title: Development and Validation of the Neonatal Risk Estimate Score for Children Using Extracorporeal Respiratory Support.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate the Neonatal Risk Estimate Score for Children Using Extracorporeal Respiratory Support, which estimates the risk of in-hospital death for neonates prior to receiving respiratory extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used an international ECMO registry (2008-2013); neonates receiving ECMO for respiratory support were included. We divided the registry into a derivation sample and internal validation sample, by calendar date. We chose candidate variables a priori based on published evidence of association with mortality; variables independently associated with mortality in logistic regression were included in this parsimonious model of risk adjustment. We evaluated model discrimination with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and we evaluated calibration with the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 2008-2013, 4592 neonates received ECMO respiratory support with mortality of 31%. The development dataset contained 3139 patients treated in 2008-2011. The Neo-RESCUERS measure had an AUC of 0.78 (95% CI 0.76-0.79). The validation cohort had an AUC = 0.77 (0.75-0.80). Patients in the lowest risk decile had an observed mortality of 7.0% and a predicted mortality of 4.4%, and those in the highest risk decile had an observed mortality of 65.6% and a predicted mortality of 67.5%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neonatal Risk Estimate Score for Children Using Extracorporeal Respiratory Support offers severity-of-illness adjustment for neonatal patients with respiratory failure receiving ECMO. This score may be used to adjust patient survival to assess hospital-level performance in ECMO-based care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Child Health Evaluation and Research (CHEAR) Unit, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Electronic address: barbaror@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Ryan P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Barbaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles and Center for Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Rachel L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Paden
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Department, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Lloyd A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Child Health Evaluation and Research (CHEAR) Unit, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Achamyeleh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gebremariam
authors.affiliation: Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Gail M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Annich
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Child Health Evaluation and Research (CHEAR) Unit, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy and School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D001724:Birth Weight; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008471:Meconium Aspiration Syndrome / Q000628:therapy; D012372:ROC Curve; D012042:Registries; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000401:mortality; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018805:Sepsis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; neonatal intensive care; outcome and process assessment (health care); respiratory failure; risk adjustment; severity of illness index