title: Maintenance of Clinical Endpoints After Discharge from a Pharmacist-Managed Risk Reduction Clinic at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension are complex chronic disease states that often require close monitoring and frequent follow-up to achieve and maintain therapeutic control as determined by hemoglobin A1c (A1c), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and blood pressure (BP). At the Charles George Veterans Affairs Medical Center (CGVAMC), physicians may refer their patients to the on-site pharmacist-managed Risk Reduction Clinic (RRC). Patients are discharged from the RRC once patient-specific therapeutic goals have been met for diabetes, dyslipidemia, and/or hypertension. This study investigated the change in A1c, LDL, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) after discharge from the CGVAMC RRC.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate (a) how clinical endpoints for diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension change after discharge from the pharmacist-managed RRC at the CGVAMC; (b) the factors associated with worsening of monitoring parameters; and (c) the frequency of reconsultation to the RRC.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this single-center retrospective quality management study, patients were included if they had a completed consultation to the CGVAMC RRC between August 11, 2008, and January 1, 2011, for the management of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and/or hypertension. Patients were included if they were discharged from the RRC prior to October 1, 2011, due to goal attainment. Furthermore, it was required that patients have A1c, LDL, and SBP measurements, as applicable based on diagnoses, at least yearly during the first 2 years following discharge. Patients were excluded if they were discharged for any reason other than goal attainment or if they were followed by a specialty clinic related to the RRC, including the Diabetes PharmD, Diabetes MD, MIDAS (group diabetes), or MAGIC (group dyslipidemia) clinics. Data collection included patient demographics; date of and indication for consultation to the RRC; date of first RRC visit; date of discharge from the RRC; number of visits to the RRC; A1c, LDL, SBP, and weight at consultation to the RRC, at discharge, and during the 2 years following discharge from the RRC; and date of and indication for reconsultation to the RRC, as applicable. Two-tailed paired t-tests were used to compare A1c, LDL, and SBP at discharge from the RRC to A1c, LDL, and SBP during the follow-up period. Two-tailed unpaired t-tests were performed to determine which variables were associated with changes in the monitoring parameters after discharge from the RRC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred forty-nine patients were included in this study. For all patients with a diagnosis of diabetes (N = 82), A1c rose from 6.49% to 6.79% (P < 0.001) during the first year and to 7.04% (P < 0.001) during the second year following discharge. For patients diagnosed with dyslipidemia (N = 137), LDL rose after discharge from 81.5 mg/dL to 90.8 mg/dL (P < 0.001) and to 90.9 mg/dL (P < 0.001), respectively. For patients diagnosed with hypertension (N = 132), SBP rose from 126.2 mm Hg to 131.5 mm Hg (P < 0.001) and to 133.9 mm Hg (P < 0.001), respectively. An increase in A1c after discharge was associated with lower discharge A1c (P = 0.014), higher consultation weight (P = 0.009), and higher discharge weight (P = 0.042). A rise in LDL was correlated to higher consultation LDL (P = 0.006), while higher SBP was associated with lower discharge SBP (P < 0.001). Twelve percent of patients were reconsulted to the RRC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A1c, LDL, and SBP rose after discharge from the pharmacist-managed risk reduction clinic, but these changes may not have been clinically significant based on the low reconsultation rate and values remaining close to generally accepted therapeutic goals. Patients likely to benefit from extending RRC services past goal attainment include those with higher A1c and LDL at the time of consultation and those with higher weight. As a result of this study, recommendations have been made to consider following up every 3-4 months for 2-3 additional visits for patients with baseline A1c > 8% and LDL > 115 mg/dL and those with weight > 220 pounds prior to discharging them from the CGVAMC RRC. Furthermore, we believe that all patients could benefit from extending follow-up to 6 months for 1-2 additional visits or as needed after their therapeutic goals have been reached.
authors.affiliation: 1 Assistant Professor of Ambulatory Care, Department of Clinical Sciences, High Point University School of Pharmacy, High Point, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Christina H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Sherrill
authors.affiliation: 2 Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Department of Pharmacy, Charles George Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Asheville, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pentecost
authors.affiliation: 3 Rural Health Clinical Pharmacist, Departments of Primary Care and Pharmacy, Charles George Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Asheville, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Emily E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D019468:Disease Management; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services; D010595:Pharmacists; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014728:Veterans
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin