title: In vitro dentine remineralization with a potential salivary phosphoprotein homologue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Advantages of introducing a salivary phosphoprotein homologue under standardized in vitro conditions to simulate the mineral-stabilizing properties of saliva have been proposed. This study longitudinally investigates the effects of casein, incorporated as a potential salivary phosphoprotein homologue in artificial saliva (AS) solutions with/without fluoride (F) on in vitro dentine lesion remineralization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thin sections of bovine root dentine were demineralized and allocated randomly into 6 groups (n=18) having equivalent mineral loss (ΔZ) after transverse microradiography (TMR). The specimens were remineralized using AS solutions containing casein 0μg/ml, F 0ppm (C0-F0); casein 0μg/ml, F 1ppm (C0-F1); casein 10μg/ml, F 0ppm (C10-F0); casein 10μg/ml, F 1ppm (C10-F1); casein 100μg/ml, F 0ppm (C100-F0) or casein 100μg/ml, F 1ppm (C100-F1) for 28days with TMR taken every 7 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface mineral precipitation, evident in group C0-F1, was apparently inhibited in groups with casein incorporation. Repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction revealed higher ΔZ for non-F and non-casein groups than for their counterparts (p<0.001). Subsequent multiple comparisons showed that mineral gain was higher (p<0.001) with 10μg/ml casein than with 100μg/ml when F was present in the earlier stages of remineralization, with both groups achieving almost complete remineralization after 28 days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Casein is a potential salivary phosphoprotein homologue that could be employed for in vitro dentine remineralization studies. Concentration related effects may be clinically significant and thus must be further examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; University of the Philippines Manila College of Dentistry, Pedro Gil corner Taft Avenue, Manila 1000, Philippines. Electronic address: mjrhromero@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria Jacinta Rosario H
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan. Electronic address: s-nakashima.ope@tmd.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Syozi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan. Electronic address: nikaido.ope@tmd.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nikaido
authors.affiliation: International Exchange Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University,1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan; Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Washington School of Dentistry, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357456 Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: arsadr@uw.edu.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sadr
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology and Operative Dentistry, Division of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan. Electronic address: tagami.ope@tmd.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tagami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002364:Caseins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects; D003804:Dentin / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005459:Fluorides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008852:Microradiography; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism; D010710:Phosphates / Q000494:pharmacology; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014089:Tooth Remineralization; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D002364:Caseins; D008903:Minerals; D010710:Phosphates; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; C012980:fluorophosphate; D005459:Fluorides; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Casein; Dentine; Remineralization; Salivary phosphoprotein