title: Ozone treatment of conditioned wastewater selects antibiotic resistance genes, opportunistic bacteria, and induce strong population shifts.
abstract: An ozone treatment system was investigated to analyze its impact on clinically relevant antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs). A concentration of 0.9±0.1g ozone per 1g DOC was used to treat conventional clarified wastewater. PCR, qPCR analyses, Illumina 16S Amplicon Sequencing, and PCR-DGGE revealed diverse patterns of resistances and susceptibilities of opportunistic bacteria and accumulations of some ARGs after ozone treatment. Molecular marker genes for enterococci indicated a high susceptibility to ozone. Although they were reduced by almost 99%, they were still present in the bacterial population after ozone treatment. In contrast to this, Pseudomonas aeruginosa displayed only minor changes in abundance after ozone treatment. This indicated different mechanisms of microorganisms to cope with the bactericidal effects of ozone. The investigated ARGs demonstrated an even more diverse pattern. After ozone treatment, the erythromycin resistance gene (ermB) was reduced by 2 orders of magnitude, but simultaneously, the abundance of two other clinically relevant ARGs increased within the surviving wastewater population (vanA, blaVIM). PCR-DGGE analysis and 16S-Amplicon-Sequencing confirmed a selection-like process in combination with a substantial diversity loss within the vital wastewater population after ozone treatment. Especially the PCR-DGGE results demonstrated the survival of GC-rich bacteria after ozone treatment.
authors.affiliation: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Microbiology at Natural and Technical Interfaces Department, P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: Technische Universität Darmstadt, Institute IWAR, Wastewater Technology, Franziska-Braun-Straße 7, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Knopp
authors.affiliation: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Microbiology at Natural and Technical Interfaces Department, P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dötsch
authors.affiliation: Xylem Services GmbH, Boschstraße 4 - 14, 32051, Herford, Germany.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wieland
authors.affiliation: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) - Campus North, Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Microbiology at Natural and Technical Interfaces Department, P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany. Electronic address: thomas.schwartz@kit.edu.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D010126:Ozone; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D010126:Ozone; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Ozone; antibiotic resistance; opportunistic bacteria; population analysis; wastewater