title: Aberrant hnRNP K expression: All roads lead to cancer.
abstract: The classification of a gene as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor has been a staple of cancer biology for decades. However, as we delve deeper into the biology of these genes, this simple classification has become increasingly difficult for some. In the case of heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein K (hnRNP K), its role as a tumor suppressor has recently been described in acute myeloid leukemia and demonstrated in a haploinsufficient mouse model. In contrast, data from other clinical correlation studies suggest that hnRNP K may be more fittingly described as an oncogene, due to its increased levels in a variety of malignancies. hnRNP K is a multifunctional protein that can regulate both oncogenic and tumor suppressive pathways through a bevy of chromatin-, DNA-, RNA-, and protein-mediated activates, suggesting its aberrant expression may have broad-reaching cellular impacts. In this review, we highlight our current understanding of hnRNP K, with particular emphasis on its apparently dichotomous roles in tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Leukemia , The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gallardo
authors.affiliation: a Department of Leukemia , The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA.|b The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Marisa J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hornbaker
authors.affiliation: a Department of Leukemia , The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Xiaorui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: c School of Health Professions, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: d Department of Hematopathology , The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bueso-Ramos
authors.affiliation: a Department of Leukemia , The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Post
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D063646:Carcinogenesis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D057895:Haploinsufficiency; D034641:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D022762:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D034641:Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
keywords: 9q21.32; C/EBP; acute myeloid leukemia; c-Myc; haploinsufficiency; hnRNP K; mouse models; p21; p53