title: Clinical implications of oxidative stress and potential role of natural antioxidants in diabetic vascular complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The possible link between hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress (OxS) and diabetic complications is suggested by many in vitro studies. However, not much attention has been paid to the clinical evidence supporting this hypothesis, as well as to their possible therapeutic implications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Some prospective studies show a direct correlation between an increase in OxS biomarkers and the appearance of diabetes complications. This is consistent with the evidence that any acute increase of glycaemia, particularly post-prandial, and hypoglycaemia causes endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, through the generation of an OxS. However, the detection of free radicals is difficult as they are highly reactive molecules with a short half-life. Instead, the metabolites of OxS are measured. Interventional trials with supplemented antioxidants have failed to show any beneficial effects. Conversely, natural foods show very promising results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The "new antioxidant" approach includes the possibility of controlling free radical production and increasing intracellular antioxidant defence, a concept different from the old one, when antioxidant activities implied scavenging the free radicals already produced. A synergistic action in this respect could convincingly be obtained with a balanced 'Mediterranean Diet' (MedD) type. Early intensive glucose control is still the best strategy to avoid OxS and its associated diabetes complications.
authors.affiliation: Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigacion Biomèdica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: aceriell@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceriello
authors.affiliation: Experimental Models in Clinical Pathology, INRCA-IRCCS National Institute, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: stefano.genovese@multimedica.it.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Genovese
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D038441:Diet, Mediterranean; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Antioxidants; Diabetes; Mediterranean diet; Oxidative stress; Reactive oxygen species; Vascular complications