title: Toileting behaviour and related health beliefs among Chinese female nurses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the toileting behaviours that female nurses used to empty their bladders, health beliefs related to toileting behaviour and the relationships between the health beliefs and toileting behaviour based on the Health Belief Model.
  
  
  METHODS
  A stratified cluster sampling strategy was used to recruit 636 female nurses from three tertiary hospitals in China. Reliable and valid questionnaires were used to assess female nurses' toileting behaviour and health beliefs related to toileting behaviour. The structural equation model was applied to explore the relationships between health belief constructs and toileting behaviour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common unhealthy toileting behaviour was that of delayed voiding. More than half of the nurses (53.6%) often or always delayed emptying their bladders when they were busy. Approximately one-third of female nurses often or always crouched over the toilet to empty their bladders when not at home. Nearly two-thirds often or always worried about the cleanliness of public toilets. Of all the participants, 67.5% of female nurses had at least one type of lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS); however, the majority did not believe that they were susceptible to these symptoms. Moreover, they had misconceptions that premature voiding would reduce the risk, relieve the symptoms and prevent the recurrence of LUTS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Many female nurses engaged in unhealthy toileting behaviours and might not know what types of toileting behaviours are healthy. Nurses play an important role in patient education and are a major source of health information for society. It is particularly important to look more closely at toileting behaviour among nurses and implement education and training to promote healthy toileting behaviour and, in turn, optimise bladder health.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, China.|School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, School of medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014038:Toilet Facilities / Q000592:standards; D014554:Urination; D055815:Young Adult