title: Chronic fluorosis: The disease and its anaesthetic implications.
abstract: Chronic fluorosis is a widespread disease-related to the ingestion of high levels of fluoride through water and food. Prolonged ingestion of fluoride adversely affects the teeth, bones and other organs and alters their anatomy and physiology. Fluoride excess is a risk factor in cardiovascular disease and other major diseases, including hypothyroidism, diabetes and obesity. Although anaesthesiologists may be aware of its skeletal and dental manifestations, other systemic manifestations, some of which may impact anaesthetic management are relatively unknown. Keeping this in mind, the topic of chronic fluorosis was hand searched from textbooks, scientific journals and electronically through Google, PubMed and other scientific databases. This article concentrates on the effect of chronic fluorosis on various organ systems, its clinical features, diagnosis and the anaesthetic implications of the disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Madhuri S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kurdi
keywords: Airway; cardiovascular system; chronic fluorosis; endocrine system; skeleton; spinal anaesthesia; teeth