title: Convergent occurrence of the developmental hourglass in plant and animal embryogenesis?
abstract: The remarkable similarity of animal embryos at particular stages of development led to the proposal of a developmental hourglass. In this model, early events in development are less conserved across species but lead to a highly conserved 'phylotypic period'. Beyond this stage, the model suggests that development once again becomes less conserved, leading to the diversity of forms. Recent comparative studies of gene expression in animal groups have provided strong support for the hourglass model. How and why might such an hourglass pattern be generated? More importantly, how might early acting events in development evolve while still maintaining a later conserved stage?
  
  
  
  The discovery that an hourglass pattern may also exist in the embryogenesis of plants provides comparative data that may help us explain this phenomenon. Whether the developmental hourglass occurs in plants, and what this means for our understanding of embryogenesis in plants and animals is discussed. Models by which conserved early-acting genes might change their functional role in the evolution of gene networks, how networks buffer these changes, and how that might constrain, or confer diversity, of the body plan are also discused.
  
  
  
  Evidence of a morphological and molecular hourglass in plant and animal embryogenesis suggests convergent evolution. This convergence is likely due to developmental constraints imposed upon embryogenesis by the need to produce a viable embryo with an established body plan, controlled by the architecture of the underlying gene regulatory networks. As the body plan is largely laid down during the middle phases of embryo development in plants and animals, then it is perhaps not surprising this stage represents the narrow waist of the hourglass where the gene regulatory networks are the oldest and most robust and integrated, limiting species diversity and constraining morphological space.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Genetics Otago and Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand and andrew.cridge@otago.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Cridge
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Genetics Otago and Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand and.
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Dearden
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Lynette R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Brownfield
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D047108:Embryonic Development; D035264:Flowers / Q000254:growth & development; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D008954:Models, Biological; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development
keywords: Embryogenesis; comparative transcriptomic analysis; convergent evolution; developmental hourglass; developmental networks; gene expression