title: Effect of microclimate alteration on milk production and composition in Murrah buffaloes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the effect of microclimate alteration on temperature-humidity index (THI), milk yield, and milk composition of Murrah buffaloes during summer for a period of 90-day from March to May-2014 at Buffalo Research Station, Venkataramannagudem, Andhra Pradesh, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 lactating Murrah buffaloes were selected having similar body weight, parity, and milk yield. They were divided into four groups of 10 each. Three groups of buffaloes were provided with microclimate alteration using supplemental cooling like foggers, fans and foggers plus fans, and the fourth group (control) was without any cooling system. The daily THI was measured using dry and wet bulb thermometer. The physiological responses viz. rectal temperature, respiration rate, and pulse rate were measured by a clinical thermometer, measuring the flank movements a minute and observing the pulsation of the middle coccygeal artery at the base of tail with the help of finger. Milk samples were analyzed for chemical composition viz., fat, solids-not-fat (SNF), total solids (TS), specific gravity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, significant (p<0.001) decrease in the average THI values were observed in experimental Murrah buffalo houses of GroupII (foggers), GroupIII (fans), and GroupIV (foggers and fans) compared to GroupI (control). Significant (p<0.001) decrease in average rectal temperature (°F), respiration rate (breaths/min) and pulse rate (beats/min) values were recorded in Murrah buffaloes of Groups II, III and IV compared to Group I. Significant (p<0.001) increase in the average milk yield (kg/day) was recorded in Murrah buffaloes of Groups II, III, and IV compared with Group I. Significant (p<0.001) increase in the average milk fat, SNF, and TS percent were recorded in Murrah buffalo Groups of II, III, and IV compared with Group I.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microclimate alteration by the provision of foggers and air circulators in the buffalo houses increased feed intake in buffaloes resulting increased milk production, fat and SNF yield which was due to decreased heat stress in buffaloes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Livestock Production Management, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkatesawara Veterinary University, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sandeep Reddy
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Seerapu
authors.affiliation: Buffalo Research Station VR Gudem, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Ananda Rao
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kancharana
authors.affiliation: Department of Livestock Production Management, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkatesawara Veterinary University, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Venkata Seshaiah
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Chappidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Livestock Production Management, NTR College of Veterinary Science, Sri Venkatesawara Veterinary University, Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Eswara Rao
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Bandi
keywords: microlimate; milk composition; milk yield; physiological parameters; temperature-humidity index