title: Bioanalysis of antihistamines for clinical or forensic purposes.
abstract: Antihistamines are a class of drugs that inhibit the action of histamine and are used to alleviate symptoms associated with allergic reactions, but some of them can cause side effects, the most unpleasant and dangerous of which are the sedative effects that may hinder important psychological functions and impair skilled performance. These side effects could decrease safety in certain common and critical tasks, such as driving or operating machinery, leading to accidents. Antihistamines can also cause intoxications, sometimes lethal, especially when co-administered with alcohol or other sedative drugs. Thus, the development of analytical methods for their determination in biological fluids is considered to be useful for the investigation of clinical and forensic cases. These methodologies could also be used for pharmacokinetic studies. Several liquid and a few gas chromatographic methods have been developed for the determination of antihistamines in biological matrices after proper pretreatment procedures. This article reviews the published analytical methodologies that were gathered through the search in PubMed database and the recent developments on isolation or determination of antihistamines in biological materials. Current trends and future perspectives on bioanalysis of antihistamines are also discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katselou
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Papoutsis
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.
authors.forename: Panagiota
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nikolaou
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.
authors.forename: Chara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spiliopoulou
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.
authors.forename: Sotiris
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Athanaselis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002845:Chromatography / Q000379:methods*; D005554:Forensic Medicine / Q000379:methods; D044707:Forensic Sciences / Q000379:methods; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D006633:Histamine Antagonists
keywords: analysis; antihistamines; biological fluids; chromatography; review