title: Uptake, metabolism and sub-lethal effects of BDE-47 in two estuarine invertebrates with different trophic positions.
abstract: Two microcosm types -sediment-biota and biota-biota- were constructed to simulate different pathways of BDE-47 uptake, metabolism and oxidative stress effects in two key estuarine invertebrates (polychaete Laeonereis acuta and crab Cyrtograpsus angulatus). In the sediment-biota experiment, both species were exposed to spiked sediments; an environmentally reported and a high concentration of BDE-47 for 2 weeks. In the biota-biota experiment, crabs were fed with polychaetes pre-exposed to BDE-47 in the sediment-biota experiment. The sediment-biota experiment first revealed that polychaetes significantly accumulated BDE-47 (biota-sediment accumulation factor >2; p < 0.05) to a much greater extent than the crab organs (muscle, hepatopancreas, gills) at both sediment concentrations. For oxidative stress responses, polychaete and crab tissues exposed to spiked sediment showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) of only glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity with respect to controls in both BDE-47 concentrations. No lipid peroxidation (TBARS) or total antioxidant capacity (ACAP) changes were evident in the species or organs exposed to either BDE-47 sediment concentration. The biota-biota experiment showed that feeding crabs with pre-exposed polychaetes caused BDE-47 accumulation in organs as well as significant amounts of BDE-47 eliminated through feces (p < 0.05). Unlike the sediment-biota exposure, crabs fed with pre-exposed BDE-47 polychaetes showed the most conspicuous oxidative stress responses. Significant changes in GST and ACAP in both hepatopancreas and gills, in addition to enhanced TBARS levels in the hepatopancreas with respect to controls (p < 0.05), revealed that BDE-47 assimilated by invertebrates represents a potential source of toxicity to their predators. No methoxylated metabolites (MeO-PBDEs) were detected during BDE-47 metabolism in the invertebrates in either of the two different exposure types. In contrast, hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PBDEs) were detected in polychaetes and crab organs/feces in both experiments. Our results demonstrate that PBDE hydroxylation is one of the main biotransformation routes of BDE-47 in estuarine animals, which could be associated with the oxidative stress responses found.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Argentina. Electronic address: mdiazjaramillo@conicet.gov.ar.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Díaz-Jaramillo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Argentina.
authors.forename: K S B
authors.initials: KSB
authors.lastname: Miglioranza
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Universidad de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Argentina.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.affiliation: Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barón
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Monserrat
authors.affiliation: Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eljarrat
authors.affiliation: Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Dep. of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001118:Argentina; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D003386:Brachyura / Q000378:metabolism*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D063366:Estuaries; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D020387:Food Chain; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D011077:Polychaeta / Q000378:metabolism*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D016877:Oxidants; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C511295:2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether
keywords: BDE-47; Estuary; Invertebrates; MeO-PBDEs; OH-PBDEs; Oxidative stress