title: Gondwanian relicts and oceanic dispersal in a cosmopolitan radiation of euedaphic ground beetles.
abstract: Anillini are a tribe of minute, euedaphic ground beetles (Carabidae) characterized by the loss of eyes, loss of wings and high levels of local endemism. Despite their presumed low dispersal, they have a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, including isolated islands such as New Zealand and New Caledonia. We used a time calibrated molecular phylogeny to test, first, if the tribe as currently understood is monophyletic and, second, whether the time of divergence is compatible with an early vicariant diversification after the breakup of Gondwana. We sequenced portions of 6 mitochondrial and 3 nuclear genes for 66 specimens in 17 genera of Anillini plus 39 outgroups. The resulting phylogenetic tree was used to estimate the time of diversification using two independent calibration schemes, by applying molecular rates for the related genus Carabus or by dating the tree with fossil and geological information. Rates of molecular evolution and lineage ages were mostly concordant between both calibration schemes. The monophyly of Anillini was well-supported, and its age was consistent with a Gondwanian origin of the main lineages and an initial diversification at ca. 100Ma representing the split between the eyed Nesamblyops (New Zealand) and the remaining Anillini. The subsequent diversification, including the split of the Nearctic Anillinus and the subsequent splits of Palaearctic lineages, was dated to between 80 and 100Ma and thus was also compatible with a tectonic vicariant origin. On the contrary, the estimated age of the New Caledonian blind Orthotyphlus at ca. 30±20Ma was incompatible with a vicariant origin, suggesting the possibility of trans-oceanic dispersal in these endogean beetles.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK. Electronic address: candujar@um.es.
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Andújar
authors.affiliation: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faille
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pérez-González
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Zaballos
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK.
authors.forename: Alfried P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Vogler
authors.affiliation: Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ribera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D044822:Biodiversity; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics; D009510:New Caledonia; D009520:New Zealand; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004247:DNA; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1
keywords: Anillini; Endogean beetles; Molecular clock calibration; Molecular phylogeny; Tectonic vicariance