title: Anthelmintic activity of Indigofera tinctoria against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes are considered as a major constraint for successful sheep production. Control of these parasites heavily relies on the use of chemical anthelmintics. Over the past decades, the development of anthelmintic resistance to various groups of anthelmintics and problem of drug residues in animal products has awakened interest in medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintics. Hence, this study was undertaken to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of Indigofera tinctoria by scientifically validated in vitro and in vivo tests approved by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro assays such as egg hatch assay for ovicidal and larval migration inhibition and larval development assay for larvicidal properties were used to investigate in vitro effect of extracts on strongyle egg and larvae, respectively. Fecal egg count reduction test was conducted in vivo to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of the extracts administered orally at dose rates of 125, 250, 500 mg/kg to sheep naturally infected with mixed GI nematodes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethanolic extract of I. tinctoria demonstrated significant (p<0.01) inhibition on egg hatching at concentrations of 40 mg/ml and 80 mg/ml. In in vivo assay, the ethanolic extract of I. tinctoria reduced the fecal egg count ranging between 30.82% and 47.78% at various doses (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg). Although there was a slight variation, all the hematological parameters were within the normal range reported for sheep. Except for alanine transaminase, the overall mean of all the serum biochemical profile was within the normal range for sheep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results obtained by in vitro and in vivo assay, the ethanolic extract of I. tinctoria possesses anthelmintic activity and could replace the chemical anthelmintics used presently.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli - 627 358, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Ambalathaduvar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meenakshisundaram
authors.affiliation: Registrar, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai - 600051, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Tirunelveli Jayagopal
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Harikrishnan
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli - 627 358, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Thavasi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anna
keywords: Indigofera tinctoria; anthelmintic; evaluation; gastrointestinalnematodes; sheep