title: Two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis and antenatal fetal development in Beetal goats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to compare two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) study of the pregnant uterus and antenatal development of the fetus.
  
  
  METHODS
  2D and 3D ultrasound were performed from day 20 to 120 of gestation, twice in week from day 20 to 60 and once in week from day 60 to 120 of gestation on six goats. The ultrasonographic images were obtained using Toshiba, Nemio-XG (Japan) 3D ultrasound machine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the 20(th) day of gestation, earliest diagnosis of pregnancy was done. First 3D ultrasonographic image of the conceptus, through transabdominal approach, was obtained on day 24. On 39(th) day, clear pictures of conceptus, amniotic membrane, and umbilicus were seen. On 76(th) day of gestation, internal organs of fetus viz heart, kidney, liver, urinary bladder, and stomach were seen both in 2D and 3D images. 3D imaging showed better details of uterine structures and internal organs of the fetus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comparing 3D images with 2D images, it is concluded that 2D was better in visualizing fluid while 3D images were better to view details of attachment of fetus with endometrium.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Kailash
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Ramesh Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Chandolia
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Sarvan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Madan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Gynaecology & Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Kumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sandeep
keywords: fetal development; goats; pregnancy; three-dimensional; two-dimensional; ultrasonography