title: Long-Term Stability of Motor Cortical Activity: Implications for Brain Machine Interfaces and Optimal Feedback Control.
abstract: The human motor system is capable of remarkably precise control of movements--consider the skill of professional baseball pitchers or surgeons. This precise control relies upon stable representations of movements in the brain. Here, we investigated the stability of cortical activity at multiple spatial and temporal scales by recording local field potentials (LFPs) and action potentials (multiunit spikes, MSPs) while two monkeys controlled a cursor either with their hand or directly from the brain using a brain-machine interface. LFPs and some MSPs were remarkably stable over time periods ranging from 3 d to over 3 years; overall, LFPs were significantly more stable than spikes. We then assessed whether the stability of all neural activity, or just a subset of activity, was necessary to achieve stable behavior. We showed that projections of neural activity into the subspace relevant to the task (the "task-relevant space") were significantly more stable than were projections into the task-irrelevant (or "task-null") space. This provides cortical evidence in support of the minimum intervention principle, which proposes that optimal feedback control (OFC) allows the brain to tightly control only activity in the task-relevant space while allowing activity in the task-irrelevant space to vary substantially from trial to trial. We found that the brain appears capable of maintaining stable movement representations for extremely long periods of time, particularly so for neural activity in the task-relevant space, which agrees with OFC predictions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is unknown whether cortical signals are stable for more than a few weeks. Here, we demonstrate that motor cortical signals can exhibit high stability over several years. This result is particularly important to brain-machine interfaces because it could enable stable performance with infrequent recalibration. Although we can maintain movement accuracy over time, movement components that are unrelated to the goals of a task (such as elbow position during reaching) often vary from trial to trial. This is consistent with the minimum intervention principle of optimal feedback control. We provide evidence that the motor cortex acts according to this principle: cortical activity is more stable in the task-relevant space and more variable in the task-irrelevant space.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Flint
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Scheid
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology.
authors.forename: Zachary A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and.
authors.forename: Sara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Solla
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Department of Physiology, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60611 mslutzky@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Marc W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Slutzky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D000882:Haplorhini; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: LFPs; brain–machine interface; minimum intervention; motor cortex; optimal feedback control; stability