title: Bioimpedance spectroscopy in the infant: effect of milk intake and extracellular fluid reservoirs on resistance measurements in term breastfed infants.
abstract: Bioimpedance spectroscopy is an accurate non-invasive method for measuring body composition in adults, but in infants it requires further testing and validation. Of the few studies of bioimpedance conducted in infants, none have comprehensively investigated the effect of milk intake volume. This study assessed the effect of the milk intake, feed duration and the volume of the infant's stomach and bladder on the resistance values pre-/post-feed to establish the feasibility of using these values interchangeably during data collection.
  
  
  
  Forty-eight breastfeeding infants were measured at 2, 5, 9 and/or 12 months (n=62 sessions) within 1-2 min before the start and after the end of breastfeed. Median (IQR) time between measurements was 24 (20.0-30.0) min. Resistance measurements at 0 and 50 kHz, and infinite frequency (R0, R50 and Rinf) and resistance of intracellular water (Ricw) were analysed with customised infant settings. Milk intake was measured by test weights. Free-water volumes and free-water change were determined from stomach and bladder volumes calculated from ultrasound images.
  
  
  
  Small pre-to-post-feed changes (median (IQR): R0 -3.7 (-14.8, 14.3); R50 0.3 (-10.4, 15.0); Rinf 2.8 (-13.3, 35.5); Ricw 20.8 (-98.1, 290.9)) were not significantly different from zero (R0: P=0.92; R50: P=0.48; Rinf: P=0.32; Ricw: P=0.097). No significant effect of milk intake or free-water change was detected.
  
  
  
  The lack of consistent change in resistance across a breastfeed provides flexibility in the timing of measurements of infants in the research setting, such that typically pre- and post-feed measures of resistance can be used interchangeably.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gridneva
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hepworth
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: C T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Geddes
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D017097:Electric Impedance; D045604:Extracellular Fluid; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013270:Stomach; D001743:Urinary Bladder; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water