title: Polyacrylic acid attenuates ethylene glycol induced hyperoxaluric damage and prevents crystal aggregation in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: The study explores calcium oxalate crystal inhibiting characteristic of polyacrylic acid (pAA), an anionic polymer in in vitro and in vivo. Animals were divided into 5 groups where group 1 served as control, group 2 were made hyperoxaluric by supplementing with Ethylene glycol (EG) 0.75% (v/v) for 30 days. Group 3, 4 & 5 were also given with EG and treated simultaneously with 2.5, 5 & 10 mg of pAA/kg of body weight, respectively. Urine, serum and tissue analyses along with histological studies were performed at the end of the 30 days study. In vitro crystallization was significantly inhibited by pAA and further it was supported by particle size analyses, XRD and FT-IR studies. Toxicological analyses showed that pAA was safe to use in animals at concentrations below 100 mg/kg BW. In vivo anti-urolithic study showed significant improvement in urinary lithogenic factors (calcium, oxalate, phosphate, citrate & magnesium) and renal function parameters (creatinine, urea and protein). Tissue analyses on anti-oxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxides showed maintenance of tissue antioxidant status in the pAA supplemented rats and histological studies demonstrated the nephroprotection offered by pAA and were concurrent to the biochemical analyses. Supplementation of pAA not only reduces the crystal aggregation but also regulates the expression and localization of crystal inhibiting proteins and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in experimental animals. In summary, pAA is a potent anti-urolithic agent in rats and we can propose that 10 mg/kg body weight is the effective dosage of pAA and this concentration can be used for further studies.
authors.affiliation: Renal Research Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Badrinathan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sridharan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Dhanvantri Nagar, Puducherry, India.
authors.forename: Rajesh Nachiappa
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Ganesh
authors.affiliation: Renal Research Lab, Centre for Biomedical Research, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: pragasam.v@vit.ac.in.
authors.forename: Pragasam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
mesh_terms: D000180:Acrylic Resins / Q000627:therapeutic use* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D005260:Female; D006959:Hyperoxaluria / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000652:urine; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D000180:Acrylic Resins; D002129:Calcium Oxalate; C006903:carbopol 940; D019855:Ethylene Glycol
keywords: Anionic polymer; Hyperoxaluria; Nephroprotection; Polyacrylic acid; Urolithiasis