title: Normal Sonographic Anatomy of the Wrist With Emphasis on Assessment of Tendons, Nerves, and Ligaments.
abstract: Sonography allows for rapid, cost-effective, noninvasive, and dynamic evaluation of soft tissue structures, thus representing a valuable tool for ruling out musculoskeletal disorders of the wrist. Because of the complexity of the wrist joint, sonographic training and familiarity with normal and variant anatomy are needed to avoid misdiagnosis and improper treatment. The aim of this article is to enlighten readers about the structures representing normal findings or common variants during sonographic evaluations of the wrist. The main text reviews the pertinent gross anatomy and procedures that are recommended to assess the soft tissue structures of the wrist, with particular emphasis given to tendons, nerves, and ligaments. Detailed explanations of the scanning techniques and sonographic appearance of the wrist structures are provided in the figure legends.
authors.affiliation: Radiology Institute, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization, and Health Care, Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. sal.gitto@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gitto
authors.affiliation: Radiology Institute, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization, and Health Care, Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Draghi
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*; D014953:Wrist / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000294:innervation; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000294:innervation
keywords: ligaments; musculoskeletal ultrasound; nerves; sonography; tendons; wrist imaging