title: The Prevalence of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Obese Children Varies Depending on the Method Utilized to Determine Left Ventricular Mass.
abstract: Obesity and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) have been identified as independent risk factors for cardiovascular events. The definition of LVH depends on the geometric algorithm used to calculate LV mass (LVM) by echocardiography and the method used to normalize LVM for body size. This study evaluates the effect of these methods on the prevalence of LVH in obese children. LVM for 109 obese and 109 age-matched non-obese children was calculated using M-mode or two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE). LVM was then normalized to height 2.7 as indexed LVM (LVMI), to body surface area (BSA), height, and lean body mass (LBM) as LVM Z-scores. LVH was defined as LVMI >95th ‰ using age-specific normal reference values or LVM Z-scores ≥2. The prevalence of LVH by LVMI and LVM Z-scores was compared. There was a correlation between LVM determined by M-mode and by 2DE (R (2) = 0.91), although M-mode LVM was greater than 2DE LVM. However, the difference between these values was greater in obese children than in non-obese children. Based on the method of normalization, the prevalence of LVH among obese children was 64 % using LVMI, 15 % using LVM Z-scores for height, 8 % using LVM Z-scores for BSA and 1 % using LVM Z-scores for LBM. Height-based normalization correlates with obesity and hypertension. The methods used to measure and normalize LVM have a profound influence on the diagnosis of LVH in obese children. Further study is needed to determine which method identifies children at risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3415 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA. jmahgere@montefiore.org.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mahgerefteh
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3415 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Jarrett
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3415 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Silver
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3415 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Penelope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hazin
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3415 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ceresnak
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3415 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 3415 Bainbridge Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lopez
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D002648:Child; D004452:Echocardiography; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular; D009765:Obesity; D015995:Prevalence
keywords: Left ventricular hypertrophy; Left ventricular mass; Obesity; Pediatric echocardiogram