title: Inhibitory Effects of AVEMAR on Proliferation and Metastasis of Oral Cancer Cells.
abstract: Oral cancer is keeping its 4th rank on the death causing cancers among Taiwan males, and its metastatic and recurrent rates remain high and a life-threatening issue to the citizens. Fermented wheat germ extract (AVEMAR) is used in clinical cancer nutritional therapy in gastrointestinal cancers but not in oral cancer yet. In this study, the potential of AVEMAR to inhibit tumor proliferation and metastasis of oral cancer was first investigated. Antiproliferative activity of AVEMAR was determined in human oral squamous carcinoma SCC-4 cells by MTT methodology. Wound-healing migration, transwell invasion, and Western blotting assays were carried out to examine the in vitro antimetastatic effects and involved signaling molecules for AVEMAR in oral cancer cells. AVEMAR at 0.2-1.6 mg/ml significantly inhibited the cell viability with IC50 values of 1.19 and 0.98 mg/ml for 24-h and 48-h treatment. Furthermore, AVEMAR could induce cell apoptosis and inhibit the migration and invasion of metastatic SCC-4 cells at a similar dose range. Notably, AVEMAR suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA), but not MMP-1 or MMP-9, in SCC-4 cells. These results strongly support the antiproliferation and in vitro antimetastatic capacity of AVEMAR which may extend its contributions from cancer nutrition supplements to preventive agent for oral cancer.
authors.affiliation: a Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan, R.O.C.|b Department of Clinical Nutrition , China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Mei-Due
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: a Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan, R.O.C.|c Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Wen-Shin
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: a Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Chia-Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: d Department of Food and Nutrition , Providence University , Taichung , Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Ming-Fu
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: d Department of Food and Nutrition , Providence University , Taichung , Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Yin-Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: d Department of Food and Nutrition , Providence University , Taichung , Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Kung-Chi
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: a Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan, R.O.C.|b Department of Clinical Nutrition , China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Meng-Chun
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: e Department of Internal Medicine , National Cheng Kung University , Tainan , Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Ai-Wen
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.affiliation: a Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Chin-Mu
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: a Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan, R.O.C.|c Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan, R.O.C.|f Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering , Asia University , Taichung , Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: Da-Tian
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Bau
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; C113915:Avemar; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2