title: Importance of Stereoscopy in Haptic Training of Novice Temporal Bone Surgery.
abstract: We investigate the effects of stereoscopic simulation on novice trainee surgical performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  20 first year medical students were randomized into a stereo or non-stereo group. Each participant viewed a 13 minute instructional video and then performed 3 mastoidectomy procedures with an in-house haptic temporal bone simulation, using a 3D-capable display with either active (stereo) or inactive (non-stero) shutter glasses. Following training, participants performed an actual mastoidectomy on a single 3D-printed bone model. The printed models were evaluated by 3 blinded neurotologic surgeons using a 7 point grading system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-tailed t-tests showed no significant difference in overall performance (mean score across test categories over all subjects) between stereo (M=3.8, SD=1.1) and non-stereo (M=4.4, SD=1.5) conditions (p=0.163). No significant differences existed in any of the assessed sub-domains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of stereo-vision to haptic training may not affect temporal bone surgical skill acquisition in novice users.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba.
authors.forename: Bertram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Unger
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tordon
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.
authors.forename: Justyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pisa
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba.
authors.forename: Jordan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Hochman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005260:Female; D000070856:High Fidelity Simulation Training / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000193:education*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000193:education; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D013663:Teaching; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000166:cytology / Q000601:surgery*; D014110:Touch