title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism increases the susceptibility to hypertension and additive diseases: A study on North Indian patients.
abstract: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is the key enzyme of the renin angiotensin system (RAS) which maintains the blood pressure homeostasis in our body. The association of the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism with essential hypertension has been demonstrated by many studies. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the association of the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene with hypertension and additive diseases in North Indian population. In total, 222 hypertensive and 218 normotensive adults participated in this hospital-based study. Anthropometric measures, lipids profiles, blood glucose, and blood pressure (BP) measures were collected from participants. ACE I/D polymorphism was determined by using insertion-specific amplification. The mean ages of study groups were 50.35 ± 12.40 and 47.32 ± 11.94 for cases and controls, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the frequencies of DD, ID, and II genotypes among the hypertensive and normotensive groups which were found to be 29.7%, 38.7%, and 31.5% vs. 53.7%, 23.4%, and 22.9%, respectively. It has been observed that the ACE ID genotype was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in hypertensive subjects, whereas, the DD genotype was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in control subjects. A strong association was found between cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and ID genotype [p = 0.017, odds ratio (OR) = 3.091, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.224-7.807]. ID [p = 0.002, OR = 2.020, 95% CI = 1.281-3.185] and II [p = 0.032, OR = 1.677, 95% CI = 1.044-2.694] genotypes are more prone to diabetes with hypertension. This finding suggests that ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with hypertension and additive diseases in North Indians.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: b Department of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India.
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: c Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India.
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Gambhir
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D000075222:Essential Hypertension; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D054643:INDEL Mutation; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A
keywords: Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene; cardiovascular disease; diabetes; hypertension; insertion/deletion polymorphism