title: Effects of thymol and carvacrol supplementation on intestinal integrity and immune responses of broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens infection leads to serious economic losses in the global poultry production. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of essential oils (EO, which contained 25 % thymol and 25 % carvacrol as active components) supplementation on growth performance, gut lesions, intestinal morphology, and immune responses of the broiler chickens infected with C. perfringens. A total of 448 1-day-old male broiler chicks were allocated into eight treatment groups following a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement with four dietary EO dosages (0, 60, 120, or 240 mg/kg) and two infection status (with or without C. perfringens challenge from d 14 to 20).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The challenge did not impair the growth performance of birds, but induced gut lesions and increased crypt depth in the ileum (P ≤ 0.05). It also down-regulated the claudin-1 and occludin mRNA expression (P ≤ 0.05), up-regulated the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β (P ≤ 0.05), tended to increase the toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 mRNA expression (P < 0.10) in the ileum, and enhanced the mucosal secretory IgA production (P ≤ 0.05). In the challenged birds, dietary EO supplementation linearly alleviated the gut lesions and improved the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (P ≤ 0.05), and the supplementation of 120 and 240 mg/kg EO increased the serum antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus (P ≤ 0.05). Regardless of challenge, the EO supplementation showed a tendency to linearly elevate the feed conversion efficiency between 14 and 28 d of age as well as the occludin mRNA expression (P < 0.10), and linearly inhibited the mRNA expression of TLR2 and tumor necrotic factor-α in the ileum (P ≤ 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The dietary supplementation of EO could alleviate the intestinal injury by improving intestinal integrity and modulating immune responses in the C. perfringens-challenged broiler chickens.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China.
authors.forename: Encun
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China.
authors.forename: Weiwei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zhui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shuangshuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yuming
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
keywords: Broiler chicken; Clostridium perfringens; Essential oils; Immune response; Intestinal integrity