title: Velocity, aerobic power and metabolic cost of whole body and arms only front crawl swimming at various stroke rates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke rate (SR) has not been considered in previous research examining the relative roles of the limbs in front-crawl performance. This study compared velocity, aerobic power ([Formula: see text]) and metabolic cost (C) between whole body (WB) and arms only (AO) front-crawl swimming across various intensities while controlling SR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty Australian national swimmers performed six 200 m front-crawl efforts under two conditions: (1) WB swimming and, (2) AO swimming. Participants completed the 200 m trials under three SR conditions: "low" (22-26 stroke-cycles min(-1)), "moderate" (30-34 stroke-cycles min(-1) and "high" (38-42 stroke-cycles min(-1)). [Formula: see text] was continuously measured, with C, velocity, SR, and kick rate calculated for each effort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regardless of the SR condition and sex, AO velocity was consistently lower than WB velocity by ~11.0 % (p < 0.01). AO [Formula: see text] was lower than WB [Formula: see text] at all SR conditions for females (p < 0.01) and at the "high" SR for males (p < 0.01). C did not differ between WB and AO at any SR for both sexes (p > 0.01). When C was expressed as a function of velocity, WB and AO regression equations differed for males (p = 0.01) but not for females (p = 0.087). Kick rate increased as SR increased (p < 0.01), though the kick-to-stroke rate ratio remained constant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elite swimmers gain ~11 % in velocity from their kick and, when used in conjunction with the arm stroke at the swimmers' preferred frequency, the metabolic cost of WB and AO swimming is the same. Coaches should consider these results when prescribing AO sets if their intention is to reduce the metabolic load.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences (#26B), The University of Queensland (St. Lucia Campus), Cnr Blair Drive and Union Drive, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. kirstin.morris@uqconnect.edu.au.|Performance Science Unit, Queensland Academy of Sport, Level 1 Western Stand, 468 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia. kirstin.morris@uqconnect.edu.au.
authors.forename: Kirstin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences (#26B), The University of Queensland (St. Lucia Campus), Cnr Blair Drive and Union Drive, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.|Swimming Australia Limited, PO Box 91, Sunnybank, QLD, 4109, Australia.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.affiliation: School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences (#26B), The University of Queensland (St. Lucia Campus), Cnr Blair Drive and Union Drive, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.|Performance Science Unit, Queensland Academy of Sport, Level 1 Western Stand, 468 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
authors.forename: Megan E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Shephard
authors.affiliation: School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences (#26B), The University of Queensland (St. Lucia Campus), Cnr Blair Drive and Union Drive, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Tina L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.affiliation: School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences (#26B), The University of Queensland (St. Lucia Campus), Cnr Blair Drive and Union Drive, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Jenkins
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000473:pathology*; D001315:Australia; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Kick rate; Metabolic cost; Oxygen uptake; Swimming; Upper limbs; Velocity