title: In vitro investigation on Ho:YAG laser-assisted bone ablation underwater.
abstract: Liquid-assisted hard tissue ablation by infrared lasers has extensive clinical application. However, detailed studies are still needed to explore the underlying mechanism. In the present study, the dynamic process of bubble evolution induced by Ho:YAG laser under water without and with bone tissue at different thickness layer were studied, as well as its effects on hard tissue ablation. The results showed that the Ho:YAG laser was capable of ablating hard bone tissue effectively in underwater conditions. The penetration of Ho:YAG laser can be significantly increased up to about 4 mm with the assistance of bubble. The hydrokinetic forces associated with the bubble not only contributed to reducing the thermal injury to peripheral tissue, but also enhanced the ablation efficiency and improve the ablation crater morphology. The data also presented some clues to optimal selection of irradiation parameters and provided additional knowledge of the bubble-assisted hard tissue ablation mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 35007, China. xzzhang@fjnu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xianzeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 35007, China.
authors.forename: Chuanguo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 35007, China.
authors.forename: Faner
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 35007, China.
authors.forename: Zhenlin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Laser and Optoelectronics Technology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 35007, China.
authors.forename: Shusen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China. 1158113213@qq.com.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000601:surgery*; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D053844:Lasers, Solid-State / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Bone tissue; Bubble-assisted ablation; Laser ablation; Pulsed Ho:YAG laser