title: Safety and Risk of Superselective Transcatheter Arterial Embolization for Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage with N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate: Angiographic and Colonoscopic Evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To retrospectively evaluate the safety and risk of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) for urgent acute arterial bleeding control in the lower gastrointestinal tract by angiography and colonoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  NBCA TAE was performed in 16 patients (mean age, 63.7 y) with lower gastrointestinal bleeding (diverticular hemorrhage, tumor bleeding, and intestinal tuberculosis). Angiographic evaluation was performed by counting the vasa recta filled with casts of NBCA and ethiodized oil (Lipiodol) after TAE. Patients were classified as follows: group Ia, with a single vas rectum with embolization of 1 branch (n = 6); group Ib, with a single vas rectum with embolization of ≥ 2 branches (n = 8); group II, with embolization of multiple vasa recta (n = 2). All patients underwent colonoscopy within 1 month, and ischemic complications (ulcer, scar, mucosal swelling, fibrinopurulent debris, and necrosis) were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The procedure was successful in all patients. No ischemic change was observed in any patients in group Ia and in two patients in group Ib. Ischemic changes were observed in six group Ib patients and both group II patients. Group Ib patients experienced ischemic complications that improved without treatment. One patient in group II underwent resection for intestinal perforation after embolization of three vasa recta. One patient in group II with sigmoid stricture with embolization of six vasa recta required prolonged hospitalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NBCA embolization of ≥ 3 vasa recta can induce ischemic bowel damage requiring treatment. NBCA TAE of one vas rectum with ≥ 2 branches could also induce ischemic complications. However, these were silent and self-limited.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan. Electronic address: kodami@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kodani
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsaku
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yata
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasufumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, San-in Rosai Hospital, Yonago, Tottori, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ihaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Osaka Minami Hospital, Kawachinagano, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaminou
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D003113:Colonoscopy; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004998:Ethiodized Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D065666:Mesenteric Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004998:Ethiodized Oil; D004659:Enbucrilate