title: Lessons from a Space Analog on Adaptation for Long-Duration Exploration Missions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exploration missions to asteroids and Mars will bring new challenges associated with communication delays and more autonomy for crews. Mission safety and success will rely on how well the entire system, from technology to the human elements, is adaptable and resilient to disruptive, novel, or potentially catastrophic events. The recent NASA Extreme Environment Missions Operations (NEEMO) 20 mission highlighted this need and produced valuable "lessons learned" that will inform future research on team adaptation and resilience.
  
  
  METHODS
  A team of NASA, industry, and academic members used an iterative process to design a tripod shaped structure, called the CORAL Tower, for two astronauts to assemble underwater with minimal tools. The team also developed assembly procedures, administered training to the crew, and provided support during the mission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the design, training, and assembly of the Tower, the team learned first-hand how adaptation in extreme environments depends on incremental testing, thorough procedures and contingency plans that predict possible failure scenarios, and effective team adaptation and resiliency for the crew and support personnel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings from NEEMO 20 provide direction on the design and testing process for future space systems and crews to maximize adaptation. This experience also underscored the need for more research on team adaptation, particularly how input and process factors affect adaption outcomes, the team adaptation iterative process, and new ways to measure the adaptation process.
authors.affiliation: Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Katlin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Anglin
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kring
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D018561:Space Simulation; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis