title: Emerging Concepts in Transesophageal Echocardiography.
abstract: Introduced in 1977, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) offered imaging through a new acoustic window sitting directly behind the heart, allowing improved evaluation of many cardiac conditions. Shortly thereafter, TEE was applied to the intraoperative environment, as investigators quickly recognized that continuous cardiac evaluation and monitoring during surgery, particularly cardiac operations, were now possible. Among the many applications for perioperative TEE, this review will focus on four recent advances: three-dimensional TEE imaging, continuous TEE monitoring in the intensive care unit, strain imaging, and assessment of diastolic ventricular function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Cory
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Konoske
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mark
keywords: Strain imaging; Three-dimensional imaging; arrhythmias; cardiac imaging; cardiac ultrasound; transesophageal echocardiography