title: Neuroactivity of detonation nanodiamonds: dose-dependent changes in transporter-mediated uptake and ambient level of excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitters in brain nerve terminals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nanodiamonds are one of the most perspective nano-sized particles with superb physical and chemical properties, which are mainly composed of carbon sp(3) structures in the core with sp(2) and disorder/defect carbons on the surface. The research team recently demonstrated neuromodulatory properties of carbon nanodots with other than nanodiamonds hybridization types, i.e., sp(2) hybridized graphene islands and diamond-like sp(3) hybridized elements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, neuroactive properties of uncoated nanodiamonds produced by detonation synthesis were assessed basing on their effects on transporter-mediated uptake and the ambient level of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), in isolated rat brain nerve terminals. It was shown that nanodiamonds in a dose-dependent manner attenuated the initial velocity of Na(+)-dependent transporter-mediated uptake and accumulation of L-[(14)C]glutamate and [(3)H]GABA by nerve terminals and increased the ambient level of these neurotransmitters. Also, nanodiamonds caused a weak reduction in acidification of synaptic vesicles and depolarization of the plasma membrane of nerve terminals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, despite different types of hybridization in nanodiamonds and carbon dots, they exhibit very similar effects on glutamate and GABA transport in nerve terminals and this common feature of both nanoparticles is presumably associated with their nanoscale size. Observed neuroactive properties of pure nanodiamonds can be used in neurotheranostics for simultaneous labeling/visualization of nerve terminals and modulation of key processes of glutamate- and GABAergic neurotransmission. In comparison with carbon dots, wider medical application involving hypo/hyperthermia, external magnetic fields, and radiolabel techniques can be perspective for nanodiamonds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pozdnyakova
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Artem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pastukhov
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dudarenko
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Maxim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galkin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Arsenii
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borysov
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurochemistry, Palladin Institute of Biochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 9 Leontovicha Street, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine. tborisov@biochem.kiev.ua.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Borisova
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects*; D058612:Nanodiamonds / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009411:Nerve Endings / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D050479:Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012964:Sodium / Q000378:metabolism; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D058612:Nanodiamonds; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D050479:Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D012964:Sodium
keywords: Brain nerve terminals; Exocytosis; Glutamate; Na+-dependent uptake; Nanodiamonds; The extracellular level; γ-aminobutyric acid