title: Clinical and hemato-biochemical studies on fever of unknown origin in buffaloes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was undertaken to ascertain the clinical observation and haemato-biochemical studies on fever of unknown origin (FUO) in buffaloes which were presented for treatment at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC), Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (LUVAS), Hisar.
  
  
  METHODS
  The investigation was conducted on total 106 clinical cases presented at "TVCC, LUVAS, Hisar." Diseased animals having history of fever and increased rectal temperature were considered for the current study. Diagnosis of FUO was done on the basis of negative parasitological examination, culture examination, fecal and urine test. The cases in which etiology could not be established (such as pneumonia, metritis, traumatic reticuloperitonitis, urinary tract infection, trypanosomosis, diaphragmatic hernia, Brucellosis, and foreign body) were considered as true cases of FUO.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 106 clinical cases different etiologies were identified in 76 (71.70%) cases including pneumonia, traumatic pericarditis, trypanosomosis, bacteremia, etc. and 30 cases (28.30%) remained undiagnosed even after detailed investigation. The mean rectal temperature (104.43±0.16°F), respiration rate (56.57±1.51/min) and pulse rate (83.40±1.77/min) of animals (n=30) suffering from FUO were significantly higher, whereas ruminal movement (1.00±0.23) was significantly lower compared to healthy control group. The mean value of hemoglobin, lymphocytes, and packed cell volume were significantly lower, whereas mean value of neutrophils was significantly higher compared to that of healthy control animals. Mean value of serum levels of glucose, phosphorus, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine were found to be significantly higher, whereas mean value of calcium value was significantly lower in all clinically affected animals compared to the healthy control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  About 28.30% cases of fever in buffaloes were found to be of unknown origin. Haemato-biochemical findings in cases of FUO in buffaloes revealed relative neutrophilia with lymphopenia, hyperglycemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, significantly increased AST, ALT, and CPK along with adversely altered kidney function indicators (elevated BUN and serum creatinine).
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Parmod
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: V K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Ankit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Neelesh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sindhu
authors.affiliation: Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Tarun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Charaya
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.lastname: Surbhi
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Agnihotri
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar - 125 004, Haryana, India.
authors.lastname: Sridhar
keywords: biochemical parameters; buffaloes; clinical observation; fever of unknown origin; haematology