title: Micro- and nanoparticulates for DNA vaccine delivery.
abstract: DNA vaccination has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional protein-based vaccines for the induction of protective immune responses. DNA vaccines offer several advantages over traditional vaccines, including increased stability, rapid and inexpensive production, and flexibility to produce vaccines for a wide variety of infectious diseases. However, the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines delivered as naked plasmid DNA is often weak due to degradation of the DNA by nucleases and inefficient delivery to immune cells. Therefore, biomaterial-based delivery systems based on micro- and nanoparticles that encapsulate plasmid DNA represent the most promising strategy for DNA vaccine delivery. Microparticulate delivery systems allow for passive targeting to antigen presenting cells through size exclusion and can allow for sustained presentation of DNA to cells through degradation and release of encapsulated vaccines. In contrast, nanoparticle encapsulation leads to increased internalization, overall greater transfection efficiency, and the ability to increase uptake across mucosal surfaces. Moreover, selection of the appropriate biomaterial can lead to increased immune stimulation and activation through triggering innate immune response receptors and target DNA to professional antigen presenting cells. Finally, the selection of materials with the appropriate properties to achieve efficient delivery through administration routes conducive to high patient compliance and capable of generating systemic and local (i.e. mucosal) immunity can lead to more effective humoral and cellular protective immune responses. In this review, we discuss the development of novel biomaterial-based delivery systems to enhance the delivery of DNA vaccines through various routes of administration and their implications for generating immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Farris
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ramer-Tait
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA Center for Nanohybrid Functional Materials, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA apannier2@unl.edu.
authors.forename: Angela K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pannier
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008081:Liposomes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D008081:Liposomes; D011108:Polymers; D019444:Vaccines, DNA
keywords: DNA vaccine; biomaterials; oral delivery; transfection; vaccination