title: Skin Absorption of Anions: Part One. Methodology for In Vitro Cutaneous Absorption Measurements.
abstract: Measurement of skin absorption of ions requires specific experimental protocols regarding the use of pig skin as a model, the viability of excised skin in water medium over 24 h, the presence of endogenous ions, and evaluation of the contributions of facilitated transport through ion channels and ion transporters.
  
  
  
  Absorption experiments of halide anions F(-), Cl(-), Br(-) and I(-) in excised skin were performed in Franz diffusion cells. Experiments were performed on human and porcine skin under various conditions so as to define and validate experimental protocols.
  
  
  
  The distributions of endogenous ions and the absorption kinetics of halide ions were similar in both porcine and human skin models. Fresh skin kept its viability over 24 h in salt-free water, allowing experiments following OECD guidelines. Permeation increased in the order F(-) < Cl(-) < Br(-) < I(-) for all receptor media and skin samples. Absorption was larger in fresh skin due to the transport through chloride channels or exchangers.
  
  
  
  Skin absorption experiments of ions in Franz cells rely on working with fresh excised skin (human or porcine) and pure water as receptor fluid. Experiments with chloride blockers or frozen/thawed skin allow discriminating passive diffusion and facilitated transport.
authors.affiliation: Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5007, LAGEP - Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Raphaël
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paweloszek
authors.affiliation: Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5007, LAGEP - Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Briançon
authors.affiliation: Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5007, LAGEP - Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chevalier
authors.affiliation: Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5280, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (ISA), 43 bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gilon-Delepine
authors.affiliation: Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5007, LAGEP - Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France.
authors.forename: Jocelyne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.affiliation: Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5007, LAGEP - Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France. marie.bolzinger@univ-lyon1.fr.
authors.forename: Marie-Alexandrine
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bolzinger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions / Q000378:metabolism*; D004058:Diffusion; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D014867:Water
keywords: anion; halide; ion permeation; skin absorption