title: Transcriptome analysis of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis during milk acidification as affected by dissolved oxygen and the redox potential.
abstract: Performance of Lactococcus lactis as a starter culture in dairy fermentations depends on the levels of dissolved oxygen and the redox state of milk. In this study the microarray analysis was used to investigate the global gene expression of L. lactis subsp. lactis DSM20481(T) during milk acidification as affected by oxygen depletion and the decrease of redox potential. Fermentations were carried out at different initial levels of dissolved oxygen (dO2) obtained by milk sparging with oxygen (high dO2, 63%) or nitrogen (low dO2, 6%). Bacterial exposure to high initial oxygen resulted in overexpression of genes involved in detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidation-reduction processes, biosynthesis of trehalose and down-regulation of genes involved in purine nucleotide biosynthesis, indicating that several factors, among them trehalose and GTP, were implicated in bacterial adaptation to oxidative stress. Generally, transcriptional changes were more pronounced during fermentation of oxygen sparged milk. Genes up-regulated in response to oxygen depletion were implicated in biosynthesis and transport of pyrimidine nucleotides, branched chain amino acids and in arginine catabolic pathways; whereas genes involved in salvage of nucleotides and cysteine pathways were repressed. Expression pattern of genes involved in pyruvate metabolism indicated shifts towards mixed acid fermentation after oxygen depletion with production of specific end-products, depending on milk treatment. Differential expression of genes, involved in amino acid and pyruvate pathways, suggested that initial oxygen might influence the release of flavor compounds and, thereby, flavor development in dairy fermentations. The knowledge of molecular responses involved in adaptation of L. lactis to the shifts of redox state and pH during milk fermentations is important for the dairy industry to ensure better control of cheese production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Food Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Electronic address: nf@food.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Nadja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Food Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Saloomeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moslehi-Jenabian
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Food Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Birgit Brøsted
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: Chr. Hansen A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark.
authors.forename: Maiken Lund
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Chr. Hansen A/S, Hoersholm, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garrigues
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Food Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Finn Kvist
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Vogensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, Food Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jespersen
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002611:Cheese / Q000382:microbiology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005285:Fermentation; D005516:Food Microbiology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D013294:Lactococcus lactis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Dissolved oxygen; Lactococcus lactis; Milk acidification; Redox potential; Transcriptome analysis