title: She more than he: gender bias supports the empathic nature of yawn contagion in Homo sapiens.
abstract: Psychological, clinical and neurobiological findings endorse that empathic abilities are more developed in women than in men. Because there is growing evidence that yawn contagion is an empathy-based phenomenon, we expect that the female bias in the empathic abilities reflects on a gender skew in the responsiveness to others' yawns. We verified this assumption by applying a linear model on a dataset gathered during a 5 year period of naturalistic observations on humans. Gender, age and social bond were included in the analysis as fixed factors. The social bond and the receiver's gender remained in the best model. The rates of contagion were significantly lower between acquaintances than between friends and family members, and significantly higher in women than in men. These results not only confirm that yawn contagion is sensitive to social closeness, but also that the phenomenon is affected by the same gender bias affecting empathy. The sex skew, also found in other non-human species, fits with the female social roles which are likely to require higher empathic abilities (e.g. parental care, group cohesion maintenance, social mediation). The fact that female influence in social dynamics also relies on face-to-face emotional exchange raises concerns on the negative repercussions of having women's facial expressions forcibly concealed.
authors.affiliation: Museo di Storia Naturale , Università di Pisa , Via Roma 79, Calci, Pisa 56011, Italy.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Norscia
authors.affiliation: Museo di Storia Naturale , Università di Pisa , Via Roma 79, Calci, Pisa 56011, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Demuru
authors.affiliation: Museo di Storia Naturale, Università di Pisa, Via Roma 79, Calci, Pisa 56011, Italy; Unità di Primatologia Cognitiva, ISTC-CNR, via Aldrovandi 16b, 00197 Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Palagi
keywords: empathy; female bias; humans; social bonding; yawn contagion