title: Disentanglement of growth dynamic and thermodynamic effects in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures.
abstract: The influence of non-equilibrium and equilibrium processes during growth of LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LAO/STO) heterostructures is analyzed. We investigate the electronic properties of LAO/STO heterostructures obtained at constant growth conditions after annealing in different oxygen atmospheres within the typical growth window (1 × 10(-4) mbar -1 × 10(-2) mbar). The variation of annealing conditions is found to cause a similar change of electronic properties as observed for samples grown in different oxygen pressure. The results indicate that equilibrium defect formation is the dominant process for establishing the properties of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG), while growth dynamics play a minor role in the typical LAO/STO growth regime. Furthermore, the effects of non-equilibrium processes occurring during growth are investigated in detail by quenching just-grown LAO/STO heterostructures directly after growth. We show that during growth the sample is pushed into a non-equilibrium state. After growth, the sample then relaxes towards equilibrium, while the relaxation rate strongly depends on the ambient pressure. The observed relaxation behavior is mainly associated with a reoxidation of the STO bulk, while the 2DEG is formed immediately after the growth.
authors.affiliation: Peter Grünberg Institute 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Chencheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Peter Grünberg Institute 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bäumer
authors.affiliation: Peter Grünberg Institute 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Ronja Anika
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Heinen
authors.affiliation: Peter Grünberg Institute 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoffmann-Eifert
authors.affiliation: Peter Grünberg Institute 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.|Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering and Information Technology II, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gunkel
authors.affiliation: Peter Grünberg Institute 7, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dittmann