title: Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes through Integrated Study of Alzheimer's Disease Affected Brain Regions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in older adults that damages the brain and results in impaired memory, thinking and behaviour. The identification of differentially expressed genes and related pathways among affected brain regions can provide more information on the mechanisms of AD. In the past decade, several studies have reported many genes that are associated with AD. This wealth of information has become difficult to follow and interpret as most of the results are conflicting. In that case, it is worth doing an integrated study of multiple datasets that helps to increase the total number of samples and the statistical power in detecting biomarkers. In this study, we present an integrated analysis of five different brain region datasets and introduce new genes that warrant further investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of our study is to apply a novel combinatorial optimisation based meta-analysis approach to identify differentially expressed genes that are associated to AD across brain regions. In this study, microarray gene expression data from 161 samples (74 non-demented controls, 87 AD) from the Entorhinal Cortex (EC), Hippocampus (HIP), Middle temporal gyrus (MTG), Posterior cingulate cortex (PC), Superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and visual cortex (VCX) brain regions were integrated and analysed using our method. The results are then compared to two popular meta-analysis methods, RankProd and GeneMeta, and to what can be obtained by analysing the individual datasets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find genes related with AD that are consistent with existing studies, and new candidate genes not previously related with AD. Our study confirms the up-regualtion of INFAR2 and PTMA along with the down regulation of GPHN, RAB2A, PSMD14 and FGF. Novel genes PSMB2, WNK1, RPL15, SEMA4C, RWDD2A and LARGE are found to be differentially expressed across all brain regions. Further investigation on these genes may provide new insights into the development of AD. In addition, we identified the presence of 23 non-coding features, including four miRNA precursors (miR-7, miR570, miR-1229 and miR-6821), dysregulated across the brain regions. Furthermore, we compared our results with two popular meta-analysis methods RankProd and GeneMeta to validate our findings and performed a sensitivity analysis by removing one dataset at a time to assess the robustness of our results. These new findings may provide new insights into the disease mechanisms and thus make a significant contribution in the near future towards understanding, prevention and cure of AD.
authors.affiliation: Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia.|Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Nisha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Puthiyedth
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Design, Information Technology and Statistics Suport Unit, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Riveros
authors.affiliation: Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia.|Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Berretta
authors.affiliation: Information Based Medicine Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights NSW, Australia.|Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Moscato
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers