title: Increased Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and Oxidative Stress in Rheumatoid Arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder. Highly reactive oxygen free radicals are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this study, RA patients were sub-grouped depending upon the presence or absence of rheumatoid factor, disease activity score and disease duration. RA Patients (120) and healthy controls (53) were evaluated for the oxidant-antioxidant status by monitoring ROS production, biomarkers of lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA damage. The level of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants was also monitored. Correlation analysis was also performed for analysing the association between ROS and various other parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intracellular ROS formation, lipid peroxidation (MDA level), protein oxidation (carbonyl level and thiol level) and DNA damage were detected in the blood of RA patients. Antioxidant status was evaluated by FRAP assay, DPPH reduction assay and enzymatic (SOD, catalase, GST, GR) and non-enzymatic (vitamin C and GSH) antioxidants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RA patients showed a higher ROS production, increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA damage. A significant decline in the ferric reducing ability, DPPH radical quenching ability and the levels of antioxidants has also been observed. Significant correlation has been found between ROS and various other parameters studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RA patients showed a marked increase in ROS formation, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, DNA damage and decrease in the activity of antioxidant defence system leading to oxidative stress which may contribute to tissue damage and hence to the chronicity of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Somaiya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mateen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Shagufta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moin
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Abdul Qayyum
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Atif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Naureen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fatima
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004249:DNA Damage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012217:Rheumatoid Factor