title: Mid-career work patterns and physical and mental functioning at age 60-64: evidence from the 1946 British birth cohort.
abstract: Previous studies of the associations between unemployment and health have primarily focused on mental health and long-term associations have not often been explored. This study investigated if discontinuous employment in mid-career was related to self-reported physical and mental functioning at age 60-64 years.
  
  
  
  Data come from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, a British cohort that has been followed-up since birth in 1946. A total of 2061 study members had data available on mid-career employment patterns and physical and mental functioning assessed using the Short Form 36 questionnaire at age 60-64. Employment patterns in mid-career were categorized into: (i) continuous employment; and discontinuous employment during; (ii) early period (ages 36-43); (iii) late period (ages 43-53); and 4) both periods.
  
  
  
  Continuous employment was reported by 63.3% of men and 38.7% of women, while 8.7% of men and 23.4% of women reported being in discontinuous employment during both early and late mid-career. When compared with those in continuous employment those in discontinuous employment during both early and late mid-career had poorer physical functioning, men adjusted β (difference in mean physical functioning T score) -3.84, 95% CI - 6.06 to - 1.63, P = 0.001 and women -3.62, 95% CI - 5.17 to - 2.08, P < 0.001. Findings were parallel but weaker for those in discontinuous employment during late mid-career. Discontinuous employment during both periods and particularly during late mid-career was associated with poorer mental functioning in early old age.
  
  
  
  Discontinuous employment during mid-career was associated with poorer self-reported physical and mental functioning around the age of retirement.
authors.affiliation: 1 Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä 2 Folkhälsan Research Center, Haartmansgatan 8 FI-00014 Helsingfors universitet mikaela.vonbonsdorff@jyu.fi.
authors.forename: Mikaela B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: von Bonsdorff
authors.affiliation: 3 MRC Unit of Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kuh
authors.affiliation: 1 Gerontology Research Center and Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä 2 Folkhälsan Research Center, Haartmansgatan 8 FI-00014 Helsingfors universitet.
authors.forename: Monika E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: von Bonsdorff
authors.affiliation: 3 MRC Unit of Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B 5JU, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006113:United Kingdom