title: CT evaluation of medial clavicular epiphysis as a method of bone age determination in adolescents and young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to investigate the use of computed tomography (CT) staging of the medial clavicular epiphysis ossification in forensic bone age determination, and find a CT criterion to determine whether an individual is adult or not.
  
  
  METHODS
  Chest CT and pulmonary CT angiography exams of 354 patients between 10 and 30 years of age (mean, 21.4 years) were retrospectively evaluated for epiphyseal ossification phase of the bilateral medial clavicles (708 clavicles) and compared with the sex and chronologic age of the individuals. The ossification phase of the medial clavicular epiphyses was classified from stage I to stage V using a modified staging system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Epiphyseal ossification center appeared from 11 to 21 years of age. Partial fusion occurred between 16 and 23 years of age. Complete fusion was first achieved at the ages of 18 and 19 years for male and female individuals, respectively. The probability of an individual being ≥18 years old was 70.8% in stage III A and 100% in stages III B, IV, and V in females and males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT evaluation of the medial clavicular epiphysis is helpful in forensic age determination and stage III B can be used as a criterion to make the prediction that an individual is older than 18 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Pamukkale, Denizli, Turkey. furkan.ufuk@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Furkan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ufuk
authors.forename: Kadir
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Agladioglu
authors.forename: Nevzat
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karabulut
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002968:Clavicle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004838:Epiphyses; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult