title: Medial collateral ligament lengthening by standardized pie-crusting technique: A cadaver study.
abstract: Pie-crusting (PC) is a tissue expansion technique using multiple perforation to lengthen the medial collateral ligament (MCL), but has still to be codified.
  
  
  
  Standardized MCL PC allows measured opening of the medial femorotibial (MFT) joint line, without risk of MCL tear.
  
  
  
  Thirty-one knees were dissected, with medial parapatellar arthrotomy and resection of the cruciate ligaments and menisci. The deep MCL bundle was sectioned, and the thick anterior bundle (AB) of the MCL was observed in each knee. Knees were randomly allocated between AB sparing (AB+; n=15) or sectioning (AB-; n=16). A graduated dynometric tensor applied constant 80N distraction on the MFT joint line. MCL PC used a 19-G needle at the joint line, with a horizontal series of perforations every 2mm over the width of the MCL. MFT compartment opening was measured after each PC series.
  
  
  
  Mean MFT space after sectioning the cruciate ligaments was 5.52±0.37mm, increasing by 1.64±1.28mm with AB sectioning. Twenty-five perforations were made in the AB+ and 16 in the AB- group. Final mean joint-line increase was 0.18±0.18mm in AB+ and 3.16±2.70mm in AB-. There were no MCL tears.
  
  
  
  MCL pie-crusting was reliable and reproducible, achieving progressive MFT joint-line lengthening to a mean 8.71±2.62mm when associated to sectioning of the cruciate ligaments and MCL AB.
  
  
  
  Cadaver.
  
  
  
  IV.
authors.affiliation: Service de chirurgie orthopédique, hôpital Trousseau, CHRU de Tours, avenue de la République, Chambray-lès-Tours, 37044 Tours cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dubois de Mont-Marin
authors.affiliation: Service de chirurgie orthopédique, hôpital Trousseau, CHRU de Tours, avenue de la République, Chambray-lès-Tours, 37044 Tours cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Babusiaux
authors.affiliation: Service de chirurgie orthopédique, hôpital Trousseau, CHRU de Tours, avenue de la République, Chambray-lès-Tours, 37044 Tours cedex 9, France; Faculté de médecine de Tours, 10, boulevard Tonnelé, 37032 Tours cedex 1, France. Electronic address: jean.brilhault@med.univ-tours.fr.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brilhault
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D017888:Medial Collateral Ligament, Knee / Q000601:surgery*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D015626:Tissue Expansion / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Gap balancing; Knee; Medial collateral ligament; Pie-crusting