title: Detection of Genital HPV Infection Using Urine Samples: a Population Based Study in India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical cancer is the second commonest cancer among Indian women and its association with human papilloma virus (HPV) is well established. This preventable cancer accounts for the maximum number of cancer related deaths among rural Indian women. Unlike in developed countries there are no organized cervical cancer screening programmes in India due to lack of resources and manpower.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To detect genital HPV infection using urine samples among asymptomatic rural women in the age group of 18-65 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study area chosen was Perdoor village in Udupi Taluk, Karnataka State and all the women in the age group of 18-65 years formed the study cohort. A cross sectional study was conducted by house visits and 1,305 women were enrolled in the study. After taking written informed consent a data sheet was filled and early stream random urine samples were collected, transported to a laboratory at 4OC and aliquoted. Samples were tested using nested HPV PCR with PGMY09/11 and GP5+/6+ primers. Positive cases were genotyped by sequence analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study participants included 1,134 sexually active and 171 unmarried women with a mean age at marriage of 22.1 (SD=3.9) years. Study area showed high female literacy rate of 86.6%. Five urine samples tested positive for HPV DNA (0.4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found very low genital HPV infection rate among women from monogamous community. This is the first major population based study carried out among asymptomatic rural women to detect genital HPV infectio from Karnataka using urine samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virus Research, Manipal University, Karnataka Manipal, India E-mail : sabeenauthradam@gmail.com, parvati.bhat@manipal.edu.
authors.forename: Sasidharanpillai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabeena
authors.forename: Parvati
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.forename: Veena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kamath
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mathew
authors.forename: Sushama
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aswathyraj
authors.forename: Santhosha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devadiga
authors.forename: Suresha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.forename: Maity
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hindol
authors.forename: Akhil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chameetachal
authors.forename: Anjana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Govindakarnavar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Arunkumar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008875:Middle Aged; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000652:urine* / Q000821:virology*; D012749:Sexually Transmitted Diseases / Q000652:urine / Q000821:virology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000652:urine / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral