title: The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease Attributable to Major Modifiable Risk Factors in Indonesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Indonesia, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke are estimated to cause more than 470 000 deaths annually. In order to inform primary prevention policies, we estimated the sex- and age-specific burden of CHD and stroke attributable to five major and modifiable vascular risk factors: cigarette smoking, hypertension, diabetes, elevated total cholesterol, and excess body weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population attributable risks for CHD and stroke attributable to these risk factors individually were calculated using summary statistics obtained for prevalence of each risk factor specific to sex and to two age categories (<55 and ≥55 years) from a national survey in Indonesia. Age- and sex-specific relative risks for CHD and stroke associated with each of the five risk factors were derived from prospective data from the Asia-Pacific region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypertension was the leading vascular risk factor, explaining 20%-25% of all CHD and 36%-42% of all strokes in both sexes and approximately one-third of all CHD and half of all strokes across younger and older age groups alike. Smoking in men explained a substantial proportion of vascular events (25% of CHD and 17% of strokes). However, given that these risk factors are likely to be strongly correlated, these population attributable risk proportions are likely to be overestimates and require verification from future studies that are able to take into account correlation between risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of effective population-based prevention strategies aimed at reducing levels of major cardiovascular risk factors, especially blood pressure, total cholesterol, and smoking prevalence among men, could reduce the growing burden of CVD in the Indonesian population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Queensland.
authors.forename: Mohammad Akhtar
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al Mamun
authors.forename: Sanne Ae
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Woodward
authors.forename: Rachel R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Huxley
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*