title: Impacted and transmigrant mandibular canines incidence, aetiology, and treatment: a systematic review.
abstract: The incidence of impacted and transmigrant mandibular canines in the mandible is not as high as that in the maxilla; consequently, it is more difficult to find clinical guidelines derived from sound studies based on large patient samples.
  
  
  
  The aim of this systematic review was to summarize currently available data pertaining to the incidence and aetiology of impacted and transmigrant mandibular canines and the success rates of different treatment strategies.
  
  
  
  This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42014006175) and was conducted using PRISMA and CRD (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York) statement. A computerized search of studies published up to February 2016 was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical trials, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Scopus. To identify any relevant publications not included in this list, we manually searched the references lists of the selected articles. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale quality assessment tool was utilized to classify the included articles.
  
  
  
  In total, 630 articles were identified after the removal of duplicates. A total of 13 studies published between 2001 and 2015 met all the eligibility criteria and were included for the final analysis. The sample size in these studies ranged from 14 to 112873 teeth, while their methodological quality ranged from low to medium.
  
  
  
  According to the findings from our review, the incidence of canine impaction in the mandible ranges from 0.92 to 5.1 per cent, while that of canine transmigration ranges from 0.1 to 0.31 per cent. Various etiologies may play a role, including odontomes (up to 20 per cent) and lateral incisor anomalies (16 per cent). Surgical extraction (89 per cent in some studies) and orthodontic traction (20-32 per cent) are the most commonly used treatment strategies, with the latter showing a failure rate of 17 per cent in two studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Brescia.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dalessandri
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Gnatology-Masticatory Function, Dental School, University of Torino, and.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parrini
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Gnatology-Masticatory Function, Dental School, University of Torino, and.
authors.forename: Rachele
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rubiano
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics and Gnatology-Masticatory Function, Dental School, University of Torino, and.
authors.forename: Diletta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gallone
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Migliorati
mesh_terms: D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D014071:Tooth Abnormalities / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D014085:Tooth Migration / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000379:methods; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery