title: [Psychometric Evaluation of the German Version of the Short Questionnaire for Family Members-Affected by Addiction SQFM-AA (Gambling)].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Affected others of disordered gamblers are often heavily impacted because of the illness. Up till now, there is no standardized German instrument to assess this impact. Internationally, the Short Questionnaire for Family Members-affected by addiction (SQFM-AA) is often used which is based on the Stress-Strain-Coping-Support-Modell. That is why we translated this questionnaire into the German Kurzfragebogen für suchtbelastete Familienmitglieder SQFM-AA (Version Glücksspiel) to be able to assess the impact on affected others and to compare our results internationally.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SQFM-AA was translated and retranslated and tested in an online convenience sample of affected others. Essential psychometric properties, discriminatory power, and internal consistency were calculated. Factor structure was analysed using an exploratory factor analysis (principal axis analysis, varimax rotation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data collected from 122 affected others (87% female; 67% partners; 61% joint household) were analysed. Discriminatory power ranges between 0.30-0.94, Cronbach's alpha between 0.61-0.95. Factor analysis shows that 69% of variance can be explained in a solution with 9 factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the methods used when translating and back-translating the SQFM-AA, it can be assumed that both versions are comparable. Internal consistency of all scales is in an acceptable to good range. In our sample, the postulated 11 sub-scales cannot be reproduced. The 9 factors found here can be derived based on theoretical preliminary considerations. 4 of the scales are reflected well in the analysis, 3 more factors show a relevant load on other scales. Furthermore, one item each does not load on the proposed factor for the 2 remaining scales. All in all, the factors can be interpreted well regarding their content. A modification of the questionnaire would improve some of the statistical values, but the international comparability would no longer be possible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the adaptation presented here, impact on affected others of disordered gamblers can be assessed and relevant areas for therapy and counselling can be identified.
authors.affiliation: Bayerische Akademie für Sucht- und Gesundheitsfragen BAS Unternehmergesellschaft, Landesstelle Glücksspielsucht in Bayern, München.
authors.forename: Ursula Gisela
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Buchner
authors.affiliation: Bayerische Akademie für Sucht- und Gesundheitsfragen BAS Unternehmergesellschaft, Landesstelle Glücksspielsucht in Bayern, München.
authors.forename: Annalena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koytek
authors.affiliation: Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, Institut für Psychologie, Bamberg.
authors.forename: Uwe C
authors.initials: UC
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Universität am Bezirksklinikum, Zentrum für Klinische Suchtmedizin, Regensburg.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wodarz
authors.affiliation: Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, Institut für Psychologie, Bamberg.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014177:Translations; D055815:Young Adult