title: Tracing changes in atmospheric sources of lead contamination using lead isotopic compositions in Australian red wine.
abstract: Air quality data detailing changes to atmospheric composition from Australia's leaded petrol consumption is spatially and temporally limited. In order to address this data gap, wine was investigated as a potential proxy for atmospheric lead conditions. Wine spanning sixty years was collected from two wine regions proximal to the South Australian capital city, Adelaide, and analysed for lead concentration and lead and strontium isotopic composition for source apportionment. Maximum wine lead concentrations (328 μg/L) occur prior to the lead-in-air monitoring in South Australia in the later 1970s. Wine lead concentrations mirror available lead-in-air measurements and show a declining trend reflecting parallel reductions in leaded petrol emissions. Lead from petrol dominated the lead in wine ((206)Pb/(207)Pb: 1.086; (208)Pb/(207)Pb: 2.360) until the introduction of unleaded petrol, which resulted in a shift in the wine lead isotopic composition closer to vineyard soil ((206)Pb/(207)Pb: 1.137; (208)Pb/(207)Pb: 2.421). Current mining activities or vinification processes appear to have no impact with recent wine samples containing less than 4 μg/L of lead. This study demonstrates wine can be used to chronicle changes in environmental lead emissions and is an effective proxy for atmospherically sourced depositions of lead in the absence of air quality data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia. Electronic address: louise.kristensen@mq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Louise Jane
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; Macquarie University Energy and Environmental Contaminants Research Centre, Sydney, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark Patrick
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: National Measurement Institute, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, 105 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew James
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry*; D001315:Australia; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005742:Gasoline / Q000032:analysis; D007554:Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008906:Mining; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014920:Wine / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D005742:Gasoline; D007554:Isotopes; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead
keywords: Atmospheric emissions; Lead monitoring; Leaded petrol; Mining; Strontium