title: Amygdalin, quackery or cure?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cyanogenic diglucoside, amygdalin, has gained high popularity among cancer patients together with, or in place of, conventional therapy. Still, evidence based research on amygdalin is sparse and its benefit controversial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Since so many cancer patients consume amygdalin, and many clinicians administer it without clear knowledge of its mode of action, current knowledge has been summarized and the pros and cons of its use weighed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was conducted for amygdalin relevant reports using the PubMed database with the main search term "Amygdalin" or "laetrile", at times combined with "cancer", "patient", "cyanide" or "toxic". We did not exclude any "unwanted" articles. Additionally, internet sources authorized by governmental or national institutions have also been included.
  Individual chapters summarize pharmacokinetics, preclinical and clinical studies and toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No convincing evidence showing that amygdalin induces rapid, distinct tumor regression in cancer patients, particularly in those with late-stage disease, is apparent. However, there is also no evidence that purified amygdalin, administered in "therapeutic" dosage, causes toxicity. Multiple aspects of amygdalin administration have not yet been adequately explored, making further investigation necessary to evaluate its actual therapeutic potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Building 25A, Room 404, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Electronic address: blaheta@em.uni-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Roman A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Blaheta
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Building 25A, Room 404, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haferkamp
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Building 25A, Room 404, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Juengel
mesh_terms: D000678:Amygdalin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003486:Cyanides / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011781:Quackery; D027824:Rosaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D003486:Cyanides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000678:Amygdalin
keywords: Amygdalin; Cancer treatment; Complementary and alternative medicine; Prunasin