title: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Facilitates M2 Polarization and Upregulates TLR10 Expression on Human Microglial Cells.
abstract: To explore the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], the active metabolite of vitamin D, on M1/M2 polarization of human microglia and the expression of Toll-like receptor 10 (TLR10) on these cells, which has been suggested to play an inhibitory role in inflammation previously.
  
  
  
  Microglial HMO6 cells were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3, and mRNA or protein levels of M1 and M2 cytokines and TLR10 were examined.
  
  
  
  1,25(OH)2D3 upregulated TLR10 in HMO6 cells at both mRNA and protein level. 1,25(OH)2D3 enhanced basal mRNA expression of M2 cytokines, such as IL-10 and CCL17, but did not affect the expression of M1 cytokines, including IL-12 and TNF-α. 1,25(OH)2D3 downregulated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mRNA expression of M1 cytokines IL-12 and TNF-α. Concomitantly, it upregulated not only the M2 cytokines IL-10 and CCL17, but also TLR10 in microglial cells treated with LPS, in a concentration-dependent manner.
  
  
  
  Our results suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 may exert anti-inflammatory action by facilitating the M2 polarization of human microglial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Rewa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: Jae Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051201:Toll-Like Receptor 10 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007155:Immunologic Factors; C475955:TLR10 protein, human; D051201:Toll-Like Receptor 10; C118756:dihydroxy-vitamin D3; D014807:Vitamin D