title: Lower Levels of Urinary Nerve Growth Factor Might Predict Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the changes in urinary nerve growth factor (uNGF) levels after acute urinary tract infection (UTI) and to assess the role of uNGF in predicting UTI recurrence in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with uncomplicated, symptomatic UTIs were enrolled. Cephalexin 500 mg (every 6 hours) was administered for 7-14 days to treat acute UTIs. Subsequently, the patients were randomized to receive either sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim 800 mg/160 mg daily at bedtime, or celecoxib 200 mg daily for 3 months and were monitored for up to 12 months. NGF levels in the urine were determined at baseline, 1, 4, and 12 weeks after the initiation of prophylactic therapy, and were compared between women with first-time UTIs and recurrent UTIs, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and celecoxib-treated women, and no UTI recurrence and UTI recurrence that occurred during the follow-up period. Twenty women free of UTIs served as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 139 women with UTI and 20 controls were enrolled in the study, which included 50 women with a first-time UTI and 89 women with recurrent UTIs. Thirty-seven women completed the study. Women with recurrent UTIs (n=23) had a trend of lower uNGF levels than women with first-time UTIs (n=14). During follow-up, 9 women had UTI recurrence. The serial uNGF levels in women with UTI recurrence were significantly lower than those in women who did not have UTI recurrence during the follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lower levels of uNGF in women with recurrent UTI and the incidence of UTI recurrence during follow-up suggest that lower uNGF might reflect the defective innate immunity in women with recurrent UTI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Fei-Chi
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6337-8188
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Tzu
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6622-9161
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hann-Chorng
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7165-4771
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kuo
keywords: Biomarkers; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation; Nerve Growth Factor; Urinary Tract Infection