title: Neutrophil dynamics in the blood and milk of crossbred cows naturally infected with Staphylococcus aureus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to evaluate the neutrophil dynamics in terms of the functional competence during subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 146 Karan fries cows were screened and were divided into three groups as control (n=12), SCM, n=12 and CM, n=12 groups on the basis of California mastitis test scoring, bacteriological evaluation, gross and morphological changes in milk and by counting milk somatic cell count (SCC). Both blood and milk polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) were isolated in the study. Phagocytic activity (PA) was studied by spectrophotometrically; neutrophil extracelluar traps (NETs) were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); CD44 was quantified by flow cytometry and apoptosis was studied by fluorescent microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly (p<0.05) higher SCC, PA was found in milk of CM cows as compared to SCM and control cows. Significantly lower (p<0.05) apoptosis was observed in PMNs isolated from both blood and milk of CM group of cows when compared to control and SCM group. The milk neutrophils of CM group of cows formed NETs as evidenced from the SEM images. Surface expression of CD44 revealed a significantly (p<0.05) lower expression in milk neutrophils of CM group of cows when compared to SCM and control group of cows.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study indicated a positive correlation between delayed neutrophil apoptosis, persistent staying of neutrophils at the site of infection along with formation of NETs as the strategies to fight against the pathogens in the udder during Staphylococcal mastitis. The study forms a strong base for future molecular research in terms of neutrophil recruitment and neutrophil removal from the site of infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Dairy Cattle Physiology, Lactation and Immunophysiology Laboratory, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Dilip K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.affiliation: Division of Dairy Cattle Physiology, Lactation and Immunophysiology Laboratory, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Mohar Singh
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kushwah
authors.affiliation: Division of Dairy Cattle Physiology, Lactation and Immunophysiology Laboratory, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Mandheer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Division of Dairy Cattle Physiology, Lactation and Immunophysiology Laboratory, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Ajay K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Dang
keywords: CD44; Staphylococcus aureus; apoptosis; mastitis; neutrophil; neutrophil extracelluar traps