title: Common Errors in the Management of Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures and Lateral Condyle Fractures.
abstract: Supracondylar humerus fractures and lateral condyle fractures are the two most common pediatric elbow fractures that require surgical intervention. Although most surgeons are familiar with supracondylar humerus fractures and lateral condyle fractures, these injuries present challenges that may lead to common errors in evaluation and management and, thus, compromise outcomes. It is well agreed upon that nondisplaced supracondylar fractures (Gartland type I) are best managed nonsurgically with cast immobilization. Errors may be made, however, in the treatment of type II fractures because the extent of displacement and instability are difficult to assess. Although some type II fractures are stable after closed reduction, many are not and benefit from closed reduction and percutaneous pinning to prevent late displacement and cubitus varus deformity. Stable fixation must be achieved and errors related to pin placement must be avoided to prevent the failure of type III fractures after closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. Many potential errors and pitfalls also are seen in the management of lateral condyle fractures. Radiographic assessment of displacement can be improved by obtaining an internal oblique view of the elbow. Surgical treatment with closed reduction and percutaneous pinning may be indicated for minimally displaced fractures (2 to 4 mm) that show evidence of increasing displacement over time or demonstrate intra-articular extension on an arthrogram. Displaced fractures are best treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Errors in surgical dissection, fracture reduction, and fixation are common and may result in osteonecrosis, malunion, and nonunion.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Surgery Resident, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Gurpal S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Pannu
authors.forename: Craig P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Eberson
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abzug
authors.forename: Bernard D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Horn
authors.forename: Donald S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Herman
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D019468:Disease Management; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006810:Humeral Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000145:classification / Q000517:prevention & control; D009984:Orthopedic Fixation Devices; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement; D000092464:Elbow Injuries