title: ECMO: Incidence and Outcomes of Patients Undergoing the Hybrid Procedure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) incidence and outcome in patients undergoing the hybrid procedure at an institution that routinely performs this procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review on all patients with single ventricle physiology that underwent the hybrid procedure between 7/2002 and 12/2014. Patients were excluded if they underwent the hybrid procedure after 60 days of birth or subsequently underwent a biventricular repair.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single center, tertiary pediatric hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred eighty-one patients with single ventricle physiology that underwent the hybrid procedure between 7/2002 and 12/2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We studied a total of 181 patients (105 males: 76 females). Gestational age was 37.8 ± 2.0 weeks and birth weight was 3.0 ± 0.7 kg. Underlying diagnosis was hypoplastic left heart syndrome in 149 patients and other in 32 patients. Age at surgery was 7.8 ± 6.8 days and weight at surgery was 3.1 ± 0.6 kg. Two patients underwent ECMO support after the hybrid procedure. One patient had aortic atresia/mitral atresia and weighed 2.3 kg and the other patient had aortic atresia/mitral stenosis and weighed 2.1 kg at time of surgery. Both patients died. Incidence of ECMO support after hybrid procedure was 1.3% (2/149) for the hypoplastic left heart syndrome patients and 1.1% (2/181) for the entire cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mortality in patients who underwent ECMO after the hybrid procedure was higher than reported for the Norwood procedure, however, the incidence of ECMO after hybrid procedure was also significantly lower than reported for the Norwood procedure. Future studies are needed to determine how to improve outcomes in this complex patient population.
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gomez
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Brian F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Joy
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Cheatham
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galantowicz
authors.affiliation: Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Clifford L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Cua
mesh_terms: D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D058327:Norwood Procedures / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Congenital Heart Disease; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Hypoplastic Left Heart; Intensive Care