title: New Nodule-Newer Etiology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate frequency and temporal relationship between pulmonary nodules (PNs) and transbronchial biopsy (TBBx) among lung transplant recipients (LTR).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 100 records of LTR who underwent flexible bronchoscopy (FB) with TBBx, looking for the appearance of peripheral pulmonary nodule (PPN). If these patients had chest radiographs within 50 d of FB, they were included in the study. Data was compared with 30 procedures performed among non-transplant patients. Information on patient's demographics, antirejection medications, anticoagulation, indication and type of lung transplantation, timing of the FB and the appearance and disappearance of the nodules and its characteristics were gathered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen new PN were found in 13 procedures performed on LTR and none among non-transplant patients. Nodules were detected between 4-47 d from the procedure and disappeared within 84 d after appearance without intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FB in LTR is associated with development of new, transient PPN at the site of TBBx in 13% of procedures. We hypothesize that these nodules are related to local hematoma and impaired lymphatic drainage. Close observation is a reasonable management approach.
authors.affiliation: Atul C Mehta, Juan Wang, Sami Abuqayyas, Puneet Garcha, Charles Randy Lane, Wayne Tsuang, Marie Budev, Olufemi Akindipe, Respiratory Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
authors.forename: Atul C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.affiliation: Atul C Mehta, Juan Wang, Sami Abuqayyas, Puneet Garcha, Charles Randy Lane, Wayne Tsuang, Marie Budev, Olufemi Akindipe, Respiratory Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Atul C Mehta, Juan Wang, Sami Abuqayyas, Puneet Garcha, Charles Randy Lane, Wayne Tsuang, Marie Budev, Olufemi Akindipe, Respiratory Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abuqayyas
authors.affiliation: Atul C Mehta, Juan Wang, Sami Abuqayyas, Puneet Garcha, Charles Randy Lane, Wayne Tsuang, Marie Budev, Olufemi Akindipe, Respiratory Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
authors.forename: Puneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Garcha
authors.affiliation: Atul C Mehta, Juan Wang, Sami Abuqayyas, Puneet Garcha, Charles Randy Lane, Wayne Tsuang, Marie Budev, Olufemi Akindipe, Respiratory Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
authors.forename: Charles Randy
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.affiliation: Atul C Mehta, Juan Wang, Sami Abuqayyas, Puneet Garcha, Charles Randy Lane, Wayne Tsuang, Marie Budev, Olufemi Akindipe, Respiratory Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tsuang
authors.affiliation: Atul C Mehta, Juan Wang, Sami Abuqayyas, Puneet Garcha, Charles Randy Lane, Wayne Tsuang, Marie Budev, Olufemi Akindipe, Respiratory Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Budev
authors.affiliation: Atul C Mehta, Juan Wang, Sami Abuqayyas, Puneet Garcha, Charles Randy Lane, Wayne Tsuang, Marie Budev, Olufemi Akindipe, Respiratory Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States.
authors.forename: Olufemi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Akindipe
keywords: Flexible bronchoscopy; Lung transplant; Peripheral pulmonary nodule; Transbronchial biopsy