title: Photokeratitis Linked to Metal Halide Bulbs in Two Gymnasiums - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011 and 2013.
abstract: In December 2011 and December 2013, the Philadelphia Department of Public Health (PDPH) received separate reports of clusters of photokeratitis linked to gymnasium events. Photokeratitis, a painful eye condition resulting from unprotected exposure to ultraviolet radiation, has previously been linked to metal halide lamps with broken outer envelopes (1,2). To investigate the cause of these clusters and further characterize patients with photokeratitis, PDPH administered questionnaires to potentially exposed persons, established a case definition, and conducted environmental assessments of both gymnasiums. Because event attendee registration information was available, a cohort study was conducted to evaluate the 2011 cluster of 242 persons who met the photokeratitis case definition. A case-series investigation was conducted to evaluate the 2013 cluster of 20 persons who met the photokeratitis case definition for that event. These investigations indicated that Type R metal halide bulbs with broken outer envelopes found in both gymnasiums were the probable cause of the photokeratitis. The Food and Drug Administration has made a number of recommendations regarding the use of metal halide bulbs in facilities where bulbs are at elevated risk for breaking, such as schools and indoor sports facilities (3). Because Type R metal halide lamps do not self-extinguish once the outer envelope is broken, these bulbs should be removed from settings with a high risk for outer envelope rupture, such as gymnasiums, or should be placed within enclosed fixtures. In instances where these bulbs cannot be exchanged for self-extinguishing lamps, Type R lamps with a broken outer envelope should be replaced immediately to limit exposure to ultraviolet radiation. A broken outer envelope can be detected by the presence of glass on the floor, or visual examination of the bulb when the power is turned off. A broken outer envelope is difficult to detect when the lamp is emitting light.
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gutowski
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alles
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mirowitz
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Osterhoudt
authors.forename: Ami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006219:Halogens; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007634:Keratitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008029:Lighting / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals; D008875:Middle Aged; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D010787:Photosensitivity Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006219:Halogens; D008670:Metals