title: Prevalence of mip virulence gene and PCR-base sequence typing of Legionella pneumophila from cooling water systems of two cities in Iran.
abstract: Legionella pneumophila is the primary respiratory pathogen and mostly transmitted to human through water cooling systems and cause mild to severe pneumonia with high mortality rate especially in elderly both in hospitals and community. However, current Legionella risk assessments may be compromised by uncertainties in Legionella detection methods. Here, we investigated the presence of L. pneumophila mip gene in water samples collected from different hospitals cooling towers, nursing homes and building/hotels water coolants from two geographical locations of Iran (Kerman and Bam cities) during summer season of 2015 by both nested and real-time PCR methods. Analysis of the 128 water samples for presence of the mip gene by nested-PCR revealed, 18 (23%) positive cases in Kerman and 7(14%) in Bam. However, when samples were tested by real-time PCR, we identified 4 more new cases of L. pneumophila in the hospitals as well as nursing homes water systems that were missed by nested-PCR. The highest rate of contamination was detected in water obtained from hospitals cooling towers in both the cities (p≤0.05). Dendrogram analysis and clonal relationship by PCR-base sequence typing (SBT) of the L. pneumophila genomic DNAs in Kerman water samples showed close clonal similarities among the isolates, in contrast, isolates identified from Bam city demonstrated two fingerprint patterns. The clones from hospital water samples were more related to the L. pneumophila serogroup- 1.
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Section, Bam University of Medical Sciences , Bam , Iran.
authors.forename: Roya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ahmadrajabi
authors.affiliation: b Department of Microbiology and Virology , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran.|c Environmental Health and Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Shakibaie
authors.affiliation: b Department of Microbiology and Virology , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Iranmanesh
authors.affiliation: b Department of Microbiology and Virology , Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Mollaei
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Medicine, Microbiology Section, Bam University of Medical Sciences , Bam , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Hossein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sobhanipoor
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002947:Cities; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D016952:Legionella pneumophila / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D007877:Legionnaires' Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D009735:Nursing Homes; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase / Q000235:genetics*; D015995:Prevalence; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012703:Serotyping; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics; D014867:Water; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D014867:Water; C512922:Mip protein, Legionella pneumophila; D019696:Peptidylprolyl Isomerase
keywords: Legionella pneumophila; mip gene; nested-PCR; real-time PCR