title: Assessing Discrimination of Nicotine in Humans Via Cigarette Smoking.
abstract: Nicotine's interoceptive stimulus effects likely help explain smoking's reinforcing efficacy, but human studies have been limited by difficulties controlling dosing via tobacco inhalation. Our objective was to describe a procedure to study nicotine discrimination via smoking.
  
  
  
  Dependent smokers abstinent overnight (>12 hours) were first "trained" to discriminate between two cigarettes differing in nicotine content, based on four puffs of exposure, and then tested on whether they successfully acquired that discrimination. After piloting with Quest brand commercial cigarettes, 29 subjects engaged in the main study with cigarettes available through NIDA (Spectrum; 16mg vs. 0.4mg nicotine content). Discrimination training first involved two trials, one with each cigarette, prior to six testing trials. Due to results with the first 20 subjects, the remaining nine received two training trials with each cigarette (four total). Subjective perceptions were also assessed during each testing trial, and puff choice between the two cigarettes available concurrently was assessed after testing, on the last two trials.
  
  
  
  All five pilot subjects successfully discriminated Quest 1 versus Quest 3 (defined by at least five out of six trials correct, ie, >80%). Yet, only 10 of 20 subjects (50%) were able to discriminate the two Spectrum cigarettes based on two training trials. After changing to four training trials, eight of nine subjects were able to discriminate (89%). Subjective perceptions and puff choice differed between cigarettes more in those able versus unable to discriminate them.
  
  
  
  With sufficient training exposures, smokers can discriminate nicotine between cigarettes differing in nicotine contents.
  
  
  
  The interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine are critical to understanding reinforcement from cigarette smoking behavior. Because of the very recent availability of Spectrum research cigarettes from NIDA, with specific known amounts of nicotine content, the study of nicotine discrimination in humans via cigarette smoking may now be feasible. Our results demonstrate that, with sufficient training, smokers can behaviorally discriminate nicotine from four puffs' exposure between cigarettes differing in nicotine contents. Future research should evaluate human discrimination of nicotine from greater amounts of cigarette smoke exposure, as well as in response to other procedural variations.
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA; perkinska@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA;
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kunkle
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA;
authors.forename: Valerie C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.affiliation: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA;
authors.forename: Joshua L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Karelitz
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Donny
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine