title: Effects of Bisphosphonates and Calcium plus Vitamin-D Supplements on Cognitive Function in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis§.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postmenopausal osteoporosis has been linked to accelerated cognitive decline; however, little is known about the effects of medical treatment on cognitive functions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective study, we evaluated the effects of bisphosphonate treatment and calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on cognitive functions in 45 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis who were started on medical treatment. The medications included alendronate, zoledronic acid, risedronate, or ibandronic acid along with a low or high dose of calcium plus vitamin D supplements. The cognitive function was assessed by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) test. All subjects underwent bone mineral density (BMD) measurement via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline and at study completion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean T-score improved significantly at 1 year, except for neck of the femur area. The mean MMSE score did not change significantly at 12 months (26.40 ± 2.07 vs. 26.48 ± 2.07; p = 0.513), with no difference among bisphosphonates combined with calcium plus vitamin D. Higher dose (1200 mg/800 U/day) of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation tended to have a greater improvement as compared with lower dose (600 mg/400 U/day) (Δ MMSE: 0.11 ± 0.72 vs. -0.14 ± 0.69).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive functions in the women remained unaltered, whereas bone BMD T-scores were significantly improved at the 12(th) month after the administration of bisphosphonates and calcium plus vitamin D supplements. Higher doses of calcium plus vitamin D supplements were likely to have better cognitive effects as compared with lower doses.
authors.forename: Umut
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Safer
authors.affiliation: Haydarpasa Numune Training Hospital Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. binayvildan@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Vildan Binay
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Safer
authors.forename: Sibel Ozbudak
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.forename: Inci
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yanikoglu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium