title: Breastfeeding among Mothers on Opioid Maintenance Treatment: A Literature Review.
abstract: Although there is an abundance of interventional studies to increase breastfeeding rates, little is known about how to support and promote breastfeeding among mothers on opioid maintenance treatment (OMT). The studies on maternal OMT mainly focus on medication excreted in breast milk and breastfeeding benefits for infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). We aim to review interventions to improve breastfeeding outcomes among mothers on OMT to make recommendations for practice and future research. We searched CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for articles, preferably experimental/quasi-experimental studies published within the past 10 years, that examined interventions to increase rates of breastfeeding initiation and duration among mothers on OMT. Nine studies met our inclusion criteria, comprising 5 categories: 4 combined obstetric and addiction care, 1 rooming-in, 1 Baby-Friendly hospital, 2 inpatient/outpatient NAS treatment, and 1 divided methadone dose. Breastfeeding rates were relatively higher for divided methadone dose (81% initiated any breastfeeding) and rooming-in (62% initiated any breastfeeding); lower in Baby-Friendly hospital (24%) and inpatient/outpatient NAS treatment (45% and 24%, respectively); and mixed in combined obstetric and addiction care programs (2 studies reported 70% and 76%; 2 studies reported 17% and 28%). Studies that included both methadone and buprenorphine did not specify breastfeeding results by medication. We recommend future research to differentiate breastfeeding types and duration by OMT medication. Qualitative studies are needed to explore maternal view on breastfeeding regarding need, barrier, and motivating factors in order to develop effective interventions to promote breastfeeding among mothers on OMT.
authors.affiliation: The Birth Center, San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Lillian C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA jungdoan@sfsu.edu.
authors.forename: Therese Jung
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Doan
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002047:Buprenorphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009357:Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome / Q000534:rehabilitation; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002047:Buprenorphine; D008691:Methadone
keywords: breastfeeding; breastfeeding promotion; breastfeeding rates; chemically-dependent women; drug use; drug-exposed infants; medication; neonatal intensive care unit; substance abuse