title: Reverse Phase-ultra Flow Liquid Chromatography-diode Array Detector Quantification of Anticancerous and Antidiabetic Drug Mangiferin from 11 Species of Swertia from India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genus Swertia is valued for its great medicinal potential, mainly Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) H. Karst. is used in traditional medicine for a wide range of diseases. Mangiferin one of xanthoids is referred with enormous pharmacological potentials.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to quantify and compare the anticancerous and antidiabetic drug mangiferin from 11 Swertia species from India. The study also evaluates hierarchical relationships between the species based on mangiferin content using multivariate analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The reverse phase-ultra flow liquid chromatography-diode array detector analyses was performed and chromatographic separation was achieved on a Lichrospher 100, C18e (5 μm) column (250-4.6 mm). Mobile phase consisting of 0.2% triethylamine (pH-4 with O-phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile (85:15) was used for separation with injection volume 20 μL and detection wave length at 257 nm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that concentration of mangiferin has been found to vary largely between Swertia species collected from different regions. Content of mangiferin was found to be highest in Swertia minor compared to other Swertia species studied herein from the Western Ghats and Himalayan region also. The same was also evident in the multivariate analysis, wherein S. chirayita, S. minor and Swertia paniculata made a separate clade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conclusively, the work herein provides insights of mangiferin content from 11 Swertia species of India and also presents their hierarchical relationships. To best of the knowledge this is the first report of higher content of mangiferin from any Swertia species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study quantifies and compares mangiferin in 11 species of Swertia from India. The study also evaluates hierarchical relationships between the species based on mangiferin content using multivariate analysis. The mangiferin content was highest in S. minor compared to the studied Swertia species. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of higher content of mangiferin from Swertia species. Abbreviations used: LOD: Limit of detection, LOQ: Limit of quantification, RP-UFLC-DAD: Reverse phase-ultra flow liquid chromatography-diode array detector, RSD: Relative standard deviation, SAN: Swertia angustifolia, SAP: Swertia angustifolia var. pulchella, SBI: S. bimaculata, SCH: S. chirayita, SCO: S. corymbosa, SDE: S. densifolia, SDI: S. dialatata, SLA: S. lawii, SMI: S. minor; SNE: S. nervosa, and SPA: S. paniculata.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India; Herbal Medicine, Tissue Culture Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, India; Plant Biotechnology and Tissue Culture Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Parthraj R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kshirsagar
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Nikhil B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Gaikwad
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Subhasis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panda
authors.affiliation: Herbal Medicine, Tissue Culture Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, India; Plant Biotechnology and Tissue Culture Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Harsha V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Hegde
authors.affiliation: Plant Biotechnology and Tissue Culture Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Pai
keywords: Dendrogram; Swertia; mangiferin; multivariate analysis; reverse phase-ultra flow liquid chromatography