title: An exploration of Intolerance of Uncertainty and memory bias.
abstract: Research suggests that individuals high in Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) have information processing biases, which may explain the close relationship between IU and worry. Specifically, high IU individuals show an attentional bias for uncertainty, and negatively interpret uncertain information. However, evidence of a memory bias for uncertainty among high IU individuals is limited. This study therefore explored the relationship between IU and memory for uncertainty.
  
  
  
  In two separate studies, explicit and implicit memory for uncertain compared to other types of words was assessed. Cognitive avoidance and other factors that could influence information processing were also examined.
  
  
  
  IUS Factor 1 was a significant positive predictor of explicit memory for positive words, and IUS Factor 2 a significant negative predictor of implicit memory for positive words. Stimulus relevance and vocabulary were significant predictors of implicit memory for uncertain words. Cognitive avoidance was a significant predictor of both explicit and implicit memory for threat words. Female gender was a significant predictor of implicit memory for uncertain and neutral words.
  
  
  
  Word stimuli such as those used in these studies may not be the optimal way of assessing information processing biases related to IU. In addition, the predominantly female, largely student sample may limit the generalizability of the findings.
  
  
  
  Future research focusing on IU factors, stimulus relevance, and both explicit and implicit memory, was recommended. The potential role of cognitive avoidance on memory, information processing, and worry was explored.
authors.affiliation: Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Mood and Anxiety Program, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1Z 7K4, Canada.
authors.forename: Kylie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.affiliation: Université du Québec en Outaouais, Département de psychoéducation et de psychologie, 283 Alexandre-Taché Blvd, Gatineau, Québec, J8X 3X7, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre intégré de santé et services sociaux de l'Outaouais, axe santé mentale, Centre hospitalier Pierre-Janet, 20 Pharand Street, Gatineau, Québec, J9A 1K7, Canada. Electronic address: michel.dugas@uqo.ca.
authors.forename: Michel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dugas
authors.affiliation: Université du Québec en Outaouais, Département de psychoéducation et de psychologie, 283 Alexandre-Taché Blvd, Gatineau, Québec, J8X 3X7, Canada.
authors.forename: Nathalie C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Ricard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015982:Bias; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D035501:Uncertainty; D014825:Vocabulary; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cognitive avoidance; Intolerance of uncertainty; Memory