title: International note: Maternal warmth, behavioral control, and psychological control: Relations to adjustment of Ghanaian early adolescents.
abstract: This investigation addressed the relation between maternal warmth, behavioral control, psychological control, and psychological adjustment in a sample of 119 Ghanaian adolescents (42% boys) living in an urban area (mean age = 14.19). Adolescents in the sample reported clinically elevated levels of depression and anxiety. Significant associations were found between warmth, behavioral control, and psychological control and adolescents' anxiety, physical aggression, relational aggression, positive friendship quality, and conflict with friends. Warmth moderated the effect of behavioral control on anxiety, physical aggression, and relational aggression such that higher levels of warmth in combination with higher levels of behavioral control were related to more positive adjustment. Higher levels of warmth in conjunction with higher psychological control were related to higher levels of anxiety. Boys who reported lower levels of warmth in combination with higher behavioral control reported higher levels of physical aggression. For boys reporting higher levels of warmth, higher behavioral control was associated with lower physical aggression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA.
authors.forename: Braima
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salaam
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA. Electronic address: nmounts@niu.edu.
authors.forename: Nina S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Mounts
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D032763:Behavior Control / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D000066498:Emotional Adjustment; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends / Q000523:psychology; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent
keywords: Behavioral control; Ghana; Parenting; Psychological control; Warmth