title: What patients do and their impact on implementation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The potential for including patients in implementation processes has received limited attention in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to explore the different roles adopted by 63 patients that emerged during and after four participatory quality improvement interventions, and the nature of their impact upon implementation processes and outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-case ethnographic comparison of Experience-based Co-design in two clinical pathways in two UK NHS Trusts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two key themes emerge from the data. First, the authors found a range of different roles adopted by patients within and across the four projects; some were happy to share their experiences, others also helped to identify improvement priorities alongside staff whilst others were also involved in developing potential solutions with the staff who had cared for them. A few participants also helped implement those solutions and became "experts by experience" through engaging in the whole co-design process. Second, in terms of the impact of patient engagement with the co-design process whilst the changes championed by patients and carers were often small scale, as co-designers patients provided innovative ideas and solutions. Through their involvement and contributions they also acted as catalysts for broader change in the attitudes of staff by providing a motivation for wider organisational and attitudinal changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The research was conducted in two clinical pathways in two NHS trusts. However, the findings complement and add to the growing body of knowledge on experience based co-design.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient engagement is likely to require support and facilitation to ensure that patients can play a meaningful role as partners and co-designers in service improvement and implementation. Different roles suited particular individuals, with participants stepping in and out of the co-design process at various stages as suited their needs, capacities and (albeit sometimes perceptions re) skills. In this context, facilitation needs to be sensitive to individual needs and flexible to support involvement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients and carers can play active roles in service improvement, particularly where the approach facilitate active engagement as co-designers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of the role patients and carers in implementation and improvement.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health and Social Care Research, St George's, University of London, London, UK and Kingston University, London, UK.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boaz
authors.affiliation: Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK and Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Locock
authors.affiliation: Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sturmey
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gager
authors.affiliation: School of Healthcare Sciences, Centre for Public Engagement, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vougioukalou
authors.affiliation: Health Experiences Research Group, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ziebland
authors.affiliation: University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fielden
mesh_terms: D019091:Critical Pathways; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008503:Medical Staff / Q000523:psychology; D010358:Patient Participation; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D036301:Qualitative Research; D058996:Quality Improvement; D013222:State Medicine; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Health services; Implementation; Patient-focused care; Quality improvement; Service quality