title: Activation of Toll-Like Receptors 2 by High-Mobility Group Box 1 in Monocytes from Patients with Ischemic Stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke is a leading cause of death all around the world, and ischemic stroke is considered to be the most common stroke type. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important molecules for detection of both pathogen invasion and tissue damage. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to assess the expression level of TLR2 on monocytes in patients with ischemic stroke and to evaluate the expression change profile following high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 patients with ischemic stroke were enrolled from November 2013 to September 2014. The real-time PCR and ELISA assays were applied to detect the concentrations of TLR2 mRNAs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TLR2 expression was found to be increased in patients with ischemic stroke, as compared to the healthy control group (P<0.001). Also, anti-TLR2 antibodies were able to decrease the expression levels of IL-17, IL-6 and IL-33. This result implies that the enhanced TLR2 pathway and Th17 cell polarization may be due to HMGB1 stimulation in ischemic stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further clinical studies are needed for development of a new treatment strategy to inhibit the HMGB1 pathway, thus preventing the inflammation in ischemic stroke patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sadat-Hatamnezhad
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Maraghe University of Medical Sciences, Maraghe, Iran.
authors.forename: Asghar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanomand
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Javad
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mahmoudi
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandoghchian Shotorbani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control*; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000067596:Interleukin-33 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology*; D058504:Th17 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D024243:HMGB1 Protein; C585491:HMGB1 protein, human; C508717:IL17A protein, human; C506536:IL33 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D020381:Interleukin-17; D000067596:Interleukin-33; D015850:Interleukin-6; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495342:TLR2 protein, human; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2
keywords: High-mobility group box 1; Stroke; Toll-like receptor 2