title: A specific dose of grape seed-derived proanthocyanidins to inhibit body weight gain limits food intake and increases energy expenditure in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have suggested that flavanols may have antiobesity effects; however, those effects clearly depend on the experimental conditions. In a previous study, we found that a single acute dose of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) has satiating effects. We therefore hypothesise that satiating doses of GSPE could be used to reduce body weight gain, and our present objective was to define the most effective dose.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assayed two GSPE doses in aged male Wistar rats. First we performed a subchronic (8-day) treatment by intragastric administration, which was repeated after a washout period. We measured body weight, energy intake and faeces composition; we performed indirect calorimetry; and we analysed the mRNA expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism to determine the target tissue for the GSPE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed that 0.5 g GSPE/kg BW significantly reduced food intake and thus the amount of energy absorbed. This dosage also increased lipid oxidation in subcutaneous adipose tissue, thus causing a higher total energy expenditure. These combined effects caused a decrease in body weight. Conversely, 1 g GSPE/kg BW, which also reduced energy absorption after the first treatment, had a rebound effect on body weight gain which resulted in a lower response to the proanthocyanidin extract. That is, after the second treatment, the GSPE did not reduce the energy absorbed or modify energy expenditure and body weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSPE at a dose of 0.5 g/kg can reduce body weight by limiting food intake and activating energy expenditure in subcutaneous adipose tissue.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, No. 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.affiliation: Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, No. 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Àngela
authors.initials: À
authors.lastname: Casanova-Martí
authors.affiliation: Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, No. 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Andreu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gual
authors.affiliation: Monogastric Nutrition, Centre Mas de Bover, IRTA, Ctra. Reus-El Morell Km 3.8, 43120, Constantí, Spain.
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pérez-Vendrell
authors.affiliation: Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, No. 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: M Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Blay
authors.affiliation: Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, No. 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ximena
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Terra
authors.affiliation: Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, No. 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain. anna.ardevol@urv.cat.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ardévol
authors.affiliation: Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, c/Marcel·lí Domingo, No. 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinent
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004435:Eating / Q000187:drug effects*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; C511402:Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins; D044945:Proanthocyanidins
keywords: Energy expenditure; Food intake; Obesity; Proanthocyanidin; Subcutaneous adipose tissue