title: [Bipolar Sealing of Lung Veins with 5 mm and 10 mm Instruments - Bursting Pressures Measured in an Ex-Vivo Model].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In every anatomic lung resection, lung veins need to be sealed and divided. If open surgery is performed, veins are usually treated with ligatures. In minimally-invasive procedures a vascular stapler is used. Blood vessels can be securely closed with modern bipolar sealing technology. Since this method has rarely been used in lung veins, we carried out the present study on an ex-vivo model to test whether satisfactory bursting pressures can be achieved using 5 mm and 10 mm MARSEAL® sealing instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimental investigations were carried out on heart-lung preparations (including both lungs) from freshly-slaughtered pigs (weight: 199 lbs). After the lung veins were dissected, three groups were formed according to size: group 1: 1-7 mm, group 2: 8-10 mm and group 3: > 10 mm. Bipolar sealing was performed with a 5 mm or 10 mm MARSEAL® sealing device and the special SealSafe® G5 electric current. Vessels closed by simple ligation served as a control group. A pressure sensor was implanted into the unsealed end of the blood vessel. Air was pumped into the blood vessel and the bursting pressure - the pressure (in mbar) at which the vessel began to leak - was determined digitally. The mean bursting pressures were compared using the non-parametric Mann Whitney U test (the level of significance was p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In group 1 the mean bursting pressures for the 5 mm and 10 mm instruments were found to be 167.1 ± 38.7 mbar and 113.8 ± 23.3 mbar, respectively. Both were significantly inferior to the pressure of 178.8 ± 44.5 mbar achieved by the control group. In group 2 the bursting pressures were 122.7 ± 27.8 mbar with the 5 mm instrument and 93.5 ± 39.6 mbar with the 10 mm instrument. The mean bursting pressure for the control group was 180.7 ± 35.8.mbar. In group 3 the mean bursting pressures were 98.2 ± 28.8 mbar with the 5 mm instrument and 65.5 ± 19.7 mbar with the 10 mm instrument. All attempts to seal the entire left atrium failed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our ex-vivo model of lung veins, acceptable bursting pressures were achieved in blood vessels with a maximum diameter of 10 mm. Bipolar impedance-controlled sealing may create an adequate seal on pulmonary veins up to a diameter of 10 mm. The use of a 10 mm instrument has no advantage compared to a 5 mm instrument. Secure sealing of the left atrium is not possible.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Viszeral-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirschbaum
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Viszeral-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rössler
authors.affiliation: Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rexin
authors.affiliation: Anästhesie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steinfeldt
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Viszeral-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Bartsch
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Herz- und thorakale Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mirow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D023421:Models, Animal; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011669:Pulmonary Wedge Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous; D013552:Swine; D014160:Transducers, Pressure