title: Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Valve Implantation in the Nonaortic Position.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcatheter valve-in-valve (VIV) procedures are an alternative to standard surgical valve replacement in high risk patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases in which a commercially approved transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) device was used for a nonaortic VIV procedure between November 2013 and September 2015 are reviewed. Clinical, echocardiographic, and procedural details, patient survival, and symptom severity by NYHA class at follow-up were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients were heart-team determined high risk for conventional redo surgery (mean STS PROM = 6.8 ± 2.2%). Five patients underwent VIV replacement in the nonaortic position, four for bioprosthetic mitral valve dysfunction, and one for bioprosthetic tricuspid valve dysfunction. Bioprosthetic failure was due to stenosis in three patients and regurgitation in two others. A balloon-expandable device was used for all patients (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA). Transcatheter VIV replacement was accomplished by the transapical (mitral) and transfemoral venous (tricuspid) approaches. Median postoperative length of stay was five days (range 3-12). No deaths occurred at a mean follow-up of 21 months. NYHA class at follow-up decreased from class IV at baseline to class I or II for all patients. No paravalvular leaks greater than trivial were encountered. Median mean gradient following mitral replacement was 6.5 mmHg (range 6-13 mmHg), and following tricuspid replacement was 4 mmHg. Postoperative complications included hematuria, epistaxis, acute kidney injury, and atrial fibrillation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcatheter VIV implantation in the nonaortic position for dysfunctional bioprostheses can be performed safely with favorable clinical outcomes using a balloon expandable TAVR device. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12745 (J Card Surg 2016;31:282-288).
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Ranney
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Judson B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Jeffrey G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gaca
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome