title: Developmental validation studies of epigenetic DNA methylation markers for the detection of blood, semen and saliva samples.
abstract: Determining the type and origin of body fluids in a forensic investigation can provide important assistance in reconstructing crime scenes. A set of epigenetic markers, ZC3H12D, BCAS4 and cg06379435, have been developed to produce unique and specific patterns of DNA methylation that can be used to identify semen, saliva, and blood, respectively. To ensure the efficacy of these markers, developmental validation studies were performed to determine the conditions and limitations of this new tool for forensic analysis. DNA was extracted from human samples and bisulfite modified using commercial bisulfite modification kits. Specific primers were used to amplify the region of interest and the methylation profile of the CpG sites were determined by pyrosequencing. The percent methylation values at each CpG site were determined in multiple samples and averaged for each tissue type. The versatility of these new markers is presented by showing the results of validation studies on sensitivity, human specificity, stability and mixture resolution. When testing the markers using different organisms, we did obtain positive results for certain non-human primate samples, however, all other tested species were negative. The lowest concentration consistently detected varied from 0.1 to 10ng, depending on the locus, indicating the importance of primer design and sequence in the assay. The method also proved to be effective when inhibitors were present in the samples or when samples were degraded by heat. Simulated case- samples were also tested. In the case of mixtures of different cell types, the overall methylation values varied in a consistent and predictable manner when multiple cell types were present in the same sample. Overall, the validation studies demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of this new tool for body fluid identification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA; Faculty of Biosciences, Laboratory of Human and Molecular Genetics, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Deborah S B S
authors.initials: DSBS
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.affiliation: School of Criminal Justice, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Kuppareddi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Balamurugan
authors.affiliation: DNA Laboratory, Broward County Sheriff's Office, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biosciences, Laboratory of Human and Molecular Genetics, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clarice S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Alho
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA. Electronic address: mccordb@fiu.edu.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McCord
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D017931:DNA Primers; D057890:Epigenomics; D053803:Forensic Genetics / Q000379:methods; D005819:Genetic Markers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D012661:Semen / Q000737:chemistry*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D005819:Genetic Markers
keywords: Body fluid; DNA methylation; Developmental validation; Pyrosequencing