title: The influence of drill length and irrigation system on heat production during osteotomy preparation for dental implants: an ex vivo study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to measure the influence of drill length and irrigation system on heat production during osteotomy preparation for dental implants using bovine bone rib as experimental model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three groups were created: Group 1: drilling with three consecutive burs with double irrigation (internal and external) for a 4.0 mm conical implant; and Group 2 and Group 3: drilling with three consecutive burs with external irrigation for a 4.1 mm cylindrical implant and for a 4.3 mm conical implant, respectively. Four lengths were tested: 10, 12, 14 and 16 mm; in site prepared on bovine ribs using a surgical unit linked to a testing device, to standardize and simulate implant drilling procedures. Bone temperature variations were recorded using three thermocouples in different positions as of the crestal bone: 2 mm, position (p1); 7 mm, position 2 (p2); and 12 mm, position 3 (p3).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest temperature changes were invariably recorded during the process of withdrawal. Significantly lower temperature changes (P < 0.02) could be recorded at maximum drilling depths during the shearing process regardless of drilling depth or irrigation method. Double irrigation was associated with significantly lower temperatures compared with external irrigation by the use of implant drills (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this ex vivo study was possible concluded that the use a double irrigation system in multiple conventional drill for osteotomy can decrease the heat generation when increase the drill length.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Biotecnos Research Center, Santa Maria, Brazil.|International Dentistry Research Cathedra, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Sergio Alexandre
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gehrke
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Biotecnos Research Center, Santa Maria, Brazil.|Faculty of Itapiranga, Itapiranga, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jaime Sardá
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Aramburú Júnior
authors.affiliation: International Dentistry Research Cathedra, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pérez-Albacete Martínez
authors.affiliation: International Dentistry Research Cathedra, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Piedad
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ramirez Fernandez
authors.affiliation: International Dentistry Research Cathedra, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: José Eduardo
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Maté Sánchez de Val
authors.affiliation: International Dentistry Research Cathedra, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Calvo-Guirado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006358:Hot Temperature; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012272:Ribs / Q000601:surgery; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation
keywords: dental implant; drill length; heat generation; irrigation system; osteotomy