title: Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Tumor-Associated CD4⁺ T Cells.
abstract: CD4(+) T cells comprise a significant portion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Different subsets of CD4(+) T cells exist and they exert different effector functions in tumor immunity depending on the cytokines produced going from antitumor to pro-tumor. Methods that use small aliquots of cells to identify ex vivo the frequency and functional orientation of tumor-specific CD4(+) T cells in the blood and visualization of the presence of different CD4(+) T cell subsets and their localization at the tumor site are valuable tools to determine their clinical impact in neoplastic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Tumor Immunology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Ospedale San Raffaele - Milan, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Lullo
authors.affiliation: Tumor Immunology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Ospedale San Raffaele - Milan, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Monte
authors.affiliation: Pathology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy.|Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Doglioni
authors.affiliation: Tumor Immunology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Ospedale San Raffaele - Milan, via Olgettina 60, 20132, Milano, Italy. m.protti@hsr.it.
authors.forename: Maria Pia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Protti
mesh_terms: D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002469:Cell Separation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000378:metabolism*; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000098815:T-bet Transcription Factor
chemical_list: D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor; C494749:GATA3 protein, human; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; D000098815:T-bet Transcription Factor
keywords: Antigen-specific CD4+ T cell frequency; Antitumor cytokine; CD4+ T cells; GATA-3; Pro-tumor cytokine; T-bet; Th subsets; Tumor antigens