title: Effects of anesthetic induction with a benzodiazepine plus ketamine hydrochloride or propofol on hypothermia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of anesthetic induction with a benzodiazepine plus ketamine or propofol on hypothermia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy without heat support.
  
  
  METHODS
  23 adult sexually intact female dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were recorded prior to premedication with buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg, IM) and acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg, IM). Anesthesia was induced with midazolam or diazepam (0.25 mg/kg, IV) plus ketamine (5 mg/kg, IV; n = 11) or propofol (4 mg/kg, IV; 12) and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Rectal temperature was measured at hospital intake, prior to premedication, immediately after anesthetic induction, and every 5 minutes after anesthetic induction. Esophageal temperature was measured every 5 minutes during anesthesia, beginning 30 minutes after anesthetic induction. After anesthesia, dogs were covered with a warm-air blanket and rectal temperature was measured every 10 minutes until normothermia (37°C) was achieved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dogs in both treatment groups had lower rectal temperatures within 5 minutes after anesthetic induction and throughout anesthesia. Compared with dogs that received a benzodiazepine plus ketamine, dogs that received a benzodiazepine plus propofol had significantly lower rectal temperatures and the interval from discontinuation of anesthesia to achievement of normothermia was significantly longer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dogs in which anesthesia was induced with a benzodiazepine plus propofol or ketamine became hypothermic; the extent of hypothermia was more profound for the propofol combination. Dogs should be provided with adequate heat support after induction of anesthesia, particularly when a propofol-benzodiazepine combination is administered.
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bornkamp
authors.forename: Sheilah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Natalie M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Isaza
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Brian A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: DiGangi
authors.forename: Luisito
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pablo
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000662:veterinary*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects*; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000662:veterinary; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000662:veterinary; D059035:Perioperative Period / Q000662:veterinary; D011292:Premedication; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D007649:Ketamine; D007530:Isoflurane; D015742:Propofol