title: Effect of Interbody Fusion on the Remaining Discs of the Lumbar Spine in Subjects with Disc Degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study effects (stress loads) of lumbar fusion on the remaining segments (adjacent or not) of the lumbar spine in the setting of degenerated adjacent discs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A lumbar spine finite element model was built and validated. The full model of the lumbar spine was a parametric finite element model of segments L 1-5 . Numerous hypothetical combinations of one-level lumbar spine fusion and one-level disc degeneration were created. These models were subjected to 10 Nm flexion and extension moments and the stresses on the endplates and consequently on the intervertebral lumbar discs measured. These values were compared to the stresses on healthy lumbar spine discs under the same load and fusion scenarios.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased stress at endplates was observed only in the settings of L4-5 fusion and L3-4 disc degeneration (8% stress elevation at L2,3 in flexion or extension, and 25% elevation at L3,4 in flexion only). All other combinations showed less endplate stress than did the control model. For fusion at L3-4 and degeneration at L4-5 , the stresses in the endplates at the adjacent level inferior to the fused disc decreased for both loading disc height reductions. Stresses in flexion decreased after fusion by 29.5% and 25.8% for degeneration I and II, respectively. Results for extension were similar. For fusion at L2-3 and degeneration at L4-5 , stresses in the endplates decreased more markedly at the degenerated (30%), than at the fused level (14%) in the presence of 25% disc height reduction and 10 Nm flexion, whereas in extension stresses decreased more at the fused (24.3%) than the degenerated level (5.86%). For fusion at L3-4 and degeneration at L2-3 , there were no increases in endplate stress in any scenario. For fusion at L4-5 and degeneration at L3-4 , progression of degeneration from I to II had a significant effect only in flexion. A dramatic increase in stress was noted in the endplates of the degenerated disc (L3-4 ) in flexion for degeneration II.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stresses are greater in flexion at the endplates of L3-4 and in flexion and extension at L2-3 in the presence of L3-4 disc disease and L4-5 fusion than in the control group. In all other combinations of fusion and disc disease, endplate stress was less for all levels tested than in the control model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Rocky Mountain Associates in Orthopaedic Medicine, Johnstown, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Techy
authors.affiliation: Departments of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Ravikumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Varadarajan
authors.affiliation: Departments of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA.|Orthopaedics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amirouche
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
keywords: Adjacent disc degeneration; Finite element analysis; Lumbar fusion