title: [Existential questions prior to elective surgery. Survey in a preoperative anesthesia consultation service].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Existential questions concerning the limitation of treatment must be answered when a major complication occurs after an elective operation. In these situations, the patient himself/herself cannot be asked about his/her will. Therefore, medical professionals must attempt to determine the patient's presumed will either through an existing advance directive (AD) or by consulting with the patient's relatives. Only one-fifth of all patients create an AD in advance, and the relatives cannot always reliably reproduce the patient's presumed will. Thus, it is important to talk about issues such as do-not-resuscitate before a patient undergoes elective major surgery. However, such discussions may unsettle and frighten the patient. This study aimed to determine if patients are willing to talk about difficult questions such as resuscitation before major surgery. How many patients create an AD? Who should decide when patients themselves are no longer capable?
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Between March 1 and October 30, 2014, patients who attended the preoperative anaesthesia consultation service received a one-page questionnaire. In addition to a few personal questions (e.g. sex, age, surgery, health status), the questionnaire included four questions that could be answered according to a four-point Likert scale, with a yes or no response, or a with a selection of answers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  272 men (45.5%) and 321 women (53.7%) with a mean age of 52.9 years (standard deviation: 17.8 years) completed a questionnaire. 312 patients (52.2%) claimed to be healthy, while 116 patients (19.4%) observed a minimal health restriction. 125 patients (19.4%) suffered from a chronic illness that markedly (n = 108) or strongly (n = 17) limited daily life. More than three-fourths of the respondents were very ready (377/63.0%) or ready (79 patients/13.2%) to talk about the treatment of severe complications after an elective operation. 12.7% of the patients would rather not to talk about this topic (n = 47) or refused (n = 37). 58 patients (9.7%) checked the box "I do not know" or gave no answer. There was no significant difference between men and women (p = 0.58). The patient's state of health did not significantly affect the patient's willingness to talk (p = 0.61). 110 patients (18.4%) had already completed an AD. The probability of having an AD is highly dependent on the age and state of health. The likelihood of having one increases by 4% for each year of life, and in health-impaired patients it is 73% higher than in healthy ones. If the patient could no longer decide for himself/herself, the following options were selected from multiple possible answers: a relative decides (n = 272), discussing this with a physician prior to surgery (n = 212), previously created AD (n = 198), the treatment team decides (n = 28), I do not know/not (n = 48).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the majority of the respondents were willing to talk about difficult issues before an operation, it remains unclear to what extent these results can be generalized. However, the results justify efforts to carefully inquire about and document the will of sick patients prior to major surgery. Both the treatment team and the relatives are relieved if the patient's will is known when difficult decisions have to be made.
authors.affiliation: Departement für Anästhesie, Operative Intensivbehandlung, präklinische Notfallmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsspital Basel, Spitalstraße 21, 4031, Basel, Schweiz. barbara.meyer@unibas.ch.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Meyer-Zehnder
authors.affiliation: Departement für Anästhesie, Operative Intensivbehandlung, präklinische Notfallmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsspital Basel, Spitalstraße 21, 4031, Basel, Schweiz.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bucher
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trial Unit, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Schweiz.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.affiliation: Departement für Anästhesie, Operative Intensivbehandlung, präklinische Notfallmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Universitätsspital Basel, Spitalstraße 21, 4031, Basel, Schweiz.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pargger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016223:Advance Directives; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Advance directive; Patient’s will; Perioperative care; Preanesthesia visit; Questionnaire