title: Measuring the Effects of Limited and Persistent School Bullying Victimization: Repeat Victimization, Fear, and Adaptive Behaviors.
abstract: Extant research on school bullying has largely focused on the incidence rather than the modality of the experience, leaving key questions about impact unexplored. With a nationally representative sample of more than 3,000 cases, the present study explores the utility of expanding the classification scheme of bullying victimization to include limited victimization and persistent victimization experiences. By examining the differences in victimization, fear of victimization, and avoidance behaviors, the present study establishes that significant differences in fear of future victimization and adaptive avoidance behaviors do exist between the groups classified as limited and persistent. Furthermore, the present study explores the potential differences in the moderating influence of fear of future victimization on the relationship between limited/persistent bullying victimization and adaptive avoidance behavior. Ultimately, the evidence suggests that differentiating between limited and persistent bullying victimization is important for understanding the impact of bullying on students.
authors.affiliation: 1 Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Randa
authors.affiliation: 2 Weber State University, Ogden, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Bradford W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Reyns
authors.affiliation: 3 University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Matt R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Nobles
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D058445:Bullying / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012574:Schools; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: bullying; criminology; fear of crime; repeat victimization; youth violence