title: A Critical Review of OSHA Heat Enforcement Cases: Lessons Learned.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to review the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) 2012 to 2013 heat enforcement cases, using identified essential elements of heat illness prevention to evaluate employers' programs and make recommendations to better protect workers from heat illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  (1) Identify essential elements of heat illness prevention; (2) develop data collection tool; and (3) analyze OSHA 2012 to 2013 heat enforcement cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OSHA's database contains 84 heat enforcement cases in 2012 to 2013. Employer heat illness prevention programs were lacking in essential elements such as providing water and shade; adjusting the work/rest proportion to allow for workload and effective temperature; and acclimatizing and training workers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this set of investigations, most employers failed to implement common elements of illness prevention programs. Over 80% clearly did not rely on national standard approaches to heat illness prevention.
authors.affiliation: Office of Occupational Medicine and Nursing (Ms Arbury and Dr Hodgson), Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arbury
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindsley
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hodgson
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D060766:Drinking Water; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000592:standards*; D016272:Occupational Health / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D012146:Rest; D014481:United States; D014489:United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration; D016526:Workload; D017132:Workplace / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000458:organization & administration
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water