title: Genetic Diversity and Differentiation in Urban and Indigenous Populations of Mexico: Patterns of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Lineages.
abstract: Aside from the admixture between indigenous people and people from overseas, populations in Mexico changed drastically after the Spanish conquest of the sixteenth century, forming an intricate history that has been underutilized in understanding the genetic population structure of Mexicans. To infer historical processes of isolation, dispersal, and assimilation, we examined the phylogeography of mitochondrial (mt) DNA and Y-chromosome lineages in 3,026 individuals from 10 urban and nine indigenous populations by identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms. A geographic array with a predominance of Amerindian lineages was observed for mtDNA, with northern indigenous populations being divergent from the central and southern indigenous populations; urban populations showed low differentiation with isolation by distance. Y-chromosome variation distinguished urban and indigenous populations through the Amerindian haplogroup Q frequency. The MtDNA and the Y-chromosome together primarily distinguished urban and indigenous populations, with different geographic arrays for both. Gene flow across geographical distance and between the urban and indigenous realms appears to have altered the pre-Hispanic phylogeography in central and southern Mexico, mainly by displacement of women, while maintaining the indigenous isolation in the north, southeast, and Zapotec regions. Most Amerindian mtDNA diversity currently occurs in urban populations and appears to be reduced among indigenous people.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratorio de Antropología Genéica, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. México, México.
authors.forename: Blanca Z
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: González-Sobrino
authors.affiliation: b Dirección de Etnología y Antropología Social , Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia , Cd. México, México.
authors.forename: Ana P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Pintado-Cortina
authors.affiliation: c Laboratorio de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica , Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica , Cd. México, México.
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sebastián-Medina
authors.affiliation: c Laboratorio de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica , Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica , Cd. México, México.
authors.forename: Fabiola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Morales-Mandujano
authors.affiliation: c Laboratorio de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica , Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica , Cd. México, México.
authors.forename: Alejandra V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.affiliation: d Posgrado en Antropología, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. México, México.
authors.forename: Yasnaya E
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.affiliation: e Coordinación Estatal (Chihuahua) del Programa Oportunidades , Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Chihuahua, México.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chávez-Benavides
authors.affiliation: f Departamento de Epidemiología , Servicios de Salud de Nayarit , Tepic, México.
authors.forename: Aurelio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carrillo-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: c Laboratorio de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica , Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica , Cd. México, México.|h Current address for author is Nutrition and Health Department , Nestec LTD, Nestlé Research Center , Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Silva-Zolezzi
authors.affiliation: g Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. México, México.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Medrano-González
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D051456:Gene Flow; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial