title: Activity-based costing analysis of the analgesic treatments used in postoperative pain management in Italy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this analysis is to evaluate the costs of 72-hour postoperative pain treatment in patients undergoing major abdominal, orthopedic and thoracic procedures in nine different Italian hospitals, defined as the cumulative cost of drugs, consumable materials and time required for anesthesiologists, surgeons and nurses to administer each analgesic technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine Italian hospitals have been involved in this study through the administration of a questionnaire aimed to acquire information about the Italian clinical practice in terms of analgesia. This study uses activity-based costing (ABC) analysis to identify, measure and give value to the resources required to provide the therapeutic treatment used in Italy to manage the postoperative pain patients face after surgery. A deterministic sensitivity analysis (DSA) has been performed to identify the cost determinants mainly affecting the final cost of each treatment analyzed. Costs have been reclassified according to three surgical macro-areas (abdominal, orthopedic and thoracic) with the aim to recognize the cost associated not only to the analgesic technique adopted but also to the type of surgery the patient faced before undergoing the analgesic pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen different analgesic techniques have been identified for the treatment of moderate to severe pain in patients who underwent a major abdominal, orthopedic or thoracic surgery. The cheapest treatment actually employed is the oral administration "around the clock" (€ 8.23), whilst the most expensive is continuous peripheral nerve block (€ 223.46). The intravenous patient-controlled analgesia costs € 277.63. In terms of resources absorbed, the non-continuous administration via bolus is the gold standard in terms of cost-related to the drugs used (€ 1.28), and when administered pro re nata it also absorbs the lowest amount of consumables (€0.58€) compared to all other therapies requiring a delivery device. The oral analgesic administration pro re nata is associated to the lowest cost in terms of health professionals involved (€ 6.25), whilst intravenous PCA is the most expensive one (€ 245.66), requiring a massive monitoring on the part of physicians and nurses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analysis successfully collected information about costs of 72-hour postoperative pain treatment in patients undergoing major abdominal, orthopedic and thoracic procedures in all the nine different Italian hospitals. The interview showed high heterogeneity in the treatment of moderate to severe pain after major abdominal, orthopedic and thoracic surgeries among responding anesthesiologists, with 15 different analgesic modalities reported. The majority of the analgesic techniques considered in the analysis is not recommended by any guideline and their application in real life can be one of the reasons for the high incidence of uncontrolled pain, which is still reported in the postoperative period. Health care costs have become more and more important, although the choice of the best analgesic treatment should be a compromise between efficacy and economic considerations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Anesthesia and Pain Therapy, S. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy - andrea.fanelli@aosp.bo.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fanelli
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ruggeri
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basile
authors.forename: Americo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cicchetti
authors.forename: Flaminia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coluzzi
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Della Rocca
authors.forename: Pierangelo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Di Marco
authors.forename: Clelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fanelli
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.forename: Yigal
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Leykin
authors.forename: Ferdinando Luca
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Lorini
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paolicchi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scardino
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corcione
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000191:economics*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015552:Injections, Intralesional; D007558:Italy; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local