title: Carbon Ion Implantation: A Good Method to Enhance the Biocompatibility of Silicone Rubber.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Silicone rubber and silicone rubber-based materials have been used as medical tissue implants in the field of plastic surgery for many years, but there are still some reports of adverse reactions to long-term implants. Earlier studies have shown that ion implantation could enhance the biocompatibility of biomaterials. However, whether ion implantation has a good effect on silicone rubber is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three types of carbon ion silicone rubber were obtained by implanting three doses of carbon ions. Then, the antibacterial adhesion properties and the in vivo host responses were evaluated. The antibacterial adhesion properties were examined by plate colony counting, fluorescence staining, and scanning electron microscopic observation. The host responses were evaluated by surveying inflammation and fiber capsule formation that developed after subcutaneous implantation in Sprague-Dawley rats for 7, 30, 90, and 180 days. In addition, the possible mechanism by which ion implantation enhanced the biocompatibility of the biomaterial was investigated and discussed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carbon ion silicone rubber exhibits less bacterial adhesion, less collagen deposition, and thinner and weaker tissue capsules. Immunohistochemical staining results for CD4, tumor necrosis factor-α, α-smooth muscle actin, and elastin showed the possible mechanism enhancing the biocompatibility of silicone rubber. These data indicate that carbon ion silicone rubber exhibits good antibacterial adhesion properties and triggers thinner and weaker tissue capsules. In addition, high surface roughness and high zeta potential may be the main factors that induce the unique biocompatibility of carbon ion silicone rubber.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ion implantation should be considered for further investigation and application, and carbon ion silicone rubber could be a better biomaterial to decrease silicone rubber-initiated complications.
authors.affiliation: Chongqing, People's Republic of China.|From the Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Chongqing, People's Republic of China.|From the Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Chongqing, People's Republic of China.|From the Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University.
authors.forename: Tong-Cun
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.affiliation: Chongqing, People's Republic of China.|From the Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Chongqing, People's Republic of China.|From the Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University.
authors.forename: Xiao-Hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Chongqing, People's Republic of China.|From the Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University.
authors.forename: Dong-Li
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Chongqing, People's Republic of China.|From the Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University.
authors.forename: Yi-Ming
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D007477:Ions; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000382:microbiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012826:Silicone Elastomers / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D007477:Ions; D012826:Silicone Elastomers; D002244:Carbon