title: Fracture Prediction With Modified-FRAX in Older HIV-Infected and Uninfected Men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  FRAX is a validated, computer-based clinical fracture risk calculator that estimates the 10-year risk of major osteoporotic (clinical spine, forearm, hip, or shoulder) fracture, and hip fracture alone. It is widely used for decision making in fracture prevention, but it may underestimate the risk in HIV-infected individuals. Some experts recommend considering HIV as a cause of secondary osteoporosis when calculating FRAX in HIV-infected individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  From the Veterans Aging Cohort Study Virtual Cohort, we included 24,451 HIV-infected and uninfected men aged 50-70 years with complete data in the year 2000 to approximate all but 2 factors (ie, history of secondary osteoporosis and parental hip fracture) for modified-FRAX calculation without bone density and 10-year observational data for incident fragility fracture. The accuracy of the modified-FRAX calculation was compared by the observed/estimated (O/E) ratios of fracture by HIV status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The accuracy of modified-FRAX was less for HIV-infected [O/E = 1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45 to 1.81] than uninfected men (O/E = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.19 to 1.40), but improved when HIV was included as a cause of secondary osteoporosis (O/E = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.34). However, only 3%-6% of men with incident fractures were correctly identified by the modified-FRAX using accepted FRAX thresholds for pharmacologic therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modified-FRAX underestimated the fracture rates more in older HIV-infected than in otherwise similar uninfected men. The accuracy improved when HIV was included as a cause of secondary osteoporosis, but it still performed poorly for case finding. Further studies are necessary to determine how to use FRAX or define an HIV-specific index to risk stratify for screening and treatment in older HIV-infected individuals.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; †Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY; ‡VA Medical Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; §VA Medical Center and Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; ‖VA North Texas Healthcare System, Dallas, TX; ¶Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Infectious Diseases Section, and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; #Arcadia Healthcare Solutions, New York, NY; **Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; ††VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT; and ‡‡Yale School of Nursing, West Haven, CT.
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiau
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rimland
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Gibert
authors.forename: Roger J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Bedimo
authors.forename: Maria C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Barradas
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harwood
authors.forename: Josh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aschheim
authors.forename: Amy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Justice
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Womack
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D015519:Bone Density; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D005598:Fractures, Spontaneous / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014728:Veterans