title: Penetration of Sodium Hypochlorite Modified with Surfactants into Root Canal Dentin.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of concentration, exposure time and temperature of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) added with surfactants on its penetration into dentinal tubules. Sixty-five extracted human permanent maxillary anterior teeth with single canals were prepared by ProTaper SX hand-operated instruments. The teeth were then sectioned perpendicular to the long axis. The crowns and apical thirds of all the teeth were removed. The remaining roots were processed into 4-mm-long blocks and stained overnight in crystal violet. One hundred and thirty stained blocks were further split into halves and treated by nine different types of NaOCl-based solutions. Three solutions were added with surfactants (Hypoclean, H6, Chlor-Xtra) and the others were regular hypochlorites at increasing concentrations (1%, 2%, 4%, 5.25%, <6%, 6% NaOCl) from different brands. The dentin blocks were exposed to the solutions for 2, 5, and 20 min at 20 °C, 37 °C and 45 °C, respectively. The depth of NaOCl penetration was determined by bleaching of the stain and measured by light microscopy at 20x and 40x. Statistical comparisons were made by using a generalized linear model with Bonferroni's post-hoc correction. The shortest penetration (81±6.6 μm) was obtained after incubation in 1% NaOCl for 2 min at 20 °C; the highest penetration (376.3±3.8 μm) was obtained with Chlor-Xtra for 20 min at 45 °C. Varying NaOCl concentration produced a minimal effect while temperature and exposure time had a significant direct relationship with NaOCl penetration into dentinal tubules, especially those with lowered surface tension. The exposure time and temperature of sodium hypochlorite as well as the addition of surfactants may influence the penetration depth of irrigants into dentinal tubules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II, University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Palazzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II, University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blasi
authors.affiliation: Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahed
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Fabbro
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Estrela
mesh_terms: D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000737:chemistry*; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000737:chemistry*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite