title: Exploring Temporal Patterns of Stress in Adolescent Girls with Headache.
abstract: As part of a larger study on perceived stress and headaches in 2009, momentary perceived stress, head pain levels and stress-related symptom data were collected. This paper explores a temporal analysis of the patterns of stress, as well as an analysis of momentary and retrospective stress-related symptoms compared by level of headache activity. Adolescent girls (N = 31) ages 14-18 were randomly cued by electronic diaries 7 times per day over a 21-day period responding to momentary questions about level of head pain, perceived stress and stress-related symptoms. Multivariate general linear modelling was used to determine significant differences among headache groups in relation to temporal patterns of stress. Significant headache group differences were found on retrospective and momentary stress-related symptom measures. A total of 2841 diary responses captured stress levels, head pain and related symptoms. The chronic headache (CH) group reported the highest levels of hourly and daily stress, followed by the moderate headache (MH) and low headache (LH) groups. Patterns of stress for the three headache groups were statistically distinct, illustrating increased stress in girls with more frequent head pain. This evidence suggests that because of increased stress, girls with recurrent head pain are likely a vulnerable population who may benefit from stress-reducing interventions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Nursing and Healthcare Leadership Program, University of Washington-Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Elin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Björling
authors.affiliation: Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Narayan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015897:Comorbidity; D000072860:Ecological Momentary Assessment; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Ecological Momentary Assessment; adolescence; headache; perceived stress; stress