title: Trojan-Like Internalization of Anatase Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles by Human Osteoblast Cells.
abstract: Dentistry and orthopedics are undergoing a revolution in order to provide more reliable, comfortable and long-lasting implants to patients. Titanium (Ti) and titanium alloys have been used in dental implants and total hip arthroplasty due to their excellent biocompatibility. However, Ti-based implants in human body suffer surface degradation (corrosion and wear) resulting in the release of metallic ions and solid wear debris (mainly titanium dioxide) leading to peri-implant inflammatory reactions. Unfortunately, our current understanding of the biological interactions with titanium dioxide nanoparticles is still very limited. Taking this into consideration, this study focuses on the internalization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on primary bone cells, exploring the events occurring at the nano-bio interface. For the first time, we report the selective binding of calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P) and proteins from cell culture medium to anatase nanoparticles that are extremely important for nanoparticle internalization and bone cells survival. In the intricate biological environment, anatase nanoparticles form bio-complexes (mixture of proteins and ions) which act as a kind of 'Trojan-horse' internalization by cells. Furthermore, anatase nanoparticles-induced modifications on cell behavior (viability and internalization) could be understand in detail. The results presented in this report can inspire new strategies for the use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in several regeneration therapies.
authors.affiliation: Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.|Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.|Postgraduate Program in Translational Biomedicine, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.|Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gemini-Piperni
authors.affiliation: Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Travassos
authors.affiliation: Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.|Welcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lemgruber
authors.affiliation: Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Center for Research in Physics-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Biomineralization laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farina
authors.affiliation: Institut de Science des Materiaux de Mulhouse-CNRS UMR7391, Universite de Haute-Alsace, Mulhouse, France.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anselme
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago 60607, United States.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shokuhfar
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.|Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60607, United States.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shahbazian-Yassar
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.|Center of Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine-FASE, Petrópolis, Brasil.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borojevic
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.|Physics Department, University Estadual Paulista, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.|Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Werckmann
authors.affiliation: Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology Quality and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.|Brazilian Branch of Institute of Biomaterials, Tribocorrosion and Nanomedicine (IBTN), University Estadual Paulista, Faculty of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.|Dental School, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Granjeiro
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004705:Endocytosis; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: C009495:titanium dioxide; D010758:Phosphorus; D014025:Titanium; D002118:Calcium