title: Glutamine promotes intestinal SIgA secretion through intestinal microbiota and IL-13.
abstract: Glutamine supplementation enhances secretory IgA (SIgA) production in the intestine, but the mechanism is largely unknown. We examined this issue using a mouse model.
  
  
  
  In mouse model, glutamine supplementation increased both SIgA abundance in intestinal luminal contents and IgA(+) plasma cell numbers in the mouse ileum, and decreased bacterial loads in mouse mesenteric lymph nodes. Glutamine supplementation increased mouse ileal expression of cytokines associated with T cell-dependent and T cell-independent pathways of SIgA induction, including IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, transforming growth factor (TGF-β), a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), B cell-activating factor (BAFF), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor, and retinal dehydrogenases. Injecting an IL-13 antibody during glutamine supplementation reduced J-chain expression in the mouse ileum. Glutamine supplementation increased bacterial invasion into the mouse ileal wall, while disrupting the mouse intestinal microbiota abrogated the influence of glutamine supplementation on SIgA secretion.
  
  
  
  Glutamine supplementation appears to enhance SIgA secretion in the mouse intestine through the intestinal microbiota and subsequently through T cell-dependent and T cell-independent pathways.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.|Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Miaomiao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shuai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Bie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Wenkai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Fuller W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Bazer
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, 2471 TAMU, College Station, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Guoyao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Health and Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecology, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Yulong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053264:B-Cell Activating Factor / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007082:Ileum / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000378:metabolism*; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000378:metabolism*; D007378:Interleukins / Q000097:blood; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018005:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000097:blood; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood; D053300:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D053264:B-Cell Activating Factor; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D018793:Interleukin-13; D007378:Interleukins; D018005:Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; C491959:Tnfsf13 protein, mouse; C505720:Tnfsf13b protein, mouse; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053300:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 13; D005973:Glutamine; D050697:Retinal Dehydrogenase
keywords: Glutamine; Interleukin-13; Intestinal microbiota; Secretory immunoglobulin A; T cells