title: Qualitative Characterization of the Aqueous Fraction from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae Using 2D Gas Chromatography with Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry.
abstract: Two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for identifying and quantifying chemical components in complex mixtures. It is often used to analyze gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, bio-diesel and the organic fraction of bio-crude/bio-oil. In most of those analyses, the first dimension of separation is non-polar, followed by a polar separation. The aqueous fractions of bio-crude and other aqueous samples from biofuels production have been examined with similar column combinations. However, sample preparation techniques such as derivatization, solvent extraction, and solid-phase extraction were necessary prior to analysis. In this study, aqueous fractions obtained from the hydrothermal liquefaction of algae were characterized by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry without prior sample preparation techniques using a polar separation in the first dimension followed by a non-polar separation in the second. Two-dimensional plots from this analysis were compared with those obtained from the more traditional column configuration. Results from qualitative characterization of the aqueous fractions of algal bio-crude are discussed in detail. The advantages of using a polar separation followed by a non-polar separation for characterization of organics in aqueous samples by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry are highlighted.
authors.affiliation: Chemical & Biological Process Development, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
authors.forename: Balakrishna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maddi
authors.affiliation: Chemical & Biological Process Development, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Panisko
authors.affiliation: Chemical & Biological Process Development, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.affiliation: Chemical & Biological Process Development, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Daniel.Howe@pnnl.gov.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Howe
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis*; D002849:Chromatography, Gas / Q000379:methods; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D000459:Phaeophyceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D014867:Water