title: A meta-analysis of biological variation in blood-based therapy as a precursor to bio-manufacturing.
abstract: Currently cellular therapies, such as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), are produced at a small scale on a case-by-case basis, usually in a clinical or near-clinical setting. Meeting the demand for future cellular therapies will require a robust and scalable manufacturing process that is either designed around or controls the variation associated with biological starting materials. Understanding variation requires both a measure of the allowable variation (that does not negatively affect patient outcome) and the achievable variation (with current technology). The prevalence of HSCT makes it an ideal case study to prepare for more complex biological manufacturing with more challenging regulatory classifications. A systematic meta-analysis of the medical literature surrounding HSCT has been completed of which the key outcomes are the following: (i) the range of transplanted CD34+ cells/kg can be up to six orders of magnitude around the median for allogeneic procedures and four orders of magnitude for autologous procedures, (ii) there is no improvement in variation encountered over a period of 30 years and (iii) as study size increases, the amount of variation encountered also increases. A more detailed, stratified source from a controlled single-site clinical center is required to further define a control strategy for the manufacture of biologics.
authors.affiliation: Healthcare Engineering Group, Centre for Biological Engineering, Holywell Park, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. Electronic address: j.thurman-newell@lboro.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jamie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Thurman-Newell
authors.affiliation: Healthcare Engineering Group, Centre for Biological Engineering, Holywell Park, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
authors.forename: Jon N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Petzing
authors.affiliation: Healthcare Engineering Group, Centre for Biological Engineering, Holywell Park, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D002452:Cell Count; D064987:Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care; D011786:Quality Control
keywords: Biological variation; Blood; HSCT; Process design; Quality control