title: New Insight of Tetraphenylethylene-based Raman Signatures for Targeted SERS Nanoprobe Construction Toward Prostate Cancer Cell Detection.
abstract: We have designed and synthesized novel tetraphenylethylene (TPE) appended organic fluorogens and unfold their unique Raman fingerprinting reflected by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) upon adsorption on nanoroughened gold surface as a new insight in addition to their prevalent aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) phenomena. A series of five TPE analogues has been synthesized consisting of different electron donors such as (1) indoline with propyl (TPE-In), (2) indoline with lipoic acid (TPE-In-L), (3) indoline with Boc-protected propyl amine (TPE-In-Boc), (4) benzothaizole (TPE-B), and (5) quinaldine (TPE-Q). Interestingly, all five TPE analogues produced multiplexing Raman signal pattern, out of which TPE-In-Boc showed a significant increase in signal intensity in the fingerprint region. An efficient SERS nanoprobe has been constructed using gold nanoparticles as SERS substrate, and the TPE-In as the Raman reporter, which conjugated with a specific peptide substrate, Cys-Ser-Lys-Leu-Gln-OH, well-known for the recognition of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The designated nanoprobe TPE-In-PSA@Au acted as SERS "ON/OFF" probe in peace with the vicinity of PSA protease, which distinctly recognizes PSA expression with a limit of detection of 0.5 ng in SERS platform. Furthermore, TPE-In-PSA@Au nanoprobe was efficiently recognized the overexpressed PSA in human LNCaP cells, which can be visualized through SERS spectral analysis and SERS mapping.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Adukkadan N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Ramya
authors.affiliation: Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Manu M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.|Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, CSIR-NIIST , Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Jyothi B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.|Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, CSIR-NIIST , Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Varsha
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Karunakaran
authors.affiliation: Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.|Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, CSIR-NIIST , Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Nisha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Narayanan
authors.affiliation: Chemical Sciences & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (CSIR-NIIST) , Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.|Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, CSIR-NIIST , Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Kaustabh Kumar
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Maiti
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D049329:Nanostructures; D009842:Oligopeptides; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013267:Stilbenes
chemical_list: D009842:Oligopeptides; D013267:Stilbenes; C000617116:tetraphenylethylene; C088449:seryl-lysyl-leucine; D006046:Gold
keywords: PSA peptide sequence; SERS; cancer detection; gold nanoparticle; tetraphenylethylene