title: Net-Immobilization of β-glucosidase on Nonwoven Fabrics to Lower the Cost of "Cellulosic Ethanol" and Increase Cellulose Conversions.
abstract: The main limitation preventing the use of enzymatic cellulosic ethanol in industrial production is its higher cost which is mainly due to the elevated price of β-glucosidase (BG). Herein, we report on a simple strategy for the in-situ encapsulation of BG for repeated cellulosic ethanol production. In this strategy, BG was net-immobilized into a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) net-cloth layer on a PP nonwoven fabric by way of the visible light-induced surface controlled/living graft cross-linking polymerization. The visible light and mild reaction conditions could ensure the activity retention of BG during immobilization, while the non-swelling uniform net-mesh formed by living cross-linking polymerization could prevent the leakage of BG effectively (at the immobilization rate of more than 98.6% and the leakage rate of only 0.4%). When the BG-loaded fabric was used in combination with free cellulase (CEL), the results of the catalytic reaction demonstrated that these BG-loaded fabrics could not only give a 40% increase in cellulose conversions but also be reused for more than fifteen batches without losing the activity. These BG-loaded fabrics with characteristics including easy separation, excellent operation stability, a low cost of the polymeric matrix and a simple fabrication process are particularly interesting for a future bio-fuel production strategy.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.|Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.|Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.|Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Changwen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.|Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.|Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.|Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Guan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Yuhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.|Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.|Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Wantai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D058105:Polymerization; D013499:Surface Properties; D001617:beta-Glucosidase / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D000431:Ethanol; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D002482:Cellulose; D001617:beta-Glucosidase