title: How to apply case reports in clinical practice using surrogate models via example of the trigeminocardiac reflex.
abstract: Case reports are an increasing source of evidence in clinical medicine. Until a few years ago, such case reports were emerged into systematic reviews and nowadays they are often fitted to the development of clinical (thinking) models. We describe this modern progress of knowledge creation by the example of the trigeminocardiac reflex that was first described in 1999 by a case series and was developed over the cause-and-effect relationship, triangulation to systematic reviews and finally to thinking models. Therefore, this editorial not only underlines the increasing and outstanding importance of (unique) case reports in current science, but also in current clinical decision-making and therefore also that of specific journals like the Journal of Medical Case Reports.
authors.affiliation: Departement of Research, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sandu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Manitoba, 671 William Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0Z2, Canada.
authors.forename: Tumul
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: Departement of Research, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. bernhardjschaller@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bernhard J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Schaller
mesh_terms: D015510:Clinical Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008499:Medical Records; D008954:Models, Biological; D059230:Reflex, Trigeminocardiac
keywords: Case report; Model thinking; Skull base surgery; Trigeminocardiac reflex