title: Cytokine Profile in Patients with Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and Its Association with Disease Progression and Disability.
abstract: Inflammation is the driving force for brain injury in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective of the present study is to delineate the serum cytokine profile in patients with progressive MS in a Southern Brazilian population compared with healthy controls and patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and its associations with disease progression and disability. We included 32 patients with progressive MS, 126 with RRMS, and 40 healthy controls. The patients were evaluated using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium. Serum interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-10, IL-4, and IL-17 levels were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4, and IL-10 levels were higher in progressive MS than in controls. Increased IL-1β and IFN-γ and decreased IL-12 and IL-4 levels were found in progressive MS compared with RRMS. Patients with progressive MS with disease progression presented higher TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 levels than those without disease progression. Patients with progressive MS with disease progression showed a higher frequency of positive gadolinium-enhanced lesions in MRI; higher TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 levels; and decreased IL-12 levels compared with RRMS patients with progression. There was a significant inverse correlation between IL-10 levels and EDSS score in patients with progressive MS. The results underscore the complex cytokine network imbalance exhibited by progressive MS patients and show the important involvement of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 in the pathophysiology and progression of the disease. Moreover, serum IL-10 levels were inversely associated with disability in patients with progressive MS.
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kallaur
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sayonara Rangel
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, CEP 86.038-440, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andréa Name Colado
authors.initials: ANC
authors.lastname: Simão
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniela Frizon
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Alfieri
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tamires
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Flauzino
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Josiane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.|Outpatient Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Wildea Lice
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: de Carvalho Jennings Pereira
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Caio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Meleck Proença
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Analysis, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sueli Donizete
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Borelli
authors.affiliation: Outpatient Clinic for Multiple Sclerosis, University Hospital, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
authors.forename: Damacio Ramón
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kaimen-Maciel
authors.affiliation: Impact Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.|Department of Psychiatry, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Av. Robert Koch, 60, CEP 86.038-440, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. reiche@sercomtel.com.br.
authors.forename: Edna Maria Vissoci
authors.initials: EMV
authors.lastname: Reiche
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020528:Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology*; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Cytokines; Disability; Inflammation; Multiple sclerosis; Progressive multiple sclerosis