title: Bladder cancer diagnosis from bladder wash by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as a novel test for tumor recurrence.
abstract: This study proposes Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a more sensitive, rapid, non-destructive and operator-independent analytical diagnostic method for bladder cancer recurrence from bladder wash than other routinely used urine cytology and cystoscopy methods. A total of 136 patients were recruited. FTIR spectroscopic experiments were carried out as a blind study, the classification results of which were then compared with those of cytology and cystoscopy. Firstly, 71 samples (n = 37; bladder cancer and n = 34; control) were studied with transmittance FTIR spectroscopy. After achieving successful differentiation of the groups, to develop a more rapid diagnostic tool and check the reproducibility of the results, the work was continued with different samples (n = 65 as n = 44; bladder cancer and n = 21; control), using the reflection mode (ATR) of FTIR spectroscopy by a different operator. The results revealed significant alterations in moleculer content in the cancer group. Based on the spectral differences, using transmittance FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics, the diseased group was successfully differentiated from the control. When only carcinoma group was taken into consideration a sensitivity value of 100% was achieved. Similar results were also obtained by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. This study shows the power of infrared spectroscopy in the diagnosis of bladder cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Seher
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gok
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ozge Z
authors.initials: OZ
authors.lastname: Aydin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, 35110, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yavuz S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Sural
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, 35110, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ferruh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zorlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tepecik Research and Training Hospital, 35110, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Umit
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bayol
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey. feride@metu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Feride
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Severcan
mesh_terms: D003558:Cystoscopy; D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: ATR-FTIR spectroscopy; FTIR spectroscopy; bladder tumor; bladder wash; cluster analysis