title: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in refractory hydrothorax - a contribution to an unexplored indication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatic hydrothorax is a rare complication of portal hypertension, but may be potentially severe. Although conservative therapy may be effective, it is not without risk and refractory cases are not rare. The portal decompression achieved by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) has shown positive results in the treatment of refractory ascites, and in that sense, the analysis of their value in other complications of portal hypertension becomes relevant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TIPS in patients with refractory hydrothorax.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study including patients with refractory hydrothorax undergoing TIPS in a tertiary hospital in the period between 2000 and 2014, and evaluated the following: demographic characteristics, liver disease, and outcomes (efficacy and safety, including complications after TIPS, liver transplantation, 30-day, and 1-year mortality).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen patients with hydrothorax underwent TIPS; most had previously undergone multiple thoracocentesis and all had hypoalbuminemia. In all, 57.9% of the patients were men, with a mean age 63±9 years, and 84.2% had cirrhosis of alcoholic etiology and a mean Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-16, Child-Pugh B in 42.1%/Child-Pugh C in 47.4%. TIPS was effective in 73.3% of the cases. Portosystemic encephalopathy was recorded in 66.6% of the cases. Mortality was 25% at 30 days and 42.8% at 1 year with septic complications or progression of liver disease. Two patients underwent liver transplantation. The mean follow-up duration was 704 days (3-3485 days).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TIPS appears to be a relatively efficient method to control hydrothorax, making it a valid option in refractory cases despite the high risk of portosystemic encephalopathy and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Dário
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sofia
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D058625:End Stage Liver Disease; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006876:Hydrothorax / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006975:Hypertension, Portal / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D034141:Hypoalbuminemia / Q000209:etiology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D008104:Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome