title: Factors associated With the development of motor proficiency in school children of Kolkata: A cross-sectional study to assess the role of chronic nutritional and socio-economic status.
abstract: Development of coordinated movements is determined among others by individual growth and environmental factors, but the dynamic relationship between motor proficiency and potential contributing factors such as chronic nutritional status and socio-economic status (SES) is not known in school children of Kolkata.
  
  
  
  To characterize the motor proficiency in school children of Kolkata and to investigate association of chronic nutritional and SES on motor proficiency.
  
  
  
  Motor proficiency in 843 school children of Kolkata aged 5-12 years was assessed by the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor-Proficiency-Second Edition-Short Form (BOT-2 SF). Chronic nutritional status was determined from height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) using WHO reference and SES was measured using the updated Kuppuswamy's scale.
  
  
  
  Children's motor proficiency was poor compared with the reference values. Children classified as severely undernourished and children of lower SES were found to be "below average" and "well-below average" in motor proficiency categories compared with normal nourished groups and children of upper SES. Children's BOT-2 SF standardized scores decreased incrementally with the severity of chronic undernutrition and lower grades of SES.
  
  
  
  Chronic undernutrition and lower SES are associated with poorer motor proficiency in children. Understanding the complex interrelationships that shape childen's motor skills can help inform the development of health promotion programs and tailored interventions to help children reach their full potential. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58:734-744, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 009, India.
authors.forename: Satabdi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 009, India.
authors.forename: Tusharkanti
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 009, India.
authors.forename: Sutanu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dutta Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.|Department of Physical Therapy, D'Youville College, Buffalo, NY.
authors.forename: Brian H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Wrotniak
authors.affiliation: Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University College of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700 009, India.
authors.forename: Ananga Mohan
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chandra
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D012923:Social Class
keywords: BOT-2 SF scores; Kolkata; height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ); motor proficiency; socio-economic status (SES)