title: Breast cancer upregulating genes in stromal cells by LINE-1 hypermethylation and micrometastatic detection.
abstract: Changes in the methylation level of genes containing LINE-1 alter host gene regulation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study demonstrates that paracrine signaling of breast cancer influences the epigenetic regulation of stromal cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We proved in vitro and in vivo breast cancer promoted LINE-1 methylation exists exclusively in female stromal cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genes containing LINE-1 of breast cancer stromal cells were upregulated. Furthermore, one of the genes, MUC-1, was demonstrated to have expression in plasma cells from the lymph nodes of patients with lymph node metastasis or micrometastasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Breast cancer sends a paracrine signal to stroma cells causing LINE-1 epigenetic regulation. Moreover, the regulated genes in stroma cells are potential biomarkers for detecting breast cancer micrometastasis.
authors.affiliation: Inter-Department Program of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.|Center of Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer & Human Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Charoenchai
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Puttipanyalears
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Nakarin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kitkumthorn
authors.affiliation: Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Supranee
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Buranapraditkun
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Somboon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keelawat
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Molecular Genetics of Cancer & Human Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Apiwat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mutirangura
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020084:Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D018396:Mucin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D061206:Neoplasm Micrometastasis / Q000235:genetics; D019899:Paracrine Communication; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C060192:MUC1 protein, human; D018396:Mucin-1
keywords: LINE-1 hypermethylation; breast cancer; tumor supporting tissue