title: Phone-based motivational interviewing to increase self-efficacy in individuals with phenylketonuria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure change in patient activation and self-efficacy in individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU) before and after a 6-month phone-based motivational interviewing (MI) intervention and determine the feasibility of implementing dietary counseling for PKU using an MI approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (n = 31) included preadolescents (7-12 years), adolescents (13-17 years), and adults (18-35 years) with early-treated PKU. Participants completed online questionnaires assessing self-reported stage of change (SOC), patient activation, and self-efficacy for PKU self-management behaviors. The intervention included monthly phone-based dietary counseling using MI during which participants set monthly goals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient activation and self-efficacy were significantly different by age group (both p < 0.01) with higher scores in older participants. Self-efficacy significantly increased from baseline to month 6 among adolescents and adults (7.4 ± 1.9 and 8.6 ± 1.3, respectively, p = 0.002). Preadolescents did not have a significant change in self-efficacy (p = 0.79). There was no increase in patient activation for preadolescents or adolescents/adults (p = 0.19 and p = 0.24, respectively). Indicators of learning problems were not significantly associated with self-efficacy (p = 0.33) or patient activation (p = 0.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing phone-based dietary counseling for PKU using MI. This study also supports further investigation of MI as an intervention approach to improving self-efficacy and self-management behaviors in adolescents and adults with PKU.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, 375 Chipeta Way, Suite A, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
authors.forename: Krista S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Viau
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, 375 Chipeta Way, Suite A, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, 295 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
authors.forename: Maureen A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Murtaugh
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, 375 Chipeta Way, Suite A, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Gren
authors.affiliation: Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, 375 Chipeta Way, Suite A, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, 650 Komas Drive, Suite 200, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bilder
keywords: ID, intellectual disability; IEP, individualized education program; IQR, interquartile range; MI, motivational interviewing; Motivational interviewing; PAM, Patient Activation Measure; PKU, phenylketonuria; Phe, phenylalanine; Phenylketonuria; SOC, stages of change; Self-efficacy; Stages of change