title: A Multilaboratory Toxicological Assessment of a Panel of 10 Engineered Nanomaterials to Human Health--ENPRA Project--The Highlights, Limitations, and Current and Future Challenges.
abstract: ENPRA was one of the earlier multidisciplinary European Commission FP7-funded projects aiming to evaluate the risks associated with nanomaterial (NM) exposure on human health across pulmonary, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, and developmental systems. The outputs from this project have formed the basis of this review. A retrospective interpretation of the findings across a wide range of in vitro and in vivo studies was performed to identify the main highlights from the project. In particular, focus was placed on informing what advances were made in the hazard assessment of NM, as well as offering some suggestions on the future of "nanotoxicology research" based on these observations, shortcomings, and lessons learned from the project. A number of issues related to the hazard assessment of NM are discussed in detail and include use of appropriate NM for nanotoxicology investigations; characterization and dispersion of NM; use of appropriate doses for all related investigations; need for the correct choice of experimental models for risk assessment purposes; and full understanding of the test systems and correct interpretation of data generated from in vitro and in vivo systems. It is hoped that this review may assist in providing information in the implementation of guidelines, model systems, validation of assessment methodology, and integrated testing approaches for risk assessment of NM. It is vital to learn from ongoing and/or completed studies to avoid unnecessary duplication and offer suggestions that might improve different aspects of experimental design.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.|b School of Life Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kermanizadeh
authors.affiliation: c Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gosens
authors.affiliation: d Institute of Occupational Medicine , Edinburgh , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: MacCalman
authors.affiliation: b School of Life Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Helinor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.affiliation: a Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Pernille H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Danielsen
authors.affiliation: e National Research Centre for the Working Environment , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Nicklas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.affiliation: f Comprehensive Pneumology Center , Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München , Munich , Germany.
authors.forename: Anke-Gabriele
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.affiliation: b School of Life Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: g IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine , Düsseldorf , Germany.
authors.forename: Roel P F
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Schins
authors.affiliation: c Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Flemming R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Cassee
authors.affiliation: a Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.|e National Research Centre for the Working Environment , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wallin
authors.affiliation: h Helmholtz Zentrum München , Institute of Epidemiology II , Munich , Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kreyling
authors.affiliation: f Comprehensive Pneumology Center , Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München , Munich , Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stoeger
authors.affiliation: a Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loft
authors.affiliation: a Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.affiliation: d Institute of Occupational Medicine , Edinburgh , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: b School of Life Sciences, Nano Safety Research Group , Heriot Watt University , Edinburgh , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Vicki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000639:trends*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends