title: Relationships of Feeding and Mother's Own Milk with Fecal Calprotectin Levels in Preterm Infants.
abstract: To describe longitudinal effects of feeding volume and type of milk on fecal calprotectin (f-CP) in very low-birth weight (VLBW) infants.
  
  
  
  Prospective data were collected across Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) admission for 6 weeks or until discharge in 75 VLBW neonates. The mean gestational age on entry into the study was 29 weeks.
  
  
  
  Seventy-four (99%) mothers provided expressed milk in varying amounts. Twenty-three mothers (31%) provided exclusive mother's own milk (MOM) throughout. Preterm infant formula (PIF) and pasteurized donor milk were added to feedings of remaining infants. Pooled MOM was analyzed weekly for levels of a panel of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, and secretory Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) so that the exact amount of exposure to the gut of these milk bioactives could be estimated. f-CP levels ranged from 160 to 350 μg/g stool. Total feeding volume was positively associated with f-CP, controlling for infant weight, and f-CP levels rose across time. Exclusive MOM feedings for the entire measurement period were associated with rising levels of f-CP, but mixed feedings (MOM with added PIF or pasteurized donor milk (PDM) did not show this increase over time.
  
  
  
  The presence of f-CP may represent a response to milk volumes and MOM, which represents normal development rather than always implicating pathological inflammation in the VLBW infant.
authors.affiliation: 1 University of South Florida College of Nursing , Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Groer
authors.affiliation: 2 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Terri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ashmeade
authors.affiliation: 3 Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Adetola
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Louis-Jacques
authors.affiliation: 1 University of South Florida College of Nursing , Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beckstead
authors.affiliation: 1 University of South Florida College of Nursing , Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D061186:Breast Milk Expression; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000378:metabolism*; D009035:Mothers; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex