title: Order Set to Improve the Care of Patients Hospitalized for an Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
abstract: Physicians' adherence to prescribing evidence-based inpatient and outpatient therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is low, and there is a paucity of information about the utility of admission order sets for patients with COPD exacerbations.
  
  
  
  To determine if implementation of a locally designed, evidence-based, multidisciplinary computer physician order entry set in the electronic health record improves the quality of physician pharmacologic prescribing for patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbations.
  
  
  
  This study was performed before and after implementation of a computerized order set for patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbations. The primary outcome was the rate of zero prescribing errors by physicians for inpatient and discharge drugs for COPD over a 1-year period before implementation and for 6 months after implementation. Errors were defined as no therapy or inappropriate therapy in the following categories: antibiotic, systemic corticosteroid, short-acting bronchodilator, long-acting bronchodilator, and inhaled corticosteroid. Secondary outcomes included mean physician pharmaceutical prescribing error rate; types of errors; hospital lengths of stay; and unscheduled physician visits, emergency department visits, rehospitalizations, and deaths within 30 days from discharge.
  
  
  
  There were 194 COPD exacerbation admissions during the 1-year preimplementation period and 81 admissions during the 6-month postimplementation period. Compared with the preimplementation period, the percentage of patients receiving all recommended pharmacologic therapies for the 6 months after implementation increased from 18.6% to 54.3% (P < 0.001). The mean number of errors decreased from 1.76 to 0.65 (P < 0.001). Antibiotic and systemic corticosteroid errors decreased from 39% to 16% (P < 0.001) and from 58% to 28% (P < 0.001), respectively. Fewer patients were discharged without a short-acting bronchodilator (13.9% vs. 2.5%; P = 0.005), a long-acting bronchodilator (16.5% vs. 7.4%; P = 0.047), or inhaled corticosteroid (18% vs. 9.9%; P = 0.089). Improvements were sustained over the 6-month postimplementation period. Hospital length of stay decreased from 4 (±3) days preimplementation to 2.9 (±1.9) days postimplementation (P = 0.002). There were no significant differences in 30-day clinical outcomes, including the rates of unscheduled physician or emergency department visits, rehospitalizations, or deaths.
  
  
  
  Computerized multidisciplinary admission order set implementation for patients hospitalized for a COPD exacerbation improved physicians' adherence to evidence-based pharmacologic treatment, and they were associated with reductions in length of hospital stay.
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and.|2 Pulmonary Division, Minneapolis Veterans Administration Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Kirstin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: 1 Pulmonary Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and.|2 Pulmonary Division, Minneapolis Veterans Administration Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Kara J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: 2 Pulmonary Division, Minneapolis Veterans Administration Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Beth M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: DeRonne
authors.affiliation: 2 Pulmonary Division, Minneapolis Veterans Administration Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Connie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Parenti
authors.affiliation: 2 Pulmonary Division, Minneapolis Veterans Administration Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D057970:Inappropriate Prescribing / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D050316:Medical Order Entry Systems; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy*; D058996:Quality Improvement
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents
keywords: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; computer physician order entry (CPOE); electronic health record; prescribing errors; quality improvement