title: Cholesterol Lowering in Intermediate-Risk Persons without Cardiovascular Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous trials have shown that the use of statins to lower cholesterol reduces the risk of cardiovascular events among persons without cardiovascular disease. Those trials have involved persons with elevated lipid levels or inflammatory markers and involved mainly white persons. It is unclear whether the benefits of statins can be extended to an intermediate-risk, ethnically diverse population without cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In one comparison from a 2-by-2 factorial trial, we randomly assigned 12,705 participants in 21 countries who did not have cardiovascular disease and were at intermediate risk to receive rosuvastatin at a dose of 10 mg per day or placebo. The first coprimary outcome was the composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke, and the second coprimary outcome additionally included revascularization, heart failure, and resuscitated cardiac arrest. The median follow-up was 5.6 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was 26.5% lower in the rosuvastatin group than in the placebo group. The first coprimary outcome occurred in 235 participants (3.7%) in the rosuvastatin group and in 304 participants (4.8%) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64 to 0.91; P=0.002). The results for the second coprimary outcome were consistent with the results for the first (occurring in 277 participants [4.4%] in the rosuvastatin group and in 363 participants [5.7%] in the placebo group; hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.88; P<0.001). The results were also consistent in subgroups defined according to cardiovascular risk at baseline, lipid level, C-reactive protein level, blood pressure, and race or ethnic group. In the rosuvastatin group, there was no excess of diabetes or cancers, but there was an excess of cataract surgery (in 3.8% of the participants, vs. 3.1% in the placebo group; P=0.02) and muscle symptoms (in 5.8% of the participants, vs. 4.7% in the placebo group; P=0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with rosuvastatin at a dose of 10 mg per day resulted in a significantly lower risk of cardiovascular events than placebo in an intermediate-risk, ethnically diverse population without cardiovascular disease. (Funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and AstraZeneca; HOPE-3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00468923.).
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yusuf
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dagenais
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Lisheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Prem
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pais
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Patricio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: López-Jaramillo
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Lawrence A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Leiter
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dans
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avezum
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Leopoldo S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Piegas
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parkhomenko
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Katalin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Keltai
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Matyas
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keltai
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sliwa
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Ron J G
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Claes
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Held
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chazova
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yusoff
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Basil S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jansky
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Kamlesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khunti
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Toff
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varigos
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Gregorio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sanchez-Vallejo
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McKelvie
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pogue
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Hyejung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.affiliation: From the Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences (S.Y., J.B., R.M., J.P., H.J., P.G., E.L.), Departments of Medicine (S.Y., R.M., E.L.) and Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.P.), and School of Rehabilitation Science (J.B.), McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, QC (G.D.), and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto (L.A.L.) - all in Canada; Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.Z., L.L.); St. John's Medical College (D.X.) and St. John's Research Institute (D.X., P.P.), Bangalore, India; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander and Instituto Masira, Medical School, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga (P.L.-J.), and University of Quindio, Armenia (G.S.-V.) - both in Colombia; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila (A.D.); Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (A.A.) and HCor-Heart Hospital (L.S.P.), São Paulo; Institute of Cardiology, Kiev, Ukraine (A.P.); Hungarian Institute of Cardiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest (K. Keltai, M.K.); Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Soweto Cardiovascular Research Group, Cape Town, South Africa (K.S.); Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (R.J.G.P); Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology, Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (C.H.); Institute of Clinical Cardiology in the Russian Cardiology Research Complex, Moscow (I.C.); Universiti Teknologi Majlis Amansh Rakyat, Selayang, and University College Sedaya International University, Kuala Lumpur - both in Malaysia (K.Y.); Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (B.S.L.); Universi
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lonn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D000068718:Rosuvastatin Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D000068718:Rosuvastatin Calcium