title: Progress in developing virus-like particle influenza vaccines.
abstract: Recombinant vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLPs) or nanoparticles have been successful in their safety and efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies. The technology of expressing enveloped VLP vaccines has combined with molecular engineering of proteins in membrane-anchor and immunogenic forms mimicking the native conformation of surface proteins on the enveloped viruses. This review summarizes recent developments in influenza VLP vaccines against seasonal, pandemic, and avian influenza viruses from the perspective of use in humans. The immunogenicity and efficacies of influenza VLP vaccine in the homologous and cross-protection were reviewed. Discussions include limitations of current influenza vaccination strategies and future directions to confer broadly cross protective new influenza vaccines as well as vaccination.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Zoology , Kyung Hee University School of Medicine , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Fu-Shi
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Quan
authors.affiliation: b Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Young-Tae
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: b Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Ki-Hye
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: b Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA.|c Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency , Gimcheon , Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Chul
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: b Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences , Georgia State University , Atlanta , GA , USA.
authors.forename: Sang-Moo
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D058425:Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D058425:Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle
keywords: Influenza virus; cross protection; strain-specific protection; vaccines; virus-like particles