title: Influence of different instrumentation modalities on the surface characteristics and biofilm formation on dental implant neck, in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate surface characteristics of implants after using different instruments and biofilm formation following instrumentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five commercially available dental implants were embedded into seven plastic models, attached to a phantom head and randomly assigned to seven instrumentation groups: (1) stainless steel (SSC) or (2) titanium curettes (TC); air-polisher using glycine-based (3) perio (PP) or (4) soft (SP) powders or (5) erythritol powder (EP); and an ultrasonic device using (6) stainless steel (PS) or (7) plastic-coated instruments (PI). Half of each implant neck in each group (n = 5) was treated once (30 s), while the other half was left uninstrumented (control). An eighth (8) treatment group used a bur/polisher to smooth two implants (SM). Following instrumentation implants were rinsed (5 ml Ringer's solution), analysed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and subjected twice (separately) to bacterial colonization with Streptococcus gordonii (2 h) and a mixed culture (S. gordonii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia; 24 h).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Visual assessment of SEM pictures revealed surface modifications (smoothening to roughening) following instrumentation. These alterations differed between the instrument groups and from the control. Quantitative scoring of the photographs revealed that SSC caused a significantly rougher surface compared to other instruments (P < 0.05), except for SP (P = 0.057) and PP (P = 0.108). After bacterial colonization no significant differences (P > 0.05) were evident between instrumented or control surfaces in either culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, no significant differences were observed in the surface characteristics (except for SSC) or bacterial colonization based on one-time instrumentation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Kristina Emily
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thorsten Mathias
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Auschill
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Heumann
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frankenberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sigrun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eick
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sculean
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicole Birgit
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Arweiler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000540:Alveolar Ridge Augmentation; D018441:Biofilms; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D059605:Dental Implant-Abutment Design; D015921:Dental Implants; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010512:Periodontal Index; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013525:Surgical Instruments
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: biofilm formation; dental implants; instrumentation; surface roughness