title: New criteria for the characterization of traditional East Asian papers.
abstract: We report a pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) method capable of analyzing traditional East Asian papers. The method proposed is based on rapid and easy single step Py-GC/MS analysis that can be carried out with a minimum amount of matter, in the few microgram range. Three reference papers manufactured from kozo (Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold & Zucc.), mitsumata (Edgeworthia chrysantha Lindl.), and gampi (Wikstroemia sikokiana Franch. & Sav.) with the traditional hand paper making processes were examined. The method allows discrimination between terpenic and steroid compounds, which were revealed as chemical markers of origin of the plant fibers. Each paper investigated was found to have characteristic pyrolysis fingerprints that were unique to the traditional handmade paper, demonstrating the potential for differentiation of these biochemical components of fiber plants on East Asian papers towards identification and conservation of cultural heritage. The investigation on Py-GC/MS was extended to liquid extraction followed by GC/MS analysis to characterize the biochemical components of fiber plants. The main contribution of this study is to provide molecular criteria for discriminating plant species used for traditional East Asian hand papermaking. Py-GC/MS complements efficiently microscope identification especially for adverse cases. A case study of archaeological Chinese paper painting artefacts was thereafter successfully investigated to address informative potential and efficiency of the criteria of identification on ancient and degraded East Asian paperworks.
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche sur la conservation (CRC, USR 3224), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, CNRS; CP21, 36 rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, 75005, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Avataneo
authors.affiliation: Centre de recherche sur la conservation (CRC, USR 3224), Sorbonne Universités, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, CNRS; CP21, 36 rue Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, 75005, Paris, France. michel.sablier@mnhn.fr.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sablier
mesh_terms: D001106:Archaeology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D010209:Paper; D013729:Terpenes
chemical_list: D013729:Terpenes
keywords: Broussonetia; Cultural heritage; East Asian paper; Edgeworthia; Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; Phytosterols; Pyrolysis; Triterpenes; Wikstroemia