title: Diffuse hypomyelination is not obligate for POLR3-related disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report atypical MRI patterns associated with POLR3A and POLR3B mutations.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a multicenter retrospective study to collect neuroradiologic, clinical, and molecular data of patients with mutations in POLR3A and POLR3B without the classic MRI phenotype, i.e., diffuse hypomyelination associated with relative T2 hypointensity of the ventrolateral thalamus, globus pallidus, optic radiation, corticospinal tract at the level of the internal capsule, and dentate nucleus, cerebellar atrophy, and thinning of the corpus callosum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight patients were identified: 6 carried mutations in POLR3A and 2 in POLR3B. We identified 2 novel MRI patterns: 4 participants presented a selective involvement of the corticospinal tracts, specifically at the level of the posterior limbs of the internal capsules; 4 patients presented moderate to severe cerebellar atrophy. Incomplete hypomyelination was observed in 5 participants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diffuse hypomyelination is not an obligatory feature of POLR3-related disorders. Two distinct patterns, selective involvement of the corticospinal tracts and cerebellar atrophy, are added to the MRI presentation of POLR3-related disorders.
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: La Piana
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Ferdy K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Cayami
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Luan T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Kether
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Rosalina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Spaendonk
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Õunap
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Sander
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pajusalu
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haack
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Evangeline
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wassmer
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Timmann
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mierzewska
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Bwee T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Poll-Thé
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Chirag
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Tahir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Atik
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Huseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Onay
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Ferda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ozkınay
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Adeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vanderver
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Marjo S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: van der Knaap
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicole I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: From the Laboratory of Neurogenetics of Motion (R.L.P.) and Department of Neuroradiology (R.L.P.), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.) and Pediatrics (R.L.P., L.T.T., K.G., G.B.), McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Departments of Child Neurology (F.K.C., M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.) and Clinical Genetics (F.K.C., R.v.S.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Genetics (K.Õ.) United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu; Department of Pediatrics (K.Õ.), University of Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Technische Universität München; Institute of Human Genetics (T.H.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology (E.W.), Birmingham Children's Hospital, UK; Department of Neurology (D.T.), University Clinic Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Neurology (H.M.), Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Child Neurology (B.T.P.), AMC Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; West Midlands Regional Clinical Genetics Unit (C.P., H.C.), Birmingham Women's Hospital, UK; Departments of Pediatrics (T.A.) and Medical Genetics (H.O.), Faculty of Medicine (F.O.), Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (M.S.v.d.K., N.I.W.), the Netherlands; and Department of Medical Genetics (G.B.), Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada. genevieve.bernard@mcgill.ca.
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bernard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001284:Atrophy; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D020279:Hereditary Central Nervous System Demyelinating Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009154:Mutation; D009186:Myelin Sheath; D010641:Phenotype; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012320:RNA Polymerase III / Q000235:genetics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C585825:POLR3A protein, human; C468558:POLR3B protein, human; D012320:RNA Polymerase III