title: Brachyury as a potential modulator of androgen receptor activity and a key player in therapy resistance in prostate cancer.
abstract: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Acquisition of resistance to conventional therapy is a major problem for PCa patient management. Several mechanisms have been described to promote therapy resistance in PCa, such as androgen receptor (AR) activation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), acquisition of stem cell properties and neuroendocrine transdifferentiation (NEtD). Recently, we identified Brachyury as a new biomarker of PCa aggressiveness and poor prognosis. In the present study we aimed to assess the role of Brachyury in PCa therapy resistance. We showed that Brachyury overexpression in prostate cancer cells lines increased resistance to docetaxel and cabazitaxel drugs, whereas Brachyury abrogation induced decrease in therapy resistance. Through ChiP-qPCR assays we further demonstrated that Brachyury is a direct regulator of AR expression as well as of the biomarker AMACR and the mesenchymal markers Snail and Fibronectin. Furthermore, in vitro Brachyury was also able to increase EMT and stem properties. By in silico analysis, clinically human Brachyury-positive PCa samples were associated with biomarkers of PCa aggressiveness and therapy resistance, including PTEN loss, and expression of NEtD markers, ERG and Bcl-2. Taken together, our results indicate that Brachyury contributes to tumor chemotherapy resistance, constituting an attractive target for advanced PCa patients.
authors.affiliation: Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Filipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Nelma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pértega-Gomes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: José R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Vizcaíno
authors.affiliation: CBMR, Centre for Biomedical Research, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal.|Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Raquel P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Clinical Oncology Department, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, S. Paulo, Brazil.|Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, S. Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flavio M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Cárcano
authors.affiliation: Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.|Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, S. Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rui Manuel
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Reis
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000502:physiology*; D005326:Fetal Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism*; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000098908:Brachyury Protein
chemical_list: D005326:Fetal Proteins; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; D000098908:Brachyury Protein; C410798:AR protein, human
keywords: Brachyury; prostate cancer; therapy resistance