title: Total Ankle Arthroplasty for the Treatment of Symptomatic Nonunion Following Tibiotalar Fusion.
abstract: Background Nonunion of an ankle arthrodesis is associated with significant pain and morbidity. Revision arthrodesis presents greater short-term morbidity and long-term sequelae. 1-6 Recent reports have demonstrated the feasibility of converting a symptomatic nonunion of an ankle arthrodesis to a total ankle arthroplasty.7-9 The objective of the present study was to evaluate the short-term outcome associated with take down of symptomatic nonunions of ankle arthrodeses and conversion to a fixed bearing, intramedullary total ankle arthroplasty. Methods Five patients with symptomatic, aseptic tibiotalar arthrodesis nonunions (average age, 62.2 years), who underwent conversion to a total ankle arthroplasty were retrospectively identified and assessed at a prospective office visit. Minimum follow-up was 12 months (average, 21.3 months). Clinical outcomes were assessed on the basis of the American Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score10 and the Foot Function Index.11,12 Radiographic analysis, patient satisfaction and pain levels were also evaluated. Results The average post-operative AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score was 82.6, while the FFI was 28.2%. The average clinical range of motion was 35 degrees. Visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores averaged 31.1 out of 100. Four out of the five patients were very satisfied or satisfied. Radiographically, the tibial and talar components were stable in all patients without evidence of loosening, migration, or subsidence. There were no complications requiring additional procedures. Conclusions Patients undergoing ankle arthrodesis that is complicated by an aseptic nonunion pose a difficult clinical problem. Conversion to a total ankle arthroplasty with a fixed bearing, intramedullary implant is a viable treatment option with reliable short-term results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Therapeutic, Level IV: Case series.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (WPH)Orthocarolina Foot and Ankle Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina (WHD, RA) whuntington@gmail.com.
authors.forename: William P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Huntington
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (WPH)Orthocarolina Foot and Ankle Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina (WHD, RA).
authors.forename: W Hodges
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (WPH)Orthocarolina Foot and Ankle Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina (WHD, RA).
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D058737:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Ankle; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D064232:Visual Analog Scale
keywords: ankle arthrodesis; ankle arthroplasty; ankle fusion; nonunion