title: Urine and serum biomonitoring of exposure to environmental estrogens I: Bisphenol A in pregnant women.
abstract: Despite its very low oral bioavailability and rapid elimination, multiple reports of unexpectedly high bisphenol A (BPA) concentrations in the serum of pregnant mothers or cord blood have raised questions about BPA exposures during pregnancy. Thirty healthy pregnant women recruited to the study were evaluated for total BPA exposure over a 30-h period comprising one-half day in the field and one day in a clinical setting. BPA and its metabolites were measured in serum and total BPA was measured in matching urine samples. The mean total exposure was similar to the 50(th) percentile of exposure for U.S. women and pregnant women in a large North American cohort. Twenty volunteers had total daily exposures equal to or exceeding the U.S. mean, and six volunteers had exposures exceeding the 75th percentile. Women working as cashiers did not have higher total BPA exposure. BPA was detected in some serum samples (0.25-0.51 ng/ml), but showed no relationship to total BPA in corresponding urine samples, no relationship to total BPA exposure, and had unconjugated BPA fractions of 60-80%, consistent with established criteria for sample contamination. We conclude that typical exposures of North American pregnant women produce internal exposures to BPA in the picomolar range.
authors.affiliation: Health Effects and Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States; Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 93771, United States. Electronic address: justin.teeguarden@pnl.gov.
authors.forename: Justin G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Teeguarden
authors.affiliation: Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States. Electronic address: nathan.twaddle@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Nathan C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Twaddle
authors.affiliation: Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States. Electronic address: mona.churchwell@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Mona I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Churchwell
authors.affiliation: Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States. Electronic address: daniel.doerge@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Doerge
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D010636:Phenols / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000652:urine; D011247:Pregnancy; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D055815:Young Adult; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D004968:Estrogens, Non-Steroidal; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: Biomonitoring; Bisphenol A; Endocrine disruptors; Exposure; Pharmacokinetics; Pregnancy