title: Role of Multicellular Aggregates in Biofilm Formation.
abstract: In traditional models ofin vitrobiofilm development, individual bacterial cells seed a surface, multiply, and mature into multicellular, three-dimensional structures. Much research has been devoted to elucidating the mechanisms governing the initial attachment of single cells to surfaces. However, in natural environments and during infection, bacterial cells tend to clump as multicellular aggregates, and biofilms can also slough off aggregates as a part of the dispersal process. This makes it likely that biofilms are often seeded by aggregates and single cells, yet how these aggregates impact biofilm initiation and development is not known. Here we use a combination of experimental and computational approaches to determine the relative fitness of single cells and preformed aggregates during early development ofPseudomonas aeruginosabiofilms. We find that the relative fitness of aggregates depends markedly on the density of surrounding single cells, i.e., the level of competition for growth resources. When competition between aggregates and single cells is low, an aggregate has a growth disadvantage because the aggregate interior has poor access to growth resources. However, if competition is high, aggregates exhibit higher fitness, because extending vertically above the surface gives cells at the top of aggregates better access to growth resources. Other advantages of seeding by aggregates, such as earlier switching to a biofilm-like phenotype and enhanced resilience toward antibiotics and immune response, may add to this ecological benefit. Our findings suggest that current models of biofilm formation should be reconsidered to incorporate the role of aggregates in biofilm initiation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  During the past decades, there has been a consensus around the model of development of a biofilm, involving attachment of single planktonic bacterial cells to a surface and the subsequent development of a mature biofilm. This study presents results that call for a modification of this rigorous model. We show how free floating biofilm aggregates can have a profound local effect on biofilm development when attaching to a surface. Our findings show that an aggregate landing on a surface will eventually outcompete the biofilm population arising from single cells attached around the aggregate and dominate the local biofilm development. These results point to a regime where preformed biofilm aggregates may have a fitness advantage over planktonic cells when it comes to accessing nutrients. Our findings add to the increasingly prominent comprehension that biofilm lifestyle is the default for bacteria and that planktonic single cells may be only a transition state at the most.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kasper N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Kragh
authors.affiliation: Center for Nonlinear Dynamics and Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Jaime B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Melaugh
authors.affiliation: Center for Nonlinear Dynamics and Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodesney
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Aled E L
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Irie
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter Ø
authors.initials: PØ
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Diggle
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rosalind J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Center for Nonlinear Dynamics and Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA Gordon@chaos.utexas.edu tbjarnsholt@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Vernita
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark Gordon@chaos.utexas.edu tbjarnsholt@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bjarnsholt
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D003198:Computer Simulation; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000502:physiology*