title: A study of TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-γ gene polymorphisms in patients with depression.
abstract: In the last decade it was found that functional polymorphisms in the promoter and/or coding regions of regulatory genes are likely to pre-determine the phenotype manifestation of a certain cytokine profile, and thus could be used as disease-associated markers. Having in mind the hypothesis of impaired cytokine regulation in depressive disorder, as well as the diverse population-dependent results for cytokine polymorphisms, we investigated the relation between the cytokine gene polymorphisms of key pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-6, IFN-γ) and susceptibility as well as clinical course of depression in Bulgarians. The study included 80 patients with depression (50 women and 30 men) and 50 healthy controls. Simultaneous analysis of eight polymorphic positions in the cytokine genes listed was performed by PCR-SSP method. The results revealed significant predominance of TGF-β TT (+869) genotype (previously described as predicting low expression activity of TGF-β) in patients (41.3%) compared to healthy subjects (21.2%) (p=0.05, OR=2.62). Furthermore T/T G/C combined genotype (+869, +915) in the same gene was negatively associated with disease recurrence. Additionally we found that certain IL-10 genotypes associated with low gene expression seemed to shape moderate disease manifestation. In conclusion our results mainly demonstrated prevalence of a low-expression TGF-β1 profile in the patients. Thus, although in an indirect way, we supported the hypothesis of impaired immunosuppression by means of Th3 regulation in major depressive disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Medical University, 1, "G. Sofiisky" Str., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria. Electronic address: sneji_jm@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Snezhina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mihailova
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Medical University, 1, G. Sofiisky Str., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria. Electronic address: helen_aivan@abv.bg.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ivanova-Genova
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Medical University, 1, "G. Sofiisky" Str., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria. Electronic address: ts_lukanov@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Tzvetelin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lukanov
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Medical University, 1, G. Sofiisky Str., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria. Electronic address: vestoyan@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Vesela
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stoyanova
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Medical University, 1, G. Sofiisky Str., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria. Electronic address: vihra.milanova@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vihra
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Milanova
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Medical University, 1, "G. Sofiisky" Str., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria. Electronic address: naumovaej@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Elissaveta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Naumova
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics*; D003863:Depression / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000235:genetics; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: Bulgarians; Cytokine gene polymorphism; Depression; Disease course; Susceptibility