title: Reducing understaging of bladder cancer with the aid of photodynamic cystoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors evaluated the role of photodynamic cystoscopy in the detection of additional urothelial lesions, mainly carcinoma in situ, that would not be detected solely with white light cystoscopy, leading to disease understaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2009 to 2011, 70 patients underwent white light cystoscopy, followed by photodynamic cystoscopy (blue light system, Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany). Preoperatively they were instilled intravesically with 50ml of Hexvix (Hexaminolevulinate hexylester). We recorded all lesions found with white light cystoscopy and the additional lesions revealed by blue light cystoscopy. Afterward all lesions were removed and sent for pathologic evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventeen patients (24.3%) had primary tumors while 53 patients (75.7%) had recurrent disease. In 53 out of 70 patients (75.7%) white light cystoscopy revealed urothelial lesions. In the rest 17 patients who had no findings with white light cystoscopy, blue light cystoscopy revealed 7 cases of Cis (41.2%) and 8 cases of dysplasia (47%). In the group of patients with visible lesions in white light cystoscopy photodynamic cystoscopy revealed additional carcinoma in situ in 22 patients. Altogether additional carcinoma in situ cases found with the aid of photodynamic cystoscopy were 29 out of 70 cases (41.4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Photodynamic cystoscopy is the most efficient diagnostic procedure for flat urothelial lesions and especially for carcinoma in situ. It is significantly more sensitive than conventional white light cystoscopy in Cis diagnosis, thus reducing understaging of the disease and consequently improving recurrence and progression rates.
authors.affiliation: 401 General Military Hospital of Athens, Department of Urology, Mesogion Avenue 138, Athens 11525, Greece. Electronic address: cosfe77@yahoo.gr.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sfetsas
authors.affiliation: Laiko Hospital of Athens, Department of Urology, Agiou Thoma 17, Athens 11527, Greece. Electronic address: dmp@otenet.gr.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mitropoulos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D000622:Aminolevulinic Acid; C419924:5-aminolevulinic acid hexyl ester
keywords: Bladder; Cancer; Cystoscopy; Photodynamic