title: Novel minimal physiologically-based model for the prediction of passive tubular reabsorption and renal excretion clearance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Develop a minimal mechanistic model based on in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) principles to predict extent of passive tubular reabsorption. Assess the ability of the model developed to predict extent of passive tubular reabsorption (Freab) and renal excretion clearance (CLR) from in vitro permeability data and tubular physiological parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Model system parameters were informed by physiological data collated following extensive literature analysis. A database of clinical CLRwas collated for 157 drugs. A subset of 45 drugs was selected for model validation; for those, Caco-2 permeability (Papp) data were measured under pH6.5-7.4 gradient conditions and used to predict Freaband subsequently CLR. An empirical calibration approach was proposed to account for the effect of inter-assay/laboratory variation in Pappon the IVIVE of Freab.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 5-compartmental model accounted for regional differences in tubular surface area and flow rates and successfully predicted the extent of tubular reabsorption of 45 drugs for which filtration and reabsorption were contributing to renal excretion. Subsequently, predicted CLRwas within 3-fold of the observed values for 87% of drugs in this dataset, with an overall gmfe of 1.96. Consideration of the empirical calibration method improved overall prediction of CLR(gmfe=1.73 for 34 drugs in the internal validation dataset), in particular for basic drugs and drugs with low extent of tubular reabsorption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The novel 5-compartment model represents an important addition to the IVIVE toolbox for physiologically-based prediction of renal tubular reabsorption and CLR. Physiological basis of the model proposed allows its application in future mechanistic kidney models in preclinical species and human.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scotcher
authors.affiliation: Oncology iMed, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rostami-Hodjegan
authors.affiliation: Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. Electronic address: Aleksandra.Galetin@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galetin
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007684:Kidney Tubules / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D065667:Renal Elimination / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: In vitro–in vivo extrapolation; Renal excretion clearance; Tubular reabsorption