title: Inhibitory Effect of Spirulina maxima on the Azoxymethane-induced Aberrant Colon Crypts and Oxidative Damage in Mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spirulina maxima (Sm) is a cyanobacterium well known because of its high nutritive value, as well as its anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, antioxidant, and anti-genotoxic activities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the capacity of Sm to inhibit the induction of aberrant colon crypts (AC), as well as the level of lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidative damage in mice treated with azoxymethane (AOM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sm (100, 400, and 800 mg/kg) was daily administered to animals by the oral route during 4 weeks, while AOM (10 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to mice twice in weeks 2 and 3 of the assay. We also included a control group of mice orally administered with distilled water along the assay, as well as other group orally administered with the high dose of Sm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant decrease in the number of AC with the three tested doses of Sm, with a mean protection of 51.6% respect to the damage induced by AOM. Also, with the three doses of the alga, we found a reduction in the level of lipoperoxidation, as well as in regard to the percentage of the DNA adduct 8-hydroxy-2'- deoxyguanosine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sm possesses anti-precarcinogenic potential in vivo, as well as capacity to reduce the oxidative damage induced by AOM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Azoxymethane (AOM) induced a high number of colon aberrant crypts in mouse. It also increased the level of peroxidation and of DNA oxidation in the same organ.Spirulina maxima significantly reduced the number of AOM-induced colon aberrant crypts in mouse. It also reduced the AOM-induced lipid and DNA oxidation in mouse.The results suggest a chemopreventive potential for the tested algae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, Genetics Laboratory, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México.
authors.forename: Isela
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Álvarez-González
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, Genetics Laboratory, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México.
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Islas-Islas
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Preclinical Toxicology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México.
authors.forename: Germán
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chamorro-Cevallos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Preclinical Toxicology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México.
authors.forename: Juan Pablo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Barrios
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México.
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Paniagua
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, D.F. 07360, México; Cathedra-CONACYT, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Autonomous University "Benito Juárez" of Oaxaca, Av. Universidad s/n, Exhacienda de Cinco Señores, Oaxaca de Juárez, 68120, México.
authors.forename: Verónica R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Vásquez-Garzón
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, D.F. 07360, México.
authors.forename: Saúl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Villa-Treviño
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservation Medicine, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, D. F. 11340, México.
authors.lastname: Osiris-Madrigal-Santillán
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservation Medicine, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Casco de Santo Tomás, D. F. 11340, México.
authors.forename: José Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Morales-González
authors.affiliation: Department of Morphology, Genetics Laboratory, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Wilfredo Massieu s/n. Lindavista, D. F. 07738, México.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Madrigal-Bujaidar
keywords: Azoxymethane; Spirulina; chemoprevention; colon damage; mice