title: Validation of a mycoplasma molecular diagnostic test and distribution of mycoplasma species in bovine milk among New York State dairy farms.
abstract: Mycoplasma mastitis is a contagious and costly disease of dairy cattle that significantly affects animal health and milk productivity. Mycoplasma bovis is the most prevalent and invasive agent of mycoplasma mastitis in dairy cattle, and early detection is critical. Other mycoplasma have been isolated from milk; however, the role and prevalence of these species as mastitis pathogens are poorly understood. Routine screening of milk for mycoplasma by bacteriological culture is an important component of a farm control strategy to minimize a herd mycoplasma outbreak, but phenotypic methods have limited ability to speciate mycoplasma, affecting how farms and practitioners can understand the role and effect of species other than M. bovis in herd health. Fastidious mycoplasma culture can be lengthy and inconclusive, resulting in delayed or false negative reports. We developed and validated a multitarget PCR assay that can in the same day confirm or reject a presumptive positive mycoplasma culture found upon bacteriological testing of clinical specimens, further discriminate between Acholeplasma and Mycoplasma, and identify M. bovis. Coupled with sequence analysis isolates can be further identified as bovine mycoplasma Mycoplasma arginini, Mycoplasma alkalescens, Mycoplasma canadense, Mycoplasma bovirhinis, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma californicum, Acholeplasma laidlawii, and Acholeplasma oculi. Assay validation included analysis of 845 mycoplasma representing these species and 30 additional bacterial species obtained from routine milk submissions to the Quality Milk Production Services from New York State farms and veterinary clinics between January 2012 and December 2015. Among 95 herds, we found 8 different Mycoplasma species and 3 different Acholeplasma species, with an overall prevalence of M. bovirhinis of 1%, A. oculi of 2%, M. arginini of 2%, M. californicum of 3%, M. canadense of 10%, M. bovigenitalium of 10%, A. laidlawii of 11%, M. alkalescens of 17%, and M. bovis of 78%. More than one mycoplasma was found in 14% of the herds tested, and both M. bovis and Acholeplasma were found in 6% of the farms. Incorporation of the validated molecular diagnostic assay into routine bacteriological screening as a supportive confirmation and identification tool will lead to an improved assessment of Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma prevalence data, which will facilitate increased knowledge about the role of these mycoplasma in mastitis.
authors.affiliation: Quality Milk Production Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gioia
authors.affiliation: Quality Milk Production Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: Quality Milk Production Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Nydam
authors.affiliation: Quality Milk Production Services, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milan, Italy. Electronic address: pm389@cornell.edu.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moroni
mesh_terms: D000127:Acholeplasma / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D009174:Mycoplasma / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009175:Mycoplasma Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D045682:Mycoplasma bovis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D057089:Pathology, Molecular / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D015995:Prevalence; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Acholeplasma; Mycoplasma; bovine; mastitis; molecular diagnostic assay