title: Differences in the paranasal sinuses between germ-free and pathogen-free mice.
abstract: The role of bacteria in the etiology of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is not fully understood. Commensal bacteria may have a significant impact on the development of normal paranasal sinus anatomy and mucosal immunity, as they do in the gut. Studying the paranasal sinuses of germ-free (GF) mice may provide some insight into the effect of commensal bacteria on sinus structure and mucosal function.
  
  
  
  The paranasal sinuses of 5 GF mice were compared to 5 pathogen-free normal mice. Mice heads underwent computed tomography and images were compared for pneumatization and geometry of the sinuses. Histologically, slides were examined by light microscopy and compared for mucosal thickness, epithelial thickness, cilia, collagen, goblet cells, and nasal-associated lymphatic tissue (NALT).
  
  
  
  No radiological differences were seen between groups. Overall, GF mice were found to have thinner mucosa (Δ 15.2 ± 5.2 μm, p = 0.004), thinner epithelium (Δ 5.5 ± 2.6 μm, p = 0.037), more collagen (Δ 5.8% ± 1.6%, p < 0.001), fewer goblet cells (Δ 29.3 ± 5.4, p < 0.001), and less NALT (Δ 14,900 ± 6700 μm(2) , p = 0.04). Subanalysis by region revealed significant differences for GF mice in the middle (thinner mucosa, thinner epithelium, fewer cilia, and more collagen) and posterior (fewer goblet cells) sinus sections.
  
  
  
  The results of this study demonstrate that commensal microbiota significantly contribute to the structure and function of murine paranasal sinuses. Therefore, changes in commensal microbiota associated with CRS may alter the normal microbe host dialogue in humans and be implicated in the pathogenesis of CRS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waldvogel-Thurlow
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontics and Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Darveau
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Douglas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002923:Cilia / Q000473:pathology; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D020397:Goblet Cells / Q000473:pathology; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D064307:Microbiota; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen
keywords: collagen; epithelial cells; germ-free life; goblet cells; lymphoid tissue; mice; mucosa; paranasal sinuses; sinusitis; specific pathogen-free organisms