title: Measurements of air dose rates in and around houses in the Fukushima Prefecture in Japan after the Fukushima accident.
abstract: Measurements of air dose rates for 192 houses in a less contaminated area (<0.5 μSv h-1) of the Fukushima Prefecture in Japan were conducted in both living rooms and/or bedrooms using optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters and around the houses via a man-borne survey at intervals of several meters. The relation of the two air dose rates (inside and outside) for each house, including the background from natural radionuclides, was divided into several categories, determined by construction materials (light and heavy) and floor number, with the dose reduction factors being expressed as the ratio of the dose inside to that outside the house. For wooden and lightweight steel houses (classed as light), the dose rates inside and outside the houses showed a positive correlation and linear regression with a slope-intercept form due to the natural background, although the degree of correlation was not very high. The regression coefficient, i.e., the average dose reduction factor, was 0.38 on the first floor and 0.49 on the second floor. It was found that the contribution of natural radiation cannot be neglected when we consider dose reduction factors in less contaminated areas. The reductions in indoor dose rates are observed because a patch of ground under each house is not contaminated (this is the so-called uncontaminated effect) since the shielding capability of light construction materials is typically low. For reinforced steel-framed concrete houses (classed as heavy), the dose rates inside the houses did not show a correlation with those outside the houses due to the substantial shielding capability of these materials. The average indoor dose rates were slightly higher than the arithmetic mean value of the outdoor dose rates from the natural background because concrete acts as a source of natural radionuclides. The characteristics of the uncontaminated effect were clarified through Monte Carlo simulations. It was found that there is a great variation in air dose rates even within one house, depending on the height of the area and its closeness to the outside boundary. Measurements of outdoor dose rates required consideration of local variations depending on the environment surrounding each house. The representative value was obtained from detailed distributions of air dose rates around the house, as measured by a man-borne survey. Therefore, it is imperative to recognize that dose reduction factors fluctuate in response to various factors such as the size and shape of a house, construction materials acting as a shield and as sources, position (including height) within a room, floor number, total number of floors, and surrounding environment.
authors.affiliation: Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-2-2 Uchisaiwai-cho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-8577, Japan. Electronic address: matsuda.norihiro@jaea.go.jp.
authors.forename: Norihiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.affiliation: Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-2-2 Uchisaiwai-cho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mikami
authors.affiliation: Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-2-2 Uchisaiwai-cho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-2-2 Uchisaiwai-cho, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100-8577, Japan.
authors.forename: Kimiaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003252:Construction Materials; D062406:Fukushima Nuclear Accident; D006798:Housing; D007564:Japan; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011834:Radiation Monitoring
chemical_list: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive; D002588:Cesium Radioisotopes
keywords: Fukushima accident; Indoor dose rate; Man-borne survey; Reduction factor; Uncontaminated effect