title: Quantitative Time-Resolved Fluorescence Imaging of Androgen Receptor and Prostate-Specific Antigen in Prostate Tissue Sections.
abstract: Androgen receptor (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are expressed in the prostate and are involved in prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to develop reliable protocols for reproducible quantification of AR and PSA in benign and malignant prostate tissue using time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) imaging techniques. AR and PSA were detected with TRF in tissue microarrays from 91 PCa patients. p63/ alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) staining on consecutive sections was used to categorize tissue areas as benign or cancerous. Automated image analysis was used to quantify staining intensity. AR intensity was significantly higher in AMACR+ and lower in AMACR- cancer areas as compared with benign epithelium. The PSA intensity was significantly lower in cancer areas, particularly in AMACR- glands. The AR/PSA ratio varied significantly in the AMACR+ tumor cells as compared with benign glands. There was a trend of more rapid disease progression in patients with higher AR/PSA ratios in the AMACR- areas. This study demonstrates the feasibility of developing reproducible protocols for TRF imaging and automated image analysis to study the expression of AR and PSA in benign and malignant prostate. It also highlighted the differences in AR and PSA protein expression within AMACR- and AMACR+ cancer regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Malmö. Sweden (AK, GL, AA, AB)
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krzyzanowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Malmö. Sweden (AK, GL, AA, AB)
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lippolis
authors.affiliation: University and Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, Clinical Pathology, Malmö, Sweden (LH)
authors.forename: Leszek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Helczynski
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Malmö. Sweden (AK, GL, AA, AB)
authors.forename: Aseem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.affiliation: Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (MP, KP)
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peltola
authors.affiliation: Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (MP, KP)
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (HL)|Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Surgery (Urology), and Medicine (Genitourinary Oncology), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (HL)|Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (HL)
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lilja
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Urological Cancers, Lund University, Malmö. Sweden (AK, GL, AA, AB)|Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden (AB)
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bjartell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D019085:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism*; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis
chemical_list: D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: androgen receptor; biomarkers; digital image analysis; prostate cancer; prostate-specific antigen; time-resolved fluorescence imaging