title: Disordered eating, amenorrhea, and substance use and misuse among professional ballet dancers: Preliminary analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Substance use and misuse (SUM), eating disorders (ED) and consequent amenorrhea (AM) occur frequently in professional ballet dancing. The objective of this study has been to explore the prevalence and association between ED, AM and SUM in ballet.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample comprised 21 ballet dancers, 23.1±4.5 years old, members of the professional National Ballet Ensemble from Croatia. Variables were collected by questionnaires examining SUM, occurrence of amenorrhea, and corresponding ballet-specific and socio-demographic factors (Questionnaire on Substance Use - QSU) and the level of ED (Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire - BEDA-Q).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking is prevalent in 40% of dancers (25% smoke on a daily basis), 36% often use analgesics, and 25% engage in binge drinking at least once a month. Smoking and binge drinking are less frequent in ballerinas with a higher academic level (r = 0.60 and r = 0.54 for binge drinking and smoking, respectively; p < 0.05). Alcohol drinking is higher among dancers who consume analgesics more often and those with a higher BEDA-Q score (r = 0.53 and r = 0.54 for analgesics and BEDA-Q, respectively; p < 0.05). Amenorrhea is more prevalent among those dancers with a higher BEDA-Q score. Women who consume nutritional supplements are less likely to use analgesics (Mann Whitney U test = 2.11; p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Efforts seeking to prevent ED in ballet should target dancers who consume alcohol to a greater extent. Future studies should specifically explore the less frequent consumption of analgesics among dancers who consume nutritional supplements.
authors.affiliation: University of Split, Split, Croatia (Faculty of Kinesiology). mia.peric@kifst.hr.
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peric
authors.affiliation: University of Split, Split, Croatia (Faculty of Kinesiology). natasazenic@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Natasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zenic
authors.affiliation: University of Split, Split, Croatia (Faculty of Kinesiology). dado@kifst.hr.
authors.forename: Damir
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sekulic
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (Faculty of Sport). miran.kondric@fsp.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Miran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kondric
authors.affiliation: University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia (Faculty of Sport). petra.zeletel@fsp.uni-lj.si.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zaletel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017523:Croatia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003615:Dancing / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: amenorrhoea; binge drinking; dietary supplements; eating behaviors; professional dancers; tobacco smoking