title: Time-invariant component-based normalization for a simultaneous PET-MR scanner.
abstract: Component-based normalization is a method used to compensate for the sensitivity of each of the lines of response acquired in positron emission tomography. This method consists of modelling the sensitivity of each line of response as a product of multiple factors, which can be classified as time-invariant, time-variant and acquisition-dependent components. Typical time-variant factors are the intrinsic crystal efficiencies, which are needed to be updated by a regular normalization scan. Failure to do so would in principle generate artifacts in the reconstructed images due to the use of out of date time-variant factors. For this reason, an assessment of the variability and the impact of the crystal efficiencies in the reconstructed images is important to determine the frequency needed for the normalization scans, as well as to estimate the error obtained when an inappropriate normalization is used. Furthermore, if the fluctuations of these components are low enough, they could be neglected and nearly artifact-free reconstructions become achievable without performing a regular normalization scan. In this work, we analyse the impact of the time-variant factors in the component-based normalization used in the Biograph mMR scanner, but the work is applicable to other PET scanners. These factors are the intrinsic crystal efficiencies and the axial factors. For the latter, we propose a new method to obtain fixed axial factors that was validated with simulated data. Regarding the crystal efficiencies, we assessed their fluctuations during a period of 230 d and we found that they had good stability and low dispersion. We studied the impact of not including the intrinsic crystal efficiencies in the normalization when reconstructing simulated and real data. Based on this assessment and using the fixed axial factors, we propose the use of a time-invariant normalization that is able to achieve comparable results to the standard, daily updated, normalization factors used in this scanner. Moreover, to extend the analysis to other scanners, we generated distributions of crystal efficiencies with greater fluctuations than those found in the Biograph mMR scanner and evaluated their impact in simulations with a wide variety of noise levels. An important finding of this work is that a regular normalization scan is not needed in scanners with photodetectors with relatively low dispersion in their efficiencies.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, 3rd Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Belzunce
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Reader
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D013997:Time Factors