title: Thoracoscopic surgery via a single-incision subxiphoid approach is associated with less postoperative pain than single-incision transthoracic or three-incision transthoracic approaches for spontaneous pneumothorax.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Comparison of the degree of postoperative pain associated with different thoracoscopic surgical techniques for spontaneous pneumothorax has never reported. In this study we compared perioperative outcomes and degrees of postoperative pain associated with single-incision subxiphoid thoracoscopic surgery, single-incision transthoracic thoracoscopic surgery and three-incision transthoracic thoracoscopic surgery for spontaneous pneumothorax.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the period August 2013 to September 2015, fifty-seven consecutive patients with spontaneous pneumothorax were treated via single-incision subxiphoid thoracoscopic surgery, single-incision transthoracic thoracoscopic surgery or three-incision transthoracic thoracoscopic surgery. Demographic data, operative time, operative blood loss, length of hospital stay, duration of chest tube drainage, postoperative complications, and numeric pain rating scale scores were collected from the medical records for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 57 patients, 14 received single-incision subxiphoid thoracoscopic surgery, 26 underwent single-incision transthoracic surgery and 17 received three-incision thoracoscopic surgery. In all patients, surgeries were completed without the need for conversion to open surgery. Patients who underwent the single-incision subxiphoid procedure had significantly lower 1-, 8-, 24- and 32-hour postoperative pain scale scores than patients who underwent the other two procedures. The average and maximum pain scale scores during the first 24 hours were lowest in the single-incision subxiphoid group (P<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single-incision subxiphoid thoracoscopic surgery is associated with significantly lower postoperative pain intensity than transthoracic approaches and therefore may provide an alternative surgical technique for patients with spontaneous pneumothorax.
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 2 School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 3 Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 4 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; 5 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Memorial Wu Ho-Su Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; 6 Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 7 Department of Respiratory Care, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Bing-Yen
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 2 School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 3 Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 4 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; 5 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Memorial Wu Ho-Su Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; 6 Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 7 Department of Respiratory Care, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yin-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 2 School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 3 Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 4 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; 5 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Memorial Wu Ho-Su Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; 6 Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 7 Department of Respiratory Care, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yih-Chen
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 2 School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 3 Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 4 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; 5 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Memorial Wu Ho-Su Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; 6 Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 7 Department of Respiratory Care, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kung-Min
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 2 School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 3 Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 4 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; 5 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Memorial Wu Ho-Su Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; 6 Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 7 Department of Respiratory Care, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Hsiung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 2 School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 3 Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 4 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; 5 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Memorial Wu Ho-Su Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; 6 Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 7 Department of Respiratory Care, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sheng-Hao
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: 1 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 2 School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan ; 3 Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 4 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan ; 5 Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shin Kong Memorial Wu Ho-Su Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; 6 Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, and Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; 7 Department of Respiratory Care, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Cheng
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lin
keywords: Pneumothorax; pain; single incision; subxiphoid