: ICU; multidrug resistance; pseudomonas