title: Human Fumarate Hydratase Is Dual Localized by an Alternative Transcription Initiation Mechanism.
abstract: Fumarate hydratase (FH, fumarase), is a tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme localized in the mitochondrial matrix. However, a common theme, conserved from yeast to human, is the existence of a large cytosolic population of FH. FH has been shown to function as a tumor suppressor gene and is now implicated in various diseases. We have previously indicated that the cytosolic echoform of FH has a role in the DNA damage response and specifically in the response to DNA double strand breaks. In fact, recently FH has been shown to be involved in histone demethylation. Therefore, it has become important to understand the underlying mechanism of FH dual subcellular location in human cells. We revealed that in human cells, in contrast to yeast, the FH gene encodes two gene products, one containing and one lacking the mitochondrial targeting sequence. On the basis of expression of endogenous wild-type FH and mutant FH cDNAs from plasmids, RT-PCR, RACE to determine the 5' termini of FH mRNAs, and mass spectrometry of FH products, we show that the mechanism of FH distribution is alternative transcription initiation from a broad promoter. This is contrary to the suggested mechanism for rat liver cells which had claimed alternative translation initiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dik
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Adi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naamati
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Hadar
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Asraf
authors.affiliation: CREATE-NUS-HUJ Program and the Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lehming
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.|CREATE-NUS-HUJ Program and the Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ophry
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pines
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions / Q000235:genetics; D017398:Alternative Splicing / Q000235:genetics*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D003600:Cytosol / Q000201:enzymology*; D005649:Fumarate Hydratase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D010957:Plasmids; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D007527:Isoenzymes; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005649:Fumarate Hydratase
keywords: dual targeting; fumarate hydratase; mitochondria; nucleus; transcription initiation; tumor suppressor