title: Does psychosis increase the risk of suicide in patients with major depression? A systematic review.
abstract: Over the years studies have shown conflicting results about the risk of suicide in psychotic depression (MD-psych). To understand this association, we undertook a comprehensive review of the literature to ascertain whether individuals with MD-psych have higher rates of completed suicides, suicide attempts or suicidal ideation compared to those with non-psychotic depression (MD-nonpsych).
  
  
  
  We searched Pubmed, PsycINFO and Ovid in English language, from 1946-October 2015. Studies were included if suicidal ideation, attempts or completed suicides were assessed.
  
  
  
  During the acute episode of depression, patients with MD-psych have higher rates of suicide, suicide attempts, and suicidal ideation than patients with MD-nonpsych, especially when the patient is hospitalized on an inpatient psychiatric unit. Studies done after the acute episode has resolved are less likely to show this difference, likely due to patients having received treatment.
  
  
  
  Diagnostic interviews were not conducted in all studies. Many studies did not report whether psychotic symptoms in MD-psych patients were mood-congruent or mood-incongruent; hence it is unclear whether the type of delusion increases suicide risk. Studies did not describe whether MD-psych patients experienced command hallucinations encouraging them to engage in suicidal behavior. Only 24 studies met inclusion criteria; several of them had small sample size and a quality score of zero, hence impacting validity.
  
  
  
  This review indicates that the seemingly conflicting data in suicide risk between MD-psych and MD-nonpsych in previous studies appears to be related to whether one looks at differences during the acute episode or over the long-term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Palo Alto, CA 94305, United States. Electronic address: izalpuri@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Isheeta
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zalpuri
authors.affiliation: Center for Psychopharmacologic Research and Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Ave North Worcester, MA 01655, United States. Electronic address: anthony.rothschild@umassmemorial.org.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rothschild
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Major depression; Psychotic depression; Suicide