title: Influence of amplitude-related perfusion parameters in the parotid glands by non-fat-saturated dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To verify whether quantification of parotid perfusion is affected by fat signals on non-fat-saturated (NFS) dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and whether the influence of fat is reduced with fat saturation (FS).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study consisted of three parts. First, a retrospective study analyzed DCE-MRI data previously acquired on different patients using NFS (n = 18) or FS (n = 18) scans. Second, a phantom study simulated the signal enhancements in the presence of gadolinium contrast agent at six concentrations and three fat contents. Finally, a prospective study recruited nine healthy volunteers to investigate the influence of fat suppression on perfusion quantification on the same subjects. Parotid perfusion parameters were derived from NFS and FS DCE-MRI data using both pharmacokinetic model analysis and semiquantitative parametric analysis. T tests and linear regression analysis were used for statistical analysis with correction for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NFS scans showed lower amplitude-related parameters, including parameter A, peak enhancement (PE), and slope than FS scans in the patients (all with P < 0.0167). The relative signal enhancement in the phantoms was proportional to the dose of contrast agent and was lower in NFS scans than in FS scans. The volunteer study showed lower parameter A (6.75 ± 2.38 a.u.), PE (42.12% ± 14.87%), and slope (1.43% ± 0.54% s(-1)) in NFS scans as compared to 17.63 ± 8.56 a.u., 104.22% ± 25.15%, and 9.68% ± 1.67% s(-1), respectively, in FS scans (all with P < 0.005). These amplitude-related parameters were negatively associated with the fat content in NFS scans only (all with P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On NFS DCE-MRI, quantification of parotid perfusion is adversely affected by the presence of fat signals for all amplitude-related parameters. The influence could be reduced on FS scans.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China and Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Su-Chin
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
authors.forename: Cheng-Chieh
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Hing-Chiu
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan, Republic of China; and Department of Radiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hsiao-Wen
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Ph.D. Program of Technology Management, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hui-Chu
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Automatic Control Engineering, Feng-Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yi-Jui
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan and Department of Radiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hsian-He
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 114, Taiwan and Department of Radiology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan, Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chun-Jung
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Juan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D055815:Young Adult