title: Global Variation of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes and Selected Genes Involved in Cervical Malignancies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carcinoma of the cervix is ranked second among the top 5 cancers affecting women globally. Parallel to other cancers, it is also a complex disease involving numerous factors such as human papillomavirus (HPV) infection followed by the activity of oncogenes and environmental factors. The incidence rate of the disease remains high in developing countries due to lack of awareness, followed by mass screening programs, various socioeconomic issues, and low usage of preventive vaccines. Over the past 3 decades, extensive research has taken place in cervical malignancy to elucidate the role of host genes in the pathogenesis of the disease, yet it remains one of the most prevalent diseases. It is imperative that recent genome-wide techniques be used to determine whether carcinogenesis of oncogenes is associated with cervical cancer at the molecular level and to translate that knowledge into developing diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to discuss HPV predominance with their genotype distribution worldwide, and in India, as well as to discuss the newly identified oncogenes related to cervical cancer in current scenario.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using data from various databases and robust technologies, oncogenes associated with cervical malignancies were identified and are explained in concise manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to the advent of recent technologies, new candidate genes are explored and can be used as precise biomarkers for screening and developing drug targets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: R S Akram
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: rkgenes@gmail.com.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
mesh_terms: D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005202:Asia, Eastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16; D052161:Human papillomavirus 18; D058952:Human papillomavirus 31; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007843:Latin America / Q000453:epidemiology; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D009154:Mutation; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D015995:Prevalence; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / Q000235:genetics; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D058534:Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C117307:KRAS protein, human; C495901:TP53 protein, human; C484760:PIK3CA protein, human; C109790:STK11 protein, human
keywords: HPV vaccines; cervical cancer; human papillomavirus; mutation; oncogene