title: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group: An Integrated Network for Congenital Heart Disease Research.
abstract: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened a working group in January 2015 to explore issues related to an integrated data network for congenital heart disease research. The overall goal was to develop a common vision for how the rapidly increasing volumes of data captured across numerous sources can be managed, integrated, and analyzed to improve care and outcomes. This report summarizes the current landscape of congenital heart disease data, data integration methodologies used across other fields, key considerations for data integration models in congenital heart disease, and the short- and long-term vision and recommendations made by the working group.
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.). pasquali@med.umich.edu.
authors.forename: Sara K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Pasquali
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Gregory K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bertoch
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Elizabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Blume
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Anthony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Wendy K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Riehle-Colarusso
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Lesley H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Forrest
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Gaynor
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gaies
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Go
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Henchey
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Gerard R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Pemberton
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.affiliation: From Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor (S.K.P., M.G.G.); Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins All Children's Heart Institute, St. Petersburg, FL (J.P.J.); National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (G.K.F.); Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS (D.B.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (E.D.B.); Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (K.M.B., G.P., V.L.P., J.R.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA (R.C., R.V.); Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Orange County, Orange, CA (A.C.C.); Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY (W.K.C.); Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA (T.R.-C.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (L.H.C.); Departments of Pediatrics (C.B.F.) and Surgery (W.J.G.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA (A.S.G.); ArborMetrix Inc, Ann Arbor, MI (P.H.); Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC (G.R.M.); and Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto School of Medicine, ON, Canada (S.M.S.).
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kaltman
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000458:organization & administration*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003625:Data Collection; D066289:Data Curation; D057225:Data Mining; D016208:Databases, Factual; D057286:Electronic Health Records; D063005:Health Information Systems / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008490:Medical Informatics; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D054555:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.); D012042:Registries; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: database [publication type]; heart diseases; outcome assessment, health care