title: Condensin I and II behaviour in interphase nuclei and cells undergoing premature chromosome condensation.
abstract: Condensin is an integral component of the mitotic chromosome condensation machinery, which ensures orderly segregation of chromosomes during cell division. In metazoans, condensin exists as two complexes, condensin I and II. It is not yet clear what roles these complexes may play outside mitosis, and so we have examined their behaviour both in normal interphase and in premature chromosome condensation (PCC). We find that a small fraction of condensin I is retained in interphase nuclei, and our data suggests that this interphase nuclear condensin I is active in both gene regulation and chromosome condensation. Furthermore, live cell imaging demonstrates condensin II dramatically increases on G1 nuclei following completion of mitosis. Our PCC studies show condensins I and II and topoisomerase II localise to the chromosome axis in G1-PCC and G2/M-PCC, while KIF4 binding is altered. Individually, condensins I and II are dispensable for PCC. However, when both are knocked out, G1-PCC chromatids are less well structured. Our results define new roles for the condensins during interphase and provide new information about the mechanism of PCC.
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, 54901, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Paulson
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Muhammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakhrebah
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.|The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Dr, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
authors.forename: Ji Hun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Cameron
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nowell
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalitsis
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia. damien.hudson@mcri.edu.au.|Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia. damien.hudson@mcri.edu.au.
authors.forename: Damien F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Hudson
mesh_terms: D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000235:genetics; D020090:Chromosome Segregation / Q000502:physiology*; D002875:Chromosomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D007399:Interphase / Q000502:physiology*; D008938:Mitosis / Q000502:physiology; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes / Q000378:metabolism*; D020161:Physical Chromosome Mapping; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic
chemical_list: D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D046912:Multiprotein Complexes; C108312:condensin complexes; D000251:Adenosine Triphosphatases; D004250:DNA Topoisomerases, Type II
keywords: Chromosome Organisation; Chromosome condensation; Condensin; Gene Regulation