title: EFFICACY OF ENDOSCOPIC TREATMENT FOR PRIMARY VESICOURETERIC REFLUX IN CHILDREN.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common anomaly affecting 1-3% of all children and 30-50% of those with urinary tract infection (UTI). In the past febrile vesicoureteric reflux on chronic antibiotic prophylaxis were treated by open surgery. Now a day's endoscopic injection of a bulking material has replaced open surgical procedure in cases of primary VUR. Our objective was to assess the efficacy of endoscopic treatment for primary vesico-ureteric reflux in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a descriptive case series. One hundred and five patients with either unilateral or bilateral VUR (181 ureters) underwent endoscopic treatment for primary VUR between January 2011 and January 2014. Children from 1 to 12 years of age with grade-II to IV reflux on preoperative voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) were enrolled through consecutive non-probability sampling. Efficacy of treatment was evaluated at three months post injection by a standard VCUG. Ureters with no or grade-I reflux were considered successful treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 105 patients 76 had bilateral while 29 had unilateral reflux. Mean age was 5.7 years (SD ± .7). Among 181 refluxing ureters, 116 (64%) were free of reflux, while 49 (27%) showed down gradation and 16 (8.8%) showed no response to treatment on postoperative VCUG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic treatment for VUR is a viable option for patients with primary VUR and may be considered in management of such cases.
authors.forename: Muhammad Athar
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Khawaja
authors.forename: Gul
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nawaz
authors.forename: Muhammad Imran
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Jamil
authors.forename: Shujah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muhammad
authors.forename: Asad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: ur Rehman
authors.forename: Durre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shohab
authors.forename: Iftikhar Ali
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Ijaz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Waqas
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akhter
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D014718:Vesico-Ureteral Reflux / Q000601:surgery*