title: Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β: Variation over Time and the Possible Association with Mood and Cognition in Healthy Individuals.
abstract: Evidence indicates a role for glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in the pathophysiology of mood disorders and in cognitive disturbances; however, the natural variation in GSK-3β activity over time is unknown. We aimed to investigate GSK-3β activity over time and its possible correlation with emotional lability, subjective mood fluctuations and cognitive function in healthy individuals. Thirty-seven healthy subjects were evaluated with neuropsychological tests and blood samples at baseline and 12-week follow-up. Total GSK-3β and serine-9-phosphorylated GSK-3β in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were quantitated using enzyme immunometric assays. The activity of GSK-3β (serine-9-phosphorylated GSK-3β/total GSK-3β) was lower at baseline compared with follow-up. No significant mean change over time was observed in levels of total GSK-3β and serine-9-phosphorylated GSK-3β. Exploratory analysis revealed lower activity of GSK-3β in spring and summer compared with the fall season. No correlation was observed between GSK-3β activity and emotional lability, subjective mood fluctuations or cognitive function. The results suggest that intra- and interindividual variation in GSK-3β activity over time could contribute to the heterogeneity of findings in clinical studies. The stability of GSK-3β activity and the role of potential moderators of GSK-3β activity warrant further investigation. Clinical studies of GSK-3β should consider including repeated measures of both cases and healthy individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department O, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Munkholm
authors.forename: Toke
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lenskjold
authors.forename: Anne Sophie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jacoby
authors.forename: Kamilla Woznica
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Miskowiak
authors.forename: Maj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vinberg
authors.forename: Helena Giroud Passarelli
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Joaquim
authors.forename: Leda Leme
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Talib
authors.forename: Wagner Farid
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Gattaz
authors.forename: Lars Vedel
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Kessing
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; C512806:NIN protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins