title: HPLC profiling, antioxidant and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanol extract of Syzygium jambos available in Bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Syzygium jambos has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in Bangladesh. The study investigates the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiling of phenolic compounds, and evaluates the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract of S. jambos available in Bangladesh.
  
  
  METHODS
  The extract was subjected to HPLC for the identification and quantification of the major bioactive polyphenols present in S. jambos. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2, 2'-azino bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging, reducing power assay, total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and flavonoid content. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract in rats for two different test models: carrageenan and histamine-induced paw edema was inspected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High levels of catechin hydrate and rutin hydrate (99.00 and 79.20 mg/100 g extract, respectively) and moderate amounts of ellagic acid and quercetin (59.40 and 69.30 mg/100 g extract, respectively) were quantified in HPLC. Catechin hydrate from this plant extract was determined for the first time through HPLC. For ABTS scavenging assay, the median inhibition concentration (IC50) value of S. jambos was 57.80 µg/ml, which was significant to that of ascorbic acid (12.01 µg/ml). The maximum absorbance for reducing power assay was found to be 0.4934. The total antioxidant capacity, phenolic and flavonoid contents were calculated to be 628.50 mg/g of ascorbic acid, 230.82 mg/g of gallic acid and 11.84 mg/g of quercetin equivalent, respectively. At a dose of 400 mg/kg, a significant acute anti-inflammatory activity (P < 0.01) was observed in rats for both the test models with a reduction in the paw volume of 58.04 and 53.95 %, in comparison to those of indomethacin (62.94 and 65.79 %), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the phenolic and flavonoid compounds are responsible for acute anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of S. jambos.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat-E-Khuda Road, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh. hemayethossain02@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hemayet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Shaikh Emdadur
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Chemical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat-E-Khuda Road, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Proity Nayeeb
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Akbar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat-E-Khuda Road, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Tanzir Ahmed
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat-E-Khuda Road, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Md Mahfuzur
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Chemical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dr. Qudrat-E-Khuda Road, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Ismet Ara
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Jahan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D001459:Bangladesh; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D006632:Histamine; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000032:analysis; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D027842:Syzygium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; D000431:Ethanol; D006632:Histamine; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D007213:Indomethacin
keywords: ABTS; Carrageenan; Catechin hydrate; HPLC; Reducing power; Syzygium jambos