title: Two years changes in the development of caudate nucleus are involved in restricted repetitive behaviors in 2-5-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder.
abstract: Caudate nucleus volume is enlarged in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and is associated with restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs). However, the trajectory of caudate nucleus volume in RRBs of young children remains unclear. Caudate nucleus volume was measured in 36 children with ASD and 18 matched 2-3-year-old subjects with developmentally delayed (DD) at baseline (Time 1) and at 2-year follow-up (Time 2). The differential growth rate in caudate nucleus volume was calculated. Further, the relationships between the development of caudate nucleus volume and RRBs were analyzed. Our results showed that caudate nucleus volume was significantly larger in the ASD group at both time points and the magnitude of enlargement was greater at Time 2. The rate of caudate nucleus growth during this 2-year interval was faster in children with ASD than DD. Right caudate nucleus volume growth was negatively correlated with RRBs. Findings from this study suggest developmental abnormalities of caudate nucleus volume in ASD. Longitudinal MRI studies are needed to explore the correlation between atypical growth patterns of caudate nucleus and phenotype of RRBs.
authors.affiliation: Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China; Child Health care Department, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214002, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Chao Yong
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Yun Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
authors.forename: Kang Kang
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Child Mental Health Research Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China. Electronic address: kexynj@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ke
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male
keywords: Autism spectrum disorder; Caudate nucleus development; Magnetic resonance imaging; Repetitive behavior; Restricted