title: Relationship of genioglossus muscle activation and severity of obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome among Chinese patients.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Variability of GGEMG at sleep onset is associated with apnea severity in OSA patients. At sleep onset, a lower decline in GGEMG might suggest a more severe OSA.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to evaluate genioglossus (GG) activation in the Chinese population at early sleep onset, and clarify the relationship of GG activation and the apnea severity in patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five OSA patients and 10 normal controls underwent overnight polysomnography with synchronous genioglossus electromyography (GGEMG) using intra-oral electrodes. The upper airway (UA) anatomy was evaluated by three-dimensional computer tomography (3D-CT) in all subjects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average GGEMG and tonic GGEMG were higher in the apnea patients than in the normal controls during wakefulness and early sleep onset period (three breaths) (p < 0.01). Eight OSA patients had increased GGEMG at sleep onset and 27 patients had decreased GGEMG values. Between the two groups, there were significant differences in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), minimal cross-sectional airway area (mCAS) and minimal lateral airway dimension (mLAT) at velopharynx (p < 0.05). The change in GGEMG, phasic GGEMG and tonic GGEMG from awake to sleep showed positive correlations with AHI and negative correlations with velopharynx (mLAT and mCAS) (p < 0.05).
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China ;|b Department of Otolaryngology , Head and Neck Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University , Yinchuan , PR China ;
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China ;|c Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine La Jolla , University of California at San Diego , Sandiego , CA , USA ;
authors.forename: Yanru
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: d Department of Radiology , Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China ;
authors.forename: Junfang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xian
authors.affiliation: e Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital , Beijing , PR China ;
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: f Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Peking University First Hospital , Beijing , PR China.
authors.forename: Junbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China ;
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , PR China ;|e Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital , Beijing , PR China ;
authors.forename: Jingying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Genioglossus; intra-oral electrode; sleep apnea; sleep onset