title: A Novel Biomolecule-Mediated Reduction of Graphene Oxide: A Multifunctional Anti-Cancer Agent.
abstract: Graphene oxide (GO) is a monolayer of carbon atoms that form a dense honeycomb structure, consisting of hydroxyl and epoxide functional groups on the two accessible sides and carboxylic groups at the edges. In contrast, graphene is a two-dimensional sheet of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms packed into a honeycomb lattice. Graphene has great potential for use in biomedical applications due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. In this study, we report a facile and environmentally friendly approach for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using uric acid (UA). The synthesized uric acid-reduced graphene oxide (UA-rGO) was fully characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. GO and UA-rGO induced a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability and induced cytotoxicity in human ovarian cancer cells. The results from this study suggest that UA-rGO could cause apoptosis in mammalian cells. The toxicity of UA-rGO is significantly higher than GO. Based on our findings, UA-rGO shows cytotoxic effects against human ovarian cancer cells, and its synthesis is environmentally friendly. UA-rGO significantly inhibits cell viability by increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, activation of caspase-3, and DNA fragmentation. This is the first report to describe the comprehensive effects of UA-rGO in ovarian cancer cells. We believe that the functional aspects of newly synthesized UA-rGO will provide advances towards various biomedical applications in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. choi_yunjung@nate.com.
authors.forename: Yun-Jung
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. np-gennao@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Eunsu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. woong1211@naver.com.
authors.forename: JaeWoong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. jhkim541@konkuk.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jin-Hoi
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea. gsangiliyandi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sangiliyandi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gurunathan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D006108:Graphite / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013499:Surface Properties; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D010087:Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D006108:Graphite; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: cell viability; graphene oxide; ovarian cancer cells; reduced graphene oxide; uric acid