title: Alleviation of membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor with electrochemical oxidation mediated by in-situ free chlorine generation.
abstract: The control of membrane fouling is still the biggest challenge that membrane bioreactor (MBR) for wastewater treatment faces with. In this report, we evince that an in-situ electrochemical free chlorine generation is effective for membrane fouling mitigation. An electrochemical oxidation (EO) apparatus with perforated Ti/IrO2 anodes and Ti/Pt cathodes was integrated into a conventional MBR with microfiltration module (EO-MBR). The membrane fouling characteristics of EO-MBR fed with synthetic wastewater were monitored for about 2 months in comparison to control MBRs. In the EO-MBR at a direct current density of 0.4 mA/cm(2), the frequency of membrane fouling when the trans-membrane pressure (TMP) reached 30 kPa was effectively reduced by 40% under a physical membrane cleaning regime. The evolution patterns of TMP together with hydraulic resistance analysis based on resistance-in-series model indicated that the electrochemically generated active chlorine alleviated the physically irremovable membrane fouling. Further analysis on extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of sludge cake layer (SCL) revealed significant reductions of protein contents in soluble EPS and fluorescence emission intensities from humic acids and other fluorophores in bound EPS, which in-turn would decrease the hydrophobic accumulation of organic foulants on membrane pores. The chlorine dosage from the EO apparatus was estimated to be 4.7 mg Cl2/g MLVSS/day and the overall physicochemical properties (bio-solids concentration, floc diameter, zeta-potential) as well as the microbial activity in terms of specific oxygen utilization rate and removal efficiency of dissolved organic carbon (>97%) were not affected significantly. A T-RFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis suggested noticeable shifts in microbial community both in mixed liquor and sludge cake layer. Consequently, our electrochemical chlorination would be an efficient fouling control strategy in membrane-based water treatment processes where additional electricity consumption and cathodic scale deposition are not of serious concerns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
authors.forename: Chong Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tobino
authors.affiliation: Center for Water Resource Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, South Korea. Electronic address: kwcho@kist.re.kr.
authors.forename: Kangwoo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D019149:Bioreactors; D002713:Chlorine; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002713:Chlorine; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D012722:Sewage; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Electrochemical oxidation; Extracellular polymeric substance; Fouling; Free chlorine; Membrane bioreactor