title: Young maternal age at first birth and mental health later in life: Does the association vary by birth cohort?
abstract: It is well established that maternal age at childbirth has implications for women's mental health in the short term, however there has been little research regarding longer term implications and whether this association has changed over time. We investigated longer term mental health consequences for young mothers in Australia and contrasted the effects between three birth cohorts.
  
  
  
  Using thirteen waves of data from 4262 women aged 40 years or above participating in the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, we compared the mental health of women who had their first child aged 15-19 years, 20-24 years, and 25 years and older. Mental health was measured using the mental health component summary score of the SF-36. We used random-effects linear regression models to generate estimates of the association between age at first birth and mental health, adjusted for early life socioeconomic characteristics (country of birth, parents' employment status and occupation) and later life socioeconomic characteristics (education, employment, income, housing tenure, relationship status and social support). We examined whether the association changed over time, testing for effect modification across three successive birth cohorts.
  
  
  
  In models adjusted for early life and later life socioeconomic characteristics, there was strong evidence of an association between teenage births and poor mental health, with mental health scores on average 2.76 to 3.96 points lower for mothers aged younger than 20 years than for mothers aged 25 years and older (Late Baby Boom (born 1936-1945): -3.96, 95% CI -5.38, -2.54; Early Baby Boom (born 1946-1955): -3.01, 95% CI -4.32, -1.69; Lucky Few (born 1956-1965): -2.76, 95% CI -4.34, -1.18), and evidence of an association for mothers aged 20-24 years compared to mothers aged 25 years and older in the most recent birth cohort only (-1.09, 95% CI -2.01, -0.17). There was some indication (though weak) that the association increased in more recent cohorts.
  
  
  
  This study highlights that young mothers, and particularly teenage mothers, are a vulnerable group at high risk of poor mental health outcomes compared to mothers aged 25 years and above, and there was some suggestion (though weak) that the health disparities increased over time.
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Equity, The University of Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: zoe.aitken@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Aitken
authors.affiliation: School of Social Science and Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Australia; School of Social and Political Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Belinda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Equity, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keogh
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Equity, The University of Melbourne, Australia; School of Health & Social Development, Deakin University, Australia.
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: LaMontagne
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Equity, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Centre for Health Equity, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kavanagh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011253:Pregnancy in Adolescence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Australia; Cohort effects; Health disparities; Maternal age; Mental health; Time trends; Women