title: GENETIC VARIATION AMONG STRAINS OF PSEUDOPFIESTERIA SHUMWAYAE AND PFIESTERIA PISCICIDA (DINOPHYCEAE)(1).
abstract: The putatively toxic dinoflagellates Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae (Glasgow et J. M. Burkh.) Litaker, Steid., P. L. Mason, Shields et P. A. Tester and Pfiesteria piscicida Steid. et J. M. Burkh. have been implicated in massive fish kills and of having negative impacts on human health along the mid-Atlantic seaboard of the USA. Considerable debate still remains as to the mechanisms responsible for fish mortality (toxicity vs. micropredation) caused by these dinoflagellates. Genetic differences among these cultures have not been adequately investigated and may account for or correlate with phenotypic variability among strains within each species. Genetic variation among strains of Ps. shumwayae and P. piscicida was examined by PCR-RFLP analysis using cultures obtained from the Provasoli-Guillard National Center for Culture of Marine Phytoplankton (CCMP), as well as those from our own and other colleagues' collection efforts. Examination of restriction digest banding profiles for 22 strains of Ps. shumwayae revealed the presence of 10 polymorphic restriction endonuclease sites within the first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S gene of the rDNA complex, and the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Three compound genotypes were represented within the 22 Ps. shumwayae strains. Conversely, PCR-RFLP examination of 14 strains of P. piscicida at the same ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 regions revealed only one variable restriction endonuclease site, located in the ITS1 region. In addition, a dinoflagellate culture listed as P. piscicida (CCMP 1928) and analyzed as part of this study was identified as closely related to Luciella masanensis P. L. Mason, H. J. Jeong, Litaker, Reece et Steid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062-1346, USA.
authors.forename: Hamish J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Small
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062-1346, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062-1346, USA.
authors.forename: Leonard W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062-1346, USA.
authors.forename: Wolfgang K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Vogelbein
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062-1346, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Aquatic Animal Health, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 23062-1346, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Reece
keywords: COI; PCR-RFLP; Pfiesteria piscicida; Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae; genetic variation; ribosomal genes