title: The effect of endoscopic sterilization on reproductive behavior and pair bond maintenance of feral pigeons (Columba livia).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Problems related to feral pigeons (Columba livia) in cities mainly result from their large numbers due to uncontrolled population growth. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether endoscopic guided sterilization affects the reproductive behavior of feral pigeons under experimental conditions, with the intention of assessing this technique as a potential method for feral pigeon population control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five groups of four pairs of feral pigeons each were studied from 8 weeks before, to 7 weeks after sterilization. Both the male and female of the first pair of each group were sterilized, in the second pair only the female and in the third pair only the male was sterilized. The fourth pair acted as a control. All eggs laid were candled to assess fertility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical sterilization had minimal effects on behavior and therefore seems not to have impact on possible field application for population control. All pairs maintained their pair bonds and continued to defend their nesting sites against other pigeons. Only one female copulated with a foreign fertile male while her primary partner was debilitated due to surgery, but returned to him as soon as he recovered. All eggs laid more than 5 days after male sterilization were infertile, whereas all control pairs had fertile eggs. Only one fertile clutch was produced, 5 days after the male's sterilization. Therefore it is assumed that males remain fertile for a limited period of time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic sterilization seems to be a promising method for field control of feral pigeon populations and sterilization of the male only seems sufficient.
authors.affiliation: Elisabeth Heiderich, Tierpark Bern, Tierparkweg 1, 3005 Bern, Schweiz, E-Mail: lisa_heiderich@web.de.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heiderich
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Failing
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lierz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schildger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D010856:Columbidae / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010152:Pair Bond; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal; D013245:Sterilization, Reproductive / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Feral pigeons; endoscopic sterilization; population control; reproductive behavior