title: Single-Photon Avalanche Diode with Enhanced NIR-Sensitivity for Automotive LIDAR Systems.
abstract: A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) with enhanced near-infrared (NIR) sensitivity has been developed, based on 0.18 μm CMOS technology, for use in future automotive light detection and ranging (LIDAR) systems. The newly proposed SPAD operating in Geiger mode achieves a high NIR photon detection efficiency (PDE) without compromising the fill factor (FF) and a low breakdown voltage of approximately 20.5 V. These properties are obtained by employing two custom layers that are designed to provide a full-depletion layer with a high electric field profile. Experimental evaluation of the proposed SPAD reveals an FF of 33.1% and a PDE of 19.4% at 870 nm, which is the laser wavelength of our LIDAR system. The dark count rate (DCR) measurements shows that DCR levels of the proposed SPAD have a small effect on the ranging performance, even if the worst DCR (12.7 kcps) SPAD among the test samples is used. Furthermore, with an eye toward vehicle installations, the DCR is measured over a wide temperature range of 25-132 °C. The ranging experiment demonstrates that target distances are successfully measured in the distance range of 50-180 cm.
authors.affiliation: Toyota Central R&amp;D Labs., Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan. takai@mosk.tytlabs.co.jp.
authors.forename: Isamu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Takai
authors.affiliation: Toyota Central R&amp;D Labs., Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan. hmatsu@mosk.tytlabs.co.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.affiliation: Toyota Central R&amp;D Labs., Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan. msoga@mosk.tytlabs.co.jp.
authors.forename: Mineki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soga
authors.affiliation: Toyota Central R&amp;D Labs., Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan. ohtam@mosk.tytlabs.co.jp.
authors.forename: Mitsuhiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohta
authors.affiliation: Toyota Central R&amp;D Labs., Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan. ogawa@mosk.tytlabs.co.jp.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Toyota Central R&amp;D Labs., Inc., 41-1, Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan. tatsu-y@mosk.tytlabs.co.jp.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamashita
keywords: 3-D imaging; advanced driver assistance system (ADAS); avalanche photodiodes; depth sensor; light detection and ranging (LIDAR); rangefinder; single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD); single-photon detector; time-of-flight (TOF)