title: Induction of Posterior Vitreous Detachment in Pediatric Vitrectomy by Preoperative Intravitreal Injection of Tissue Plasminogen Activator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the efficacy of intravitreal injection of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) with or without autoserum in induction of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) in pediatric vitrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective, interventional case series of pediatric patients receiving intravitreal injection of tPA preoperatively to facilitate PVD in vitrectomy from January 2011 to December 2014 at the Changhua Christian Hospital, Taiwan. All patients received intravitreal injections of 25 µg of tPA 3 days before vitrectomy. For cases without preexisting vitreous hemorrhage, 0.1 mL of intravitreal autologous serum was co-administered. Main outcome measures included successful rate of posterior vitreous detachment in vitrectomy, visual outcome, and related ocular complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four boys and 2 girls were included. Ages ranged from 39 weeks' postmenstrual age to 8 years. The indications for vitrectomy were traumatic macular hole (cases 1 and 2); premacular hemorrhage secondary to retinopathy of prematurity (case 3); abusive head trauma with premacular hemorrhage, subinternal limiting membrane hemorrhage, and macular hole (case 4); trauma with dense vitreous hemorrhage (case 5); and vitreous hemorrhage with unknown cause (case 6). Successful PVD was induced intraoperatively in all cases and the macular hole was closed successfully in 3 of 3 cases (cases 1, 2, and 4). No surgical complications were noted. Visual outcome improved in all 3 eyes with checkable preoperative visual acuity (cases 1, 2, and 6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravitreal injection of tPA 3 days before vitrectomy may be a helpful adjunct to induce pediatric PVD.
authors.forename: Chih-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: San-Ni
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008297:Male; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014821:Vitrectomy; D057586:Vitreoretinal Surgery; D020255:Vitreous Detachment / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator