title: Progress in Therapies for Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Experimental studies of acute myocardial infarction have revealed that up to half of the final infarct size may be due to reperfusion injury rather than the initial ischemic incident. Research over the past three decades has deepened our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ischemic reperfusion injury and several therapeutic strategies to decrease the incidence and severity of reperfusion injury have been explored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To discuss the promising therapies and future perspectives on methods to attenuate myocardial reperfusion injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Existing therapies that address reperfusion can be divided into two major groups comprising nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Myriad pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches to reduce lethal reperfusion injury have been employed. Although many initial clinical studies were negative, more recent proof-of-concept clinical trials are promising. To date, the most encouraging results are with ischemic postconditioning, remote ischemic preconditioning, ANP, adenosine, cyclosporine and exenatide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Studies demonstrate that nonpharmacological and pharmacological conditioning can be used together as part of a multifaceted approach to improve clinical outcomes in patients with ischemic heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing, 100020, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Jie
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Mu-Lei
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing, 100020, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Chun
authors.initials: XC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Xiang-Min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Shu
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Lu
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension Research, Beijing, 100020, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000077270:Exenatide; D006801:Humans; D057775:Ischemic Postconditioning; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D010455:Peptides; D014688:Venoms
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D014688:Venoms; D016572:Cyclosporine; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D000077270:Exenatide; D000241:Adenosine
keywords: Myocardial infarction; cardiac pharmacology; clinical trial; ischemic conditioning; myocardial reperfusion injury