title: Depression Trajectories of Antenatally Depressed and Nondepressed Young Mothers: Implications for Child Socioemotional Development.
abstract: This study explores the longitudinal trajectories of depressive symptoms in young mothers and investigate the consequences of maternal depression for children's birth outcomes and behavioral adjustment.
  
  
  
  Antenatal depression puts children of young mothers at risk for adjustment difficulties by adversely impacting birth outcomes and maternal symptoms after birth.
  
  
  
  Data were drawn from a three-wave randomized, controlled trial of a statewide home visiting program for young primiparous women. A subsample of women (n = 400) who were prenatal at intake was used in the analysis. Mothers were divided into an antenatally depressed group (ADG; 40%) and a healthy group (HG) based on their symptoms at intake. Mothers reported depressive symptoms at intake and 12- and 24-month follow-up, and filled out a checklist of child behavior problems at 24 months follow-up. Perinatal and birth outcomes were derived from the Electronic Birth Certificate collected by the State Department of Public Health at discharge from the hospital.
  
  
  
  ADG and HG had similar pregnancy characteristics and birth outcomes, but ADG reported more child behavioral problems. Multigroup latent growth curve analysis provided evidence for distinct depression trajectories. A mediation hypothesis was not supported. In both groups, steeper increase in symptoms over time predicted more mother-reported child behavioral problems.
  
  
  
  Findings are consistent with studies linking antenatal depression with post-birth symptoms, underscoring the importance of prenatal screening for depression.
authors.affiliation: Tufts Interdisciplinary Evaluation Research, Medford, Massachusetts. Electronic address: maryna.raskin@tufts.edu.
authors.forename: Maryna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raskin
authors.affiliation: Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Study and Human Development, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: M Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Easterbrooks
authors.affiliation: Tufts Interdisciplinary Evaluation Research, Medford, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Renee S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lamoreau
authors.affiliation: Tufts Interdisciplinary Evaluation Research, Medford, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kotake
authors.affiliation: Tufts Interdisciplinary Evaluation Research, Medford, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult