title: Campylobacter and Salmonella are prevalent in broiler farms in Kyushu, Japan: results of a 2-year distribution and circulation dynamics audit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate the distribution and circulation dynamics of Campylobacter and Salmonella in Japanese chicken broiler flocks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 2-year investigation of the distribution of Campylobacter and Salmonella was conducted in 25 broiler flocks at nine farms in Japan from 2013 to 2014. Campylobacter and Salmonella tested positive in 11 (44·0%) and 24 (96·0%) broiler flocks respectively. One hundred and ninety-five Campylobacter and 184 Salmonella isolates were characterized into 12 Campylobacter (including two novel genotypes) and three Salmonella MLST genotypes. Only Salmonella isolation between caecal and environmental samples were significantly correlated. Further, one litter sample tested positive for Salmonella before new chicks were introduced. The Campylobacter strains rapidly lost culturability within 2-18 days; in contrast, the Salmonella strains survived from 64-211 days in artificially inoculated water samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No persistent circulation-mediated Campylobacter contamination was observed. In contrast, circulation of Salmonella in broiler houses was seen, apparently due to the litter excreted from broiler flocks, as well as Salmonella-contaminated water and feed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper provides the distribution, genotypic data and circulation dynamics of Campylobacter and Salmonella as recently observed in Japanese chicken broiler farms.
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uemura
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sekiguchi
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: J-B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kirino
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mekata
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nonaka
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Norimine
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sueyoshi
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Horii
authors.affiliation: Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurogi
authors.affiliation: Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshino
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Misawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002169:Campylobacter Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002432:Cecum / Q000382:microbiology; D002645:Chickens; D000072480:Farms; D007564:Japan; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012475:Salmonella / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology*
keywords: Campylobacter; Japan; Salmonella; broiler flock; circulation