title: Obstructive sleep apnea and urological comorbidities in males: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate associations between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and urological comorbidities using a large population-based dataset.
  
  
  METHODS
  This cross-sectional study used the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005. We included 1236 males with OSA in the study group and 4944 males without OSA in the comparison group. Conditional logistic regressions were performed to examine relationships between OSA and urological comorbidities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that patients with OSA had significantly greater prevalences of hypertrophy of the prostate (15.13 vs. 7.28 %), chronic prostatitis (4.37 vs. 2.16 %,), urinary incontinence (3.32 vs. 0.87 %), nocturia (2.02 vs. 0.61 %), erectile dysfunction (2.91 vs. 0.97 %), urinary calculi (12.06 vs. 6.80 %), and prostate cancer (0.97 vs. 0.40 %) than the comparison group. Additionally, the adjusted odds ratios in males with OSA for hypertrophy of prostate, chronic prostatitis, urinary incontinence, nocturia, erectile dysfunction, urinary calculi, and prostate cancer were 2.54 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.05~3.15), 1.95 (95 % CI 1.38~2.74), 4.13 (95 % CI 2.63~6.50), 3.54 (95 % CI 2.03~6.18), 2.95 (95 % CI 1.89~4.61), 1.89 (95 % CI 1.53~2.33), and 2.14 (95 % CI 1.03~4.43) than those without OSA, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study concluded that males with OSA had higher odds ratios of hypertrophy of the prostate, chronic prostatitis, urinary incontinence, nocturia, erectile dysfunction, urinary calculi, and prostate cancer than comparison group.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Banciao, Taipei, Taiwan.|Graduate Program in Biomedical Informatics, College of Informatics, Yuan Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan.|Sleep Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shiu-Dong
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. henry11111@tmu.edu.tw.|School of Health Care Administration, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei, 110, Taiwan. henry11111@tmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Herng-Ching
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.|Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Hsinchu Branch, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Chieh
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: Sleep Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.|Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Li-Ting
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Kao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D052801:Male Urogenital Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013624:Taiwan; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Comorbidity; Obstructive sleep apnea; Prostate; Prostatitis; Urology