title: Dose and Volume of the Irradiated Main Bronchi and Related Side Effects in the Treatment of Central Lung Tumors With Stereotactic Radiotherapy.
abstract: High radiation dose to the main bronchi can result in stenosis, occlusion or fistula formation, and death. Only 8 articles have reported side effects to the main bronchi from stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), mostly with only one symptomatic complication per article. Therefore, we calculated the dose to the bronchial structures, such as trachea; mainstem bronchi; intermediate bronchus; upper-, middle-, and lower-lobe bronchus; and the segmental bronchi in 134 patients with central tumors and calculated the normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for each of these structures, with toxicity determination based upon computed tomography imaging. No side effects were found in the trachea, and only stenosis occurred in the main bronchus and bronchus intermedius. Higher grades of side effects, such as occlusion and atelectasis, were only seen in the upper-, middle-, and lower bronchi and the segmental bronchi. When 0.5cc of a segmental bronchi was irradiated to 50Gy in 5 fractions, it was about 50% likely to be occluded radiographically. For grade 1 radiographically evident side effects, the 50% risk level for a 5-fraction Dmax was 55Gy for mid-bronchi and 65Gy for mainstem bronchi. To assure the relationship between clinical toxicity and side effects to the bronchi, further investigation is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marloes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duijm
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schillemans
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joachim G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Aerts
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Heijmen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.nuyttens@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Joost J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Nuyttens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001980:Bronchi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed