title: CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION RHYTHMICITY BY ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENDOGENOUS SIGNALS IN ULVA PSEUDOCURVATA (CHLOROPHYTA)(1).
abstract: A field population of Ulva pseudocurvata Koeman et C. Hoek (hereafter termed Ulva) at Sylt Island (North Sea, Germany) exhibited biweekly peaks of gametophytic reproduction during the colder seasons and approximately weekly peaks during summer. The reproductive events lasted 1-5 d and were separated from each other by purely vegetative phases. Under constant conditions in the laboratory, a free-running rhythm was observed with reproductive peaks occurring approximately every 7 d. When artificial moonlight was provided every 4 weeks, fewer reproductive events occurred, and the reproductive rhythm became synchronized to the environmental artificial moonlight rhythm. In the laboratory, apical disks were entirely converted into reproductive tissue after 8 d cultivation, while almost all basal disks stayed vegetative, which prevented the entire loss of the vegetative thallus during reproductive events. Seasonal size reduction of the thallus occurred from late autumn onward and was determined to be controlled by a genuine photoperiodic response, since size reduction could be induced from May onward by experimental short-day (SD) treatment but was prevented in a long-day (LD) or night-break regime (NB). A daily fine-tuning occurred with gamete release early in the morning at the first sign of daylight, following an obligatory dark ("night") period of at least 1 h duration. No release took place if the overnight dark phase was replaced by continuous light. Blue, green, or red light all triggered gamete release after a dark phase at an irradiance of 0.1 μmol photons · m(-2)  ·s(-1) , while 0.001 μmol photons · m(-2)  · s(-1) was equivalent to a dark control.
authors.affiliation: Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Hafenstr. 43, D-25992 List/Sylt, GermanyInstitute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lüning
authors.affiliation: Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Hafenstr. 43, D-25992 List/Sylt, GermanyInstitute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kadel
authors.affiliation: Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Wadden Sea Station Sylt, Hafenstr. 43, D-25992 List/Sylt, GermanyInstitute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Shaojun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pang
keywords: Ulva; gamete release; photoperiodism; reproduction; semilunar rhythmicity