title: Tuberculosis Among Temporary Visa Holders Working in the Tourism Industry - United States, 2012-2014.
abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial disease of global concern. During 2013, an estimated nine million incident TB cases occurred worldwide (1). The majority (82%) were diagnosed in 22 countries, including South Africa and the Philippines, where annual incidence was 860 TB cases per 100,000 persons and 292 TB cases per 100,000 persons, respectively (1). The 2013 TB incidence in the United States was three cases per 100,000 persons (2). Under the Immigration and Nationality Act, TB screening is required for persons seeking permanent residence in the United States (i.e., immigrants and refugees), but it is not routinely required for nonimmigrants who are issued temporary visas for school or work (3). A portion of the U.S. tourism industry relies on temporary visa holders to accommodate seasonal and fluctuating demand for service personnel (4). This report describes three foreign-born persons holding temporary visas who had infectious TB while working at tourist destinations in the United States during 2012-2014. Multiple factors, including dormitory-style housing, transient work patterns, and diagnostic delays might have contributed to increased opportunity for TB transmission. Clinicians in seasonally driven tourist destinations should be aware of the potential for imported TB disease in foreign-born seasonal workers and promptly report suspected cases to health officials.
authors.forename: Meghan P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Cara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cherry
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lipnitz
authors.forename: Linus
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nienstadt
authors.forename: April
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: King-Todd
authors.forename: Maryam B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Jevon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McFadden
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004641:Emigration and Immigration / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005551:Foreign Professional Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007221:Industry; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D008875:Middle Aged; D010679:Philippines / Q000208:ethnology; D013019:South Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult