title: Development of a Bifunctional Andrographolide-Based Chemical Probe for Pharmacological Study.
abstract: Andrographolide (ANDRO) is a lactone diterpenoid compound present in the medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata which is clinically applied for multiple human diseases in Asia and Europe. The pharmacological activities of andrographolide have been widely demonstrated, including anti-inflammation, anti-cancer and hepatoprotection. However, the pharmacological mechanism of andrographolide remains unclear. Therefore, further characterization on the kinetics and molecular targets of andrographolide is essential. In this study, we described the synthesis and characterization of a novel fluorescent andrographolide derivative (ANDRO-NBD). ANDRO-NBD exhibited a comparable anti-cancer spectrum to andrographolide: ANDRO-NBD was cytotoxic to various types of cancer cells and suppressed the migration activity of melanoma cells; ANDRO-NBD treatment induced the cleavage of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and the downregulation of its client oncoproteins, v-Src and Bcr-abl. Notably, ANDRO-NBD showed superior inhibitory effects to andrographolide in all anticancer assays we have performed. In addition, ANDRO-NBD was further used as a fluorescent probe to investigate the uptake kinetics, cellular distribution and molecular targets of andrographolide. Our data revealed that ANDRO-NBD entered cells rapidly and its fluorescent signal could be detected in nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and lysosome. Moreover, we demonstrated that ANDRO-NBD was covalently bound to several putative target proteins of andrographolide, including NF-κB and hnRNPK. In summary, we developed a fluorescent andrographolide probe with comparable bioactivity to andrographolide, which serves as a powerful tool to explore the pharmacological mechanism of andrographolide.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ya-Hsin
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Sheng-Hung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Chia
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Po-Xuan
authors.initials: PX
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chao-Hsiung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Lee-Chiang
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.|Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shu-Ling
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015335:Molecular Probes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004224:Diterpenes; D015335:Molecular Probes; C030419:andrographolide