title: Vitamin D Reduces Inflammation-induced Contractility and Remodeling of Asthmatic Human Airway Smooth Muscle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although multiple clinical studies have found an association between vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency and asthma, a recent clinical study suggested lack of therapeutic effect of Vit D supplementation. Nonetheless, the mechanisms by which Vit D influences airway structure and function in the context of inflammation and asthma remains undefined. In this regard, Vit D effects on airway smooth muscle (ASM) are important, given the role of this cell type in the hypercontractility and remodeling. We assessed the mechanisms by which Vit D modulates the enhancing effects of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-13 on intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) levels and remodeling in nonasthmatic versus asthmatic human ASM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human ASM was enzymatically isolated from surgical lung specimens of patients with clinically defined mild to moderate asthma versus no asthma. Cells were treated with 10 ng/ml TNF-α and 50 ng/ml IL-13 in the presence or absence of 100 nM calcitriol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interestingly, Vit D receptor (VDR) and retinoic X receptor-α levels were maintained, even increased, in subjects with asthma when treated with TNF-α and IL-13. Compared with untreated cells, calcitriol blunted the heightened effect of TNF-α on [Ca(2+)]i response to histamine in ASM. Calcitriol particularly blunted TNF-α and IL-13 effects on collagen and fibronectin deposition, especially in asthmatic ASM. Calcitriol stimulated VDR/retinoic X receptor dimerization and VDR activity even in subjects with asthma and with IL-13, highlighting retained functionality. Expression of Class I histone deacetylases 1-3 (HDAC) and overall HDAC activity were lower in IL-13-exposed ASM, but calcitriol enhanced HDAC expression/activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In asthmatic ASM, Vit D functionality is maintained, allowing calcitriol to reduce the procontractile and proremodeling effects of inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-13, which is relevant to asthma. These findings highlight a potential role for Vit D in asthma pathogenesis, particularly in the context of airway structure and functional changes early in disease.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, and.
authors.forename: Rodney D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Britt
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Michelle R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Alecia L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, and.|2 Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Christina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pabelick
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, and.|2 Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Prakash