title: Cognitive Difficulty Intensifies Age-related Changes in Anterior Frontal Hemodynamics: Novel Evidence from Near-infrared Spectroscopy.
abstract: Alongside age-related brain deterioration, cognitive functioning declines, particularly for more demanding tasks. Past research indicates that, to offset this decline, older adults exhibit hemodynamic changes consistent with recruitment of more anterior brain regions. However, the nature of the hemodynamic changes remains unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we used near-infrared spectroscopy in 36 young adults (aged 18-30 years) and 36 older adults (aged 60-72 years) to assess anterior frontal hemodynamic responses to engagement in three cognitive tasks of increasing difficulty. Behavioral results for all three tasks confirmed aging deficits (evidenced by slower reaction times and reduced accuracy rates) that progressively increased with task difficulty. Hemodynamic results showed opposing effects in young versus older adults, with oxygenated and total hemoglobin decreasing in young but increasing in older adults, particularly during the harder tasks. Also, tissue oxygenation increased only in older adults during the harder tasks. Among the older adults only, anterior frontal hemodynamic changes correlated with better cognitive performance, indicating that they were compensatory in nature. These findings provide novel evidence of age-related anterior frontal hemodynamic changes that intensify with cognitive demands and compensate for performance deficits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Kirstin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Bierre
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.|School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Samuel J E
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Hayley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guiney
authors.affiliation: School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cotter
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. liana@psy.otago.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Liana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Machado
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aging; Cerebral hemodynamics; Executive function; NIRS; Task difficulty