title: New insights into sex chromosome evolution in anole lizards (Reptilia, Dactyloidae).
abstract: Anoles are a clade of iguanian lizards that underwent an extensive radiation between 125 and 65 million years ago. Their karyotypes show wide variation in diploid number spanning from 26 (Anolis evermanni) to 44 (A. insolitus). This chromosomal variation involves their sex chromosomes, ranging from simple systems (XX/XY), with heterochromosomes represented by either micro- or macrochromosomes, to multiple systems (X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y). Here, for the first time, the homology relationships of sex chromosomes have been investigated in nine anole lizards at the whole chromosome level. Cross-species chromosome painting using sex chromosome paints from A. carolinensis, Ctenonotus pogus and Norops sagrei and gene mapping of X-linked genes demonstrated that the anole ancestral sex chromosome system constituted by microchromosomes is retained in all the species with the ancestral karyotype (2n = 36, 12 macro- and 24 microchromosomes). On the contrary, species with a derived karyotype, namely those belonging to genera Ctenonotus and Norops, show a series of rearrangements (fusions/fissions) involving autosomes/microchromosomes that led to the formation of their current sex chromosome systems. These results demonstrate that different autosomes were involved in translocations with sex chromosomes in closely related lineages of anole lizards and that several sequential microautosome/sex chromosome fusions lead to a remarkable increase in size of Norops sagrei sex chromosomes.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy. m.giovannotti@univpm.it.|Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK. m.giovannotti@univpm.it.
authors.forename: M
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7622-3583
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovannotti
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.|Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Trifonov
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paoletti
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Kichigin
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
authors.forename: P C M
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giovagnoli
authors.affiliation: Cytometry Core Facility, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruggeri
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: P Nisi
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Cerioni
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Splendiani
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.|Cytocell Ltd, Cambridge Technopark, Newmarket Road, Cambridge, CB5 8PB, UK.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olmo
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rens
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy.|Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine Sezione Pesca Marittima, Largo Fiera della Pesca, 60125, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Caputo Barucchi
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Resource Centre for Comparative Genomics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ferguson-Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002871:Chromosome Banding; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D020223:Chromosome Painting; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D059785:Karyotype; D007621:Karyotyping; D008116:Lizards / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012730:Sex Chromosomes
keywords: Anolis; Chromosome rearrangements; Comparative mapping; Ctenonotus; Norops; Sex chromosome homology