title: Investigational drugs in phase I and phase II clincial trials for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) is one of the main infections acquired by patients during a stay in hospital. The main issue when dealing with patients with HAP and ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is the increasing role of multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review the authors summarize the actual situation of MDROs as a cause of HAP and VAP. They also review the current treatment options stated in the most important international guidelines. Finally, they focus on the investigational drugs that have reached the phase III stage of development and the novel compounds that are being studied in phase I and II clinical trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thanks to their excellent activity against MDROs, drugs in development for the treatment of HAP and VAP can significantly improve the therapeutic options available. In selected patients, the possibility to administer directed therapy with monoclonal antibodies to specific pathogens is an exciting strategy in the fight against widespread resistance.
authors.affiliation: a Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Vicenç
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Falcó
authors.affiliation: a Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Joaquin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burgos
authors.affiliation: b Intensive Care Department, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papiol
authors.affiliation: b Intensive Care Department, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Ricard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ferrer
authors.affiliation: a Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Benito
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Almirante
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D015195:Drug Design; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D015507:Drugs, Investigational / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015507:Drugs, Investigational
keywords: Ceftazidime/avibactam; ceftolozane/tazobactam; hospital acquired pneumonia; imipenem/relevactam; multidrug resistant microorganisms; plazomicin; tedizolid