title: Src1 is a Protein of the Inner Nuclear Membrane Interacting with the Dictyostelium Lamin NE81.
abstract: The nuclear envelope (NE) consists of the outer and inner nuclear membrane (INM), whereby the latter is bound to the nuclear lamina. Src1 is a Dictyostelium homologue of the helix-extension-helix family of proteins, which also includes the human lamin-binding protein MAN1. Both endogenous Src1 and GFP-Src1 are localized to the NE during the entire cell cycle. Immuno-electron microscopy and light microscopy after differential detergent treatment indicated that Src1 resides in the INM. FRAP experiments with GFP-Src1 cells suggested that at least a fraction of the protein could be stably engaged in forming the nuclear lamina together with the Dictyostelium lamin NE81. Both a BioID proximity assay and mis-localization of soluble, truncated mRFP-Src1 at cytosolic clusters consisting of an intentionally mis-localized mutant of GFP-NE81 confirmed an interaction of Src1 and NE81. Expression GFP-Src1(1-646), a fragment C-terminally truncated after the first transmembrane domain, disrupted interaction of nuclear membranes with the nuclear lamina, as cells formed protrusions of the NE that were dependent on cytoskeletal pulling forces. Protrusions were dependent on intact microtubules but not actin filaments. Our results indicate that Src1 is required for integrity of the NE and highlight Dictyostelium as a promising model for the evolution of nuclear architecture.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biochemie und Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. batsios@uni-potsdam.de.
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Batsios
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Clark University, 15 Maywood St., Worcester, MA 01610-1477, USA. xren@clarku.edu.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biochemie und Biology, Department of Animal Physiology, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. obaumann@uni-potsdam.de.
authors.forename: Otto
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Clark University, 15 Maywood St., Worcester, MA 01610-1477, USA. dlarochelle@clarku.edu.
authors.forename: Denis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Larochelle
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biochemie und Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany. rgraef@uni-potsdam.de.
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gräf
keywords: Dictyostelium; HeH-protein; LEM-domain protein; lamin; nuclear lamina; nucleolus; nucleus