title: Serum saturated fatty acid decreases plasma adiponectin and increases leptin throughout pregnancy independently of BMI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether serum concentrations of total saturated fatty acids (SFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and their fractions are associated with plasma adiponectin and leptin concentrations throughout pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort of 201 pregnant women was followed from gestational weeks 5 to 13, 20 to 26, and 30 to 36. Blood samples were collected at the three visits after 12 h of fasting. Fatty acid concentrations were determined using fast gas-liquid chromatography. Plasma adiponectin (μg/mL) and leptin (ng/dL) concentrations were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Statistical analyses included median adipokine concentrations according to the tertiles of fatty acid distribution and multiple linear mixed-effect models adjusted for body mass index, gestational age, total energy intake, alcohol consumption, and smoking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women classified in the third SFA concentration tertile had lower median values of adiponectin compared with those in the first tertile ([first trimester: first tertile = 5.36; third tertile = 5.00]; [second trimester: first tertile = 6.39; third tertile = 4.47]; [third trimester: first tertile = 6.46; third tertile = 4.60]). Similar trends were observed for the 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0 fractions. In the multiple longitudinal models, total SFA (β = -41.039; P = 0.008) and 16:0 were negatively associated with plasma adiponectin (16:0, β = -0.511; P = 0.001). Total PUFA ω-6 (β = 28.961; P = 0.002) and 18:2 ω-6 (β = 0.259, P = 0.006) were positively associated with the adiponectin. Total SFA (β = 0.110, P = 0.007), 14:0 (β = 0.072, P = 0.011), and 20:3 ω-6 (β = 0.039; P = 0.035) were positively associated with plasma leptin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total serum SFA and the 16:0 fraction were negatively associated with plasma adiponectin and positively associated with leptin concentrations. Total ω-6 PUFA was positively associated only with plasma adiponectin concentrations throughout pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jaqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lepsch
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dayana Rodrigues
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Farias
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana Dos Santos
authors.initials: Jdos S
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de Jesus Pereira Pinto
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natália
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: da Silva Lima
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Amélia
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Freitas Vilela
authors.affiliation: National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Factor-Litvak
authors.affiliation: Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Josué de Castro Nutrition Institute, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: gilberto.kac@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kac
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001938:Brazil; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D020738:Leptin
keywords: Adiponectin; Cohort studies; Fatty acids; Leptin; Pregnancy