title: Optimization of nanostructured lipid carriers for topical delivery of nimesulide using Box-Behnken design approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to develop and optimize topically applied nimesulide-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Box-Behnken experimental design was applied for optimization of nanostructured lipid carriers. The independent variables were ratio of stearic acid: oleic acid (X1), poloxamer 188 concentration (X2) and lecithin concentration (X3) while particle size (Y1) and entrapment efficiency (Y2) were the chosen responses. Further, skin penetration study, in vitro release, confocal laser scanning microscopy and stability study were also performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimized nanostructured lipid carriers of nimesulide provide reasonable particle size, flux, and entrapment efficiency. Optimized formulation (F9) with mean particle size of 214.4 ± 11 nm showed 89.4 ± 3.40% entrapment efficiency and achieved mean flux 2.66 ± 0.09 μg/cm2/h. In vitro release study showed prolonged drug release from the optimized formulation following Higuchi release kinetics with R2value of 0.984. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed an enhanced penetration of Rhodamine B-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers to the deeper layers of the skin. The stability study confirmed that the optimized formulation was considerably stable at refrigerator temperature as compared to room temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results concluded that nanostructured lipid carriers are an efficient carrier for topical delivery of nimesulide.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Seyedeh Marziyeh Mahdavi
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Moghddam
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahad
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Mohd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aqil
authors.affiliation: c Glocal School of Pharmacy , Glocal University , Saharanpur , Uttar Pradesh , India.
authors.forename: Syed Sarim
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Imam
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , New Delhi , India.
authors.forename: Yasmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sultana
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000379:methods*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005989:Glycerides / Q000737:chemistry; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000737:chemistry; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D000069463:Olive Oil / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012995:Solubility; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005989:Glycerides; D000069463:Olive Oil; D013449:Sulfonamides; D019301:Oleic Acid; D008043:Linseed Oil; C038923:monoacetin; C012655:nimesulide
keywords: Box–Behnken design; nanostructured lipid carriers; nimesulide; topical