title: Factors associated with variation in hospital use at the end of life in England.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the relative importance of factors influencing hospital use at the end of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study of person and health system effects on hospital use in the past 12 months modelling differences in admissions, bed days and whether a person died in hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residents in England for the period 2009/2010 to 2011/2012 using Hospital Episodes Statistics (HES) data from all acute care hospitals in England funded by the National Health Service (NHS).
  
  
  METHODS
  1 223 859 people registered with a GP in England who died (decedents) in England (April 2009-March 2012) with a record of NHS hospital care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital admissions, and hospital bed days and place of death (in or out of hospital) in the past 12 months of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean number of admissions in the past 12 months of life averaged 2.28 occupying 30.05 bed days-excluding 9.8% of patients with no hospital history. A total of 50.8% of people died in hospital. Difference in hospital use was associated with a range of patient descriptors (age, gender and ethnicity). The variables with the greatest 'explanatory power' were those that described the diagnoses and causes of death. So, for example, 65% of the variability in the model of hospital admissions was explained by diagnoses. Only moderate levels of variation were explained by the hospital provider variables for admissions and deaths in hospital, though the impacts on total bed days was large.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparative analyses of hospital utilisation should standardise for a range of patient specific variables. Though the models indicated some degree of variability associated with individual providers, the scale of this was not great for admissions and death in hospital but the variability associated with length of stay differences suggests that attempts to optimise hospital use should look at differences in lengths of stay and bed use. This study adds important new information about variability in admissions by diagnostic group, and variability in bed days by diagnostic group and eventual cause of death.
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bardsley
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Georghiou
authors.affiliation: Centre for Abuse and Trauma Studies, Middlesex University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.affiliation: Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Billings
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Hospital care; Service evaluation; Terminal care