title: CB2 cannabinoid receptor is involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of leptin in a model of traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The rates for traumatic brain injury (TBI) have risen in the last decade. Studies in animal models and clinical trials have not yet resulted in an effective treatment for TBI. Leptin, a 16kDa peptidic hormone is mainly known as a regulator of energy balance and has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in different models of brain pathology. In this study, we have assessed whether leptin exerts protective actions in a TBI mouse model. In addition, the possible implication of CB2 cannabinoid receptor in leptin actions has been explored, since it is known that the endocannabinoid system interacts with leptin and actively participates in brain recovery after lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swiss (CD1) male mice were subjected to weigh-drop model for TBI. Prior to the lesion, mice were injected with an antagonist of CB2 receptor (AM630) or the vehicle and immediately after TBI, they received leptin or vehicle treatment. Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA or the non-parametric test Kruskal-Wallis when appropriate. For correlation analyses, Spearman's rho test, followed by linear regression test, was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TBI induced a neurological deficit, which was improved by leptin treatment. Leptin recovered several parameters affected by TBI, including the expression of cannabinoid receptors, axonal injury marker and neuroinflammatory components. The effects of leptin were prevented or reduced when it was administered in combination with the CB2 receptor antagonist, AM630.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since some of the beneficial effects of leptin were not evident in the presence of AM630, our results suggest that CB2 receptor might be involved in the full expression of the neuroprotective effects of the hormone. These findings open new avenues for the study of leptin as a therapeutic treatment for TBI and enhance the importance of CB2 receptor in TBI pathophysiology and recovery.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología, Fisiología Animal (II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: lranabelen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana Belen
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Lopez-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología, Fisiología Animal (II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mela
authors.affiliation: Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Estefania
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Acaz-Fonseca
authors.affiliation: Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis Miguel
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Garcia-Segura
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología, Fisiología Animal (II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria-Paz
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Viveros
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001369:Axons / Q000473:pathology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D063387:Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D020738:Leptin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D009443:Neuritis / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000187:drug effects; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D063387:Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists; C571431:Cnr2 protein, mouse; D016207:Cytokines; D007211:Indoles; D020738:Leptin; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2; C094023:iodopravadoline
keywords: CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist; Leptin; Mice; Neuroinflammation; Traumatic brain injury