title: Epidemiology of hospital-acquired pneumonia: Results of a Central European multicenter, prospective, observational study compared with data from the European region.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is associated with high mortality. In Central Europe, there is a dearth of information on the prevalence and treatment of HAP. This project was aimed at collecting multicenter epidemiological data on patients with HAP in the Czech Republic and comparing them with supraregional data.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, multicenter, observational study processed data from a database supported by a Czech Ministry of Health grant project. Included were all consecutive patients aged 18 and over who were admitted to participating intensive care units (ICUs) between 1 May 2013 and 31 December 2014 and met the inclusion criterion of having HAP. The primary endpoint was to analyze the relationships between 30-day mortality (during the stay in or after discharge from ICUs) and the microbiological etiological agent and adequacy of initial empirical antibiotic therapy in HAP patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The group dataset contained data on 330 enrolled patients. The final validated dataset involved 214 patients, 168 males (78.5%) and 46 females (21.5%), from whom 278 valid lower airway samples were obtained. The mean patient age was 59.9 years. The mean APACHE II score at admission was 21. Community-acquired pneumonia was identified in 13 patients and HAP in 201 patients, of whom 26 (12.1%) had early-onset and 175 (81.8%) had late-onset HAP. Twenty-two bacterial species were identified as etiologic agents but only six of them exceeded a frequency of detection of 5% (Klebsiella pneumoniae 20.4%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 20.0%, Escherichia coli 10.8%, Enterobacter spp. 8.1%, Staphylococcus aureus 6.2% and Burkholderia cepacia complex 5.8%). Patients infected with Staphylococcus aureus had significantly higher rates of early-onset HAP than those with other etiologic agents. The overall 30-day mortality rate for HAP was 29.9%, with 19.2% mortality for early-onset HAP and 31.4% mortality for late-onset HAP. Patients with late-onset HAP receiving adequate initial empirical antibiotic therapy had statistically significantly lower 30-day mortality than those receiving inadequate initial antibiotic therapy (23.8% vs 42.9%). Patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) had significantly higher mortality than those who developed HAP with no association with mechanical ventilation (34.6% vs 12.7%). Patients having VAP treated with adequate initial antibiotic therapy had lower 30-day mortality than those receiving inadequate therapy (27.2% vs 44.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study was the first to collect multicenter data on the epidemiology of HAP in the Central European Region, with respect to the incidence of etiologic agents causing HAP. It was concerned with relationships between 30-day patient mortality and the type of HAP, etiologic agent and adequacy of initial empirical antibiotic therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herkel
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Radovan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uvizl
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Doubravska
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Adamus
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, T. Bata Hospital, Zlin, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gabrhelik
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Miroslava
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Htoutou Sedlakova
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kolar
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Vojtech
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hanulik
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc and University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Vendula
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pudova
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Langova
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Thomayer Hospital Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zazula
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Thomayer Hospital Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rezac
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Thomayer Hospital Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moravec
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Thomayer Hospital Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cermak
authors.affiliation: Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Forensic Studies, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.|Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sevcik
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University in Brno and University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stasek
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University in Brno and University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malaska
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University in Brno and University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Alena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sevcikova
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University in Brno and University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Marketa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanslianova
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Zdenek
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Turek
authors.affiliation: Department of Research and Development, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.|Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cerny
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Pavla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Paterova
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018153:Czech Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology*; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: HAP; VAP; antibiotic therapy; hospital-acquired pneumonia; mortality