title: Psychometric properties of the Greek TCI-R and its clinical correlates: schizotypy and the self-regulation of affective and cognitive functioning.
abstract: Background. The revised Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-R) measures Cloninger's psychobiological model of personality. The average effects of individual temperament and character traits have been associated with schizotypy and with impaired regulation of affect and cognition. We extended prior research by testing predictions about the association of specific multidimensional configurations of temperament and character traits on schizotypy, affect balance, and self-perceived cognitive functioning. Method. A well-educated sample of native Greeks (N = 483), completed a new Greek translation of the TCI-R, as well as the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), the Positive/Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ). The factor structure of the TCI-R was examined with exploratory and confirmatory tests. Associations between reported measures were examined with correlational and regression analyses. Results. The TCI-R had good psychometric properties as expected from studies in other countries. As predicted, specific configurations of temperament and character were associated with schizotypy, negative affect balance, and cognitive lapses. The "Borderline/Explosive temperament" (high Novelty Seeking, high Harm Avoidance, low Reward Dependence), "Schizotypal/Disorganized character" (low Self-directedness, low Cooperativeness, high Self-transcendence), and "Low Ego Strength/Fragile" profile (high Harm Avoidance, low Persistence, low Self-Directedness) were each strongly associated with higher stereotypy, negative affect balance (low positive affect and high negative affect), and subjective cognitive lapses compared to their contrast groups. Discussion. Multidimensional TCI profiles are strongly related to individual differences in schizotypy and self-reported regulation of affect and cognition. The Greek translation of the TCI-R is psychometrically sound and useful for clinical assessment and research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Crete , Rethymno , Greece.
authors.forename: Stella G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Giakoumaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Crete , Rethymno , Greece.
authors.forename: Leda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Karagiannopoulou
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri , USA.
authors.forename: Sándor
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rózsa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Crete , Rethymno , Greece.
authors.forename: Chrysoula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zouraraki
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Crete , Rethymno , Greece.
authors.forename: Penny
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karamaouna
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri , USA.
authors.forename: C Robert
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cloninger
keywords: Affect balance; Character; Cognition; Resilience; Schizotypy; Temperament; Temperament character inventory-revised