title: Determination of the effects of playing soccer on physical fitness in individuals with transtibial amputation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this paper is to determine the effects of playing soccer on various components of physical performance such as body composition, muscular endurance, anaerobic power, flexibility, balance, and speed of individuals with transtibial amputation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve amputee football players aged 26.67±7.76 years and twelve sedentary individuals aged 33±6.7 years were involved in this study. Body composition, and isotonic and isometric endurance of trunk muscles were assessed. Vertical jump test, sit-and-reach test, modified Thomas test, Berg Balance Scale, L test, and figure-of-eight walk (F8W) test were used to assess other physical fitness parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Body Mass Index, waist circumference and body fat percentages of the amputee soccer players were significantly lower than the sedentary amputees (P<0.05). The endurance of back extensors was significantly higher in the soccer group (119.33±47.15 s) than the endurance in the control group (26.25±15.96 s) (P<0.001). Subjects belonging to the soccer group had significantly higher anaerobic power than those in the control group (P<0.05). Flexibility, as assessed by the sit-and-reach test was significantly higher for the soccer group (P=0.002), whereas the modified Thomas test, which is also used to measure flexibility, indicated no significant difference among both groups (P>0.05). Balance was higher in the soccer group (P=0.023). The completion period of the F8W test was significantly lower in the soccer group (4.54±0.9 s) than in the control group (7.71±2.25 s) (P<0.001). No significant difference was observed in the numbers of steps measured during the F8W test (P=0.231).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study which investigates the effects of sports on the physical fitness of individuals with transtibial amputation with the inclusion of a control group. Overall findings present the benefits of participating in playing soccer on physical fitness parameters of amputees, but further studies with randomized controlled trials, with larger populations, and with other sport branches should be conducted to motivate all amputees to participate in sports.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Cyprus - zehra.guchan@emu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Zehra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guchan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kezban
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bayramlar
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nevin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ergun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000671:Amputation, Surgical; D000674:Amputees; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology*; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult