title: Nanoceria Attenuated High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Damage in HepG2 Cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperglycemia, a common metabolic disorder in diabetes, can lead to oxidative damage. The use of antioxidants can benefit the control and prevention of diabetes side effects. This study aims to evaluate the effect of nanoceria particles, as an antioxidant, on glucose induced cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and glutathione (GSH) content in a human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) cell line.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this experimental study, we divided HepG2 cells into these groups: i. Cells treated with 5 mM D-glucose (control), ii. Cells treated with 45 mM D- mannitol+5 mM D-glucose (osmotic control), iii. Cells treated with 50 mM D-glucose (high glucose), and iv. Cells treated with 50 mM D-glucose+nanoceria. Cell viability, ROS formation, LPO and GSH were measured and analyzed statistically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High glucose (50 mM) treatment caused significant cell death and increased oxidative stress markers in HepG2 cells. Interestingly, nanoceria at a concentration of 50 mM significantly decreased the high glucose-induced cytotoxicity, ROS formation and LPO. This concentration of nanoceria increased the GSH content in HepG2 cells (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The antioxidant feature of nanoceria particles makes it an attractive candidate for attenuation of hyperglycemia oxidative damage in different organs.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shokrzadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Hakimeh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdi
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Azin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asadollah-Pour
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shaki
keywords: Cytotoxicity; HepG2; Hyperglycemia; Nanoceria; Oxidative Stress