title: Livestock grazing impact on soil wettability and erosion risk in post-fire agricultural lands.
abstract: Fires in agricultural areas are common, modifying the functioning of agro-ecosystems. Such fires have been extensively studied, and reported to considerably affect soil properties. Yet, understanding of the impact of livestock grazing, or more precisely, trampling, in fire-affected lands is limited. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of low- to moderate-fire severity and livestock trampling (hoof action) on the solid soil's wettability and related properties, and on soil detachment, in burnt vs. non-burnt croplands. The study was implemented by allowing livestock to access plots under high, medium, and low stocking rates in (unintentionally) burnt and non-burnt lands. Also, livestock exclusion plots were assigned as a control treatment. Results showed that fire slightly decreased the soil wettability. At the same time, water drop penetration time (WDPT) was negatively related to the stocking rate, and critical surface tension (CST) was ~13% smaller in the control plots than in the livestock-presence treatments. Also, the results showed that following burning, the resistance of soil to shear decreased by ~70%. Mass of detached material was similar in the control plots of the burnt and non-burnt plots. At the same time, it was three-, eight-, and nine-fold greater in the plots of the burnt×low, burnt×medium, and burnt×high stocking rates, respectively, than in the corresponding non-burnt ones. This study shows that livestock trampling in low- to moderate-intensity fire-affected lands increased the shearing of the ground surface layer. On the one hand, this slightly increased soil wettability. On the other hand, this impact considerably increased risks of soil erosion and land degradation.
authors.affiliation: Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, 88820 Yotvata, Israel. Electronic address: istavi@adssc.org.
authors.forename: Ilan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, 85280 Negev, Israel. Electronic address: vcbarkai@volcani.agri.gov.il.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barkai
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, 85280 Negev, Israel. Electronic address: yaakov@volcani.agri.gov.il.
authors.forename: Yaakov M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Knoll
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Resources, Agricultural Research Organization, Gilat Research Center, 85280 Negev, Israel. Electronic address: zaadye@volcani.agri.gov.il.
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zaady
keywords: Ecosystem services; Israeli Negev; Mixed crop-livestock systems; Sheep and goat impact; Soil-water repellency; Water and wind erosion