title: Overview of Chronic Oral Toxicity Values for Chemicals Present in Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids, Flowback, and Produced Waters.
abstract: Concerns have been raised about potential public health effects that may arise if hydraulic fracturing-related chemicals were to impact drinking water resources. This study presents an overview of the chronic oral toxicity values-specifically, chronic oral reference values (RfVs) for noncancer effects, and oral slope factors (OSFs) for cancer-that are available for a list of 1173 chemicals that the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identified as being associated with hydraulic fracturing, including 1076 chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing fluids and 134 chemicals detected in flowback or produced waters from hydraulically fractured wells. The EPA compiled RfVs and OSFs using six governmental and intergovernmental data sources. Ninety (8%) of the 1076 chemicals reported in hydraulic fracturing fluids and 83 (62%) of the 134 chemicals reported in flowback/produced water had a chronic oral RfV or OSF available from one or more of the six sources. Furthermore, of the 36 chemicals reported in hydraulic fracturing fluids in at least 10% of wells nationwide (identified from EPA's analysis of the FracFocus Chemical Disclosure Registry 1.0), 8 chemicals (22%) had an available chronic oral RfV. The lack of chronic oral RfVs and OSFs for the majority of these chemicals highlights the significant knowledge gap that exists to assess the potential human health hazards associated with hydraulic fracturing.
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program and §Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States.
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Yost
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program and §Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stanek
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program and §Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: DeWoskin
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Research Participation Program and §Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States.
authors.forename: Lyle D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Burgoon
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D000067071:Hydraulic Fracking; D012306:Risk; D014481:United States; D062065:Wastewater; D014867:Water; D062066:Water Resources; D060986:Water Wells
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater; D014867:Water