title: Usage of Bone Replacement Grafts in Periodontics and Oral Implantology and Their Current Levels of Clinical Evidence - A Systematic Assessment.
abstract: The aim of this review is to evaluate the levels of clinical evidence for bone replacement grafts available in the United States for periodontics and oral implantology purposes.
  
  
  
  A search was performed using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for articles relating to the use of bone replacement grafts in implant and/or periodontics by two independent reviewers. Articles unrelated to the topic, not involving patients, not including abstracts, or in languages other than English were excluded. Selected articles were graded according to "levels of evidence" based on guidelines originally introduced by Wright et al. (2003).
  
  
  
  There was limited published peer-reviewed clinical literature available regarding US commercially available bone replacement grafts in periodontics and oral implantology. Of 144 bone replacement grafts available in the United States according to Avila-Ortiz et al. (2013), only 52 met the inclusion criteria. The majority of materials used were allografts (26 of 93 available in the United States), followed by alloplasts (15 of 30) and xenografts (11 of 21).
  
  
  
  Dental providers should be aware of the limited evidence that qualified for a strong rating supporting the clinical efficacy of these materials for periodontics and oral implantology purposes using the inclusion criteria selected in this study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine; Division of Periodontology, Infection, and Immunity; Harvard School of Dental Medicine; Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Daliah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Salem
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA.|Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Zuhair
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Natto
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Satheesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elangovan
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA.
authors.forename: Nadeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Karimbux
mesh_terms: D015921:Dental Implants; D006801:Humans; D010517:Periodontics
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: Bone substitutes; dental implants; evidence-based dentistry; regeneration