title: Population differentiation in the context of Holocene climate change for a migratory marine species, the southern elephant seal.
abstract: Understanding observed patterns of connectivity requires an understanding of the evolutionary processes that determine genetic structure among populations, with the most common models being associated with isolation by distance, allopatry or vicariance. Pinnipeds are annual breeders with the capacity for extensive range overlap during seasonal migrations, establishing the potential for the evolution of isolation by distance. Here, we assess the pattern of differentiation among six breeding colonies of the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina, based on mtDNA and 15 neutral microsatellite DNA markers, and consider measures of their demography and connectivity. We show that all breeding colonies are genetically divergent and that connectivity in this highly mobile pinniped is not strongly associated with geographic distance, but more likely linked to Holocene climate change and demographic processes. Estimates of divergence times between populations were all after the last glacial maximum, and there was evidence for directional migration in a clockwise pattern (with the prevailing current) around the Antarctic. We discuss the mechanisms by which climate change may have contributed to the contemporary genetic structure of southern elephant seal populations and the broader implications.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Corrigan
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.|Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy.|Elephant Seal Research Group, Sea Lion Island, Falkland Islands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fabiani
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.|Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: L F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Chauke
authors.affiliation: Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Bruyn
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Bester
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bastos
authors.affiliation: Marine Program, Wildlife Conservation Soc, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Campagna
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brasil.
authors.forename: M M C
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Muelbert
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK. a.r.hoelzel@durham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Hoelzel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D057231:Climate Change; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D005828:Genetics, Population; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D046048:Seals, Earless / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial
keywords: Holocene; evolution; molecular ecology; pinnipeds; population genetics