title: A new approach for semiempirical modeling of mechanical blood trauma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Two semi-empirical models were recently published, both making use of existing literature data, but each taking into account different physical phenomena that trigger hemolysis. In the first model, hemoglobin (Hb) release is described as a permeation procedure across the membrane, assuming a shear stress-dependent process (sublethal model). The second model only accounts for hemoglobin release that is caused by cell membrane breakdown, which occurs when red blood cells (RBC) undergo mechanically induced shearing for a period longer than the threshold time (nonuniform threshold model). In this paper, we introduce a model that considers the hemolysis generated by both these possible phenomena.
  
  
  METHODS
  Since hemolysis can possibly be caused by permeation of hemoglobin through the RBC functional membrane as well as by release of hemoglobin from RBC membrane breakdown, our proposed model combines both these models. An experimental setup consisting of a Couette device was utilized for validation of our proposed model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A comparison is presented between the damage index (DI) predicted by the proposed model vs. the sublethal model vs. the nonthreshold model and experimental datasets. This comparison covers a wide range of shear stress for both human and porcine blood. An appropriate agreement between the measured DI and the DI predicted by the present model was obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The semiempirical hemolysis model introduced in this paper aims for significantly enhanced conformity with experimental data. Two phenomenological outcomes become possible with the proposed approach: an estimation of the average time after which cell membrane breakdown occurs under the applied conditions, and a prediction of the ratio between the phenomena involved in hemolysis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen - Germany.|Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poorkhalil
authors.affiliation: Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Ghassem
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Amoabediny
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran - Iran.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tabesh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioengineering, Biomaterials Laboratory, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich - Germany.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Behbahani
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen - Germany.
authors.forename: Khosrow
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mottaghy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004912:Erythrocytes; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins