title: Distinguishing commercially grown Ganoderma lucidum from Ganoderma lingzhi from Europe and East Asia on the basis of morphology, molecular phylogeny, and triterpenic acid profiles.
abstract: In China and other countries of East Asia, so-called Ling-zhi or Reishi mushrooms are used in traditional medicine since several centuries. Although the common practice to apply the originally European name 'Ganoderma lucidum' to these fungi has been questioned by several taxonomists, this is still generally done in recent publications and with commercially cultivated strains. In the present study, two commercially sold strains of 'G. lucidum', M9720 and M9724 from the company Mycelia bvba (Belgium), are compared for their fruiting body (basidiocarp) morphology combined with molecular phylogenetic analyses, and for their secondary metabolite profile employing an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESIMS) in combination with a high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). According to basidiocarp morphology, the strain M9720 was identified as G. lucidum s.str. whereas M9724 was determined as Ganoderma lingzhi. In molecular phylogenetic analyses, the M9720 ITS and beta-tubulin sequences grouped with sequences of G. lucidum s.str. from Europe whereas those from M9724 clustered with sequences of G. lingzhi from East Asia. We show that an ethanol extract of ground basidiocarps from G. lucidum (M9720) contains much less triterpenic acids than found in the extract of G. lingzhi (M9724). The high amount of triterpenic acids accounts for the bitter taste of the basidiocarps of G. lingzhi (M9724) and of its ethanol extract. Apparently, triterpenic acids of G. lucidum s.str. are analyzed here for the first time. These results demonstrate the importance of taxonomy for commercial use of fungi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mycology, Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturfoschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Electronic address: hennicke@em.uni-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hennicke
authors.affiliation: Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Electronic address: Cheikhali@bio.uni-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Zakaria
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheikh-Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Mycology, Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Electronic address: tim.liebisch@stud.uni-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liebisch
authors.affiliation: Department of Mycology, Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Electronic address: MaciaVicente@em.uni-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Jose G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Maciá-Vicente
authors.affiliation: Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Electronic address: h.bode@bio.uni-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Helge B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Bode
authors.affiliation: Department of Mycology, Cluster for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Institute of Ecology, Evolution, and Diversity, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Electronic address: piepenbring@em.uni-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Meike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piepenbring
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D001530:Belgium; D002681:China; D005060:Europe; D048690:Fruiting Bodies, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry; D032902:Ganoderma / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010802:Phylogeny; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D014315:Triterpenes
keywords: Fungi; Ganoderic acids; Ganoderma lingzhi; Ganoderma lucidum; Ganodermataceae; Ling-zhi; Lingzhi; Polyporales; Reishi; Triterpenic acids