title: Evaluation of the migration of chemicals from baby bottles under standardised and duration testing conditions.
abstract: After the prohibition of bisphenol-A-containing polycarbonate baby bottles in the European Union (EU), alternative materials, such as polypropylene, polyethersulphone, Tritan™ copolyester, etc., have appeared on the market. Based on an initial screening and in vitro toxicity assessment, the most toxic migrating compounds were selected to be monitored and quantified using validated GC- and LC-QqQ-MS methods. The effect of several 'real-life-use conditions', such as microwave, sterilisation and dishwasher, on the migration of different contaminants was evaluated by means of duration tests. These results were compared with a reference treatment (filling five times with pre-heated simulant at 40°C) and with the legal EU 'repetitive-use conditions' (three migrations, 2 h at 70°C). Analysis of the third migration step of the EU repetitive-use conditions (which has to comply with the EU legislative migration limits) showed that several non-authorised compounds were observed in some baby bottles exceeding 10 µg kg(-1). However, all authorised compounds were detected well below their respective specific migration limits (SMLs). The reference experiment confirmed the migration of some of the compounds previously detected in the EU repetitive-use experiment, though at lower concentrations. Analysis of extracts from the microwave and dishwasher experiments showed a reduction in the migration during the duration tests. In general, the concentrations found were low and comparable with the reference experiment. Similar observations were made for the two sterilisation types: steam and cooking sterilisation. However, steam sterilisation seems to be more recommended for daily use of baby bottles, since it resulted in a lower release of substances afterwards. Repeated use of baby bottles under 'real-life' conditions showed no increase in the migration of investigated compounds and, after some time, the migration of these compounds even became negligible.
authors.affiliation: a Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Antwerp , Wilrijk-Antwerp , Belgium.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Onghena
authors.affiliation: b Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety , Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels , Belgium.
authors.forename: Els
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Hoeck
authors.affiliation: a Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Antwerp , Wilrijk-Antwerp , Belgium.
authors.forename: Noelia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Negreira
authors.affiliation: a Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Antwerp , Wilrijk-Antwerp , Belgium.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quirynen
authors.affiliation: b Department of Food, Medicines and Consumer Safety , Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP) , Brussels , Belgium.
authors.forename: Joris
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Loco
authors.affiliation: a Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Antwerp , Wilrijk-Antwerp , Belgium.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covaci
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001530:Belgium; D001903:Bottle Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003902:Detergents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D004058:Diffusion; D005062:European Union; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000379:methods*; D008872:Microwaves / Q000009:adverse effects; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D009757:Nylons / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010969:Plastics / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D011126:Polypropylenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D012828:Silicones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D013242:Sterilization; D013450:Sulfones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D009757:Nylons; D010968:Plasticizers; D010969:Plastics; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D011126:Polypropylenes; D012828:Silicones; D013450:Sulfones; C022840:polyether sulfone
keywords: Baby bottles; GC/LC-QqQ-MS; food-contact material; migration; real-life conditions