title: An On-Chip Disposable Salivary Glucose Sensor for Diabetes Control.
abstract: Self-management of blood glucose (BG) is considered a norm for diabetes control. However, this invasive process is uncomfortable for patients, especially when intensive measurements with frequent finger pricks are required. Saliva, an alternative body fluid that is easily accessible and contains trace amount of glucose can be potentially used for the noninvasive monitoring of diabetes.
  
  
  
  As a solution for real-time glucose measurements using saliva for diabetic care, we have developed an on-chip disposable glucose nano-biosensor through a layer-by-layer assembly process. In this work, a clinical study of 10 healthy subjects was conducted to determine the potential usefulness of salivary glucose (SG) sensors for glycemic control.
  
  
  
  Findings revealed (1) the individual BG/SG ratio at fasting was consistent over an entire year when there was no significant change of personal health; (2) the individual SG levels tracked closely with BG levels after meals; (3) a time difference of 15-30 minutes exists between peak levels of BG and SG; (4) 2 hours after a meal, the BG/SG ratio returned to a similar value at fasting.
  
  
  
  We propose to measure fasting and pre- and 2-hour postprandial SG levels for self-management of glycemic levels. As a result, this article is not intended to replace the common BG tests. With preliminary results, we believe SG itself could be used as means for reliable diabetes monitoring and a potential fluid for prognosis of future disease.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Engineering Program, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA du.yu@husky.neu.edu.
authors.forename: Yunqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Engineering Program, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Engineering Program, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.|Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Bioengineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ming L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: biochemistry; diabetes; enzymology; oral diagnosis; saliva; salivary diagnostics