title: Coding exon-structure aware realigner (CESAR) utilizes genome alignments for accurate comparative gene annotation.
abstract: Identifying coding genes is an essential step in genome annotation. Here, we utilize existing whole genome alignments to detect conserved coding exons and then map gene annotations from one genome to many aligned genomes. We show that genome alignments contain thousands of spurious frameshifts and splice site mutations in exons that are truly conserved. To overcome these limitations, we have developed CESAR (Coding Exon-Structure Aware Realigner) that realigns coding exons, while considering reading frame and splice sites of each exon. CESAR effectively avoids spurious frameshifts in conserved genes and detects 91% of shifted splice sites. This results in the identification of thousands of additional conserved exons and 99% of the exons that lack inactivating mutations match real exons. Finally, to demonstrate the potential of using CESAR for comparative gene annotation, we applied it to 188 788 exons of 19 865 human genes to annotate human genes in 99 other vertebrates. These comparative gene annotations are available as a resource (http://bds.mpi-cbg.de/hillerlab/CESAR/). CESAR (https://github.com/hillerlab/CESAR/) can readily be applied to other alignments to accurately annotate coding genes in many other vertebrate and invertebrate genomes.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Virag
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany Technical University, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Anas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elghafari
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany hiller@mpi-cbg.de.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003062:Codon; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D004285:Dogs; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005091:Exons; D016678:Genome; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D051379:Mice; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D009154:Mutation; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D010802:Phylogeny; D022821:RNA Splice Sites; D051381:Rats; D016364:Reading Frames; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D064878:Web Browser
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D022821:RNA Splice Sites