title: Lamotrigine use in pregnancy and risk of orofacial cleft and other congenital anomalies.
abstract: To test previous signals of a risk of orofacial cleft (OC) and clubfoot with exposure to the antiepileptic lamotrigine, and to investigate risk of other congenital anomalies (CA).
  
  
  
  This was a population-based case-malformed control study based on 21 EUROCAT CA registries covering 10.1 million births (1995-2011), including births to 2005 in which the clubfoot signal was generated and a subsequent independent study population of 6.3 million births. A total of 226,806 babies with CA included livebirths, stillbirths, and terminations of pregnancy following prenatal diagnosis. First-trimester lamotrigine monotherapy exposure in OC cases and clubfoot cases was compared to other nonchromosomal CA (controls). Odds ratios (OR) were adjusted for registry. An exploratory analysis compared the proportion of each standard EUROCAT CA subgroup among all babies with nonchromosomal CA exposed to lamotrigine monotherapy with non-AED exposed pregnancies.
  
  
  
  There were 147 lamotrigine monotherapy-exposed babies with nonchromosomal CA. For all OC, ORadj was 1.31 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73-2.33), isolated OC 1.45 (95% CI 0.80-2.63), isolated cleft palate 1.69 (95% CI 0.69-4.15). Overall ORadj for clubfoot was 1.83 (95% CI 1.01-3.31) and 1.43 (95% CI 0.66-3.08) in the independent study population. No other specific CA were significantly associated with lamotrigine monotherapy.
  
  
  
  The risk of OC was not significantly raised and we estimate the excess risk of OC to be less than 1 in every 550 exposed babies. We have not found strong independent evidence of a risk of clubfoot subsequent to our original signal. Our study cannot assess the general malformation risk among lamotrigine-exposed pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany. h.dolk@ulster.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dolk
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loane
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garne
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Marie-Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Addor
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Larraitz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arriola
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Ingeborg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barisic
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Berenice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Doray
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gatt
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kallen
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Khoshnood
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klungsoyr
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Anna-Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lahesmaa-Korpinen
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Latos-Bielenska
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Jan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mejnartowicz
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nelen
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neville
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Mahony
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pierini
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rißmann
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wellesley
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Awi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiesel
authors.affiliation: From Ulster University (H.D., M.L.), Northern Ireland, UK; University of Groningen (H.W., L.T.W.d.J.-v.d.B.), the Netherlands; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry (J.M.), UK; Hospital Lillebaelt (E.G.), Kolding, Denmark; Registre Vaudois des Malformations (M.-C.A.), Lausanne, Switzerland; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa (L.A.), Instituto BIO-Donostia, Basque Government, CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública-CIBERESP, Madrid, Spain; University Medical Centre Groningen (M.B.), the Netherlands; Children's University Hospital Zagreb (I.B.), Croatia; Registre des Malformations Congenitales D'Alsace (B.D.), University of Strasbourg, France; Department of Health Information and Research (M.G.), Malta; Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (K. Kallen), Stockholm, Sweden; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (B.K.), INSERM, Villejuif, France; Medical Birth Registry of Norway (K. Klungsoyr), Oslo; National Institute for Health & Welfare (A.-M.L.-K.), Helsinki, Finland; Poznan University of Medical Sciences (A.L.-B., J.P.M.), Poland; Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiene (V.N.), Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research Ferrara (A.N.), Italy; Health Service Executive (M.O.), Kildare, Ireland; Institute of Clinical Physiology-National Research Council (IFC-CNR) (A.P.), Pisa, Italy; Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (A.R.), Germany; Public Health Wales NHS Trust (D.T.), Congenital Anomaly Register and Information Service for Wales; Wessex Clinical Genetics Service (D.W.), Princess Anne Hospital, UK; and University Medical Center of Mainz Birth Registry Mainz Model (A.W.), Germany.
authors.forename: Lolkje T W
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: de Jong-van den Berg
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012042:Registries; D012306:Risk; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014227:Triazines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D014227:Triazines; D000077213:Lamotrigine