title: Amoxicillin-Clavulanate-Induced Liver Injury.
abstract: Amoxicillin-clavulanate (AC) is the most frequent cause of idiosyncratic drug-induced injury (DILI) in the US DILI Network (DILIN) registry. Here, we examined a large cohort of AC-DILI cases and compared features of AC-DILI to those of other drugs.
  
  
  
  Subjects with suspected DILI were enrolled prospectively, and cases were adjudicated as previously described. Clinical variables and outcomes of patients with AC-DILI were compared to the overall DILIN cohort and to DILI caused by other antimicrobials.
  
  
  
  One hundred and seventeen subjects with AC-DILI were identified from the cohort (n = 1038) representing 11 % of all cases and 24 % of those due to antimicrobial agents (n = 479). Those with AC-DILI were older (60 vs. 48 years, P < 0.001). AC-DILI was more frequent in men than women (62 vs. 39 %) compared to the overall cohort (40 vs. 60 %, P < 0.001). The mean time to symptom onset was 31 days. The Tb, ALT, and ALP were 7 mg/dL, 478, and 325 U/L at onset. Nearly all liver biopsies showed prominent cholestatic features. Resolution of AC-DILI, defined by return of Tb to <2.5 mg/dL, occurred on average 55 days after the peak value. Three female subjects required liver transplantation, and none died due to DILI.
  
  
  
  AC-DILI causes a moderately severe, mixed hepatocellular-cholestatic injury, particularly in older men, unlike DILI in general, which predominates in women. Although often protracted, eventual apparent recovery is typical, particularly for men and usually in women, but three women required liver transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, 1025 Morehead Medical Drive, Suite 600, Charlotte, NC, 28204, USA. Andrew.deLemos@carolinashealthcare.org.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1232-7986
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: deLemos
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Marwan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghabril
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Don C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rockey
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Jiezhun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Huiman X
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Barnhart
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kleiner
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Herbert L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Bonkovsky
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007565:Jaundice; D041781:Jaundice, Obstructive / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D065093:beta-Lactamase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D065093:beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D001663:Bilirubin
keywords: Allergy; Amoxicillin; Augmentin; Clavulanic acid; Drug-induced liver injury; Liver toxicity