title: New Isorhamnetin Derivatives from Salsola imbricata Forssk. Leaves with Distinct Anti-inflammatory Activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Salsola imbricata Forssk. is a shrub widely growing in Egypt, used as a camel food, traditionally, used as anti-inflammatory agent. Literature survey showed no report about the anti-inflammatory activity of S. imbricata.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This work was designed to study the phenolic constituents and to provide evidence for the traditional use of S. imbricata as an anti-inflammatory agent.
  
  
  METHODS
  The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the total aqueous methanol extract and some isolated compounds were investigated in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells using nitric oxide assay. All chemical structures were identified on the basis of electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, one- and two-dimension nuclear magnetic resonance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine phenolic compounds, among them two new natural products; isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronyl (1'''→4'') glucuronide (1) and its dimethyl ester; isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-di glucuronate dimethyl ester (2), two isorhamnetin glycosides: Isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside (3), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), and isorhamnetin (5). In addition, an alkaloidal phenolic; trans N-feruloyl tyramine (6), three phenolic acids: Isovanillic acid (7), ferulic acid (8), and p-hydroxy benzoic acid (9) were isolated from salsola imbricata leaves. All compounds were isolated and identified for the first time from this plant except compound (6). The extract and the tested compounds showed distintict anti-inflammatory activities with no toxicity on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extract and the tested compounds showed distintict anti-inflammatory activities with no toxicity on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Investigation of the chemical constituents of the leaves of Salsola imbricata led to isolation of two new isorhamnetin derivatives: isorhamnetin.3-O-β-D.glucuronyl (1'"→") glucuronide (1) and its dimethyl ester (2), together with seven known phenolic compounds. The extract and the tested compounds showed distintict anti-inflammatory activities with no toxicity on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Abbreviations used: PC: Paper chromatography, MPLC : Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography, HMBC: Heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, HMQC: Heteronuclear single quantum correlation, NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Samir M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Walaa A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: El Kashak
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wink
authors.affiliation: Department of Phytochemistry and Plant Systematic, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: El Raey
keywords: Amaranthaceae; Salsola imbricata; anti-inflammatory; isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronyl (1′′′→4′′) glucuronide; plant phenolics