title: Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal (HM) pollution in the ambient air using a new bio-indicator.
abstract: The aim of this descriptive-analytical study was to measure the concentration of heavy metals (HMs) in the leaf and bark of Ulmus carpinifolia as new biological indicators, and the ecological risk assessment of these metals in the ambient air. To achieve these goals, 48 sampling locations were selected in the city and concentration of four HMs-zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd)-was measured in the mentioned indicator using atomic absorption spectroscopy method. After this, ecological risk assessment, source appointment, and spatial distribution were conducted. In this regard, the enrichment factor (EF), potential ecological risk factor (E r), potential ecological risk index (RI), correlation coefficient (r), and other indices were calculated. The results showed that the concentration of HMs in the leaf and bark in ascending order is as Cd<Cu<Pb<Zn and Cd<Pb<Cu<Zn, respectively. The EF results indicated that the main origin of all measured HMs except Zn is anthropogenic sources. Also, the principal component analysis (PCA) and spatial distribution proved that the concentration of HMs is mainly originated from the traffic and other human activities. On the other hand, the results RI presented that the majority of locations sampled in the study area was exposed to serious ecological risk in terms of surveyed HMs. The leaf and bark of U. carpinifolia can be applied as bio-indicators of the presence of heavy metals in the ambient air and ecological risk imposed by them.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. M_miri87@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miri
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Allahabadi
authors.affiliation: Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.|Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Ghaffari
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
authors.forename: Zeynab Abaszadeh
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Fathabadi
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Raisi
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehrab
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rezai
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen Yazdani
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Aval
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D000397:Air Pollution; D002681:China; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D024301:Plant Bark / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D034403:Ulmus / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy
keywords: Ambient air; Bio-indicator; Ecological risk assessment; Heavy metals (HMs); Ulmus carpinifolia