title: Wearable-Sensor-Based Classification Models of Faller Status in Older Adults.
abstract: Wearable sensors have potential for quantitative, gait-based, point-of-care fall risk assessment that can be easily and quickly implemented in clinical-care and older-adult living environments. This investigation generated models for wearable-sensor based fall-risk classification in older adults and identified the optimal sensor type, location, combination, and modelling method; for walking with and without a cognitive load task. A convenience sample of 100 older individuals (75.5 ± 6.7 years; 76 non-fallers, 24 fallers based on 6 month retrospective fall occurrence) walked 7.62 m under single-task and dual-task conditions while wearing pressure-sensing insoles and tri-axial accelerometers at the head, pelvis, and left and right shanks. Participants also completed the Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale, Community Health Activities Model Program for Seniors questionnaire, six minute walk test, and ranked their fear of falling. Fall risk classification models were assessed for all sensor combinations and three model types: multi-layer perceptron neural network, naïve Bayesian, and support vector machine. The best performing model was a multi-layer perceptron neural network with input parameters from pressure-sensing insoles and head, pelvis, and left shank accelerometers (accuracy = 84%, F1 score = 0.600, MCC score = 0.521). Head sensor-based models had the best performance of the single-sensor models for single-task gait assessment. Single-task gait assessment models outperformed models based on dual-task walking or clinical assessment data. Support vector machines and neural networks were the best modelling technique for fall risk classification. Fall risk classification models developed for point-of-care environments should be developed using support vector machines and neural networks, with a multi-sensor single-task gait assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Howcroft
authors.affiliation: Centre for Rehabilitation, Research and Development, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Lemaire
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kofman
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D018570:Risk Assessment