title: Emergence of nail lacquers as potential transungual delivery system in the management of onchomycosis.
abstract: Onchomycosis is the most common nail fungal disease afflicting toes and fingers with a high recurrence rate. The disease is caused by various types of fungi ranging from dermatophyte to non-dermatophyte, making it difficult to eradicate.
  
  
  
  The present article focuses on the emergence of nail lacquers as prospective transungual delivery systems for the treatment of mild-to-moderate onchomycosis. Updates regarding emerging nail lacquers, research progress in terms of clinical studies and patents for better understanding of the disease are provided. Finally, the characterization techniques for the assessment of drug concentration in different layers of nail are reviewed.
  
  
  
  The conventional topical delivery systems have failed to improve nail adhesion and drug absorption due to the highly keratinized hydrophilic structure of nail which obstructs the passage of drugs. The surgical therapy systems are painful and invasive while systemic therapy produces serious side effects and a high degree of relapse. These issues have led to the advent of nail lacquers. Nail lacquers have an immense potential to improve nail adhesion as well as bioavailability. However, the nail barrier is still a challenge in imparting complete cure. Several novel approaches are being developed in order to offer better therapeutic action.
authors.affiliation: a Chandigarh College of Pharmacy , Mohali , Punjab , India.
authors.forename: Purnima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kataria
authors.affiliation: b Division of Pharmaceutics , University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India.
authors.forename: Gajanand
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: b Division of Pharmaceutics , University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India.
authors.forename: Kanika
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.affiliation: a Chandigarh College of Pharmacy , Mohali , Punjab , India.
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bansal
authors.affiliation: c Department of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology , Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research , Chandigarh , India.
authors.forename: Sunil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dogra
authors.affiliation: b Division of Pharmaceutics , University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India.
authors.forename: Om Prakash
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Katare
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001682:Biological Availability; D006801:Humans; D007764:Lacquer; D009262:Nails / Q000187:drug effects*; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents
keywords: Nail lacquers; nail; onchomycosis; topical; transungual drug delivery