title: Prevalence of Drug Resistance Associated Mutations Among the Anti Retroviral Therapy Exposed HIV-1 Infected Individuals in Manipur, Northeast India.
abstract: Manipur is one of the highest HIV prevalence states of India because of its geographical location at the international border near the golden triangle of South-East Asia, but no study on drug resistance associated mutations (DRAMs) has been reported yet.
  
  
  
  A population-based study on DRAMs of HIV-1 among the anti-retroviral therapy (ART) exposed HIV-1 infected individuals of Manipur was conducted.
  
  
  
  110 HIV-1 positive individuals who had initially exposed to first line anti-HIV drugs were recruited for the surveillance of DRAMs. Reverse transcriptase and protease genes of HIV-1 were amplified, sequenced and analyzed.
  
  
  
  Significant prevalence of DRAMs of HIV-1 was found among the ART exposed HIV-1 infected individuals of Manipur. The results revealed that 37%, 29% and 7% individuals harbor HIV-1 strains mutated at the target sites of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors respectively. Predominant DRAMs at RT genes were M184V, T215Y, M41L and V108I and H221Y while at PR genes were M46I and I47V. Among the high risk groups, intravenous drug users have the highest number of DRAMs followed by heterosexual individuals. Analysis of viral subtype based on pol gene revealed 83% subtype C, 11.8% recombinant forms and 5.2% subtype B.
  
  
  
  DRAMs at the target sites of reverse transcriptase inhibitors are high and these were found to have developed resistance to the primary ART drugs that are used in Manipur. The findings of this study will help the clinicians to guide patients during the course of ART treatment regimes.
authors.forename: Adhikarimayum
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lakhikumar Sharma
authors.forename: Thiyam
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ramsing Singh
authors.forename: Khuraijam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ranjana Devi
authors.affiliation: Cancer and Molecular Biology Division, Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur-795 003, Manipur, India. shanju.lisam@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Lisam
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shanjukumar Singh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D006678:HIV / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; D015995:Prevalence; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease