title: Technical note: A facility for respiration measurements in cattle.
abstract: A respiration system consisting of 4 climate-controlled chambers and 1 set of flowmeters and analyzers was constructed and validated. Each chamber had volume of 21.10m(3) (3.68×2.56×2.24m) and was made from steel with double-glazed windows on either side enabling visual contact between animals. The chambers are independently climate-controlled and can maintain temperature and relative humidity in a range from 5 to 45°C and 30 to 80%, respectively. A flow generator and mass flowmeter continuously pull air from each chamber and a slight negative pressure inside the chamber is ensured. Air from all chambers and ambient air share a common gas analysis and data acquisition system for monitoring O2, CO2, and CH4 concentrations over the measurement period, with the cycle time set to 20min. Analyzers are regularly calibrated and the chambers have mean recoveries of 99.0 and 98.0% for CO2 and CH4, respectively. The chambers are equipped with infrared cameras and electronic feed and water bins for intake measurements, as well as sensors for monitoring animal position and heart rate. Data acquisition and analysis software is used to calculate the rate of consumption of O2 and production of CO2 and CH4. The dynamic respiration measurements are integrated with feed intake data and other sensors. The daily gas exchanges are estimated by integration to determine methane emission and heat production. We conducted a trial with 12 lactating 3/4 Holstein × 1/4 Gyr crossbred dairy cows (6 multiparous and 6 primiparous) under 2 feeding regimens (ad libitum or restricted) to validate the system. Two 22-h respiration measurements were obtained from each cow. Restricted-fed cows showed lower values for milk yield, methane emission, and heat production compared with ad libitum-fed animals. We found no difference between groups for CH4 produced per kilogram of dry matter intake. Repeatability for CH4 emission and heat production was high (0.97 and 0.92, respectively). The respiration system described herein is a useful tool for measuring the dynamic and accumulated data of heat production, methane emission, and feed intake.
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36038-330. Electronic address: fernanda.machado@embrapa.br.
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36038-330.
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Tomich
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36038-330.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Programa Recursos Humanos em Áreas Estratégicas (CNPq RHAE SEVA), Intergado Tecnologia, Contagem, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 32280-300.
authors.forename: L F L
authors.initials: LFL
authors.lastname: Cavalcanti
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36038-330.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36038-330.
authors.forename: C A V
authors.initials: CAV
authors.lastname: Paiva
authors.affiliation: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Programa Recursos Humanos em Áreas Estratégicas (CNPq RHAE SEVA), Intergado Tecnologia, Contagem, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 32280-300.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Ribas
authors.affiliation: Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Dairy Cattle, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 36038-330.
authors.forename: L G R
authors.initials: LGR
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation; D008697:Methane / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010298:Parity; D012119:Respiration; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D008697:Methane
keywords: bioenergetics; energy; indirect calorimetry; methane