title: Chemical Conditioning as an Approach to Ischemic Stroke Tolerance: Mitochondria as the Target.
abstract: It is well established that the brain can be prepared to resist or tolerate ischemic stroke injury, and mitochondrion is a major target for this tolerance. The preparation of ischemic stroke tolerance can be achieved by three major approaches: ischemic conditioning, hypoxic conditioning and chemical conditioning. In each conditioning approach, there are often two strategies that can be used to achieve the conditioning effects, namely preconditioning (Pre-C) and postconditioning (Post-C). In this review, we focus on chemical conditioning of mitochondrial proteins as targets for neuroprotection against ischemic stroke injury. Mitochondrial targets covered include complexes I, II, IV, the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (mitoKATP), adenine dinucleotide translocase (ANT) and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). While numerous mitochondrial proteins have not been evaluated in the context of chemical conditioning and ischemic stroke tolerance, the paradigms and approaches reviewed in this article should provide general guidelines on testing those mitochondrial components that have not been investigated. A deep understanding of mitochondria as the target of chemical conditioning for ischemic stroke tolerance should provide valuable insights into strategies for fighting ischemic stroke, a leading cause of death in the world.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA. zhen.jin@unthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA. jinzi.wu@unthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Jinzi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA. liang-jun.yan@unthsc.edu.
authors.forename: Liang-Jun
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D057775:Ischemic Postconditioning; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000187:drug effects*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents
keywords: chemical conditioning; hypoxic conditioning; ischemic conditioning; mitochondria; neuroprotection; stroke injury