title: A quick and easy delirium assessment for nonphysician research personnel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Delirium in the emergency department (ED) is an emerging field of research. Most ED research infrastructures utilize lay personnel to collect data, but delirium assessments that can be reliably performed by nonphysicians are lacking. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of the modified Brief Confusion Assessment Method (modified bCAM) for this purpose.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a secondary analysis of a prospective observational study that enrolled ED patients 65years or older. The original bCAM was a brief (<2minutes) delirium assessment that assessed for inattention by asking the patient to recite the months backward from December to July. It was modified by adding the Vigilance A ("squeeze my hand when you hear the letter 'A'") to the inattention assessment. The elements of the modified bCAM were performed by a research assistant (RA) and emergency physician. The reference standard for delirium was a psychiatrist assessment performed within 3hours using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition, Text Revision criteria. All assessors were blinded to each other. Sensitivities and specificities with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the RA and emergency physician.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 406 patients enrolled, 50 (12%) were delirious. The modified bCAM was 82.0% (95% CI, 71.4%-92.6%) sensitive and 96.1% (95% CI, 94.0%-98.1%) specific when performed by the RA. The emergency physician's modified bCAM exhibited similar diagnostic performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The modified bCAM may be a feasible and accurate method for nonphysicians to assess for delirium. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
authors.affiliation: Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. Electronic address: Jin.h.han@vanderbilt.edu.
authors.forename: Jin H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Department of Urologic Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Amy J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shintani
authors.affiliation: Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Health Care Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Schnelle
authors.affiliation: Center for Quality Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Center for Health Services Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tennessee Valley Health Care Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: E Wesley
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Ely
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003693:Delirium / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010808:Physical Examination; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity