title: Retention behavior of double-crown attachments with zirconia primary and secondary crowns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether adequate retention of zirconia conical crown (CC) attachments can be achieved, and to investigate their long-term retention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen individual zirconia primary crowns were produced with convergence angles of 1° or 2° (eight of each). After determination of the convergence angles of the primary crowns, monolithic zirconia secondary crowns were manufactured. To evaluate the retention behavior of all-zirconia CC, the crowns were fitted with forces from F=12.5-100 N. Force magnitudes during the loosening process (L) were then measured. L/F ratios were recorded and the coefficient of friction (μ0) was calculated. Long-term retention was tested with up to 50,000 cycles of denture integration at a speed of 30 mms(-1) and a fitting force magnitude of 53 N.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Even when primary crowns were manufactured with the utmost care, the real convergence angles were greater than the nominal angles of the standardized burs (1° and 2°) by 0.28° (SD 0.11°). Without mechanical aging, mean L/F was 0.632 (SD 0.038) for 1° samples and 0.526 (SD 0.022) for 2° samples, indicative of high retentive forces of up to 63.2% of the fitting forces. When all the test results were used, best-fitting curves gave μ0=0.117 for new samples and μ0=0.126 for samples after 50,000 integration cycles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the correct milling and sintering parameters are chosen, the retention behavior of zirconia CCs is adequate and stable. This innovative type of attachment is appealing because of the beneficial properties of zirconia and the efficient CAD/CAM-based manufacture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Electronic address: Sebastian.Schwindling@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
authors.forename: Franz Sebastian
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Schwindling
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stober
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rustemeier
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmitter
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rues
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003442:Crowns; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D006801:Humans; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D003776:Dental Porcelain; D015040:Zirconium
keywords: Dental abutments; Partial denture; Permanent dental restoration; Retention; Zirconium oxide