title: Risk Assessment of Arsenic in Rice Cereal and Other Dietary Sources for Infants and Toddlers in the U.S.
abstract: Currently, there are no set standards or quantitative guidelines available in the U.S. for arsenic levels in rice cereal, one of the most common first solid foods for infants. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the detected levels of inorganic arsenic (As(i)) in rice cereal in the U.S. market are safe for consumption by infants and toddlers. A risk assessment was conducted based on literature reviews of the reported As(i) in rice cereal from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) survey and the recommended daily intake of rice cereal by body weight, for infants and toddlers between four and 24 months old. As a part of risk management, a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for Asi in rice cereal was computed considering overall exposure sources including drinking water, infant formula, and other infant solid foods. Hazard quotients (HQs) for acute and chronic exposures were calculated based on the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's (ATSDR) Minimal Risk Level (MRL)(acute) (5.0 × 10(-3) mg/kg/day) and MRL(chronic) (3.0 × 10(-4) mg/kg/day). A cancer slope or potency factor of 1.5 mg/kg/day was used to predict an incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR). Exposure assessment showed that the largest source of As(i) for infants and toddlers between four and 24 months old was rice cereal (55%), followed by other infant solid food (19%), and drinking water (18%). Infant formula was the smallest source of As(i) for babies (9%) at the 50th percentile based on Monte Carlo simulations. While HQ(acute) were consistently below 1.0, HQ(chronic) at the 50 and 75th percentiles exceeded 1.0 for both rice cereal and total sources. ILCR ranged from 10(-6) (50th) to 10(-5) (75th percentile). MCLs for As(i) in rice cereal ranged from 0.0 (chronic) to 0.4 mg/kg (acute exposures).
authors.affiliation: Public Health Program, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA. tshibata@niu.edu.|Global Environmental Health LAB, Not-for-Profit Organization, Brooklyn, NY 11206, USA. tshibata@niu.edu.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Public Health Program, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA. z1653061@students.niu.edu.|Division of Statistics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA. z1653061@students.niu.edu.
authors.forename: Can
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Nutrition & Dietetics Program, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA. jxu1@niu.edu.
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Umoren
authors.affiliation: Global Environmental Health LAB, Not-for-Profit Organization, Brooklyn, NY 11206, USA. hwest@gehlab.org.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: West
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D060766:Drinking Water; D002523:Edible Grain; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D012275:Oryza; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: arsenic; food standard; infant and toddler health; rice cereal; risk assessment