title: Antibiotic Application and Emergence of Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) in Global Catfish Aquaculture.
abstract: Catfish is one of the most cultivated species worldwide. Antibiotics are usually used in catfish farming as therapeutic and prophylactic agents. In the USA, only oxytetracycline, a combination of sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim, and florfenicol are approved by the Food Drug Administration for specific fish species (e.g., catfish and salmonids) and their specific diseases. Misuse of antibiotics as prophylactic agents in disease prevention, however, is common and contributes in the development of antibiotic resistance. Various studies had reported on antibiotic residues and/or resistance in farmed species, feral fish, water column, sediments, and, in a lesser content, among farm workers. Ninety percent of the world aquaculture production is carried out in developing countries, which lack regulations and enforcement on the use of antibiotics. Hence, efforts are needed to promote the development and enforcement of such a regulatory structure. Alternatives to antibiotics such as antibacterial vaccines, bacteriophages and their lysins, and probiotics have been applied to curtail the increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria due to the imprudent application of antibiotics in aquaculture.
authors.affiliation: Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Li-Oon
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Chuah
authors.affiliation: Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Effarizah
authors.affiliation: Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Abatcha Mustapha
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Goni
authors.affiliation: Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia. gulam@usm.my.
authors.forename: Gulam
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rusul
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D017756:Aquaculture / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods*; D002397:Catfishes / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antibiotic; Antibiotic resistance; Aquaculture; Catfish