title: Targeting the hallmarks of ovarian cancer: The big picture.
abstract: As a result of relevant achievements in the field of translational research, several active drugs and multiple biological targets are available in ovarian cancer (OC). In this complex scenario, there is an urgent need to effectively summarize the available data in order to update conclusions, and outline perspectives.
  
  
  
  The results in terms of target identification and drug development have been summarized using the well-known hallmarks of cancer firstly described, and recently modified by Hanahan and Weinberg [1-2]. Published data from clinical trials have been retrieved from PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and Cochrane database. Ongoing clinical trials were searched using clinicaltrials.gov web platform, and identified using NCT number.
  
  
  
  Genomic instability and angiogenesis are the most actively investigated hallmarks in high-grade serous OC, and the inhibition of tumor immune evasion appears as the emerging strategy for molecularly-driven therapy. Targeting sustained proliferative signaling through MEK and mTOR inhibitors seems the most promising approach in clear cell, and low-grade serous OC.
  
  
  
  This substantial amount of data suggests that targeted therapies are already part of the clinical and therapeutic management of OC patients. The expectations of getting from translational research a better knowledge of tumor biology and therefore personalized drugs are high and worthy of maximum effort from referral centers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: marco.petrillo@gmail.com.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petrillo
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nero
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Amadio
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre for Translational Medicine for Women and Children Health, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy; University of Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fagotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scambia
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D042822:Genomic Instability; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics
keywords: Cancer hallmarks; Epithelial ovarian cancer; Molecular pathways