title: Frequency of dental caries in active and inactive systemic lupus erythematous patients: salivary and bacterial factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine dental caries frequency and to analyze salivary and bacterial factors associated with active and inactive systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) patients. Also, a proposal to identify dental caries by a surface, teeth, and the patient was developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, blinded study that included 60 SLE patients divided into two groups of 30 subjects each, according to the Activity Index for Diagnosis of Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLEDAI). The decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index and Integrative Dental Caries Index (IDCI) were used for analyzing dental caries. The saliva variables recorded were: flow, pH, and buffer capacity. The DNA copies of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus were estimated by real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The caries frequency was 85% for SLE subjects (73.3% for inactive systemic lupus erythematous (ISLE) and 100% for active systemic lupus erythematous (ASLE)); DMFT for the SLE group was 12.6 ± 5.7 and the IDCI was (9.8 ± 5.9). The ASLE group showed a salivary flow of 0.65 compared with 0.97 ml/1 min from the ISLE group; all variables mentioned above showed a statistical difference (p < 0.05). The salivary pH was 4.6 (6.06 for ISLE and 3.9 for ASLE). The DNA copies of S. mutans and S. sobrinus were high; all variables mentioned above show a significant statistical difference (p < 0.05) between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SLE patients had high DMFT and IDCI scores that were associated with a decrease in salivary flow, pH, and buffer capacity. There were high counts of S. sobrinus and S. mutans species, and IDCI is a useful tool to provide more detail about dental caries in epidemiological studies.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Education in General Dentistry, Master Degree Program at San Luis Potosi University, Mexico juanpablo.loyola8@gmail.com.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Loyola Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Advanced Education in General Dentistry, Master Degree Program at San Luis Potosi University, Mexico.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Galvan Torres
authors.affiliation: Advanced Education in General Dentistry, Master Degree Program at San Luis Potosi University, Mexico.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Martinez Martinez
authors.affiliation: Regional Unit of Rheumatology and Osteoporosis at Central Hospital "Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto", Faculty of Medicine, San Luis Potosi University, Mexico.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abud Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Hidalgo State University, Mexico.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Medina Solis
authors.affiliation: Advanced Education in General Dentistry, Master Degree Program at San Luis Potosi University, Mexico.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramos Coronel
authors.affiliation: Advanced Education in General Dentistry, Master Degree Program at San Luis Potosi University, Mexico.
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Garcia Cortes
authors.affiliation: Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas Básicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí University, Mexico.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Domínguez Pérez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D058491:Bacterial Load; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016986:Streptococcus sobrinus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial
keywords: Sjögren's syndrome; Systemic lupus erythematosus; dental caries