title: Phenolic Profile and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Endemic Bulgarian Carduus Species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plant species from genus Carduus are widely distributed in the world and represented in Bulgaria by 14 species. Previous investigations on this genus demonstrated a strong antioxidant potential of extract from some Bulgarian Carduus species.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigates the phenolic profile and the antioxidant potential of different extracts obtained from four endemic Compositae herbs, growing wild in Bulgaria: Carduus armatus Boiss and Heldr., Carduus candicans Waldst. et Kit ssp. globifer (Velen.) Kazmi., Carduus rhodopaeus Velen. and Carduus thracicus (Velen.) Hayek.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antioxidant capacity of the obtained extracts was estimated with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), and ferric reducing antioxidant power and copper reduction antioxidant assays. Phenolic profile was estimated by high performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven phenolic acids and eight flavonoids were quantified in the inflorescences. Sinapic (2760.72 ± 15.68 μg/g dry weight [dw]), chlorogenic (2564.50 ± 19.73 μg/g dw) and ferulic acids (1648.71 ± 19.57 μg/g dw), as well as luteolin (2345.45 ± 18.61 μg/g dw) and apigenin (1332.75 ± 12.05 μg/g dw) were found to be the predominant compounds. The above contents are the highest values found in C. candicans ssp. globifer. The highest established antioxidant activity (AOA) was in favor of the ethanolic extracts, and the extract of C. rhodopaeus affirmed with the highest AOA among the investigated plant species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All identified phenolic compounds were reported for the 1(st) time in the studied endemic Carduus species, as well as their antioxidant capacities. The present study revealed that these plant species could be used as sources of antioxidants with potential medicinal properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phenolic acids and flavonoid profiles of four endemic compositae herbs, growing wild in Bulgaria: Carduus armatus, Carduus candicans ssp. globifer, Carduus rhodopaeus and Carduus thracicus, were quantified for the first time by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Eleven phenolic acids and eight flavonoids were determined in the inflorescences. Sinapic, chlorogenic and ferulic acids, as well as luteolin and apigenin were found to be the predominant compounds. The highest values of established phenolic compounds were found in C. candicans ssp. globifer. The studied plant extracts of Carduus species possessed antioxidant activity in favor of C. rhodopaeus and results confirmed 70 % ethanol as more appropriate solvent. The present study revealed that these plant species could be used as sources of antioxidants with potential medicinal properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski", Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Ivanka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dimitrova-Dyulgerova
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, Varna 9000, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Iliya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zhelev
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, University of Food Technologies, Plovdiv 4000, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Dasha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mihaylova
keywords: Carduus species; high-performance liquid chromatography; in vitro antioxidant activity; phenolic profile