title: Effect of actionable somatic mutations on racial/ethnic disparities in head and neck cancer prognosis.
abstract: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and minorities have the worst survival. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying survival disparities have not been elucidated.
  
  
  
  In a retrospective study, we assessed association between HNSCC early death (<2 years) and 208 somatic mutations of 10 cancer-related genes in 214 patients: 98 non-Hispanic whites (46%), 72 Hispanic whites (34%), and 44 African Americans (20%).
  
  
  
  Hispanic whites and African Americans had significantly higher mutation rates for EGFR, HRAS, KRAS, and TP53. HNSCC early death was significantly associated with 3+ mutations (odds ratio [OR] = 2.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.16, 6.69), NOTCH1 mutations in non-Hispanic whites (OR = 5.51; 95% CI = 1.22-24.83) and TP53 mutations in Hispanic whites (OR = 3.84; 95% CI = 1.08-13.68) in multivariable analysis adjusted for age, sex, tumor site, and tumor stage.
  
  
  
  We have provided the proof-of-principal data to link racial/ethnic-specific somatic mutations and HNSCC prognosis and pave the way for precision medicine to overcome HNSCC survival disparities. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38:1234-1241, 2016.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Evan S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Jong Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zeitouni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Carmen R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.|Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Isildinha M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.affiliation: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Deukwoo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Eunkyung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Omar L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Hui-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.|Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Franzmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Savell
authors.affiliation: Head and Neck Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
authors.forename: Thomas V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: McCaffrey
authors.affiliation: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.|Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: W Jarrard
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.|Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D018773:Genes, erbB-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009154:Mutation; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D051881:Receptor, Notch1 / Q000235:genetics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D000077195:Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics; D014481:United States
chemical_list: C117307:KRAS protein, human; C497761:NOTCH1 protein, human; D051881:Receptor, Notch1; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C501009:HRAS protein, human; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)
keywords: cancer disparities; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC); precision medicine; prognosis; somatic mutations