title: Pickering emulsions for skin decontamination.
abstract: This study aimed at developing innovative systems for skin decontamination. Pickering emulsions, i.e. solid-stabilized emulsions, containing silica (S-PE) or Fuller's earth (FE-PE) were formulated. Their efficiency for skin decontamination was evaluated, in vitro, 45min after an exposure to VX, one of the most highly toxic chemical warfare agents. Pickering emulsions were compared to FE (FE-W) and silica (S-W) aqueous suspensions. PE containing an oil with a similar hydrophobicity to VX should promote its extraction. All the formulations reduced significantly the amount of VX quantified on and into the skin compared to the control. Wiping the skin surface with a pad already allowed removing more than half of VX. FE-W was the less efficient (85% of VX removed). The other formulations (FE-PE, S-PE and S-W) resulted in more than 90% of the quantity of VX removed. The charge of particles was the most influential factor. The low pH of formulations containing silica favored electrostatic interactions of VX with particles explaining the better elimination from the skin surface. Formulations containing FE had basic pH, and weak interactions with VX did not improve the skin decontamination. However, these low interactions between VX and FE promote the transfer of VX into the oil droplets in the FE-PE.
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, CNRS UMR5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, France; Université de Lyon, F-69373, Lyon, France, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, France.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salerno
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, CNRS UMR5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, France; Université de Lyon, F-69373, Lyon, France, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Alexandrine
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bolzinger
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, CNRS UMR5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, France; Université de Lyon, F-69373, Lyon, France, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, France.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rolland
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, CNRS UMR5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, France; Université de Lyon, F-69373, Lyon, France, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, France.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chevalier
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, La Tronche, France; Service de Santé et de Secours Médical, SDIS06, Villeurbanne-Loubet, France.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Josse
authors.affiliation: Université de Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, CNRS UMR5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, France; Université de Lyon, F-69373, Lyon, France, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, France. Electronic address: stephanie.briancon@univ-lyon1.fr.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Briançon
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D004655:Emulsions; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D017640:Silicates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D017640:Silicates; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C001262:Fuller's Earth; C009680:VX-agent
keywords: Fuller's earth; Pickering emulsions; Silica; Skin decontamination; VX