title: Risk Factors for Addiction and Their Association with Model-Based Behavioral Control.
abstract: Addiction shows familial aggregation and previous endophenotype research suggests that healthy relatives of addicted individuals share altered behavioral and cognitive characteristics with individuals suffering from addiction. In this study we asked whether impairments in behavioral control proposed for addiction, namely a shift from goal-directed, model-based toward habitual, model-free control, extends toward an unaffected sample (n = 20) of adult children of alcohol-dependent fathers as compared to a sample without any personal or family history of alcohol addiction (n = 17). Using a sequential decision-making task designed to investigate model-free and model-based control combined with a computational modeling analysis, we did not find any evidence for altered behavioral control in individuals with a positive family history of alcohol addiction. Independent of family history of alcohol dependence, we however observed that the interaction of two different risk factors of addiction, namely impulsivity and cognitive capacities, predicts the balance of model-free and model-based behavioral control. Post-hoc tests showed a positive association of model-based behavior with cognitive capacity in the lower, but not in the higher impulsive group of the original sample. In an independent sample of particularly high- vs. low-impulsive individuals, we confirmed the interaction effect of cognitive capacities and high vs. low impulsivity on model-based control. In the confirmation sample, a positive association of omega with cognitive capacity was observed in highly impulsive individuals, but not in low impulsive individuals. Due to the moderate sample size of the study, further investigation of the association of risk factors for addiction with model-based behavior in larger sample sizes is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Fellow Group 'Cognitive and Affective Control of Behavioral Adaptation,' Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Technical University of DresdenDresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Andrea M F
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Reiter
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Fellow Group 'Cognitive and Affective Control of Behavioral Adaptation,' Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Lorenz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deserno
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Fellow Group 'Cognitive and Affective Control of Behavioral Adaptation,' Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Tilmann
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wilbertz
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Fellow Group 'Cognitive and Affective Control of Behavioral Adaptation,' Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany; Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Otto-von-Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Jochen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Heinze
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Fellow Group 'Cognitive and Affective Control of Behavioral Adaptation,' Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schlagenhauf
keywords: addiction; alcohol; cognitive capacity; decision-making; family history; impulsivity; instrumental control; risk