title: In vitro mechanistic and in vivo anti-tumor studies of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC against breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC (Rutaceae) has been traditionally used for the treatment of rheumatism, cancer, liver disorders, inflammation etc.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study is aimed at elucidating the effect of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC on the key markers of apoptosis, metastasis and angiogenesis, in vitro. The study also evaluated the effect of fractions in vivo in DMBA-induced mammary tumor model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fractions of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC leaf extracts was studied for their effect on apoptotic markers in breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. They were also studied for their effect on metastatic and angiogenic markers, MMP-9 and HIF-1α in MCF-7 cells. The fractions were studied in vivo in DMBA-induced mammary tumor model in Sprague Dawley rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The studies showed that the fractions induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells through the intrinsic/mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The fractions were also able to inhibit the metastatic and angiogenic markers, MMP-9 and HIF-1α. Anti-tumor studies in DMBA-induced mammary model in Sprague Dawley rats also showed favorable results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Karnataka 576104, India. Electronic address: shojamh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Shoja
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Karnataka 576104, India. Electronic address: reddy.neetinkumar95@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Neetinkumar D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Karnataka 576104, India. Electronic address: pawangnayak@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Pawan G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Karnataka 576104, India. Electronic address: subhankar.biswas4@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Subhankar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Shri Madhwa Vadiraja Institute of Technology and Management, Bantakal, Udupi 574115, Karnataka, India. Electronic address: pansrini@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University, Karnataka 576104, India. Electronic address: mallik.rao@manipal.edu.
authors.forename: C Mallikarjuna
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002374:Catalase; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D027821:Rutaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D002374:Catalase
keywords: Angiogenesis; Apoptosis; Breast cancer; Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC; Metastasis; Western blot