title: [Clinicopathologic study of pediatric vascular anomalies: a report of 117 cases].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the clinicopathologic features of pediatric vascular anomalies and application of ISSVA classification.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical features, histopathologic findings and immunohistochemical results were analyzed in 117 cases of pediatric vascular anomalies encountered during the period from May 2014 to May 2015.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 117 cases of vascular anomalies were studied. The age of patients ranged from 18 hours after birth to 11 years (mean age =34 months and median age =27 months). There were 73 male patients and 44 female patients, with the male-to-female ratio being 1.7∶1.0. Congenital skin lesions were found in 37 cases (31.6%). The common sites of involvement included head and neck region (46 cases, 39.3%), trunk (28 cases, 23.9%), extremities (14 cases, 12.0%) and internal viscera (31 cases, 26.5%). According to the new ISSVA classification, there were 74 cases of vascular malformations and 43 cases of vascular neoplasms (ratio=1.7∶1.0). The commonest vascular tumor encountered was infantile hemangioma (21 cases, 48.8%), including 17 cases in proliferative phase and 4 cases in involutive phase. Thirteen cases (23.3%) of congenital hemangioma were found, with 8 cases of rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma and 5 cases of non-involutive congenital hemangioma. Three of the congenital hemangioma occurred in liver. There were 5 cases (11.6%) of pyogenic granuloma, 3 cases (7.0%) of tufted angioma and 1 case (2.3%) of Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. Amongst the 74 cases of vascular malformations encountered, lymphatic malformation was found in 47 cases (63.5%), venous malformation in 15 cases (20.2%), lymphatic-venous malformation in 11 cases (14.9%) and arteriovenous malformation in 1 case (1.4%). All cases of vascular anomalies were all positive for CD31 on immunostaining. Glut1 and CD15 were positive both in proliferative and involutive phases of the 21 cases of infantile hemangioma, while other vascular tumors and vascular malformations were negative. Forty-seven cases of lymphatic malformation and 11 cases of lymphatic-venous malformation showed D2-40 expression. Focal positivity for D2-40 was demonstrated in 3 cases of tufted angioma and 1 case of Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vascular anomalies affecting infants and children include tumors and malformations. Accurate histopathologic diagnosis and ISSVA classification of the various types of vascular anomalies play an important role in clinical management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510623, China.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Q Q
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: F H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Z R
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: J Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: R X
authors.initials: RX
authors.lastname: Zeng
mesh_terms: D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D006390:Hemangioendothelioma / Q000473:pathology; D006391:Hemangioma / Q000473:pathology; D018324:Hemangioma, Capillary / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D059885:Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000473:pathology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000473:pathology*; D019043:Vascular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; C495677:SLC2A1 protein, human