title: Evaluated the adverse effects of cadmium and aluminum via drinking water to kidney disease patients: Application of a novel solid phase microextraction method.
abstract: In present study aluminum (Al) and cadmium (Cd) were determined in ground water samples and assesses human health risks associated with elevated concentrations of toxic metals in dissolved form, using a novel solid phase microextraction (SPμE). Ground water sample (n=200) and biological sample (blood) of patients having chronic kidney disorders (CKD) along with healthy control subjects of same area (southern part of Pakistan) were collected. A simple system, including the micropipette tip packed with modified ionic liquid-activated carbon cloth (IL-ACC) coated with 8-hydroxyqunilone (8-HQ) attached to syringe. The analytes in water and acid digested blood samples were manually drawn for 2-10 cycles (drawing/discharging) at different pH range. The analytes sorbed on coated ACC were then desorbed with 2.0molL(-1) HNO3 in ethanol by drawing/discharging cycles for 1-5 times. The concentration of extracted analytes was determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer. The influence of different variables on the extraction efficiency of Cd and Al, were optimized. The Al and Cd concentrations in groundwater were found to be elevated than recommended limits by the World Health Organization. The urinary N-acetyl-h-glucosaminidase values were significantly higher in CKD patients as compared to refrent subjects (p<0.001). The significant variation in levels of Cd and Al were observed in blood samples of CKD patients than referents subjects (p<0.01). The strong positive correlation among Al and Cd levels in groundwater versus blood samples of CKD patients (r=0.82-0.85) p<0.01) was observed than those values calculated for referent subjects (r=0.425-0.536).
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: haleem_analyst@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Abdul Haleem
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Panhwar
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: tgkazi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Tasneem Gul
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, KP., Pakistan. Electronic address: naeemullah433@yahoo.com.
authors.lastname: Naeemullah
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan. Electronic address: hassanimranafridi@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hassan Imran
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad-22060, Pakistan. Electronic address: shah_ceac@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Faheem
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, KP., Pakistan. Electronic address: bilal_ku2004@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad Balal
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.affiliation: National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Salma Aslam
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Arain
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000535:Aluminum / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D002104:Cadmium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism*; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002104:Cadmium; D000535:Aluminum
keywords: Aluminum; Cadmium; Chronic kidney disease; Drinking water; Solid phase microextraction