title: Transforming growth factor-β1 in carcinogenesis, progression, and therapy in cervical cancer.
abstract: Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine that plays important roles in cervical tumor formation, invasion, progression, and metastasis. TGF-β1 functions as a tumor inhibitor in precancerous lesions and early stage cancers of cervix whereas as a tumor promoter in later stage. This switch from a tumor inhibitor to a tumor promoter might be due to various alterations in TGF-β signaling pathway, such as mutations or loss of expression of TGF-β receptors and SMAD proteins. Additionally, the oncoproteins of human papillomaviruses have been shown to stimulate TGF-β1 expression, which in turn suppresses host immune surveillance. Thus, in addition to driving tumor cell migration and metastasis, TGF-β1 is believed to play a key role in promoting human papillomavirus infection by weakening host immune defense. In this article, we will discuss the role of TGF-β1 in the expression, carcinogenesis, progression, and therapy in cervical cancers. A better understanding of this cytokine in cervical carcinogenesis is essential for critical evaluation of this cytokine as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
authors.forename: Haiyan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
authors.forename: Zhaojun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA.
authors.forename: Luzhe
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109 Xueyuan Xi Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China. zjwzzxq@163.com.
authors.forename: Xueqiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
keywords: Cervical cancers; TGF-β1; Tumor promotion; Tumor suppression