title: Immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer: past, present and future.
abstract: Inhibitory ligands on tumor cells and their corresponding receptors on T cells are collectively called immune checkpoint molecules and have emerged as druggable targets that harness endogenous immunity to fight cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 have been developed for the treatment of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer and other malignancies, with impressive clinical activity, durable responses and a favorable toxicity profile. This article reviews the development, current status and future directions for some of these agents. The efficacy and safety data for drugs such as ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab and durvalumab are reviewed, along with combination strategies and response evaluation criteria. The toxicity profiles and predictive biomarkers of response are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: Monter Cancer Center, Northwell Health, Lake Success, NY 11042, USA.
authors.forename: Nagashree
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seetharamu
authors.affiliation: Monter Cancer Center, Northwell Health, Lake Success, NY 11042, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Budman
authors.affiliation: Monter Cancer Center, Northwell Health, Lake Success, NY 11042, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000276:immunology; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000276:immunology; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; D011948:Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
keywords: CTLA-4; NSCLC; PD-1; PD-L1; atezolizumab; durvalumab; immunotherapy; ipilimumab; nivolumab; pembrolizumab