title: Glucose metabolic phenotype of pancreatic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To construct a global "metabolic phenotype" of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) reflecting tumour-related metabolic enzyme expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature was performed using OvidSP and PubMed databases using keywords "pancreatic cancer" and individual glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (MOP) enzymes. Both human and animal studies investigating the oncological effect of enzyme expression changes and inhibitors in both an in vitro and in vivo setting were included in the review. Data reporting changes in enzyme expression and the effects on PDAC cells, such as survival and metastatic potential, were extracted to construct a metabolic phenotype.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven hundred and ten papers were initially retrieved, and were screened to meet the review inclusion criteria. 107 unique articles were identified as reporting data involving glycolytic enzymes, and 28 articles involving MOP enzymes in PDAC. Data extraction followed a pre-defined protocol. There is consistent over-expression of glycolytic enzymes and lactate dehydrogenase in keeping with the Warburg effect to facilitate rapid adenosine-triphosphate production from glycolysis. Certain isoforms of these enzymes were over-expressed specifically in PDAC. Altering expression levels of HK, PGI, FBA, enolase, PK-M2 and LDA-A with metabolic inhibitors have shown a favourable effect on PDAC, thus identifying these as potential therapeutic targets. However, the Warburg effect on MOP enzymes is less clear, with different expression levels at different points in the Krebs cycle resulting in a fundamental change of metabolite levels, suggesting that other essential anabolic pathways are being stimulated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further characterisation of the PDAC metabolic phenotype is necessary as currently there are few clinical studies and no successful clinical trials targeting metabolic enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Anthony KC Chan, Ajith K Siriwardena, Regional Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anthony K C
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Anthony KC Chan, Ajith K Siriwardena, Regional Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jason I E
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Bruce
authors.affiliation: Anthony KC Chan, Ajith K Siriwardena, Regional Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ajith K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Siriwardena
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000235:genetics; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose
keywords: Glycolysis; Krebs cycle; Metabolic inhibitor; Metabolism; Pancreatic cancer; Warburg effect