title: A Phosphorus Phthalocyanine Formulation with Intense Absorbance at 1000 nm for Deep Optical Imaging.
abstract: Although photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) operates with high spatial resolution in biological tissues deeper than other optical modalities, light scattering is a limiting factor. The use of longer near infrared wavelengths reduces scattering. Recently, the rational design of a stable phosphorus phthalocyanine (P-Pc) with a long wavelength absorption band beyond 1000 nm has been reported. Here, we show that when dissolved in liquid surfactants, P-Pc can give rise to formulations with absorbance of greater than 1000 (calculated for a 1 cm path length) at wavelengths beyond 1000 nm. Using the broadly accessible Nd:YAG pulse laser emission output of 1064 nm, P-Pc could be imaged through 11.6 cm of chicken breast with PACT. P-Pc accumulated passively in tumors following intravenous injection in mice as observed by PACT. Following oral administration, P-Pc passed through the intestine harmlessly, and PACT could be used to non-invasively observe intestine function. When the contrast agent placed under the arm of a healthy adult human, a PACT transducer on the top of the arm could readily detect P-Pc through the entire 5 cm limb. Thus, the approach of using contrast media with extreme absorption at 1064 nm readily enables high quality optical imaging in vitro and in vivo in humans at exceptional depths.
authors.affiliation: 1. College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P.R. China.; 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
authors.forename: Depeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.; 3. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
authors.forename: Yumiao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
authors.forename: Upendra
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Chitgupi
authors.affiliation: 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
authors.forename: Jumin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.affiliation: 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
authors.forename: Yuehang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 4. Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
authors.forename: Yuzhen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 4. Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.; 3. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lovell
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002645:Chickens; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D054833:Isoindoles; D051379:Mice; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques / Q000379:methods; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D054833:Isoindoles; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D010758:Phosphorus; C013647:phthalocyanine
keywords: photoacoustic computed tomography