title: Evaluating Chemical Mitigation of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 in Animal Feed Ingredients.
abstract: Salmonella Typhimurium is a potential feed safety hazard in animal feed ingredients. Thermal mitigation of Salmonella spp. during rendering is effective but does not eliminate the potential for cross-contamination. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effectiveness of chemicals to mitigate postrendering Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 contamination in rendered proteins over time. Treatments were arranged in a 6 × 4 factorial with six chemical treatments and four rendered protein meals. The chemical treatments included (i) control without chemical treatment, (ii) 0.3% commercial formaldehyde product, (iii) 2% essential oil blend, (iv) 2% medium chain fatty acid blend, (v) 3% organic acid blend, and (vi) 1% sodium bisulfate. The four rendered protein meals included (i) feather meal, (ii) blood meal, (iii) meat and bone meal, and (iv) poultry by-product meal. After matrices were chemically treated, they were inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, stored at room temperature, and enumerated via plate counts on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 42 postinoculation. The Salmonella concentration in ingredients treated with medium chain fatty acid and commercial formaldehyde were similar to one another (P = 0.23) but were 2 log lower than the control (P < 0.05). Ingredients treated with organic acids and essential oils also had lower Salmonella concentrations than the control (P < 0.05). Time also played a significant role in Salmonella mitigation, because all days except days 14 and 21 (P = 0.92) differed from one another. Rendered protein matrix also affected Salmonella stability, because concentrations in meat and bone meal and blood meal were similar to one another (P = 0.36) but were greater than levels in feather meal and poultry by-product meal (P < 0.05). In summary, chemical treatment and time both mitigated Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, but their effectiveness was matrix dependent. Time and chemical treatment with medium chain fatty acids or a commercial formaldehyde product were most effective at mitigating Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 in rendered protein meals.
authors.affiliation: Kansas State University, Grain Science and Industry, 201 Shellenberger Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cochrane
authors.affiliation: Kansas State University, Grain Science and Industry, 201 Shellenberger Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Anne R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Huss
authors.affiliation: Kansas State University, Grain Science and Industry, 201 Shellenberger Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Aldrich
authors.affiliation: Kansas State University, Grain Science and Industry, 201 Shellenberger Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA.
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Stark
authors.affiliation: Kansas State University, Grain Science and Industry, 201 Shellenberger Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA. jonesc@ksu.edu.
authors.forename: Cassandra K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology*; D000818:Animals; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000494:pharmacology; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D013431:Sulfates / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D013431:Sulfates; C012036:sodium sulfate; D005557:Formaldehyde