title: Movement pattern components and mastery of an object control skill with error-reduced learning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reports the effects of error-reduced learning on movement components and mastery of overhand throwing in children with and without intellectual disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary data analysis was performed on two samples of children (typically developing, TD; intellectual disability, ID) who practiced overhand throwing in either an error-reduced (ER) or error-strewn (ES) condition. Movement pattern components were assessed using a sub-skill of Test of Gross Motor Development-2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In TD participants, ER learners displayed improved follow-through while ES learners did not. Among children with ID, ER learners displayed greater improvements of hip/shoulder rotation and follow-through, than ES learners. Discriminant function analysis confirmed that changes in these components differentiated learning groups. Greater percentage of ER, compared to ES, participants progressed to mastery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With suppressed errors, the follow-through component of overhand throwing is likely to emerge, particularly in children with inferior abilities, and cognitive limitations. Error-reduced learning facilitates mastery.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong.|b College of Allied Medical Professions, University of the Philippines Manila , Philippines.
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Capio
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong.|c School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.
authors.forename: Jamie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Poolton
authors.affiliation: d Therabilities Inc. , Pasig , Philippines.
authors.forename: Kathlynne F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Eguia
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Cynthia S Y
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong.|e Te Oranga School of Human Development and Movement Studies, The University of Waikato , Hamilton , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Rich S W
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Masters
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Error-reduced learning; intellectual disability; object control; overhand throwing