title: Visual acuity and magnification devices in dentistry.
abstract: This review discusses visual acuity in dentistry and the influence of optical aids. Studies based on objective visual tests at a dental working distance were included. These studies show dramatic individual variation independent of the dentists age. The limitations due to presbyopia begin at an age of 40 years. Dental professionals should have their near vision tested regularly. Visual deficiencies can be compensated with magnification aids. It is important to differentiate between Galilean and Keplerian loupes. The lightweight Galilean loupes allow an almost straight posture and offer improved ergonomics. Younger dentists profit more from the ergonomic aspects, while dentists over the age of 40 can compensate their age-related visual deficiencies when using this type of loupe. Keplerian loupes, with their superior optical construction, improve the visual performance for dentists of all age groups. The optical advantages come at the cost of ergonomic constraints due to the weight of these loupes. The microscope is highly superior visually and ergonomically, and it is indispensable for the visual control of endodontic treatments.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eichenberger
authors.forename: Klaus W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Neuhaus
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lussi
mesh_terms: D003748:Dental Equipment; D003762:Dental Instruments; D006801:Humans; D007909:Lenses; D008348:Manikins; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055096:Optical Devices; D013557:Switzerland; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000295:instrumentation
keywords: near vision test; magnification; loupe; microscope