title: Influence of different fixation protocols on the preservation and dimensions of cardiac tissue.
abstract: Recent extensive progress in invasive cardiac procedures has triggered a wave of dozens of heart morphometric anatomical studies that are carried out largely using autopsied samples fixed in formaldehyde solution prior to observations and measurements. In reality, very little is known about changes in heart tissue dimensions during fixation. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate how fixation affects the dimensions of cardiac tissue, and if different types and concentrations of reagents affect this phenomenon. A total of 40 pig heart samples were investigated, and seven different measuring sites were permanently marked in every heart prior to fixation. Four study groups (n = 10 each) were assembled that differed only in concentration and the type of fixative: (i) 2% formaldehyde solution; (ii) 4% formaldehyde solution (formalin); (iii) 10% formaldehyde solution; (iv) alcoholic formalin. The samples were measured before and after fixation at the following time points: 24 h, 72 h and 168 h. It was found that different fixatives significantly affected different parameters. Almost all of the heart dimensions that were measured stabilized after 24 h; later changes were statistically insignificant in the point-to-point comparison. Change in the length of the interatrial septum surface was not altered significantly in any of the fixatives after 24 h of preservation. It was found that 10% formaldehyde increased the thickness of muscular tissue only after 24 h; this thickening was reduced after 72 h and was insignificant at 168 h. Other heart parameters in this group do not present significant changes over the entire fixation time duration. In conclusion, the 10% formaldehyde phosphate-buffered solution appeared to be the best fixative among the fixatives that were studied for cardiac morphometric purposes; this solution caused the smallest changes in tissue dimensions. Measurements should be obtained at least after 1 week of preservation when most parameters exhibit the smallest changes compared with the non-preserved samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Mateusz K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Hołda
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Wiesława
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Klimek-Piotrowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Mateusz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koziej
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Piątek
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hołda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D005404:Fixatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000494:pharmacology; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D013552:Swine; D016707:Tissue Fixation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D005404:Fixatives; D005557:Formaldehyde
keywords: formaldehyde; formalin; heart anatomy; morphometry