title: Simulation of high-intensity focused ultrasound lesions in presence of boiling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The lesions induced by high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) thermal ablations are particularly difficult to simulate due to the complexity of the involved phenomena. In particular, boiling has a strong influence on the lesion shape. Thus, it must be accounted for if it happens during the pulses to be modeled. However, no acoustic model enables the simulation of the resulting wave scattering. Therefore, we propose an equivalent model for the heat deposition pattern in the presence of boiling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Firstly, the acoustic field is simulated with k-Wave and the heat source term is calculated. Then, a thermal model is designed, including the equivalent model for boiling. It is rigorously calibrated and validated through the use of diversified ex vivo and in vivo data, including usually unexploited data types related to the bubble clouds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proposed model enabled to efficiently simulate unitary pulses properties, including the sizes of the lesions, their morphology, the boiling onset time, and the influence of the boiling onset time on the lesions sizes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this article, the whole procedure of model design, calibration, and validation is discussed. In addition to depicting the creative use of data, our modeling approach focuses on the understanding of the mechanisms influencing the shape of the lesion. Further work is required to study the influence of the remaining bubble clouds in the context of pulse groups.
authors.affiliation: Theraclion, 102 Rue Etienne Dolet, Malakoff, 92240 France ; CentraleSupélec, Mathematics in Interaction with Computer Science, Grande voie des vignes, Châtenay-Malabry, 92295 France.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grisey
authors.affiliation: Theraclion, 102 Rue Etienne Dolet, Malakoff, 92240 France.
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yon
authors.affiliation: CentraleSupélec, Mathematics in Interaction with Computer Science, Grande voie des vignes, Châtenay-Malabry, 92295 France.
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Letort
authors.affiliation: CentraleSupélec, Mathematics in Interaction with Computer Science, Grande voie des vignes, Châtenay-Malabry, 92295 France.
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lafitte
keywords: Bioheat; Boiling; HIFU; HITU; Modeling; Nonlinear acoustics; Numerical simulation; Thermal model