title: Phenotype, development, and biological function of myeloid-derived suppressor cells.
abstract: CD11b+Gr-1+myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are an important population of innate regulatory cells mainly comprising monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs) with a phenotype of CD11b+Ly6G-Ly6Chighand granulocytic MDSCs (G-MDSCs) with a phenotype of CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6Clowin mice. They play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of cancers, chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, and transplantation. Various extracellular factors such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin (IL)-6, interferon gamma (IFNγ), IL-1β, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Hsp72, IL-13, C5a, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can induce MDSC differentiation, whereas IL-4 and all-trans-retinoic acid can inhibit this process. For the intracellular signals, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family members, C/EBPβ and cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) promote MDSC function, whereas interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF-8) and Smad3 downregulate MDSC activity. The immunosuppressive function of MDSCs is mediated through various effector molecules, primarily cellular metabolism-related molecules such as nitric oxide (NO), arginase, reactive oxygen species (ROS), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), IL-10, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), carbon monoxide (CO), and PGE2. In this article, we will summarize the molecules involved in the induction and function of MDSCs as well as the regulatory pathways of MDSCs.
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Biology Research Division; State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Biology Research Division; State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Biology Research Division; State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Organ Transplantation Center of People's Liberation Army; 309 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army ; Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Bingyi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Transplantation Biology Research Division; State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
keywords: immune modulation; immune tolerance; immunosuppression; innate cells; myeloid-derived suppressor cells