title: Sex, race and age differences in muscle strength and limitations in community dwelling older adults: Data from the Health and Retirement Survey (HRS).
abstract: Aging-related muscle weakness is associated with increased risk of functional limitations and disability. This study examined the association between varying degrees of hand grip strength on functional ability in community-dwelling older adults.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional analysis of 4289 men and 5860 women ≥60 from 2006 and 2008 waves of the population-based Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were stratified by sex-specific grip strength tertiles (low, mid, high). Prevalence and adjusted odds of physical limitations (PL), and ADL/IADL limitation were calculated by sex, race/ethnicity and age group (60-69, 70-79, 80+). Models were weighted, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, smoking status, BMI, comorbidities and participation in physical activity.
  
  
  
  Prevalence of PL, ADL and IADL limitations were significantly lower among adults in the highest grip category as compared to those in the lowest grip category. Adjusted odds for PL OR 0.41[0.33,0.52]; ADL OR.51 [0.39,0.67], and IADL OR 0.47 [0.38-0.59] limitations were significantly lower among adults in the highest grip compared to the lowest grip category. However, notable differences were observed in the strength of these associations by gender, race and age group.
  
  
  
  Demographic characteristics are important factors to consider for risk stratification and the development of effective grip strength training interventions for older adults.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3119, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Electronic address: cassandra.germain@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Cassandra M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Germain
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University at Albany (SUNY), One University Place, Albany, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vasquez
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Centers for Health and Aging, Health Promotion Research Center at Dartmouth, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Batsis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3119, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: McQuoid
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Age; Functional limitation; IADL/ADL; Muscle strength; Race; Sex