title: GNSS Precise Kinematic Positioning for Multiple Kinematic Stations Based on A Priori Distance Constraints.
abstract: When applying the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for precise kinematic positioning in airborne and shipborne gravimetry, multiple GNSS receiving equipment is often fixed mounted on the kinematic platform carrying the gravimetry instrumentation. Thus, the distances among these GNSS antennas are known and invariant. This information can be used to improve the accuracy and reliability of the state estimates. For this purpose, the known distances between the antennas are applied as a priori constraints within the state parameters adjustment. These constraints are introduced in such a way that their accuracy is taken into account. To test this approach, GNSS data of a Baltic Sea shipborne gravimetric campaign have been used. The results of our study show that an application of distance constraints improves the accuracy of the GNSS kinematic positioning, for example, by about 4 mm for the radial component.
authors.affiliation: School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China. kfhe@upc.edu.cn.|State Key Laboratory of Geo-information Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Xi'an 710054, China. kfhe@upc.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Kaifei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Geo-information Engineering, Xi'an Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Xi'an 710054, China. thxugie@163.com.|Institute of Space Science, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China. thxugie@163.com.
authors.forename: Tianhe
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam 14473, Germany. foer@gfz-potsdam.de.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Förste
authors.affiliation: German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam 14473, Germany. sp@gfz-potsdam.de.|Berlin University of Technology (TU Berlin), Berlin 10623, Germany. sp@gfz-potsdam.de.
authors.forename: Svetozar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Petrovic
authors.affiliation: German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam 14473, Germany. bar@gfz-potsdam.de.
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barthelmes
authors.affiliation: Berlin University of Technology (TU Berlin), Berlin 10623, Germany. jiangnan1112@163.com.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Potsdam 14473, Germany. flechtne@gfz-potsdam.de.|Berlin University of Technology (TU Berlin), Berlin 10623, Germany. flechtne@gfz-potsdam.de.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Flechtner
keywords: GNSS sensors system; a priori distance constraint; airborne gravimetry; multiple kinematic stations; precise kinematic positioning; shipborne gravimetry