title: Dietary fat may modulate adipose tissue homeostasis through the processes of autophagy and apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer development. Autophagy and apoptosis are critical processes for development and homeostasis in multicellular organisms and have been linked to a variety of disorders. We aimed to investigate whether the quantity and quality of dietary fat can influence these processes in the adipose tissue of obese people.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, controlled trial within the LIPGENE study assigned 39 obese people with metabolic syndrome to 1 of 4 diets: (a) a high-saturated fatty acid diet, (b) a high-monounsaturated fatty acid (HMUFA) diet, and (c, d) two low-fat, high-complex carbohydrate diets supplemented with long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LFHCC n-3) or placebo (LFHCC), for 12 weeks each.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found an increase in the expression of autophagy-related BECN1 and ATG7 genes after the long-term consumption of the HMUFA diet (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively) and an increase in the expression of the apoptosis-related CASP3 gene after the long-term consumption of the LFHCC and LFHCC n-3 diets (p = 0.001 and p = 0.029, respectively). CASP3 and CASP7 gene expression changes correlated with HOMA index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that the processes of autophagy and apoptosis in adipose tissue may be modified by diet and that the consumption of a diet rich in monounsaturated fat may contribute to adipose tissue homeostasis by increasing autophagy. They also reinforce the notion that apoptosis in adipose tissue is linked to insulin resistance.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00429195.
authors.affiliation: Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Camargo
authors.affiliation: Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Rangel-Zúñiga
authors.affiliation: Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alcalá-Díaz
authors.affiliation: Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gomez-Delgado
authors.affiliation: Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delgado-Lista
authors.affiliation: Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Carpintero
authors.affiliation: Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marín
authors.affiliation: Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Almadén
authors.affiliation: Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Yubero-Serrano
authors.affiliation: Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Moreno
authors.affiliation: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain.|Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Virgen de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Tinahones
authors.affiliation: Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pérez-Martínez
authors.affiliation: UCD Institute of Food and Health, UCD Conway Institute, School of Public Health and Population Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, UK.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.affiliation: Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal, s/n, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. jlopezmir@uco.es.|CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Córdoba, Spain. jlopezmir@uco.es.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López-Miranda
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis; D001343:Autophagy; D000071193:Autophagy-Related Protein 7 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071186:Beclin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053179:Caspase 7 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology; D016037:Single-Blind Method
chemical_list: C491997:BECN1 protein, human; D000071186:Beclin-1; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; C505407:CASP3 protein, human; C505520:CASP7 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D053179:Caspase 7; C509349:ATG7 protein, human; D000071193:Autophagy-Related Protein 7
keywords: Apoptosis; Autophagy; Dietary fat; Insulin resistance; Obesity