title: Designing Safer and Greener Antibiotics.
abstract: Since the production of the first pharmaceutically active molecules at the beginning of the 1900s, drug molecules and their metabolites have been observed in the environment in significant concentrations. In this review, the persistence of antibiotics in the environment and their associated effects on ecosystems, bacterial resistance and health effects will be examined. Solutions to these problems will also be discussed, including the pharmaceutical industries input, green chemistry, computer modeling and representative ionic liquid research.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland. andrew.jordan2@mail.dcu.ie.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland. nick.gathergood@dcu.ie.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gathergood
keywords: antibiotic; biodegradation; environment; green chemistry; ionic liquid; resistance; toxicity