title: GOLDEN 2-LIKE transcription factors for chloroplast development affect ozone tolerance through the regulation of stomatal movement.
abstract: Stomatal movements regulate gas exchange, thus directly affecting the efficiency of photosynthesis and the sensitivity of plants to air pollutants such as ozone. The GARP family transcription factors GOLDEN 2-LIKE1 (GLK1) and GLK2 have known functions in chloroplast development. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) plants expressing the chimeric repressors for GLK1 and -2 (GLK1/2-SRDX) exhibited a closed-stomata phenotype and strong tolerance to ozone. By contrast, plants that overexpress GLK1/2 exhibited an open-stomata phenotype and higher sensitivity to ozone. The plants expressing GLK1-SRDX had reduced expression of the genes for inwardly rectifying K(+) (K(+) in) channels and reduced K(+) in channel activity. Abscisic acid treatment did not affect the stomatal phenotype of 35S:GLK1/2-SRDX plants or the transcriptional activity for K(+) in channel gene, indicating that GLK1/2 act independently of abscisic acid signaling. Our results indicate that GLK1/2 positively regulate the expression of genes for K(+) in channels and promote stomatal opening. Because the chimeric GLK1-SRDX repressor driven by a guard cell-specific promoter induced a closed-stomata phenotype without affecting chloroplast development in mesophyll cells, modulating GLK1/2 activity may provide an effective tool to control stomatal movements and thus to confer resistance to air pollutants.
authors.affiliation: Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan; Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan;
authors.forename: Yukari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagatoshi
authors.affiliation: Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan;
authors.forename: Nobutaka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitsuda
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan;
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan;
authors.forename: Shin-Ichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Okuma
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan;
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.affiliation: RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan;
authors.forename: Mitsunori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan;
authors.forename: Hikaru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saji
authors.affiliation: Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan; Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan;
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan mtakagi@mail.saitama-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohme-Takagi
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000502:physiology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity; D016877:Oxidants / Q000633:toxicity; D010126:Ozone / Q000633:toxicity*; D010269:Paraquat / Q000633:toxicity; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018526:Plant Transpiration; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000633:toxicity; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C468867:GLK1 protein, Arabidopsis; C468868:GLK2 protein, Arabidopsis; D006540:Herbicides; D016877:Oxidants; D015221:Potassium Channels; D014157:Transcription Factors; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D010126:Ozone; D010269:Paraquat
keywords: K+in channel; ozone; repressor; stomatal movement; transcription factor