title: Migration by seed dispersal of ACCase-inhibitor-resistant Avena fatua in north-western Mexico.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biotypes of Avena fatua resistant to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides have been reported in the States of Baja California (BC) and Sonora (SON), Mexico. We hypothesised that resistant biotypes present in SON (Valle de Hermosillo and Valle del Yaqui) are derived from a resistant population from BC (Valle de Mexicali) via gene flow through the transport and exchange of contaminated wheat seed. This study aimed to determine (1) the resistance of A. fatua to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in populations from BC and SON, (2) the mutation at the site of action and (3) the genetic structure and gene flow among populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DNA sequencing showed that all biotypes shared the same mutation (Leu × Ile at codon 1781). Microsatellites showed evidence of a genetic bottleneck in SON, and spatial analysis of molecular variance grouped one biotype from the Valle de Mexicali with two biotypes from the Valle de Hermosillo. Migration analysis suggested gene flow from the Valle de Mexicali to the Valle de Hermosillo, but not to the Valle del Yaqui.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of resistant biotypes of A. fatua in the Valle de Hermosillo, SON, are likely derived from seeds from BC, possibly through the transport of contaminated wheat seeds. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Texcoco, State of Mexico, Mexico.
authors.forename: J Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tafoya-Razo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Genética Ecológica y Evolución, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Núñez-Farfán
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Genética Ecológica y Evolución, Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jesús R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Torres-García
mesh_terms: D018554:Avena / Q000502:physiology*; D051456:Gene Flow; D053209:Herbicide Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D058865:Introduced Species; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D058614:Seed Dispersal; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014908:Triticum / Q000502:physiology; D058728:Weed Control / Q000379:methods
keywords: effective population size; gene flow; genetic bottleneck; genetic structure; population differentiation