title: Violent repression of environmental protests.
abstract: As global sea levels and natural resource demands rise, people around the world are increasingly protesting environmental threats to their lives and livelihoods. What are the conditions under which these peaceful environmental protests are violently repressed? This paper uses the random forest algorithm to conduct an event analysis of grassroots environmental protests around the world. Utilizing a database of 175 grassroots environmental protests, we found that: (1) a large proportion (37 %) of the protests involved violent repression; (2) most of the violence (56 %) was directed against marginalized groups; and (3) violence was geographically concentrated the global south in Latin America and Asia. The primary predictors of violence were political empowerment, GDP per capita, industry type, the presence of marginalized groups, and geographic region. Our analysis reveals a complex relationship between governance, resource extraction, and international funding that often resulted in human rights violations against marginalized groups.
authors.affiliation: College of the Environment, Wesleyan University, 284 High St., Middletown, CT 06451 USA.
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0686-9770
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Poulos
authors.affiliation: Government Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06451 USA.
authors.forename: Mary Alice
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Haddad