title: Effect of alternating bioremediation and electrokinetics on the remediation of n-hexadecane-contaminated soil.
abstract: This study demonstrated the highly efficient degradation of n-hexadecane in soil, realized by alternating bioremediation and electrokinetic technologies. Using an alternating technology instead of simultaneous application prevented competition between the processes that would lower their efficiency. For the consumption of the soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) necessary for bioremediation by electrokinetics, bioremediation was performed first. Because of the utilization and loss of the DOM and water-soluble ions by the microbial and electrokinetic processes, respectively, both of them were supplemented to provide a basic carbon resource, maintain a high electrical conductivity and produce a uniform distribution of ions. The moisture and bacteria were also supplemented. The optimal DOM supplement (20.5 mg·kg(-1) glucose; 80-90% of the total natural DOM content in the soil) was calculated to avoid competitive effects (between the DOM and n-hexadecane) and to prevent nutritional deficiency. The replenishment of the water-soluble ions maintained their content equal to their initial concentrations. The degradation rate of n-hexadecane was only 167.0 mg·kg(-1)·d(-1) (1.9%, w/w) for the first 9 days in the treatments with bioremediation or electrokinetics alone, but this rate was realized throughout the whole process when the two technologies were alternated, with a degradation of 78.5% ± 2.0% for the n-hexadecane after 45 days of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
authors.forename: Sa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors.forename: Shuhai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China.
authors.forename: Fengmei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Shenyang University, Shenyang 110014, China.
authors.forename: Xuelian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Shenyang University, Shenyang 110014, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China.
authors.forename: Jianing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000473:Alkanes / Q000032:analysis; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018533:Biomass; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000473:Alkanes; D006812:Humic Substances; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002244:Carbon; C007932:n-hexadecane