title: Does angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 (ACE-1) gene polymorphism lead to chronic kidney disease among hypertensive patients?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypertension is one of the important contributing factors linked with both causation and development of kidney disease. It is a multifactorial, polygenic, and complex disorder due to interaction of several risk genes with environmental factors. The present study was aimed to explore genetic polymorphism in ACE-1 gene as a risk factor for CKD among hypertensive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred patients were enrolled in the study. Ninety were hypertensive patients with CKD taken as cases, whereas 210 hypertensive patients without CKD were taken as controls. Demographic data including age, sex, Body mass index (BMI), and other risk factors were also recorded. DNA was extracted from blood by salting out method. Genotyping of ACE gene was done by PCR technique. All the statistical analysis was done by using Epi Info and SPSS version 16 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was higher in the control group (p < 0.05). Variables among two groups were compared out of which age, BMI, hemoglobin (Hb) was found to be statistically significant whereas other variables like systolic blood pressure, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein were not. Blood urea and serum creatinine levels were statistically significant in the two genotypes (p < 0.05). Total and HDL cholesterol were statistically significant for DD genotype of ACE gene (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 0.72-2.81). Similarly, the risk for CKD among hypertensive patients was also associated with D allele of ACE gene (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.86-1.79).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that ACE-DD genotype may be a risk factor for the causation and development of chronic kidney failure among hypertensive patients.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , Maulana Azad Medical College , New Delhi , India ;
authors.forename: Taposh
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , Maulana Azad Medical College , New Delhi , India ;|b Max Super Specialty Hospital , Vaishali , Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh , India ;
authors.forename: Narinder Pal
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine , Maulana Azad Medical College , New Delhi , India ;
authors.forename: Premashish
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kar
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biotechnology , Jamia Milia Islamia University , New Delhi , India ;
authors.forename: Syed Akhtar
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.affiliation: d Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Research Lab , Maulana Azad Medical College , New Delhi , India ;
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.affiliation: e Genetic Research Lab , Maulana Azad Medical College , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Sunil Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Pollipalli
authors.affiliation: b Max Super Specialty Hospital , Vaishali , Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh , India ;
authors.forename: Anish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: b Max Super Specialty Hospital , Vaishali , Ghaziabad , Uttar Pradesh , India ;
authors.forename: Neena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Garg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D007677:Kidney Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
keywords: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE); chronic kidney disease; genetic polymorphism; hypertension; polymerase chain reaction