title: Protective effect of magnesium acetyltaurate against endothelin-induced retinal and optic nerve injury.
abstract: Vascular dysregulation has long been recognized as an important pathophysiological factor underlying the development of glaucomatous neuropathy. Endothelin-1 (ET1) has been shown to be a key player due to its potent vasoconstrictive properties that result in retinal ischemia and oxidative stress leading to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis and optic nerve (ON) damage. In this study we investigated the protective effects of magnesium acetyltaurate (MgAT) against retinal cell apoptosis and ON damage. MgAT was administered intravitreally prior to, along with or after administration of ET1. Seven days post-injection, animals were euthanized and retinae were subjected to morphometric analysis, TUNEL and caspase-3 staining. ON sections were stained with toluidine blue and were graded for neurodegenerative effects. Oxidative stress was also estimated in isolated retinae. Pre-treatment with MgAT significantly lowered ET1-induced retinal cell apoptosis as measured by retinal morphometry and TUNEL staining. This group of animals also showed significantly lesser caspase-3 activation and significantly reduced retinal oxidative stress compared to the animals that received intravitreal injection of only ET1. Additionally, the axonal degeneration in ON was markedly reduced in MgAT pretreated animals. The animals that received MgAT co- or post-treatment with ET1 also showed improvement in all parameters; however, the effects were not as significant as observed in MgAT pretreated animals. The current study showed that the intravitreal pre-treatment with MgAT reduces caspase-3 activation and prevents retinal cell apoptosis and axon loss in ON induced by ET1. This protective effect of ET1 was associated with reduced retinal oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: N N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Arfuzir
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lambuk
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A J A
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Jafri
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: renupuneet@gmail.com.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia; Volgograd State Medical University, Research Institute of Pharmacology, Volgograd, Russia.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Iezhitsa
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sidek
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, International Medical University, IMU Clinical School, Seremban, Malaysia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Bakar
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kutty
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A P Md
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Yusof
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krasilnikova
authors.affiliation: Volgograd State Medical University, Research Institute of Pharmacology, Volgograd, Russia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spasov
authors.affiliation: Volgograd State Medical University, Research Institute of Pharmacology, Volgograd, Russia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ozerov
authors.affiliation: Center for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohd Ismail
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013654:Taurine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C083076:acetyltaurine; D013654:Taurine; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: RGC apoptosis; endothelin-1; magnesium acetyltaurate; optic nerve