title: The Performance of Five Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Prediction Equations against Dual X-ray Absorptiometry in Estimating Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass in an Adult Australian Population.
abstract: Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) is a diagnostic criterion for sarcopenia. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) offers a bedside approach to measure ASM but the performance of BIA prediction equations (PE) varies with ethnicities and body composition. We aim to validate the performance of five PEs in estimating ASM against estimation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We recruited 195 healthy adult Australians and ASM was measured using single-frequency BIA. Bland-Altman analysis was used to assess the predictive accuracy of ASM as determined by BIA against DXA. Precision (root mean square error (RMSE)) and bias (mean error (ME)) were calculated according to the method of Sheiner and Beal. Four PEs (except that by Kim) showed ASM values that correlated strongly with ASMDXA (r ranging from 0.96 to 0.97, p < 0.001). The Sergi equation performed the best with the lowest ME of -1.09 kg (CI: -0.84--1.34, p < 0.001) and the RMSE was 2.09 kg (CI: 1.72-2.47). In men, the Kyle equation performed better with the lowest ME (-0.32 kg (CI: -0.66-0.02) and RMSE (1.54 kg (CI: 1.14-1.93)). The Sergi equation is applicable in adult Australians (Caucasian) whereas the Kyle equation can be considered in males. The need remains to validate PEs in other ethnicities and to develop equations suitable for multi-frequency BIA.
authors.affiliation: NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence: Frailty Trans-disciplinary Research to Achieve Healthy Ageing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. solomon.yu@adelaide.edu.au.|Adelaide Geriatrics Training and Research with Aged Care (G-TRAC) Center, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. solomon.yu@adelaide.edu.au.|Aged and Extended Care Service, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, SA 5000, Australia. solomon.yu@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Solomon C Y
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Aged and Extended Care Service, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, SA 5000, Australia. alice.powell@sa.gov.au.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence: Frailty Trans-disciplinary Research to Achieve Healthy Ageing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. kareeann.khow@adelaide.edu.au.|Adelaide Geriatrics Training and Research with Aged Care (G-TRAC) Center, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. kareeann.khow@adelaide.edu.au.|Aged and Extended Care Service, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, SA 5000, Australia. kareeann.khow@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kareeann S F
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Khow
authors.affiliation: NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence: Frailty Trans-disciplinary Research to Achieve Healthy Ageing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. renuka.visvanathan@adelaide.edu.au.|Adelaide Geriatrics Training and Research with Aged Care (G-TRAC) Center, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. renuka.visvanathan@adelaide.edu.au.|Aged and Extended Care Service, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Central Adelaide Local Health Network, South Australia, SA 5000, Australia. renuka.visvanathan@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Renuka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Visvanathan
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D017097:Electric Impedance; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: bioelectrical impedance; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; muscle; sarcopenia