title: Dangerous (toxic) atmospheres in UK wood pellet and wood chip fuel storage.
abstract: There is growing use of wood pellet and wood chip boilers in the UK. Elsewhere fatalities have been reported, caused by carbon monoxide poisoning following entry into wood pellet storage areas. The aim of this work was to obtain information on how safely these two fuels are being stored in the UK. Site visits were made to six small-scale boiler systems and one large-scale pellet warehouse, to assess storage practice, risk management systems and controls, user knowledge, and potential for exposure to dangerous atmospheres. Real time measurements were made of gases in the store rooms and during laboratory tests on pellets and chips. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted and the microbiological content of the fuel was also determined. Knowledge of the hazards associated with these fuels, including confined space entry, was found to be limited at the smaller sites, but greater at the large pellet warehouse. There has been limited risk communication between companies supplying and maintaining boilers, those manufacturing and supplying fuel, and users. Risk is controlled by restricting access to the store rooms with locked entries; some store rooms have warning signs and carbon monoxide alarms. Nevertheless, some store rooms are accessed for inspection and maintenance. Laboratory tests showed that potentially dangerous atmospheres of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, with depleted levels of oxygen may be generated by these fuels, but this was not observed at the sites visited. Unplanned ventilation within store rooms was thought to be reducing the build-up of dangerous atmospheres. Microbiological contamination was confined to wood chips.
authors.affiliation: a Health and Safety Laboratory , Harpur Hill , Buxton , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: a Health and Safety Laboratory , Harpur Hill , Buxton , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hemingway
authors.affiliation: b Health and Safety Executive, 3 Millsands , Sheffield , United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Cliff
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Seymour
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis; D020378:Confined Spaces; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D006113:United Kingdom; D014691:Ventilation; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D014934:Wood / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Carbon dioxide; carbon monoxide; confined space; oxygen depletion; wood chip; wood pellet