title: Topical anti-inflammatory phytomedicine based on Sphagneticola trilobata dried extracts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aerial parts of Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski (Asteraceae) are popularly used to treat topical inflammation, but have not been fully investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify polar compounds in S. trilobata extracts and develop a new topical phytomedicine based on the kaurenoic acid (KA) content while monitoring and demonstrating its topical anti-inflammatory activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ethanol spray-dried extract of S. trilobata was analysed by LC-MS while the KA content from semisolid was analysed by LC-UV. The extent of ear edema induced by applying 20 μL of croton oil (2.5%), arachidonic acid (AA; 2 mg/ear) and decanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA; 2.5 mg/ear) in mice was used to evaluate the biological activity of the semisolids, which were applied 30 min before the phlogistic agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight phenylpropanoids and four oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins were identified, majority of them reported for the first time in this species, in addition to KA. The semisolid containing 1.0% of dried extract reduced the ear edema induced by croton oil [77.2 ± 4.5%; ID50 = 0.49 (0.28-0.87%)], TPA (81.5 ± 2.4%) and AA (39.1 ± 6.9%), with decreasing effect at higher KA concentrations. This was accompanied by neutrophil migration inhibition as investigated by biochemical and histological assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The anti-inflammatory effects were (at least in part) due to the interference in protein kinase C (PKC) activation, AA-cascade products and neutrophil migration inhibition, demonstrating the efficacy of the folk topical usage of this plant. The results support the development of a novel topical anti-inflammatory phytomedicine properly standardized to treat inflammatory dermatological diseases.
authors.affiliation: a Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Itajaí Valley (UNIVALI) , Itajaí , SC , Brazil.
authors.forename: Giovana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fucina
authors.affiliation: a Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Itajaí Valley (UNIVALI) , Itajaí , SC , Brazil.
authors.forename: Lilian Wünsch
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: a Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Itajaí Valley (UNIVALI) , Itajaí , SC , Brazil.
authors.forename: Gislaine Francieli
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: a Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Itajaí Valley (UNIVALI) , Itajaí , SC , Brazil.
authors.forename: Silmara Mendes
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hoepers
authors.affiliation: c Lychnoflora Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Produtos Naturais LTDA , Ribeirão Preto , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Peres
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: c Lychnoflora Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Produtos Naturais LTDA , Ribeirão Preto , SP , Brazil.|d NPPNS, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto , University of São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto São Paulo , Brazil.
authors.forename: Thais
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Guaratini
authors.affiliation: a Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Itajaí Valley (UNIVALI) , Itajaí , SC , Brazil.|b Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR) - Pharmacy Course , University of Itajaí Valley (UNIVALI) , Itajaí , SC , Brazil.
authors.forename: Valdir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cechinel Filho
authors.affiliation: a Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Itajaí Valley (UNIVALI) , Itajaí , SC , Brazil.|b Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR) - Pharmacy Course , University of Itajaí Valley (UNIVALI) , Itajaí , SC , Brazil.
authors.forename: Ruth Meri
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lucinda-Silva
authors.affiliation: a Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Itajaí Valley (UNIVALI) , Itajaí , SC , Brazil.
authors.forename: Nara Lins Meira
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Quintão
authors.affiliation: a Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Itajaí Valley (UNIVALI) , Itajaí , SC , Brazil.|b Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR) - Pharmacy Course , University of Itajaí Valley (UNIVALI) , Itajaí , SC , Brazil.
authors.forename: Tania Mari Bellé
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Bresolin
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009828:Oleanolic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D004224:Diterpenes; D010936:Plant Extracts; C051436:kaurenoic acid; D009828:Oleanolic Acid; D011493:Protein Kinase C
keywords: Ear edema; LC-MS; LC-UV; kaurenoic acid; topical phytomedicine