title: Genetics, diagnosis, and future treatment strategies for primary ciliary dyskinesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a genetically heterogeneous recessive disorder resulting in chronic oto-sino-pulmonary disease. While PCD is estimated to occur in 1 in 20,000 individuals, fewer than 1,000 patients in the US have a well-established diagnosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We provide an overview of the clinical manifestations of PCD, describe the evolution of diagnostic methods, and critique the literature on management of PCD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although interest in clinical studies in non-CF bronchiectasis has increased in recent years, some of whom enroll patients with PCD, the literature regarding therapy for PCD as a distinct entity is lacking, as the numbers are small, and there have been no sub-analyses published. However, with improved screening and diagnostic methods, the development of clinical and research consortiums, and actively enrolling registries of PCD patients, the environment is conducive to perform longitudinal studies of disease course and therapeutic studies to alter that course.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: M Leigh Anne
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Peadar G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Noone
keywords: Kartagener syndrome; bronchiectasis; genotype; nasal nitric oxide; phenotype; primary ciliary dyskinesia