title: [Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: concepts and related issues].
abstract: The incidence of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) has been gradually increasing and most of NENs are located in gastroenteropancreatic system. With the application of target therapeutic drugs in recent years, the precise pathological diagnosis is required critically for effective clinical treatment: target therapy needs targeted pathological diagnosis. In this article, the definition of NENs, and the century-long evolution of diagnostic terms and grades are reviewed. The eight steps of pathological diagnosis of NENs for clinical needs are described. Four inconsistent concepts in NENs diagnosis are also discussed, that is immunohistochemical biomarkers of pathological diagnosis, subpopulation of neuroendocrine neoplasms with high proliferative activity, general adenocarcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation and molecular genetics characteristics. To correctly understand these issues would be of great value for diagnosis and treatment of NENs.
authors.forename: Maode
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lai
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor