title: Competencies for Patient Safety and Quality Improvement: A Synthesis of Recommendations in Influential Position Papers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited conformity among patient safety and quality improvement (QI) competencies of the knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSA), by stage of skill acquisition, essential for all health professionals. A study was conducted to identify, categorize, critically appraise, and discuss implications of competency recommendations published in influential position papers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted of competency recommendations in position papers published by national and international professional associations, expert panels, consortia, centers and institutes, and convened committees, in the domain of patient safety and QI. To be included in the analysis, the competency had to be recommended in at least 20% (rounded) of the position papers. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify themes among the published competencies for the skill acquisition levels of competent and expert, using Dreyfus's definitions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the basis of the 22 papers that met the inclusion criteria, 17 themes were identified among the 59 competencies for the skill level competent. Among the 23 competencies for the skill level expert, 13 themes were identfied. Competencies within the theme "Evidence-Based Practice" were most frequently recommended across both skill levels. The themes "Interdisciplinary Teamwork and Collaboration" and "Evidence-Based Practice" were the themes identified among the greatest number of position papers for the skill level competent and expert, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identified themes for competencies in patient safety and QI have implications for curriculum development and assessment of competence in education and practice. The findings in this study demonstrate a need to discourage publication of recommendations of yet more competencies and to instead encourage development of an international consensus on the essential KSA for patient safety and QI across all health professions and all levels of skill acquisition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA.
authors.forename: Kellyn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: Ilene B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Annette L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Valenta
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000592:standards*; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D058996:Quality Improvement / Q000592:standards*