title: Low-Flow Vascular Malformation Pitfalls: From Clinical Examination to Practical Imaging Evaluation--Part 2, Venous Malformation Mimickers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article is to review the unusual clinical and radiographic features of venous malformations that can give rise to diagnostic confusion. Entities that can have overlapping clinical and imaging features with venous malformations are also reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Venous malformations are congenital endothelial malformations secondary to errors in vascular morphogenesis and are usually diagnosed in the first 2 decades of life. The clinical and imaging features of venous malformations often overlap those of other pathologic entities, creating diagnostic confusion. Furthermore, the clinical presentation and imaging appearance of venous malformations can vary, making the diagnosis challenging. Thorough knowledge of the various clinical and imaging features not only of venous malformations but also of the major potential mimic lesions is crucial for clinicians caring for patients with these lesions.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center of Florida, Miami Beach, FL.
authors.forename: Brandon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olivieri
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center of Florida, Miami Beach, FL.
authors.forename: Candace L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiology, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami Children's Health System, 3100 SW 62nd Ave, Miami, FL 33155.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Restrepo
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiology, Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami Children's Health System, 3100 SW 62nd Ave, Miami, FL 33155.
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McKeon
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Radiology, University of California at San Francisco, Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA.
authors.forename: S Pinar
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Karakas
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Edward Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005354:Fibrosarcoma / Q000175:diagnosis; D006223:Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple / Q000175:diagnosis; D006390:Hemangioendothelioma / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D018317:Nerve Sheath Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis; D014680:Veins / Q000002:abnormalities*
keywords: anomaly; imaging; malformation; pitfalls; slow flow; vascular; venous