title: Development and gamma-scintigraphy study of Hibiscus rosasinensis polysaccharide-based microspheres for nasal drug delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work describes the application of natural plant polysaccharide as pharmaceutical mucoadhesive excipients in delivery systems to reduce the clearance rate through nasal cavity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Novel natural polysaccharide (Hibiscus rosasinensis)-based mucoadhesive microspheres were prepared by using emulsion crosslinking method for the delivery of rizatriptan benzoate (RB) through nasal route. Mucoadhesive microspheres were characterized for different parameters and nasal clearance of technetium-99m ((99m)Tc)-radiolabeled microspheres was determined by using gamma-scintigraphy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Their Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies showed that the drug was stable during preparation of microspheres. Aerodynamic diameter of microspheres was in the range 13.23 ± 1.83-33.57 ± 3.69 µm. Change in drug and polysaccharide ratio influenced the mucoadhesion, encapsulation efficiency and in-vitro release property. Scintigraphs taken at regular interval indicate that control solution was cleared rapidly from nasal cavity, whereas microspheres showed slower clearance (p < 0.005) with half-life of 160 min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Natural polysaccharide-based microspheres achieved extended residence by minimizing effect of mucociliary clearance with opportunity of sustained delivery for longer duration.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University , Kukatpalli , Hyderabad , India ;|b Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology , Meerut , Uttar Pradesh , India ;
authors.forename: Nitin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology , Meerut , Uttar Pradesh , India ;
authors.forename: Shanu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tyagi
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology , Meerut , Uttar Pradesh , India ;
authors.forename: Satish Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: c Amity Institute of Pharmacy , Amity University , Noida , Uttar Pradesh , India ;
authors.forename: Giriraj Thirupathirao
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: d Department of Nuclear Medicine , Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences , Timarpur , Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Aseem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhatnagar
authors.affiliation: d Department of Nuclear Medicine , Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences , Timarpur , Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry*; D005079:Excipients; D006207:Half-Life; D031584:Hibiscus / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D008863:Microspheres; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D005079:Excipients; D011134:Polysaccharides
keywords: Gamma scintigraphy; Hibiscus rosasinensis; nasal delivery; natural polysaccharide; rizatriptan benzoate