title: A Prospective Comparison Study of Heart Rate Variability During Menses in Young Women With Dysmenorrhea.
abstract: Numerous studies have demonstrated autonomic abnormalities in various pain conditions. However, few have investigated heart rate variability (HRV) in young women with primary dysmenorrhea, and the conclusions have been inconsistent. More evidence is required to confirm the reported trend for consistent fluctuation of HRV parameters in dysmenorrhea.
  
  
  
  The study's aim was to determine whether significant differences exist between young women with and without dysmenorrhea for heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and HRV parameters during menses.
  
  
  
  A prospective comparison design with repeated measures was used.
  
  
  
  Sixty-six women aged 18-25 with dysmenorrhea and 54 eumenorrheic women were recruited from a university in northern Taiwan.
  
  
  
  High-frequency and low-frequency HRV parameters (HF and LF), LF/HF ratio, BP, and HR were measured daily between 8 p.m. and 10 p.m. from Day 1 to Day 6 during menses. The generalized estimating equation was used to analyze the effects of group, time, and Group × Time interaction on these variables.
  
  
  
  HF values were significantly lower in the dysmenorrhea than in the eumenorrhea group, but there were no differences in BP, HR, LF, or LF/HF ratio.
  
  
  
  Reduced HF values reflect reduced parasympathetic activity and autonomic instability in young women with dysmenorrhea. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to examine autonomic regulation in menstrual pain of varying intensities associated with dysmenorrhea-related symptoms and to clarify the causal relationship between dysmenorrhea and HRV fluctuations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Jen
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Zen
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine with Western Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City, Taiwan meiling@ntunhs.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Mei-Ling
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Yeh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D004412:Dysmenorrhea / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008598:Menstruation / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013624:Taiwan; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: autonomic activity; blood pressure (BP); dysmenorrhea; generalized estimating equation; heart rate; heart rate variability (HRV)