title: Detection and characterisation of frauds in bovine meat in natura by non-meat ingredient additions using data fusion of chemical parameters and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.
abstract: Concerns about meat authenticity are increasing recently, due to great fraud scandals. This paper analysed real samples (43 adulterated and 12 controls) originated from criminal networks dismantled by the Brazilian Police. This fraud consisted of injecting solutions of non-meat ingredients (NaCl, phosphates, carrageenan, maltodextrin) in bovine meat, aiming to increase its water holding capacity. Five physico-chemical variables were determined, protein, ash, chloride, sodium, phosphate. Additionally, infrared spectra were recorded. Supervised classification PLS-DA models were built with each data set individually, but the best model was obtained with data fusion, correctly detecting 91% of the adulterated samples. From this model, a variable selection based on the highest VIPscores was performed and a new data fusion model was built with only one chemical variable, providing slightly lower predictions, but a good cost/performance ratio. Finally, some of the selected infrared bands were specifically associated to the presence of adulterants NaCl, tripolyphosphate and carrageenan.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Karen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.affiliation: Polícia Federal, Superintendência Regional de Minas Gerais, 30430-340 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcus Vinícius O
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Polícia Federal, Superintendência Regional de Minas Gerais, 30430-340 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antônio M P
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Santos Filho
authors.affiliation: Polícia Federal, Superintendência Regional de Minas Gerais, 30430-340 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lasmar
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Bioanalítica, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: marcsen@ufmg.br.
authors.forename: Marcelo M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sena
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001938:Brazil; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis* / Q000145:classification*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011122:Polyphosphates / Q000032:analysis; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000032:analysis; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D011122:Polyphosphates; D014867:Water; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D002351:Carrageenan; C005692:triphosphoric acid
keywords: Data fusion; Forensic analysis; Meat adulteration; Mid-infrared spectroscopy; PLS-DA