title: Effects of Methadone on the Minimum Anesthetic Concentration of Isoflurane, and Its Effects on Heart Rate, Blood Pressure and Ventilation during Isoflurane Anesthesia in Hens (Gallus gallus domesticus).
abstract: The aim of this study was to measure the temporal effects of intramuscular methadone administration on the minimum anesthetic concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in hens, and to evaluate the effects of the isoflurane-methadone combination on heart rate and rhythm, blood pressure and ventilation. Thirteen healthy adult hens weighing 1.7 ± 0.2 kg were used. The MAC of isoflurane was determined in each individual using the bracketing method. Subsequently, the reduction in isoflurane MAC produced by methadone (3 or 6 mg kg(-1), i.m.) was determined by the up-and-down method. Stimulation was applied at 15 and 30 minutes, and at 45 minutes if the bird had not moved at 30 minutes. Isoflurane MAC reduction was calculated at each time point using logistic regression. After a washout period, birds were anesthetized with isoflurane and methadone, 6 mg kg(-1) i.m. was administered. Heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate, blood gas values and invasive blood pressure were measured at 1.0 and 0.7 isoflurane MAC, and during 45 minutes after administration of methadone once birds were anesthetized with 0.7 isoflurane MAC. Fifteen minutes after administration of 3 mg kg(-1) of methadone, isoflurane MAC was reduced by 2 (-9 to 13)% [logistic regression estimate (95% Wald confidence interval)]. Administration of 6 mg kg(-1) of methadone decreased isoflurane MAC by 29 (11 to 46)%, 27 (-3 to 56)% and 10 (-8 to 28)% after 15, 30 and 45 minutes, respectively. Methadone (6 mg kg(-1)) induced atrioventricular block in three animals and ventricular premature contractions in two. Methadone caused an increase in arterial blood pressure and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, while heart rate and pH decreased. Methadone, 6 mg kg(-1) i.m. significantly reduced isoflurane MAC by 30% in hens 15 minutes after administration. At this dose, methadone caused mild respiratory acidosis and increase in systemic blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rozana Wendler
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: da Rocha
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: Bruno Henri
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Pypendop
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Darcio
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zangirolami Filho
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Samuel Santos
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Sousa
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos Augusto Araújo
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Valadão
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002645:Chickens; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008691:Methadone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014691:Ventilation
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane; D008691:Methadone