title: Dietary Protein Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women.
abstract: Dietary proteins are important modulators of glucose metabolism. However, few longitudinal studies have evaluated the associations between intake of protein and protein type and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We investigated the associations between total, animal, and vegetable protein and incident T2D in 72,992 women from the Nurses' Health Study (1984-2008), 92,088 women from Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2009) and 40,722 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2008). During 4,146,216 person-years of follow-up, we documented 15,580 cases of T2D. In pooled multivariate models including body mass index, participants in the highest quintiles of percentage of energy derived from total protein and animal protein had 7% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1, 17) and 13% (95% CI: 6, 21) increased risks of T2D compared with those in the lowest quintiles, respectively. Percentage of energy intake from vegetable protein was associated with a moderately decreased risk of T2D (comparing extreme quintiles, hazard ratio =0.91, 95% CI: 0.84, 0.98). Substituting 5% of energy intake from vegetable protein for animal protein was associated with a 23% (95% CI: 16, 30) reduced risk of T2D. In conclusion, higher intake of animal protein was associated with an increased risk of T2D, while higher intake of vegetable protein was associated with a modestly reduced risk.
authors.forename: Vasanti S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Deirdre K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Tobias
authors.forename: An
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000145:classification; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D000067940:Glycemic Load / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D065840:Protective Factors; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D014674:Plant Proteins, Dietary
keywords: animal protein; diabetes mellitus; dietary protein; nuts; peanuts; type 2 diabetes; vegetable protein; whole grains