title: Anal human papillomavirus infection: prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of related lesions.
abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is mostly asymptomatic, but may also have many diverse clinical signs encompassing benign ano-genital lesions, and carcinomas. Recently, interest has also particularly focused on anal cancer since, over the last decades, its incidence has been greatly increasing in developed countries, both in women and men and is drastically higher in specific risk groups, such as men who have sex with men (MSM) and HIV-1 infected individuals. Approximately 88% of anal cancer cases worldwide are associated with HPV infection. This review summarizes our current understanding of anal HPV infection, discussing its epidemiology and risk factors in various populations, and the state of the art in the detection of anal HPV infection and its related lesions through both cytology and histology. Finally, we discuss the clinical management and therapy for these lesions.
authors.affiliation: a Pathology Department , Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IRCCS , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benevolo
authors.affiliation: b Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Unit , San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Gabriella
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Donà
authors.affiliation: c Unit of Gastrointestinal and Neuroendocrine Tumours , European Institute of Oncology , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Paola Simona
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Ravenda
authors.affiliation: d Department of Experimental Oncology , European Institute of Oncology (IEO) , Milan , Italy.
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chiocca
mesh_terms: D001004:Anus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy / Q000821:virology; D001005:Anus Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: HPV; MSM; anal cancer; anal infection; cytology; high resolution anoscopy (HRA); histology; imiquimod; podophyllotoxin; sinecatechins; topical 5-fluorouracil; treatment