title: Depressive symptoms and muscular fitness contribute independently to the ability to perform daily life activities in people with bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Compared with healthy controls, people with bipolar disorder experience muscle weakness. The extent to which muscle weakness influences the performance of daily life activities such as walking in people with bipolar disorder requiring hospitalization is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary aim of the current study was to explore whether depressive symptoms and muscular fitness independently contribute to the walking capacity in people with bipolar disorder. A secondary aim was to identify variables that could explain the variability in muscular fitness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-two inpatients with bipolar disorder performed a standing broad jump test (SBJ), a measure of muscular performance, and the six minute walk test (6MWT) in addition to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), the Depressive Symptomatology Self Report (QIDS) and a full-fasting metabolic screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correlation between the 6MWT (595.0 ± 127.3m) and SBJ (126.2 ± 48.6m) was high (r = 0.72, p < 0.001). In backward regression analyzes, 82.3% of the variance in 6MWT was explained by SJB, QIDS (7.6 ± 5.1) and the presence of metabolic syndrome (n = 16; 38%), while 83.0% of the variance in SBJ-score was explained by age, and the QIDS and IPAQ (1435.3 ± 1179.8 MET-min/week) scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive symptoms and muscular fitness contribute independently to daily life functioning in people with bipolar disorder. Thus, muscular rehabilitation strategies might offer a strategy for improving performance of daily life activities in this group.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium ;|b KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven , Leuven , Kortenberg , Belgium ;
authors.forename: Davy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vancampfort
authors.affiliation: c Physiotherapy Department , South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust , London , UK ;|d Health Service and Population Research Department , Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London , De Crespigny Park , London , UK ;
authors.forename: Brendon
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stubbs
authors.affiliation: b KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven , Leuven , Kortenberg , Belgium ;
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sienaert
authors.affiliation: b KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven , Leuven , Kortenberg , Belgium ;
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wyckaert
authors.affiliation: b KU Leuven - University of Leuven, University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven , Leuven , Kortenberg , Belgium ;
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Hert
authors.affiliation: e School of Public Health & Charles Perkins Centre , University of Sydney , Australia ;
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.affiliation: f Department of Psychiatry , Makerere University College of Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences , Kampala , Uganda ;|g MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS , Entebbe , Uganda.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kinyanda
authors.affiliation: a Department of Rehabilitation Sciences , KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium ;
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Probst
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D057566:Self Report; D000070857:Walk Test / Q000379:methods*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Muscle weakness; bipolar disorder; fitness; metabolic syndrome; physical activity; walking