title: UPDATING OF THE ANATOMY OF THE EXTENSOR MECHANISM OF THE KNEE USING A THREE-DIMENSIONAL VIEWING TECHNIQUE.
abstract: The knee extensor mechanism is a complex structure formed by the quadriceps muscle and tendon, the patella, the patellar tendon and the ligaments that surround and help stabilize the knee. Through using a three-dimensional viewing technique on images of the knee extensor apparatus, we aimed to didactically show the structures that compose this bone-muscle-ligament complex. Anatomical dissection of the knee with emphasis on the structures of its extensor mechanism was performed, followed by taking photographs using a camera and lenses suitable for simulating human vision, through a technique for constructing three-dimensional images. Then, with the aid of appropriate software, pairs of images of the same structure from different angles simulating human vision were overlain with the addition of polarizing layer, thereby completing the construction of an anaglyphic image. The main structures of the knee extensor mechanism could be observed with a three-dimensional effect. Among the main benefits relating to this technique, we can highlight that in addition to teaching and studying musculoskeletal anatomy, it has potential use in training for surgical procedures and production of images for diagnostic tests.
authors.affiliation: Orthopedist at the Sports Traumatology Center (CETE), Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diego Costa
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Astur
authors.affiliation: Orthopedist at the Cohen Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Saulo Gomes
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Orthopedist at the Cohen Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Badra
authors.affiliation: Orthopedist at the Sports Traumatology Center (CETE), Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo Gonçalves
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Arliani
authors.affiliation: Orthopedist at the School of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Cohen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Kaleka
authors.affiliation: Orthopedist at the School of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wahi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jalikjian
authors.affiliation: Anatomist at the University of Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Pau
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Golanó
authors.affiliation: Full Professor in the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, and Head of the Sports Traumatology Department (CETE), UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Moisés
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
keywords: Anatomy; Imaging; Knee; Three-Dimensional