title: The Zika virus and pregnancy: evidence, management, and prevention.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To comprehensively review the available evidence and existing consensus reports and guidelines regarding the pregnancy and reproductive implications of the mosquito-transmitted Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. A primary focus was to provide pertinent information to aid clinicians in the management of pregnancies at risk for, exposed to, or with confirmed ZIKV infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  An extensive literature review was performed using Pubmed. Practice guidelines and consensus reports were accessed from international, national, and professional organizations' websites. The clinical articles for ZIKV infection testing varied from case reports to small epidemiologic studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A ZIKV epidemic has been declared in several countries in the Americas. Fifty-two travel-associated ZIKV infection cases have been reported throughout the USA (as of February 10, 2016). The consequences of congenital fetal/newborn ZIKV infection could potentially have devastating consequences including miscarriage, fetal death, and major anomalies such as microcephaly, brain and brain-stem defects, and long-term neurologic sequelae. While not definitive, current evidence suggests the existence of nonvector-borne transmission through sexual activity with an infected male partner. For women at risk for sexual transmission, condom use is advised, especially during pregnancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While ZIKV infection appears to be a mild disease in the general population the potential consequences to the fetus and newborn could be profound. Management guidelines are currently evolving and will be significantly impacted as new evidence develops. It is therefore imperative that obstetric health-care providers keep abreast of this rapidly evolving information landscape that has so far characterized this outbreak.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , William Beaumont Hospital , Royal Oak , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Ayse
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Citil Dogan
authors.affiliation: b Grosse Pointe Shores, William Beaumont Hospital , Royal Oak , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wayne
authors.affiliation: c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , School of Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Oakland University , Royal Oak , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , School of Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Oakland University , Royal Oak , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Dotun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ogunyemi
authors.affiliation: d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Faculty of Medicine, University of the West Indies , Kingston , Jamaica.
authors.forename: Santosh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kulkharni
authors.affiliation: e Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , UMKC School of Medicine , Kansas City , MO , USA , and.
authors.forename: Devika
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maulik
authors.affiliation: f Department of Internal Medicine , School of Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Oakland University , Royal Oak , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Christopher F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.affiliation: c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , School of Medicine, William Beaumont Hospital, Oakland University , Royal Oak , MI , USA.
authors.forename: Ray O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Bahado-Singh
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000517:prevention & control; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D014195:Travel; D000071244:Zika Virus; D000071243:Zika Virus Infection / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission*
keywords: Management of Zika virus; Zika virus infection; pregnancy