title: In Vitro Analysis of Metabolites Secreted during Infection of Lung Epithelial Cells by Cryptococcus neoformans.
abstract: Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated basidiomycetous yeast commonly associated with pigeon droppings and soil. The opportunistic pathogen infects humans through the respiratory system and the metabolic implications of C. neoformans infection have yet to be explored. Studying the metabolic profile associated with the infection could lead to the identification of important metabolites associated with pulmonary infection. Therefore, the aim of the study was to simulate cryptococcal infection at the primary site of infection, the lungs, and to identify the metabolic profile and important metabolites associated with the infection at low and high multiplicity of infections (MOI). The culture supernatant of lung epithelial cells infected with C. neoformans at MOI of 10 and 100 over a period of 18 hours were analysed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The metabolic profiles obtained were further analysed using multivariate analysis and the pathway analysis tool, MetaboAnalyst 2.0. Based on the results from the multivariate analyses, ten metabolites were selected as the discriminatory metabolites that were important in both the infection conditions. The pathways affected during early C. neoformans infection of lung epithelial cells were mainly the central carbon metabolism and biosynthesis of amino acids. Infection at a higher MOI led to a perturbance in the β-alanine metabolism and an increase in the secretion of pantothenic acid into the growth media. Pantothenic acid production during yeast infection has not been documented and the β-alanine metabolism as well as the pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathways may represent underlying metabolic pathways associated with disease progression. Our study suggested that β-alanine metabolism and the pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis pathways might be the important pathways associated with cryptococcal infection.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kah Leong
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Liew
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Jap Meng
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jee
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Phelim Voon Chen
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Yong
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000502:physiology*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D016919:Meningitis, Cryptococcal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D055432:Metabolomics; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured