title: Antimicrobial efficiency of mouthrinses versus and in combination with different photodynamic therapies on periodontal pathogens in an experimental study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In the therapy of destructive periodontal disease, chemical antimicrobial agents and increasingly photodynamic therapy (PDT) play an important adjunctive role to standard mechanical anti-infective treatment procedures. However, both antiseptic methods have their shortcomings in terms of eliminating periodontal pathogens. The aim of the study was to compare the antibacterial efficacy of different antiseptic mouthrinses, of a conventional and a new, modified PDTplusas well as of the different antiseptic mouthrinses combined with either the conventional or the modified PDTplusagainst periopathogens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six representative periodontitis-associated bacterial strains were grown for 24 h under anaerobic conditions. After mixing the individual cell pellets they were exposed to 10 different antiseptic mouthrinse formulations: chlorhexidine (0.2%, 0.06%, CHX); CHX + cetylpyridinium chloride (each 0.05%); sodium hypochlorite (0.05%); polyhexanide (0.04%, PHMB1; 0.1%, PHMB2); octenidine dihydrochloride (0.1%); fluoride (250 ppm); essential oils; povidone iodine (10%); and saline (0.9%, NaCl) as control. Furthermore, the bacteria were treated with conventional PDT based on light-emitting diodes and a new modified photodisinfection combining photosensitizer with hydrogen peroxide to PDTplusalso based on light-emitting diodes. In addition to the single treatments, a combined application of antiseptic exposure followed by use of PDT or PDTpluswas performed. The microbial viability was characterized by analyzing colony growth and fluorescence-based vitality proportions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nearly all mouthrinses caused a statistically significant growth inhibition. The most effective antiseptics, CHX (0.2%), CHX/cetylpyridinium chloride and octenidine dihydrochloride, inhibited bacterial growth completely. Conventional PDT resulted in moderate reduction of colony growth. The modified PDTplusachieved maximum antimicrobial effect. The combination of antiseptic exposure and PDT against periopathogens predominantly increased antibacterial efficacy compared to the single applications. The mouthrinse containing essential oil seemed to interfere with PDT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A combination therapy of preceding chemotherapeutical exposure and subsequent photodisinfection may be a more effective and promising antibacterial treatment than single applications of the antiseptic methods. The modified PDTplususing oxygen-enriched toluidine showed a superior antibacterial effect on periodontal pathogens to conventional PDT and to the majority of the investigated mouthrinses.
authors.affiliation: Department for Pediatric and Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University of Tübingen, Center of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: E-M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.affiliation: Department for Pediatric and Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University of Tübingen, Center of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bartha
authors.affiliation: Department for Pediatric and Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University of Tübingen, Center of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kopunic
authors.affiliation: Department for Pediatric and Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University of Tübingen, Center of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tuebingen, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: von Ohle
mesh_terms: D016924:Actinomyces viscosus / Q000187:drug effects*; D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000187:drug effects*; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016967:Fusobacterium nucleatum / Q000187:drug effects*; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D054773:Streptococcus gordonii / Q000187:drug effects*; D014678:Veillonella / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D009067:Mouthwashes
keywords: antimicrobial chemotherapy; modified photosensitizer; periodontal pathogens; photodynamic therapy