title: Simplified greywater treatment systems: Slow filters of sand and slate waste followed by granular activated carbon.
abstract: One of the main actions of sustainability that is applicable to residential, commercial, and public buildings is the rational use of water that contemplates the reuse of greywater as one of the main options for reducing the consumption of drinking water. Therefore, this research aimed to study the efficiencies of simplified treatments for greywater reuse using slow sand and slow slate waste filtration, both followed by granular activated carbon filters. The system monitoring was conducted over 28 weeks, using analyses of the following parameters: pH, turbidity, apparent color, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), surfactants, total coliforms, and thermotolerant coliforms. The system was run at two different filtration rates: 6 and 2 m(3)/m(2)/day. Statistical analyses showed no significant differences in the majority of the results when filtration rate changed from 6 to 2 m(3)/m(2)/day. The average removal efficiencies with regard to the turbidity, apparent color, COD and BOD were 61, 54, 56, and 56%, respectively, for the sand filter, and 66, 61, 60, and 51%, respectively, for the slate waste filter. Both systems showed good efficiencies in removing surfactants, around 70%, while the pH reached values of around 7.80. The average removal efficiencies of the total and thermotolerant coliforms were of 61 and 90%, respectively, for the sand filter, and 67 and 80%, respectively, for the slate waste filter. The statistical analysis found no significant differences between the responses of the two systems, which attest to the fact that the slate waste can be a substitute for sand. The maximum levels of efficiency were high, indicating the potential of the systems, and suggesting their optimization in order to achieve much higher average efficiencies.
authors.affiliation: FURB - Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua São Paulo, 3250, Itoupava Seca, Campus II, Bloco I, Sala 103, CEP 89.030-000 Blumenau, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: mariah.zipf@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mariah Siebert
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Zipf
authors.affiliation: FURB - Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua São Paulo, 3250, Itoupava Seca, Campus II, Bloco I, Sala 103, CEP 89.030-000 Blumenau, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: ivonegp@furb.br.
authors.forename: Ivone Gohr
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: FURB - Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua São Paulo, 3250, Itoupava Seca, Campus II, Bloco I, Sala 103, CEP 89.030-000 Blumenau, SC, Brazil. Electronic address: mariana.conegero@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mariana Garcia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Conegero
mesh_terms: D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D002606:Charcoal; D012822:Silicon Dioxide
keywords: Filters; Greywater; Slate waste; Treatment