title: Environmental impact assessment using a GSR tool for a landfarming case in South Korea.
abstract: An environmental impact assessment of a landfarming process, which was performed at an actual petroleum-contaminated site, was conducted using a green and sustainable remediation (GSR) tool in this study. The landfarming process was divided into four stages: site preparation, installation, system operation, and system dismantling/waste disposal. The environmental footprints of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water consumption, total energy usage, and air pollutants (SOx, NOx, and PM10) were analyzed. GHG emissions and water consumption were approximately 276 metric tons and 7.90E + 05 gal, respectively, in stage III, where they were the highest due to the consumables and equipment use in the system operation. Total energy usage had the highest value of 1.54E + 03 MMBTU in stage II due to material production. The SOx and NOx emissions primarily occurred in stages I and II due to energy usage. The PM10 was mostly emitted in stages I and III and was associated with heavy use of equipment. To reduce the environmental footprints, biodiesel and sunlight were suggested as alternatives in this study. The GHG and SOx emissions decreased to 1.7 and 4.4E-04 metric tons, respectively, on the basis of total emissions with a 1 % increase in biodiesel content, but the NOx emissions increased to 5.6E-03 metric tons. If sunlight was used instead of electricity, the GHG and NOx emissions could be reduced by as much as 79 and 84 %, respectively, and the SOx emissions could also be reduced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeongseok
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea.
authors.forename: Ip-Sae
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hanuk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 133-791, South Korea. jaewoopark@hanyang.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Jae-Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D058572:Carbon Footprint / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D059392:Petroleum Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D056910:Republic of Korea
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants
keywords: Environmental impact assessment; Green and sustainable remediation; Landfarming; Petroleum-contaminated site