title: Robust Synthesis of Ciprofloxacin-Capped Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Urease Inhibitory Assay.
abstract: The fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug ciprofloxacin (cip) has been used to cap metallic (silver and gold) nanoparticles by a robust one pot synthetic method under optimized conditions, using NaBH₄ as a mild reducing agent. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) showed constancy against variations in pH, table salt (NaCl) solution, and heat. Capping with metal ions (Ag/Au-cip) has significant implications for the solubility, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of fluoroquinolone molecules. The metallic nanoparticles were characterized by several techniques such as ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) methods. The nanoparticles synthesized using silver and gold were subjected to energy dispersive X-ray tests in order to show their metallic composition. The NH moiety of the piperazine group capped the Ag/Au surfaces, as revealed by spectroscopic studies. The synthesized nanoparticles were also assessed for urease inhibition potential. Fascinatingly, both Ag-cip and Au-cip NPs exhibited significant urease enzyme inhibitory potential, with IC50 = 1.181 ± 0.02 µg/mL and 52.55 ± 2.3 µg/mL, compared to ciprofloxacin (IC50 = 82.95 ± 1.62 µg/mL). MNPs also exhibited significant antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains.
authors.affiliation: Office of Research Innovation and Commercialization, University of Peshawar, Peshawar-25120, Pakistan. akhund54@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nisar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan. shujaatchemist@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shujaat Ali
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan. mu_afridii@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mughal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qayum
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan. umarf@ciit.net.pk.
authors.forename: Ajmal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan. ajmalkhan@ciit.net.pk.
authors.forename: Umar
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Farooq
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. hawazej@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hawa Z E
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Jaafar
authors.affiliation: Office of Research, Innovation and Commercialization, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54600, Pakistan. ahirzia@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zia-Ul-Haq
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18800, Pakistan. rashidalikhan776@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rashid
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014510:Urease / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D012834:Silver; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D006046:Gold; D014510:Urease
keywords: antibacterial activity; ciprofloxacin; metallic nanoparticles; urease enzyme inhibition