title: Effects of Axial Vibration on Needle Insertion into the Tail Veins of Rats and Subsequent Serial Blood Corticosterone Levels.
abstract: Blood collection is commonplace in biomedical research. Obtaining sufficient sample while minimizing animal stress requires significant skill and practice. Repeated needle punctures can cause discomfort and lead to variable release of stress hormones, potentially confounding analysis. We designed a handheld device to reduce the force necessary for needle insertion by using low-frequency, axial (forward and backward) micromotions (that is, vibration) delivered to the needle during venipuncture. Tests with cadaver rat-tail segments (n = 18) confirmed that peak insertion forces were reduced by 73% on average with needle vibration. A serial blood-sampling study was then conducted by using Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 2 groups based on needle condition used to cause bleeds: vibration on (n = 10) and vibration off (n = 9). On 3 days (1 wk apart), 3 tail-vein blood collections were performed in each subject at 1-h intervals. To evaluate associated stress levels, plasma corticosterone concentration was quantified by radioimmunoassay and behavior (that is, movement and vocalization) was scored by blinded review of blood-sampling videos. After the initial trial, average corticosterone was lower (46% difference), the mean intrasubject variance trended lower (72%), and behavioral indications of stress were rated lower for the vibration-on group compared with the vibration-off group. Adding controlled vibrations to needles during insertion may decrease the stress associated with blood sampling from rats--an important methodologic advance for investigators studying and assessing stress processes and a refinement over current blood sampling techniques.
authors.affiliation: Actuated Medical, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, USA. ryan.clement@actuatedmedical.com.
authors.forename: Ryan S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Lebanon Valley College, Annville, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Erica L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.affiliation: Actuated Medical, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Olga M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Ocón-Grove
authors.affiliation: Actuated Medical, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.affiliation: Actuated Medical, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Maureen L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mulvihill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000379:methods; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014732:Vibration
chemical_list: D003345:Corticosterone