title: Pattern of thyroid, celiac, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide autoantibodies coexistence with type 1 diabetes mellitus in patients from Southwestern Saudi Arabia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the seroprevalence of coexisting autoantibodies among type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, and to look for possible correlations with age at diagnosis, diabetes duration, and glycemic control.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a cross-sectional study conducted at Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from March 2013 to June 2014. A total of 202 T1DM patients were screened for serum anti-thyroglobulin (TG), anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO), anti-tissue transglutaminase (aTTG), anti-endomysial (EMA), and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies along with glycated hemoglobin, and biometric data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the 202 T1DM patients (96 males, and 106 females) (mean age: 11.3 years), 33 (16.3%) were positive for thyroid autoantibodies. Specifically, 19 (9.4%) were positive for TG and 25 (12.8%) were positive for TPO, and 11 were double positive. There were 21 (10.4%) patients that showed a double positive for both aTTG-IgA and EMA, and only one case of T1DM was positive for anti-CCP. No significant correlations were noticed between the presence of autoantibodies and the age at diagnosis, diabetes duration, body mass index, and glycemic control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of thyroid and celiac disease autoantibodies is high among T1DM patients, while anti-CCP remains low and might be weakly associated with T1DM in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. No significant correlation between the age at T1DM diagnosis, duration, and glycemic control, and the presence of autoantibodies was found.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail. amhakami@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ahmed M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Al-Hakami
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000276:immunology*; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; C006606:anti-thyroglobulin; C487763:cyclic citrullinated peptide; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins