title: Microbiome and Anticancer Immunosurveillance.
abstract: Anticancer immune responses can be considered a desirable form of autoimmunity that may be profoundly shaped by the microbiome. Here, we discuss evidence for the microbiome's influence on anti-tumor immunosurveillance, including those that are indirect and can act at a distance, and we put forward hypotheses regarding mechanisms of how these effects are implemented. These may involve cross-reactivity between microbial and tumor antigens shaping T cell repertoires and/or microbial products stimulating pattern recognition receptors that influence the type and intensity of immune responses. Understanding how the microbiome impacts natural cancer immunosurveillance as well as treatment-induced immune responses will pave the way for more effective therapies and prophylactics.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1015, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 95800 Villejuif, France; University of Paris Sud XI, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer, 95800 Villejuif, France. Electronic address: laurence.zitvogel@gustaveroussy.fr.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zitvogel
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1015, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 95800 Villejuif, France; University of Paris Sud XI, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer, 95800 Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Maha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ayyoub
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1015, Equipe labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 95800 Villejuif, France; University of Paris Sud XI, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer, 95800 Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Routy
authors.affiliation: Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Cell Biology and Metabolomics platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, 95800 Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75006 Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: kroemer@orange.fr.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kroemer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001691:Biological Therapy; D064806:Dysbiosis; D006801:Humans; D061148:Hygiene Hypothesis; D064307:Microbiota; D015166:Monitoring, Immunologic; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: cancer; checkpoint blockers; immunity; immunotherapy; microbiota; pathogen recognition receptors; tumor-associated antigens