title: Research and Evaluations of the Health Aspects of Disasters, Part IX: Risk-Reduction Framework.
abstract: A disaster is a failure of resilience to an event. Mitigating the risks that a hazard will progress into a destructive event, or increasing the resilience of a society-at-risk, requires careful analysis, planning, and execution. The Disaster Logic Model (DLM) is used to define the value (effects, costs, and outcome(s)), impacts, and benefits of interventions directed at risk reduction. A Risk-Reduction Framework, based on the DLM, details the processes involved in hazard mitigation and/or capacity-building interventions to augment the resilience of a community or to decrease the risk that a secondary event will develop. This Framework provides the structure to systematically undertake and evaluate risk-reduction interventions. It applies to all interventions aimed at hazard mitigation and/or increasing the absorbing, buffering, or response capacities of a community-at-risk for a primary or secondary event that could result in a disaster. The Framework utilizes the structure provided by the DLM and consists of 14 steps: (1) hazards and risks identification; (2) historical perspectives and predictions; (3) selection of hazard(s) to address; (4) selection of appropriate indicators; (5) identification of current resilience standards and benchmarks; (6) assessment of the current resilience status; (7) identification of resilience needs; (8) strategic planning; (9) selection of an appropriate intervention; (10) operational planning; (11) implementation; (12) assessments of outputs; (13) synthesis; and (14) feedback. Each of these steps is a transformation process that is described in detail. Emphasis is placed on the role of Coordination and Control during planning, implementation of risk-reduction/capacity building interventions, and evaluation. Birnbaum ML , Daily EK , O'Rourke AP , Loretti A . Research and evaluations of the health aspects of disasters, part IX: Risk-Reduction Framework. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(3):309-325.
authors.affiliation: 1Emeritus Professor of Medicine and Physiology,School of Medicine and Public Health,University of Wisconsin,Madison,WisconsinUSA; Emeritus Editor-in-Chief, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine.
authors.forename: Marvin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.affiliation: 2Nursing Section Editor, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine;Secretary,World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine,Madison,WisconsinUSA.
authors.forename: Elaine K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Daily
authors.affiliation: 3Associate Professor,Division of General Surgery,Department of Surgery,School of Medicine and Public Health,University of Wisconsin,Madison,WisconsinUSA.
authors.forename: Ann P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: O'Rourke
authors.affiliation: 4Consultant;Retired from the World Health Organization,Geneva,Switzerland.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loretti
mesh_terms: D057191:Capacity Building; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014943:Global Health; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D012106:Research; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior
keywords: DRP Disaster Response Plan; IASC Inter-Agency Standing Committee; MOU memorandum of understanding; RFP request for proposal; SEARO South East Asia Regional Office of WHO; UN United Nations; UN-ISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction; WHO World Health Organization; capacity building; disaster logic model; evaluation; framework; intervention; process; resilience; risk-reduction