title: Measures of cognitive reserve in Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cognitive reserve (CR), a hypothetical construct used to obtain information about cognitive aging, describes the capacity of the adult brain to cope with the effects of neurodegenerative processes. This study evaluated CR using a CR questionnaire (CRQ) and a set of variables (education, leisure activities, lifelong occupation) that inform CR. It also developed a CR index, validated the CRQ, and examined the correlation between the different CR measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional and neuropsychological capacities of 75 outpatients (mean age: 80.2 years) with a probable AD diagnosis were evaluated. Socio-demographic data and clinical variables were collected. Patients completed two questionnaires: the Participation in Leisure Activities throughout Life questionnaire, and the CRQ.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with a greater CR had higher scores in cognitive tests than the elderly with a lower CR. A CR index was developed. CRQ reliability was 0.795 (Cronbach's alpha). There was a close association between the CR Index and the CRQ.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found an association between CR measures and education, occupation and participation in leisure activities. The CRQ seems to be a suitable instrument to measure CR in Portuguese populations.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Margarida
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sobral
authors.affiliation: Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Maria Helena
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pestana
authors.affiliation: ICBAS, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Constança
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paúl