title: Long-term association between the dietary inflammatory index and cognitive functioning: findings from the SU.VI.MAX study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation is a ubiquitous underlying mechanism of the links between diet and cognitive functioning. No study has yet evaluated the overall inflammatory potential of the diet, using the dietary inflammatory index (DII), in relation to cognitive functioning. In a French cohort of middle-aged adults, we evaluated the association between the DII, assessed in midlife, and cognitive performance evaluated 13 years later.
  
  
  METHODS
  The DII is a literature-derived dietary index developed to determine the inflammatory potential of diet. The DII was estimated at baseline (1994-1996) among 3080 subjects of the SU.VI.MAX (supplementation with antioxidant vitamins and minerals) cohort. Cognitive performance was assessed in 2007-2009 via a battery of standardized neuropsychological tests. Principal component analysis was performed to extract a summary score of cognitive performance. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression analyses were performed to provide regression coefficients and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a multivariate model, a strong inverse association was observed between a higher DII (reflecting a more inflammatory diet) and overall cognitive functioning (mean difference Q4 vs. Q1 = -1.76; 95 % CI = -2.81, -0.72, P for trend =0.002). With regard to specific cognitive domains, similar associations were observed with scores reflecting verbal memory, but not executive functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that a pro-inflammatory diet at midlife might be associated with subsequent lower cognitive functioning. A diet exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties may help to maintain cognitive health during aging.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinicaltrials.gov (number NCT00272428).
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny Cedex, France. e.kesse@eren.smbh.univ-paris13.fr.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kesse-Guyot
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Karen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Assmann
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Valentina A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Andreeva
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Mathilde
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Touvier
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Lola
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Neufcourt
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.|Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, Columbia, SC, 29229, USA.
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shivappa
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.|Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, Columbia, SC, 29229, USA.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hébert
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.|Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, Columbia, SC, 29229, USA.
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Wirth
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny Cedex, France.|Département de Santé Publique, Hôpital Avicenne, 93017, Bobigny Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hercberg
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galan
authors.affiliation: Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Centre d'Epidémiologie et Statistiques Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, SMBH Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017, Bobigny Cedex, France.|Département de Santé Publique, Hôpital Avicenne, 93017, Bobigny Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Julia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003071:Cognition; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D056344:Executive Function; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D018977:Micronutrients
keywords: Cognition; Diet; Dietary inflammatory index; Inflammation; Memory