title: Cost Effectiveness of Operative Versus Non-Operative Treatment of Geriatric Type-II Odontoid Fracture.
abstract: METHODS
  Cost-effectiveness analysis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the cost-effectiveness of operative versus non-operative treatment of type-II odontoid fractures in patients older than 64 years old.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Significant controversy exists regarding the optimum treatment of geriatric patients with type-II odontoid fractures. Operative treatment leads to lower rates of non-union but carries surgical risks. Non-operative treatment does not carry surgical risks but has higher non-union rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  A decision-analytic model was created to compare operative and non-operative treatment of type-II odontoid fractures among three age cohorts (65-74, 75-84, >84) based on expected costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs; cost per QALY gained). Age-specific mortality rates for both treatments, costs for treatment, and complication rates were taken from the literature, and data from 2010 US life tables were used for age-specific life expectancy. Costs of complications were estimated using data obtained at a level-I trauma center using micro-costing. Sensitivity analyses of all model parameters were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 65- to 74-year-old cohort, operative treatment was more costly ($53,407 vs. $30,553) and more effective (12.00 vs. 10.11 QALY), with an ICER of $12,078/QALY. Among the 75- to 84-year-old cohort, operative treatment was more costly ($51,308 vs. $29,789) and more effective (6.85 vs. 6.31 QALY), with an ICER of $40,467/QALY. Among the over-84 cohort, operative treatment was dominated by non-operative treatment as it was both more costly ($45,978 vs. $28,872) and less effective (2.48 vs. 3.73 QALY). The model was robust to sensitivity analysis across reasonable ranges for utility of union, disutility of complications and delayed surgery, and probabilities of non-union and complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Operative treatment is cost-effective in patients age 65 to 84 when using $100,000/QALY as a benchmark but less effective and more costly than non-operative treatment in patients older than 84 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  2.
authors.affiliation: *Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH†Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH‡The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH§Multidisciplinary Clinical Research Center in Musculoskeletal Diseases, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: Brendan T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: Elissa M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ozanne
authors.forename: Anna N A
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Tosteson
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pearson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D005853:Geriatrics; D006801:Humans; D009809:Odontoid Process / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery*