title: Maternal Ingestion of Ipomoea carnea: Effects on Goat-Kid Bonding and Behavior.
abstract: Ipomoea carnea is a toxic plant found in Brazil and other tropical and subtropical countries and often causes poisoning of livestock. The plant contains the alkaloids swainsonine and calystegines, which inhibit key cellular enzymes and cause systematic cell death. This study evaluated the behavioral effects of prenatal ingestion of this plant on dams and their kids. Twenty-four pregnant goats were randomly allocated into four treatment groups and received the following doses (g/kg BW) of fresh I. carnea: 0 (control group), 1.0 (IC1), 3.0 (IC3), and 5.0 (IC5) from day 27 of gestation until parturition. Dam and kid bonding and behavior were evaluated by several tests, immediately after birth until six weeks of age. Dams from IC3 and IC5 groups spent less time paying attention to the newborn. There was a lack of maternal-infant bonding due to I. carnea intoxication. Kids from treated dams had difficulty in standing, suckling, and in recognizing their mother hours after birth. I. carnea can also compromise the kids' ability to learn and to retain spatial memory. We suggest that kids from pregnant goats given I. carnea during gestation have significant behavioral alterations and developmental delays that may compromise their survival.
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil. andregotardo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: André T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Gotardo
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT 84341, USA. jamesapfister@gmail.com.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil. pcraspantini@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Paulo C F
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Raspantini
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Veterinary Toxicology (CEPTOX), Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, Brazil. gorniak@usp.br.
authors.forename: Silvana L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Górniak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats; D027741:Ipomoea; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D018782:Maze Learning; D009662:Nortropanes / Q000032:analysis; D009769:Object Attachment; D010947:Plants, Toxic; D011247:Pregnancy; D012991:Solanaceous Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis; D017026:Swainsonine / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009662:Nortropanes; D012991:Solanaceous Alkaloids; C110566:calystegine C1; C095613:calystegine B(2); C110567:calystegine B1; D017026:Swainsonine
keywords: I. carnea; goats; morning glory; neuroteratology; reproductive toxicology; swainsonine