title: Below the Callus Surface: Applying Paleohistological Techniques to Understand the Biology of Bone Healing in Skeletonized Human Remains.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bone trauma is a common occurrence in human skeletal remains. Macroscopic and imaging scrutiny is the approach most currently used to analyze and describe trauma. Nevertheless, this line of inquiry may not be sufficient to accurately identify the type of traumatic lesion and the associated degree of bone healing. To test the usefulness of histology in the examination of bone healing biology, we used an integrative approach that combines gross inspection and microscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six bone samples belonging to 5 adult individuals with signs of bone trauma were collected from the Human Identified Skeletal Collection from the Museu Bocage (Lisbon, Portugal). Previous to sampling, the lesions were described according to their location, morphology, and healing status. After sampling, the bone specimens were prepared for plane light and polarized light analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The histological analysis was pivotal: (1) to differentiate between types of traumatic lesions; (2) to ascertain the posttraumatic interval, and (3) to diagnose other associated pathological conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outer surface of a bone lesion may not give a complete picture of the biology of the tissue's response. Accordingly, microscopic analysis is essential to differentiate, characterize, and classify trauma signs.
authors.affiliation: CIAS - Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Assis
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keenleyside
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000071298:Body Remains / Q000473:pathology; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000473:pathology*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult