title: Multiple Pathways of Genome Plasticity Leading to Development of Antibiotic Resistance.
abstract: The emergence of multi-resistant bacterial strains is a major source of concern and has been correlated with the widespread use of antibiotics. The origins of resistance are intensively studied and many mechanisms involved in resistance have been identified, such as exogenous gene acquisition by horizontal gene transfer (HGT), mutations in the targeted functions, and more recently, antibiotic tolerance through persistence. In this review, we focus on factors leading to integron rearrangements and gene capture facilitating antibiotic resistance acquisition, maintenance and spread. The role of stress responses, such as the SOS response, is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur, Unité Plasticité du Génome Bactérien, Paris 75015, France. baharogl@pasteur.fr.|Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 3525, Paris 75015, France. baharogl@pasteur.fr.
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Baharoglu
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur, Unité Plasticité du Génome Bactérien, Paris 75015, France. ggarriss@pasteur.fr.|Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 3525, Paris 75015, France. ggarriss@pasteur.fr.
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garriss
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur, Unité Plasticité du Génome Bactérien, Paris 75015, France. mazel@pasteur.fr.|Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 3525, Paris 75015, France. mazel@pasteur.fr.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mazel
keywords: CRP; RpoS; SOS; horizontal gene transfer; integron; reactive oxygen species; sub-MIC