title: Dual leucine zipper kinase (MAP3K12) modulators: a patent review (2010-2015).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK, MAP3K12) is essential for neuronal development and has been shown to mediate axon regeneration. On the other hand, DLK is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease and diabetes mellitus. Several patents have been published claiming to modulate or inhibit DLK by various approaches including ATP competitive inhibitors. In addition, two publications describe SAR of highly selective DLK inhibitors with efficacy in distinct mouse models of neurodegeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review summarized patents claiming to modulate DLK activity published between 2010 and 2015. Peer-reviewed publications related to the patents and additional peer-reviewed publications are included. This article describes 18 patents from three pharmaceutical companies and three academic research groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several methods are proposed to modulate DLK activity, some of them very experimental and not suitable for easy application in patients. ATP competitive kinase inhibitors exert high affinity, but for the majority, no information about their selectivity is available. To date, two inhibitors have been tested in mice. Given the controversial findings that DLK is required for neurodegeneration and for axon regeneration, more research is needed to further elucidate the regulation and the function of this kinase in diverse organs/tissues and under physiological and pathological conditions.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology , University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg , Germany.|b DZHK Partner-site Hamburg/Kiel/Luebeck , Germany.|c Institute of Pharmacy , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany.
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oetjen
authors.affiliation: c Institute of Pharmacy , University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lemcke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010330:Patents as Topic
chemical_list: D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; C090757:mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 12
keywords: Axon regeneration; diabetes mellitus type 2; dual leucine zipper kinase; mitogen-activated kinases; mixed lineage kinase; neurodegeneration