title: HDL functionality in South Asians as compared to white Caucasians.
abstract: South Asians have an exceptionally high risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to white Caucasians. A contributing factor might be dysfunction of high density lipoprotein (HDL). We aimed to compare HDL function in different age groups of both ethnicities.
  
  
  
  HDL functionality with respect to cholesterol efflux, anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation was determined using fasting, apoB-depleted, plasma samples from South Asian and white Caucasian neonates (n = 14 each), adolescent healthy men (n = 12 each, 18-25 y), and adult overweight men (n = 12 each, 40-50 y). Adolescents were subjected to a 5-day high fat high calorie diet (HCD) and adults to an 8-day very low calorie diet (LCD). Additionally, HDL composition was measured in adolescents and adults using (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. Anti-oxidative capacity was lower in South Asian adults before LCD (19.4 ± 2.1 vs. 25.8 ± 1.2%, p = 0.045, 95%-CI = [0.1; 12.7]) and after LCD (16.4 ± 2.4 vs. 27.6 ± 2.7%, p = 0.001, 95%-CI = [4.9; 17.5]). Anti-inflammatory capacity was reduced in South Asian neonates (23.8 ± 1.2 vs. 34.9 ± 1.3%, p = 0.000001, 95%-CI = [-14.6; -7.5]), and was negatively affected by an 8-day LCD only in South Asian adults (-12.2 ± 4.3%, p = 0.005, 95%-CI = [-5.9; -1.2]). Cholesterol efflux capacity was increased in response to HCD in adolescents (South Asians: +6.3 ± 2.9%, p = 0.073, 95%-CI = [-0.02; 0.46], Caucasians: +11.8 ± 3.4%, p = 0.002, 95%-CI = [0.17;0.65]) and decreased after LCD in adults (South Asians: -10.3 ± 2.4%, p < 0.001, 95%-CI = [-0.57; -0.20], Caucasians: -13.7 ± 1.9%, p < 0.00001, 95%-CI = [-0.67; -0.33]). Although subclass analyses of HDL showed no differences between ethnicities, cholesterol efflux correlated best with cholesterol and phospholipid within small HDL compared to other HDL subclasses and constituents.
  
  
  
  Impaired HDL functionality in South Asians may be a contributing factor to their high CVD risk.
  
  
  
  NTR 2473 (URL: http://www.trialregister.nl/).
authors.affiliation: Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L E H
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.affiliation: Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.r.boon@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Boon
authors.affiliation: Dept. Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Annema
authors.affiliation: Dept. Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dikkers
authors.affiliation: Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van Eyk
authors.affiliation: Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verhoeven
authors.affiliation: Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Mayboroda
authors.affiliation: Dept. Cardiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jukema
authors.affiliation: Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands; Dept. Cardiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Havekes
authors.affiliation: Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Meinders
authors.affiliation: Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands; Dept. Human Genetics, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Willems van Dijk
authors.affiliation: Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Jazet
authors.affiliation: Dept. Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: U J F
authors.initials: UJ
authors.lastname: Tietge
authors.affiliation: Dept. Medicine, Div. Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P C N
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Rensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100 / Q000097:blood; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D044466:Asian People; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000208:ethnology; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000097:blood; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C569471:APOB protein, human; D000975:Antioxidants; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100; D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010743:Phospholipids
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; HDL; HDL dysfunction; HDL-cholesterol; South Asians