title: Removal of oxyfluorfen from spiked soils using electrokinetic soil flushing with the surrounding arrangements of electrodes.
abstract: This work reports the results of a study in which the remediation of soil that undergoes an accidental discharge of oxyfluorfen is carried out by using electrokinetic soil flushing (EKSF). Two different electrode configurations were tested, consisting of several electrodes surrounding an electrode of different polarity (so-called 1A6C, one anode surrounded by six cathodes, and 1C6A, one cathode surrounded by six cathodes). A pilot plant scale was used (with a soil volume of 175dm(3)) to perform the studies. During the tests, different parameters were measured daily (flowrates, pH, electrical conductivity and herbicide concentration in different sampling positions). Furthermore, at the end of the test, a complete post-mortem analysis was carried out to obtain a 3-D map of the pollution, pH and electrical conductivity in the soil. The results demonstrate that electrode arrangement is a key factor for effective pollutant removal. In fact, the 1A6C configuration improves the removal rate by 41.3% versus the 27.0% obtained by the 1C6A configuration after a period of 35days. Finally, a bench mark comparison of this study of soil remediation polluted with 2,4-D allows for significant conclusions about the scale-up and full-scale application of this technology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Risco
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan S/N, C.P., 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rubí-Juárez
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: López-Vizcaíno
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saez
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cañizares
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan S/N, C.P., 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barrera-Díaz
authors.affiliation: Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain. Electronic address: manuel.rodrigo@uclm.es.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
mesh_terms: D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006540:Herbicides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C016027:oxyfluorofen
keywords: Electroremediation; Herbicide; Oxyfluorfen; Pilot plant; Surrounded electrodes