title: Polycarboxylate ethers: The key towards non-toxic TiO2 nanoparticle stabilisation in physiological solutions.
abstract: Stable, non-agglomerated TiO2 nanoparticle (NP) dispersions are a crucial requirement for an accurate NP dosing in in vitro and in vivo experiments. In this study self-synthesised TiO2 NPs were stabilised in three different cell culture media (DMEM, RPMI, BEGM) with the help of stabilising agents. Cell culture tested stabilisers (bovine serum albumin, fetal bovine serum) were compared to non-tested commercial products which are commonly utilized in the cement industry (Melflux(®) 4930 F, Melpers(®) 4343, Sika(®) ViscoCrete(®)-10110178). For a quantitative evaluation and comparison of the degree of stabilisation, a sedimentation study using UV absorbance spectroscopy was carried out and the agglomerate size was measured via dynamic light scattering. The cytotoxicity of the novel surfactants and stabilised NPs was examined in a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma-derived FaDu cell line and in human mesenchymal stem cells. We successfully stabilised TiO2 NPs with Melflux(®) 4930 F in each cell culture medium, achieving perfect stability over at least one day and agglomerate sizes of less than 100nm, while the cytotoxicity of the NPs was not affected.
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR5255, 351 cours de la libération, 33405 Talence, France. Electronic address: susanne.koch@isc.fraunhofer.de.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.affiliation: University Clinic Würzburg, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany. Electronic address: Kessler_M1@ukw.de.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; University Würzburg, Chair of Chemical Technology of Materials Synthesis, Röntgenring 11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany. Electronic address: karl-sebastian.mandel@isc.fraunhofer.de.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mandel
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research, ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany. Electronic address: sofia.dembski@isc.fraunhofer.de.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dembski
authors.affiliation: Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR5255, 351 cours de la libération, 33405 Talence, France; CNRS, ISM UMR5255, 351 cours de la libération, 33405 Talence, France. Electronic address: karine.heuze@u-bordeaux.fr.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heuzé
authors.affiliation: University Clinic Würzburg, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany. Electronic address: Hackenberg_S@ukw.de.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hackenberg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002417:Cattle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry; D004987:Ethers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005427:Flocculation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D058105:Polymerization; D061251:Primary Cell Culture; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D003470:Culture Media; D004987:Ethers; D012996:Solutions; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C009495:titanium dioxide; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Cell culture media; Cytotoxicity; Melflux(®) 4930 F; Stabilisation; Surfactants; TiO(2) nanoparticles