title: Antioxidant Responses in Relation to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Metals in a Low- and a High-Exposure Population of Seabirds.
abstract: Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defense. Exposure to pollutants may increase ROS and affect antioxidant levels, and the resulting oxidative stress may negatively affect both reproduction and survival. We measured concentrations of 18 persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and 9 toxic elements in blood, as well as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total glutathione (tGSH), and carotenoids in plasma of Baltic and Arctic female common eiders (Somateria mollissima) (N = 54) at the end of their incubation-related fasting. The more polluted Baltic population had higher TAC and tGSH concentrations compared to the Arctic population. Carotenoid levels did not differ between populations. The effect of mixtures of pollutants on the antioxidants was assessed, and the summed molar blood concentrations of 14 POPs were positively related to TAC. There was no significant relationship between the analyzed pollutants and tGSH concentrations. The adaptive improvement of the antioxidant defense system in the Baltic population may be a consequence of increased oxidative stress. However, both increased oxidative stress and energy allocation toward antioxidant defense may have adverse consequences for Baltic eiders at the incubation stage, when energy resources reach an annual minimum due to incubation-related fasting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Anette A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Fenstad
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University , Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, U.K.
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Moody
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Marine Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademy University , Artellerigatan 6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.|Coastal Zone Research Team, Novia University of Applied Sciences (NOVIA) , Raseborgsvägen 9, FI-10600 Ekenäs, Finland.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Öst
authors.affiliation: Coastal Zone Research Team, Novia University of Applied Sciences (NOVIA) , Raseborgsvägen 9, FI-10600 Ekenäs, Finland.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jaatinen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Framsenteret, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Jan O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Bustnes
authors.affiliation: NINA, Høgskoleringen 9, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Børge
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moe
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Framsenteret, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Sveinn A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hanssen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Kristin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gabrielsen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Framsenteret, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Dorte
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herzke
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Syverin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lierhagen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Bjørn M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Jenssen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Realfagbygget, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
authors.forename: Åse
authors.initials: Å
authors.lastname: Krøkje
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism; D004372:Ducks; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D008670:Metals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008670:Metals; D002338:Carotenoids; D005978:Glutathione