title: Occurrence and distribution of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes in the urban rivers in Beijing, China.
abstract: The occurrence and distribution of sulfonamide and tetracycline, corresponding bacterial resistant rate and resistance genes (ARGs) and two integrase genes were investigated in seven urban rivers in Beijing, China. The total concentration of sulfonamide and tetracycline ranged from 1.3 × 10(1)-1.5 × 10(3) ng/L and 3.9 × 10(1)-5.4 × 10(4) ng/L for water, and 1.0 × 10(0)-2.7 × 10(2) and 3.1 × 10(1)-1.6 × 10(2) ng/g for sediment, respectively. The sul resistant rate was 2-3 times higher than tet resistant rate in both surface water and sediment. The average rate of sul resistance and tet resistance were up to 81.3% and 38.6% in surface water, 89.1% and 69.4% in the sediment, respectively. The sul1, tetA and tetE genes were predominant in term of the absolute abundance. The absolute abundance of ARGs in Wenyu River and Qinghe River, which were close to the direct discharging sites, were 5-50 times higher than those in the other investigated urban rivers, suggesting that the source release played an important role in the distribution of ARGs. The sul1 and sul2 genes had positive correlation (p < 0.05) with sulfonamides, and the tet resistance genes was significantly correlated with tetracyclines (p < 0.05), indicating that some ARGs and antibiotics in the urban rivers had identical sources of pollution. Considering principal component analysis, sampling sites (QH5, QH6, B1, B2, B3 and BX2) intimated that a complex interplay of processes govern fate and transport of ARGs in the junction of rivers. These results are significant to understand the fate, and the contribution of ARGs from the source release. In view of the large-scale investigation of urban rivers system in Beijing, it reflected the bacterial resistance in sewage drainage system. Such investigation highlights the management on controlling the pollutant release which was seemed as a major driving force for the maintenance and propagation of many ARGs during the development of urbanization in the future.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Changsheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China. Electronic address: luoy@nankai.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Jiapei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Haixia
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: xujian@craes.org.cn.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D000068476:Beijing; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D014507:Urbanization; D014871:Water Microbiology / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012722:Sewage
keywords: Antibiotic; Antibiotic resistance genes; Bacterial resistance rate; Urban rivers