title: Learning and memory in the forced swimming test: effects of antidepressants having varying degrees of anticholinergic activity.
abstract: The antidepressant-induced reduction in immobility time in the forced swimming test may depend on memory impairment due to the drug's anticholinergic efficacy. Therefore, the present study evaluated learning and memory of the immobility response in rats after the pretest and test administrations of antidepressants having potent, comparatively lower, and no anticholinergic activities. Immobility was measured in the test session performed 24 h after the pretest session. Scopolamine and MK-801, which are agents that have memory impairing effects, were used as reference drugs for a better evaluation of the memory processes in the test. The pretest administrations of imipramine (15 and 30 mg/kg), amitriptyline (7.5 and 15 mg/kg), trazodone (10 mg/kg), fluoxetine (10 and 20 mg/kg), and moclobemide (10 and 20 mg/kg) were ineffective, whereas the pretest administrations of scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg) and MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) decreased immobility time suggesting impaired "learning to be immobile" in the animals. The test administrations of imipramine (30 mg/kg), amitriptyline (15 mg/kg), moclobemide (10 mg/kg), scopolamine (0.5 and 1 mg/kg), and MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) decreased immobility time, which suggested that the drugs exerted antidepressant activity or the animals did not recall that attempting to escape was futile. The test administrations of trazodone (10 mg/kg) and fluoxetine (10 and 20 mg/kg) produced no effect on immobility time. Even though the false-negative and positive responses made it somewhat difficult to interpret the findings, this study demonstrated that when given before the pretest antidepressants with or without anticholinergic activity seemed to be devoid of impairing the learning process in the test.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34390, Çapa, Istanbul, Turkey. engnur@istanbul.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Nurhan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Enginar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34390, Çapa, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Pınar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yamantürk-Çelik
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Experimental Medicine (DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Asiye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nurten
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Experimental Medicine (DETAE), Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Dilvin Berrak
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Güney
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013550:Swimming; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists
keywords: Anticholinergic activity; Antidepressants; Forced swimming test; Learning; MK-801; Memory; Scopolamine