title: MR fingerprinting for rapid quantification of myocardial T1, T2, and proton spin density.
abstract: To introduce a two-dimensional MR fingerprinting (MRF) technique for quantification of T1, T2, and M0in myocardium.
  
  
  
  An electrocardiograph-triggered MRF method is introduced for mapping myocardial T1, T2, and M0during a single breath-hold in as short as four heartbeats. The pulse sequence uses variable flip angles, repetition times, inversion recovery times, and T2preparation dephasing times. A dictionary of possible signal evolutions is simulated for each scan that incorporates the subject's unique variations in heart rate. Aspects of the sequence design were explored in simulations, and the accuracy and precision of cardiac MRF were assessed in a phantom study. In vivo imaging was performed at 3 Tesla in 11 volunteers to generate native parametric maps.
  
  
  
  T1and T2measurements from the proposed cardiac MRF sequence correlated well with standard spin echo measurements in the phantom study (R2> 0.99). A Bland-Altman analysis revealed good agreement for myocardial T1measurements between MRF and MOLLI (bias 1 ms, 95% limits of agreement -72 to 72 ms) and T2measurements between MRF and T2-prepared balanced steady-state free precession (bias, -2.6 ms; 95% limits of agreement, -8.5 to 3.3 ms).
  
  
  
  MRF can provide quantitative single slice T1, T2, and M0maps in the heart within a single breath-hold. Magn Reson Med 77:1446-1458, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Jesse I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Wei-Ching
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.|Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griswold
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.|Radiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seiberlich
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D011522:Protons; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D013113:Spin Labels
keywords: MR fingerprinting; quantitative imaging; relaxation time; spiral