title: A Comparison of the Adaptive Immune Response between Recovered Anthrax Patients and Individuals Receiving Three Different Anthrax Vaccines.
abstract: Several different human vaccines are available to protect against anthrax. We compared the human adaptive immune responses generated by three different anthrax vaccines or by previous exposure to cutaneous anthrax. Adaptive immunity was measured by ELISPOT to count cells that produce interferon (IFN)-γ in response to restimulation ex vivo with the anthrax toxin components PA, LF and EF and by measuring circulating IgG specific to these antigens. Neutralising activity of antisera against anthrax toxin was also assayed. We found that the different exposures to anthrax antigens promoted varying immune responses. Cutaneous anthrax promoted strong IFN-γ responses to all three antigens and antibody responses to PA and LF. The American AVA and Russian LAAV vaccines induced antibody responses to PA only. The British AVP vaccine produced IFN-γ responses to EF and antibody responses to all three antigens. Anti-PA (in AVA and LAAV vaccinees) or anti-LF (in AVP vaccinees) antibody titres correlated with toxin neutralisation activities. Our study is the first to compare all three vaccines in humans and show the diversity of responses against anthrax antigens.
authors.affiliation: Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Laws
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.|Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Technology Management Company (TMC), Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: Tinatin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuchuloria
authors.affiliation: National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: Nazibriola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chitadze
authors.affiliation: U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America.
authors.forename: Stephen F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Little
authors.affiliation: U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America.
authors.forename: Wendy M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.affiliation: U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amanda K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Debes
authors.affiliation: National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: Salome
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saginadze
authors.affiliation: National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: Nikoloz
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsertsvadze
authors.affiliation: National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: Mariam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chubinidze
authors.affiliation: U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Rivard
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.|National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: Shota
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsanava
authors.affiliation: Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Dyson
authors.affiliation: Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew J H
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: U. S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, MD, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hepburn
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Unit (CRU), Technology Management Company (TMC), Tbilisi, Georgia.|National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC), Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: Nino
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Trapaidze
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity / Q000276:immunology*; D000328:Adult; D000881:Anthrax / Q000276:immunology*; D022122:Anthrax Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007106:Immune Sera / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017192:Skin Diseases, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology*; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D022122:Anthrax Vaccines; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D007106:Immune Sera; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; C030325:anthrax toxin; D007371:Interferon-gamma