title: Diel Surface Temperature Range Scales with Lake Size.
abstract: Ecological and biogeochemical processes in lakes are strongly dependent upon water temperature. Long-term surface warming of many lakes is unequivocal, but little is known about the comparative magnitude of temperature variation at diel timescales, due to a lack of appropriately resolved data. Here we quantify the pattern and magnitude of diel temperature variability of surface waters using high-frequency data from 100 lakes. We show that the near-surface diel temperature range can be substantial in summer relative to long-term change and, for lakes smaller than 3 km2, increases sharply and predictably with decreasing lake area. Most small lakes included in this study experience average summer diel ranges in their near-surface temperatures of between 4 and 7°C. Large diel temperature fluctuations in the majority of lakes undoubtedly influence their structure, function and role in biogeochemical cycles, but the full implications remain largely unexplored.
authors.affiliation: Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, United Kingdom.|Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London, United Kingdom.|Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R Iestyn
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Woolway
authors.affiliation: Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stephen C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Maberly
authors.affiliation: Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jon R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: French
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Livingstone
authors.affiliation: Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Donald T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Monteith
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Change and Society, University of Regina, Regina, Canada.|Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Canada.
authors.forename: Gavin L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Thackeray
authors.affiliation: Freshwater Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mikkel R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Battarbee
authors.affiliation: King County Water & Land Resources Division, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Curtis L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: DeGasperi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bangor, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Marine Institute, Furnance, Newport, Co Mayo, Ireland.
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Eyto
authors.affiliation: Lake Ecosystems Group, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Heidrun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feuchtmayr
authors.affiliation: Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kernan
authors.affiliation: Scottish Environment Protection Agency, ASB Eurocentral, North Lanarkshire, Scotland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krokowski
authors.affiliation: Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Migdal, Israel.
authors.forename: Alon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rimmer
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Dorset Environmental Science Centre, Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Dorset, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rusak
authors.affiliation: Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Ryves
authors.affiliation: Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ewan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Shilland
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Policy, Bard College, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robyn L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Staehr
authors.affiliation: Cyfoeth Naturiol Cymru/Natural Resources Wales, Maes-y-Ffynnon, Bangor, Wales.
authors.forename: Rhian
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: School of Geographical and Earth Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waldron
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Genetics/Limnology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gesa A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Weyhenmeyer
mesh_terms: D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D014867:Water