title: The effects of melamine on humoral immunity with or without cyanuric acid in mice.
abstract: Melamine is an industrial chemical with high nitrogen content. When added to the pet food and milk it can falsely elevate the apparent protein concentration readings. Cyanuric acid related structurally to melamine has a strong mutual affinity with melamine. The combined ingestion of melamine and cyanuric acid was considered to be responsible for the crystalluria, kidney stones and subsequent renal failure in animals. In our previous investigation, we demonstrated that melamine alone or its combination with cyanuric acid appears to be toxic to the immune system in mice. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential effects of melamine on humoral immunity with or without cyanuric acid in mice. In comparison to control group, a significantly lower content of plasma cells expressing CD138 were observed in mixture groups of melamine and cyanuric acid with both middle and high doses. The co-administration of melamine and cyanuric acid resulted in a significant decreasing in blimp-1 protein expression and the contents of sIgA, C3, IL-21 and IL-4 compared with the control group. Moreover, our data clearly showed that melamine-related toxicity suppressed the production of IL-6 and IL-10 in a dose-dependent manner. Also, the animals from mixture of melamine and cyanuric acid with high dose group exhibited a significantly lower expression of gata-3 protein, The results from the present study suggested that the exposure to melamine alone or combination with cyanuric acid had certain humoral immunotoxicity in mice, especially when ingested in high dosage.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
authors.forename: Rong H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
authors.forename: Xi T
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
authors.forename: Hua S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Research Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine Sciences of Jilin Province, Changchun 130062, China.
authors.forename: Rong L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
authors.forename: Qiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
authors.forename: Wen C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
authors.forename: Bao S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
authors.forename: Xiao H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
authors.forename: Jian B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China. Electronic address: wlb7411@163.com.
authors.forename: Wen L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Bai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects*; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007378:Interleukins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D000074462:Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1; D051437:Renal Insufficiency; D053668:Syndecan-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014227:Triazines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor; C494748:Gata3 protein, mouse; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D007378:Interleukins; C513258:Prdm1 protein, mouse; D053668:Syndecan-1; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014227:Triazines; D000074462:Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1; C004632:cyanuric acid; C011907:melamine
keywords: Cyanuric acid; Humoral immunity; Melamine; Mouse; Toxicity