title: Immediate effects of thoracic spinal mobilisation on erector spinae muscle activity and pain in patients with thoracic spine pain: a preliminary randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the activity of the thoracic erector spinae muscles and perceived pain intensity immediately after central postero-anterior (PA) mobilisation of the thoracic spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised, placebo-controlled, experimental design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four participants with non-specific thoracic pain were randomised to the experimental group [grade III central PA mobilisation performed for 3minutes at the level of the seventh thoracic vertebra (T7)] or the placebo group (less than grade I central PA mobilisation performed for 3minutes at T7).
  
  
  METHODS
  Before and immediately after PA mobilisation, surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the thoracic erector spinae muscles as the participants performed 10° spine extension from a prone position for 10seconds. Each participant rated their pain intensity as an investigator performed grade III central PA over the most symptomatic thoracic segment, and the pressure pain threshold (PPT) was evaluated bilaterally over the erector spinae muscles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The EMG amplitude of thoracic erector spinae activity was reduced significantly after the intervention in the experimental group (P<0.05), but not in the placebo group. The difference between the groups was significant {pre-post change: placebo -14 [standard deviation (SD) 50]mV, experimental 28 (SD 48)mV; mean difference -42mV; 95% confidence interval of the difference -76 to 7; P<0.05} albeit small (Grissom=0.44). However, both groups showed a significant reduction in pain immediately after the intervention, and both groups showed a similar pre-post change in PPT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These preliminary findings indicate that grade III central mobilisation over the most symptomatic thoracic segment reduces thoracic erector spinae activity during extension of the trunk in people with non-specific thoracic spine pain.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ISRCTN47601528.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pecos-Martín
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: de Melo Aroeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Verás Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martínez de Tejada Pozo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Rodríguez Solano
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Plaza-Manzano
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gallego-Izquierdo
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Pain Clinic, Center for Anesthesiology, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. Electronic address: deborah.falla@bccn.uni-goettingen.de.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Falla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001416:Back Pain / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D026201:Musculoskeletal Manipulations / Q000379:methods*; D064170:Paraspinal Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Electromyography; Manual therapy; Mobilisation; Musculoskeletal pain; Thoracic pain