title: The impact of stress on motor performance in skilled musicians suffering from focal dystonia: Physiological and psychological characteristics.
abstract: Recent investigations have suggested that stress can modulate motor function. However, the impact of stress on motor performance of musicians suffering from focal dystonia (FDM) remains unknown. The current study assessed motor performance in 20 FDM patients and 16 healthy musicians (HM) before and under stress. Stress was manipulated using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Motor performance was evaluated based on analysis of electromyographic (EMG) activity and temporal variability, while electrocardiography (ECG) and the level of free cortisol were used to test for objective alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Finally, the psychological profiles of both groups were analyzed using three psycho-diagnostic standardized questionnaires. Results showed that patients' motor impairments did not change under acute stressful conditions. However, an increase in muscular co-contractions was observed, reflecting a physiological muscular response under stressful conditions. Psycho-diagnostic analysis revealed higher levels of psychological traits related to elevated anxiety, stress and perfectionism in 40% of the patients. Although the motor outcome between those patients and those with an opposing psychological profile did not differ, patients characterized by stressful and perfectionistic personalities had, on average, developed dystonia about ten years earlier than the rest of the patients. The current study suggests that acute stress conditions may not have any direct impact on fine motor control of FDM patients. However psychological traits associated with increased stress, anxiety and perfectionism may have a long-lasting effect on the motor function of affected musicians, by promoting the acceleration or even the triggering of dystonia.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, Emmichplatz 1, 30175 Hanover, Germany.
authors.forename: Christos I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Ioannou
authors.affiliation: Department of Information and Communication Science, Sophia University, 4-4 Chiyodaku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Furuya
authors.affiliation: Institute of Music Physiology and Musicians' Medicine, Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, Emmichplatz 1, 30175 Hanover, Germany. Electronic address: eckart.altenmueller@hmtm-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Eckart
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Altenmüller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000523:psychology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009146:Music; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Cortisol; Electrocardiography; Electromyography; Focal dystonia; Motor performance; Stress