title: Biosafety Initiatives in BMENA Region: Identification of Gaps and Advances.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objectives of this study were to identify and assess the impact of capacity-building biosafety initiatives and programs that have taken place in the broader Middle East and North Africa (BMENA) region between 2001 and 2013, to highlight gaps that require further development, and to suggest sustainable ways to build cooperative regional biosafety opportunities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted with two aspects (1) thorough desktop review of literature for all biosafety/biosecurity-related activities in the study countries, such as seminars, conferences, workshops, policy documents, technology transfer, sustained scientific endeavors between countries, etc. and (2) an online survey of scientists in countries in the region to get first-hand information about biosafety and biosecurity initiatives and gaps in their country.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1832 initiatives of biosafety/biosecurity were recorded from 97 web links; 70.68% (n = 1295) initiatives were focused on raising general awareness among the scientific community about biosafety/biosecurity/biocontainment. The most frequent areas of interest were biorisk management in biomedical and biotechnology laboratories 13% (n = 239), followed by living modified organisms (LMOs) 9.17% (n = 168). Hands-on training accounted for 2.67% (n = 49) of initiatives. Online survey results confirmed desktop review findings; however, the response rate was 11%.
authors.affiliation: Aga Khan University Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Erum
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Aga Khan University Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Nayla
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Faculté des Sciences de Tétouan Mhannech II, University Abdelmalek Essaadi , Tétouan , Morocco.
authors.forename: Khalid R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Temsamani
authors.affiliation: Bacteriology Section, Naval Medical Research Unit 3 (NAMRU-3) , Cairo , Egypt.
authors.forename: Atef
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Gendy
authors.affiliation: Frontline Foundation , Atlanta, GA , USA.
authors.forename: Murray
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Aga Khan University Karachi , Karachi , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ariba
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: Frontline Foundation , Atlanta, GA , USA.
authors.forename: Hilliard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gastfriend
authors.affiliation: Frontline Foundation , Atlanta, GA , USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cole
keywords: BMENA region; biorisk management; biosafety; biosecurity code of conduct; survey research