title: Fish oil attenuates persistent inflammatory pain in rats through modulation of TNF-α and resolvins.
abstract: Fish oil (FO), source of omega-3 fatty acids (FA), has been widely studied in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and inflammatory pain (IP). Omega-3 FA give rise to eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, metabolized to eicosanoids and converted to resolvins with important anti-inflammatory action.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the effects of oral doses of omega-3 FA from FO and concentrated fish oil (CFO) in a model of sub-chronic IP, induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA).
  
  
  METHODS
  IP was induced by intraplantar injection of CFA into the right hind paw of Wistar rats. Three groups were pre-treated with omega-3 FA: two groups received CFO (460mg of EPA/360mg of DHA and 690mg of EPA/540mg of DHA) and one group received natural FO (460mg EPA/300mg DHA), for 7days before IP induction (pre-treatment) and 5days after induction (treatment).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-α levels were reduced by CFO 690 (67.9%; p<0.01), CFO 460 (57.7%; p<0.01), FO 460 (26.2%), compared to the augment promoted by CFA (549.7%; p<0.001). Resolvin levels were increased in treated groups with respect to the CFA control group (CFO 690=3196.3%, p<0.01; CFO 460=3347.1%, p<0.01; FO=1653.5%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the tested doses reduced inflammatory pain effectively in a short pre-treatment period, through modulation of TNF-α and resolvins and that CFO presented better results than FO. Therefore, Ω-3 FA from FO can be proposed for use as complementary medicine in the treatment of painful and inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: LabEnzInd; Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil. Electronic address: biancawaruar@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Bianca W P
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.affiliation: LEFEx, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal (PPGFQM), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil. Electronic address: clevertonkleiton@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cleverton Kleiton F
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: LabEnzInd; Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil. Electronic address: nique_ufrj@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Monique S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: LEFEx, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil. Electronic address: natalia-lcs@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Natália L C
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-590, Brazil. Electronic address: cmtakiya@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Takiya
authors.affiliation: LabP-DFarNano; Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil. Electronic address: mfreimansr@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mônica F S
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: LEFEx, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil. Electronic address: analu@pharma.ufrj.br.
authors.forename: Ana Luísa P
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: LabEnzInd; Departamento de Fármacos e Medicamentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (PPGCF), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil. Electronic address: gisela@pharma.ufrj.br.
authors.forename: Gisela Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Dellamora-Ortiz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005528:Foot / Q000473:pathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid
keywords: DHA; EPA; Fish oil; Inflammatory pain; Resolvin; TNF-α