title: Nipple Resection and Reconstruction After Attempted Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occult nipple malignancy is detected in 0% to 58% of attempted nipple-sparing mastectomies (NSM), prompting excision of the nipple. We report our experience with nipple resection following attempted NSM and our outcomes with subsequent nipple reconstruction.
  
  
  METHODS
  An institutional review board-approved retrospective review was performed of attempted NSM cases with immediate implant-based reconstruction from July 2006 to April 2015. Patients who underwent nipple excision were identified. Indications for excision, pathology reports, and reconstructive outcomes were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred sixty-eight NSMs were performed in 330 patients. Thirty-four (6%) cases underwent nipple excision, 53% for positive frozen sections, 29% for positive permanent sections, 3% for clinical suspicion, and 15% either at patient request or for symmetry. All of the cases with positive frozen sections had disease on permanent section and 56% had residual disease in the resection specimen. Of the cases with positive permanent sections, frozen sections were negative in 50%, suspicious or atypical in 30%, and not sent in 20% of cases. Thirty percent had residual disease in the resection specimen. Frozen section sensitivity was 64% (or 75% if suspicious and atypical findings are included). There were no false-positive results on frozen section. Sixty-eight percent of cases have undergone nipple reconstruction by CV flap (57%), skate flap (39%), or nipple-sharing technique (4%). The aesthetic result after reconstruction was excellent in 83% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings support the benefit of intraoperative subareolar frozen section for detection of occult disease. When nipple excision is required, patients can still achieve an excellent aesthetic result with reconstruction.
authors.affiliation: From the *Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical College; †Weill Cornell Medical College; ‡Division of Breast Surgery, and §Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Briar L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Dent
authors.forename: Jerry W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Eden
authors.forename: Benjamin V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swistel
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Talmor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019928:Breast Implantation; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005629:Frozen Sections; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D015414:Mastectomy, Subcutaneous; D008875:Middle Aged; D009558:Nipples / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies