title: Antimicrobial Resistance and Resistance Genes in Aerobic Bacteria Isolated from Pork at Slaughter.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance, integrons, and transferability of resistance markers in 243 aerobic bacteria recovered from pork at slaughter in the People's Republic of China. The organisms belonged to 22 genera of gram-negative bacteria (92.2%) and gram-positive bacteria (7.8%). High levels of resistance were detected to tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ampicillin (36.2 to 54.3%), and lower levels were detected to nitrofurantoin, cefotaxime, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol (7.8 to 29.2%). Across species, genes conferring antimicrobial resistance were observed with the following frequencies: blaTEM, 40.7%; blaCMY-2, 15.2%; blaCTX-M, 11.5%; sul2, 27.2%; sul1, 14.4%; tet(A), 5.4%; tet(L), 5.4%; tet(M), 5.0%; tet(E), 3.7%; tet(C), 3.3%; tet(S), 2.5%; and tet(K), 0.8%. Various antimicrobial resistance genes were found in new carriers: blaTEM in Lactococcus garvieae, Myroides odoratimimus, Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus sciuri, Raoultella terrigena, Macrococcus caseolyticus, Acinetobacter ursingii, Sphingobacterium sp., and Oceanobacillus sp.; blaCMY-2 in Lactococcus lactis, Klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia marcescens, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Myroides phaeus; tet(L) in M. caseolyticus; sul1 in Vibrio cincinnatiensis; sul2 in Acinetobacter bereziniae, Acinetobacter johnsonii, and V. cincinnatiensis; and the class 1 integron and gene cassette aadA2 in V. cincinnatiensis. Approximately 6.6% of isolates contained class 1 integrons, and one isolate harbored class 2 integrons. Plasmid associated intI1 and androgen receptor- encoding genes were transferred into Escherichia coli J53 and E. coli DH5α by conjugation and transformation experiments, respectively. Our study highlights the importance of aerobic bacteria from pork as reservoirs for antimicrobial resistance genes and mobile genetic elements that can readily be transferred intra- and interspecies.
authors.affiliation: College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rikke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Heidemann Olsen
authors.affiliation: College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Xiamen Yinxiang Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361100, People's Republic of China. femenghc@scut.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hecheng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Food Safety Technology for Meat Products and Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Xiamen Yinxiang Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen 361100, People's Republic of China. leishi88@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002681:China; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005511:Food Handling / Q000295:instrumentation; D032023:Integrons; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000069466:Red Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins