title: Transcriptional Reactivation of OTX2, RX1 and SIX3 during Reprogramming Contributes to the Generation of RPE Cells from Human iPSCs.
abstract: Directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) holds great promise in cell replacement therapy for patients suffering from degenerative eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this study, we generated iPSCs from human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) by electroporation with episomal plasmid vectors encoding OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, L-MYC together with p53 suppression. Intriguingly, cell reprogramming resulted in a metastable transcriptional activation and selective demethylation of neural and retinal specification-associated genes, such as OTX2, RX1 and SIX3. In contrast, RPE progenitor genes were transcriptionally silent in HDFs and descendant iPSCs. Overexpression of OCT4 and SOX2 directly stimulated the expression of OTX2, RX1 and SIX3 in HDFs and iPSCs. Luciferase and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays further identified an OCT4- and two SOX2-binding sites located in the proximal promoter of OTX2. Histone acetylation and methylation on the local promoter also participated in the reactivation of OTX2. The transcriptional conversion of RX1 and SIX3 genes partially attributed to DNA demethylation. Subsequently, iPSCs were induced into the RPE cells displaying the characteristics of polygonal shapes and pigments, and expressing typical RPE cell markers. Taken together, our results establish readily efficient and safe protocols to produce iPSCs and iPSC-derived RPE cells, and underline that the reactivation of anterior neural transcription factor OTX2, eye field transcription factor RX1 and SIX3 in iPSCs is a feature of pluripotency acquisition and predetermines the potential of RPE differentiation.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xiaofeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Zhizhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Yinan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Ruimin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Limin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Yanling
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Shuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Haojie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Mingzhi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ruizhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shen
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D065150:Cellular Reprogramming / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000235:genetics*; D051857:Otx Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D000097607:Homeobox Protein SIX3
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; D051857:Otx Transcription Factors; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors; D000097607:Homeobox Protein SIX3; C000715467:KLF4 protein, human; C000596782:MYCL protein, human; C497659:OTX2 protein, human
keywords: epigenetic modification; induced pluripotent stem cells; reprogramming; retinal pigment epithelium