title: Structural Confirmation of a Unique Carotenoid Lactoside, P457, in Symbiodinium sp. Strain nbrc 104787 Isolated from a Sea Anemone and its Distribution in Dinoflagellates and Various Marine Organisms.
abstract: The molecular structure of the carotenoid lactoside P457, (3S,5R,6R,3'S,5'R,6'S)-13'-cis-5,6-epoxy-3',5'-dihydroxy-3-(β-d-galactosyl-(1→4)-β-d-glucosyl)oxy-6',7'-didehydro-5,6,7,8,5',6'-hexahydro-β,β-caroten-20-al, was confirmed by spectroscopic methods using Symbiodinium sp. strain NBRC 104787 cells isolated from a sea anemone. Among various algae, cyanobacteria, land plants, and marine invertebrates, the distribution of this unique diglycosyl carotenoid was restricted to free-living peridinin-containing dinoflagellates and marine invertebrates that harbor peridinin-containing zooxanthellae. Neoxanthin appeared to be a common precursor for biosynthesis of peridinin and P457, although neoxanthin was not found in peridinin-containing dinoflagellates. Fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates did not possess peridinin or P457; green dinoflagellates, which contain chlorophyll a and b, did not contain peridinin, fucoxanthin, or P457; and no unicellular algae containing both peridinin and P457, other than peridinin-containing dinoflagellates, have been observed. Therefore, the biosynthetic pathways for peridinin and P457 may have been coestablished during the evolution of dinoflagellates after the host heterotrophic eukaryotic microorganism formed a symbiotic association with red alga that does not contain peridinin or P457.
authors.affiliation: Course in Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakahama
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, 48940, Spain.
authors.forename: Aitor
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laza-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Course in Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
authors.forename: Ahmad Iskandar
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Bin Haji Mohd Taha
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Environmental Molecular Biology, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Okuyama
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetic Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyohito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural History Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kogame
authors.affiliation: Division of Global Research Leaders, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Awai
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Production Development, Kyoto, 606-0805, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, 211-0061, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takaichi
keywords: P457; Symbiodinium; carotenoid; dinoflagellates; peridinin; symbiosis