title: Evaluation of the simultaneous removal of recalcitrant drugs (bezafibrate, gemfibrozil, indomethacin and sulfamethoxazole) and biodegradable organic matter from synthetic wastewater by electro-oxidation coupled with a biological system.
abstract: Pharmaceutical degradation in conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) represents a challenge since municipal wastewater and hospital effluents contain pharmaceuticals in low concentrations (recalcitrant and persistent in WWTP) and biodegradable organic matter (BOM) is the main pollutant. This work shows the feasibility of coupling electro-oxidation with a biological system for the simultaneous removal of recalcitrant drugs (bezafibrate, gemfibrozil, indomethacin and sulfamethoxazole (BGIS)) and BOM from wastewater. High removal efficiencies were attained without affecting the performance of activated sludge. BGIS degradation was performed by advanced electrochemical oxidation and the activated sludge process for BOM degradation in a continuous reactor. The selected electrochemical parameters from microelectrolysis tests (1.2 L s(-1) and 1.56 mA cm(-2)) were maintained to operate a filter press laboratory reactor FM01-LC using boron-doped diamond as the anode. The low current density was chosen in order to remove drugs without decreasing BOM and chlorine concentration control, so as to avoid bulking formation in the biological process. The wastewater previously treated by FM01-LC was fed directly (without chemical modification) to the activated sludge reactor to remove 100% of BGIS and 83% of BOM; conversely, the BGIS contained in wastewater without electrochemical pre-treatment were persistent in the biological process and promoted bulking formation.
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Ingeniería en Sistemas Ambientales , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Gustavo A. Madero , México.|b Departamento de Biotecnología , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa , Iztapalapa , México.
authors.forename: Odín
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Nava
authors.affiliation: c Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Xochimilco , Coyoacán , México.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Saad
authors.affiliation: b Departamento de Biotecnología , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa , Iztapalapa , México.
authors.forename: Octavio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Loera
authors.affiliation: d Departamento de Química , Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa , Iztapalapa , México.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: González
mesh_terms: D001629:Bezafibrate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D019149:Bioreactors; D001895:Boron / Q000737:chemistry; D018130:Diamond / Q000737:chemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D004572:Electrolysis; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001629:Bezafibrate; D001895:Boron; D018130:Diamond; D015248:Gemfibrozil; D007213:Indomethacin; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: BDD oxidation; Wastewater; activated sludge; pharmaceutical compounds; treatment train