title: Residual Acute Toxicity of Some Modern Insecticides Toward Two Mirid Predators of Tomato Pests.
abstract: The successful integration of chemical and biological control strategies for crop pests depends on a thorough evaluation of the effects of pesticides on the natural enemies of pests. A case-by-case review is difficult to achieve because of the many combinations of pests, natural enemies, and crops that need to be tested. Within this framework, we tested and compared seven insecticides representative of four different modes of action (MoAs) groups on closely related predators (Miridae): flubendiamide, spirotetramat, metaflumizone, and sulfoxaflor on Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter and flubendiamide, spiromesifen, indoxacarb, and imidacloprid on Macrolophus basicornis (Stal). We follow the standardized methodology of the International Organization for Biological Control, a sequential testing exposure scheme. The lethal effect of each insecticide was evaluated in adults after three days of contact with treated surfaces in the laboratory, extended laboratory, and semifield tests (inert substrate, tomato leaves, and tomato plant as the treated surface, respectively). Flubendiamide, spiromesifen, and spirotetramat were classified as harmless (class 1), metaflumizone was slightly harmful (class 2) but persistent, indoxacarb was harmless (class 1), and sulfoxaflor and imidacloprid were toxic (class 4) and exhibited a long residual activity. Our results suggest similarities in the acute toxicities of insecticides from the same MoA group on related species of natural enemies.
authors.forename: Andrea C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wanumen
authors.forename: Geraldo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Viñuela
authors.forename: Ángeles
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Adán
keywords: IOBC sequential test; Macrolophus basicornis; Nesidiocoris tenuis; insecticide residual toxicity; lethal effect