title: Monitoring of alcohol consumption in primary care among adults with bipolar disorder: A cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study.
abstract: Screening for alcohol use disorders is an important priority in the healthcare of people with bipolar disorder, incentivised in UK primary care since 2011, through the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF). The extent of alcohol monitoring in primary care, and impact of QOF, is unknown. The aim was to examine recording of alcohol consumption in primary care.
  
  
  
  Poisson regression of biennial alcohol recording rates between 2000 and 2013 among 14,051 adults with bipolar disorder and 90,023 adults without severe mental illness (SMI), from 484 general practices contributing to The Health Improvement Network UK-wide primary care database.
  
  
  
  Alcohol recording rates among people with bipolar disorder increased from 88.6 records per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval 81.2-96.6) in 2000/2002 to 837.4 records per 1000 person-years (817.4-858.0) in 2011/2013; a more than nine-fold increase, mainly occurring after the introduction of the QOF incentive in 2011. In 2000/2002 alcohol recording levels among people with bipolar disorder were not statistically significantly different from those without SMI (adjusted rate ratio 0.96, 0.88-1.05). By 2011/2013, people with bipolar disorder were over four times as likely to have an alcohol record: adjusted rate ratio 4.45 (4.15-4.77).
  
  
  
  The routinely collected data may be incomplete. Alcohol data entered as free-text was not captured.
  
  
  
  The marked rise in alcohol consumption recording highlights what can be achieved. It is most likely attributable to QOF, suggesting that QOF, or similar schemes, can be powerful tools in promoting aspects of healthcare.
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, UCL, London, UK. Electronic address: s.hardoon@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Hardoon
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, UCL, London, UK; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Zarnie
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Khadjesari
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, UCL, London, UK.
authors.forename: Irwin
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nazareth
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, UCL, London, UK.
authors.forename: Fiona L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Primary Care & Population Health, UCL, London, UK.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Petersen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Alcohol; Bipolar disorder; Primary care; QOF; Screening