title: Effect of n-3 fatty acids on the expression of inflammatory genes in THP-1 macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Uncontrolled inflammation participates in the development of inflammatory diseases. Beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids belonging to the n-3 family such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on inflammation have been reported. The present study investigates the basal effects of EPA, DHA and a mixture EPA + DHA on the expression of 10 genes (AKT1, MAPK, NFKB, TNFA, IL1Β, MCP1, ALOX5, PTGS2, MGST1 and NOS2) related to inflammation in unstimulated cultured THP1 macrophages. Cells were incubated for 24 h with n-3 PUFAs (50 μM and 10 μM EPA, DHA, EPA + DHA). Expression levels of inflammatory genes were analyzed by real-time PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  50 μM, 10 μM EPA and 50 μM EPA + DHA decreased the expression of genes involved in the NF-κB pathway (MAPK, AKT1, and NFKB). Treatment with 50 μM, 10 μM EPA, 50 μM DHA and EPA + DHA decreased expression levels of cytokines genes IL1Β and MCP1. TNFA expression was decreased by 50 μM, 10 μM of EPA, DHA and with 50 μM EPA + DHA. Two genes involved in the fatty acid metabolism (PTGS2 and ALOX5) were also modulated by the n-3 FAs. 50 μM of DHA and EPA + DHA inhibited PTGS2 expression when the two concentrations of EPA, 50 μM DHA and EPA + DHA inhibited ALOX5 expression. Finally, the effects of n-3 FAs were studied among genes involved in the oxidative stress. 50 μM of each fatty acid increased MGST1 expression. Both concentration of EPA and 50 μM DHA decreased NOS2 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EPA seems to be more effective than DHA and EPA + DHA in modulating expression levels of selected inflammatory genes. The concentration of 50 μM was globally more effective than 10 μM.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Pavillon des Services, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
authors.forename: Bénédicte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Allam-Ndoul
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Pavillon des Services, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guénard
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Quebec Research Center, 2705, boulevard Laurier R-4720, Québec, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Barbier
authors.affiliation: Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Pavillon des Services, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada. marie-claude.vohl@fsaa.ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Marie-Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Vohl
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000235:genetics*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D016328:NF-kappa B; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; C122107:microsomal glutathione S-transferase-I; D005982:Glutathione Transferase
keywords: Docosahexaenoic acid; Eicosapentaenoic acid; Genes; Inflammation; Omega-3; THP-1