title: The Ginkgo biloba Extract Reverses the Renal Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Adult Male Rats.
abstract: The Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) is a commercial product used as a nutraceutic herbal remedy in Europe and US. It contains 27% of the polyphenols isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin, as antioxidants. We used male adult Wistar rats (200-300 g), divided into four groups: control group (treated with 5.0 mg/kg of sodium chloride, intravenous), titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) group (5.0 mg/kg, intravenous), GbE group (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), and GbE + TiO2-NPs group (treated 24 h before with 10 mg/kg of GbE, intraperitoneal), followed, 24 h later, by 5.0 mg/kg of TiO2-NPs intravenously. The statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test for grouped data with ANOVA posttest. The GbE protected renal cells against the effects of TiO2-NPs because it reversed the increased activity of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and the enzymatic activity of dipeptidylaminopeptidase IV at all times tested (0-5, 5-24, 24-48, and 48-72 h). Also it reversed the glucosuria, hypernatriuria, and urine osmolarity at three times tested (5-24, 24-48, and 48-72). Thus, we conclude that GbE has a beneficial activity in the cytoplasmic membranes of brush border cells on the renal tubules, against the adverse effects that can be produced by some xenobiotics in this case the TiO2-NPs, in experimental rats.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico.
authors.forename: Carlos Enrique
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3762-1455
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Escárcega-González
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico.
authors.forename: Irma Guadalupe
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Reynoso-Andeola
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jaramillo-Juárez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico.
authors.forename: Haydée
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Martínez-Ruvalcaba
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico.
authors.forename: Francisco A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Posadas Del Rio