title: Increasing HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance among antiretroviral-naïve adults initiating treatment between 2006 and 2014 in Nairobi, Kenya.
abstract: Antiretroviral-naïve adults initiating antiretroviral therapy in Nairobi, Kenya were tested for HIV-1 drug resistance at codons K103N, Y181C, G190A, M184V, and K65R using an oligonucleotide ligation assay. Prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance increased from 3.89% in 2006 to 10.93% in 2014 (P < 0.001), and 95% of those with resistance had at least one nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutation. Resistance to tenofovir (K65R) was found in 2014 but not in 2006.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Global HealthbDepartment of MedicinecDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USAdSeattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USAeCoptic Hospital, Nairobi, KenyafDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, KenyagDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USAhDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: Ingrid A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: Nelly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yatich
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dross
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McKernan-Mullin
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bii
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tapia
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Bhavna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chohan
authors.forename: Samah R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sakr
authors.forename: James N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Kiarie
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Frenkel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents