title: [Cadmium burden and renal dysfunction among residents in cadmium-polluted areas: A 3-year follow-up study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate dynamic change of cadmium body burden and renal dysfunction among residents living in cadmium-polluted areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  From April to July of 2011, the cadmium-polluted areas of northern Guangdong province in China was chosen as the study site. Based on the levels of cadmium pollution in soil and rice, the survey areas were divided into low exposed group (average concentration of cadmium was 0.15-0.40 mg/kg, 0.5-1.0 mg/kg in rice and soil, respectively) and high exposed group (average concentration of cadmium was >0.40 mg/kg, >1.0 mg/kg in rice and soil, respectively). Stratified random sampling and cluster sampling method of epidemiological investigations were carried out among 414 local residents who lived in cadmium exposure areas for more than 15 years, aged above 40, and without occupational cadmium exposure, including 168 and 246 residents in low and high exposed group, respectively. From March to June of 2014, 305 respondents of those who participated in 2011 were successfully traced, including 116 and 189 respondents in low and high exposed group, respectively. We used health questionnaires to acquire their health status. Home-harvested rice and vegetable samples were collected using quartering method for detection of cadmium level, including 190 rice samples, 161 vegetable samples in 2011 and 190 rice samples, 153 vegetable samples in 2014. Urine specimens of residents were collected for the detection of urinary cadmium and creatinine as well as renal dysfunction biomarkers, namely, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamidase (NAG) and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG), respectively. In 2011 and 2014, Chi-square test was used to investigate the differences of abnormality of cadmium concentration in rice, vegetables and urinary cadmium, β2-MG, and NAG that were expressed as odds ratio(OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2011 and 2014, cadmium concentration P50 (P25-P75) in rice was 0.43 (0.17-1.10) mg/kg, and 0.42 (0.20-1.14) mg/kg, respectively (Z=-0.77,P=0.440). In 2011 and 2014, cadmium concentrations P50 (P25-P75) in vegetables were 0.13 (0.07-0.34) mg/kg, and 0.25(0.12-0.59) mg/kg, respectively, with abnormal rates of 38.5%(62/161) and 60.8%(93/153), respectively. In 2014, both average concentration and abnormal rate of cadmium in vegetables were higher than those in 2011 (Z=-4.69, P<0.001 and χ(2)=15.58,P<0.001). Concentrations of urinary cadmium P50 (P25-P75) in high exposed group were 7.90 (3.96-14.91) μg/g creatinine, 8.64 (4.56-17.60) μg/g creatinine in 2011 and 2014, respectively. Contrary to that in 2011, urinary cadmium of high exposed group was significantly increased in 2014 (Z=-2.80, P=0.005). In 2011 and 2014, concentrations of β2-MG, NAG P50 (P25-P75) were 0.15(0.07-0.29) μg/g creatinine, 0.15 (0.07-0.45) μg/g creatinine, and 7.12 (5.05-10.65) U/g creatinine, 13.55(9.1-19.84) U/g creatinine, respectively, with abnormal rates of 7.5% (23/305), 15.1% (46/305), 8.2% (25/305) , and 33.8% (103/305), respectively. Compared with baseline in 2011, average concentrations of β2-MG, NAG significantly increased in 2014 (Z=-2.263, P=0.024 and Z=-12.52, P<0.001), and abnormal rates of β2-MG, NAG were also higher in 2014 (χ(2)=15.61 , P<0.001 and χ(2)=64.72, P<0.001), with odds ratio(OR) of 2.00 (95%CI:1.23-3.24) and 4.12 (95%CI:2.87-5.92).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Environmental cadmium pollution of crops such as rice and vegetables in survey areas continued to remain high. Body burden of cadmium might kept at sustainably high levels and renal dysfunction was worsened after continuous, long-term cadmium exposure. Our results suggested that NAG might be more sensitive than β2-MG to serve as an indicator for an individual's future tubular function.
authors.affiliation: Medical School, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
authors.forename: Z X
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangzhou 511430, China.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: X X
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Z J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Dun
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: H T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: S X
authors.initials: SX
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Z H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Y Y
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lyu
authors.forename: Y N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: X F
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase / Q000652:urine*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002104:Cadmium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002105:Cadmium Poisoning; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D004787:Environmental Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002104:Cadmium; D003404:Creatinine; D000118:Acetylglucosaminidase