title: Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of salivary metabolome in sarcoidosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause which has diverse clinical impacts, ranging from benign to very severe, which may therefore require systemic treatment. Only a few tools are currently available to monitor management in these patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  As sarcoidosis is known to affect salivary glands, we hypothesized that analysis of saliva could reveal valuable biomarkers for disease management. We designed a comparative analysis of salivary metabolomics in patients and controls using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Metabolomic profiles of saliva collected from 24 sarcoidosis patients and 45 controls were obtained by proton NMR spectroscopy with multivariate statistical analysis, followed by metabolite identification and pathway analysis. Oral and dental examinations were performed concomitantly, together with assessment of smoking habits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A predictive salivary metabolomic signature associated with sarcoidosis was computed with the Orthogonal Partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS) model. Six metabolites were altered in samples from sarcoidosis patients compared to controls, including decreased levels of methanol and butyrate and increased levels of lactate, acetate and N-butyrate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that NMR metabolomics can discriminate saliva samples from sarcoidosis patients and controls. According to these preliminary results, saliva studies in sarcoidosis patients would be particularly useful to identify potentially relevant biomarkers. A study based on a larger number of patients at different stages of the disease or with treated patients is needed to assess the clinical relevance of NMR metabolomics in sarcoidosis.
authors.affiliation: Hopital Avicenne. borisduchemann@avc.aphp.fr.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Duchemann
authors.forename: Mohammed Nawfal
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Triba
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guez
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rzeznik
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Savarin
authors.forename: Hilario
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Dominique
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Valeyre
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Bernaudin
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Le Moyec
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*; D017565:Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: NMR metabolomics; saliva; sarcoidosis