title: The ICMJE Recommendations and pharmaceutical marketing--strengths, weaknesses and the unsolved problem of attribution in publication ethics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) Recommendations set ethical and editorial standards for article publication in most leading medical journals. Here, I examine the strengths and weaknesses of the Recommendations in the prevention of commercial bias in industry-financed journal literature, on three levels - scholarly discourse, article content, and article attribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With respect to overall discourse, the most important measures in the ICMJE Recommendations are for enforcing clinical trial registration and controlling duplicate publication. With respect to article content, the ICMJE promotes stringent author accountability and adherence to established reporting standards. However, the ICMJE accepts the use of commercial editorial teams to produce manuscripts, which is a potential source of bias, and accepts private company ownership and analysis of clinical trial data. New ICMJE guidance on data sharing will address but not eliminate problems of commercial data access. With respect to attribution, the Recommendations oppose guest authorship and encourage clear documentation of author contributions. However, they exclude writers from coauthorship; provide no specific advice on the attribution of commercial literature, for instance with respect to company authorship, author sequence or prominent commercial labeling; and endorse the use of fine print and euphemism. The ICMJE requires detailed author interest disclosures, but overlooks the interests of non-authors and companies, and does not recommend that interests most salient to the publication are highlighted. Together, these weaknesses facilitate "advocacy"-based marketing, in which literature planned, financed and produced by companies is fronted by academics, enabling commercial messages to be presented to customers by their respected clinical peers rather than companies themselves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ICMJE Recommendations set important research and reporting standards, without which commercial bias would likely be a significantly greater problem than it is today. However, they also support practices of commercial data control, content development and attribution that run counter to science's values of openness, objectivity and truthfulness. These weaknesses could be addressed with appropriate modifications to the Recommendations. The ICMJE should also disclose its own commercial interests and funding - not least because publishing organizations that finance it and pay the salaries of some member editors derive substantial revenues from industry.
authors.affiliation: , Toronto, Canada. amatheson@outlook.com.
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matheson
mesh_terms: D001319:Authorship; D015982:Bias; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000941:ethics; D016265:Conflict of Interest; D004345:Drug Industry; D035081:Editorial Policies; D005378:Financial Support; D006801:Humans; D040541:Marketing; D011643:Publishing / Q000941:ethics*; D012952:Societies
keywords: Attribution; Authorship; Bias; Conflict of interest; Contributorship; Data sharing; ICMJE; Key opinion leader; Marketing; Pharmaceutical industry; Publication ethics; Publishing industry