title: Simultaneous GC-ECNICI-MS measurement of nitrite, nitrate and creatinine in human urine and plasma in clinical settings.
abstract: Creatinine in urine is a useful biochemical parameter to correct the urinary excretion rate of endogenous and exogenous substances. Nitrite (ONO-) and nitrate (ONO2-) are metabolites of nitric oxide (NO), a signalling molecule with multiple biological functions. Under certain and standardized conditions, the concentration of nitrate in the urine is a suitable measure of whole body NO synthesis. The urinary nitrate-to-nitrite molar ratio (UNOxR) may indicate nitrite-dependent renal carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity. In clinical studies, urine is commonly collected by spontaneous micturition. In those cases the nitrate and nitrite excretion must be corrected for creatinine excretion. Pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) bromide (PFB-Br) is a useful derivatization reagent of numerous inorganic and organic compounds, including urinary nitrite, nitrate and creatinine, for highly sensitive and specific quantitation by GC-MS. Here, we report on the simultaneous PFB-Br derivatization (60min, 50°C) of ONO-, O15NO-, ONO2-, O15NO2-, creatinine (do-Crea) and [methylo-2H3]creatinine (d3-Crea) in acetonic dilutions of native human urine and plasma samples (4:1, v/v) and their simultaneous quantification by GC-MS as PFBNO2, PFB15NO2, PFBONO2, PFBO15NO2, do-Crea-PFB and d3-Crea-PFB, respectively. Electron capture negative-ion chemical ionization (ECNICI) of these derivatives generates anions due to [M-PFB]-, i.e., the starting analytes. Quantification is performed by selected-ion monitoring (SIM) of m/z 46 (ONO-), m/z 47 (O15NO-), m/z 62 (ONO2-), m/z 63 (O15NO2-), m/z 112 (do-Crea), and m/z 115 (d3-Crea). Retention times were 2.97min for PFB-ONO2/PFB-O15NO2, 3.1min for PFB-NO2/PFB-15NO2, and 6.7min for do-Crea-PFB/d3-Crea-PFB. We used this method to investigate the effects of long-term oral NaNO3or NaCl (serving as placebo) supplementation (each 0.1mmol/kg body weight per day for 3 weeks) on creatinine excretion and UNOxR in 17 healthy young men. Compared to NaCl (n=8), NaNO3(n=9) supplementation increased UNOxR (1709±355 vs. 369±77, P<0.05). Creatinine excretion did not differ between the groups (6.67±1.34mM vs. 5.72±1.27mM, P=0.57). The method is also applicable to human plasma. In 78 adults patients newly diagnosed for cerebrovascular disease (CVD), there was a close correlation (r=0.9833) between the creatinine concentrations measured in plasma by GC-ECNICI-MS and those measured in serum by an enzymatic assay. Creatinine-corrected plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations (P=0.035 and P=0.004, respectively) but not their concentrations (P=0.68 and P=0.40, respectively) differ between male (n=54) and female (n=24) CVD patients. No such differences were found between preterm newborn boys (n=25) and girls (n=22). Like in urine, circulating creatinine may be useful to correct for gender-specific differences in plasma nitrite and nitrate in adults. Chronic NaNO3supplementation to healthy young men does not affect renal CA-dependent nitrite excretion or creatinine synthesis and excretion.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hanff
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Moritz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lützow
authors.affiliation: Centre of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Arslan Arinc
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kayacelebi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finkel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Sport Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Mirja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maassen
authors.affiliation: Centre of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Georgi Radoslavov
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Yanchev
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology & Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haghikia
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology & Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Udo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bavendiek
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buck
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropaediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lücke
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sport Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Sport Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maassen
authors.affiliation: Centre of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: tsikas.dimitros@mh-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsikas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008297:Male; D009566:Nitrates / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000097:blood* / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Clinical studies; Creatinine; Nitric oxide; Quantification; Renal carbonic anhydrase; Supplementation