title: Mindfulness Meditation Modulates Pain Through Endogenous Opioids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent evidence supports the beneficial effects of mindfulness meditation on pain. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this effect remain poorly understood. We used an opioid blocker to examine whether mindfulness meditation-induced analgesia involves endogenous opioids.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen healthy experienced mindfulness meditation practitioners participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Participants rated the pain and unpleasantness of a cold stimulus prior to and after a mindfulness meditation session. Participants were then randomized to receive either intravenous naloxone or saline, after which they meditated again, and rated the same stimulus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A (3) × (2) repeated-measurements analysis of variance revealed a significant time effect for pain and unpleasantness scores (both P <.001) as well as a significant condition effect for pain and unpleasantness (both P <.2). Post hoc comparisons revealed that pain and unpleasantness scores were significantly reduced after natural mindfulness meditation and after placebo, but not after naloxone. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the pain scores following naloxone vs placebo and participants' mindfulness meditation experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show, for the first time, that meditation involves endogenous opioid pathways, mediating its analgesic effect and growing resilient with increasing practice to external suggestion. This finding could hold promising therapeutic implications and further elucidate the fine mechanisms involved in human pain modulation.
authors.affiliation: Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; The Institute for Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: haggais@tlvmc.gov.il.
authors.forename: Haggai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sharon
authors.affiliation: Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Adi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maron-Katz
authors.affiliation: Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Eti
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ben Simon
authors.affiliation: Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Flusser
authors.affiliation: Functional Brain Center, Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Talma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hendler
authors.affiliation: School of Education, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tarrasch
authors.affiliation: The Institute for Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Silviu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brill
mesh_terms: D003080:Cold Temperature; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D019122:Meditation / Q000379:methods*; D064866:Mindfulness / Q000379:methods*; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018847:Opioid Peptides / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D018847:Opioid Peptides; D009270:Naloxone
keywords: Analgesia; Meditation; Opioids; Pain