title: Jack-of-all-trades effects drive biodiversity-ecosystem multifunctionality relationships in European forests.
abstract: There is considerable evidence that biodiversity promotes multiple ecosystem functions (multifunctionality), thus ensuring the delivery of ecosystem services important for human well-being. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are poorly understood, especially in natural ecosystems. We develop a novel approach to partition biodiversity effects on multifunctionality into three mechanisms and apply this to European forest data. We show that throughout Europe, tree diversity is positively related with multifunctionality when moderate levels of functioning are required, but negatively when very high function levels are desired. For two well-known mechanisms, 'complementarity' and 'selection', we detect only minor effects on multifunctionality. Instead a third, so far overlooked mechanism, the 'jack-of-all-trades' effect, caused by the averaging of individual species effects on function, drives observed patterns. Simulations demonstrate that jack-of-all-trades effects occur whenever species effects on different functions are not perfectly correlated, meaning they may contribute to diversity-multifunctionality relationships in many of the world's ecosystems.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland.|Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Fons
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van der Plas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland.|Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biology, Geobotany, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scherer-Lorenzen
authors.affiliation: Forest &Nature Lab, Department of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Verheyen
authors.affiliation: Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.|German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.affiliation: Forest Ecology and Restoration Group, Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zavala
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, S Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hector
authors.affiliation: Forest &Nature Lab, Department of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Evy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ampoorter
authors.affiliation: Forest &Nature Lab, Department of Forest and Water Management, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.|Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lander
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baeten
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France.|University Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33600 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barbaro
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Chair of Silviculture, University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, 79085 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bauhus
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biology, Geobotany, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benavides
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Chair of Silviculture, University of Freiburg, Fahnenbergplatz, 79085 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benneter
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berthold
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR EEF, Allée de l'Arboretum, 54280 Champenoux, France.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonal
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Forestry, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, Universitatii Street 13, Suceava 720229, Romania.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8046-466X
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bouriaud
authors.affiliation: German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.|Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle, Germany.
authors.forename: Helge
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bruelheide
authors.affiliation: Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DISPAA), Lab. of Applied and Environmental Botany, University of Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bussotti
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant and Microbial Ecology, University of Liège, Botany B22, Chemin de la Vallée 4, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carnol
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France.|University Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33600 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Bastien
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Castagneyrol
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France.|University Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33600 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Yohan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Charbonnier
authors.affiliation: Forest Ecology and Conservation, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coomes
authors.affiliation: Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DISPAA), Lab. of Applied and Environmental Botany, University of Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coppi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural Sciences, MNCN, CSIC, Serrano 115 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Bastias
authors.affiliation: Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Seid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muhie Dawud
authors.affiliation: Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: De Wandeler
authors.affiliation: Natural Resources Institute Finland, PO Box 68, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Domisch
authors.affiliation: Natural Resources Institute Finland, PO Box 68, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland.
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Finér
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gessler
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR EEF, Allée de l'Arboretum, 54280 Champenoux, France.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Granier
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grossiord
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France.|University Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33600 Pessac, France.|INRA, UMR 1201, DYNAFOR, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Guyot
authors.affiliation: Centre of Evolutionary and Functional Ecology (CEFE UMR 5175 - University of Montpellier - University Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hättenschwiler
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33610 Cestas, France.|University Bordeaux, BIOGECO, UMR 1202, F-33600 Pessac, France.
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jactel
authors.affiliation: Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Ilji Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Bogdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jaroszewicz
authors.affiliation: Centre of Evolutionary and Functional Ecology (CEFE UMR 5175 - University of Montpellier - University Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE), 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: François-Xavier
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Joly
authors.affiliation: Forest Ecology and Conservation, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jucker
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koricheva
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK.
authors.forename: Harriet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Milligan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biology, Geobotany, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Muys
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7026, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Diem
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9680-5772
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DISPAA), Lab. of Applied and Environmental Botany, University of Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pollastrini
authors.affiliation: Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raulund-Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DISPAA), Lab. of Applied and Environmental Botany, University of Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Selvi
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7026, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stenlid
authors.affiliation: Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural Sciences, MNCN, CSIC, Serrano 115 bis, 28006 Madrid, Spain.|Departamento de Biología y Geología, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, c/ Tulipan s.n., 28933 Móstoles, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Valladares
authors.affiliation: Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vesterdal
authors.affiliation: Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Ilji Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Dawid
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zielínski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, CH-3013 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D005060:Europe; D065928:Forests; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013045:Species Specificity; D014197:Trees / Q000502:physiology