title: Procyanidins from Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Seedpod induce autophagy mediated by reactive oxygen species generation in human hepatoma G2 cells.
abstract: In this study, autophagic effect of procyanidins from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seedpod (LSPCs) on human hepatoma G2 (HepG2) cells, and the inherent correlation between autophagic levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were investigated. The results showed that LSPCs increased monodansylcadaverine (MDC) fluorescence intensity and LC3-I/LC3-II conversion in HepG2 cells. In addition, the typically autophagic characteristics (autophagosomes and autolysosomes) were observed in LSPCs-treated cells, but not found in the cells treated with autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Furthermore, the elevated ROS level was in line with the increasing of autophagy activation caused by LSPCs, however, both 3-MA and the ROS scavenger N-acetylcyteine (NAC) inhibitors effectively suppressed the autophagy and ROS generation triggered by LSPCs. As a result, these results indicated that LSPCs induced HepG2 cell autophagy in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation on HepG2 cells. Moreover, we found that LSPCs caused DNA damage, S phase arrest and the decrement of mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) which were associated with ROS generation. In summary, our findings demonstrated that the LSPCs-induced autophagy and autophagic cell death were triggered by the ROS generation in HepG2 cells, which might be associated with ROS generation through the mitochondria-dependent signaling way.
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
authors.forename: Yuqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. Electronic address: zhanghh@mail.ujs.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Haihui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
authors.forename: Yuanqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plants, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Guibo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medicinal Plants, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China. Electronic address: xbsun@implad.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaobo
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D044946:Biflavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002392:Catechin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded / Q000187:drug effects; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D031653:Nelumbo / Q000737:chemistry*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D016196:S Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D044946:Biflavonoids; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C017674:procyanidin; C025946:3-methyladenine; D002392:Catechin; D000225:Adenine
keywords: Autophagy; HepG2 cells; Lotus seedpod; Procyanidins; ROS