title: Relationship between the species-representative phenotype and intraspecific variation in Ranunculaceae floral organ and Asteraceae flower numbers.
abstract: Phenotypic variation in floral morphologies contributes to speciation by testing various morphologies that might have higher adaptivity, leading eventually to phylogenetic diversity. Species diversity has been recognized, however, by modal morphologies where the variation is averaged out, so little is known about the relationship between the variation and the diversity.
  
  
  
  We analysed quantitatively the intraspecific variation of the organ numbers within flowers of Ranunculaceae, a family which branched near the monocot-eudicot separation, and the numbers of flowers within the capitula of Asteraceae, one of the most diverse families of eudicots. We used four elementary statistical quantities: mean, standard deviation (s.d.), degree of symmetry (skewness) and steepness (kurtosis).
  
  
  
  While these four quantities vary among populations, we found a common relationship between s.d. and the mean number of petals and sepals in Ranunculaceae and number of flowers per capitulum in Asteraceae. The s.d. is equal to the square root of the difference between the mean and specific number, showing robustness: for example, 3 in Ficaria sepals, 5 in Ranunculus petals and Anemone tepals, and 13 in Farfugium ray florets. This square-root relationship was not applicable to Eranthis petals which show little correlation between the s.d. and mean, and the stamens and carpels of Ranunculaceae whose s.d. is proportional to the mean. The specific values found in the square-root relationship provide a novel way to find the species-representative phenotype among varied morphologies.
  
  
  
  The representative phenotype is, in most cases, unique to the species or genus level, despite intraspecific differences of average phenotype among populations. The type of variation shown by the statistical quantities indicates not only the robustness of the morphologies but also how flowering plants changed during evolution among representative phenotypes that eventually led to phylogenetic diversification.
authors.affiliation: Center for Education in Liberal Arts and Sciences and kitazawa@celas.osaka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Miho S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kitazawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
mesh_terms: D019659:Asteraceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D035264:Flowers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D029626:Ranunculaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Asteraceae; Ranunculaceae; floral development; floral organ number; morphological variation; phenotypic variation; stochasticity