title: Dissolution rates of over-the-counter painkillers: a comparison among formulations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We wanted to compare the dissolution profile of several over-the-counter analgesics to understand whether the different formulation techniques employed to enhance absorption were associated with variations in the dissolution rate, a parameter known to affect drug absorption.
  
  
  METHODS
  We considered 5 formulations currently marketed in Italy: aspirin tablets (Aspirina Dolore e Infiammazione®), ibuprofen tablets and liquid capsules (Moment®), ibuprofen lysine tablets (Nurofenimmedia®) and dexketoprofen trometamol tablets (Enantyum®). Dissolution tests were performed according to the current USP/NF monograph dissolution procedure. Drug dissolution was evaluated at 1, 3, 6, 15, and 30 minutes since the start of the test. Dissolution was evaluated at three different pH: 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8. Every test was repeated 12 times.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The aspirin formulation was by far the most rapid dissolving formulation, among those tested, with more than 80% of the tablet dissolved at 6 minutes for every pH considered. At pH 1.2 and 4.5, only the dexketoprofen formulation was able to reach the dissolution level of aspirin at 30 minutes, but had lower levels of dissolution at the previous time points. Instead, at pH 6.8, most of the formulations approached aspirin dissolution level, but only after 15 minutes. Ibuprofen capsules had the slowest kinetics, with a lag phase the first 6 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Different formulation strategies can lead to great differences in the dissolution rates even among drugs of the same class, suggesting that enhancements in the formulation of painkillers can lead to improvements in drug absorption, and thus in the onset of analgesia.
authors.affiliation: Bayer S.p.A., Milan, Italy - matteo.alemanni@bayer.com.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alemanni
authors.forename: Sergio C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gatoulis
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Voelker
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs