title: Optimization of lipid extraction from Salvinia molesta for biodiesel production using RSM and its FAME analysis.
abstract: The higher areal productivity and lipid content of microalgae and aquatic weed makes them the best alternative feedstocks for biodiesel production. Hence, an efficient and economic method of extracting lipid or oil from aquatic weed, Salvinia molesta is an important step towards biodiesel production. Since Salvinia molesta is an unexplored feedstock, its total lipid content was first measured as 16 % using Bligh and Dyer's method which was quite sufficient for further investigation. For extracting more amount of lipid from Salvinia molesta, methanol: chloroform in the ratio 2:1 v/v was identified as the most suitable solvent system using Soxhlet apparatus. Based on the literature and the preliminary experimentations, parameters such as solvent to biomass ratio, temperature, and time were identified as significant for lipid extraction. These parameters were then optimized using response surface methodology with central composite design, where experiments were performed using twenty combinations of these extraction parameters with Minitab-17 software. A lipid yield of 92.4 % from Salvinia molesta was obtained with Soxhlet apparatus using methanol and chloroform (2:1 v/v) as solvent system, at the optimized conditions of temperature (85 °C), solvent to biomass ratio (20:1), and time (137 min), whereas a predicted lipid yield of 93.5 % with regression model. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis of S. molesta lipid using gas chromatograph mass spectroscopy (GCMS) with flame ionization detector showed that fatty acids such as C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, and C18:2 contributed more than 9 % weight of total fatty acids. FAME consisted of 56.32, 28.08, and 15.59 % weight of monounsaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Higher cetane number and superior oxidation stability of S. molesta FAME could be attributed to its higher monounsaturated content and lower polyunsaturated content as compared to biodiesels produced from C. vulgaris, Sunflower, and Jatropha.
authors.affiliation: Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mubarak
authors.affiliation: Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India. shaija@nitc.ac.in.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shaija
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Suchithra
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis*; D018533:Biomass; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D002725:Chloroform / Q000737:chemistry; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000032:analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008055:Lipids / Q000032:analysis*; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D029621:Polypodiaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D008055:Lipids; D012997:Solvents; D002725:Chloroform; D000432:Methanol
keywords: Biodiesel; Bligh and Dyer method; Salvinia molesta; Soxhlet apparatus