title: Ratiometric Imaging of Extracellular pH in Dental Biofilms.
abstract: The pH in bacterial biofilms on teeth is of central importance for dental caries, a disease with a high worldwide prevalence. Nutrients and metabolites are not distributed evenly in dental biofilms. A complex interplay of sorption to and reaction with organic matter in the biofilm reduces the diffusion paths of solutes and creates steep gradients of reactive molecules, including organic acids, across the biofilm. Quantitative fluorescent microscopic methods, such as fluorescence life time imaging or pH ratiometry, can be employed to visualize pH in different microenvironments of dental biofilms. pH ratiometry exploits a pH-dependent shift in the fluorescent emission of pH-sensitive dyes. Calculation of the emission ratio at two different wavelengths allows determining local pH in microscopic images, irrespective of the concentration of the dye. Contrary to microelectrodes the technique allows monitoring both vertical and horizontal pH gradients in real-time without mechanically disturbing the biofilm. However, care must be taken to differentiate accurately between extra- and intracellular compartments of the biofilm. Here, the ratiometric dye, seminaphthorhodafluor-4F 5-(and-6) carboxylic acid (C-SNARF-4) is employed to monitor extracellular pH in in vivo grown dental biofilms of unknown species composition. Upon exposure to glucose the dye is up-concentrated inside all bacterial cells in the biofilms; it is thus used both as a universal bacterial stain and as a marker of extracellular pH. After confocal microscopic image acquisition, the bacterial biomass is removed from all pictures using digital image analysis software, which permits to exclusively calculate extracellular pH. pH ratiometry with the ratiometric dye is well-suited to study extracellular pH in thin biofilms of up to 75 µm thickness, but is limited to the pH range between 4.5 and 7.0.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Aarhus University; sebastians@microbiology.au.dk.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schlafer
authors.affiliation: Department of Dentistry, Aarhus University.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dige
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000737:chemistry*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D018533:Biomass; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000382:microbiology*; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D009284:Naphthols / Q000737:chemistry*; D012235:Rhodamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D014070:Tooth
chemical_list: D001578:Benzopyrans; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009284:Naphthols; D012235:Rhodamines; C068301:carboxy-seminaphthorhodaminefluoride