title: Changes in Habitual and Active Sagittal Posture in Children and Adolescents with and without Visual Input - Implications for Diagnostic Analysis of Posture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poor posture in children and adolescents has a prevalence of 22-65% and is suggested to be responsible for back pain. To assess posture, photometric imaging of sagittal posture is widely used, but usually only habitual posture positions (resting position with minimal muscle activity) are analysed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was 1) to investigate possible changes in posture-describing parameters in the sagittal plane, when the subjects changed from a habitual passive posture to an actively corrected posture, and 2) to investigate the changes in posture parameters when an actively corrected posture was to be maintained with closed eyes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a group of 216 male children and adolescents (average 12.4 ± 2.5 years, range 7.0 - 17.6 years), six sagittal posture parameters (body tilt BT, trunk incline TI, posture index PI, horizontal distances between ear, shoulder and hip and the perpendicular to the ankle joint) were determined by means of photometric imaging in an habitual passive posture position, in an actively erect posture with eyes open, and in active stance with eyes closed. The change in these parameters during the transition between the posture positions was analysed statistically (dependent t-Test or Wilcoxon-Test) after Bonferroni correction (p<0.004).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When moving from a habitual passive to an active posture BT, TI, PI, dEar, dShoulder, and dHip decreased significantly(p< 0.004). When the eyes were closed, only the perpendicular distances (dEar, dShoulder, and dHip) increased significantly. The parameters that describe the alignment of the trunk sections in relation to each other (BT, TI, PI), remained unchanged in both actively regulated posture positions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in sagittal posture parameters that occur when a habitual passive posture switches into an active posture or when an active posture is to be maintained while the eyes are closed can be used for diagnostic purposes regarding poor posture and posture regulation.
authors.affiliation: Scientific Head, AG Kid-Check, Institute of Sport Sciences, Saarland University , Saarbrücken, Germany .
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ludwig
authors.affiliation: Senior Physiotherapist, AG Kid-Check, Institute of Sport Sciences, Saarland University , Saarbrücken, Germany .
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mazet
authors.affiliation: Senior Researcher, AG Kid-Check, Institute of Sport Sciences, Saarland University , Saarbrücken, Germany .
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mazet
authors.affiliation: Senior Researcher, AG Kid-Check , Endokrinologikum, Saarbrücken, Germany .
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hammes
authors.affiliation: Medical Head AG Kid-Check, Klinik für Orthopädie und orthop . Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Homburg, Germany .
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schmitt
keywords: Poor posture; Posture assessment; Posture control; Posture regulation