title: Non-mulberry silk fibroin grafted poly (Є-caprolactone)/nano hydroxyapatite nanofibrous scaffold for dual growth factor delivery to promote bone regeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims at developing biodegradable, mineralized, nanofibrous scaffolds for use in bone regeneration. Scaffolds are loaded with combinations of bone morphogenic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and evaluated in vitro for enhancement in osteoinductivity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Poly(Є-caprolactone) (PCL) doped with different portions of nano-hydroxyapatite is electrospun into nanofibrous scaffolds. Non-mulberry silk fibroin (NSF) obtained from Antheraea mylitta is grafted by aminolysis onto them. Scaffolds prepared have three concentrations of nano-hydroxyapatite: 0% (NSF-PCL), 25% (NSF-PCL/n25), and 50% (NSF-PCL/n50). Growth factor loading is carried out in three different combinations, solely rhBMP-2 (BN25), solely TGF-β (TN25) and rhBMP-2+TGF-β (T/B N25) via carbodiimide coupling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NSF-PCL/n25 showed the best results in examination of mechanical properties, bioactivity, and cell viability. Hence only NSF-PCL/n25 is selected for loading growth factors and subsequent detailed in vitro experiments using MG-63 cell-line. Both growth factors show sustain release kinetics from the matrix. The T/B N25 scaffolds support cellular activity, proliferation, and triggering of bone-associated genes' expression better and promote earlier cell differentiation. Dual growth factor loaded NSF grafted electrospun PCL/nHAp scaffolds show promise for further development into a suitable scaffold for bone tissue engineering.
authors.affiliation: Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
authors.forename: Promita
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhattacharjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
authors.forename: Deboki
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Naskar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
authors.forename: Tapas K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Maiti
authors.affiliation: Materials Science Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India. Electronic address: dbmsc@matsc.iitkgp.ernet.in.
authors.forename: Debasis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India. Electronic address: kundu@hijli.iitkgp.ernet.in.
authors.forename: Subhas C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Kundu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012831:Bombyx / Q000737:chemistry; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D005349:Fibroins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C525718:BMP2 protein, human; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011091:Polyesters; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C016240:polycaprolactone; D005349:Fibroins; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: Aminolysis; Bone tissue engineering; Growth factor; Nonmulberry silk fibroin; Poly (Є-caprolactone)