title: Protective hybrid coating containing silver, copper and zinc cations effective against human immunodeficiency virus and other enveloped viruses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Healthcare-acquired infections by pathogenic microorganisms including viruses represent significant health concern worldwide. Next to direct transmission from person-to-person also indirect transmission from contaminated surfaces is well documented and important route of infections. Here, we tested antiviral properties of hybrid coating containing silver, copper and zinc cations that was previously shown to be effective against pathogenic bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Hybrid coatings containing silver, copper and zinc cations were prepared through radical polymerization via sol-gel method and applied on glass slides or into the wells of polymethylmethacrylate plates. A 10 μl droplet of several viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), influenza, dengue virus, herpes simplex virus, and coxsackievirus was added to coated and uncoated slides or plates, incubated usually from 5 to 240 min and followed by titer determination of recovered virus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed better adhesion of coatings on glass surfaces, which resulted in 99.5-100 % HIV-1 titer reduction (3.1 ± 0.8 log10TCID50, n = 3) already after 20 min of exposure to coatings, than on coated polymethylmethacrylate plates with 75-100 % (1.7 ± 1.1 log10TCID50, n = 3) and 98-100 % (2.3 ± 0.5 log10TCID50, n = 3) HIV-1 titer reduction after 20 and 120 min of exposure, respectively. Slower virucidal kinetics was observed with other enveloped viruses, where 240 min exposure to coated slides lead to 97 % (dengue), 100 % (herpes simplex) and 77 % (influenza) reduction in virus titers. Interestingly, only marginal reduction in viral titer after 240 min of exposure was noticed for non-enveloped coxsackie B3 virus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our hybrid coatings showed virucidal activity against HIV and other enveloped viruses thus providing further findings towards development of broad-spectrum antimicrobial coating suitable for surfaces in healthcare settings.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hodek
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Humanities and Education, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zajícová
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Humanities and Education, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.|Institute of Health Studies, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lovětinská-Šlamborová
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Humanities and Education, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.|Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technology and Innovation, Bendlova 1407/7, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stibor
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Humanities and Education, Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.|Centre for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technology and Innovation, Bendlova 1407/7, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Müllerová
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic. weber@uochb.cas.cz.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Weber
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002412:Cations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control; D004865:Equipment and Supplies, Hospital / Q000821:virology; D015658:HIV Infections; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014780:Viruses / Q000187:drug effects*; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D002412:Cations; D012834:Silver; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Enveloped viruses; HIV; Hybrid coating; Virucidal effect