title: Best-practices approach to determination of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) at specific time points: Combination of ante-mortem alcohol pharmacokinetic modeling and post-mortem alcohol generation and transport considerations.
abstract: Alcohol concentrations in biological matrices offer information regarding an individual's intoxication level at a given time. In forensic cases, the alcohol concentration in the blood (BAC) at the time of death is sometimes used interchangeably with the BAC measured post-mortem, without consideration for alcohol concentration changes in the body after death. However, post-mortem factors must be taken into account for accurate forensic determination of BAC prior to death to avoid incorrect conclusions. The main objective of this work was to describe best practices for relating ante-mortem and post-mortem alcohol concentrations, using a combination of modeling, empirical data and other qualitative considerations. The Widmark modeling approach is a best practices method for superimposing multiple alcohol doses ingested at various times with alcohol elimination rate adjustments based on individual body factors. We combined the selected ante-mortem model with a suggestion for an approach used to roughly estimate changes in BAC post-mortem, and then analyzed the available data on post-mortem alcohol production in human bodies and potential markers for alcohol production through decomposition and putrefaction. Hypothetical cases provide best practice approaches as an example for determining alcohol concentration in biological matrices ante-mortem, as well as potential issues encountered with quantitative post-mortem approaches. This study provides information for standardizing BAC determination in forensic toxicology, while minimizing real world case uncertainties.
authors.affiliation: Cardno ChemRisk, LLC, Aliso Viejo, CA, United States. Electronic address: dallas.cowan@cardno.com.
authors.forename: Dallas M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.affiliation: Cardno ChemRisk, LLC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Joshua R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Maskrey
authors.affiliation: Cardno ChemRisk, LLC, Aliso Viejo, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Ernest S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.affiliation: Cardno ChemRisk, LLC, Aliso Viejo, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Tyler A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: Cardno ChemRisk, LLC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Stabryla
authors.affiliation: Cardno ChemRisk, LLC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Cardno ChemRisk, LLC, Brooklyn, NY, United States.
authors.forename: Brent L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Finley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality; D019985:Benchmarking / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001711:Biotransformation; D000067401:Blood Alcohol Content; D001822:Body Burden; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D053593:Forensic Toxicology / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008954:Models, Biological; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D013048:Specimen Handling; D035501:Uncertainty
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000067401:Blood Alcohol Content; D000431:Ethanol
keywords: Alcohol; Blood alcohol concentration (BAC); Ethanol; Forensic toxicology; Pharmacokinetic model; Post-mortem neoformation