title: Age-specific Serum Prostate Specific Antigen Ranges Among Apparently Healthy Nigerian Men Without Clinical Evidence of Prostate Cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels increase with age and varies among different races and communities. The study was aimed at defining the age-specific reference ranges of serum PSA in our environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated the relationship between age and serum PSA levels and the age-specific reference ranges of serum PSA among civil servants in Lagos, who underwent routine medical checkups. Criteria for inclusion were men who have no lower urinary tract symptoms, normal digital rectal examination and serum PSA ≤ 20 ng/ml. SPSS Statistic 21 was used for data evaluation and the mean, median, 95(th) percentile PSA levels were estimated. Pearson's correlation was used to examine the relationship, and P < 0.05 was considered significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  4032 men met the criteria for inclusion in the evaluation. The mean age was 51.6 (range 40-70) years, and there was a strong correlation between serum PSA levels and age (r = 0.097, P < 0.001). PSA ranges of 0-2.5, >2.5-4.0, >4.0-10, and >10 ng/ml were found in 3218 (80%), 481 (12%), 284 (7%), and 52 (1%) men, respectively. The mean, median and the 95(th) percentile PSA for the overall group were 1.84, 1.33, and 5.2 ng/ml respectively. However the 95(th) percentile PSA levels for men aged 40-49, 50-59, and 60-70 years were 4.78, 5.47, and 8.93 ng/ml respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The age-specific PSA levels among Nigerian men for each age group is higher than what was described for men in the Western world. These reference ranges of serum PSA should be considered for men aged ≥40 years in our environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Lagos State University College of Medicine and Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Ikuerowo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Pathology, Lagos State Pathology Services, General Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Ajala
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Lagos State University College of Medicine and Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abolarinwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Urology Division, Lagos State University College of Medicine and Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Nigeria.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Omisanjo
keywords: Age; Nigerian; cancer; prostate specific antigen; reference