title: The extent and nature of food advertising to children on Spanish television in 2012 using an international food-based coding system and the UK nutrient profiling model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the extent and nature of food television advertising directed at children in Spain using an international food-based system and the United Kingdom nutrient profile model (UKNPM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of advertisements of food and drinks shown on five television channels over 7 days in 2012 (8am-midnight).
  
  
  METHODS
  Showing time and duration of each advertisement was recorded. Advertisements were classified as core (nutrient-rich/calorie-low products), non-core, or miscellaneous based on the international system, and either healthy/less healthy, i.e., high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, salt, or free sugars (HFSS), according to UKNPM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The food industry accounted for 23.7% of the advertisements (4212 out of 17,722) with 7.5 advertisements per hour of broadcasting. The international food-based coding system classified 60.2% of adverts as non-core, and UKNPM classified 64.0% as HFSS. Up to 31.5% of core, 86.8% of non-core, and 8.3% of miscellaneous advertisements were for HFSS products. The percentage of advertisements for HFSS products was higher during reinforced protected viewing times (69.0%), on weekends (71.1%), on channels of particular appeal to children and teenagers (67.8%), and on broadcasts regulated by the Spanish Code of self-regulation of the advertising of food products directed at children (70.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both schemes identified that a majority of foods advertised were unhealthy, although some classification differences between the two systems are important to consider. The food advertising Code is not limiting Spanish children's exposure to advertisements for HFSS products, which were more frequent on Code-regulated broadcasts and during reinforced protected viewing time.
authors.affiliation: National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: mroyo@isciii.es.
authors.forename: M Á
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Royo-Bordonada
authors.affiliation: Departament of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: León-Flández
authors.affiliation: Departament of Applied Epidemiology, National Center of Epidemiology, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Damián
authors.affiliation: National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bosqued-Estefanía
authors.affiliation: National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M Á
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Moya-Geromini
authors.affiliation: National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: López-Jurado
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005502:Food / Q000145:classification / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009753:Nutritive Value; D013030:Spain; D013690:Television; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Childhood obesity; Food advertising; Marketing; Nutrient profiling; Television