title: Brain-heart interactions: challenges and opportunities with functional magnetic resonance imaging at ultra-high field.
abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at ultra-high field (UHF) strengths (7 T and above) offers unique opportunities for studying the human brain with increased spatial resolution, contrast and sensitivity. However, its reliability can be compromised by factors such as head motion, image distortion and non-neural fluctuations of the functional MRI signal. The objective of this review is to provide a critical discussion of the advantages and trade-offs associated with UHF imaging, focusing on the application to studying brain-heart interactions. We describe how UHF MRI may provide contrast and resolution benefits for measuring neural activity of regions involved in the control and mediation of autonomic processes, and in delineating such regions based on anatomical MRI contrast. Limitations arising from confounding signals are discussed, including challenges with distinguishing non-neural physiological effects from the neural signals of interest that reflect cardiorespiratory function. We also consider how recently developed data analysis techniques may be applied to high-field imaging data to uncover novel information about brain-heart interactions.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA catie.chang@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Catie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1541-9579
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
authors.forename: Erika P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Raven
authors.affiliation: Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Section, Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Jeff H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Duyn
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: brain–heart; functional magnetic resonance imaging; high resolution; high-field imaging