title: Rapid and high-dose titration of epoprostenol improves pulmonary hemodynamics and clinical outcomes in patients with idiopathic and heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension.
abstract: Intravenous epoprostenol is an effective treatment for idiopathic and heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension. We aimed to clarify factors that determine the survival of patients with severe pulmonary hypertension who received epoprostenol treatment.
  
  
  
  This is a retrospective observational study consisting of 46 patients with idiopathic and heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension in World Health Organization (WHO) functional class III or IV and undergoing intravenous epoprostenol treatment. We compared the following factors between survivors and non-survivors: clinical characteristics, exercise capacity, hemodynamics, interval between diagnosis and treatment initiation, concomitant pulmonary arterial hypertension-targeted drugs, maximum dose of epoprostenol, and the speed of up-titration. We defined a rapid increase group as those receiving epoprostenol ≥20ng/kg/min at 3 months and ≥45ng/kg/min at 1 year of treatment.
  
  
  
  Thirty-two patients (70%) survived and 14 patients died during an average follow-up period of 2100 days. Mean pulmonary artery pressure, concomitant pulmonary arterial hypertension-targeted drugs, and the maximum epoprostenol dose were comparable between the two subsets of patients. WHO functional class III was more common than class IV, and the 6-min walking distance was longer in the survivor than the non-survivor group. The survivors typically showed a rapid increase in epoprostenol dose during the first year of treatment. This rapid increase group was associated with a continuous reduction in mean pulmonary artery pressure during the follow-up period, whereas the slow increase group showed no reduction in mean pulmonary artery pressure after 6 months of treatment. The 9.5-year survival rate was also significantly better in the rapid increase group compared with the slow increase group (100% vs. 64%, p=0.022).
  
  
  
  In idiopathic and heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension patients, a rapid increase in epoprostenol dose soon after the initiation of treatment seems to be important to achieve a continuous reduction in mean pulmonary artery pressure and to improve survival.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan; Department of Clinical Science, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Aiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan; Department of Clinical Science, National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, Okayama, Japan. Electronic address: matsubara.hiromi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsubara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D065627:Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000070857:Walk Test
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D011464:Epoprostenol
keywords: Dose titration; Epoprostenol; Pulmonary arterial hypertension; Pulmonary artery pressure; Survival