title: Novel Anatomic Description of the Course of the Inferior Palpebral Vein for Minimally Invasive Aesthetic Treatments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The inferior palpebral vein (IPV) receives tributaries from the inferior palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOc). The aim of this study was to elucidate the venous distribution pattern of the IPV for dermal filler injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty hemifaces from 34 cadavers were used in this study. The various distribution patterns of the IPV were classified according to its relationship with the angular vein (AV) and facial veins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IPV can be classified into the following 4 types: Type I (58.0%), in which the origin of the IPV is located beneath the lateral part of the OOc; Type II (12.0%), in which the origin of the IPV is located beneath the inferior part of the OOc; Type III (8.0%), in which the origin of the IPV is located beneath both the lateral and inferior parts of the OOc; and Type IV (22.0%), in which the IPV is undeveloped.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The course of the IPV can be approximated by connecting the lateral orbital rim to the C point (the meeting point between the IPV and the AV). The lateral rim can be palpated and the location of the C point is suggested as a columnar area inferior to the pupil.
authors.affiliation: *Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea; †Department of Anatomy, Ewha Womans School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; ‡The Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sang-Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hyung-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yi-Suk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tanvaa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tansatit
authors.forename: Hee-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D002102:Cadaver; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D004954:Esthetics; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014680:Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology*