title: Delta-opioid receptors as targets for migraine therapy.
abstract: The purpose of this review is to contrast the properties of the δ-opioid receptor with those of the μ-opioid receptor, which is the primary target of most currently available opioid analgesics. We also discuss preclinical evidence that indicates the potential efficacy of δ-opioid receptor agonists as migraine therapy.
  
  
  
  The use of currently available opioid analgesics is highly problematic for patients with migraine. Delta-opioid receptors have key differences from μ receptors; these differences make the δ receptor an attractive therapeutic target for migraine. Delta-opioid receptors are expressed in both the peripheral and central nervous system in anatomical regions and cell types that are believed to play a role in migraine. Delta-receptor agonists have also shown promising effects in multiple migraine models, including nitroglycerin evoked hyperalgesia and conditioned place aversion, and cortical spreading depression. Evidence from animal models indicates that activation of δ receptors is less likely to cause tolerance and dependence, and less likely to cause hyperalgesia. In addition, δ receptors may have antidepressant and anxiolytic properties that are distinct from those of μ receptors. In human studies investigating other conditions, δ-receptor agonists have been generally safe and well tolerated.
  
  
  
  Delta-opioid receptor agonists have promising potential as acute and/or preventive migraine therapies, without the problems associated with currently used opioid analgesics.
authors.affiliation: aUCLA Goldberg Migraine Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California bDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.forename: Amynah A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Pradhan
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000819:agonists*; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000819:agonists; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu