title: Advances in the Endoscopic Diagnosis of Barrett Esophagus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Barrett esophagus (BE) continues to be a major risk factor for developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We review the risk factors, diagnosis, and management of BE, with an emphasis on the most current endoscopic diagnostic modalities for BE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Novel diagnostic modalities have emerged to address the inadequacies of standard, untargeted biopsies, such as dye-based and virtual chromoendoscopy, endoscopic mucosal resection, molecular biomarkers, optical coherence tomography, confocal laser endomicroscopy, volumetric laser endomicroscopy, and endocytoscopy. Treatment of BE depends on the presence of intramucosal cancer or dysplasia, particularly high-grade dysplasia with or without visible mucosal lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent advances in endoscopic diagnostic tools demonstrate promising results and help to mitigate the shortcomings of the Seattle protocol. Future research as well as refining these tools may help aid them in replacing standard untargeted biopsies.
authors.forename: Ashley H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Davis-Yadley
authors.forename: Kevin G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Neill
authors.forename: Mokenge P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Malafa
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. Luis.Pena@Moffitt.org.
authors.forename: Luis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Pena
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D004945:Esophagoscopy; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D061705:Image-Guided Biopsy; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor