title: Impact of heat stress on health and performance of dairy animals: A review.
abstract: Sustainability in livestock production system is largely affected by climate change. An imbalance between metabolic heat production inside the animal body and its dissipation to the surroundings results to heat stress (HS) under high air temperature and humid climates. The foremost reaction of animals under thermal weather is increases in respiration rate, rectal temperature and heart rate. It directly affect feed intake thereby, reduces growth rate, milk yield, reproductive performance, and even death in extreme cases. Dairy breeds are typically more sensitive to HS than meat breeds, and higher producing animals are, furthermore, susceptible since they generates more metabolic heat. HS suppresses the immune and endocrine system thereby enhances susceptibility of an animal to various diseases. Hence, sustainable dairy farming remains a vast challenge in these changing climatic conditions globally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Ramendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Lalrengpuii
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sailo
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Nishant
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Department of Livestock Production & Management, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Pranay
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bharti
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Agartala - 799 008, Tripura, India.
authors.forename: Jnyanashree
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saikia
authors.affiliation: Department of Livestock Production & Management, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Agartala - 799 008, Tripura, India.
authors.lastname: Imtiwati
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
keywords: amelioration; health; heat stress; production; reproduction