title: N-nitrosamine formation by monochloramine, free chlorine, and peracetic acid disinfection with presence of amine precursors in drinking water system.
abstract: In this study, the formation of eight N-nitrosamines, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine, N-nitrosomethylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine, N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine, N-Nitrosopiperidine, N-Nitrosopyrrolidine, N-Nitrosomorpholine, were systematically evaluated with respect to seven N-nitrosamine precursors (dimethylamine, trimethylamine, 3-(dimethylaminomethyl)indole, 4-dimethylaminoantipyrine, ethylmethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine) and three disinfectants (monochloramine, free chlorine, peracetic acid) under variable dosages, exposure times, and pH in a drinking water system. Without the presence of the seven selected N-nitrosamine precursors N-nitrosamine formation was not observed under any tested condition except very low levels of N-Nitrosopyrrolidine under some conditions. With selected N-nitrosamine precursors present N-nitrosamines formed at different levels under different conditions. The highest N-nitrosamine formation was NDMA with a maximum concentration of 1180 ng/L by monochloramine disinfection with precursors present; much lower levels of N-nitrosamines were formed by free chlorine disinfection; and no detectable level of N-nitrosamines were observed by peracetic acid disinfection except low level of N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine under some conditions. NDMA formation was not affected by pH while four other N-nitrosamine formations were slightly affected by sample pH tested between 7 and 9, with formation decreasing with increasing pH. Monochloramine exposure time study displayed fast formation of N-nitrosamines, largely formed in four hours of exposure and maximized after seven days. This was a systematic study on the N-nitrosamine formation with the seven major N-nitrosamine precursors presence and absence under different conditions, including peracetic acid disinfection which has not been studied elsewhere.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA; Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), USA.
authors.forename: Danielle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: West
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA; Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), USA.
authors.forename: Qihua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA; Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), USA.
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Donovan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA; Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), USA. Electronic address: honglan@mst.edu.
authors.forename: Honglan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA; Center for Single Nanoparticle, Single Cell, and Single Molecule Monitoring (CS(3)M), USA.
authors.forename: Yinfa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Water and Sewer Department, City of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Environmental Research Center, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Jianmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002700:Chloramines / Q000737:chemistry*; D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry*; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry*; D004203:Disinfection; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010463:Peracetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002700:Chloramines; D004202:Disinfectants; D060766:Drinking Water; D009602:Nitrosamines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C013161:N-nitroso(di-n-propyl)amine; C002741:N-nitrosomorpholine; D002713:Chlorine; C002743:N-nitrosopiperidine; C012279:dibutylnitrosamine; D010463:Peracetic Acid; C030816:chloramine; D004128:Dimethylnitrosamine
keywords: Drinking water disinfection by peracetic acid; Emerging water disinfection byproducts (DBPs); N-nitrosamine formation; N-nitrosamine precursors; N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)