title: Gardasil-9: A global survey of projected efficacy.
abstract: Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the causative agents of human neoplasias such as warts and cancers. There are ∼19 HPV types associated with cancers, which has made it very challenging for first generation HPV vaccines to offer complete protection against all cancer-causing HPV types. Recently, a second generation HPV vaccine, Gardasil-9, has been approved to protect against more HPV types. Worldwide, Gardasil-9 will protect against HPV types associated with ∼90% of cervical cancer case in women and 80-95% of other HPV-associated anogenital cancers in both men and women. However, due to variation in HPV-type specific prevalence and distribution, the vaccine will offer different percentages of protection in different geographical regions; Gardasil-9 will offer protection against HPV types associated with ∼87.7% of cervical cancers in Asia, 91.7% in Africa, 92% in North America, 90.9% in Europe, 89.5% in Latin America & the Caribbean, and 86.5% in Australia. Because of this, Pap smear screening and testing for HPV types not included in Gardasil-9 will need to continue, especially in HIV/AIDS patients. In order to achieve complete protection against all HPV types that cause cervical cancer, a third-generation HPV vaccine is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United states.
authors.forename: Lukai
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, United states. Electronic address: etumban@mtu.edu.
authors.forename: Ebenezer
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tumban
mesh_terms: D060085:Coinfection; D005260:Female; D062306:Geography, Medical; D014943:Global Health; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D000068857:Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine Quadrivalent, Types 6, 11, 16, 18 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000068857:Human Papillomavirus Recombinant Vaccine Quadrivalent, Types 6, 11, 16, 18; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines
keywords: Cervical cancer; HIV; HPV type prevalence & distribution; HPV vaccines