title: Cytotoxic Effects of One-step Self-etching Dental Adhesives on Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts In Vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential cytotoxic effects of four one-step self-etching dental adhesives [Adper Easy One (AEO), iBond (IB), Clearfil S³ Bond (CSB), and G-Bond (GB)] on cultured human periodontal ligament fibroblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cured adhesives were immersed in complete DMEM or deionized water and maintained at 37°C for 24 h, followed by sterilization. The deionized water-based extract was used for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The DMEM-based extract was diluted into various concentrations for cytotoxicity tests. The viability, integrity, and apoptosis of cultured human periodontal ligament fibroblasts upon treatment with the extracts were determined using the CCK-8 assay, microscopy, and flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All of the four adhesives induced cell viability loss, cell morphology alteration, and cell death. GB showed the greatest cytotoxicity by inducing cell apoptosis and necrosis, while IB had the weakest cytotoxic effect on the cultured cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All tested dental adhesives have significant adverse effects on cell viability. Therefore, precautions should be taken to protect the periodontal tissues when dental adhesives are applied in the clinic.
authors.forename: Fangfang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chaowen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Rongrong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Ningning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000633:toxicity; D002452:Cell Count; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003470:Culture Media; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000187:drug effects; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000633:toxicity; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000187:drug effects; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000633:toxicity*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C494826:BAX protein, human; C505694:Clearfil S3 Bond; D003470:Culture Media; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C498353:G-Bond; D008689:Methacrylates; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D019279:Resin Cements; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C477386:iBond; D014867:Water; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; C005044:hydroxyethyl methacrylate; D045304:Cytochromes c