title: Blood stains of the Turin Shroud 2015: beyond personal hopes and limitations of techniques.
abstract: In the early '80s, evidence was provided that, rather than a dye (red okra), hemoglobin was indeed responsible for the alleged blood stains of the Turin Shroud. Such stains were shown to belong to an MNS positive individual of the AB group, and the halos surrounding the blood stains were compatible with serum containing trace amounts of bilirubin, albumin and immunoglobulins. However, being only based on indirect and circumstantial evidence, most of these data were challenged. In the late '90s, together with the evidence of the gene coding β-globin, contamination between male and female DNA was documented on the Turin Shroud. Although the presence of male was more noticeable than female DNA, these data were considered null and void. These days, to establish that blood indisputably belongs to an MNS positive individual of the AB group, and to exclude DNA contamination, high-specificity techniques with monoclonal antibodies and molecular studies on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA are needed. Indeed, consistent with DNA contamination on the Turin Shroud, sequences from multiple subjects of different ethnic origins have been recently detected on the human mitochondrial genome extracted from dust particles of the linen. Innovative concepts are likely to come up using modern research approaches to evaluate the issue of blood stains of the Turin Shroud. Nor can we rule out the possibility that religious implications of the new findings on the Turin Shroud might be envisaged. Conceivably enough, the ongoing debate will be fierce and passionate, especially in the media.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy. diminno@unina.it.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Minno
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scala
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via S. Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Itala
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ventre
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Epidemiologia e Prevenzione, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Gaetano
mesh_terms: D001801:Blood Stains; D002835:Christianity; D003020:Clothing; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D005197:Famous Persons; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods*; D049429:Forensic Pathology / Q000379:methods*; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D008951:MNSs Blood-Group System; D008297:Male; D012068:Religion and Medicine; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D008951:MNSs Blood-Group System
keywords: Blood group; Chemical/physical techniques; Faith; Medieval forgery; Microscopic examinations; Mitochondrial DNA analysis; Next generation DNA sequencing methods; Science