title: Using Community-Based Participatory Research to Explore Backyard Gardening Practices and Soil Lead Concentrations in Urban Neighborhoods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lead exposure is a serious health threat for children. Soil is an important exposure pathway, primarily through ingestion and inhalation. Urban agriculture is increasing. Potential environmental health risks associated with residential gardening may not be well known to community residents.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach was implemented to explore the relationship between urban residential vegetable gardening and lead exposure in children. The primary objectives were to characterize local backyard vegetable gardening practices, measure residential and commercial soil lead concentrations and spatial distributions, and identify priorities for individual and collective action.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were recruited in two stages. In phase 1, adult gardeners participated in structured interviews. In phase 2, a multistage representative sampling approach was implemented to recruit adult gardeners for interviews and soil testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty adults participated in gardening practice interviews. Adults perceive many benefits from backyard gardening and initially expressed few concerns about lead exposure risk. Results indicate that children are actively involved in backyard gardening. Total soil lead concentrations from 17 residential properties ranged from 7 to 3,234 mg kg-1(median, 187; mean, 432). Commercial soils had lead concentrations that ranged from 6 to 13 mg kg(-1) (median, 6.5; mean, 7.6). Nonparametric Mann-Whitney comparisons indicated a significant difference in lead concentration between commercial soil and residential soil (p<0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advocacy for resources needed to eliminate dangerous levels of lead from the environment, especially in communities where divestment has occurred, is enhanced through CBPR. Increasing access to soil testing is an important action step.
authors.forename: Sheri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Dalila
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cardona
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gramling
authors.forename: Chelsea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruis
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Soldat
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D055812:Community-Based Participatory Research; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D051639:Gardening; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000517:prevention & control; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead