title: Influence of solid state fermentation by Trichoderma spp. on solubility, phenolic content, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of commercial turmeric.
abstract: The influence of solid state fermentation (SSF) by Trichoderma spp. on the solubility, total phenolic content, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of turmeric was determined and compared with unfermented turmeric. The solubility of turmeric was monitored by increase in its phenolic content. The total phenolic content of turmeric extracted by 80% methanol and water after SSF by six species of Trichoderma spp. increased significantly from 2.5 to 11.3-23.3 and from 0.5 to 13.5-20.4 GAE/g DW, respectively. The antioxidant activities of fermented turmeric were enhanced using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The antibacterial activity of fermented turmeric against human-pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Entreococcus faecalis, Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosae showed a broad spectrum inhibitory effect. In conclusion, the results indicated the potentials of using fermented turmeric as natural antioxidant and antimicrobial material for food applications.
authors.affiliation: a Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.|b Molecular Biology Department , National Research Centre , Cairo , Egypt.
authors.forename: Saleh A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: c Biology Department, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Rashad M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.affiliation: c Biology Department, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Saleh A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kabli
authors.affiliation: c Biology Department, Faculty of Science , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Saleh M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Al-Garni
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D030024:Curcuma / Q000737:chemistry*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D005285:Fermentation; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010636:Phenols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010851:Picrates / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D012995:Solubility; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D010636:Phenols; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
keywords: antibacterial; antioxidant; fermentation; phenolic content; turmeric