title: Effect of different levels of dietary zinc, manganese, and copper from organic or inorganic sources on performance, bacterial chondronecrosis, intramuscular collagen characteristics, and occurrence of meat quality defects of broiler chickens.
abstract: The aim of the experiment was to assess the effects of 2 dietary levels of trace minerals (TM) zinc, manganese, and copper either from organic (OTM) or inorganic (ITM) sources on broiler performance, carcass traits, intramuscular collagen (IMC) properties, occurrence of hock burns (HB), foot pad dermatitis (FPD), femoral and tibia head necrosis, and breast muscle abnormalities (white striping, WS; wooden breast, WB; poor cohesion, PC). A total of 3,600 one-day-old male chicks were randomly assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (9 replicates of 100 birds/dietary treatment). Birds were slaughtered at 31 (thinning) and 51 d of age. Body weight, daily weight gain (DWG), feed intake, feed conversion rate (FCR), and mortality were determined. A significant effect of the source of TM supplementation was found only in 51-day-old chickens. Birds of the OTM groups were heavier (P < 0.05), with a higher (P < 0.05) DWG and a better FCR (P < 0.05) compared with those of the ITM groups. OTM significantly reduced the lesion scores of femoral head (P = 0.004) and total leg (femur + tibia, P = 0.02) compared to ITM, which is mainly caused by the reduction of the percentages of femoral head transitional degeneration (FHT, P = 0.04) and femoral head necrosis (FHN, P = 0.07). Carcass traits were similar among the experimental groups. No alleviating effect of TM administration on the incidence of FPD and HB in 31- and 51-day-old chickens was found. Similarly, the occurrence and the degrees of WS and WB in 51-day-old chickens was affected neither by the doses nor by the source of TM supplied. IMC characteristics of broiler pectoral muscle were not affected (P > 0.05) by the different sources and doses of TM administrated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy federico.sirri@unibo.it.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sirri
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Environment and Food, University of Molise, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maiorano
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Environment and Food, University of Molise, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tavaniello
authors.affiliation: Novus International Inc., 20 Research Park Drive, St. Charles, MO.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petracci
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meluzzi
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002645:Chickens / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism*; D003300:Copper / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004032:Diet; D008297:Male; D008345:Manganese / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008460:Meat / Q000592:standards*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D009336:Necrosis / Q000662:veterinary; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D003094:Collagen; D015032:Zinc
keywords: bacterial chondronecrosis; broiler chicken; foot dermatitis; muscle abnormalities; organic and inorganic trace minerals