title: Assessment of the expression of biomarkers of uremic inflammation in dogs with renal disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the expression of inflammatory cytokines and enzymes in venous whole blood of dogs with impaired renal function attributable to various causes.
  
  
  METHODS
  46 dogs with acute kidney injury (AKI), 8 dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and 10 healthy dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dogs with AKI and CKD were prospectively enrolled during 2010 if they met inclusion criteria. Demographic and laboratory characteristics were evaluated for each dog, and expression of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-1β, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, IL-10, and transforming growth factor [TGF]-β) and enzymes (inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS] and 5-lipoxygenase [5-LO]) was measured in venous whole blood obtained at initial evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dogs with impaired renal function had markedly higher expression of the cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, and TGF-β and the enzyme 5-LO, compared with expression in healthy dogs. Additionally, 17 of 46 AKI dogs (but none of the CKD dogs) had higher IL-8 mRNA expression and 3 of 8 CKD dogs (but only 2/46 AKI dogs) had higher TNF-α expression, compared with results for healthy dogs. No significant difference between renal disease groups was detected for inflammatory markers and laboratory variables, degree of azotemia, or cause of impaired renal function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, expression of the cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, and TGF-β and the enzyme 5-LO was clearly increased in dogs with renal disease, which suggested that these markers were part of an inflammatory response in animals with AKI or CKD.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nentwig
authors.forename: Ariane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schweighauser
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maissen-Villiger
authors.forename: Rupert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bruckmaier
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zurbriggen
authors.forename: H Anette
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: van Dorland
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Francey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines