title: Promotion of osteogenic differentiation by amnion/chorion membrane extracts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The amniotic membrane is a favorable biomaterial to apply in the field of tissue engineering because of its unique biological properties. Human amniotic membranes consist of 2-layered sheets containing numerous growth factors, cytokines and other bioactive substances.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we explored the potential of amnion membrane extracts (AME) and amnion/chorion membrane extracts (A/CME) to promote osteogenic differentiation of osteoblast-like (MG-63) cells. MG-63 cells were cultured in osteogenic induction medium (OIM) with or without 100 µg/mL of AME or A/CME. To determine the early and late differentiation of osteogenesis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposition were measured at 3, 7, 10 and 24 days. Expression of specific genes associated with osteogenic differentiation, including osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), runt domain-containing transcription factor (Runx2) and osterix (OSX) was also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro experiments demonstrated that A/CME increased ALP activity, osteogenic gene expression and mineralization under osteogenic-inducing conditions. Notably, we found that A/CME contained growth factors related to osteogenesis, including fibroblast growth factors and transforming growth factors, which potentially promoted osteogenic differentiation of MG-63 cells to a greater extent than AME.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that A/CME is capable of providing growth factors and other substrates for osteogenic differentiation, which significantly increased the efficacy of osteogenesis in MG-63 cells. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that human A/CME is a promising biomaterial with therapeutic potential in bone regeneration applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul - Korea.
authors.forename: Yoon Young
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Go
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rare Diseases Institute, Korea University Medical College, Seoul - Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Eun
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul - Korea.
authors.forename: Geum Joon
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul - Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chae
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul - Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000650:Amnion / Q000737:chemistry*; D000943:Antigens, Differentiation / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002460:Cell Line; D002823:Chorion / Q000737:chemistry*; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000943:Antigens, Differentiation; D045424:Complex Mixtures