title: Reference values for the balance error scoring system in adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Adolescents with mild traumatic brain injury (i.e. concussion) may experience postural stability impairments. The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is widely used in assessment of postural stability after concussion. Despite its common use in adolescents, the BESS lacks reference values in adolescents, limiting its clinical utility. The objective of this study is to report the reference values for the BESS in adolescents and to examine the effect of gender on the BESS scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ninety-one high school adolescents between the ages of 14-18 (M = 16.1, SD = 1.1) years of age completed the BESS. The effects of gender, age, body mass and height on the performance of BESS were examined. Additionally, the reported reference values for the BESS were stratified by gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Female participants demonstrated better performance on five of the six BESS conditions as well as the total error score (p < 0.001). No relationships were observed between age and body mass to the BESS scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effects of gender on the BESS performance support the gender-specific reference values reported in this study. These reference values provide benchmarks for clinicians when interpreting the BESS in the absence of individual baseline scores.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Michigan-Flint , Flint , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Bara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alsalaheen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Michigan-Flint , Flint , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McClafferty
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Michigan-Flint , Flint , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Michigan-Flint , Flint , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: a Department of Physical Therapy , University of Michigan-Flint , Flint , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yorke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Concussion; mTBI; normative; postural stability