title: Scaffolds for bone regeneration made of hydroxyapatite microspheres in a collagen matrix.
abstract: Biomimetic scaffolds with a structural and chemical composition similar to native bone tissue may be promising for bone tissue regeneration. In the present work hydroxyapatite mesoporous microspheres (mHA) were incorporated into collagen scaffolds containing an ordered interconnected macroporosity. The mHA were obtained by spray drying of a nano hydroxyapatite slurry prepared by the precipitation technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the microspheres were composed only of hydroxyapatite (HA) phase, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed the Ca/P ratio to be 1.69 which is near the value for pure HA. The obtained microspheres had an average diameter of 6 μm, a specific surface area of 40 m(2)/g as measured by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) analysis showed a mesoporous structure with an average pore diameter of 16 nm. Collagen/HA-microsphere (Col/mHA) composite scaffolds were prepared by freeze-drying followed by dehydrothermal crosslinking. SEM observations of Col/mHA scaffolds revealed HA microspheres embedded within a porous collagen matrix with a pore size ranging from a few microns up to 200 μm, which was also confirmed by histological staining of sections of paraffin embedded scaffolds. The compressive modulus of the composite scaffold at low and high strain values was 1.7 and 2.8 times, respectively, that of pure collagen scaffolds. Cell proliferation measured by the MTT assay showed more than a 3-fold increase in cell number within the scaffolds after 15 days of culture for both pure collagen scaffolds and Col/mHA composite scaffolds. Attractive properties of this composite scaffold include the potential to load the microspheres for drug delivery and the controllability of the pore structure at various length scales.
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy. Electronic address: rahmat.cholas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rahmatullah
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cholas
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy. Electronic address: sanosh2001@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sanosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kunjalukkal Padmanabhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gervaso
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: Gayatri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Udayan
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: Graziana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Monaco
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sannino
authors.affiliation: Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Licciulli
mesh_terms: D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008863:Microspheres; D010316:Particle Size; D016062:Porosity; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: Biocompatible; Collagen; Compressive strength; Hydroxyapatite microsphere; Scaffold