title: Teenage girls with type 1 diabetes have poorer metabolic control than boys and face more complications in early adulthood.
abstract: To compare metabolic control between males and females with type 1 diabetes during adolescence and as young adults, and relate it to microvascular complications.
  
  
  
  Data concerning 4000 adolescents with type 1 diabetes registered in the Swedish paediatric diabetes quality registry, and above the age of 18years in the Swedish National Diabetes Registry was used.
  
  
  
  When dividing HbA1c values in three groups; < 7.4% (57mmol/mol), 7.4-9.3% (57-78mmol/mol) and >9.3% (78mmol/mol), there was a higher proportion of females in the highest group during adolescence. In the group with the highest HbA1c values during adolescence and as adults, 51.7% were females, expected value 46.2%; in the group with low HbA1c values in both registries, 34.2% were females, p<0.001. As adults, more females had retinopathy, p<0.05. Females had higher mean HbA1c values at diagnosis, 11.2 vs. 10.9% (99 vs. 96mmol/mol), p<0.03, during adolescence, 8.5 vs. 8.2% (69 vs. 66mmol/mol) p<0.01, but not as young adults.
  
  
  
  Worse glycaemic control was found in adolescent females, and they had a higher frequency of microvascular complications. Improved paediatric diabetes care is of great importance for increasing the likelihood of lower mortality and morbidity later in life.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Paediatrics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Samuelsson
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Paediatrics, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderzén
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Soffia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gudbjörnsdottir
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Steineck
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Paediatrics, Ryhov County Hospital, Jönköping, and Futurum - academy for Health and Care, Jönköping County Council, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Åkesson
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Nursing, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. Electronic address: lena.hanberger@liu.se.
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hanberger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Gender; HbA1c; Microvascular complications; Quality of care; Type 1 diabetes