title: Double- and Triple-Duty Caregiving Men: An Examination of Subjective Stress and Perceived Schedule Control.
abstract: Based on the stress process model of family caregiving, this study examined subjective stress appraisals and perceived schedule control among men employed in the long-term care industry (workplace-only caregivers) who concurrently occupied unpaid family caregiving roles for children (double-duty child caregivers), older adults (double-duty elder caregivers), and both children and older adults (triple-duty caregivers). Survey responses from 123 men working in nursing home facilities in the United States were analyzed using multiple linear regression models. Results indicated that workplace-only and double- and triple-duty caregivers' appraised primary stress similarly. However, several differences emerged with respect to secondary role strains, specifically work-family conflict, emotional exhaustion, and turnover intentions. Schedule control also constituted a stress buffer for double- and triple-duty caregivers, particularly among double-duty elder caregivers. These findings contribute to the scarce literature on double- and triple-duty caregiving men and have practical implications for recruitment and retention strategies in the health care industry.
authors.affiliation: 1 The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: DePasquale
authors.affiliation: 1 The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zarit
authors.affiliation: 1 The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mogle
authors.affiliation: 2 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
authors.forename: Phyllis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moen
authors.affiliation: 3 Portland State University, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.affiliation: 1 The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Almeida
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000458:organization & administration; D000073397:Occupational Stress / Q000209:etiology*; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D000072358:Work-Life Balance / Q000458:organization & administration; D017132:Workplace / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000523:psychology
keywords: double-duty care; men in long-term care; perceived schedule control; stress process model of family caregiving; triple-duty care