title: Cytotoxicity of three commercial mouthrinses on extracellular matrix metabolism and human gingival cell behaviour.
abstract: This study evaluated the effects of commercially available antiseptic mouthrinses on human gingival fibroblast and keratinocyte behaviour and metabolism. Three mouthrinses containing essential oil (EO), chlorhexidine (CHX) and amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (AFSF), were tested in an in vitro study. Human gingival fibroblasts and keratinocytes were washed with 10% or 30% concentration of the commercial mouthrinses and their effects on cell adhesion and proliferation were investigated as well as the specific gene expression of markers involved in oral mucosa metabolism. As markers of cell metabolism, type I and IV collagens, laminin, fibronectin, fibromodulin and integrins were studied with real-time PCR. Moreover, interleukin-1 secretion, one of the major pro-inflammatory cytokines, was evaluated. The results showed that CHX significantly reduced fibroblast and keratinocyte substrate adhesion capacities and CHX and EO inhibited cell proliferation better than AFSF rinse. The gene expression of several matrix components and cell adhesion receptors was downregulated in cells washed with CHX and EO compared with those washed with AFSF rinse. In conclusion, the AFSF mouthrinse does not induce or induces to a lesser extent the onset of irritation and/or cytotoxicity than CHX or EO. These findings and those of future studies will enable us to gain further insight into the clinical significance and effects of commercial mouthrinses. Pending further investigations, clinicians should be aware of the potentially adverse effects of mouthrinses and warn their patients against making improper use of these products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Bioscience and Medical Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. Electronic address: stefania.balloni@libero.it.
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balloni
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Bioscience and Medical Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. Electronic address: paola.locci@unipg.it.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Locci
authors.affiliation: Occupational Medicine, Perugia, Italy. Electronic address: alessandrolumare@libero.it.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lumare
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Bioscience and Medical Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. Electronic address: lorella.marinucci@unipg.it.
authors.forename: Lorella
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marinucci
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000633:toxicity; D002452:Cell Count; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000633:toxicity; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000235:genetics; D024141:Collagen Type IV / Q000235:genetics; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D000071235:Fibromodulin / Q000235:genetics; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000235:genetics; D005460:Fluorides, Topical / Q000633:toxicity; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D016023:Integrins / Q000235:genetics; D007375:Interleukin-1; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007797:Laminin / Q000235:genetics; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000633:toxicity*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000633:toxicity; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014002:Tin Fluorides / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D024042:Collagen Type I; D024141:Collagen Type IV; C000604330:FMOD protein, human; D005353:Fibronectins; D005460:Fluorides, Topical; D016023:Integrins; D007375:Interleukin-1; D007797:Laminin; D009067:Mouthwashes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014002:Tin Fluorides; C094808:amine fluoride solution; D000071235:Fibromodulin; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: Amine fluoride/stannous fluoride; Chlorhexidine; Essential oil; Extracellular matrix; Gene expression; In vitro