title: Sex differences in visuospatial and navigational working memory: the role of mood induced by background music.
abstract: Sex differences in visuospatial abilities are long debated. Men generally outperform women, especially in wayfinding or learning a route or a sequence of places. These differences might depend on women's disadvantage in underlying spatial competences, such as mental rotation, and on the strategies used, as well as on emotions and on self-belief about navigational skills, not related to actual skill-levels. In the present study, sex differences in visuospatial and navigational working memory in emotional contexts were investigated. Participants' mood was manipulated by background music (positive, negative or neutral) while performing on the Corsi Block-tapping Task (CBT) and Walking Corsi (WalCT) test. In order to assess the effectiveness of mood manipulation, participants filled in the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule before and after carrying out the visuospatial tasks. Firstly, results showed that after mood induction, only the positive affect changed, whereas the negative affect remained unconfounded by mood and by sex. This finding is in line with the main effect of 'group' on all tests used: the positive music group scored significantly higher than other groups. Secondly, although men outperformed women in the CBT forward condition and in the WalCT forward and backward conditions, they scored higher than women only in the WalCT with the negative background music. This means that mood cannot fully explain sex differences in visuospatial and navigational working memory. Our results suggest that sex differences in the CBT and WalCT can be better explained by differences in spatial competences rather than by emotional contexts.
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy. massimiliano.palmiero@univaq.it.|Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67010, L'Aquila, Italy. massimiliano.palmiero@univaq.it.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palmiero
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nori
authors.affiliation: Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67010, L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rogolino
authors.affiliation: Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67010, L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: D'amico
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.|Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Piazzale Salvatore Tommasi 1, 67010, L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Piccardi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009146:Music; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D065852:Spatial Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D065854:Spatial Navigation / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Arousal; Gender differences; Situated cognition; Spatial ability; Strategies; Working memory