title: Transarterial embolization in the management of intractable epistaxis: the angiographic findings and results based on etiologies.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Transarterial embolization (TAE) appears to be a safe and effective treatment for patients with intractable epistaxis, despite different etiologies or angiography findings. Idiopathic epistaxis is prone to present with negative angiographic findings.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively evaluate the safety and effectiveness of TAE for intractable epistaxis, and focus on the factors of etiology and angiographic findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  From March 2008 to December 2014, the data of 43 patients with intractable bleeding undergoing TAE were reviewed. The outcomes of interventional therapy were assessed according to different etiology (malignant or benign disease) and angiographic finding (positive or negative angiogram).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Positive angiographic findings were found in 11 of 12 cases with malignant diseases and 22 of 31 cases with benign diseases, respectively (p = 0.237). Among the 10 cases with negative angiographic findings, the negative angiography rate of idiopathic epistaxis was higher than that of epistaxis with definite etiology (p = 0.003). Bleeding was controlled successfully in all of the 43 patients after embolization. During the mean follow-up period of 24.0 ± 16.7 months, five patients relapsed. No significant difference was found in recurrence rates between malignant and benign diseases or between positive and negative angiography (p = 0.241, p = 0.704, respectively).
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , PR China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , PR China.
authors.forename: Qing-Quan
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Zu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , PR China.
authors.forename: Xing-Long
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , PR China.
authors.forename: Chun-Gao
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , PR China.
authors.forename: Jin-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , PR China.
authors.forename: Lin-Bo
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , PR China.
authors.forename: Hai-Bin
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Radiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , PR China.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D002648:Child; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Nasal bleeding; angiogram; endovascular procedure; recurrence; refractory