title: Predictors of blood pressure at 7-13 years: The "new millennium baby" study.
abstract: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association between blood pressure (BP) at 7-13 years of age and body mass index (BMI), early feeding, lifestyle indicators, and parental characteristics.
  
  
  
  Retrospective plus cross-sectional cohort study was started in 1294 children born in 2000-2004, right from their birth in primary care settings. Early feeding was estimated by measuring breast-feeding (BF) duration, complementary feeding (CF) introduction time, and lifestyle indicators such as daily screen time and weekly extracurricular sports activity time. Parental education, smoking, and obesity-related diseases were also considered. Multivariable linear regression and mediation analysis were used. CF introduction at 5-6 months of age was a negative predictor of systolic and diastolic BP (mean systolic BP-standard deviation score (SDS) -0.38 [95% CI: -0.47, -0.29] (p < 0.001); mean diastolic BP-SDS -0.32 [95% CI: -0.40, -0.24]) (p < 0.001); BMI was a positive predictor of systolic and diastolic BP (p < 0.001); and parental hypertension was a positive predictor of diastolic BP (p < 0.05). Predictors of mean BMI-SDS at 7-13 years of age were birth weight, screen time, and parental obesity and smoking (p < 0.001). BF had no effect on BP or BMI. Mediation analysis showed virtually no indication of the effect of CF on BP mediated by BMI.
  
  
  
  CF introduction between 5 and 6 months of age could be associated with low BP at 7-13 years. The effect of CF on BP seems to be independent of BMI. Low screen time is associated with low BMI. CF time may play a role in the occurrence of surrogates of noncommunicable disorders in future.
authors.affiliation: Azienda Sanitaria Locale 2, Melegnano, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: paolo.brambilla3@gmail.com.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.affiliation: Liver Research Center, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy. Electronic address: giorgiobedogni@gmail.com.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bedogni
authors.affiliation: Verona University Medical School, Verona, Italy; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. Electronic address: angpie@tin.it.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pietrobelli
authors.affiliation: D.P.U.O. "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital - "Tor Vergata" University, Rome, Italy; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Instituten, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: stefano.cianfarani@opbg.net.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cianfarani
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Clinics, DISCCO, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: carlo.agostoni@unimi.it.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agostoni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D001724:Birth Weight; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D010290:Parents; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Blood pressure; Body mass index; Breast-feeding; Complementary feeding; Family history; Lifestyle