title: Safety of treatment for gastroparesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastroparesis is a syndrome of chronic, often debilitating symptoms related to impaired gastric motility, resulting in delayed emptying of the stomach, within the setting of a documented absence of any mechanical obstruction in the upper gastrointestinal tract. This disorder manifests with the presence of early satiety, postprandial fullness, nausea, vomiting, bloating and abdominal pain. The past ten years have shown significant advances in knowledge of the pathophysiology of this entity as well as in new diagnostic tests. However, in the clinical world which requires treatment of gastroparetic symptoms, the pharmacological options have been limited and sometimes less than optimal.
  
  
  METHODS
  This article provides an overview of the safety of the available pharmacological therapies utilized in the treatment of gastroparetic symptoms specifically addressing the safety of prokinetics, antiemetics, sensory neuromodulators and pain modifying agents. In addition, a brief overview of the evolving but yet to be officially approved agents is included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  None of the medications used for the treatment of gastroparesis are devoid of side effects. Therefore, when prescribing these medications, the risk/benefit ratio should be considered. Since those agents are increasingly administered in combination, awareness of possible drug interactions must be considered in a setting of the patients' medical history, age, systemic diseases and other medications.
authors.affiliation: a Internal Medicine , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , El Paso , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sarosiek
authors.affiliation: a Internal Medicine , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , El Paso , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bashashati
authors.affiliation: a Internal Medicine , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , El Paso , TX , USA.
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: McCallum
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D018589:Gastroparesis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents
keywords: Gastroparesis; analgesic; antiemetic; prokinetic