title: Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates cardiopulmonary bypass-associated lung injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung dysfunction constitutes a severe complication after major cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), substantially contributing to postoperative morbidity and mortality. The current possibilities of preventive and therapeutic interventions, however, remain insufficient. We, therefore, investigated the effects of intraoperative application of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on CPB-associated lung injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty piglets (8-15 kg) were divided into four groups: sham-operated and saline-treated control group (n = 7); sham-operated and EGCG-treated control group (EGCG-control group; n = 7); CPB group (n = 10); and CPB + EGCG group (n = 6). The CPB groups underwent 120 min of CPB followed by 90 min of recovery time. In the CPB + EGCG group, EGCG (10 mg/kg body weight) was administered intravenously before and after CPB. Hemodynamic monitoring, blood gas analysis, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry of lung tissue were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histologic examination revealed thickening of the alveolar wall and enhanced alveolar neutrophil infiltration in the CPB group (P < 0.05) compared with those in the control group, which was prevented by EGCG (P < 0.05). In the CPB group, higher formation of poly(ADP-ribose) and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor was detected in comparison with those in the control group (P < 0.001), which were both reduced in the CPB + EGCG group (P < 0.001). Compared with the control group, the EGCG-control group showed thickening of the alveolar wall and increased neutrophil infiltration (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPB leads to lung edema, pulmonary neutrophil infiltration, and presumably initiation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent cell death signaling in the lung. EGCG appears to attenuate CPB-associated lung injury, suggesting that this may provide a novel pharmacologic approach.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. Electronic address: bernhard_kasper@arcor.de.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kasper
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Aida
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salameh
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krausch
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kiefer
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kostelka
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Friedrich Wilhelm
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Heart Center Leipzig, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor / Q000032:analysis; D028241:Camellia sinensis; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002392:Catechin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008168:Lung / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000032:analysis; D013552:Swine; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011064:Poly Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D002392:Catechin; C045651:epigallocatechin gallate
keywords: Apoptosis-inducing factor; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Epigallocatechin gallate; Lung injury; Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase