title: A retrospective study of the changing trends of antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from urine samples over last 3 years (2012-2014).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In our country, the problem of antibiotic resistance is compounding because of overuse and misuse of antibiotics. There is no systematic national surveillance of antibiotic resistance and insufficient data are available to quantify the problem.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the changing pattern of antimicrobial resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from patients of urinary tract infections over last 3 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective, record-based study carried out based on the records culture sensitivity reports of indoor patients, during past 3 years (2012-2014). The type of organisms most common in urine sample was noted, and the drugs still effective for the particular organism were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Klebsiella was the second most frequent isolate throughout the 3 years (14%) of the total isolates). Analysis of the results year wise indicated that the lowest percentage of resistance was manifested against imipenem between 11.94% (2012) and 13.75% (2014). Over the successive years, resistance to ceftriaxone tends to increase from 74.95 % (2012) to 81% (2014). Klebsiella showed very high resistance 90.78% (2012) and 95.63% (2012) to co-trimoxazole and tetracycline, respectively with increasing trend to absolute resistance to both groups over the 3 years period. On an average over the 3 years Klebsiella showed a high amount of resistances to fluoroquinolones (72.71%) and aminoglycosides (76.22%). While multi-drug resistant Klebsiella range between 65% (2012) and 67% (2014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antimicrobial resistance patterns are constantly evolving and vary from region to region it has become a necessity to do constant antimicrobial sensitivity surveillance. This will help clinicians to provide safe and effective empirical therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Neetu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Anita K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Geeta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Walia
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Rupinder
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bakhshi
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Klebsiella pneumoniae; urinary tract infections