title: Axillary and Tympanic Temperature Measurement in Children and Normal Values for Ages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was define the normal values of tympanic and axillary body temperature in healthy children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This observational cross-sectional study was performed in healthy children aged 0 to 17 years who visited the ambulatory general pediatric of Istanbul Medical Faculty.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 1364 children, 651 (47.7%) were girls and 713 were boys, the mean (SD, range) age was 72.5 (53.6, 1-204) months. The mean (SD) axillary body temperature was 36.04°C (0.46°C; minimum, 35.0°C; maximum, 37.6°C). The 95th and 99th percentiles were 36.8°C and 37.0°C, respectively. The mean (SD) tympanic body temperature was 36.91°C (0.46°C; minimum, 35.15°C; maximum, 37.9°C). The 95th and 99th percentiles were 37.6°C and 37.8°C, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between sexes for only tympanic body temperatures. Both axillary and tympanic body temperatures were statistically higher in 0 to 2 months compared with other age groups. For this age group, the 99th percentile was 37.5°C for axillary and 37.85°C for tympanic temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Axillary and tympanic body temperatures should be considered as fever when they are more than 37.0°C and 37.8°C, respectively. For 0 to 2 months, fever is 37.5°C and 37.85°C in axillary and tympanic temperatures, respectively.
authors.forename: Fatma
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Oguz
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yildiz
authors.forename: Muhammet Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Varkal
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hizli
authors.forename: Sadik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toprak
authors.forename: Kevser
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaymakci
authors.forename: Seha Kamil
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Saygili
authors.forename: Ayşe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kilic
authors.forename: Emin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Unuvar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001365:Axilla / Q000502:physiology; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D013821:Thermometers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014421:Turkey