title: A Synthesis of Spiritual Intelligence Themes from Islamic and Western Philosophical Perspectives.
abstract: Spiritual intelligence is an emerging term that is widely discussed and accepted as one of the main components that addresses and solves many life problems. Nonetheless there is no specific study being done to synthesize the spiritual intelligence themes from Western and Islamic philosophical perspectives. This research aimed to identify common spiritual intelligence themes from these two perspectives and elucidated its contents by the view of two well-known Islamic scholars; al-Ghazali and Hasan Langgulung. Seven spiritual intelligence themes were identified through thematic analysis; meaning/purpose of life, consciousness, transcendence, spiritual resources, self-determination, reflection-soul purification and spiritual coping with obstacles. These findings will be the groundwork for centered theory of spiritual intelligence themes that synthesize the Islamic and Western philosophical perspectives. It is hoped that this study will contribute significantly to the development of valid and reliable spiritual intelligence themes beyond the social and cultural boundaries.
authors.affiliation: School of Management and Business, Manipal International University, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. shbanu21@gmail.com.|, Cempaka N, 13A-1-10, Jalan S2 G5, Garden Avenue, Seremban 2, 70300, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. shbanu21@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shamsiah Banu
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hanefar
authors.affiliation: Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Che Zarrina
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Sa'ari
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Education, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Saedah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siraj
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007514:Islam; D012067:Religion; D029181:Spirituality
keywords: Al-Ghazali; Hasan Langgulung; Intelligence; Spiritual; Spiritual intelligence themes; Thematic analysis