title: Isokinetic and Electromyographic Properties of Muscular Endurance in Short and Long-Term Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are subject to progressive reduction of muscle mass and strength. The aim of this study was to assess muscle forces and electromyography (EMG) indices in short and long-term diabetes during an isokinetic exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  The peak torque, work, mean power frequency (MPF) and root mean square (RMS) of knee flexors and extensors during 40 isokinetic knee extension-flexion repetitions with a velocity of 150 degree/s were recorded. 18 patients with less than 10 years with T2DM and 12 patients with equal and more than 10 years of disease were compared with 20 gender, body mass index, physical activity and peripheral circulation matched healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fatigue index and slope of line across the peak torque values of the knee flexor indicate that patients with long-term T2DM were significantly more resistant to fatigue in comparison with the two other groups (p<0.009). Whereas the MPF decrease during isokinetic protocol interact with grouping in the medial hamstring (p<0.042), but it was independent to groups in other muscles (p<0.0001). The increase of RMS after fatigue protocol interacted with sex for the medial hamstring and vastus lateralis (p<0.039) and interacted with group for the extensor muscles (p<0.045).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems that long-term T2DM cause some neuromuscular adaptations to maintain knee flexor muscle performance during functional activity especially postural control.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ahmadaskary@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Boshra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hatef
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ghanjal
authors.forename: Gholam Hossein
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Meftahi
authors.forename: Ahmadreza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Askary-Ashtiani