title: Technical Note: Range verification system using edge detection method for a scintillator and a CCD camera system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three-dimensional irradiation with a scanned carbon-ion beam has been performed from 2011 at the authors' facility. The authors have developed the rotating-gantry equipped with the scanning irradiation system. The number of combinations of beam properties to measure for the commissioning is more than 7200, i.e., 201 energy steps, 3 intensities, and 12 gantry angles. To compress the commissioning time, quick and simple range verification system is required. In this work, the authors develop a quick range verification system using scintillator and charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and estimate the accuracy of the range verification.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cylindrical plastic scintillator block and a CCD camera were installed on the black box. The optical spatial resolution of the system is 0.2 mm/pixel. The camera control system was connected and communicates with the measurement system that is part of the scanning system. The range was determined by image processing. Reference range for each energy beam was determined by a difference of Gaussian (DOG) method and the 80% of distal dose of the depth-dose distribution that were measured by a large parallel-plate ionization chamber. The authors compared a threshold method and a DOG method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors found that the edge detection method (i.e., the DOG method) is best for the range detection. The accuracy of range detection using this system is within 0.2 mm, and the reproducibility of the same energy measurement is within 0.1 mm without setup error.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate that the authors' range check system is capable of quick and easy range verification with sufficient accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saotome
authors.affiliation: Department of Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Yousuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.affiliation: Department of Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Kota
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizushima
authors.affiliation: Department of Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryohei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tansho
authors.affiliation: Department of Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saraya
authors.affiliation: Department of Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shirai
authors.affiliation: Department of Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Noda
mesh_terms: D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D063193:Heavy Ion Radiotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D016011:Normal Distribution; D011786:Quality Control; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012588:Scintillation Counting / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013997:Time Factors