title: The cobra's tongue: Rethinking the function of the "fishtail appendage" on the pitcher plant Darlingtonia californica.
abstract: Carnivorous pitcher plants employ a variety of putative adaptations for prey attraction and capture. One example is the peculiar forked "fishtail appendage", a foliar structure widely presumed to function as a prey attractant on adult leaves of Darlingtonia californica (Sarraceniaceae). This study tests the prediction that the presence of the appendage facilitates prey capture and can be considered an example of an adaptation to the carnivorous syndrome.
  
  
  
  In a field experiment following a cohort of Darlingtonia leaves over their growing season, before the pitcher traps opened, the fishtail appendages from half of the leaves were removed. Additionally, all appendages were removed from every plant at two small, isolated populations. After 54 and 104 d, prey items were collected to determine whether differences in prey composition and biomass existed between experimental and unmanipulated control leaves.
  
  
  
  Removal of the fishtail appendage did not reduce pitcher leaves' prey biomass nor alter their prey composition at either the level of individual leaves or entire populations. Fishtail appendages on plants growing in shaded habitats contained significantly greater chlorophyll concentrations than those on plants growing in full sun.
  
  
  
  These results call into question the longstanding assumption that the fishtail appendage on Darlingtonia is an adaptation critical for the attraction and capture of prey. I suggest alternative evolutionary explanations for the role of the fishtail structure and repropose a hypothesis on the mutualistic nature of pitcher plant-arthropod trophic interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3040 Valley Life Sciences Building #3140, Berkeley, California 94720-3140 USA dave.armitage@gmail.com.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Armitage
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018533:Biomass; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D015233:Models, Statistical; D052583:Sarraceniaceae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002734:Chlorophyll
keywords: Darlingtonia; Sarraceniaceae; carnivory; pitcher plant; prey capture