title: Augmenter of liver regeneration attenuates acute rejection after rat liver transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) on liver transplantation immune regulation remains unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Lewis and Brown-Norway (BN) rats were assigned to allograft group (Lewis-to-BN liver transplantation), isograft group (BN-to-BN), and ALR group (Lewis-to-BN, ALR, 100 μg/kg/d, intramuscular injection postoperatively). Rats were sacrificed at indicated times for assessment of cytokines production, T-cell (TC) activation and apoptosis. Kupffer cells (KCs) and TCs were isolated from grafts to assess cytokine expression. Effect of ALR and KCs on TCs was monitored by co-culture of (3)H-thymidine TCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) Treatment with ALR significantly decreased interleukin-2 and interferon-γ expression, promoted TC apoptosis, and prolonged the survival of allografts; (2) KCs in ALR group and isograft group that had significantly increased interleukin-10 and decreased tumor necrosis factor-α expression were able to inhibit TC proliferation and induce their apoptosis relative to KCs in the allograft group; (3) ALR and KCs directly inhibited TC proliferation and activation and induced TC apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ALR could inhibit TC proliferation and function both in vivo and in vitro and attenuate acute rejection after liver transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Linjiang Road 76#, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Linjiang Road 76#, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Linjiang Road 76#, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shaoyong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Linjiang Road 76#, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Feiwu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Linjiang Road 76#, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jinzheng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Chongqing Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Linjiang Road 76#, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: gongjianping11@126.com.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gong
mesh_terms: D064591:Allografts; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006084:Graft Rejection; D006085:Graft Survival; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008115:Liver Regeneration / Q000276:immunology*; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014181:Transplantation Immunology / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Augmenter of liver regeneration; Immune regulation; Kupffer cell; Liver transplantation