title: A prospective quality improvement study in the emergency department targeting paediatric sepsis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Quality improvement sepsis initiatives in the paediatric emergency department have been associated with improved processes, but an unclear effect on patient outcome. We aimed to evaluate and improve emergency department sepsis processes and track subsequent changes in patient outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational cohort study in the emergency department of The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. Participants were children aged 0-18 years of age meeting predefined criteria for the diagnosis of sepsis. The following shortcomings in management were identified and targeted in a sepsis intervention: administration of antibiotics and blood sampling for a venous gas at the time of intravenous cannulation, and rapid administration of all fluid resuscitation therapy. The primary outcome measure was hospital length of stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  102 patients were enrolled pre-intervention, 113 post-intervention. Median time from intravenous cannula insertion to antibiotic administration decreased from 55 min (IQR 27-90 min) pre-intervention to 19 min (IQR 10-32 min) post-intervention (p≤0.01). Venous blood gas at time of first intravenous cannula insertion was performed in 60% of patients pre-intervention vs 79% post-intervention (p≤0.01). Fluids were administered using manual push-pull or pressure-bag methods in 31% of patients pre-intervention and 84% of patients post-intervention (p≤0.01). Median hospital length of stay decreased from 96 h (IQR 64-198 h) pre-intervention to 80 h (IQR 53-167 h) post-intervention (p=0.02). This effect persisted when corrected for unequally distributed confounders between pre-intervention and post-intervention groups (uncorrected HR: 1.36, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.80, p=0.02; corrected HR: 1.34, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.80, p=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of quality improvement methodologies to improve the management of paediatric sepsis in the emergency department was associated with a reduction in hospital length of stay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Franz E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Babl
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angley
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Duke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D058996:Quality Improvement; D018805:Sepsis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014739:Victoria
keywords: Audit; Resuscitation