title: MapSentinel: Can the Knowledge of Space Use Improve Indoor Tracking Further?
abstract: Estimating an occupant's location is arguably the most fundamental sensing task in smart buildings. The applications for fine-grained, responsive building operations require the location sensing systems to provide location estimates in real time, also known as indoor tracking. Existing indoor tracking systems require occupants to carry specialized devices or install programs on their smartphone to collect inertial sensing data. In this paper, we propose MapSentinel, which performs non-intrusive location sensing based on WiFi access points and ultrasonic sensors. MapSentinel combines the noisy sensor readings with the floormap information to estimate locations. One key observation supporting our work is that occupants exhibit distinctive motion characteristics at different locations on the floormap, e.g., constrained motion along the corridor or in the cubicle zones, and free movement in the open space. While extensive research has been performed on using a floormap as a tool to obtain correct walking trajectories without wall-crossings, there have been few attempts to incorporate the knowledge of space use available from the floormap into the location estimation. This paper argues that the knowledge of space use as an additional information source presents new opportunities for indoor tracking. The fusion of heterogeneous information is theoretically formulated within the Factor Graph framework, and the Context-Augmented Particle Filtering algorithm is developed to efficiently solve real-time walking trajectories. Our evaluation in a large office space shows that the MapSentinel can achieve accuracy improvement of 31.3% compared with the purely WiFi-based tracking system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ruoxijia@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Ruoxi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. jinming@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore. zouhan@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey. yigitcan.yesilata@metu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Yigitcan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yesilata
authors.affiliation: School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore. elhxie@ntu.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. spanos@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Costas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spanos
keywords: WiFi; indoor tracking systems; map-aided; non-intrusive; particle filters; ultrasonic sensor networks