title: Anal fissure.
abstract: An anal fissure is a common, mostly benign, condition that can be acute or chronic. The diagnosis is usually made on history and physical examination, but further investigations are sometimes necessary. Primary fissures are usually benign and located in the posterior or anterior position. Secondary fissures are lateral or multiple and often indicate a more serious underlying pathology. The management of primary anal fissures is generally non-operative and includes increased dietary fibre, sitz baths, topical ointments and botulinum toxin injections. If these treatments are ineffective the patient will need a surgical referral. Secondary anal fissures require further investigation. Multidisciplinary management is preferable and is essential in the case of malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Royal North Shore Hospital.
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schlichtemeier
authors.affiliation: Surgery, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Engel
keywords: anal fissures; anus; botulinum toxin; calcium channel blockers; glyceryl trinitrate