title: Key ingredients for implementing intensive outpatient programs within patient-centered medical homes: A literature review and qualitative analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intensive outpatient programs aim to transform care while conserving resources for high-need, high-cost patients, but little is known about factors that influence their implementation within patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this mixed-methods study, we reviewed the literature to identify factors affecting intensive outpatient program implementation, then used semi-structured interviews to determine how these factors influenced the implementation of an intensive outpatient program within the Veterans Affairs' (VA) PCMH. Interviewees included facility leadership and clinical staff who were involved in a pilot Intensive Management Patient Aligned Care Team (ImPACT) intervention for high-need, high-cost VA PCMH patents. We classified implementation factors in the literature review and qualitative analysis using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature review (n=9 studies) and analyses of interviews (n=15) revealed key implementation factors in three CFIR domains. First, the Inner Setting (i.e., the organizational and PCMH environment), mostly enabled implementation through a culture of innovation, good networks and communication, and positive tension for change. Second, Characteristics of Individuals, including creativity, flexibility, and interpersonal skills, allowed program staff to augment existing PCMH services. Finally, certain Intervention Characteristics (e.g., adaptability) enabled implementation, while others (e.g., complexity) generated implementation barriers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resources and structural features common to PCMHs can facilitate implementation of intensive outpatient programs, but program success is also dependent on staff creativity and flexibility, and intervention adaptations to meet patient and organizational needs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Established PCMHs likely provide resources and environments that permit accelerated implementation of intensive outpatient programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  V.
authors.affiliation: Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States. Electronic address: Breland@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Jessica Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Breland
authors.affiliation: Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States; Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States. Electronic address: Steven.Asch@va.gov.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Asch
authors.affiliation: Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States. Electronic address: Cindie.Slightam@va.gov.
authors.forename: Cindie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Slightam
authors.affiliation: Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States. Electronic address: Ava.Wong@va.gov.
authors.forename: Ava
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States; Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States. Electronic address: dzulman@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Zulman
mesh_terms: D003142:Communication; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D010045:Outpatients; D010348:Patient Care Team; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D011320:Primary Health Care; D036301:Qualitative Research; D014481:United States
keywords: Implementation; Intensive outpatient program; Patient-centered medical home; Veteran