title: Falling Victim to Wasps in the Air: A Fate Driven by Prey Flight Morphology?
abstract: In prey-predator systems where the interacting individuals are both fliers, the flight performance of both participants heavily influences the probability of success of the predator (the prey is captured) and of the prey (the predator is avoided). While the flight morphology (an estimate of flight performance) of predatory wasps has rarely been addressed as a factor that may contribute to explain prey use, how the flight morphology of potential prey influences the output of predator-prey encounters has not been studied. Here, we hypothesized that flight morphology associated with flight ability (flight muscle mass to body mass ratio (FMR) and body mass to wing area ratio (wing loading, WL)) of Diptera affect their probability of being captured by specialized Diptera-hunting wasps (Bembix merceti and B. zonata), predicting a better manoeuvrability and acceleration capacity achieved by higher FMR and lower WL, and flight speed achieved by higher WL. In addition, wasp species with better flight morphology should be less limited by an advantageous Diptera flight morphology. Overall, the abundance of dipterans in the environment explained an important part of the observed variance in prey capture rate. However, it was not the only factor shaping prey capture. First, higher prey abundance was associated with greater capture rate for one species (B. merceti), although not for the other one. Second, the interaction observed between the environmental dipteran availability and dipteran WL for B. zonata suggests that greater dipteran WL (this probably meaning high cruising speed) decreased the probability of being captured, as long as fly abundance was high in the environment. Third, greater dipteran FMR (which likely means high manoeuvrability and acceleration capacity) helped to reduce predation by B. merceti if, again, dipterans were abundant in the environment. Wasp WL only varied with body mass but not between species, thereby hardly accounting for inter-specific differences in the wasps' predatory patterns. However, the greater FMR of B. zonata, which implies better flight performance and greater load-lifting capacity, may explain why the capture rate in the two wasp species is affected by different factor interactions. In conclusion, although prey availability remains the primary factor shaping prey use, prey flight morphology seems to gain an additional role under conditions of abundant prey, when wasps can avoid flies with better flight ability.
authors.affiliation: Área de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ballesteros
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales (ICAM), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III, s/n, E-45071, Toledo, Spain.|Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, C2-P3 Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Polidori
authors.affiliation: Área de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tormos
authors.affiliation: Área de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baños-Picón
authors.affiliation: Área de Zoología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Asís
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005426:Flight, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D014863:Wasps / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*