title: Metabolic syndrome in White-European men presenting for secondary couple's infertility: an investigation of the clinical and reproductive burden.
abstract: We aimed to determine the impact of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on reproductive function in men with secondary infertility, a condition that has received relatively little attention from researchers. Complete demographic, clinical, and laboratory data from 167 consecutive secondary infertile men were analyzed. Health-significant comorbidities were scored with the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI; categorised 0 vs 1 vs 2 or higher). NCEP-ATP III criteria were used to define MetS. Semen analysis values were assessed based on the 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) reference criteria. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models tested the association between semen parameters and clinical characteristics and MetS. MetS was found in 20 (12%) of 167 men. Patients with MetS were older (P < 0.001) and had a greater BMI (P < 0.001) compared with those without MetS. MetS patients had lower levels of total testosterone (P = 0.001), sex hormone-binding globulin, inhibin B, and anti-Mόllerian hormone (all P ≤ 0.03), and they were hypogonadal at a higher prevalence (P = 0.01) than patients without MetS. Moreover, MetS patients presented lower values of semen volume, sperm concentration, and sperm normal morphology (all P ≤ 0.03). At multivariate logistic regression analysis, no parameters predicted sperm concentration, normal sperm morphology, and total progressive motility. Our data show that almost 1 of 8 White-European men presenting for secondary couple's infertility is diagnosed with MetS. MetS was found to be associated with a higher prevalence of hypogonadism, decreased semen volume, decreased sperm concentration, and normal morphology in a specific cohort of White-European men.
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.|Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ventimiglia
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.|Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Capogrosso
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serino
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boeri
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colicchia
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.|Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: La Croce
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scano
authors.affiliation: Infertility Unit, Unit of Obstetrics/Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Papaleo
authors.affiliation: Research Doctorate Program in Urology, Magna Graecia University, 88020 Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Damiano
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.|Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montorsi
authors.affiliation: Division of Experimental Oncology, Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy.|Research Doctorate Program in Urology, Magna Graecia University, 88020 Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salonia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000453:epidemiology; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012098:Reproduction; D012661:Semen / Q000166:cytology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000648:ultrastructure; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones