title: Production of medium-chain fatty acids and higher alcohols by a synthetic co-culture grown on carbon monoxide or syngas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Synthesis gas, a mixture of CO, H2, and CO2, is a promising renewable feedstock for bio-based production of organic chemicals. Production of medium-chain fatty acids can be performed via chain elongation, utilizing acetate and ethanol as main substrates. Acetate and ethanol are main products of syngas fermentation by acetogens. Therefore, syngas can be indirectly used as a substrate for the chain elongation process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we report the establishment of a synthetic co-culture consisting of Clostridium autoethanogenum and Clostridium kluyveri. Together, these bacteria are capable of converting CO and syngas to a mixture of C4 and C6 fatty acids and their respective alcohols. The co-culture is able to grow using solely CO or syngas as a substrate, and presence of acetate significantly stimulated production rates. The co-culture produced butyrate and caproate at a rate of 8.5 ± 1.1 and 2.5 ± 0.63 mmol/l/day, respectively. Butanol and hexanol were produced at a rate of 3.5 ± 0.69 and 2.0 ± 0.46 mmol/l/day, respectively. The pH was found to be a major factor during cultivation, influencing the growth performance of the separate strains and caproate toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This co-culture poses an alternative way to produce medium-chain fatty acids and higher alcohols from carbon monoxide or syngas and the process can be regarded as an integration of syngas fermentation and chain elongation in one growth vessel.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diender
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands ; Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Alfons J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stams
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Diana Z
authors.initials: DZ
authors.lastname: Sousa
keywords: Butanol; Butyrate; Caproate; Clostridium autoethanogenum; Clostridium kluyveri; Hexanol; Hydrogen