title: Bone mineral density in young Chilean patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study, our aim was to analyze bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and compare them with a healthy reference population; in addition, we aimed to observe the association between BMD and the following variables: age at onset, disease duration, metabolic control, pubertal stage, level of physical activity, clinical parameters and nutrient intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 30 patients with T1DM were included in the study. BMD was determined using dual-energy X-ray densitometry (DXA). Participants with a z-score of values ≥-1 were accepted as normal; BMDs between -2 and -1 were defined as being in the low range of normality; ≤-2 were defined as having low BMD. The 25-hydroxy vitamin D level was classified as sufficient (30-100 ng/mL), insufficient (20-30 ng/mL), and deficient (<20 ng/mL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentages of patients with deficient and insufficient 25(OH) vitamin D levels were 50% and 45.8%, respectively. Lumbar spine (LS2-LS4) BMD, total body (TB) BMD and femoral neck (FN) BMD were found in the normal range for more than 80% of the subjects, with no significant differences due to gender. No strong correlations between clinical variables, biochemical parameters and nutrient intake were observed; however, a moderate positive correlation was found between serum calcium and LS2-LS4 BMD (p<0.05). Regression analysis showed that serum calcium, duration of diabetes and intake of sodium and protein are significant factors in determining LS2-LS4 BMD and TB BMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with T1DM had a normal mean BMD at all sites evaluated, except for two patients who had low BMD at the lumbar spine. More than 95% of patients had insufficient or deficient vitamin D levels. With respect to all the variables studied, serum calcium presented the highest significant correlation with LS2-LS4 BMD.
authors.forename: Constanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mosso
authors.forename: María Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.forename: Maria Loreto
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Reyes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015519:Bone Density; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D