title: Dietary linoleic acid-induced alterations in pro- and anti-nociceptive lipid autacoids: Implications for idiopathic pain syndromes?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic idiopathic pain syndromes are major causes of personal suffering, disability, and societal expense. Dietary n-6 linoleic acid has increased markedly in modern industrialized populations over the past century. These high amounts of linoleic acid could hypothetically predispose to physical pain by increasing the production of pro-nociceptive linoleic acid-derived lipid autacoids and by interfering with the production of anti-nociceptive lipid autacoids derived from n-3 fatty acids. Here, we used a rat model to determine the effect of increasing dietary linoleic acid as a controlled variable for 15 weeks on nociceptive lipid autacoids and their precursor n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in tissues associated with idiopathic pain syndromes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing dietary linoleic acid markedly increased the abundance of linoleic acid and its pro-nociceptive derivatives and reduced the abundance of n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and their anti-nociceptive monoepoxide derivatives. Diet-induced changes occurred in a tissue-specific manner, with marked alterations of nociceptive lipid autacoids in both peripheral and central tissues, and the most pronounced changes in their fatty acid precursors in peripheral tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings provide biochemical support for the hypothesis that the high linoleic acid content of modern industrialized diets may create a biochemical susceptibility to develop chronic pain. Dietary linoleic acid lowering should be further investigated as part of an integrative strategy for the prevention and management of idiopathic pain syndromes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA chris.ramsden@nih.gov.
authors.forename: Christopher E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ramsden
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ringel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Majchrzak-Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Daisy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zamora
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Loewke
authors.affiliation: UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Stanley I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Rapoport
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hibbeln
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, NC, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hammock
authors.affiliation: National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ameer Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Taha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D012898:Autacoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology; D019787:Linoleic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D059225:Nociception / Q000187:drug effects*; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000187:drug effects; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010146:Pain / Q000473:pathology*; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013577:Syndrome
chemical_list: D012898:Autacoids; D004041:Dietary Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D054883:Oxylipins; D019787:Linoleic Acid
keywords: Oxylipin; idiopathic; linoleic acid; omega-3; omega-6; pain