title: Impaired cue identification and intention retrieval underlie prospective memory deficits in patients with first-episode schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Schizophrenia is associated with impairment in prospective memory, the ability to remember to carry out an intended action in the future. It has been established that cue identification (detection of the cue event signaling that an intended action should be performed) and intention retrieval (retrieval of an intention from long-term memory following the recognition of a prospective cue) are two important processes underlying prospective memory. The purpose of this study was to examine prospective memory deficit and underlying cognitive processes in patients with first-episode schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examined cue identification and intention retrieval components of event-based prospective memory using a dual-task paradigm in 30 patients with first-episode schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls. All participants were also administered a set of tests assessing working memory and retrospective memory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both cue identification and intention retrieval were impaired in patients with first-episode schizophrenia compared with healthy controls ( ps < 0.05), with a large effect size for cue identification (Cohen's d = 0.98) and a medium effect size for intention retrieval (Cohen's d = 0.62). After controlling for working memory and retrospective memory, the difference in cue identification between patients and healthy controls remained significant. However, the difference in intention retrieval between the two groups was no longer significant. In addition, there was a significant inverse relationship between cue identification and negative symptoms ( r = -0.446, p = 0.013) in the patient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that both cue identification and intention retrieval in event-based prospective memory are impaired in patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Cue identification and intention retrieval could be potentially used as biomarkers for early detection and treatment prognosis of schizophrenia. In addition, addressing cue identification deficit through cognitive enhancement training may potentially improve negative symptoms as well.
authors.affiliation: 1 First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Dengtang
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1 First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chengfeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: 1 First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Kaiming
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhuo
authors.affiliation: 1 First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhenhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: 1 First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yingchan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 1 First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.affiliation: 1 First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Dianming
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: 1 First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: 1 First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.|2 Shanghai Hongkou Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tianyi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1 First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.|3 Jiading Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Zhilei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: 1 First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.|2 Shanghai Hongkou Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Guang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: 4 Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 5 Castle Peak Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Eric Fc
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: 6 Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.affiliation: 7 Psychotic Disorders Program, UMass Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Xiaoduo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: 4 Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.|8 Translational Neuropsychology and Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Raymond Ck
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: 1 First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yifeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: 1 First-episode Schizophrenia and Early Psychosis Program, Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Kaida
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D061212:Memory, Episodic; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Prospective memory; cue identification; first-episode; intention retrieval; schizophrenia