title: Evaluation of heart rate measurements in clinical studies: a prospective cohort study in patients with heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurement of heart rate undertaken in clinical studies by (1) assessing the repeatability and reproducibility of heart rate measurements by various methods and under various conditions and (2) determining whether a single heart rate measurement at rest is representative of the circadian and inter-day variation of heart rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study in 102 patients with various types of heart disease at Duisburg Heart Center, Germany between 2011 and 2012. The heart rate measurements were based on self-assessment, ECG tracings at rest, and bicycle stress ECG in the office as well as 24-h Holter ECG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Office measurements and self-assessment at rest as well as 24-h Holter ECG and self-assessment at rest are highly correlated, but no correlation between self-assessment and office recordings/24 h recordings under exercise conditions was seen. Coefficient of variability was below 10 % for the self-assessment and for office measurements at rest. There were no differences in coefficient of variability during the day and within the 6 days for self-assessment of heart rate at rest and circadian variation was normal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At rest heart rate measurements by various methods agree sufficiently and inter-day/circadian variation is adequately represented. Under exercise conditions self-assessment of heart rate is not valuable and use of 24 h Holter as well as stress ECG recordings is necessary. Thus, self-reported heart rate measurements by the patient at rest seem to be reliable, but should be used in clinical studies only for heart rate assessment at rest.
authors.affiliation: Herzzentrum Duisburg, Gerrickstr. 21, 47137, Duisburg, Germany. malbanes@bluewin.ch.|Regionalspital Surselva, Spitalstr. 6, 7130, Ilanz, Switzerland. malbanes@bluewin.ch.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albanese
authors.affiliation: Herzzentrum Duisburg, Gerrickstr. 21, 47137, Duisburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michaelis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neofytou
authors.affiliation: Stiftung Institut für Herzinfarktforschung, Bremserstraße 79 - Haus M, 67063, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
authors.forename: Taoufik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ouarrak
authors.affiliation: Stiftung Institut für Herzinfarktforschung, Bremserstraße 79 - Haus M, 67063, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Herzzentrum Duisburg, Gerrickstr. 21, 47137, Duisburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schöls
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies
keywords: Clinical studies; Heart disease; Heart rate measurement; Heart rate variability; Pharmacological intervention studies