title: Application of electrokinetic soil flushing to four herbicides: A comparison.
abstract: In this work, four bench-scale plants containing soil spiked with four herbicides (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), oxyfluorfen, chlorsulfuron and atrazine) undergo treatment consisting of an electrokinetic soil flushing (EKSF). Results clearly demonstrate that efficiency of EKSF depends on the chemical characteristic of the pesticide used. The amount of pesticide collected in the anode well is more significant than that collected in the cathode wells, indicating that the electromigration is much more important than drainage by electro-osmotic flux for this application. After 15 d of treatment, the 2,4-D is the pesticide most efficiently removed (95% of removal), while chlorsulfuron is the pesticide more resilient to the treatment. Additionally, volatilization was found to be a process of the major significance in the application of electrokinetic techniques to soil polluted with herbicides and because of that it should always be taken into account in the future design of full-scale processes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: E Vieira
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, CEP-13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Enrique Costa Building, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saez
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Enrique Costa Building, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cañizares
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, CEP-13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: M R V
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lanza
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Martinez-Huitle
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Enrique Costa Building, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain. Electronic address: manuel.rodrigo@uclm.es.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D001280:Atrazine / Q000737:chemistry; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000737:chemistry; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000737:chemistry; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014227:Triazines; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; C016027:oxyfluorofen; C037137:chlorsulfuron; D001280:Atrazine
keywords: Electrokinetic soil flushing; Electromigration; Herbicides; Soil