title: [Muscle-skeletal pain].
abstract: The paper is devoted to the most complicated aspects of low back pain. The differences between specific and nonspecific low back pain using the "red flags" system is highlighted. The authors consider the causes of pain chronification (the "yellow flags" system) and the necessity of using a biopsychosocial model. Main pathogenetic mechanisms of chronic muscle/skeletal pain are considered and the possible involvement of several mechanism in the pathogenesis of chronic pain as well as the use of complex therapy is discussed. The high efficacy and safety of ketorolac in treatment of nonspecific muscle/skeletal pain is demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: VGOU VPO 'Pervyj Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. I.M. Sechenova', Moskva.
authors.forename: M V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Vygonskaya
authors.affiliation: VGOU VPO 'Pervyj Moskovskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. I.M. Sechenova', Moskva.
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Filatova
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059350:Chronic Pain; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D020910:Ketorolac