title: Myogenic differentiation potential of human tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells and their potential for use to promote skeletal muscle regeneration.
abstract: Stem cells are regarded as an important source of cells which may be used to promote the regeneration of skeletal muscle (SKM) which has been damaged due to defects in the organization of muscle tissue caused by congenital diseases, trauma or tumor removal. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which require less invasive harvesting techniques, represent a valuable source of cells for stem cell therapy. In the present study, we demonstrated that human tonsil-derived MSCs (T-MSCs) may differentiate into myogenic cells in vitro and that the transplantation of myoblasts and myocytes generated from human T-MSCs mediates the recovery of muscle function in vivo. In order to induce myogenic differentiation, the T-MSC-derived spheres were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEM/F‑12) supplemented with 1 ng/ml transforming growth factor-β, non-essential amino acids and insulin‑transferrin-selenium for 4 days followed by culture in myogenic induction medium [low-glucose DMEM containing 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 10 ng/ml insulin‑like growth factor 1 (IGF1)] for 14 days. The T-MSCs sequentially differentiated into myoblasts and skeletal myocytes, as evidenced by the increased expression of skeletal myogenesis-related markers [including α-actinin, troponin I type 1 (TNNI1) and myogenin] and the formation of myotubes in vitro. The in situ transplantation of T-MSCs into mice with a partial myectomy of the right gastrocnemius muscle enhanced muscle function, as demonstrated by gait assessment (footprint analysis), and restored the shape of SKM without forming teratomas. Thus, T-MSCs may differentiate into myogenic cells and effectively regenerate SKM following injury. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of T-MSCs to promote SKM regeneration following injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Saeyoung
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yoonyoung
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Namhee
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yeonsil
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Ha
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ryu
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Han Su
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Inho
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Ok
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 07985, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sung-Chul
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Jung
mesh_terms: D050156:Adipogenesis; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D024510:Muscle Development; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D010012:Osteogenesis; D014066:Palatine Tonsil / Q000166:cytology*; D012038:Regeneration
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers