title: Segregated Ice Growth in a Suspension of Colloidal Particles.
abstract: We study the freezing of a dispersion of colloidal silica particles in water, focusing on the formation of segregated ice in the form of ice lenses. Local temperature measurements in combination with video microscopy give insight into the rich variety of factors that control ice lens formation. We observe the initiation of the lenses, their growth morphology, and their final thickness and spacing over a range of conditions, in particular the effect of the particle packing and the cooling rate. We find that increasing the particle density drastically reduces the thickness of lenses but has little effect on the lens spacing. Therefore, the fraction of segregated ice formed reduces. The effect of the cooling rate, which is the product of the temperature gradient and the pulling speed across the temperature gradient, depends on which parameter is varied. A larger temperature gradient causes ice lenses to be initiated more frequently, while a lower pulling speed allows for more time for ice lenses to grow: both increase the fraction of segregated ice. Surprisingly, we find that the growth rate of a lens does not depend on its undercooling. Finally, we have indications of pore ice in front of the warmest ice lens, which has important consequences for the interpretation of the measured trends. Our findings are relevant for ice segregation occurring in a wide range of situations, ranging from model lab experiments and theories to geological and industrial processes, like frost heave and frozen food production.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Julia M H
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schollick
authors.affiliation: Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Style
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Arran
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Curran
authors.affiliation: Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom.|Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.|Nordita, Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University , SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wettlaufer
authors.affiliation: Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.|ETH Zürich , CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Dufresne
authors.affiliation: Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Wirral CH63 3JW, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Patrick B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.affiliation: Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University , Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Krassimir P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Velikov
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Roel P A
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Dullens
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Dirk G A L
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Aarts