title: Esophageal dilatation and interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: A cross-sectional study.
abstract: A patulous esophagus on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the thorax is frequently observed in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Microaspiration has been purported to play a role in the development and progression of SSc interstitial lung disease (ILD), but studies examining the role of microaspiration in SSc ILD have yielded conflicting results. This study was conducted to determine the association between esophageal diameter and SSc ILD.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional study of Northwestern Scleroderma Registry patients with available HRCT exams was conducted. The predictor variable was the widest esophageal diameter (WED) on HRCT, and the primary and secondary outcome variables were radiographic ILD and pulmonary function tests respectively. The degree of radiographic ILD was assessed using a semi-quantitative score adapted from published methods. Estimated regression coefficients adjusted for age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking; SSc disease subtype, serum autoantibodies, and disease duration; modified Rodnan skin score, proton pump inhibitor, and immune suppressant medication use and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were calculated.
  
  
  
  A total of 270 subjects were studied. In the adjusted analyses, there were positive associations between WED and total ILD score (β = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.09-0.41), fibrosis (β = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.07-0.23), and ground glass opacities (β = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.04-0.20); there were negative associations between WED and FVC % predicted (β = -0.42; 95% CI: -0.69 to -0.13), and adjusted DLCO % predicted (β = -0.45; 95% CI: -0.80 to -0.09) after adjusting for potential confounders.
  
  
  
  Increasing esophageal diameter on HRCT in patients with SSc is associated with more severe radiographic ILD, lower lung volumes, and lower DLCO % predicted. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine if esophageal dilatation is associated with the incidence and/or progression of ILD in patients with SSc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McGaw Medical Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Rishi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Jungwha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E Huron St, Suite M-300, Chicago, IL 60611.
authors.forename: Orit
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Almagor
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McGaw Medical Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E Huron St, Suite M-300, Chicago, IL 60611.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varga
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cuttica
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Jane D Amico
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Dematte
authors.affiliation: Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E Huron St, Suite M-300, Chicago, IL 60611; Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Rowland W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 E Huron St, Suite M-300, Chicago, IL 60611. Electronic address: m-hinchcliff@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Monique E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hinchcliff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004947:Esophagus / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017563:Lung Diseases, Interstitial / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: Dilation; Esophagus; Interstitial lung disease; Pulmonary fibrosis; Systemic sclerosis