title: Evaluation of a hybrid ion exchange-catalyst treatment technology for nitrate removal from drinking water.
abstract: Ion exchange (IX) is the most common approach to treating nitrate-contaminated drinking water sources, but the cost of salt to make regeneration brine, as well as the cost and environmental burden of waste brine disposal, are major disadvantages. A hybrid ion exchange-catalyst treatment system, in which waste brine is catalytically treated for reuse, shows promise for reducing costs and environmental burdens of the conventional IX system. An IX model with separate treatment and regeneration cycles was developed, and ion selectivity coefficients for each cycle were separately calibrated by fitting experimental data. Of note, selectivity coefficients for the regeneration cycle required fitting the second treatment cycle after incomplete resin regeneration. The calibrated and validated model was used to simulate many cycles of treatment and regeneration using the hybrid system. Simulated waste brines and a real brine obtained from a California utility were also evaluated for catalytic nitrate treatment in a packed-bed, flow-through column with 0.5 wt%Pd-0.05 wt%In/activated carbon support (PdIn/AC). Consistent nitrate removal and no apparent catalyst deactivation were observed over 23 d (synthetic brine) and 45 d (real waste brine) of continuous-flow treatment. Ion exchange and catalyst results were used to evaluate treatment of 1 billion gallons of nitrate-contaminated source water at a 0.5 MGD water treatment plant. Switching from a conventional IX system with a two bed volume regeneration to a hybrid system with the same regeneration length and sequencing batch catalytic reactor treatment would save 76% in salt cost. The results suggest the hybrid system has the potential to address the disadvantages of a conventional IX treatment systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Allison M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bergquist
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.
authors.forename: Jong Kwon
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Strathmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. Electronic address: werth@utexas.edu.
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Werth
mesh_terms: D002384:Catalysis; D060766:Drinking Water; D007474:Ion Exchange; D009566:Nitrates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D009566:Nitrates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Brine reuse; Catalytic treatment; Contaminated groundwater; Genetic algorithm; Hydrogenation; Selectivity reversal