title: Differentiation Among Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Isolates Originating from Wild Versus Domesticated Triticum Species in Israel.
abstract: Israel and its vicinity constitute a center of diversity of domesticated wheat species (Triticum aestivum and T. durum) and their sympatrically growing wild relatives, including wild emmer wheat (T. dicoccoides). We investigated differentiation within the forma specialis of their obligate powdery mildew pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. A total of 61 B. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates were collected from the three host species in four geographic regions of Israel. Genetic relatedness of the isolates was characterized using both virulence patterns on 38 wheat lines (including 21 resistance gene differentials) and presumptively neutral molecular markers (simple-sequence repeats and single-nucleotide polymorphisms). All isolates were virulent on at least some genotypes of all three wheat species tested. All assays divided the B. graminis f. sp. tritici collection into two distinct groups, those from domesticated hosts and those from wild emmer wheat. One-way migration was detected from the domestic wheat B. graminis f. sp. tritici population to the wild emmer B. graminis f. sp. tritici population at a rate of five to six migrants per generation. This gene flow may help explain the overlap between the distinct domestic and wild B. graminis f. sp. tritici groups. Overall, B. graminis f. sp. tritici is significantly differentiated into wild-emmer and domesticated-wheat populations, although the results do not support the existence of a separate f. sp. dicocci.
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO-Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 5025000, Israel; second and seventh authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; third author: The Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; fourth author: Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement (ICCI), The George S. Wise Faculty for Life Sciences Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; and fifth and sixth authors: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Roi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ben-David
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO-Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 5025000, Israel; second and seventh authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; third author: The Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; fourth author: Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement (ICCI), The George S. Wise Faculty for Life Sciences Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; and fifth and sixth authors: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parks
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO-Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 5025000, Israel; second and seventh authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; third author: The Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; fourth author: Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement (ICCI), The George S. Wise Faculty for Life Sciences Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; and fifth and sixth authors: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Amos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dinoor
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO-Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 5025000, Israel; second and seventh authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; third author: The Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; fourth author: Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement (ICCI), The George S. Wise Faculty for Life Sciences Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; and fifth and sixth authors: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Evsey
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kosman
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO-Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 5025000, Israel; second and seventh authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; third author: The Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; fourth author: Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement (ICCI), The George S. Wise Faculty for Life Sciences Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; and fifth and sixth authors: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wicker
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO-Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 5025000, Israel; second and seventh authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; third author: The Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; fourth author: Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement (ICCI), The George S. Wise Faculty for Life Sciences Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; and fifth and sixth authors: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: First author: Department of Vegetables and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO-Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 5025000, Israel; second and seventh authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695; third author: The Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; fourth author: Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement (ICCI), The George S. Wise Faculty for Life Sciences Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; and fifth and sixth authors: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cowger
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001483:Base Sequence; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D007557:Israel; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D014908:Triticum / Q000382:microbiology*; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal
keywords: Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccoides; virulence analysis tool