title: Hemozoin Enhances Maturation of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages and Myeloid Dendritic Cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Falciparum malaria is a severe health burden worldwide. Antigen presenting cells are reported to be affected by erythrocytic stage of the parasite. Malarial hemozoin (HZ), a metabolite of malaria parasite, has adjuvant properties and may play a role in the induction of immune response against the parasite.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the immunological impact of hemozoin on the capacity of innate immune cells maturation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasmodium falciparum (F32 strain) was cultured in O+ blood group up to 18% parasitemia. Natural hemozoin was extracted from infected red blood cells. Murine bone marrow derived macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells were stimulated with 4 μg/mL or 40 μg/mL of synthetic hemozoin (β-hematin) or natural hemozoin. We assessed the immunomodulatory role of synthetic or natural hemozoinin vitro by flowcytometric analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The maturation markers MHC-II, CD80 and CD86 were significantly upregulated (p<0.05) on the surface of murine bone marrow derived macrophages or myeloid dendritic cells. Data confirmed the potential of macrophages or myeloid dendritic cells, through hemozoin activation, to establish an innate immune response against malaria parasites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both synthetic and natural hemozoin are potent inducers of cellular immunity against malaria infection. However, natural hemozoin is a stronger inducer as compared to synthetic hemozoin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan, e-mail: swaseem92@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Waseem
authors.forename: Kashif
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ur-Rehman
authors.forename: Ramesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Tariq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mahmood
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology*; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006420:Hemeproteins / Q000276:immunology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D051379:Mice; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006420:Hemeproteins; C020753:hemozoin