title: Highly diverse posaviruses in swine faeces are aquatic in origin.
abstract: Posaviruses are a group of highly divergent viruses identified in swine faeces that are distantly related to other members of the order Picornavirales. Eighteen posavirus genomes were assembled from 10 out of 25 (40 %) faecal-swab pools collected from healthy adult swine. Phylogenetic analysis of the conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Pol) domain found that posaviruses form a large, highly diverse, monophyletic clade, which includes similar viruses identified in human (husavirus) and fish (fisavirus) faeces or intestinal contents, respectively. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis of water samples collected from commercial swine barns identified four out of 19 (21 %) samples were positive using a 5'-nuclease assay targeting the Pol region of posavirus 1. ICPD (immunoprecipitation coupled to PCR detection) assays to explore serological evidence of posavirus infection found only a single positive sample, suggesting posaviruses do not commonly infect swine, and together these results suggests a likely aquatic host.
authors.affiliation: Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.|Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Ben M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Hause
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Palinski
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.|Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.|Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D010802:Phylogeny; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D013552:Swine / Q000821:virology*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase