title: Reappraisal of GIP Pharmacology for Metabolic Diseases.
abstract: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogs are considered the best current medicines for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity due to their actions in lowering blood glucose and body weight. Despite similarities to GLP-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has not been extensively pursued as a medical treatment for T2D. This is largely based on observations of diminished responses of GIP to lower blood glucose in select patients, as well as evidence from rodent knockout models implying that GIP promotes obesity. These findings have prompted the belief in some, that inhibiting GIP action might be beneficial for metabolic diseases. However, a growing body of new evidence - including data based on refined genetically modified models and improved pharmacological agents - suggests a paradigm shift on how the GIP system should be manipulated for metabolic benefits.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Finan
authors.affiliation: Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Timo D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christoffer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Clemmensen
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Diseases Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perez-Tilve
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: DiMarchi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany; Division of Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany. Electronic address: matthias.tschoep@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Matthias H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tschöp
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051379:Mice; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D011964:Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D011964:Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone; D005749:Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; C041086:gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor