title: Short bowel syndrome (SBS)-associated alterations within the gut-liver axis evolve early and persist long-term in the piglet model of short bowel syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is primarily characterized by malabsorption and malnutrition, resulting from loss of intestinal absorptive area following massive small bowel resection (SBR). Bile acids and the gut microbiota are functionally linked within the gut-liver axis; however, SBS-associated disturbances within the gut-liver axis remain largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to characterize the evolution of bile acid alterations within the gut-liver axis at both short-term and long-term time points and to relate these changes to alterations in colonic bacterial composition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four-week-old piglets were assigned to 75% SBR, sham-operation or non-operation control groups. High throughput sequencing was employed to determine bacterial abundance in colonic content and ultra-performance liquid chromatography used to determine the bile acid concentration of gall bladder, portal serum, and fecal samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bile acid complexity and relative abundance are altered in the SBS piglet model at two weeks post-SBR, and these changes persisted at six weeks post-SBR. Our examination of the microbial profile revealed an early and persistent loss in bacteria belonging to the Clostridiales order.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence of an early and persistent disturbance of the bile acid profile throughout the entero-hepatic circulation with an increase in the proportion of primary bile acids and a decrease in secondary bile acids following SBR. These changes were associated with a loss of bacteria belonging to the Clostridiales order consistent with a disturbance in the bile-microbial axis following SBR.
authors.affiliation: Intestinal Failure and Clinical Nutrition Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Prue M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pereira-Fantini
authors.affiliation: Intestinal Failure and Clinical Nutrition Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.|Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bines
authors.affiliation: Intestinal Failure and Clinical Nutrition Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lapthorne
authors.affiliation: School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.|Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fouhy
authors.affiliation: Intestinal Failure and Clinical Nutrition Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scurr
authors.affiliation: Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland.|APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Cotter
authors.affiliation: School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.|APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.|School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Cormac Gm
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Gahan
authors.affiliation: APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Joyce
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000068016:Eubacteriales / Q000254:growth & development*; D003106:Colon / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005704:Gallbladder / Q000378:metabolism; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D012778:Short Bowel Syndrome / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013552:Swine; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts
keywords: bacteria; bile acids; intestinal failure-associated liver disease; microbiota; short bowel syndrome