title: Comparison of shoulder internal rotation passive range of motion in various positions in nonathletic persons and the establishment of normative values for the sidelying position.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Loss of shoulder internal rotation (IR) range of motion (ROM) is prevalent in overhead athletes, but it can also be seen in nonathletic persons. A paucity of normative data exists, however, for shoulder IR ROM in positions other than supine, especially in nonathletic persons. The aim of this study was to determine shoulder IR ROM differences between the sidelying, semi-sidelying, and supine positions as well as to establish initial normative values for IR ROM for the sidelying and semi-sidelying positions in nonathletic persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  IR ROM was measured on 204 nonathletic persons using the sidelying, semi-sidelying, and supine positions. Mean values of IR ROM for each position were calculated. Differences in IR ROM across the 3 positions and side-to-side differences were examined, including the influence of sex and age on IR ROM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability for the sidelying position was excellent. The sidelying position had significantly less IR ROM compared with the other positions, and there was a significant side-to-side IR ROM difference, greatest for the sidelying position (6.8°). Women had significantly more IR ROM than men did, with sidelying normative values of 49° and 55° for female dominant and nondominant shoulders, respectively, and 42° and 51° for male dominant and nondominant shoulders, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This investigation establishes initial normative IR ROM values for the sidelying position for both shoulders and sexes. Health care providers can begin to examine IR ROM deficits using these normative values for the sidelying position.
authors.affiliation: Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, St. Catherine University, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Electronic address: cjcieminski@stkate.edu.
authors.forename: Cort J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cieminski
authors.affiliation: Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, St. Catherine University, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Fairview Health Services, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Shannon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, St. Catherine University, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Aegis Therapies, New Hope, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Tatia J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Nawrocki
authors.affiliation: Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, St. Catherine University, Minneapolis, MN, USA; HealthEast Optimum Rehabilitation, Maplewood, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Alisse J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Indrelie
authors.affiliation: Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, St. Catherine University, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Fairview Health Services, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klaers
authors.affiliation: Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, St. Catherine University, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Genesis Rehab Services, Eau Claire, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Stelzmiller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012399:Rotation; D012737:Sex Factors; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Clinical measurement; end-feel; motion loss; reliability; shoulder range of motion; sidelying position