title: High Rates of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections and Uncommon HBV Genotype/Subtype and HCV Subtype Distributions among Transgender Individuals in Surabaya, Indonesia.
abstract: Transgender people are at a high risk for sexually transmitted viruses such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Moreover, Indonesia has a moderate-to-high rate of HBV infection and rapid epidemic growth of HIV infection; hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can co-occur with HBV and HIV infections. In this study, 10 of 107 individuals (9.3%) were positive for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and/or HBV DNA, whereas 19 of 101 individuals (18.8%) with negative results for HBsAg were positive for HBV core antibody (anti-HBc). Seven of the 107 individuals (6.5%) were anti-HCV positive, and 16 of the 100 tested samples (16.0%) were HIV positive. Genotype and subtype analyses of all 10 HBV DNA (6 HBsAg positive and 4 anti-HBc positive) strains showed that 3 were of the HBV genotype/HBsAg subtype C/adrq+, one was of C/adw2, and 5 were of B/adw2. The HCV subtype distribution showed that 33.3% were of HCV-1b, and 66.7% were of HCV-3k (n = 6). These distributions differed from those found in the general population of Surabaya, Indonesia. Interestingly, HIV subtype analysis showed a high prevalence of HIV, with possible recombinants of CRF01_AE and subtype B.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University.
authors.forename: Alfonsus Adrian
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Hadikusumo
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Utsumi
authors.forename: Mochamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.forename: Siti Qamariyah
authors.initials: SQ
authors.lastname: Khairunisa
authors.forename: Anittaqwa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Istimagfirah
authors.forename: Rury Mega
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Wahyuni
authors.forename: Maria Inge
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Lusida
authors.lastname: Soetjipto
authors.forename: Edhi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rianto
authors.lastname: Juniastuti
authors.forename: Yoshitake
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006678:HIV / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063106:Transgender Persons; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies