title: Detection of prostate cancer using temporal sequences of ultrasound data: a large clinical feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper presents the results of a large study involving fusion prostate biopsies to demonstrate that temporal ultrasound can be used to accurately classify tissue labels identified in multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) as suspicious for cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We use deep learning to analyze temporal ultrasound data obtained from 255 cancer foci identified in mp-MRI. Each target is sampled in axial and sagittal planes. A deep belief network is trained to automatically learn the high-level latent features of temporal ultrasound data. A support vector machine classifier is then applied to differentiate cancerous versus benign tissue, verified by histopathology. Data from 32 targets are used for the training, while the remaining 223 targets are used for testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicate that the distance between the biopsy target and the prostate boundary, and the agreement between axial and sagittal histopathology of each target impact the classification accuracy. In 84 test cores that are 5 mm or farther to the prostate boundary, and have consistent pathology outcomes in axial and sagittal biopsy planes, we achieve an area under the curve of 0.80. In contrast, all of these targets were labeled as moderately suspicious in mp-MR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using temporal ultrasound data in a fusion prostate biopsy study, we achieved a high classification accuracy specifically for moderately scored mp-MRI targets. These targets are clinically common and contribute to the high false-positive rates associated with mp-MRI for prostate cancer detection. Temporal ultrasound data combined with mp-MRI have the potential to reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies in fusion biopsy settings.
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. shazizi@ece.ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Shekoofeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Azizi
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Imani
authors.affiliation: Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghavidel
authors.affiliation: Philips Research North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tahmasebi
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Jin Tae
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Baris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Turkbey
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Choyke
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Bradford
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Parvin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mousavi
authors.affiliation: University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Purang
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abolmaesumi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D061705:Image-Guided Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Cancer diagnosis; Deep belief network; Deep learning; Prostate cancer; Temporal ultrasound data