title: Homeostatic Activity-Dependent Tuning of Recurrent Networks for Robust Propagation of Activity.
abstract: Developing neuronal networks display spontaneous bursts of action potentials that are necessary for circuit organization and tuning. While spontaneous activity has been shown to instruct map formation in sensory circuits, it is unknown whether it plays a role in the organization of motor networks that produce rhythmic output. Using computational modeling, we investigate how recurrent networks of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations assemble to produce robust patterns of unidirectional and precisely timed propagating activity during organism locomotion. One example is provided by the motor network inDrosophilalarvae, which generates propagating peristaltic waves of muscle contractions during crawling. We examine two activity-dependent models, which tune weak network connectivity based on spontaneous activity patterns: a Hebbian model, where coincident activity in neighboring populations strengthens connections between them; and a homeostatic model, where connections are homeostatically regulated to maintain a constant level of excitatory activity based on spontaneous input. The homeostatic model successfully tunes network connectivity to generate robust activity patterns with appropriate timing relationships between neighboring populations. These timing relationships can be modulated by the properties of spontaneous activity, suggesting its instructive role for generating functional variability in network output. In contrast, the Hebbian model fails to produce the tight timing relationships between neighboring populations required for unidirectional activity propagation, even when additional assumptions are imposed to constrain synaptic growth. These results argue that homeostatic mechanisms are more likely than Hebbian mechanisms to tune weak connectivity based on spontaneous input in a recurrent network for rhythm generation and robust activity propagation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  How are neural circuits organized and tuned to maintain stable function and produce robust output? This task is especially difficult during development, when circuit properties change in response to variable environments and internal states. Many developing circuits exhibit spontaneous activity, but its role in the synaptic organization of motor networks that produce rhythmic output is unknown. We studied a model motor network, that when appropriately tuned, generates propagating activity as during crawling inDrosophilalarvae. Based on experimental evidence of activity-dependent tuning of connectivity, we examined plausible mechanisms by which appropriate connectivity emerges. Our results suggest that activity-dependent homeostatic mechanisms are better suited than Hebbian mechanisms for organizing motor network connectivity, and highlight an important difference from sensory areas.
authors.affiliation: Volen Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom, gjorgjieva@brandeis.edu.
authors.forename: Julijana
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7118-4079
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gjorgjieva
authors.affiliation: Heidelberg University, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom, and.
authors.forename: Jan Felix
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6377-4570
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Evers
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom, Cambridge Computational Biology Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8607-8025
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Eglen
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000502:physiology*; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D010507:Periodicity
keywords: Drosophila; activity-dependent; development; homeostasis; recurrent network; tuning