title: Frailty and sarcopenia in Bogotá: results from the SABE Bogotá Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Latin American countries like Colombia are experiencing a unique aging process due to a mixed epidemiological regime of communicable and non-communicable diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of frailty and sarcopenia among older adults in Colombia and identify variables associated with these conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data come from the "Salud Bienestar y Envejecimiento" (SABE) Bogotá Study, a cross-sectional study conducted in 2012 in Bogotá, Colombia. Sociodemographic, health, cognitive and anthropometric measures were collected from 2000 community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older. Frailty variable was created using the Fried phenotype and sarcopenia following the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People algorithm. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with frailty and sarcopenia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 135 older adults are frail (9.4 %), while 166 have sarcopenia (11.5 %). Older age and female gender have a significant association with both conditions (Frailty: Age OR 1.05, 95 % CI 1.03-1.06, Gender OR 1.44, 95 % CI 1.12-1.84; Sarcopenia: Age 1.04, 95 % CI 1.02-1.07, Gender OR 1.51, 95 % CI 1.05-2.17). Depression was also significantly associated with frailty (OR 1.17, 95 % CI 1.12-1.22), while smoking was significantly associated with sarcopenia (OR 2.38, 95 % CI 1.29-4.37). Finally, higher function, measured by independence in IADL (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living) was significantly associated with less frailty (OR 0.74, 95 % CI 0.64-0.86). Education, higher number of comorbidities, better MMSE score, activities of daily living disability and alcohol consumption were not significantly associated with frailty or sarcopenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frailty, sarcopenia and multimorbidity are overlapping, yet distinct conditions in this sample. There are potentially reversible factors that are associated with frailty and sarcopenia in this sample. Future studies need to analyze the best way to prevent these conditions, and examine individuals that have frailty, sarcopenia and comorbidities to design interventions to improve their quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Envejecimiento, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 # 40-62, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Piso 8, Bogotá, Colombia. ra.sampert@javeriana.edu.co.|Geriatrics Unit, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia. ra.sampert@javeriana.edu.co.|Division of Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. ra.sampert@javeriana.edu.co.
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Samper-Ternent
authors.affiliation: Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reyes-Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Division of Rehabilitation Sciences , University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.|Center for Recovery, Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ottenbacher
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Envejecimiento, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 # 40-62, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Piso 8, Bogotá, Colombia.|Geriatrics Unit, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia.
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cano
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003105:Colombia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors; D055948:Sarcopenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Bogotá; Colombia; Comorbidity; Frailty; Sarcopenia