title: A mindfulness-based intervention for self-management of verbal and physical aggression by adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a dearth of clinical and research literature on the treatment of maladaptive behaviors in adolescents with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a mindfulness-based intervention, Meditation on the Soles of the Feet (SoF), to facilitate self-management of verbal and physical aggression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized a multiple-baseline design across participants to test the intervention with three adolescents diagnosed with PWS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to baseline, verbal aggression decreased to minimal levels following mindfulness-based practice and physical aggression was nearly eliminated. Intervention effects were maintained at 12-month follow-up. Quantitative analytics confirmed statistically significant outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SoF mindfulness intervention was effective in reducing verbal and physical aggression in three adolescents with PWS. Future research should test the SoF intervention with this clinical population in a larger clinical trial, and the SoF intervention may be applicable to other pediatric populations.
authors.affiliation: a Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University , Augusta , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Nirbhay N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: b University of Bari , Bari , Italy.
authors.forename: Giulio E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Lancioni
authors.affiliation: c Kennesaw State University , Kennesaw , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.affiliation: d The College of Wooster , Wooster , OH , USA.
authors.forename: Bryan T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Karazsia
authors.affiliation: e River Edge Behavioral Health Center , Milledgeville , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.affiliation: f Longwood University , Farmville , VA , USA.
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nugent
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000374:Aggression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019122:Meditation / Q000379:methods; D064866:Mindfulness / Q000379:methods*; D011218:Prader-Willi Syndrome / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000073278:Self-Management / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Aggression; Prader–Willi syndrome; intervention; mindfulness; soles of the feet meditation