title: Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking Beginning in Adolescence Predict Insomnia in the Mid Thirties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insomnia is increasingly recognized as a public health concern in modern society. Insomnia diagnoses appear to be increasing and are associated with poor health outcomes. They may cost $100 billion annually in health services.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Given the adverse consequences of insomnia such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and depression, the present study was designed to examine the relationship of the trajectories of earlier cigarette smoking and later insomnia. The ultimate goal is to reduce the prevalence of insomnia.
  
  
  METHODS
  674 participants (53% African Americans, 47% Puerto Ricans, 60% females) were surveyed at 6 points in time. We employed the growth mixture model to obtain the trajectories of cigarette smoking from age 14 to 32. We used logistic regression analyses to examine the associations between the trajectories of smoking and insomnia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Males were less likely to have insomnia than females (Adjusted odds ratio: AOR = 0.34, p < .05). A higher Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) for the chronic smoking trajectory group (AOR = 2.69, p < .05) and for the moderate smoking trajectory group (AOR = 5.33, p < .01) was associated with an increased likelihood of having insomnia at age 36 compared with the BPP of the no or low smoking trajectory group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevention and treatment programs for individuals who suffer from insomnia should be implemented in parallel with programs for smoking cessation. From a public health perspective, our longitudinal study that examined the association between earlier smoking trajectories and later insomnia suggests that treatments designed to reduce or cease smoking may lessen the occurrence of symptoms of insomnia.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , New York University School of Medicine , New York , New York , USA.
authors.forename: Jung Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , New York University School of Medicine , New York , New York , USA.
authors.forename: Judith S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.affiliation: b Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York , USA.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Finch
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry , New York University School of Medicine , New York , New York , USA.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Brook
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011647:Puerto Rico; D012307:Risk Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Longitudinal study; cigarette use; ethnic minority youth; insomnia; trajectory analysis