title: Serum levels of endocan, claudin-5 and cytokines in migraine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endothelial dysfunction is involved in inflammatory disorders, migration, angiogenesis, and tumor progression. There is a known relationship between migraine and inflammation; however, there are conflicting data as to whether there is a link between migraine and endothelial dysfunction. The current study aimed to determine the relationships between migraine and levels of serum Endocan (ESM-1), Claudin-5 (CLDN5), IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, which are proven indicators of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in patients with migraine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one patients and 24 healthy subjects were included in this study. Participants underwent thorough physical and neurological evaluations, and levels of serum ESM-1, CLDN5, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were measured for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of ESM-1, CLDN5, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly higher in the migraine attack group than in the control group (p: 0.006, p: 0.002, p: 0.002, p: 0.003, p: 0.036, respectively). Additionally, there were significant differences in the ESM-1 levels of the visual analog scale (VAS) subgroup (p = 0.041), and there were moderate differences in the CLDN5 levels of the VAS subgroup (p = 0.064).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the migraine attack group indicate that inflammation plays a major role in migraine pathogenesis. In particular, the high ESM-1 and CLDN5 levels in patients with migraine suggest that inflammation should be investigated further, it may be a useful tool in the differential diagnosis of migraine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Sakarya University, Faculty of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey. drmrtycl@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yücel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kotan
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gurol Çiftçi
authors.forename: I H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Çiftçi
authors.forename: H I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Cikriklar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D062507:Claudin-5 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000097:blood*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000097:blood*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C107466:CLDN5 protein, human; D062507:Claudin-5; C101134:ESM1 protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D011509:Proteoglycans; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha