title: Are humans the initial source of canine mange?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scabies, or mange as it is called in animals, is an ectoparasitic contagious infestation caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Sarcoptic mange is an important veterinary disease leading to significant morbidity and mortality in wild and domestic animals. A widely accepted hypothesis, though never substantiated by factual data, suggests that humans were the initial source of the animal contamination. In this study we performed phylogenetic analyses of populations of S. scabiei from humans and from canids to validate or not the hypothesis of a human origin of the mites infecting domestic dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mites from dogs and foxes were obtained from three French sites and from other countries. A part of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene was amplified and directly sequenced. Other sequences corresponding to mites from humans, raccoon dogs, foxes, jackal and dogs from various geographical areas were retrieved from GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Otodectes cynotis cox1 sequence as outgroup. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analysis approaches were used. To visualize the relationship between the haplotypes, a median joining haplotype network was constructed using Network v4.6 according to host.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one haplotypes were observed among mites collected from five different host species, including humans and canids from nine geographical areas. The phylogenetic trees based on Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses showed similar topologies with few differences in node support values. The results were not consistent with a human origin of S. scabiei mites in dogs and, on the contrary, did not exclude the opposite hypothesis of a host switch from dogs to humans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phylogenetic relatedness may have an impact in terms of epidemiological control strategy. Our results and other recent studies suggest to re-evaluate the level of transmission between domestic dogs and humans.
authors.affiliation: Parasitology- Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Andriantsoanirina
authors.affiliation: Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.|Research group Dynamyc, EnvA, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Parasitology- Mycology Department, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Inserm U1016, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ariey
authors.affiliation: Parasitology- Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France.|UMR 190, Unité des virus émergents, Université Aix-Marseille, Faculté de Médecine-Timone, Marseille, France.|UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Arezki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Izri
authors.affiliation: Research group Dynamyc, EnvA, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, Paris, France.|Parasitology- Mycology Department, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Foulet
authors.affiliation: Research group Dynamyc, EnvA, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, Paris, France.|Parasitology- Mycology Department, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Botterel
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Department, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, UPEC, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bernigaud
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Department, Henri Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, UPEC, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chosidow
authors.affiliation: Parasitology Department, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
authors.forename: Weiyi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Research group Dynamyc, EnvA, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort & Créteil, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guillot
authors.affiliation: Parasitology- Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Bobigny, France. remy.durand@aphp.fr.|UFR SMBH, Université Paris 13, Bobigny, France. remy.durand@aphp.fr.|UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France. remy.durand@aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Rémy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Durand
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D019295:Computational Biology; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D004285:Dogs; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012520:Sarcoptes scabiei / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D012532:Scabies / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000662:veterinary*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology
chemical_list: D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
keywords: Canids; Dogs; Host switch; Humans; Phylogenetic analysis; Sarcoptes scabiei; Sarcoptic mange; Scabies