title: The current state of male hormonal contraception.
abstract: World population continues to grow at an unprecedented rate, doubling in a mere 50years to surpass the 7-billion milestone in 2011. This steep population growth exerts enormous pressure on the global environment. Despite the availability of numerous contraceptive choices for women, approximately half of all pregnancies are unintended and at least half of those are unwanted. Such statistics suggest that there is still a gap in contraceptive options for couples, particularly effective reversible contraceptives for men, who have few contraceptive choices. Male hormonal contraception has been an active area of research for almost 50years. The fundamental concept involves the use of exogenous hormones to suppress endogenous production of gonadotropins, testosterone, and downstream spermatogenesis. Testosterone-alone regimens are effective in many men but high dosing requirements and sub-optimal gonadotropin suppression in 10-30% of men limit their use. A number of novel combinations of testosterone and progestins have been shown to be more efficacious but still require further refinement in delivery systems and a clearer understanding of the potential short- and long-term side effects. Recently, synthetic androgens with both androgenic and progestogenic activity have been developed. These agents have the potential to be single-agent male hormonal contraceptives. Early studies of these compounds are encouraging and there is reason for optimism that these may provide safe, reversible, and reliable contraception for men in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Jing H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.affiliation: Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: page@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Stephanie T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Page
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology; D000988:Antispermatogenic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017373:Cyproterone Acetate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D006062:Gonadotropins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D011372:Progestins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D000988:Antispermatogenic Agents; D006062:Gonadotropins; D011372:Progestins; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; D013739:Testosterone; D017373:Cyproterone Acetate; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone
keywords: Male contraception; Spermatogenesis; Testis; Testosterone