title: Study of clinical and radiological profile and outcome in patients of intracranial hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is twice as high as in Western countries. Prognostic factors for predicting function outcome and mortality play a major role in determining the treatment outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study of male and female patients ≥12 years with primary nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage were included. Hemorrhage caused by trauma, anticoagulant or thrombolytic drugs, brain tumor, saccular arterial aneurysm or vascular malformation were excluded. Functional outcome of patients was determined by modified Rankin's scale. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and ICH score were calculated for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypertension was present in 45 out of 49 patients (92%) with ICH of basal ganglia. Hypertension was significantly associated with worst clinical outcome. Mortality was high if the patient was comatose/stuporous compared to drowsy state (P < 0.0001). Mortality was found to be high when the size exceeded 30 cm3. High ICH score, low GCS score at the time of admission, presence of intraventricular hemorrhage, and midline shift were significantly associated with poor clinical outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intracranial hemorrhage can be deleterious if present with low GCS score, high ICH score, intraventricular extension, and midline shift.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sheth V.S. General Hospital and Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Nilay N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Suthar
authors.forename: Khushali L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Chirag
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saparia
authors.forename: Ami P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Parikh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006406:Hematoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed