title: Subcutaneous Fentanyl Administration: A Novel Approach for Pain Management in a Rural and Suburban Prehospital Setting.
abstract: To determine the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of the subcutaneous route of fentanyl administration by Basic Life Support-Emergency Medical Technicians (BLS-EMT) in a rural and suburban region, with the support of an online pain management medical control center.
  
  
  
  Retrospective study of patients who received subcutaneous fentanyl and were transported by BLS-EMT to the emergency department (ED) of an academic hospital between July 1, 2013 and January 1, 2014, inclusively. Fentanyl orders were obtained from emergency physicians via an online medical control (OLMC) center. Effectiveness was defined by changes in pain scores 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 45+ minutes after initial fentanyl administration. Safety was evaluated by measuring vital signs, Ramsay sedation scores, and adverse events subsequent to fentanyl administration. Feasibility was defined as successful fentanyl administration by BLS-EMT. SPSS-20 was used for descriptive statistics, and independent t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine inter- and intra-group differences based on transport time.
  
  
  
  Two hundred and eighty-eight patients (288; 14 to 93 years old) with pain scores ≥7 were eligible for the study. Of the 284 (98.6%) who successfully received subcutaneous fentanyl, 35 had missing records or data, and 249 (86.5%) were included in analyses. Average pain score pre-fentanyl was 8.9 ± 1.1. Patients <70 years old received a higher dose of fentanyl than those ≥70 years old (1.4 ± 0.3 vs, 0.8 ± 0.2 mcg/kg, p < 0.05). Pain scores decreased significantly post-fentanyl administration and the proportion of patients achieving pain relief increased significantly (p < 0.05) over the course of transport to ED (15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45+ minutes). Only 1.6% of patients experienced adverse events, including hypotension (n = 2; 0.8%), nausea (n = 1; 0.4%), and Ramsay level >3 (n = 1; 0.4%).
  
  
  
  Prehospital subcutaneous fentanyl administration by BLS-EMT with the support of an OLMC center is a safe and feasible approach to pain relief in prehospital settings, and is not associated with major adverse events. Effectiveness, subsequent to subcutaneous fentanyl administration is characterized by a decrease in pain over the course of transport to ED. Further studies are needed to compare the effectiveness of SC administration by EMS with other routes of administration and other analgesics.
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lebon
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bégin
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fleet
authors.forename: Guilaume
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Foldes-Busque
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanguay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D013383:Suburban Population; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D005283:Fentanyl
keywords: Basic Life Support; fentanyl; pain management; prehospital; subcutaneous administration