title: Modifying effect of cigarette smoking on the association of organizational justice with serious psychological distress in Japanese employees: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the modifying effect of cigarette smoking (i.e., smokers vs. non-smokers) on the association of organizational justice (i.e., procedural justice and interactional justice) with serious psychological distress (SPD) in Japanese employees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall, 2838 participants from two factories of a manufacturing company in Japan completed a self-administered questionnaire comprising the scales on organizational justice (Organizational Justice Questionnaire), smoking status, psychological distress (K6 scale), demographic and occupational characteristics (i.e., gender, age, education, family size, history of depression, chronic physical conditions, occupation, and work form), and other health-related behaviors (i.e., drinking habit and physical activity). Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. In a series of analyses, interaction term of procedural justice or interactional justice with smoking status was included in the model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for demographic and occupational characteristics as well as other health-related behaviors, low procedural justice and low interactional justice were significantly associated with SPD (defined as K6 ≥ 13). Furthermore, marginally significant interaction effect of procedural justice with smoking status was observed. Specifically, the association of low procedural justice with SPD was greater among smokers [prevalence odds ratio 7.13 (95 % confidence interval 3.25-15.7) for low vs. high procedural justice subgroup] than among non-smokers [prevalence odds ratio 2.34 (95 % confidence interval 1.52-3.60) for low vs. high procedural justice subgroup]. On the other hand, interaction effect of interactional justice with smoking status was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking seems to have a harmful effect on the association of the lack of procedural justice with SPD in Japanese employees.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, 1-1 Iseigaoka, Yahatanishi-ku, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan. akiomi@med.uoeh-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Akiomi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Norito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan.
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0374, Japan.
authors.forename: Akizumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsutsumi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000523:psychology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015279:Organizational Culture; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D012935:Social Justice / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Interactional justice; Japan; Nicotine; Procedural justice; Psychological distress