title: Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors, and Retinal Vascular Caliber in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviors with retinal vascular caliber in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A study of 122 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes was conducted over an 8-month period. Self-reported physical activity time and time spent watching TV or playing computer or video games were obtained using interviewer-administered questionnaires. Retinal vascular caliber was measured by a trained grader using a standardized protocol and later summarized as central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE) and central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) using a semiautomated computer program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for confounders (age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, HbA1c, maternal smoking status, age at which cow's milk was introduced, and CRVE/CRAE, respectively), narrower CRAE was independently related to more time spent playing computer/video games [ExpB = -3.85; 95% confidence interval (CI), -6.41 to -1.29; P = 0.004], whereas wider CRVE was independently related to lower physical activity level (ExpB = -1.08; 95% CI, -2.01 to -0.15; P = 0.03) and more time spent playing computer/video games (ExpB = 4.72; 95% CI, 0.52-8.92; P = 0.02). Television viewing time was not associated with retinal vascular caliber after adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that physical activity and sedentary behaviors in the form of "screen viewing time" are associated with retinal vessel caliber early in life. These results suggest that retinal vascular caliber may provide prognostic information beyond current traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Future longitudinal and interventional studies are warranted to evaluate the relevance of these observations.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of *Clinical Vision Sciences and †Dietetics, Latrobe University; ‡Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Children's Hospital; and §Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keel
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Itsiopoulos
authors.forename: Konstandina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koklanis
authors.forename: Meri
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vukicevic
authors.forename: Fergus
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Laima
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brazionis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D011998:Recreation / Q000502:physiology; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D057185:Sedentary Behavior