title: Development and Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Multistation Cardiovascular Simulator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To facilitate deliberate practice, we developed and evaluated a three-dimensional multistation cardiovascular simulator with low-fidelity, anatomically correct materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgical educators and senior fellows at several national institutions who are a part of the Thoracic Education Cooperative Group completed expert validation surveys that feature a self-report rating scale, ranging from 0 (don't know) to 4 (highly realistic, no changes needed), and a global recommendation rating scale, ranging from 0 to 3. To analyze the survey results, we used paired Student t tests and a many-facet Rasch model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed the results of 18 expert validation surveys (completed by 9 senior fellows and by 9 staff surgeons). The overall realism-of-experience rating for the simulator was 3.23 (of 4), suggesting adequate realism with room remaining for improvement. Senior fellows rated the aortic graft replacement station and overall physical attributes more favorably than staff. Staff surgeons favored the simulator for realism of the mitral valve annuloplasty station and the cannulation station and for its use as a training tool. The overall global recommendation rating for the simulator was 2.38 (of 3), suggesting that the simulator can be considered for use in cardiovascular surgery training programs with minor improvements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This three-dimensional multistation cardiovascular simulator has adequate realism and can be considered for use in cardiovascular training programs. Platforms such as this may facilitate deliberate home practice and reinforcement of technical skills.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Electronic address: gloor@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Loor
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doud
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Tom C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Mara B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Antonoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Jean D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Morancy
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Robich
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Odell
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Leora T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Yarboro
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Ara A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vaporciyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roselli
mesh_terms: D002309:Cardiology / Q000193:education*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods*; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014481:United States