title: Cigarette smoking and the oral microbiome in a large study of American adults.
abstract: Oral microbiome dysbiosis is associated with oral disease and potentially with systemic diseases; however, the determinants of these microbial imbalances are largely unknown. In a study of 1204 US adults, we assessed the relationship of cigarette smoking with the oral microbiome. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on DNA from oral wash samples, sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using QIIME and metagenomic content was inferred using PICRUSt. Overall oral microbiome composition differed between current and non-current (former and never) smokers (P<0.001). Current smokers had lower relative abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria (4.6%) compared with never smokers (11.7%) (false discovery rate q=5.2 × 10(-7)), with no difference between former and never smokers; the depletion of Proteobacteria in current smokers was also observed at class, genus and OTU levels. Taxa not belonging to Proteobacteria were also associated with smoking: the genera Capnocytophaga, Peptostreptococcus and Leptotrichia were depleted, while Atopobium and Streptococcus were enriched, in current compared with never smokers. Functional analysis from inferred metagenomes showed that bacterial genera depleted by smoking were related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism, and to xenobiotic metabolism. Our findings demonstrate that smoking alters the oral microbiome, potentially leading to shifts in functional pathways with implications for smoking-related diseases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.|NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Brandilyn A
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1534-2578
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dominianni
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Yilong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.|Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.|Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Zhiheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Pei
authors.affiliation: Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Liying
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Yingfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.|Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Purdue
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gapstur
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Huilin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Informatics Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.|Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.|Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Alekseyenko
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.|NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.|NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jiyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D064806:Dysbiosis / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome; D056186:Metagenomics; D064307:Microbiota; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S