title: Effects of Proanthocyanidins on Intestinal Motility Disturbance Following Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the potential protective effects of Proanthocyanidins(PAs) on intestinal motility disturbance following intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R).
  
  
  METHODS
  Male rats were divided into four groups: Sham, I/R, I/R+PA100 and I/R+PA200. Sham group underwent laparotomy without ligation, the others were subjected to intestinal ischemia for 1 h and reperfusion 4 h. Rats in the I/R+PA100 group received PAs (100 mg/kg/d) for 5 days prior to I/R, while rats in the I/R+PA200 group received PAs (200 mg/kg/d). After reperfusion, using an electrophysiology instrument measured ileal slow wave. Ileal specimens were obtained to determine contractility, tissue levels of Bax, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 and evaluate histopathological changes. In addition, blood sample was obtained to determine serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intestinal I/R caused severe histopathological injury including mucosal erosions, inflammatory cell infiltration, necrosis, and hemorrhage. Both PAs treatment decreased mucosal pathological impairment in comparison with the I/R group (p < .05) in light microscopic evaluations. In both PAs-treated groups, Bax and Caspase-3 expression were decreased compared to I/R group, while the Bcl-2 expression increased (p < .05), which was similarly the case for serum SOD activity demonstrated significant enhance (p < .05) and decline in MDA levels in comparison with I/R group (both p < .05). Moreover, PAs treatment was more efficient in attenuating serum MDA levels of intestinal I/R (both p < .05). And the contractile amplitude and frequency of slow wave in I/R+PA100 and I/R+PA200 groups were higher than I/R group (both p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PAs improve intestinal motility disturbance following intestinal I/R by alleviating oxidative stress and apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical Medicine , Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: c Center for Experimental Technology of Preclinical Medicine , Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Yu-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biomedical Sciences , Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Zhen
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: c Center for Experimental Technology of Preclinical Medicine , Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Clinical Medicine , Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: c Center for Experimental Technology of Preclinical Medicine , Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Wen-Si
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: c Center for Experimental Technology of Preclinical Medicine , Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: De-Qi
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: c Center for Experimental Technology of Preclinical Medicine , Chengdu Medical College , Chengdu , China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D007082:Ileum / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: anti-apoptosis; antioxidant; intestinal ischemia/reperfusion; intestinal motility; intestinal mucosa; proanthocyandins