title: Application of Smart Infrastructure Systems approach to precision medicine.
abstract: All biological variation is hierarchically organized dynamic network system of genomic components, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, individuals, families, populations and metapopulations. Individuals are axial in this hierarchy, as they represent antecedent, attendant and anticipated aspects of health, disease, evolution and medical care. Humans show individual specific genetic and clinical features such as complexity, cooperation, resilience, robustness, vulnerability, self-organization, latent and emergent behavior during their development, growth and senescence. Accurate collection, measurement, organization and analyses of individual specific data, embedded at all stratified levels of biological, demographic and cultural diversity - the big data - is necessary to make informed decisions on health, disease and longevity; which is a central theme of precision medicine initiative (PMI). This initiative also calls for the development of novel analytical approaches to handle complex multidimensional data. Here we suggest the application of Smart Infrastructure Systems (SIS) approach to accomplish some of the goals set forth by the PMI on the premise that biological systems and the SIS share many common features. The latter has been successfully employed in managing complex networks of non-linear adaptive controls, commonly encountered in smart engineering systems. We highlight their concordance and discuss the utility of the SIS approach in precision medicine programs.
authors.affiliation: The Institute for Aging Research, The Glenn Center for the Biology of Human Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
authors.forename: Diddahally R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Govindaraju
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
authors.forename: Anuradha M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Annaswamy
keywords: Global health; Hierarchical organization; Individuality in evolution, health and medicine; Precision medicine; Self-organizing principle; Smart Infrastructure System