title: Ecology of the Tick-Borne Phlebovirus Causing Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in an Endemic Area of China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV), a tick-borne phlebovirus in family Bunyaviridae. Studies have found that humans, domestic and wildlife animals can be infected by SFTSV. However, the viral ecology, circulation, and transmission remain largely unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty seven human SFTS cases were reported and confirmed by virus isolation or immunofluorescence assay between 2011 and 2014. In 2013-2014 we collected 9,984 ticks from either vegetation or small wild mammals in the endemic area in Jiangsu, China, and detected SFTSV-RNA by real-time RT-PCR in both questing and feeding Haemaphysalis longicornis and H. flava. Viral RNA was identified in larvae of H. longicornis prior to a first blood meal, which has never been confirmed previously in nature. SFTSV-RNA and antibodies were also detected by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively, in wild mammals including Erinaceus europaeus and Sorex araneus. A live SFTSV was isolated from Erinaceus europaeus captured during the off tick-feeding season and with a high SFTSV antibody titer. Furthermore, SFTSV antibodies were detected in the migratory birds Anser cygnoides and Streptopelia chinensis using ELISA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The detection of SFTSV-RNA in non-engorged larvae indicated that vertical transmission of SFTSV in H. longicornis might occur in nature, which suggests that H. longicornis is a putative reservoir host of SFTSV. Small wild mammals such as Erinaceus europaeus and Sorex araneus could be infected by SFTSV and may serve as natural amplifying hosts. Our data unveiled that wild birds could be infected with SFTSV or carry SFTSV-infected ticks and thus might contribute to the long-distance spread of SFTSV via migratory flyways. These findings provide novel insights for understanding SFTSV ecology, reservoir hosts, and transmission in nature and will help develop new measures in preventing its rapid spread both regionally and globally.
authors.affiliation: Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.|Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Zhifeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Changjun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Jianli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Wendong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaochen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Jiangning Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangning, China.
authors.forename: Zhengmin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.affiliation: Jiangning Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangning, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Lishui Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Lishui, China.
authors.forename: Luxun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Lishui Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Lishui, China.
authors.forename: Aihua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Xuyi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Xuyi, China.
authors.forename: Xuejian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Xuyi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Xuyi, China.
authors.forename: Hongjun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Yixing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Yixing, China.
authors.forename: Wenwen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Yixing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Yixing, China.
authors.forename: Jiangang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Yefei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Fenyang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Carol J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Cardona
authors.affiliation: Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.|College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xing
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D001096:Arachnid Vectors / Q000821:virology; D001717:Birds; D002044:Bunyaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000821:virology; D004777:Environment; D005334:Fever / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D007814:Larva / Q000821:virology; D016856:Phlebovirus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000821:virology; D013987:Ticks / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral