title: The pathogenesis of congenital radial head dislocation/subluxation.
abstract: The pathogenesis of congenital radial head dislocation/subluxation is unknown and has not been previously investigated. In this review, we explore the pathogenesis and define five different primary insults: collagen abnormalities, abnormal endochondral ossification of the developing growth plate, abnormalities of forearm ossification outside the growth plate, disproportionate growth of the radius and ulna, and altered HOX D expression/activity. Finally, the clinical relevance of our review is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: moqattan@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Al-Qattan
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hussam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abou Al-Shaar
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic and Hand Surgery at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Wael M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Alkattan
mesh_terms: D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D004204:Joint Dislocations / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009154:Mutation; D010012:Osteogenesis; D011884:Radius / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D038062:Upper Extremity Deformities, Congenital / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen
keywords: Congenital; Dislocation; Head; Pathogenesis; Radial