title: Food wastes as fish feeds for polyculture of low-trophic-level fish: bioaccumulation and health risk assessments of heavy metals in the cultured fish.
abstract: The major purpose of this study was to use different types of food wastes which serve as the major sources of protein to replace the fish meal used in fish feeds to produce quality fish. Two types of food waste-based feed pellets FW A (with cereals) and FW B (with cereals and meat products) and the commercial feed Jinfeng® were used to culture fingerlings of three low-trophic-level fish species: bighead carp, grass carp, and mud carp (in the ratio of 1:3:1) for 1 year period in the Sha Tau Kok Organic Farm in Hong Kong. Heavy metal concentrations in all of the fish species fed with food waste pellets and commercial pellets in Sha Tau Kok fish ponds were all below the local and international maximum permissible levels in food. Health risk assessments indicated that human consumption of the fish fed with food waste feed pellets was safe for the Hong Kong residents. The present results revealed that recycling of food waste for cultivating low-trophic-level fish (mainly herbivores and detritus feeders) is feasible, and at the same time will ease the disposal pressure of food waste, a common problem of densely populated cities like Hong Kong.
authors.affiliation: College of Resources and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.|Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Zhang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Cheung-Lung
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Wing-Yin
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.affiliation: Institute of the Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Wai-Ming
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Bon
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Man
authors.affiliation: Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, Hong Kong Institute of Education, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China. minghwong@ied.edu.hk.|College of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China. minghwong@ied.edu.hk.
authors.forename: Ming-Hung
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002347:Carps / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D005398:Fisheries; D020387:Food Chain; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009752:Nutritional Status; D061005:Ponds / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017747:Seafood / Q000032:analysis; D062611:Solid Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D062611:Solid Waste; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Bioaccessibility of heavy metals; Carcinogenic risks; Non-carcinogenic risks; Recycling of food wastes