title: Psychosis and the Control of Lucid Dreaming.
abstract: Dreaming and psychosis share important features, such as intrinsic sense perceptions independent of external stimulation, and a general lack of criticism that is associated with reduced frontal cerebral activity. Awareness of dreaming while a dream is happening defines lucid dreaming (LD), a state in which the prefrontal cortex is more active than during regular dreaming. For this reason, LD has been proposed to be potentially therapeutic for psychotic patients. According to this view, psychotic patients would be expected to report LD less frequently, and with lower control ability, than healthy subjects. Furthermore, psychotic patients able to experience LD should present milder psychiatric symptoms, in comparison with psychotic patients unable to experience LD. To test these hypotheses, we investigated LD features (occurrence, control abilities, frequency, and affective valence) and psychiatric symptoms (measure by PANSS, BPRS, and automated speech analysis) in 45 subjects with psychotic symptoms [25 with Schizophrenia (S) and 20 with Bipolar Disorder (B) diagnosis] versus 28 non-psychotic control (C) subjects. Psychotic lucid dreamers reported control of their dreams more frequently (67% of S and 73% of B) than non-psychotic lucid dreamers (only 23% of C; S > C with p = 0.0283, B > C with p = 0.0150). Importantly, there was no clinical advantage for lucid dreamers among psychotic patients, even for the diagnostic question specifically related to lack of judgment and insight. Despite some limitations (e.g., transversal design, large variation of medications), these preliminary results support the notion that LD is associated with psychosis, but falsify the hypotheses that we set out to test. A possible explanation is that psychosis enhances the experience of internal reality in detriment of external reality, and therefore lucid dreamers with psychotic symptoms would be more able to control their internal reality than non-psychotic lucid dreamers. Training dream lucidity is likely to produce safe psychological strengthening in a non-psychotic population, but in a psychotic population LD practice may further empower deliria and hallucinations, giving internal reality the appearance of external reality.
authors.affiliation: Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.affiliation: Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Resende
authors.affiliation: Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil; Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sérgio A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mota-Rolim
authors.affiliation: Physics Department, Federal University of Pernambuco Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Copelli
authors.affiliation: Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sidarta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
keywords: bipolar disorder; dreaming; lucid dreams; psychosis; schizophrenia