title: N,N-dimethylhexadecyl carboxymethyl chitosan as a potential carrier agent for rotenone.
abstract: In this study, an amphiphilic chitosan derivative namely N,N-dimethylhexadecyl carboxymethyl chitosan (DCMC) was synthesised and applied for the first time as a carrier agent for rotenone. The physical and chemical properties of DCMC were characterised by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer ((1)H NMR), CHN-O Elemental Analyser, Thermogravimetric Analyser (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). DCMC was soluble in acidic (except pH 4), neutral and basic media with percent of transmittance (%T) values ranged from 67.2 to 99.4%. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined as 0.095mg/mL. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis confirmed that DCMC has formed self-aggregates and exhibited spherical shape with the size of 65.5-137.0nm. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) of DCMC micelles with different weight ratios (DCMC:rotenone; 5:1, 50:1 and 100:1) were determined by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The weight ratio of 100:1 gave the best EE with the value of more than 95.0%. DCMC micelles performed an excellent ability to control the release of rotenone, of which 99.0% of rotenone was released within 48h. Overall, DCMC has several key features to be an effective carrier agent for pesticide formulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tg. Malim, Perak, Malaysia. Electronic address: azlan.kamari@fsmt.upsi.edu.my.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamari
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tg. Malim, Perak, Malaysia.
authors.forename: N F A
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Aljafree
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900 Tg. Malim, Perak, Malaysia.
authors.forename: S N M
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Yusoff
mesh_terms: D048271:Chitosan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004339:Drug Compounding; D065546:Drug Liberation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D008823:Micelles; D010316:Particle Size; D012402:Rotenone / Q000737:chemistry*; D014475:Uncoupling Agents / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D007306:Insecticides; D008823:Micelles; D014475:Uncoupling Agents; D012402:Rotenone; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: Carrier; Chitosan; Micelles; N,N-dimethylhexadecyl carboxymethyl chitosan; Rotenone