title: LOW THERMAL LIMIT OF GROWTH RATE OF SYMBIODINIUM CALIFORNIUM (DINOPHYTA) IN CULTURE MAY RESTRICT THE SYMBIONT TO SOUTHERN POPULATIONS OF ITS HOST ANEMONES (ANTHOPLEURA SPP.; ANTHOZOA, CNIDARIA)(1).
abstract: Symbiodinium californium (#383, Banaszak et al. 1993) is one of two known dinoflagellate symbionts of the intertidal sea anemones Anthopleura elegantissima, A. xanthogrammica, and A. sola and occurs only in hosts at southern latitudes of the North Pacific. To investigate if temperature restricts the latitudinal distribution of S. californium, growth and photosynthesis at a range of temperatures (5°C-30°C) were determined for cultured symbionts. Mean specific growth rates were the highest between 15°C and 28°C (μ 0.21-0.26 · d(-1) ) and extremely low at 5, 10, and 30°C (0.02-0.03 · d(-1) ). Average doubling times ranged from 2.7 d (20°C) to 33 d (5, 10, and 30°C). Cells cultured at 10°C had the greatest cell volume (821 μm(3) ) and the highest percentage of motile cells (64.5%). Growth and photosynthesis were uncoupled; light-saturated maximum photosynthesis (Pmax ) increased from 2.9 pg C · cell(-1 ) · h(-1) at 20°C to 13.2 pg C · cell(-1 ) · h(-1) at 30°C, a 4.5-fold increase. Less than 11% of daily photosynthetically fixed carbon was utilized for growth at 5, 10, and 30°C, indicating the potential for high carbon translocation at these temperatures. Low temperature effects on growth rate, and not on photosynthesis and cell morphology, may restrict the distribution of S. californium to southern populations of its host anemones.
authors.affiliation: College of Forestry and Conservation, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USADepartment of Biology and Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225-9160, USATechnical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Charlottenlund DK-2920, Denmark.
authors.forename: Brooke Baldauf
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.affiliation: College of Forestry and Conservation, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USADepartment of Biology and Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225-9160, USATechnical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Charlottenlund DK-2920, Denmark.
authors.forename: Gisèle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muller-Parker
authors.affiliation: College of Forestry and Conservation, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USADepartment of Biology and Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225-9160, USATechnical University of Denmark, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Charlottenlund DK-2920, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hans Henrik
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
keywords: Anthopleura; Symbiodinium; anemone; symbiotic algae; temperate zooxanthellae