title: Autonomous Biological Control of Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactyliiopidae) in a Prickly Pear Plantation With Ecological Management.
abstract: It is broadly known that the conservation of biological diversity in agricultural ecosystems contributes to pest control. This process was studied in a prickly pear plantation (Opuntia megacantha and Opuntia ficus-indica) located in central Mexico. No insecticides have been used on this plantation since 2000, and local farmers believe that the presence of different species of insects limits the growth of the wild cochineal (Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell), which is one of the main pests in this crop. From August 2012 to November 2013, we estimated the number of cochineal per stem in the plantation and determined its spatial distribution pattern. In order to identify signs of population regulation, we obtained histograms of the frequency distribution of the size of the clusters and determined if distribution is adjusted to a power function (power law). We identified the cochineal predators and determined the correlation in their abundances. The greater abundance of cochineal occurred between summer and autumn while the minimum value was recorded in spring. The frequency distribution of the cochineal clusters had a high level of adjustment to a power function, suggesting the presence of population regulation processes. Six species that prey on cochineal were identified. Laetilia coccidivora and Hyperaspis trifurcata were the most active and their abundance was significantly correlated with the abundance of cochineal. We found that the probability of extinction of these insects in a cladode increases with its density, since the density and predator activity also increased. It is likely that, under these conditions, the cochineal have established an autonomous control.
authors.affiliation: 1Departmento de Agroecología, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Km 38.5 de la carretera México-Texcoco, Estado de México, México (jacr66@hotmail.com; EmiliaGonzaM@hotmail.com; apolo_vlac_avg@hotmail.com).
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cruz-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: 1Departmento de Agroecología, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Km 38.5 de la carretera México-Texcoco, Estado de México, México (jacr66@hotmail.com; EmiliaGonzaM@hotmail.com; apolo_vlac_avg@hotmail.com).
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: González-Machorro
authors.affiliation: 1Departmento de Agroecología, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Km 38.5 de la carretera México-Texcoco, Estado de México, México (jacr66@hotmail.com; EmiliaGonzaM@hotmail.com; apolo_vlac_avg@hotmail.com).
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Villegas González
authors.affiliation: 4Farmer of organic prickly pear. Axapuso, Estado de México, México (tunaeco@yahoo.com.mx).
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rodríguez Ramírez
authors.affiliation: 3Área de Biología. Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Km 38.5 de la carretera México-Texcoco, Estado de México, México (malur85@hotmail.com).
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mejía Lara
keywords: biological control; natural enemy; pest cactus; population regulation; predator