title: Immune response, productivity and quality of milk from grazing goats as affected by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation.
abstract: This study was undertaken to assess how diet supplemented with fish oil and linseed improve the immune profile, the production performance, and milk quality of grazing goats by a diet supplementation of fish oil or linseed. Twenty-four Garganica grazing goats were divided into three groups named control (CON), fish oil (FO) and linseed (LIN) according to the fat supplement received in their diet. In vivo immune responses were evaluated by monitoring cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in order to verify the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on goats' health status. Goat milk samples were analysed weekly to determine milk chemical composition, fatty acid profile, and somatic cell count. Diet based on linseed supplementation (LIN) significantly increased milk yield by 30%, milk fat yield by 67%, protein yield by 34%, and casein yield by 41% as compared with CON. Fat content increased by 30% in LIN milk as compared with CON milk, and by 12% as compared with FO milk. Linseed modified milk fatty acid profile; LIN milk showed lower SFA and higher PUFA than FO milk. The modified fatty acid composition of LIN milk resulted in lower AI and TI indexes than FO and CON milk. Linseed and fish oil administration can reduce humoral immunity of goats, but has no effect in their cellular immunity. Dietary linseed supplementation in grazing dairy goat supports feeding programs to improve milk composition and quality, and a modulation of their immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy. Electronic address: mariangela.caroprese@unifg.it.
authors.forename: Mariangela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caroprese
authors.affiliation: Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Giovana
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ciliberti
authors.affiliation: Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santillo
authors.affiliation: Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: Rosaria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.affiliation: Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: Agostino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sevi
authors.affiliation: Department of the Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, Via Napoli, 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: Marzia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Albenzio
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006041:Goats / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
keywords: Fish oil; Goat milk; Immune response; Linseed; Polyunsaturated fatty acid