title: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
abstract: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that consists of applying a weak electric current over the scalp to modulate cortical excitability. tDCS has been extensively investigated in adults with psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to review the current literature regarding the use of tDCS in children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  
  We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of tDCS in children and adolescents from age 0 to 18 years with psychiatric disorders.
  
  
  
  We found six studies that evaluated patients with different psychiatric disorders, with diverse study designs and stimulation parameters, including three small randomized clinical trials (RCTs), one evaluating childhood-onset schizophrenia, one RCT with patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and one study in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); three open-label studies, two evaluating patients with ASD, and one study of feasibility of the technique in children and adolescents with language disorders and diverse psychiatric disorders, including ASD, intellectual disability, and ADHD. We also found three studies of dosage considerations in the general pediatric population. The technique was well tolerated, with no reports of serious side effects.
  
  
  
  Preliminary research suggests that tDCS may be well tolerated and safe for children and adolescents with psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Nevertheless, because the literature regarding tDCS in child and adolescent psychiatry is scarce and there exist limited numbers of randomized controlled trials, it is not possible to draw definite conclusions. Future studies should investigate the technique with regard to specific psychiatric conditions in comparison with standard treatments. In addition, long-term efficacy and safety should be monitored.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Débora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muszkat
authors.affiliation: 1 Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .|2 National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq) , São Paulo, Brazil.|3 Research Center on Neurodevelopment and Mental Health, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Guilherme Vanoni
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Polanczyk
authors.affiliation: 1 Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .|2 National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INCT-CNPq) , São Paulo, Brazil.|3 Research Center on Neurodevelopment and Mental Health, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Taciana G Costa
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.affiliation: 1 Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .|4 Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: André Russowsky
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Brunoni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000296:Adolescent Psychiatry / Q000379:methods; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000628:therapy; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D002665:Child Psychiatry / Q000379:methods; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012561:Schizophrenia, Childhood / Q000628:therapy; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*