title: Multi-centre Raman spectral mapping of oesophageal cancer tissues: a study to assess system transferability.
abstract: The potential for Raman spectroscopy to provide early and improved diagnosis on a wide range of tissue and biopsy samples in situ is well documented. The standard histopathology diagnostic methods of reviewing H&E and/or immunohistochemical (IHC) stained tissue sections provides valuable clinical information, but requires both logistics (review, analysis and interpretation by an expert) and costly processing and reagents. Vibrational spectroscopy offers a complimentary diagnostic tool providing specific and multiplexed information relating to molecular structure and composition, but is not yet used to a significant extent in a clinical setting. One of the challenges for clinical implementation is that each Raman spectrometer system will have different characteristics and therefore spectra are not readily compatible between systems. This is essential for clinical implementation where classification models are used to compare measured biochemical or tissue spectra against a library training dataset. In this study, we demonstrate the development and validation of a classification model to discriminate between adenocarcinoma (AC) and non-cancerous intraepithelial metaplasia (IM) oesophageal tissue samples, measured on three different Raman instruments across three different locations. Spectra were corrected using system transfer spectral correction algorithms including wavenumber shift (offset) correction, instrument response correction and baseline removal. The results from this study indicate that the combined correction methods do minimize the instrument and sample quality variations within and between the instrument sites. However, more tissue samples of varying pathology states and greater tissue area coverage (per sample) are needed to properly assess the ability of Raman spectroscopy and system transferability algorithms over multiple instrument sites.
authors.affiliation: Biophotonics Research Unit and Pathology Department, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK. martini_30@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Isabelle
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Spectroscopy, School of Physics, University of Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dorney
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Biophotonics Research Unit and Pathology Department, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK. martini_30@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.affiliation: Biophotonics Research Unit and Pathology Department, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK. martini_30@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Old
authors.affiliation: Biophotonics Research Unit and Pathology Department, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK. martini_30@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Justo
authors.affiliation: Biophotonics Research Unit and Pathology Department, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK. martini_30@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.affiliation: Spectroscopy Products Division, Renishaw plc, Wotton-Under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Spectroscopy Products Division, Renishaw plc, Wotton-Under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.affiliation: Spectroscopy Products Division, Renishaw plc, Wotton-Under-Edge, Gloucestershire, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohrel
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Spectroscopy, School of Physics, University of Exeter, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: Biophotonics Research Unit and Pathology Department, Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Gloucester, UK. martini_30@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kendall
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*