title: Analysis of Potential Amino Acid Biomarkers in Brain Tissue and the Effect of Galangin on Cerebral Ischemia.
abstract: Galangin, a potent scavenger of free radicals, has been used as an herbal medicine for various ailments for centuries in Asia. With complex pathophysiology, ischemic stroke is one of the most frequent causes of death and disability worldwide. We have reported that galangin provides direct protection against ischemic injury as a potential neuroprotective agent and has potential therapeutic effects on the changes of serum amino acids in ischemic stroke; however, the mechanism of the changes of amino acids in the ischemic brain tissue has not yet been clarified. In this paper, we explored brain tissue amino acid biomarkers in the acute phase of cerebral ischemia and the effect of galangin on those potential biomarkers. Finally, we identified that glutamic acid, alanine and aspartic acid showed significant changes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) in galangin-treated groups compared with vehicle-treated rats and the four enzymes associated with these three AAs' metabolic pathways; GLUD1, SLC16A10, SLC1A1 and GPT were identified by multiplex interactions with the three amino acids. By metabolite-protein network analysis and molecular docking, six of 28 proteins were identified and might become potential galangin biomarkers for acute ischemic stroke. The data in our study provides thoughts for exploring the mechanism of disease, discovering new targets for drug candidates and elucidating the related regulatory signal network.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China. yangruocong@163.com.|School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China. yangruocong@163.com.
authors.forename: Ruocong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China. Chenkun199202@126.com.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Science, Hebei University, Hebei 071002, China. zhaoyany606@126.com.
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China. tianpeng363@163.com.|College of Pharmaceutical Science, Hebei University, Hebei 071002, China. tianpeng363@163.com.
authors.forename: Pengpeng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China. dfphunan111@126.com.
authors.forename: Feipeng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Department, Hebei Yanda Ludaopei Hospital, Hebei 065000, China. zygcwy@163.com.
authors.forename: Wenli
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmaceutical Science, Hebei University, Hebei 071002, China. yuxinliu@hbu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yuxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China. hh686@126.com.
authors.forename: Zhiyong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China. sjli@icmm.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Shaojing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000378:metabolism; D026921:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D050580:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005969:Glutamate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D060066:Protein Interaction Maps; D051381:Rats; D017855:Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups) / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D026921:Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral; D015415:Biomarkers; D050580:Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter 3; D005419:Flavonoids; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; C429535:Slc16a10 protein, rat; C493398:Slc1a1 protein, rat; C037032:galangin; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005969:Glutamate Dehydrogenase; D017855:Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups); C106504:UDP-GlcNAc-undecaprenyl phosphate N-acetylglucosaminyl 1-phosphate transferase; D000409:Alanine
keywords: amino acid; biomarkers; cerebral ischemia; galangin