title: Fast Selective Detection of Pyocyanin Using Cyclic Voltammetry.
abstract: Pyocyanin is a virulence factor uniquely produced by the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The fast and selective detection of pyocyanin in clinical samples can reveal important information about the presence of this microorganism in patients. Electrochemical sensing of the redox-active pyocyanin is a route to directly quantify pyocyanin in real time and in situ in hospitals and clinics. The selective quantification of pyocyanin is, however, limited by other redox-active compounds existing in human fluids and by other metabolites produced by pathogenic bacteria. Here we present a direct selective method to detect pyocyanin in a complex electroactive environment using commercially available electrodes. It is shown that cyclic voltammetry measurements between -1.0 V to 1.0 V reveal a potential detection window of pyocyanin of 0.58-0.82 V that is unaffected by other redox-active interferents. The linear quantification of pyocyanin has an R² value of 0.991 across the clinically relevant concentration range of 2-100 µM. The proposed method was tested on human saliva showing a standard deviation of 2.5% ± 1% (n = 5) from the known added pyocyanin concentration to the samples. This inexpensive procedure is suggested for clinical use in monitoring the presence and state of P. aeruginosa infection in patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. faaat@nanotech.dtu.dk.|Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Allé 6, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark. faaat@nanotech.dtu.dk.|Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. faaat@nanotech.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Fatima AlZahra'a
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Alatraktchi
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Allé 6, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark. sandrabreumandersen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sandra Breum
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Allé 6, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark. hkj@biosustain.dtu.dk.|Department of Clinical Microbiology, Afsnit 9301, Rigshospitalet, Juliane Maries Vej 22, 2100 København, Denmark. hkj@biosustain.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Helle Krogh
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Johansen
authors.affiliation: Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kogle Allé 6, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark. sm@bio.dtu.dk.|Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. sm@bio.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Molin
authors.affiliation: Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark. Winnie.Svendsen@nanotech.dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Winnie E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Svendsen
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D006801:Humans; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D011710:Pyocyanine / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D053038:Quorum Sensing
chemical_list: D011710:Pyocyanine
keywords: cyclic voltammetry; diagnosis; electrochemical detection; pyocyanin; quorum sensing