title: Two-stage graft urethroplasty for proximal and complicated hypospadias in children: A retrospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although two-stage graft urethroplasty is widely used, the literature regarding the complication rates and functional characteristics of reconstructed neourethra is relatively modest.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to analyze the complication rates and uroflow data of boys who have previously undergone a two-stage graft urethroplasty procedure for proximal and complicated hypospadias.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the clinical outcomes of 52 boys with proximal (n = 44) and complicated (n = 8) hypospadias who underwent two-stage graft urethroplasty repair (median age of 15 months and 3 years respectively) between 2004 and 2015. Fifteen toilet-trained boys without fistulas underwent uroflowmetry. The uroflow data were plotted on age-volume-dependent normograms with normal controls. The median follow-up was 34 months (8 months-8 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complications were identified in three patients (6%) after the first stage (i.e. contracture of the graft) and in 20 patients (38.4%) after the second stage, including meatal stenosis (n = 8, 15.3%), urethral stricture (n = 4, 7.6%), urethrocutaneous fistula (n = 8, 15.3%), glandular dehiscence (n = 1, 1.9%), and diverticulum (n = 1, 1.9%). The patients with failed hypospadias experienced fewer complications than those who underwent the two-stage procedure for primary repair (25% and 45%, respectively). The reoperation rate was 36.8%. Eleven of the 15 toilet-trained boys were asymptomatic but exhibited flow rates below the normal range (median Qmax= 7 mL/s, range 3.5-16.7). Only one of the boys with a low flow rate was confirmed to have urethral stenosis under general anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, primary hypospadias repair requiring urethral plate transection elicited worse outcomes than those observed in the prior failed hypospadias cases. However, because of our study's retrospective design, we were unable to accurately assess the initial position of the meatus in the redo hypospadias cases. Our data also demonstrated that the majority of cases without any voiding symptoms exhibited flow rates that were below the normal range despite no urethral stricture under general anesthesia. These findings indicate that urethras reconstructed via two-stage graft urethroplasty repair are not functionally equivalent to normal urethras, at least prior to puberty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two-stage graft urethroplasty repair was successful in 62% of cases after the second-stage procedure, but one-third of the boys required a reoperation after the two-stage planned repair. We demonstrated that although we used a urethral tissue substitute, the urine flow patterns of the patients without strictures were abnormal.
authors.affiliation: Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Urology, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia. Electronic address: alice.faure@ap-hm.fr.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faure
authors.affiliation: Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Urology, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Aurore
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bouty
authors.affiliation: Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Urology, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Yoke Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Nyo
authors.affiliation: Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Urology, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: Royal Children's Hospital, Department of Urology, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Heloury
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D052816:Foreskin / Q000637:transplantation*; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000637:transplantation*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014521:Urethra / Q000601:surgery*; D013521:Urologic Surgical Procedures, Male / Q000379:methods
keywords: Complications; Hypospadias; Reoperation; Urethra; Urination; Uroflowmetry