title: SAFE LOCALIZATION FOR PLACEMENT OF PERCUTANEOUS PINS IN THE CALCANEUS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the areas presenting risk in six zones of the calcaneus, and to quantify the risks of injury to the anatomical structures (artery, vein, nerve and tendon).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three calcanei from cadavers were used, divided into three zones and each subdivided in two areas (upper and lower) by means of a longitudinal line through the calcaneus. The risk of injury to the anatomical structures in relation to each Kirschner wire was determined using a graded system according to the Licht classification. The total risk of injury to the anatomical structures through placement of more than one wire was quantified using the additive law of probabilities and the product law for independent events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The injury risk calculation according to the Licht classification showed that the highest risk of injury to the artery or vein was in zone IA (43%), in relation to injuries to nerves and tendons (13% and 0%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study made it possible to identify the most vulnerable anatomical structures and quantify the risk of injury to the calcaneus.
authors.affiliation: PhD in Medicine from the Paulista Medical School, Federal University of São Paulo. Head of the "Prof. Dr. Donato D'Ângelo" Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Hospital Santa Teresa, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro José
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Labronici
authors.affiliation: Resident Physician in Orthopedics and Traumatology, "Prof. Dr. Donato D'Ângelo" Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Hospital Santa Teresa, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Diogo do Nascimento
authors.initials: Ddo N
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Resident Physician in Orthopedics and Traumatology, "Prof. Dr. Donato D'Ângelo" Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Hospital Santa Teresa, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Henrique Vargas Moreira
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Pilar
authors.affiliation: PhD. Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, School of Medicine, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Sergio
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Head of the Foot and Ankle Department, "Prof. Dr. Donato D'Ângelo" Orthopedics and Traumatology Clinic, Hospital Santa Teresa, Petrópolis, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Donato
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Serra
authors.affiliation: Coordinator of the Foot and Ankle Surgery Service, "dementino Fraga Filho" University Hospital, UFRJ, and Ipanema Federal Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Attending Physician in the Trauma Group, Clinical Hospital, Ribeirão Preto Medical School (FMRP), USP, and Member of the Foot, Ankle and Trauma Group, Specialized Hospital of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rogério Carneiro
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bitar
keywords: Bone Nails; Calcaneus/injuries; Safe-Zone; Surgical Procedures, Operative