title: Biodegradation of carbamazepine and clarithromycin by Trichoderma harzianum and Pleurotus ostreatus investigated by liquid chromatography - high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (FTICR MS-IRMPD).
abstract: In this study, the capability of pharmaceutical biodegradation of fungus Trichoderma harzianum was evaluated through the comparison with the well-known biodegradation capability of white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. The study was performed in aqueous phase under aerobic conditions, using two of the most frequently detected drugs in water bodies: carbamazepine and clarithromycin, with concentrations commonly found in treated wastewater (4μg/l and 0.03μg/l respectively). For the first time, we demonstrated that T. harzianum is able to remove carbamazepine and clarithromycin. The analyses were performed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, using high-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry upon electrospray ionization in positive ion mode. The high selectivity and mass accuracy provided by high-resolution mass spectrometry, allowed us to identify some unknown metabolites. On the basis of our study, the major metabolites detected in liquid culture treated by T. harzianum were: 14-hydroxy-descladinosyl- and descladinosyl-clarithromycin, which are pharmacologically inactive products not dangerous for the environment.
authors.affiliation: Scuola di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buchicchio
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy. Electronic address: giuliana.bianco@unibas.it.
authors.forename: Giuliana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.affiliation: Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sofo
authors.affiliation: Scuola di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Masi
authors.affiliation: Scuola di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy. Electronic address: donatella.caniani@unibas.it.
authors.forename: Donatella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caniani
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D017291:Clarithromycin / Q000378:metabolism*; D020076:Pleurotus / Q000378:metabolism*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000378:metabolism*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002220:Carbamazepine; D017291:Clarithromycin; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Carbamazepine; Clarithromycin; HPLC-HRMS; Pleurotus ostreatus; Trichoderma harzianum