title: Making Space for Red Tide: Discolored Water and the Early Twentieth Century Bayscape of Japanese Pearl Cultivation.
abstract: "Red tide" has become a familiar shorthand for unusual changes in the color of ocean waters. It is intimately related both to blooms of creatures like dinoflagellates and to the devastating effects they pose to coastal fisheries. This essay tracks the early twentieth century emergence of discolored water as an aquacultural problem, known in Japan as akashio, and its trans-oceanic transformation into the terms and practices of "red tide" in the post-World War II United States. For Japan's "Pearl King" Mikimoto Kōkichi and his contacts in diverse marine scientific communities, the years-long cycle of guarding and cultivating a pearl oyster went together with the ascription of moral qualities to tiny creatures that posed a threat to farmed bayscapes of pearl monoculture. As akashio, discolored water went from curiosity to marine livestock pest, one that at times left dead pearl oysters in its wake. Red tide arose from the sustained study of the mechanisms by which changes in the biological and chemical composition of seawater might become deadly to exclusively-claimed shellfish along Japanese coastlines, but came to be seen as a way to understand aquatic manifestations of harm in other parts of the littoral world.
authors.affiliation: Council on East Asian Studies, Yale University, Luce Hall, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. kjell.ericson@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Kjell
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ericson
mesh_terms: D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000266:history / Q000635:transmission; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000266:history*; D004141:Dinoflagellida; D057097:Harmful Algal Bloom; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D049911:Pinctada; D012623:Seawater
keywords: Agriculture; Aquaculture; Dinoflagellate; Field science; Japan; Marine biology; Mikimoto Kokichi; Pearl cultivation; Red tide; Shellfish