title: Long-Term Exercise Improves Memory Deficits via Restoration of Myelin and Microvessel Damage, and Enhancement of Neurogenesis in the Aged Gerbil Hippocampus After Ischemic Stroke.
abstract: The positive correlation between therapeutic exercise and memory recovery in cases of ischemia has been extensively studied; however, long-term exercise begun after ischemic neuronal death as a chronic neurorestorative strategy has not yet been thoroughly examined.
  
  
  
  The purpose of this study is to investigate possible mechanisms by which exercise ameliorates ischemia-induced memory impairment in the aged gerbil hippocampus after transient cerebral ischemia.
  
  
  
  Treadmill exercise was begun 5 days after ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) and lasted for 1 or 4 weeks. The animals were sacrificed 31 days after the induction of ischemia. Changes in short-term memory, as well as the hippocampal expression of markers of cell proliferation, neuroblast differentiation, neurogenesis, myelin and microvessel repair, and growth factors were examined by immunohistochemistry and/or western blots.
  
  
  
  Four weeks of exercise facilitated memory recovery despite neuronal damage in the stratum pyramidale (SP) of the hippocampal CA1 region and in the polymorphic layer (PoL) of the dentate gyrus (DG) after I-R. Long-term exercise enhanced cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in a time-dependent manner, and newly generated mature cells were found in the granule cell layer of the DG, but not in the SP of the CA1 region or in the PoL of the DG. In addition, long-term exercise ameliorated ischemia-induced damage of myelin and microvessels, which was correlated with increased BDNF expression in the CA1 region and the DG.
  
  
  
  These results suggest that long-term treadmill exercise after I-R can restore memory function through replacement of multiple damaged structures in the ischemic aged hippocampus.
authors.affiliation: Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ji Hyeon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jung Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Joon Ha
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
authors.forename: In Hye
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jeong-Hwi
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Chul
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Kyungsung University, Busan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Mo
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.affiliation: Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Gak
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hwangbo
authors.affiliation: Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ki-Yeon
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea.
authors.forename: Choong Hyun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: In Koo
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jun Hwi
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Soo Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Guen
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Myeong
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.
authors.forename: Il-Jun
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea mhwon@kangwon.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Moo-Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Won
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005080:Exercise Test; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005849:Gerbillinae; D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D055806:Microvessels / Q000473:pathology*; D004676:Myelin Basic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D009186:Myelin Sheath / Q000378:metabolism*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D051246:Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; D004676:Myelin Basic Protein; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine
keywords: aging; angiogenesis; brain ischemia; cognitive impairment; neuroregeneration