title: Episodes of clinical mastitis and its relationship with duration of treatment and seasonality in crossbred cows maintained in organized dairy farm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Present study aimed to evaluate the different episodes of clinical mastitis (CM) and influence of duration of treatment and seasonality on the occurrence of different episodes of CM in crossbred cows.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1194 lactation data of crossbred CM cows were collected from mastitis treatment record from 2002 to 2012. Data of CM cows were classified into types of episodes (pattern of repeated or multiple episodes occurrence) and number of episodes (magnitude of multiple cases). Types of episodes were divided as single (clinical cure by a single episode of treatment), relapse (retreatment of the same cow within 21 days), recurrence (new CM at least 21 days after treatment), and both (relapse and recurrence). The season was classified as winter (December to March), summer (April to June), rainy (July to September), and autumn (October to November). The difference between incidences of different types of CM episodes and the association between number or type of CM episodes with duration of treatment and seasons of CM occurrence were analyzed by Chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1194 animals suffered with CM, 53, 16, and 18% had the single episode, relapse, and recurrence, respectively; while 13% suffered by both relapse and recurrence. We estimated the duration of treatment and found 80% of the cows treated 1-8 days, in which 65% treated for 1-4 days, while 35% cows were treated for 5-8 days. Further, 12% cows treated for 9-15 days and 7.5% cows treated >15 days. The relationship between duration of treatment and different episodes of CM revealed that 1-8 days treated cows were mostly cured by the single episode with less relapse and recurrence. In contrast, the incidences of recurrence and relapse episodes were higher in cows treated for more than 9 days. The highest incidence of relapse was noticed in winter (36%) than other seasons (10-28%), while the recurrence was less during autumn (9%) compared to other seasons (20-40%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cows those suffered by both relapse and recurrence were more susceptible to CM, and they need to be culled from farm to control the transmission of infections. Although the influence of seasonality was difficult to understand, the higher magnitude of relapse and recurrence during winter suggested the adverse effects of cold stress on treatment outcome.
authors.affiliation: Theriogenology Laboratory, Livestock Production Management Section, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Narender
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Southern Regional Station, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Adugodi, Hosur road, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manimaran
authors.affiliation: Theriogenology Laboratory, Livestock Production Management Section, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumaresan
authors.affiliation: Theriogenology Laboratory, Livestock Production Management Section, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sreela
authors.affiliation: Polytechnic in Animal Husbandry, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh - 362 001, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Tapas Kumar
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Patbandha
authors.affiliation: Theriogenology Laboratory, Livestock Production Management Section, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Shiwani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.affiliation: Theriogenology Laboratory, Livestock Production Management Section, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Subhash
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chandra
keywords: clinical mastitis; duration of treatment; episodes; recurrence; relapse; season