title: A scoping review of perineural steroids for the treatment of chronic postoperative inguinal pain.
abstract: To review the literature on the efficacy and safety of perineural steroid injections around the ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and genitofemoral nerves for chronic postoperative inguinal pain (CPIP).
  
  
  
  A scoping review was performed to find all relevant case reports, case series, prospective or retrospective cohort studies, case-control studies, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) where a steroid was used for perineural procedures around ilioinguinal, iliohypogastric, and/or genitofemoral nerves for CPIP. Databases searched included Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Google Scholar.
  
  
  
  A total of five publications were found-three studies were prospective case series, one a retrospective cohort study, and one a RCT. The most common steroids used were methylprednisolone and triamcinolone. The average methylprednisolone-equivalent dose used per procedure was 46 mg (SD 21.9). Procedural guidance included anatomic landmarks (three studies), nerve stimulation and ultrasound (one study), and computed tomography guidance (one study). Four studies reported analgesic benefit in 55-75 % of included patients, with one study documenting an effect up to 50 months later after steroid perineural injections. The RCT demonstrated no benefit of adding steroid to a local anesthetic in the perioperative setting but it did not enroll patients with existing neuropathic pain. No adverse outcomes of perineural steroids were documented within reviewed studies.
  
  
  
  The paucity of data, heterogeneity and lack of appropriate control groups in the available literature precludes firm conclusions on the efficacy and safety of perineural steroids for CPIP. Future adequately powered, high-quality, placebo-controlled studies are needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, McL 2-405, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sundara Rajan
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|University Health Network-Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, McL 2-405, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 2S8, Canada. anuj.bhatia@uhn.ca.|Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. anuj.bhatia@uhn.ca.|University Health Network-Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. anuj.bhatia@uhn.ca.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhatia
mesh_terms: D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006119:Groin; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery*; D059685:Herniorrhaphy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids
keywords: Inguinal hernia; Nerve block; Pain; Steroids