title: Microsleeps are Associated with Stage-2 Sleep Spindles from Hippocampal-Temporal Network.
abstract: Behavioral microsleeps are associated with complete disruption of responsiveness for [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]s to 15[Formula: see text]s. They can result in injury or death, especially in transport and military sectors. In this study, EEGs were obtained from five nonsleep-deprived healthy male subjects performing a 1[Formula: see text]h 2D tracking task. Microsleeps were detected in all subjects. Microsleep-related activities in the EEG were detected, characterized, separated from eye closure-related activity, and, via source-space-independent component analysis and power analysis, the associated sources were localized in the brain. Microsleeps were often, but not always, found to be associated with strong alpha-band spindles originating bilaterally from the anterior temporal gyri and hippocampi. Similarly, theta-related activity was identified as originating bilaterally from the frontal-orbital cortex. The alpha spindles were similar to sleep spindles in terms of frequency, duration, and amplitude-profile, indicating that microsleeps are equivalent to brief instances of Stage-2 sleep.
authors.affiliation: 1 New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.|2 Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.|3 Department of Physics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Yaqub
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jonmohamadi
authors.affiliation: 1 New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.|4 Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.|5 School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Govinda R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Poudel
authors.affiliation: 1 New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.|6 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Carrie C R H
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Innes
authors.affiliation: 1 New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.|2 Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.|6 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000513:Alpha Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005385:Fingers / Q000502:physiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000502:physiology*; D013826:Theta Rhythm / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Beamformer; EEG; ICA; hippocampi; localization; microsleeps; sleep spindles; temporal lobes