title: Psychosocial work environment and retirement age: a prospective study of 1876 senior employees.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retention of senior employees is a challenge for most developed countries. We aimed to identify psychosocial work environment factors of importance for the retention of older employees by evaluating the association between the psychosocial work environment and voluntary early retirement in a longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data about work environment, health, and background factors came from the DANES 2008 questionnaire survey. We followed members of the Danish early retirement scheme for up to 4 years in national registers-focusing on the age range, 60-64 years, where early retirement was possible. We used Cox proportional hazard regression to analyze the rate of early retirement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 16 psychosocial work environment factors. The following 10 psychosocial factors were significant predictors of early retirement in covariate adjusted analyses: Low job satisfaction, low influence in job, low possibilities for development, low role clarity, perceived age discrimination, low recognition from management, low workplace justice, poor trust in management, poor leadership quality, and poor predictability. No significant association with early retirement was found for work pace, quantitative demands, emotional demands, role conflicts, social community between colleagues, and trust between colleagues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older employees with high job satisfaction, influence, possibilities for development, positive management relations, and jobs with no age discrimination remained longer at the labor market. However, we found no evidence that low demands or good relations between colleagues could influence older employees' decision on early retirement.
authors.affiliation: The Danish National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark. svt@nrcwe.dk.
authors.forename: Sannie Vester
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8778-9053
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Thorsen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Comparative Welfare Studies - CCWS, The faculty of Social Sciences, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 1, Aalborg, DK-9220, Denmark.
authors.forename: Per H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: The Danish National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark.|Optum Patient Insights, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jakob Bue
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bjørner
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D063506:Ageism; D002322:Career Mobility; D003718:Denmark; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D007857:Leadership; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012179:Retirement / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D035502:Trust; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Early retirement; Job control; Job satisfaction; Management quality; Recognition; Working conditions