title: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) and its applicability for major spine surgery.
abstract: This article examines the relevance of applying the Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) approach to patients undergoing major spinal surgery. The history of ERAS, details of the components of the approach and the underlying rationale are explained. Evidence on outcomes achieved by using the ERAS approach in other orthopaedic and complex surgical procedures is then outlined. Data on major spinal surgery rates and current practice are reviewed; the rationale for using ERAS in major spinal surgery is discussed, and potential challenges to its adoption are acknowledged. A thorough literature search is then undertaken to examine the use of ERAS pathways in major spinal surgery, and the results are presented. The article then reviews the evidence to support the application of individual ERAS components such as patient education, multimodal pain management, surgical approach, blood loss, nutrition and physiotherapy in major spinal surgery, and discusses the need for further robust research to be undertaken. The article concludes that given the rising costs of surgery and levels of patient dissatisfaction, an ERAS pathway that focuses on optimising clinical procedures by adopting evidence-based practice and improving logistics should enable major spinal surgery patients to recover more quickly with lower rates of morbidity and improved longer-term outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Institute, Bournemouth University, 6th Floor, Executive Business Centre, 89 Holdenhurst Road, Bournemouth, BH8 8EB, UK; Orthopaedic Department, The Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Castle Lane, Bournemouth, BH7 7DW, UK. Electronic address: twainwright@bournemouth.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Wainwright
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Institute, Bournemouth University, 6th Floor, Executive Business Centre, 89 Holdenhurst Road, Bournemouth, BH8 8EB, UK. Electronic address: timmins@bournemouth.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Tikki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Immins
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Research Institute, Bournemouth University, 6th Floor, Executive Business Centre, 89 Holdenhurst Road, Bournemouth, BH8 8EB, UK; Orthopaedic Department, The Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Castle Lane, Bournemouth, BH7 7DW, UK. Electronic address: rmiddleton@bournemouth.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Middleton
mesh_terms: D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: enhanced recovery after surgery; fast-track surgery; major spinal surgery; multimodal; spinal surgery