title: Salvage surgery for neck residue or recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma after primary radiotherapy: options of surgical methods and regions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salvage surgery has been recommended as the approach of choice for neck residue or recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) after primary radiotherapy (RT). This study aimed to assess the outcome and prognostic factors, options for different surgical methods, and the extent of neck dissection (ND) for patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  NPC patients who had undergone RT and received salvage surgery for neck residue or recurrence from January 2001 to December 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. The overall survival (OS) rate was calculated by Kaplan-Meier method, and prognostic factors were determined by log-rank test and Cox regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 153 cases, 96 cases have level I dissections. The metastasis rate was 20/153 (13.07%) for level I metastasis and 7/153 (4.58%) for parotid gland cases. The 3- and 5-year OS rate was 57.2 and 40.6%, respectively, and median survival time was 49 months. By univariate analysis, the age, rN staging, size of lymph nodes (LN), extra-capsular spread (ECS), and surgical procedure were significant prognostic factors. By multivariable analysis, the age, rN staging, and size of LN were significant prognostic factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salvage surgery is effective for neck failure of NPC after primary treatment, but patients with age >50 years, stage rN3, or LN >6 cm have poor prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88# Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Sheng-ye
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian-lin
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lou
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jianxiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88# Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, China. zhangsuzhan1954@163.com.
authors.forename: Su-zhan
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, People's Republic of China. guoliangdr1963@163.com.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077274:Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D009333:Neck / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D037981:Neck Dissection; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery*; D011379:Prognosis; D011878:Radiotherapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016879:Salvage Therapy; D015996:Survival Rate; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma; Neck dissection; Recurrence; Residual; Salvage surgery