title: Routine hemoglobin electrophoresis for pediatric surgery day case in at-risk populations: Suggested algorithm for screening using clinical risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemoglobin electrophoresis (HBE) is a part of the preoperative routine requested by anesthetists. However, the prevalence of hemoglobinopathy in the population is low. This study aims to determine the clinical risk factors for hemoglobinopathies and propose clinical guidelines for preoperative screening of patients for pediatric day care surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study carried out over 12 months. Consecutive patients aged 6 months and older who had day case surgery were recruited to the study. Biodata and relevant clinical data were collated and documented in a proforma and analyzed using a statistical package for social sciences version 17.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 124 patients106 boys and 18 girls. The median age was 3 years. Scrotal lesions were the most common conditions managed (71.7%). Seventy-eight percent of patients had HbAA, 15.3% had HbAS, and 4.8% had HbAC while 0.8% each had both HbSC and HbSS. At least one parent of 78.2% knew their Hb phenotype, of which, 79% were HbAA. A history of jaundice (P = 0.0001), hand and foot syndrome (P = 0.0001), frontal bossing (P = 0.0001), and low packed cell volume at surgery (P = 0.001) were found significant in predicting hemoglobinopathies. There was no mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk factors for hemoglobinopathies from this study included a positive history of jaundice, hand and foot syndrome, frontal bossing, and anemia. Proposed guidelines for HBE screening include the presence of hemoglobinopathy in one parent if one parent has sickle cell trait, and the other parent's genotype is unknown or if any of the risk factors is present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Paediatric Surgery Unit, College of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: A O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Ademuyiwa
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.forename: O O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Adekola
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Desalu
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Elebute
authors.forename: O T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Kushimo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006403:Hematologic Tests; D006441:Hemoglobin A; D006453:Hemoglobinopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012805:Sickle Cell Trait
chemical_list: C028672:hemoglobin AA; D006441:Hemoglobin A