title: Evaluation of ferric oxide and ferric citrate for their effects on fermentation, production of sulfide and methane, and abundance of select microbial populations using in vitro rumen cultures.
abstract: This study systematically evaluated the effect of ferric iron on sulfate reduction to sulfide, feed digestion and fermentation, methane production, and populations of select ruminal microbes using in vitro rumen cultures. Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and ferric citrate (C6H5FeO7) at six concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 150, and 200mg/L as Fe(3+)) were tested. Ferric iron decreased production of both H2S gas in culture headspace (up to 71.9%) and aqueous sulfide (up to 80.8%), without adversely affecting other fermentation parameters, with ferric citrate being more effective than ferric oxide. Total archaeal population was increased by ferric citrate, but methane production was not affected significantly. The population of sulfate reducing bacteria was affected differently by ferric oxide than by ferric citrate. The results of this study could guide future in vivo studies to develop effective solutions to abate sulfur-associated polioencephalomalacia in cattle fed high-sulfur diet such as dried distiller's grains with solubles.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1094, USA.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology and State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Qingxiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1094, USA. Electronic address: yu.226@osu.edu.
authors.forename: Zhongtang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001105:Archaea / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle; D004063:Digestion / Q000187:drug effects; D005285:Fermentation; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques / Q000379:methods; D008697:Methane / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D059013:Microbial Consortia; D012417:Rumen / Q000382:microbiology*; D013440:Sulfides / Q000378:metabolism*; D013455:Sulfur / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D013440:Sulfides; C000499:ferric oxide; C025314:ferric citrate; D013455:Sulfur; D008697:Methane
keywords: Archaea; Ferric iron; Hydrogen sulfide; Methane; Sulfate reducing bacteria