title: The economic status of older people's households in urban and rural settings in Peru, Mexico and China: a 10/66 INDEP study cross-sectional survey.
abstract: Few data are available from middle income countries regarding economic circumstances of households in which older people live. Many such settings have experienced rapid demographic, social and economic change, alongside increasing pension coverage. Population-based household surveys in rural and urban catchment areas in Peru, Mexico and China. Participating households were selected from all households with older residents. Descriptive analyses were weighted back for sampling fractions and non-response. Household income and consumption were estimated from a household key informant interview. 877 Household interviews (3177 residents). Response rate 68 %. Household income and consumption correlated plausibly with other economic wellbeing indicators. Household Incomes varied considerably within and between sites. While multigenerational households were the norm, older resident's incomes accounted for a high proportion of household income, and older people were particularly likely to pool income. Differences in the coverage and value of pensions were a major source of variation in household income among sites. There was a small, consistent inverse association between household pension income and labour force participation of younger adult co-residents. The effect of pension income on older adults' labour force participation was less clear-cut. Historical linkage of social protection to formal employment may have contributed to profound late-life socioeconomic inequalities. Strategies to formalise the informal economy, alongside increases in the coverage and value of non-contributory pensions and transfers would help to address this problem.
authors.affiliation: Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, P060, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.affiliation: School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lloyd-Sherlock
authors.affiliation: Psychogeriatric Unit, National Institute of Mental Health "Honorio Delgado Hideyo Noguchi", Jr. Eloy Espinoza 709, Urb. Palao, San Martin de Porres, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Mariella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.affiliation: Peking University, Institute of Mental Health, No. 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yueqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ana Luisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Sosa
authors.affiliation: Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State Nigeria.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uwakwe
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Insurgentes Sur 3877, 14269 Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Isaac
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Acosta
authors.affiliation: Peking University, Institute of Mental Health, No. 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhaorui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Instituto de la Memoria, Depresión y Enfermedades de Riesgo (IMEDER), Av. Constructores 1230, La Molina, Lima Peru.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallardo
authors.affiliation: Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, P060, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK.
authors.forename: Maelenn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guerchet
authors.affiliation: Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, P060, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF UK.
authors.forename: Rosie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mayston
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Veronica Montes
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: de Oca
authors.affiliation: Peking University, Institute of Mental Health, No. 51 Hua Yuan Bei Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology/Anthropology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, PMB 5025, Awka, Anambra State Nigeria.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ezeah
keywords: Ageing; China; Developing countries; Economic status; Mexico; Pensions; Peru