title: Snowpack deposition of trace elements in the Athabasca oil sands region, Canada.
abstract: The total recoverable and dissolved concentrations of 29 metals and metalloids were analyzed in snowpack collected at 91 sites in the Athabasca oil sands region, Canada in winter 2011. Based on deposition pattern from geographical centre, three groups were found: Type-1 metals (i.e. dissolved and total recoverable V; Mo) showed a significant exponential decrease with distance, suggesting oil sands development sources; Type-2 elements (e.g. Al, Sb, As, Ba, Fe, Ni, Tl, and Ti and Zn) showed exponentially decline patterns but with some local point sources; Type-3 elements (e.g. Cd, Cl, Cr, Mn, Sr and Th) deposition pattern represented local sources. A self-organizing map showed that sites with the highest elemental concentrations (Cluster I) were mainly located in the vicinity of upgrading facilities and along the north-south transects. The lowest elemental concentration sites (Cluster III) were the most distal sites or located in the western region of the study area.
authors.affiliation: Chemistry Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada. Electronic address: celinegueguen@trentu.ca.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guéguen
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Life Science Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, K9J 7B8, Canada.
authors.forename: C W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Cuss
authors.affiliation: Clean Energy Policy Branch, Policy Division, Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development, Edmonton, Alberta, T5J 1G4, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000416:Alberta; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis*; D061329:Oil and Gas Fields; D012914:Snow / Q000737:chemistry*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D008670:Metals; D014131:Trace Elements
keywords: Local source; Net loadings; Self organizing map (SOM); Snow deposition; Tar sands; Vanadium