title: Finding the gap: a brightness-based strategy for guidance in cluttered environments.
abstract: The ability to move safely between obstacles is critical for animals that fly rapidly through cluttered environments but surprisingly little is known about how they achieve this. Do they reactively avoid obstacles or do they instead fly towards the gaps between them? If they aim towards gaps, what information do they use to detect and fly through them? Here, we aim to answer these questions by presenting orchid bees with different apertures. When negotiating gaps, orchid bees locate and fly close to the point that gives them greatest clearance from the edges. The cue that they use to pinpoint this spot is the brightness gradient formed across the aperture. Furthermore, we find that orchid bees also rely on brightness cues to locate gaps that are sufficiently large to negotiate safely. The advantage of using brightness for locating and negotiating gaps in a cluttered environment is that it provides information about the safest path through obstacles, at least in a forest environment. This brightness-based guidance strategy for gap detection and negotiation represents a fast, computationally simple and efficient mechanism to identify the clearest path through a forest and is, therefore, likely to represent a more general mechanism used by other animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund 22362, Sweden emily.baird@biol.lu.se.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund 22362, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dacke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005426:Flight, Animal; D065928:Forests; D008027:Light; D009949:Orientation; D065854:Spatial Navigation; D014796:Visual Perception
keywords: brightness; flight; guidance; insect; orchid bee; vision