title: Prostate cancer markers: An update.
abstract: As the most common noncutaneous malignancy in American men, prostate cancer currently accounts for 29% of all diagnosed cancers, and ranks second as the cause of cancer fatality in American men. Prostatic cancer is rarely symptomatic early in its course and therefore disease presentation often implies local extension or even metastatic disease. Thus, it is extremely critical to detect and diagnose prostate cancer in its earliest stages, often prior to the presentation of symptoms. Three of the most common techniques used to detect prostate cancer are the digital rectal exam, the transrectal ultrasound, and the use of biomarkers. This review presents an update regarding the field of prostate cancer biomarkers and comments on future biomarkers. Although there is not a lack of research in the field of prostate cancer biomarkers, the discovery of a novel biomarker that may have the advantage of being more specific and effective warrants future scientific inquiry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Urology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Health Sciences, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Physiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pentyala
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Whyard
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors.forename: Sahana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pentyala
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pfail
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors.forename: Sunjit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parmar
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Helguero
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Department of Physiology, Stony Brook Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
authors.forename: Sardar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
keywords: Gleason scores; biomarkers; metastasis; prostate cancer; prostatectomy