title: Coaching Model + Clinical Playbook = Transformative Learning.
abstract: Health care employers demand that workers be skilled in clinical reasoning, able to work within complex interprofessional teams to provide safe, quality patient-centered care in a complex evolving system. To this end, there have been calls for radical transformation of nursing education including the development of a baccalaureate generalist nurse. Based on recommendations from the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, faculty concluded that clinical education must change moving beyond direct patient care by applying the concepts associated with designer, manager, and coordinator of care and being a member of a profession. To accomplish this, the faculty utilized a system of focused learning assignments (FLAs) that present transformative learning opportunities that expose students to "disorienting dilemmas," alternative perspectives, and repeated opportunities to reflect and challenge their own beliefs. The FLAs collected in a "Playbook" were scaffolded to build the student's competencies over the course of the clinical experience. The FLAs were centered on the 6 Quality and Safety Education for Nurses competencies, with 2 additional concepts of professionalism and systems-based practice. The FLAs were competency-based exercises that students performed when not assigned to direct patient care or had free clinical time. Each FLA had a lesson plan that allowed the student and faculty member to see the competency addressed by the lesson, resources, time on task, student instructions, guide for reflection, grading rubric, and recommendations for clinical instructor. The major advantages of the model included (a) consistent implementation of structured learning experiences by a diverse teaching staff using a coaching model of instruction; (b) more systematic approach to present learning activities that build upon each other; (c) increased time for faculty to interact with students providing direct patient care; (d) guaranteed capture of selected transformative learning experiences; (e) increased student reflection to promote transformative learning; and (f) provided avenues for timely feedback to students.
authors.affiliation: Associate Clinical Professor, University of Kansas School of Nursing, Kansas City, KS 66160.. Electronic address: kfletche@kumc.edu.
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.affiliation: Assistant Clinical Professor, University of Kansas School of Nursing, Kansas City, KS 66160.. Electronic address: Mmeyer4@kumc.edu.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D004506:Education, Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration*; D005181:Faculty, Nursing; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D017145:Models, Educational; D009936:Organizational Innovation
keywords: Clinical affiliate faculty; Clinical competencies; Coaching; Transformative learning