title: Biofilms associated with bowel necrosis: A newly recognised phenomenon in infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A biofilm is defined as a collection of organisms attached to a surface and surrounded by a matrix.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To present three cases in which bowel necrosis coexisted with biofilm.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records, bacteriological findings and tissue biopsies from three infants with bowel necrosis who subsequently died from sepsis were analysed. Tissue sent for histological evaluation was prepared for light microscopy. Haematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E), Sandiford and Alcian blue/periodic acid Schiff (ABPAS) stains were performed. Tissue samples were ex-waxed for electron microscopy in one case.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The three patients described all had necrotic bowel at laparotomy, all cultured Klebsiella pneumoniae from peritoneal pus swabs, and all died despite appropriate antibiotics. All specimens showed varying degrees of bowel necrosis and an organising acute peritoneal reaction. In addition, all showed colonies of Gram-negative bacteria within a mucopolysaccharide matrix.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of biofilms in necrotic bowel has raised questions regarding their clinical implications. Further studies are needed to evaluate all resected necrotic bowel for biofilms and the clinical implications of this finding.
authors.affiliation: UOC Chirurgia Pediatrica, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Paediatric Surgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. giuliabrisighelli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brisighelli
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Theron
authors.forename: Komala
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pillay
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rode
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000473:pathology*; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae; D008297:Male; D009336:Necrosis