title: Genetic and Dietary Factors Influencing the Progression of Nuclear Cataract.
abstract: To determine the heritability of nuclear cataract progression and to explore prospectively the effect of dietary micronutrients on the progression of nuclear cataract.
  
  
  
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional nuclear cataract and dietary measurements were available for 2054 white female twins from the TwinsUK cohort. Follow-up cataract measurements were available for 324 of the twins (151 monozygotic and 173 dizygotic twins).
  
  
  
  Nuclear cataract was measured using a quantitative measure of nuclear density obtained from digital Scheimpflug images. Dietary data were available from EPIC food frequency questionnaires. Heritability was modeled using maximum likelihood structural equation twin modeling. Association between nuclear cataract change and micronutrients was investigated using linear and multinomial regression analysis. The mean interval between baseline and follow-up examination was 9.4 years.
  
  
  
  Nuclear cataract progression.
  
  
  
  The best-fitting model estimated that the heritability of nuclear cataract progression was 35% (95% confidence interval [CI], 13-54), and individual environmental factors explained the remaining 65% (95% CI, 46-87) of variance. Dietary vitamin C was protective against both nuclear cataract at baseline and nuclear cataract progression (β = -0.0002, P = 0.01 and β = -0.001, P = 0.03, respectively), whereas manganese and intake of micronutrient supplements were protective against nuclear cataract at baseline only (β = -0.009, P = 0.03 and β = -0.03, P = 0.01, respectively).
  
  
  
  Genetic factors explained 35% of the variation in progression of nuclear cataract over a 10-year period. Environmental factors accounted for the remaining variance, and in particular, dietary vitamin C protected against cataract progression assessed approximately 10 years after baseline.
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yonova-Doing
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; University of Warwick Medical School, Coventry, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Zoe A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Forkin
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Pirro G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Hysi
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Katie M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Ophthalmology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: chris.hammond@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hammond
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002386:Cataract / Q000151:congenital* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D018450:Disease Progression; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics*; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics*; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics