title: Beta-tricalcium phosphate granules improve osteogenesis in vitro and establish innovative osteo-regenerators for bone tissue engineering in vivo.
abstract: The drawbacks of traditional bone-defect treatments have prompted the exploration of bone tissue engineering. This study aimed to explore suitable β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) granules for bone regeneration and identify an efficient method to establish β-TCP-based osteo-regenerators. β-TCP granules with diameters of 1 mm and 1-2.5 mm were evaluated in vitro. The β-TCP granules with superior osteogenic properties were used to establish in vivo bioreactors, referred to as osteo-regenerators, which were fabricated using two different methods. Improved proliferation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), glucose consumption and ALP activity were observed for 1-2.5 mm β-TCP compared with 1-mm granules (P < 0.05). In addition, BMSCs incubated with 1-2.5 mm β-TCP expressed significantly higher levels of the genes for runt-related transcription factor-2, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and collagen type-1 and the osteogenesis-related proteins alkaline phosphatase, collagen type-1 and runt-related transcription factor-2 compared with BMSCs incubated with 1 mm β-TCP (P < 0.05). Fluorochrome labelling, micro-computed tomography and histological staining analyses indicated that the osteo-regenerator with two holes perforating the femur promoted significantly greater bone regeneration compared with the osteo-regenerator with a periosteum incision (P < 0.05). This study provides an alternative to biofunctionalized bioreactors that exhibits improved osteogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Haoqiang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xiaokang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Pingheng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Minghui
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yulin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Bio-Lu Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 201114, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jianxi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D023822:Tissue Engineering
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; C485817:beta-tricalcium phosphate