title: The Clinical and Economic Benefits of Co-Testing Versus Primary HPV Testing for Cervical Cancer Screening: A Modeling Analysis.
abstract: Consensus United States cervical cancer screening guidelines recommend use of combination Pap plus human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for women aged 30 to 65 years. An HPV test was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2014 for primary cervical cancer screening in women age 25 years and older. Here, we present the results of clinical-economic comparisons of Pap plus HPV mRNA testing including genotyping for HPV 16/18 (co-testing) versus DNA-based primary HPV testing with HPV 16/18 genotyping and reflex cytology (HPV primary) for cervical cancer screening.
  
  
  
  A health state transition (Markov) model with 1-year cycling was developed using epidemiologic, clinical, and economic data from healthcare databases and published literature. A hypothetical cohort of one million women receiving triennial cervical cancer screening was simulated from ages 30 to 70 years. Screening strategies compared HPV primary to co-testing. Outcomes included total and incremental differences in costs, invasive cervical cancer (ICC) cases, ICC deaths, number of colposcopies, and quality-adjusted life years for cost-effectiveness calculations. Comprehensive sensitivity analyses were performed.
  
  
  
  In a simulation cohort of one million 30-year-old women modeled up to age 70 years, the model predicted that screening with HPV primary testing instead of co-testing could lead to as many as 2,141 more ICC cases and 2,041 more ICC deaths. In the simulation, co-testing demonstrated a greater number of lifetime quality-adjusted life years (22,334) and yielded $39.0 million in savings compared with HPV primary, thereby conferring greater effectiveness at lower cost.
  
  
  
  Model results demonstrate that co-testing has the potential to provide improved clinical and economic outcomes when compared with HPV primary. While actual cost and outcome data are evaluated, these findings are relevant to U.S. healthcare payers and women's health policy advocates seeking cost-effective cervical cancer screening technologies.
authors.affiliation: 1 Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Felix
authors.affiliation: 2 Truven Health Analytics , Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lacey
authors.affiliation: 2 Truven Health Analytics , Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: 2 Truven Health Analytics , Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lenhart
authors.affiliation: 3 Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine , Hempstead, New York.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spitzer
authors.affiliation: 2 Truven Health Analytics , Cambridge, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Rucha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003127:Colposcopy / Q000191:economics*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008390:Markov Chains; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D014481:United States; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral