title: The effect of smiling on facial asymmetry in adults: a 3D evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mild resting facial asymmetry exists in clinically symmetrical faces, but the effect of smiling on the magnitude of overall facial asymmetry in adults has not been assessed. The aim of the present study was to use stereophotogrammetry to quantify the effect of smiling on overall facial asymmetry in Caucasian adults who presented with Class I incisor relationships and no history of orthodontic treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty male and 20 female Caucasians aged 1 8-30 years with no history of orthodontic treatment, a clinically symmetrical face and a Class I incisor relationship had 3D stereophotogrammetric images captured at rest and on natural and maximal smile (T1). The images were repeated 2-4 weeks later (T2) to assess expression reproducibility. Overall facial asymmetry scores were produced from 27 landmarks using partial Ordinary Procrustes Analysis (OPA) and assessed by an Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) model. A random sample of the images was re-examined two months later to calculate intraobserver landmark reproducibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean landmark error was low (0.41 ± 0.07 mm). Mean overall facial asymmetry scores were not significantly gender different (p = 0.5300); therefore, the male and female data were pooled. Mean overall facial asymmetry scores for maximal (0.91 ± 0.16) and natural smile (0.88 ± 0.18) were higher than at rest (0.80 ± 0.17) (p < 0.0001) and were reproducible across (T1-T2) sessions (p = 0.3204).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall 3D facial asymmetry scores for the sampled Caucasian adults with clinically symmetrical faces increased in magnitude from rest to natural and to maximal smile. Clinicians should assess overall facial asymmetry at rest and on natural and maximal smile at baseline, during treatment and as part of a core outcome assessment, particularly for cases with unilateral posterior crossbite, unilateral cleft lip and palate or skeletal asymmetry.
authors.forename: Laura J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Darby
authors.forename: Declan T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Millett
authors.forename: Niamh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Grant T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: McIntyre
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cronin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002680:Chin / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000473:pathology; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D015588:Observer Variation; D009915:Orbit / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012904:Smiling; D055815:Young Adult