title: Imaging approaches for analysis of cholesterol distribution and dynamics in the plasma membrane.
abstract: Cholesterol is an important lipid component of the plasma membrane (PM) of mammalian cells, where it is involved in control of many physiological processes, such as endocytosis, cell migration, cell signalling and surface ruffling. In an attempt to explain these functions of cholesterol, several models have been put forward about cholesterol's lateral and transbilayer organization in the PM. In this article, we review imaging techniques developed over the last two decades for assessing the distribution and dynamics of cholesterol in the PM of mammalian cells. Particular focus is on fluorescence techniques to study the lateral and inter-leaflet distribution of suitable cholesterol analogues in the PM of living cells. We describe also several methods for determining lateral cholesterol dynamics in the PM including fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), single particle tracking (SPT) and spot variation FCS coupled to stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. For proper interpretation of such measurements, we provide some background in probe photophysics and diffusion phenomena occurring in cell membranes. In particular, we show the equivalence of the reaction-diffusion approach, as used in FRAP and FCS, and continuous time random walk (CTRW) models, as often invoked in SPT studies. We also discuss mass spectrometry (MS) based imaging of cholesterol in the PM of fixed cells and compare this method with fluorescence imaging of sterols. We conclude that evidence from many experimental techniques converges towards a model of a homogeneous distribution of cholesterol with largely free and unhindered diffusion in both leaflets of the PM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark. Electronic address: wuestner@bmb.sdu.dk.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wüstner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Modzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark; Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 10065 NY, USA.
authors.forename: Frederik W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lomholt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004705:Endocytosis; D006801:Humans; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D036103:Nanotechnology
chemical_list: D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Cholesterol; Diffusion; Endocytosis; Flip-flop; Fluorescence; Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy; Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching; Mass spectrometry imaging; Membrane; Single particle tracking; Super-resolution