title: Development of an angiogenesis animal model featuring brain arteriovenous malformation histological characteristics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiogenesis has a key role in the formation and evolution of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Numerous models have been developed aiming to recreate configuration of brain AVMs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop an animal model sharing the same pathological characteristics as human brain AVMs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten pigs were divided into two groups. Five animals underwent endovascular left common carotid artery (CCA) and external carotid artery (ECA) occlusion and five animals served as controls. DSA, associated with 3D-rotational angiography, was performed at day 0 and at 3 months in both groups. The volume of the retia was calculated. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A serum levels were measured in both groups at the same time intervals. Finally, the animals were sacrificed at 3 months and the retia were harvested for pathological and immunohistochemistry examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 3 months, a significantly higher rete volume was seen in group A than in group B (2.92±0.33 mL vs 1.87±0.69 mL, respectively; p=0.016). There was a trend for increased VEGF-A levels in group A at 3 months. In the occlusion group, histological findings showed significant reduction of media thickness and disrupted internal elastic lamina; immunohistochemistry findings showed strong reactivity for VEGF receptors and interleukin 6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unilateral endovascular occlusion of the CCA-ECA results in angiogenesis triggering of the rete mirabile with both significant augmentation of the rete volume and histological evidence of pro-angiogenic stimulation.
authors.affiliation: ERMA (Equipe de Recherche Medicale Appliquée), Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France.|Interventional Neuroradiology Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
authors.forename: Chrysanthi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9473-9644
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Papagiannaki
authors.affiliation: ERMA (Equipe de Recherche Medicale Appliquée), Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France.|Interventional Neuroradiology Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Clarençon
authors.affiliation: ERMA (Equipe de Recherche Medicale Appliquée), Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France.|Anesthesiology Department, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ponsonnard
authors.affiliation: Haute Vienne Departmental Laboratory for Research and Analysis, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Couquet
authors.affiliation: Maizeroi-Eugène Society, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maizeroi-Eugène
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Lariboisière University Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bresson
authors.affiliation: ERMA (Equipe de Recherche Medicale Appliquée), Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France.|Department of Histology, Cytology, Cellular Biology and Cytogenetics, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yardin
authors.affiliation: ERMA (Equipe de Recherche Medicale Appliquée), Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France.|Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France.
authors.forename: Charbel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mounayer
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D000818:Animals; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000601:surgery; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013552:Swine; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
keywords: Angiography; Arteriovenous Malformation; Vessel Wall