title: Simulation of forest tree species' bud burst dates for different climate scenarios: chilling requirements and photo-period may limit bud burst advancement.
abstract: This study investigates whether the assumed increase of winter and spring temperatures is depicted by phenological models in correspondingly earlier bud burst (BB) dates. Some studies assume that rising temperatures lead to an earlier BB, but even later BB has been detected. The phenological model PIM (promoter-inhibitor-model) fitted to the extensive phenological database of the German Weather Service was driven by several climate scenarios. This model accounts for the complicated mechanistic interactions between chilling requirements, temperature and photo-period. It predicts BB with a r2between 0.41 and 0.62 and a RMSE of around 1 week, depending on species. Parameter sensitivities depict species dependent interactions between growth and chilling requirements as well as photo-period. A mean trend to earlier BB was revealed for the period 2002- 2100, varying between -0.05 and -0.11 days per year, depending on species. These trends are lower than for the period 1951- 2009. Within climate scenario period, trends are decreasing for beech and chestnut, stagnating for birch and increasing for oak. Results suggest that not fulfilled chilling requirements accompanied by an increasing dependency on photo-period potentially limit future BB advancement. The combination of a powerful phenological model, a large scale phenological database and several climate scenarios, offers new insights into the mechanistic comprehension of spring phenology.
authors.affiliation: Department Computational Landscape Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany. maximilian.lange@ufz.de.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schaber
authors.affiliation: Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.affiliation: Department Computational Hydrosystems, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Greta
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jäckel
authors.affiliation: Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Genomics Research Centre (GPG), Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy.
authors.forename: Franz-Werner
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Badeck
authors.affiliation: Department Computational Landscape Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seppelt
authors.affiliation: Department Computational Landscape Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Doktor
mesh_terms: D002980:Climate; D065928:Forests; D005858:Germany; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000254:growth & development*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D017440:Photoperiod; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000254:growth & development*; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D014197:Trees / Q000254:growth & development*
keywords: Bud burst; Climate scenarios; Deciduous forest; Phenology; Photo-period; Trend