title: Toward a better understanding of task demands, workload, and performance during physician-computer interactions.
abstract: To assess the relationship between (1) task demands and workload, (2) task demands and performance, and (3) workload and performance, all during physician-computer interactions in a simulated environment.
  
  
  
  Two experiments were performed in 2 different electronic medical record (EMR) environments: WebCIS (n = 12) and Epic (n = 17). Each participant was instructed to complete a set of prespecified tasks on 3 routine clinical EMR-based scenarios: urinary tract infection (UTI), pneumonia (PN), and heart failure (HF). Task demands were quantified using behavioral responses (click and time analysis). At the end of each scenario, subjective workload was measured using the NASA-Task-Load Index (NASA-TLX). Physiological workload was measured using pupillary dilation and electroencephalography (EEG) data collected throughout the scenarios. Performance was quantified based on the maximum severity of omission errors.
  
  
  
  Data analysis indicated that the PN and HF scenarios were significantly more demanding than the UTI scenario for participants using WebCIS (P < .01), and that the PN scenario was significantly more demanding than the UTI and HF scenarios for participants using Epic (P < .01). In both experiments, the regression analysis indicated a significant relationship only between task demands and performance (P < .01).
  
  
  
  Results suggest that task demands as experienced by participants are related to participants' performance. Future work may support the notion that task demands could be used as a quality metric that is likely representative of performance, and perhaps patient outcomes.
  
  
  
  The present study is a reasonable next step in a systematic assessment of how task demands and workload are related to performance in EMR-evolving environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA lmazur@med.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Lukasz M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mazur
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Prithima R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mosaly
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Carlton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Comitz
authors.affiliation: School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Falchook
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Eblan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Lesley M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hoyle
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Gregg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tracton
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Bhishamjit S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Chera
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Marks
mesh_terms: D004526:Efficiency; D004569:Electroencephalography; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D006801:Humans; D010820:Physicians; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D016526:Workload
keywords: EMR; NASA-TLX; errors; performance; task demands; workload