title: Drug-induced sleep endoscopy in children with Prader-Willi syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Review drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) findings in children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and correlate the patterns of airway collapse with apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and body mass index (BMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of nine children with PWS underwent DISE. DISE findings were recorded using the VOTE classification system. The relationship between different patterns of airway collapse with AHI and BMI was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of children with PWS were found to have multilevel obstruction (six out of nine children, 66.6 %). The velum was the most common site of obstruction (nine out of nine children, 100 %). All of the patients had positional obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Patients with partial or complete anterior-posterior tongue base collapse were associated with a significantly higher AHI (P = 0.016) compared to patients with no anterior-posterior tongue base collapse. Apart from tongue base collapse, no other patterns of airway collapse showed a consistent association with AHI in our results. No patterns of airway collapse showed a significant association with BMI in our study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, partial or complete anterior-posterior tongue base collapse was associated with higher AHI values in children with PWS. Therefore, careful attention should be addressed to the management of tongue base collapse. Positional therapy could be a potential treatment for patients with PWS since it may alleviate the severity of tongue base collapse.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan.|School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Chin
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.|School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yen-Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.|School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Ying
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan.|School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tsan-Jen
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan.|School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tung-Tsun
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.|Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 289, Jianguo Rd., Xindian Dist., New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shi-Bing
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan.|School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Cheng
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan. tsaiped@ms96.url.com.tw.|Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 289, Jianguo Rd., Xindian Dist., New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan. tsaiped@ms96.url.com.tw.
authors.forename: Li-Ping
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000175:diagnosis*; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D011218:Prader-Willi Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015742:Propofol; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D015742:Propofol
keywords: Apnea-hypopnea index; Drug-induced sleep endoscopy; Polysomnography; Prader-Willi syndrome