title: Histological and micro-computed tomographic observations after maxillary sinus augmentation with porous hydroxyapatite alloplasts: a clinical case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is important to visualize the phenomenon which occurs in actual clinical cases to decide the timing of implant placement subsequently after sinus graft. Although several clinical cases of bone augmentation using xenograft have been evaluated, the number of those reports which have described bone remodeling by alloplasty are not sufficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present report, to investigate bone remodeling histologically after maxillary sinus augmentation with porous hydroxyapatite alloplast, bone cores from the sinus floor of three female nonsmoking patients (aged 64-73 years) were collected 6 months after sinus lift surgery, embedded in methyl methacrylate resin, and prepared by conventional methods. Bone architecture and graft residues were evaluated by micro-computed tomography of the same specimens. Hematoxylin-eosin and Villanueva-Goldner staining revealed mature osteoblasts and multinucleated osteoclasts on the grafted sinus floor and surface of residual hydroxyapatite particles. The particulate interspace was partially filled with osteoid and calcified tissue and showed active vascularization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggested that bone regeneration and angiogenesis within and between porous hydroxyapatite particles were sufficiently found after 6 month histologically in the grafted sinus floor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Implantology, Dental Hospital, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate Japan ; Department Oral Implantology and Regenerative Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan.
authors.forename: Hidemi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.affiliation: Department Oral Implantology and Regenerative Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.affiliation: Department Oral Implantology and Regenerative Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan.
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tachikawa
authors.affiliation: Department Oral Implantology and Regenerative Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan.
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: Department Oral Implantology and Regenerative Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan.
authors.forename: Maho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akatsuka
authors.affiliation: Department Oral Implantology and Regenerative Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan.
authors.forename: Shohei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasugai
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Implantology, Dental Hospital, Iwate Medical University, 19-1 Uchimaru, Morioka, Iwate Japan ; Department Oral Implantology and Regenerative Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku, Yushima, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan.
authors.forename: Hisatomo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kondo
keywords: Alloplast; Bone regeneration; Micro-computed tomography; Porous hydroxyapatite; Sinus lift