title: Avoiding Opioids and Their Harmful Side Effects in the Postoperative Patient: Exogenous Opioids, Endogenous Endorphins, Wellness, Mood, and Their Relation to Postoperative Pain.
abstract: Prescribed opioids are routinely used for many postoperative patients. However, these medications have daunting adverse effects on the body's innate pain management system--the action of the beta-endorphins. The prescribed opioids not only severely impair the function of the mu-opioid receptors, but also inhibit the release of beta-endorphin. This is unfortunate, because beta-endorphin appears to be a much more potent agonist of the mu-opioid receptor than opioids. In addition, beta-endorphin indirectly elevates dopamine, a neurotransmitter related to feelings of euphoria. Therefore, by prescribing opioids, practitioners may inadvertently prolong and increase the overall intensity of the postoperative patients' pain as well as herald anhedonia. This article highlights the relationships between prescribed (exogenous) opioids, beta-endorphins, mu-opioid receptors, wellness, mood, and postoperative pain. The role of patient education, opioid alternatives, and additional recommendations regarding pain control in the postoperative patient are also discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Hawai'i John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI.
authors.forename: Bradley C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.affiliation: University of Hawai'i John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI.
authors.forename: Fereydoun D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Parsa
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000075202:Contraindications; D004723:Endorphins; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004723:Endorphins; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents
keywords: beta-endorphin; mu-opioid; non-opioid; opioid; postoperative pain; wellness