title: Relative Risk Factors for Cardiac Erosion Following Transcatheter Closure of Atrial Septal Defects: A Case-Control Study.
abstract: Transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects (ASD) using the Amplatzer septal occluder is generally safe and effective, but erosion into the pericardial space or aorta has been described. Although the absolute risk of this complication is low, there has been no assessment of relative risk factors.
  
  
  
  All erosions reported to St. Jude Medical after ASD closure with an Amplatzer septal occluder (cases) were compared with controls (matched 2:1) who underwent ASD closure but did not develop an erosion. A total of 125 erosions were reported between 2002 and 2014, including 95 with an available echocardiogram. The median duration from implant to erosion was 14 days, but was >1 year in 16 patients. Nine patients (all age ≥17 years) who died were more likely to have an oversized device, and to have erosion into the aorta, than survivors. Aortic or superior vena cava rim deficiencies were more common in cases than in controls. In addition, larger balloon-sized ASD diameter, Amplatzer septal occluder device size, and device size-ASD diameter difference, and smaller weight:device size ratio were associated with erosion. On multivariable analysis, deficiency of any rim, device >5 mm larger than ASD diameter, and weight:device size ratio were associated with erosion.
  
  
  
  In addition to aortic rim deficiency, which was almost universal among erosion cases, there were several relative risk factors for erosion after ASD closure with the Amplatzer septal occluder device. To understand the mechanisms of and absolute risk factors for this uncommon but serious complication, an adequately powered prospective study with thorough echocardiographic evaluation will be critical.
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, CA (D.B.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (M.D.Q.); Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland (D.K.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Banner Children's Specialists, Mesa, AZ (E.A.); and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (Z.A.).
authors.forename: Doff B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: McElhinney
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, CA (D.B.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (M.D.Q.); Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland (D.K.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Banner Children's Specialists, Mesa, AZ (E.A.); and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (Z.A.).
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Quartermain
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, CA (D.B.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (M.D.Q.); Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland (D.K.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Banner Children's Specialists, Mesa, AZ (E.A.); and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (Z.A.).
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, CA (D.B.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (M.D.Q.); Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland (D.K.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Banner Children's Specialists, Mesa, AZ (E.A.); and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (Z.A.).
authors.forename: Ernerio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alboliras
authors.affiliation: From Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, CA (D.B.M.); Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (M.D.Q.); Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland (D.K.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Banner Children's Specialists, Mesa, AZ (E.A.); and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta (Z.A.). Zamin@gru.edu.
authors.forename: Zahid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Amin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055989:Septal Occluder Device / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: amplatzer septal occluder; cardiac tamponade; echocardiography; erosion; heart diseases; vascular closure devices