title: Status of research and development of vaccines for Streptococcus pyogenes.
abstract: Streptococcus pyogenes is an important global pathogen, causing considerable morbidity and mortality, especially in low and middle income countries where rheumatic heart disease and invasive infections are common. There is a number of promising vaccine candidates, most notably those based on the M protein, the key virulence factor for the bacterium. Vaccines against Streptococcus pyogenes are considered as impeded vaccines because of a number of crucial barriers to development. Considerable effort is needed by key players to bring current vaccine candidates through phase III clinical trials and there is a clear need to develop a roadmap for future development of current and new candidates.
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Group A Streptococcal Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: andrew.steer@rch.org.au.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Steer
authors.affiliation: Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Carapetis
authors.affiliation: Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA.
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.affiliation: Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Good
authors.affiliation: Heart Institute, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiza
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guilherme
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences and the Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Nicole J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Moreland
authors.affiliation: Pneumococcal Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: E Kim
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Mulholland
authors.affiliation: Philimmune LLC, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schodel
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Group A Streptococcal Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pierre R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Smeesters
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022541:Streptococcal Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D022541:Streptococcal Vaccines; D037521:Virulence Factors; C014689:streptococcal M protein
keywords: Group A Streptococcus; Rheumatic fever; Streptococcus pyogenes; Vaccine