title: Hyperketonemia and ketosis increase the risk of complications in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: Diets that boost ketone production are increasingly used for treating several neurological disorders. Elevation in ketones in most cases is considered favorable, as they provide energy and are efficient in fueling the body's energy needs. Despite all the benefits from ketones, the above normal elevation in the concentration of ketones in the circulation tend to illicit various pathological complications by activating injurious pathways leading to cellular damage. Recent literature demonstrates a plausible link between elevated levels of circulating ketones and oxidative stress, linking hyperketonemia to innumerable morbid conditions. Ketone bodies are produced by the oxidation of fatty acids in the liver as a source of alternative energy that generally occurs in glucose limiting conditions. Regulation of ketogenesis and ketolysis plays an important role in dictating ketone concentrations in the blood. Hyperketonemia is a condition with elevated blood levels of acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone. Several physiological and pathological triggers, such as fasting, ketogenic diet, and diabetes cause an accumulation and elevation of circulating ketones. Complications of the brain, kidney, liver, and microvasculature were found to be elevated in diabetic patients who had elevated ketones compared to those diabetics with normal ketone levels. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which hyperketonemia and ketoacidosis cause an increase in redox imbalance and thereby increase the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
authors.forename: Preeti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kanikarla-Marie
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA. Electronic address: sjain@lsuhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Sushil K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jain
mesh_terms: D000090:Acetoacetates / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000235:genetics; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007657:Ketone Bodies / Q000378:metabolism*; D007659:Ketones / Q000378:metabolism; D007662:Ketosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000090:Acetoacetates; D007657:Ketone Bodies; D007659:Ketones; C016635:acetoacetic acid; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA); Hyperketonemia; Ketogenic diet (KD); Ketones; Oxidative stress