title: Psychosocial co-morbidities in adolescents and adults with histories of communication disorders.
abstract: Few studies have considered the long-term psychosocial outcomes of individuals with histories of early childhood speech sound disorders (SSD). Research on long-term psychosocial outcomes of individuals with language impairment (LI) have frequently failed to consider the effects of co-morbid SSD. The purpose of this study was to compare individuals with histories of SSD-only versus SSD with LI on these outcomes and to examine the contributions of other comorbid conditions including reading disorders (RD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  
  Participants were adolescents aged 11-17 years (N=129) and young adults aged 18-33 years (N=98). Probands with SSD were originally recruited between 4 and 6 years of age and classified into SSD-only and SSD+LI groups. Siblings of these children were also assessed at this time and those without SSD or LI were followed as controls. Outcome measures at adolescence and adulthood included ratings of hyperactivity, inattention, anxiety, and depression, as well as internalizing, externalizing, social, and thought problems. Adult outcomes also included educational and employment status and quality of life ratings. Regression modeling was performed to examine the association of SSD, LI, RD, and ADHD with psychosocial outcomes using Generalized Estimating Equations.
  
  
  
  In the adolescent group, LI was associated with poorer ratings of psychosocial problems on all scales except depression. Histories of SSD-only, RD and ADHD did not independently predict any of the adolescent psychosocial measures. In contrast, LI in the adult sample was not significantly associated with any of the behavior ratings, though RD was related to higher ratings of hyperactivity and inattention and with higher parent ratings of internalizing and externalizing symptoms and thought problems. SSD did not predict any of the adult measures once other comorbid conditions were taken into account.
  
  
  
  Poor adolescent psychosocial outcomes for individuals with early childhood SSD were primarily related to comorbid LI and not to SSD per se. At adulthood, comorbid RD and ADHD may influence outcomes more significantly than LI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States. Electronic address: bxl@case.edu.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Freebairn
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tag
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Sudha K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Iyengar
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
authors.forename: Catherine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
authors.forename: H Gerry
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000523:psychology; D003147:Communication Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Externalizing; Hyperactivity; Inattention; Internalizing; Language impairment; Longitudinal; Reading disorder; Speech-sound disorder