title: Developing knowledge resources to support precision medicine: principles from the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC).
abstract: To move beyond a select few genes/drugs, the successful adoption of pharmacogenomics into routine clinical care requires a curated and machine-readable database of pharmacogenomic knowledge suitable for use in an electronic health record (EHR) with clinical decision support (CDS). Recognizing that EHR vendors do not yet provide a standard set of CDS functions for pharmacogenetics, the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Informatics Working Group is developing and systematically incorporating a set of EHR-agnostic implementation resources into all CPIC guidelines. These resources illustrate how to integrate pharmacogenomic test results in clinical information systems with CDS to facilitate the use of patient genomic data at the point of care. Based on our collective experience creating existing CPIC resources and implementing pharmacogenomics at our practice sites, we outline principles to define the key features of future knowledge bases and discuss the importance of these knowledge resources for pharmacogenomics and ultimately precision medicine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA James.Hoffman@stjude.org.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Medicine, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Henry M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Dunnenberger
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department and Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kevin Hicks
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Kelly E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Caudle
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whirl Carrillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Freimuth
authors.affiliation: Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Marc S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Teri E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Josh F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D006801:Humans; D051188:Knowledge Bases; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D057285:Precision Medicine
keywords: clinical decision support systems; electronic health records; knowledge bases; pharmacogenetics; precision medicine