title: Biomechanical potential of the temporal muscle in brachyfacial and dolichofacial subjects: a study on dry mandibles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the lengths of the force and resistance arms, in order to calculate the mechanical advantage and muscular work of the human temporalis muscle (TM) in brachyfacial (BR) and dolichofacial (DO) subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mandibles from 49 subjects of both genders (BR n = 9; DO n = 40) from the collection of the Laboratory of Human Anatomy at Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The distance between the condylar process and the coronoid process (insertion site of the TM) represented the length of the force arm (LFA ) of the TM. The distance between the condylar process and the mental protuberance represented the length of the resistance arm (LRA ). Thus, the mechanical advantage of the TM was obtained using the following ratio: LFA /LRA , while the muscular work (LRA /LFA ) of the TM was obtained using the inverse of this ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared with the DO, the parameters of the BR are significantly greater, as shown by the LFA (6.0%) and mechanical advantage (8.2%; p = 0.0078). By contrast, our results show that in the DO, the LRA was 2.4% longer and the muscular work was 10.4% greater (p = 0.0087).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mechanical advantage of the TM in BR subjects is significantly greater than in DO subjects. Moreover, this greater mechanical advantage may explain, at least in part, the higher incidence of temporomandibular dysfunctions in BR subjects.
authors.affiliation: Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia e Farmácia, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.affiliation: Curso de Medicina, Departamento de Biologia e Farmácia, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: F F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: Curso de Medicina, Departamento de Biologia e Farmácia, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Heck
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Departamento de Ciências Morfofisiológicas, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.affiliation: Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia e Farmácia, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC, Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.|Curso de Medicina, Departamento de Biologia e Farmácia, Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brazil.|Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Campos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001732:Bite Force; D001938:Brazil; D002508:Cephalometry; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible; D008335:Mandibular Condyle; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: biomechanical phenomena; brachyfacial; dolichofacial; mandibles; temporal muscle