title: Prebiotics and age, but not probiotics affect the transformation of 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) by fecal microbiota - An in vitro study.
abstract: Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are carcinogens which are formed in meat cooked using high-temperature methods. The human gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining health in humans of different ages, and especially in the elderly. However, the GI microbiota, whose metabolism and composition changes with age, may also be responsible for the activation of mutagenic substances reaching the colon with diet. Probiotics and prebiotics are promising in terms of reducing the destructive effects of HAAs. The aim of the study was to determine if fecal microbiota derived from the feces of 27 volunteers: infants (up to 18 months), adults (aged 23-39 years), the sub-elderly (aged 64-65 years), and the elderly (aged 76-87 years), and the presence of probiotics or prebiotics, affected the transformation of IQ (2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) to 7-OH-IQ (2-amino-3,6-dihydro-3-methyl-7H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline-7-one). The compounds were identified using LC-MS(n), NMR, and FTIR. Their genotoxicity was compared in the comet assay. Individual strains capable of IQ transformation were also identified. 7-OH-IQ was detected in six persons (two children and four elderly individuals). The degree of IQ conversion ranged from 26% (4-month-old girl) to 94% (81-year-old woman) of the initial quantity. Four Enterococcus isolates: two Enterococcus faecium and two Enterococcus faecalis strains, as well as one Clostridium difficile strain (LOCK 1030, from the culture collection) converted IQ to 7-OH-IQ. The genotoxicity of samples containing 7-OH-IQ was even three times higher (P < 0.05) than those with IQ and was correlated with the degree of IQ conversion and 7-OH-IQ concentration.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland. Electronic address: adriana.nowak@p.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Czyżowska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huben
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Technology of Food, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sójka
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Division of Molecular Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 213, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Sławomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuberski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Otlewska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Śliżewska
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001711:Biotransformation; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D020552:Comet Assay; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D056692:Prebiotics / Q000032:analysis*; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011804:Quinolines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015363:Quinolones / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C546460:2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo(4,5-f)quinoline; D002273:Carcinogens; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D007093:Imidazoles; D056692:Prebiotics; D011804:Quinolines; D015363:Quinolones; C057967:2-amino-3,6-dihydro-3-methyl-7H-imidazo(4,5-f)quinoline-7-one
keywords: 7-OH-IQ; Ageing; FTIR; Fecal microbiota; LC-MS(n); NMR; Prebiotics; Probiotics