title: Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse in Caribbean Young Adults and Its Association with Depression, Post-Traumatic Stress, and Skin Bleaching.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The global prevalence of skin depigmentation/skin bleaching among blacks, estimated at 35%, is on the rise and is associated with a host of negative health and medical consequences. Current etiological approaches do not fully capture the emotional and psychological underpinnings of skin bleaching. The current study investigated the potential mediating role of depression, or post-traumatic stress symptoms (avoidance and hyperarousal) on the relationship between childhood physical and sexual abuse (CPSA) and skin bleaching.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1226 university participants (ages 18-30 years and 63.4% female) from three Caribbean countries (Jamaica, Barbados, and Grenada) provided data for the current analysis. They all completed self-reported measures of general demographic information along with the short screening scale for posttraumatic stress disorder (DSM-IV), childhood trauma, and skin bleaching questions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of skin bleaching in our study was 25.4%. Our findings showed that individuals who bleached their skin were more likely to have been abused as children (21.6% versus 13.5%, p<0.001), were more likely to have significant symptoms of trauma (34.1% versus 24.0%, p=0.005), and were more likely to have significant depression (43.7% versus 35.1%, p=0.032). We found that trauma-related hyperarousal symptoms positively mediated the relationship between childhood physical and sexual abuse and skin bleaching (Indirect Effect=0.03, p<0.05), while avoidance (Indirect Effect=0.000, p>0.05) and depressive (Indirect Effect=0.005, p>0.05) symptoms did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of trauma symptoms and childhood physical and sexual abuse (CPSA) may increase the likelihood of skin bleaching. Findings suggest that further exploration is needed to ascertain if the presence of skin bleaching warrants being also screened for trauma.
authors.forename: Caryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Azizi A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Seixas
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Girardin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jean-Louis
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Ferdinand
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zizi
authors.forename: Alafia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samuels
keywords: Childhood trauma; Depression; Skin bleaching; Young adults