title: In situ effect of a CPP-ACP chewing gum on enamel erosion associated or not with abrasion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to analyze the in situ effect of a casein phosphopeptide-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) chewing gum on human enamel erosion lesion associated or not with abrasion.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-way crossover study of 7 days was conducted involving 10 volunteers subjected to the same protocol: (G1) CPP-ACP sugar-free chewing gum, (G2) regular sugar-free chewing gum without CPP-ACP, and (G3) saliva-no chewing gum. An abrasion test was included in each phase. A 3D non-contact profilometry measurement of lesion depth and surface roughness was obtained of sound and eroded surfaces. A salivary calcium concentration was determined for all volunteers. ANOVA followed by Tukey's test were used with a p < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The enamel depth and the enamel surface roughness of the CPP-ACP gum group were significantly lower than the others (ANOVA, p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the treatments when associated with abrasion (p > 0.05). A positive and significant correlation was seen between the lesion depth and enamel surface roughness for GI (r = 0.87, p = 0.00) and GIII (r = 0.79, p = 0.00) groups. The estimated total calcium presented in the saliva after the chewed CPP-ACP gum showed no statistical significance between the mean absorbance values at the different time collections (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is demonstrated that the incorporation of the CPP-ACP into a sugar-free gum significantly increased the remineralization/protection of eroded enamel surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CPP-ACP added to gum may be a suitable alternative vehicle, to deliver calcium ions to saliva and therefore protecting enamel.
authors.affiliation: Health Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I - Cidade Universitária, s/n Castelo Branco, Joâo Pessoa, Paraíba, 58.051-900, Brazil. andressafeitosa@msn.com.
authors.forename: Andressa Feitosa Bezerra
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: University Centre of João Pessoa (UNIPÊ), Rodovia BR 230 - Km 22, s/n, Água Fria, João Pessoa, Paraíba, 58053-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luciana Vilar
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: de Oliveira Diniz
authors.affiliation: Health Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I - Cidade Universitária, s/n Castelo Branco, Joâo Pessoa, Paraíba, 58.051-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Franklin Delano Soares
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Forte
authors.affiliation: Health Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Campus I - Cidade Universitária, s/n Castelo Branco, Joâo Pessoa, Paraíba, 58.051-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fabio Correia
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Sampaio
authors.affiliation: Braun GmbH, German Innovation Center Campus Kronberg, Frankfurter Strasse, 145 61476, Kronberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Renzo Alberto
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ccahuana-Vásquez
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
authors.forename: Bennett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tochukwu Amaechi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002364:Caseins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002638:Chewing Gum; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013499:Surface Properties; D014072:Tooth Abrasion / Q000150:complications; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D002638:Chewing Gum; C447032:casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplex
keywords: Calcium phosphate; Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous; Enamel; Erosion