title: Allelic Variation in Developmental Genes and Effects on Winter Wheat Heading Date in the U.S. Great Plains.
abstract: Heading date in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and other small grain cereals is affected by the vernalization and photoperiod pathways. The reduced-height loci also have an effect on growth and development. Heading date, which occurs just prior to anthesis, was evaluated in a population of 299 hard winter wheat entries representative of the U.S. Great Plains region, grown in nine environments during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013. The germplasm was evaluated for candidate genes at vernalization (Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, and Vrn-D1), photoperiod (Ppd-A1, Ppd-B1 and Ppd-D1), and reduced-height (Rht-B1 and Rht-D1) loci using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) assays. Our objectives were to determine allelic variants known to affect flowering time, assess the effect of allelic variants on heading date, and investigate changes in the geographic and temporal distribution of alleles and haplotypes. Our analyses enhanced understanding of the roles developmental genes have on the timing of heading date in wheat under varying environmental conditions, which could be used by breeding programs to improve breeding strategies under current and future climate scenarios. The significant main effects and two-way interactions between the candidate genes explained an average of 44% of variability in heading date at each environment. Among the loci we evaluated, most of the variation in heading date was explained by Ppd-D1, Ppd-B1, and their interaction. The prevalence of the photoperiod sensitive alleles Ppd-A1b, Ppd-B1b, and Ppd-D1b has gradually decreased in U.S. Great Plains germplasm over the past century. There is also geographic variation for photoperiod sensitive and reduced-height alleles, with germplasm from breeding programs in the northern Great Plains having greater incidences of the photoperiod sensitive alleles and lower incidence of the semi-dwarf alleles than germplasm from breeding programs in the central or southern plains.
authors.affiliation: Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sarah M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5918-8480
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Grogan
authors.affiliation: Regional Small Grains Genotyping Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brown-Guedira
authors.affiliation: Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Haley
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: McMaster
authors.affiliation: Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: Regional Small Grains Genotyping Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jared
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America.
authors.forename: Patrick F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Byrne
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D050437:Genes, Developmental / Q000235:genetics*; D017343:Genes, Plant / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D017440:Photoperiod; D012621:Seasons; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D014481:United States