title: Cigarette Smoke Decreases the Maturation of Lung Myeloid Dendritic Cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conflicting data exist on the role of pulmonary dendritic cells (DCs) and their maturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Herein, we investigated whether disease severity and smoking status could affect the distribution and maturation of DCs in lung tissues of patients undergoing elective pneumectomy or lobectomy for suspected primary lung cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 75 consecutive patients were included. Spirometry testing was used to identify COPD. Lung parenchyma sections anatomically distant from the primary lesion were examined. We used flow cytometry to identify different DCs subtypes-including BDCA1-positive myeloid DCs (mDCs), BDCA3-positive mDCs, and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs)-and determine their maturation markers (CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86) in all participants. We also identified follicular DCs (fDCs), Langerhans DCs (LDCs), and pDCs in 42 patients by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  COPD was diagnosed in 43 patients (16 current smokers and 27 former smokers), whereas the remaining 32 subjects were classified as non-COPD (11 current smokers, 13 former smokers, and 8 never smokers). The number and maturation of DCs did not differ significantly between COPD and non-COPD patients. However, the results of flow cytometry indicated that maturation markers CD40 and CD83 of BDCA1-positive mDCs were significantly decreased in smokers than in non-smokers (P = 0.023 and 0.013, respectively). Immunohistochemistry also revealed a lower number of LDCs in COPD patients than in non-COPD subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoke, rather than airflow limitation, is the main determinant of impaired DCs maturation in the lung.
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/1982-1982-2014-0402
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arellano-Orden
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Calero-Acuña
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.|CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Moreno-Mata
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gómez-Izquierdo
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sánchez-López
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López-Ramírez
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tobar
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.|CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: López-Villalobos
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blanco-Orozco
authors.affiliation: Unidad Médico-Quirúrgica de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.|CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: López-Campos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers