title: Influence of Metabolic Syndrome on Prostate Cancer Stage, Grade, and Overall Recurrence Risk in Men Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy.
abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with an increased risk of finding prostate cancer overall and high-grade disease on biopsy. This study sought to determine if MetS is associated with adverse final pathology and risk of overall recurrence in men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP).
  
  
  
  Men undergoing RP (2004-2013) were identified using our prospectively maintained institutional database. MetS was defined by ≥3 of 5 components (obesity, dysglycemia, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and high triglycerides). Multivariable logistic regression models were created for prostate cancer grade and stage on final pathology. Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox regression analyses were performed to model overall recurrence, defined by biochemical recurrence (postoperative serum prostate-specific antigen ≥0.2 ng/mL) or use of salvage therapies.
  
  
  
  Of 1939 men, 439 (22.6%) had MetS. MetS (≥3 vs. 0 components) was associated with an increased odds of Gleason 8-10 disease (odds ratio [OR] = 2.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.32-4.67, P = .005) and extraprostatic disease (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.02-1.80, P = .04). Decreased use of nerve-sparing in men with MetS was noted. In unadjusted analyses, MetS was associated with a significantly increased risk of receiving salvage therapy (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.04-1.83, P = .03) and a near-significant increased overall recurrence risk (HR = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.94-1.53, P = .15). These associations were attenuated upon adjusting for disease-specific parameters (salvage therapy: HR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.76-1.40, P = .87; overall recurrence: HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.72-1.21, P = .62).
  
  
  
  MetS is associated with an increased odds of extraprostatic and high-grade disease on final RP pathology, which appears to drive an increased risk of needing salvage therapy after RP. However, with more aggressive resection, differences in failure-free outcomes were attenuated, suggesting that men with MetS should not be precluded from RP.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: bimal.bhindi@mail.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Bimal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bhindi
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Wen Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Girish S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nesbitt
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finelli
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Alexandre R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Zlotta
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Theodorus H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: van der Kwast
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Shabbir M H
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Alibhai
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Trachtenberg
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Fleshner
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018570:Risk Assessment