title: Confirmation of genotypic effects for the bovine APM1 gene on marbling in Hanwoo cattle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our previous study had identified the SNP (g.81966377T > C) and indel (g.81966364D > I) located in the promoter of APM1 to have a significant effect on marbling in Hanwoo. APM1 encodes an adipocytokine called adiponectin, which plays a significant role in lipogenesis. The aim of this study was to verify and validate the effect of the SNP and indel on marbling and other carcass traits in a large, representative, countrywide population of Hanwoo cattle. The carcass traits measured were marbling (MAR), backfat thickness (BFT), loin eye area (LEA), and carcass weight (CAW).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primers were designed to amplify 346 bp of the genomic segment that contained the targeted SNP (g.81966377) and the indel (g.81966364). After data curation, the genotypes of 8,378 individuals identified using direct sequencing analysis estimated frequencies for C (0.686) and T (0.314) respectively showing genotype frequencies for CC (0.470), CT (0.430) and TT (0.098). The genotypes were significantly associated with MAR, BFT and LEA. The indel had significant effect on marbling (P < .0001) with strong additive genetic effects. The allele frequencies was estimated at (DEL, 0.864) and insertion (INS, 0.136) presenting genotypes of D/D (75.63 %), D/I (21.44 %), and I/I (2.92 %). Significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was not detected for both the SNP and the indel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The SNP genotypes showed significant association with MAR, BFT and LEA with strong additive genetic effects, while the indel was significantly associated with MAR. The results confirmed that the variants can be used as a genetic marker for improving marbling in Hanwoo.
authors.affiliation: Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, Jeonbuk, 565-851 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Anam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, Jeonbuk, 565-851 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Krishnamoorthy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Srikanth
authors.affiliation: Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, Jeonbuk, 565-851 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eunjin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, Jeonbuk, 565-851 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seonkwan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Wanju, Jeonbuk, 565-851 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hoyoung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chung
keywords: APM1; Genetic association; Hanwoo; Marbling; SNP