title: A NEW LOOK AT AN ANCIENT ORDER: GENERIC REVISION OF THE BANGIALES (RHODOPHYTA)(1).
abstract: The red algal order Bangiales has been revised as a result of detailed regional studies and the development of expert local knowledge of Bangiales floras, followed by collaborative global analyses based on wide taxon sampling and molecular analyses. Combined analyses of the nuclear SSU rRNA gene and the plastid RUBISCO LSU (rbcL) gene for 157 Bangiales taxa have been conducted. Fifteen genera of Bangiales, seven filamentous and eight foliose, are recognized. This classification includes five newly described and two resurrected genera. This revision constitutes a major change in understanding relationships and evolution in this order. The genus Porphyra is now restricted to five described species and a number of undescribed species. Other foliose taxa previously placed in Porphyra are now recognized to belong to the genera Boreophyllum gen. nov., Clymene gen. nov., Fuscifolium gen. nov., Lysithea gen. nov., Miuraea gen. nov., Pyropia, and Wildemania. Four of the seven filamentous genera recognized in our analyses already have generic names (Bangia, Dione, Minerva, and Pseudobangia), and are all currently monotypic. The unnamed filamentous genera are clearly composed of multiple species, and few of these species have names. Further research is required: the genus to which the marine taxon Bangia fuscopurpurea belongs is not known, and there are also a large number of species previously described as Porphyra for which nuclear SSU ribosomal RNA (nrSSU) or rbcL sequence data should be obtained so that they can be assigned to the appropriate genus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandNatural History Museum, Department of Botany, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1Seaweed Research Center, NFRDI, Mokpo 530-831, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Inchon 406-840, KoreaCoastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, JapanDepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandDepartment of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USADepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Judith E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandNatural History Museum, Department of Botany, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1Seaweed Research Center, NFRDI, Mokpo 530-831, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Inchon 406-840, KoreaCoastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, JapanDepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandDepartment of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USADepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Sandra C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lindstrom
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandNatural History Museum, Department of Botany, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1Seaweed Research Center, NFRDI, Mokpo 530-831, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Inchon 406-840, KoreaCoastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, JapanDepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandDepartment of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USADepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Wendy A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandNatural History Museum, Department of Botany, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1Seaweed Research Center, NFRDI, Mokpo 530-831, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Inchon 406-840, KoreaCoastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, JapanDepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandDepartment of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USADepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Juliet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brodie
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandNatural History Museum, Department of Botany, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1Seaweed Research Center, NFRDI, Mokpo 530-831, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Inchon 406-840, KoreaCoastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, JapanDepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandDepartment of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USADepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Michael D J
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandNatural History Museum, Department of Botany, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1Seaweed Research Center, NFRDI, Mokpo 530-831, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Inchon 406-840, KoreaCoastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, JapanDepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandDepartment of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USADepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Mi Sook
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandNatural History Museum, Department of Botany, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1Seaweed Research Center, NFRDI, Mokpo 530-831, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Inchon 406-840, KoreaCoastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, JapanDepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandDepartment of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USADepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Han-Gu
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandNatural History Museum, Department of Botany, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1Seaweed Research Center, NFRDI, Mokpo 530-831, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Inchon 406-840, KoreaCoastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, JapanDepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandDepartment of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USADepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandNatural History Museum, Department of Botany, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1Seaweed Research Center, NFRDI, Mokpo 530-831, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Inchon 406-840, KoreaCoastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, JapanDepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandDepartment of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USADepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandNatural History Museum, Department of Botany, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1Seaweed Research Center, NFRDI, Mokpo 530-831, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Inchon 406-840, KoreaCoastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, JapanDepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandDepartment of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USADepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Mariana C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandNatural History Museum, Department of Botany, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1Seaweed Research Center, NFRDI, Mokpo 530-831, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Inchon 406-840, KoreaCoastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, JapanDepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandDepartment of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USADepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Farr
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandNatural History Museum, Department of Botany, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1Seaweed Research Center, NFRDI, Mokpo 530-831, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Inchon 406-840, KoreaCoastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, JapanDepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandDepartment of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USADepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neefus
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandNatural History Museum, Department of Botany, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1Seaweed Research Center, NFRDI, Mokpo 530-831, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Inchon 406-840, KoreaCoastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, JapanDepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandDepartment of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USADepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mols-Mortensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandNatural History Museum, Department of Botany, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1Seaweed Research Center, NFRDI, Mokpo 530-831, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Inchon 406-840, KoreaCoastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, JapanDepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandDepartment of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USADepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Milstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New ZealandDepartment of Botany, University of British Columbia, #3529-6270 University Blvd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandNatural History Museum, Department of Botany, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1Seaweed Research Center, NFRDI, Mokpo 530-831, KoreaDivision of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KORDI, Inchon 406-840, KoreaCoastal Branch of Natural History Museum and Institute, Yoshio, Katsuura, Chiba 299-5242, JapanDepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Private Bag 14-901, Wellington 6241, New ZealandDepartment of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USADepartment of Botany, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, BrazilDepartment of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Kirsten M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Müller
keywords: Bangia; Bangiales; Boreophyllum; Clymene; Dione; Fuscifolium; Lysithea; Minerva; Miuraea; Porphyra; Pseudobangia; Pyropia; Wildemania