title: Induction of a Tumor-Metastasis-Receptive Microenvironment as an Unwanted Side Effect After Radio/Chemotherapy and In Vitro and In Vivo Assays to Study this Phenomenon.
abstract: Besides surgical removal of tumor tissue, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the most important and efficient treatment modalities employed to treat therapy-susceptible malignancies. The main aim of this treatment-to destroy tumor cells-is unfortunately usually associated with toxicity to nontumor cells and different degrees of tissue and organ damage. In damaged tissues several chemoattractants are upregulated and released that may attract tumor cells. Moreover, highly migratory radio/chemotherapy treatment may endow cells with several properties of cancer stem cells which survive and respond to these chemoattractants upregulated in collateral tissues. Based on this, one of the unwanted and underappreciated side effects of chemotherapy or radiotherapy is the creation of a metastasis-receptive microenvironment in bones as well as in other organs of the body. Herein we describe methods and assays that can be employed to study migratory properties of cancer cells in in vitro (chemotaxis) and in vivo (seeding efficiency assay) conditions in response to the induction of pro-metastatic microenvironments in various organs and tissues.
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Institute at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 103, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. gabriela.schneider@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Institute at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 104, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
authors.forename: Zachariah Payne
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Sellers
authors.affiliation: Stem Cell Institute at the James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 500 S. Floyd Street, Rm. 107, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
authors.forename: Mariusz Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Ratajczak
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002630:Chemotactic Factors / Q000235:genetics; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D006801:Humans; D008967:Molecular Biology / Q000379:methods*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D002630:Chemotactic Factors
keywords: Chemotaxis; Seeding efficiency