title: Detection and monitoring of hypermethylated RASSF1A in serum from patients with metastatic breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circulating hypermethylated RASSF1A could be a novel and potential useful marker for monitoring patients with metastatic breast cancer. Technical obstacles include fragmentation of the circulating DNA, fluctuations in the concentration, low concentrations of circulating tumor DNA, and different locations of methylation in the RASSF1A gene among patients. One common method for detection of hypermethylated genes is sodium bisulfite conversion of non-methylated cytosine to uracil, followed by detection with PCR. However, the method relies on full conversion of all non-methylated cytosines, cause strand breaks, and loss of DNA. Alternatively, methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes have been used to digest genomic DNA, as well as sodium bisulfite-treated DNA. By flanking different regions of the RASSF1A with different PCR primer pairs, we analyzed for methylated genomic regions resistant to cleavage by the methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes HpaII and BstUI. The goal was to find region(s) in RASSF1A with high sensitivity and specificity that could be used for monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The serum was spiked with non-human control DNA. By tracing the spiking control, the isolation procedure of the rare circulating tumor DNA was initially optimized. By analysis of production of PCR amplicons from HpaII- or BstUI-treated DNA isolated from 24 patients with metastatic breast cancer, we located four regions resulting in sensitivities from 63 to 83 %. When examining samples from 24 control subjects, these four regions gave a specificity of 100 %. Among these four regions, the primer pair with the highest PCR efficacy was selected to monitor the RASSF1A concentration in 31 collected serum samples. The spiked DNA was then used to calculate the tumor RASSF1A concentrations independent of fluctuations in circulating non-tumor DNA. As a proof of principle, there was concordance in the kinetics of the RASSF1A and the serological cancer biomarkers CA 15-3, CEA, and TPA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes may be a useful methodological approach for monitoring circulating hypermethylated RASSF1A among patients with metastatic breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital-Hillerød, University of Copenhagen, Dyrehavevej 29, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kristiansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
authors.forename: Dorte
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Nordsjællands Hospital-Hillerød, University of Copenhagen, Dyrehavevej 29, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark.
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sölétormos
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C411762:RASSF1 protein, human; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins
keywords: DNA methylation; Epigenetics; Metastatic breast cancer; Monitoring; RASSF1A