title: Quantifying Risk Factors for Long-Term Sleep Problems After Burn Injury in Young Adults.
abstract: Restorative sleep is an important component of quality of life. Disturbances in sleep after burn injury were reported but all based on uncontrolled or nonstandardized data. The occurrence and the effect of long-term sleep problems in young adult burn survivors have not been well defined. This 5-year (2003-2008) prospective multicenter longitudinal study included adults with burn injuries ages 19 to 30 years who completed the Young Adult Burn Outcome Questionnaire (YABOQ) up to 36 months after injury. The items measured 15 patient-reported outcomes including physical, psychological, and social statuses and symptoms such as itch and pain. Scores of these 15 YABOQ outcome domains were standardized to a mean of 50 and a SD of 10 based on an age-matched nonburned reference group of young adults. Sleep quality was assessed using the item 'How satisfied are you now with your sleep,' rated by a 5-point Likert scale. Patients responding with very and somewhat dissatisfied were classified as having sleep dissatisfaction and the remaining as less or not dissatisfied. The associations between sleep dissatisfaction (yes/no) and YABOQ outcome domains were analyzed longitudinally using mixed-effect generalized linear models, adjusted for %TBSA burned, age, gender, and race. Generalized estimating equations were used to take into account correlated error resulting from repeated surveys on each patient over time. One hundred and fifty-two burn survivors participated in the YABOQ survey at baseline and during the follow-up who had at least one survey with a response to the sleep item. Among them, sleep dissatisfaction was twice as prevalent (76/152, 50%) when compared with the nonburned reference group (29/112, 26%). The likelihood of a burn survivor being dissatisfied with sleep was reduced over time after the burn injury. Sleep dissatisfaction following burns was significantly associated, in a dose-dependent manner, with increasing burn size (P = .001). Better sleep was associated with better outcomes in all domains (P < .05) except Fine Motor Function, and this association was significantly more apparent in the longer term compared with the shorter term with the same domains (P < .05). Dissatisfaction with sleep is highly prevalent following burn injuries in young adults. Lower satisfaction with sleep is associated with poorer scores in nearly all quality of life measures. Satisfaction with sleep should be addressed during the long-term clinical follow-up of young adults with burn injuries. Further research should be undertaken to understand the components of sleep quality that are important to burn survivors and which ones might be modified and tested in future intervention studies.
authors.affiliation: From the *Research Center for Statistics and Actuarial Science in Medicine, School of Statistics, Xi'An University of Finance and Economics, Xi'An, China; †School of Insurance and Economics, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, China; ‡Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; §Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; ‖Department of Mathematical Sciences, Bentley University, Waltham, Massachusetts; ¶Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; #Shriners Hospitals for Children-Boston, Boston, Massachusetts; **Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; ††Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (CAPP), Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; ‡‡Sleep Disorders & Research Center, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; §§Department of Medicine, Rheumatology and Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; ‖‖Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis, Los Angeles, California; ¶¶Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California, Sacramento, California; ##Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston, Texas; ***Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, Galveston, Texas; †††Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; ‡‡‡Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE; and §§§Member of Multi-Center Benchmarking Study Group are listed in Appendix.
authors.forename: Austin F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Colleen M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Lewis E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Kazis
authors.forename: Nien Chen
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Palmieri
authors.forename: Walter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Frank S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Pidcock
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sheridan
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Tompkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002056:Burns / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D002681:China; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult