title: Association of Distance from Transplantation Center and Place of Residence on Outcomes after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.
abstract: Regionalization of specialized health services can deliver high-quality care but may have an adverse impact on access and outcomes because of distance from the regional centers. In the case of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), the effect of increased distance between the transplantation center and the rural/urban residence is unclear because of conflicting results from the existing studies. We examined the association between distance from primary residence to the transplantation center and rural versus urban residence with clinical outcomes after allogeneic HCT in a large cohort of patients. Overall mortality (OM), nonrelapse mortality (NRM), and relapse in all patients and those who survived for 200 days after HCT were assessed in 2849 patients who received their first allogeneic HCT between 2000 and 2010 at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (FHCRC)/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance. Median distance from FHCRC was 263 miles (range, 0 to 2740 miles) and 83% of patients were urban residents. The association between distance and the hazard of OM varied according to conditioning intensity: myeloablative (MA) versus nonmyeloablative (NMA). Among MA patients, there was no evidence of an increased risk of mortality with increased distance, but for NMA patients, the results did show a suggestion of increased risk of mortality for some distances, although globally the difference was not statistically significant. In the subgroup of patients who survived 200 days, there was no evidence that the risks of OM, relapse, or NRM were increased with increasing distance. We did not find any association between longer distance from transplantation center and urban/rural residence and outcomes after MA HCT. In patients undergoing NMA transplantations, this relationship and how it is influenced by factors such as age, payers, and comorbidities needs to be further investigated.
authors.affiliation: Hematology/Oncology Division, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona. Electronic address: Khera.nandita@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Nandita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khera
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gooley
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Mary E D
authors.initials: MED
authors.lastname: Flowers
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Brenda M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Sandmaier
authors.affiliation: Hematology/Oncology Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Loberiza
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Appelbaum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D019035:Rural Health Services / Q000600:supply & distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014195:Travel; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000600:supply & distribution; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation; Distance; Residence