title: Bioavailability assessment of essential and toxic metals in edible nuts and seeds.
abstract: Bioavailability of essential and toxic metals in edible nuts and seeds has been assessed by using an in vitro dialyzability approach. The samples studied included walnuts, Brazil nuts, Macadamia nuts, pecans, hazelnuts, chestnuts, cashews, peanuts, pistachios and seeds (almond, pine, pumpkin and sunflower). Metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in dialyzates and also in samples after a microwave assisted acid digestion pre-treatment. Low dialyzability percentages were found for Al, Fe and Hg; moderate percentages were found for Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, P, Pb, Se, Sr, Tl and Zn; and high dialyzability ratios were found for As, Cr and Ni. The highest dialyzability percentages were found in raw chestnuts and raw hazelnuts. Metal dialyzability was found to be negatively affected by fat content. Positive correlation was found between carbohydrate content and metal dialyzability ratios. Protein and dietary fibre content did not influence metal bioavailability. Predicted dialyzability for some metals based on fat and protein content could also be established.
authors.affiliation: Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain. Electronic address: jorge.moreda@udc.es.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moreda-Piñeiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Paloma
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herbello-Hermelo
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Domínguez-González
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bermejo-Barrera
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias, s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreda-Piñeiro
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D004063:Digestion / Q000502:physiology; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D008872:Microwaves; D008954:Models, Biological; D009754:Nuts / Q000737:chemistry*; D010945:Plants, Edible / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: Dialyzability; Edible nuts and seeds; Essential and toxic metals; In-vitro bioavailability; Nutrient content