title: Deleterious Effect of p-Cresol on Human Colonic Epithelial Cells Prevented by Proanthocyanidin-Containing Polyphenol Extracts from Fruits and Proanthocyanidin Bacterial Metabolites.
abstract: The protective effect of proanthocyanidin-containing polyphenol extracts from apples, avocados, cranberries, grapes, or proanthocyanidin microbial metabolites was evaluated in colonic epithelial cells exposed to p-cresol, a deleterious compound produced by the colonic microbiota from l-tyrosine. In HT29 Glc(-/+) cells, p-cresol significantly increased LDH leakage and decreased ATP contents, whereas in Caco-2 cell monolayers, it significantly decreased the transepithelial electrical resistance and increased the paracellular transport of FITC-dextran. The alterations induced by p-cresol in HT29 Glc(-/+) cells were prevented by the extracts from cranberries and avocados, whereas they became worse by extracts from apples and grapes. The proanthocyanidin bacterial metabolites decreased LDH leakage, ameliorating cell viability without improving intracellular ATP. All of the polyphenol extracts and proanthocyanidin bacterial metabolites prevented the p-cresol-induced alterations of barrier function. These results suggest that proanthocyanidin-containing polyphenol extracts and proanthocyanidin metabolites likely contribute to the protection of the colonic mucosa against the deleterious effects of p-cresol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Ximena
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carrasco-Pozo
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Escobar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile , Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Navarrete
authors.affiliation: INRA/AGROPARISTECH , UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Franςois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Blachier
authors.affiliation: INRA/AGROPARISTECH , UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Mireille
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andriamihaja
authors.affiliation: INRA/AGROPARISTECH , UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Annaig
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: INRA/AGROPARISTECH , UMR 914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tomé
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Marı́a José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cires
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción , Concepción, Chile.
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pastene
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.|Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile , Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gotteland
mesh_terms: D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003408:Cresols / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000378:metabolism*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003408:Cresols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C013221:proanthocyanidin; C032538:4-cresol; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate
keywords: apple; avocado; colonic cells; cranberry; grapes; gut barrier function; microbiota; mitochondria; p-cresol; proanthocyanidins