title: Tumor penetrating peptides for improved drug delivery.
abstract: In vivo screening of phage libraries in tumor-bearing mice has been used to identify peptides that direct phage homing to a tumor. The power of in vivo phage screening is illustrated by the recent discovery of peptides with unique tumor-penetrating properties. These peptides activate an endocytic transport pathway related to but distinct from macropinocytosis. They do so through a complex process that involves binding to a primary, tumor-specific receptor, followed by a proteolytic cleavage, and binding to a second receptor. The second receptor, neuropilin-1 (or neuropilin-2) activates the transport pathway. This trans-tissue pathway, dubbed the C-end Rule (CendR) pathway, mediates the extravasation transport through extravascular tumor tissue of payloads ranging from small molecule drugs to nanoparticles. The CendR technology provides a solution to a major problem in tumor therapy, poor penetration of drugs into tumors. Targeted delivery with tumor-penetrating peptides has been shown to specifically increase the accumulation of drugs, antibodies and nanotherapeutics in experimental tumors in vivo, and in human tumors ex vivo. Remarkably the payload does not have to be coupled to the peptide; the peptide activates a bulk transport system that sweeps along a drug present in the blood. Treatment studies in mice have shown improved anti-tumor efficacy and less damage to normal tissues with drugs ranging from traditional chemotherapeutics to antibodies, and to nanoparticle drugs.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. Electronic address: ruoslahti@sbpdiscovery.org.
authors.forename: Erkki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruoslahti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D039942:Neuropilin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D039943:Neuropilin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D019151:Peptide Library; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010873:Pinocytosis
chemical_list: D057846:Cell-Penetrating Peptides; D039943:Neuropilin-2; D019151:Peptide Library; D010455:Peptides; D039942:Neuropilin-1
keywords: Cell-penetrating peptides; CendR pathway; Endocytosis; Integrins; Nanomedicine; Neuropilins; Synaphic targeting; Tumor vasculature