title: Moral and social reasons to acknowledge the use of cognitive enhancers in competitive-selective contexts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although some of the most radical hypothesis related to the practical implementations of human enhancement have yet to become even close to reality, the use of cognitive enhancers is a very tangible phenomenon occurring with increasing popularity in university campuses as well as in other contexts. It is now well documented that the use of cognitive enhancers is not only increasingly common in Western countries, but also gradually accepted as a normal procedure by the media as well. In fact, its implementation is not unusual in various professional contexts and it has its peak in colleges (where the trend has been characterized as "academic doping"). Even when certain restrictions in the legislation of a country are indeed in place (i.e. through prescriptions requirements), they are without doubts easy to overcome. The legitimacy and appropriateness of such restrictions will not be the focus of our investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our concern is instead related to the moral and social reasons to publicly acknowledge the use of cognitive enhancers in competitive-selective contexts. These reasons are linked to a more neutral analysis of contemporary Western society: it is a fact that an increasing number of competitive-selective contexts have a substantial number of contenders using cognitive enhancers. Through the use of five explicative examples, in this paper we want to analyse the problems related to its use. In particular, it will be our aim to show the tension between one of the main argument used by bio-liberals (the use of cognitive enhancers is an eligible procedure that society does not impose on anyone) and the actual implementation of the drugs in competitive, or semi-competitive contexts.
authors.affiliation: Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. mdgarasic@fulbrightmail.org.
authors.forename: Mirko D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Garasic
authors.affiliation: Centro Universitario Internazionale, Arezzo, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lavazza
mesh_terms: D024803:Biomedical Enhancement / Q000941:ethics*; D003071:Cognition; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D030881:Disclosure; D006801:Humans; D009014:Morals; D009042:Motivation; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D012919:Social Behavior
chemical_list: D018697:Nootropic Agents
keywords: Autonomy; Cognitive enhancement; Moral duty; Performance-enhancing substances; Privacy; Public interest