title: A technical review of optical mapping of intracellular calcium within myocardial tissue.
abstract: Optical mapping of Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescence probes has become an extremely useful approach and adopted by many cardiovascular research laboratories to study a spectrum of myocardial physiology and disease conditions. Optical mapping data are often displayed as detailed pseudocolor images, providing unique insight for interpreting mechanisms of ectopic activity, action potential and Ca(2+) transient alternans, tachycardia, and fibrillation. Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent probes and optical mapping systems continue to evolve in the ongoing effort to improve therapies that ease the growing worldwide burden of cardiovascular disease. In this technical review we provide an updated overview of conventional approaches for optical mapping of Cai (2+) within intact myocardium. In doing so, a brief history of Cai (2+) probes is provided, and nonratiometric and ratiometric Ca(2+) probes are discussed, including probes for imaging sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) and probes compatible with potentiometric dyes for dual optical mapping. Typical measurements derived from optical Cai (2+) signals are explained, and the analytics used to compute them are presented. Last, recent studies using Cai (2+) optical mapping to study arrhythmias, heart failure, and metabolic perturbations are summarized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University. Washington, District of Columbia;
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jaimes
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045, Bordeaux, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045, Bordeaux, France; and L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045, Bordeaux, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045, Bordeaux, France; and L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pasdois
authors.affiliation: Université de Bordeaux, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045, Bordeaux, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux U1045, Bordeaux, France; and L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bernus
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University. Washington, District of Columbia; L'Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque LIRYC, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Igor R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Efimov
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University. Washington, District of Columbia; phymwk@gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kay
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000266:history / Q000378:metabolism*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D056969:Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D002118:Calcium
keywords: calcium cycling; calcium fluorescence; calcium imaging; calcium mapping