title: Testicular cell-conditioned medium supports embryonic stem cell differentiation toward germ lineage and to spermatocyte- and oocyte-like cells.
abstract: Testicular cells are believed to secrete various growth factors that activate signaling pathways finally leading to gametogenesis. In vitro gametogenesis is an obscure but paramountly important task primarily because of paucity of the precursor cells and first trimester gonadal tissues. To overcome these limitations for development of in vitro gametes, the present study was designed to induce differentiation of buffalo embryonic stem (ES) cells into germ lineage cells on stimulation by testicular cell-conditioned medium (TCM), on the basis of the assumption that ES cells have the intrinsic property to differentiate into any cell type and TCM would provide the necessary growth factors for differentiation toward germ cell lineage. For this purpose, buffalo ES cells were differentiated as embryoid bodies (EB) in floating cultures and as monolayer adherent cultures in different doses (10%, 20%, and 40%) of TCM for different culture intervals (4, 8, and 14 days), to identify the optimum dose-and-time period. We observed that 40% TCM dose induces highest expression of primordial germ cell-specific (DAZL, VASA, and PLZF), meiotic (SYCP3, MLH1, TNP1/2, and PRM2), spermatocyte-specific (BOULE and TEKT1), and oocyte-specific genes (GDF9 and ZP2/3) for a culture period of 14 days under both floating and adherent differentiation. Immunocytochemical analysis of EBs and adherent cultures revealed presence of primordial germ cell markers (c-KIT, DAZL, and VASA), meiotic markers (SYCP3, MLH1 and PROTAMINE1), spermatocyte markers (ACROSIN and HAPRIN), and oocyte markers (GDF9 and ZP4), indicating progression into post-meiotic gametogenesis. The detection of germ cell-specific proteins in Day 14 EBs like VASA, GDF9, and ZP4 by Western blotting further confirmed germ lineage differentiation. The significantly lower (P < 0.05) concentration of 5-methyl-2-deoxycytidine in optimally differentiated EBs is suggestive of the process of methylation erasure. Oocyte-like structures obtained in monolayer differentiation had a big nucleus and a surrounding ZP4 coat, the unique attributes of a female gamete. These oocyte-like structures, in extended cultures, showed embryonic development and progressed through two-cell, four-cell, eight-cell, morula, and blastocyst-like structures, indicative of their developmental competence. This, as per our knowledge, is first such study in higher mammals, especially farm animals, and assumes significance for its potential use in transgenic animal production, elite animal conservation and propagation, augmentation of reproductive performance in poor breeding buffalo species, and as a model for understanding human germ cell formation.
authors.affiliation: Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Syed M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.affiliation: Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Manoj K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Radheysham
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manik
authors.affiliation: Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Suresh K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Singla
authors.affiliation: Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Prabhat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palta
authors.affiliation: Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India. Electronic address: chauhanabtc@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Manmohan S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Chauhan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002020:Buffaloes / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000502:physiology*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D013090:Spermatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D059467:Transcriptome
keywords: Buffalo; Differentiation; Embryonic stem cells; Germ cells; Testicular cell–conditioned medium