title: Feeding Neonates by Cup: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
abstract: Objective WHO and UNICEF recommend cup feeding for neonates unable to breastfeed in low-resource settings. In developed countries, cup feeding in lieu of bottle feeding in the neonatal period is hypothesized to improve breastfeeding outcomes for those initially unable to breastfeed. Our aim was to synthesize the entire body of evidence on cup feeding. Methods We searched domestic and international databases for original research. Our search criteria required original data on cup feeding in neonates published in English between January 1990 and December 2014. Results We identified 28 original research papers. Ten were randomized clinical trials, 7 non-randomized intervention studies, and 11 observational studies; 11 were conducted in developing country. Outcomes evaluated included physiologic stability, safety, intake, duration, spillage, weight gain, any and exclusive breastfeeding, length of hospital stay, compliance, and acceptability. Cup feeding appears to be safe though intake may be less and spillage greater relative to bottle or tube feeding. Overall, slightly higher proportions of cup fed versus bottle fed infants report any breastfeeding; a greater proportion of cup fed infants reported exclusive breastfeeding at discharge and beyond. Cup feeding increases breastfeeding in subgroups (e.g. those who intend to breastfeed or women who had a Caesarean section). Compliance and acceptability is problematic in certain settings. Conclusions Further research on long-term breastfeeding outcomes and in low-resource settings would be helpful. Research data on high risk infants (e.g. those with cleft palates) would be informative. Innovative cup feeding approaches to minimize spillage, optimize compliance, and increase breastfeeding feeding are needed.
authors.affiliation: Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Box 357475, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA. chrismck@uw.edu.|Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. chrismck@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Christy M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Robin P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.affiliation: PATH, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Coffey
authors.affiliation: Institute of Translation Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Tessa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rue
authors.affiliation: Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Box 357475, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D003297:Cooking and Eating Utensils; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D011247:Pregnancy
keywords: Cup; Cup feeding; Feeding; Neonates; Paladai; Preterm; Systematic review