title: Investigation of pharmaceuticals in processed animal by-products by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry.
abstract: There is an on-going trend for developing more sustainable salmon feed in which traditionally applied marine feed ingredients are replaced with alternatives. Processed animal products (PAPs) have been re-authorized as novel high quality protein ingredients in 2013. These PAPs may harbor undesirable substances such as pharmaceuticals and metabolites which are not previously associated with salmon farming, but might cause a potential risk for feed and food safety. To control these contaminants, an analytical strategy based on a generic extraction followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) using quadrupole time-of-flight mass analyzer (QTOF MS) was applied for wide scope screening. Quality control samples, consisting of PAP commodities spiked at 0.02, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg with 150 analytes, were injected in every sample batch to verify the overall method performance. The methodology was applied to 19 commercially available PAP samples from six different types of matrices from the EU animal rendering industry. This strategy allows assessing possible emergent risk exposition of the salmon farming industry to 1005 undesirables, including pharmaceuticals, several dyes and relevant metabolites.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain; Institute of Aquaculture of Torre la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nácher-Mestre
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ibáñez
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Roque
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Serrano
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boix
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Lubertus
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bijlsma
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Bjørn Tore
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Lunestad
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hannisdal
authors.affiliation: European Fat Processors and Renderers Association (EFPRA), Boulevard Baudouin 18, 4th Floor, BE - 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alm
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), Avda. Sos Baynat, s/n, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
authors.forename: Félix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, PO Box 2029, Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. Electronic address: Marc.Berntssen@nifes.no.
authors.forename: Marc H G
authors.initials: MHG
authors.lastname: Berntssen
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005398:Fisheries; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D059022:Food Safety; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D012474:Salmon
keywords: Aquaculture; Dyes; Liquid chromatography; Pharmaceuticals; Processed animal products; Quadrupole time-of-flight; Salmon; Screening; Undesirables