title: Rhodiola rosea L. and Alzheimer's Disease: From Farm to Pharmacy.
abstract: Rhodiola rosea L. (roseroot) is a common member of the family Crassulaceae, known as one of the most important popular medicinal plants in the northern region of Europe. The roots of R. rosea possess a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects that are because of the presence of different phytochemicals such as phenols and flavonoids. In addition, the presence of salidroside, rosavins, and p-tyrosol are responsible for its beneficial effects for the treatment of on depression, fatigue, and cognitive dysfunction. A plethora of studies report that R. rosea has potent neuroprotective effects through the suppression of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and excitotoxicity in brain tissues and antagonism of oncogenic p21-activated kinase. However, to our knowledge, no review articles have been published addressing the neuroprotective effects of R. rosea. Therefore, the present article aims at critically reviewing the available literature on the beneficial effects of R. rosea on as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases where oxidative stress plays a major role in disease development and progression. We also discuss the cultivation, phytochemistry, clinical impacts, and adverse effects of R. rosea to provide a broader insight on the therapeutic potential for this plant.
authors.affiliation: Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Fazel
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Nabavi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Nady
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Braidy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ilkay Erdogan
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Orhan
authors.affiliation: Deputy of Food and Drug, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Arash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badiee
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daglia
authors.affiliation: Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Mohammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nabavi
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D004187:Disaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000494:pharmacology; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry; D029771:Rhodiola / Q000737:chemistry*; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D004187:Disaccharides; D005960:Glucosides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; C011867:4-hydroxyphenylethanol; C529148:rosavin; D054462:p21-Activated Kinases; C009172:rhodioloside; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol
keywords: Neurodegeneration; Neuroinflammation; Neurotoxicity; Oxidative stress; Rhodiola rosea