title: Antibacterial properties of copper iodide-doped glass ionomer-based materials and effect of copper iodide nanoparticles on collagen degradation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the antibacterial properties and micro-hardness of polyacrylic acid (PAA)-coated copper iodide (CuI) nanoparticles incorporated into glass ionomer-based materials, and the effect of PAA-CuI on collagen degradation.
  
  
  METHODS
  PAA-CuI nanoparticles were incorporated into glass ionomer (GI), Ionofil Molar AC, and resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI), Vitrebond, at 0.263 wt%. The antibacterial properties against Streptococcus mutans (n = 6/group) and surface micro-hardness (n = 5/group) were evaluated. Twenty dentin beams were completely demineralized in 10 wt% phosphoric acid and equally divided in two groups (n = 10/group) for incubation in simulated body fluid (SBF) or SBF containing 1 mg/ml PAA-CuI. The amount of dry mass loss and hydroxyproline (HYP) released were quantified. Kruskal-Wallis, Student's t test, two-way ANOVA, and Mann-Whitney were used to analyze the antibacterial, micro-hardness, dry mass, and HYP release data, respectively (p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of PAA-CuI nanoparticles into the glass ionomer matrix yielded significant reduction (99.999 %) in the concentration of bacteria relative to the control groups. While micro-hardness values of PAA-CuI-doped GI were no different from its control, PAA-CuI-doped RMGI demonstrated significantly higher values than its control. A significant decrease in dry mass weight was shown only for the control beams (10.53 %, p = 0.04). Significantly less HYP was released from beams incubated in PAA-CuI relative to the control beams (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAA-CuI nanoparticles are an effective additive to glass ionomer-based materials as they greatly enhance their antibacterial properties and reduce collagen degradation without an adverse effect on their mechanical properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of copper-doped glass ionomer-based materials under composite restorations may contribute to an increased longevity of adhesive restorations, because of their enhanced antibacterial properties and reduced collagen degradation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Walter G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Renné
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Mennito
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
authors.forename: Kelli A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Agee
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.|Highly Cited Investigator of King Abdulazis University School of Dentistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pashley
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 116 Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sentelle
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Defee
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, MSC504, Charleston, SC, 29425-0504, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA. cs252@buffalo.edu.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sabatini
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000187:drug effects*; D003300:Copper / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007454:Iodides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008854:Microscopy, Electron; D008963:Molar; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010316:Particle Size; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects*; D013499:Surface Properties; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D007454:Iodides; C067790:Vitrabond; C006903:carbopol 940; D003300:Copper; D003094:Collagen
keywords: Antibacterial; Collagen degradation; Glass ionomer; Matrix metalloproteinases; Micro-hardness