title: A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE GENUS PADINA (DICTYOTALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES FROM JAPAN, HAWAII, AND THE ANDAMAN SEA(1).
abstract: A taxonomic study of the genus Padina from Japan, Southeast Asia, and Hawaii based on morphology and gene sequence data (rbcL and cox3) resulted in the recognition of four new species, that is, Padina macrophylla and Padina ishigakiensis from Ryukyu Islands, Japan; Padina maroensis from Hawaii; and Padina usoehtunii from Myanmar and Thailand. All species are bistratose and morphologically different from one another as well as from any known taxa by a combination of characters relating to degree of calcification; the structure, position, and arrangement of hairlines (HLs) and reproductive sori; and the presence or absence of rhizoid-like groups of hairs and an indusium. Molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrated a close relationship between P. ishigakiensis, P. macrophylla, P. maroensis, and Padina australis Hauck. The position of P. usoehtunii, however, was not fully resolved, being either sister to a clade comprising the other three new species and P. australis in the rbcL tree or more closely related to a clade comprising several other recently described species in the cox3 tree. The finding of the four new species demonstrates high species diversity particularly in southern Japan. The following characters were first recognized here to be useful for species delimitation: the presence or absence of small rhizoid-like groups of hairs on the thallus surface, structure and arrangement of HLs on both surfaces either alternate or irregular, and arrangement of the alternating HLs between both surfaces in equal or unequal distance. The evolutionary trajectory of these and six other morphological characters used in species delineation was traced on the phylogenetic tree.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanMarine Algal Research Co., Ltd., Minatozaka 3-9-4, Shingu, Kasuya, Fukuoka 811-0114, JapanPort and Airport Research Institute, Nagase, Yokosuka, 239-0826 Kanagawa, JapanSeaweed and Seagrass Research Unit, Centre for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand (CBIPT), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, ThailandInstitute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Botany, University of Hawaii, Maile Way, Hawaii 96822, USARoyal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, AustraliaKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Ni Ni
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Win
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanMarine Algal Research Co., Ltd., Minatozaka 3-9-4, Shingu, Kasuya, Fukuoka 811-0114, JapanPort and Airport Research Institute, Nagase, Yokosuka, 239-0826 Kanagawa, JapanSeaweed and Seagrass Research Unit, Centre for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand (CBIPT), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, ThailandInstitute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Botany, University of Hawaii, Maile Way, Hawaii 96822, USARoyal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, AustraliaKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hanyuda
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanMarine Algal Research Co., Ltd., Minatozaka 3-9-4, Shingu, Kasuya, Fukuoka 811-0114, JapanPort and Airport Research Institute, Nagase, Yokosuka, 239-0826 Kanagawa, JapanSeaweed and Seagrass Research Unit, Centre for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand (CBIPT), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, ThailandInstitute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Botany, University of Hawaii, Maile Way, Hawaii 96822, USARoyal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, AustraliaKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanMarine Algal Research Co., Ltd., Minatozaka 3-9-4, Shingu, Kasuya, Fukuoka 811-0114, JapanPort and Airport Research Institute, Nagase, Yokosuka, 239-0826 Kanagawa, JapanSeaweed and Seagrass Research Unit, Centre for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand (CBIPT), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, ThailandInstitute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Botany, University of Hawaii, Maile Way, Hawaii 96822, USARoyal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, AustraliaKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uchimura
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanMarine Algal Research Co., Ltd., Minatozaka 3-9-4, Shingu, Kasuya, Fukuoka 811-0114, JapanPort and Airport Research Institute, Nagase, Yokosuka, 239-0826 Kanagawa, JapanSeaweed and Seagrass Research Unit, Centre for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand (CBIPT), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, ThailandInstitute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Botany, University of Hawaii, Maile Way, Hawaii 96822, USARoyal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, AustraliaKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Anchana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prathep
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanMarine Algal Research Co., Ltd., Minatozaka 3-9-4, Shingu, Kasuya, Fukuoka 811-0114, JapanPort and Airport Research Institute, Nagase, Yokosuka, 239-0826 Kanagawa, JapanSeaweed and Seagrass Research Unit, Centre for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand (CBIPT), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, ThailandInstitute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Botany, University of Hawaii, Maile Way, Hawaii 96822, USARoyal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, AustraliaKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Stefano G A
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Draisma
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanMarine Algal Research Co., Ltd., Minatozaka 3-9-4, Shingu, Kasuya, Fukuoka 811-0114, JapanPort and Airport Research Institute, Nagase, Yokosuka, 239-0826 Kanagawa, JapanSeaweed and Seagrass Research Unit, Centre for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand (CBIPT), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, ThailandInstitute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Botany, University of Hawaii, Maile Way, Hawaii 96822, USARoyal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, AustraliaKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Siew Moi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Phang
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanMarine Algal Research Co., Ltd., Minatozaka 3-9-4, Shingu, Kasuya, Fukuoka 811-0114, JapanPort and Airport Research Institute, Nagase, Yokosuka, 239-0826 Kanagawa, JapanSeaweed and Seagrass Research Unit, Centre for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand (CBIPT), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, ThailandInstitute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Botany, University of Hawaii, Maile Way, Hawaii 96822, USARoyal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, AustraliaKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Isabella A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanMarine Algal Research Co., Ltd., Minatozaka 3-9-4, Shingu, Kasuya, Fukuoka 811-0114, JapanPort and Airport Research Institute, Nagase, Yokosuka, 239-0826 Kanagawa, JapanSeaweed and Seagrass Research Unit, Centre for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand (CBIPT), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, ThailandInstitute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Botany, University of Hawaii, Maile Way, Hawaii 96822, USARoyal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, AustraliaKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Alan J K
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, JapanMarine Algal Research Co., Ltd., Minatozaka 3-9-4, Shingu, Kasuya, Fukuoka 811-0114, JapanPort and Airport Research Institute, Nagase, Yokosuka, 239-0826 Kanagawa, JapanSeaweed and Seagrass Research Unit, Centre for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand (CBIPT), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, ThailandInstitute of Ocean & Earth Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaInstitute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaDepartment of Botany, University of Hawaii, Maile Way, Hawaii 96822, USARoyal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, AustraliaKobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Rokkodai, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawai
keywords: Dictyotales; Padina ishigakiensis; Padina macrophylla; Padina maroensis; Padina usoehtunii; Phaeophyceae; cox3; molecular analyses; rbcL; taxonomy