title: Control beliefs and health locus of control in Ugandan, German and migrated sub-Saharan African HIV infected individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the influence of control beliefs on antiretroviral drug adherence in patients who migrated from sub-Saharan Africa to Europe. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in health locus of control and control beliefs between HIV infected patients from sub-Saharan Africa with and without a lifetime experience of migration.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 62 HIV infected consecutive patients referred to the HIV clinics at the University Hospital of Münster (Germany) and at the Rubaga Hospital Kampala (Uganda) were enrolled into this study. We compared three groups of patients: sub-Saharan African migrants, German patients, and local Ugandan patients. We used the German health and illness related control beliefs questionnaire (KKG), the Competence and control beliefs questionnaire (FKK), and the Powe Fatalism Inventory-HIV/AIDS-Version (PFI-HIV/AIDS-Version) and translated these scales into English and Luganda. In addition, the patients' sociodemographic, acculturation, clinical, and immunological data were registered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant results were shown in HIV related external locus of control between migrated sub-Saharan African and local Ugandan patients compared to German patients. General control beliefs showed no significant differences. In the PFI-HIV-Version, there was a significant difference between migrated sub-Saharan African and Ugandan patients compared to German patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that the experience of migration does not influence the locus of control. Compared to German HIV patients, African patients in general showed a significantly higher external health locus of control which might have implications for drug adherence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Ruth U
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Milz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingo-W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Husstedt
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine D, University of Münster, Germany.
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reichelt
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Germany; Department of Neurology, Krankenhaus Lindenbrunn, Germany. Electronic address: everss@uni-muenster.de.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Evers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000208:ethnology; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000523:psychology*; D014177:Translations; D014454:Uganda / Q000453:epidemiology; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
keywords: Control beliefs; HIV infection; Health locus of control; Health services research; Migration; Sub-Saharan Africa