title: Comparison of caudal tramadol versus caudal fentanyl with bupivacaine for prolongation of postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Caudal block is a common technique for pediatric analgesia for infraumblical surgeries. Because of the short duration of analgesia with bupivacaine alone various additive have been used to prolong the action of bupivacaine. The present study was aimed to evaluate the analgesic effect of tramadol or fentanyl added to bupivacaine for infraumblical surgeries in pediatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective, randomized, single-blind controlled trial. After written informed consent from parents, 100 patients belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status I-II, in the age group of 1-12 years, of either sex undergoing infraumblical surgery under general anesthesia were divided into two groups. Group BT received 1 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine with tramadol 2 mg/kg in normal saline and Group BF received 1 ml/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine with fentanyl 2 μg/kg in normal saline with maximum volume of 12 ml in both groups. All patients were assessed intraoperatively for hemodynamic changes, the requirement of sevoflurane concentration, as well as postoperatively for pain by using FLACC (F = Face, L = Leg, A = Activity, C = Cry, C = Consolability), pain score and for sedation by using four point sedation score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of analgesia was 10-18 h in Group BT while in Group BF it was 7-11 h. The postoperatively period up to 1½ h, Group BF had higher sedation score up to two as compared to that below one on Group BT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caudal tramadol significantly prolongs the duration of analgesia as compared to caudal fentanyl without any side effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, B. J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Solanki
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, B. J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Engineer
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, B. J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Jansari
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, B. J. Medical College and Civil Hospital, Asarwa, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Patel
keywords: Bupivacaine; caudal block; fentanyl; postoperative analgesia; tramadol