title: Understanding the molecular pathogenesis and prognostics of bladder cancer: an overview.
abstract: The knowledge of cellular mechanisms in malignances of the bladder has grown exponentially. Molecular technologies have led to the discovery of the molecular pathways distinguishing low-and high-grade urothelial neoplasms. This trend portends the future in which the classification and diagnosis of the bladder tumors through morphologic analysis will be supported by molecular information correlating with prognosis and targeted therapy. This article outlines tumor molecular pathology of bladder cancer with an emphasis on several promising candidate biomarkers that may soon make their transition to the realm of clinical management of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China ; 2 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China ; 2 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Lei
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310014, China ; 2 Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Teng
keywords: Biomarkers; bladder cancer; molecular pathology; prognosis