title: Sequential Fermentation with Selected Immobilized Non-Saccharomyces Yeast for Reduction of Ethanol Content in Wine.
abstract: The average ethanol content of wine has increased over the last two decades. This increase was due to consumer preference, and also to climate change that resulted in increased grape maturity at harvest. In the present study, to reduce ethanol content in wine, a microbiological approach was investigated, using immobilized selected strains of non-Saccharomyces yeasts namely Starmerella bombicola, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Hanseniaspora osmophila, and Hanseniaspora uvarum to start fermentation, followed by inoculation of free Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The immobilization procedures, determining high reaction rates, led a feasible sequential inoculation management avoiding possible contamination under actual winemaking. Under these conditions, the immobilized cells metabolized almost 50% of the sugar in 3 days, while S. cerevisiae inoculation completed all of fermentation. The S. bombicola and M. pulcherrima initial fermentations showed the best reductions in the final ethanol content (1.6 and 1.4% v/v, respectively). Resulting wines did not have any negative fermentation products with the exception of H. uvarum sequential fermentation that showed significant amount of ethyl acetate. On the other hand, there were increases in desirable compounds such as glycerol and succinic acid for S. bombicola, geraniol for M. pulcherrima and isoamyl acetate and isoamyl alcohol for H. osmophila sequential fermentations. The overall results indicated that a promising ethanol reduction could be obtained using sequential fermentation of immobilized selected non-Saccharomyces strains. In this way, a suitable timing of second inoculation and an enhancement of analytical profile of wine were obtained.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Canonico
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Comitini
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oro
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciani
keywords: ethanol reduction; immobilized cells; non-Saccharomyces yeast; sequential fermentation; wine