title: Inhibition of microorganisms involved in deterioration of an archaeological site by silver nanoparticles produced by a green synthesis method.
abstract: The Citadel, part of the pre-Hispanic city of Teotihuacan and listed as a World Heritage Site, harbors irreplaceable archaeological walls and murals. This city was abandoned by the 7th century and its potential deterioration represents a noteworthy loss of the world's cultural heritage. This research consisted of isolation and identification of bacteria and fungi contributing to this deterioration from walls of a pre-Hispanic city. In addition, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) produced, using a green synthesis method, were tested as potential inhibitors of microbes. AgNP of different sizes and concentrations were tested using in situ assays. Leaf aqueous extracts from two plants species (Foeniculum vulgare and Tecoma stans) and two extraction procedures were used in the NP synthesis. The potential of AgNP as preventive/corrective treatments to protect stucco materials from biodeterioration, as well as the microbial inhibition on three stone materials (stucco, basalt and calcite) was analyzed. Twenty-three bacterial species belonging to eight genera and fourteen fungal species belonging to seven genera were isolated from colored stains, patinas and biofilms produced on the surfaces of archaeological walls from the pre-Hispanic city, Teotihuacan. AgNP from F. vulgare were more effective for in vitro microbial growth inhibition than those from T. stans. Bacteria were less sensitive to AgNP than fungi; however, sensitivity mainly depended on the microbial strain and the plant extract used to prepare AgNP. The use of AgNP as a preventive or corrective treatment to decrease microbial colonization in three kinds of stone used in historical walls was successful. Calcite was more colonized by Alternaria alternata, but less by Pectobacterium carotovorum. This is the first study at different scales (in vitro and tests on different stone types) of inhibition of biodeterioration-causing microorganisms isolated from an archaeological site by green synthesized AgNP.
authors.affiliation: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, México 56230, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rogelio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Carrillo-González
authors.affiliation: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, México 56230, Mexico.
authors.forename: Miriam Araceli
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus Montecillo, Texcoco, México 56230, Mexico. Electronic address: carmeng@colpos.mx.
authors.forename: Ma Del Carmen A
authors.initials: MDCA
authors.lastname: González-Chávez
authors.affiliation: Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 4 sur 104, 72000 Puebla, Mexico.
authors.forename: José Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mendoza Hernández
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001106:Archaeology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D029402:Bignoniaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D018441:Biofilms; D030001:Foeniculum / Q000737:chemistry; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D008800:Mexico; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012834:Silver
keywords: Decay control; Microbial inhibition; Rock surfaces