title: Imaging patients with renal impairment.
abstract: Imaging with intravascular contrast media is generally considered safe, particularly in patients without renal failure. However, as renal function deteriorates, the potential risk of nonallergic-type adverse events increases. This presents a unique challenge, particularly when the use of intravenous contrast media is deemed essential for diagnostic purposes. Following a discussion regarding the definition and epidemiology of kidney injury, this review focuses on the evolving understanding of both contrast-induced nephropathy and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and discusses preventative strategies aimed at minimizing the risk of developing these entities. Alternative non-contrast imaging techniques are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, Room TE-2, PO Box 208042, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA. mahan.mathur@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mahan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, Room TE-2, PO Box 208042, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Weinreb
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D054989:Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Contrast; Contrast media; Contrast-induced nephropathy; Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis; Renal failure