title: Polyamphoteric flocculants for the enhanced separation of cellular suspensions.
abstract: The efficient concentration and separation of microorganisms from dilute culture suspensions is crucial to the success and productivity of many biotechnological processes. This article presents the design and characterization of polyamphoteric flocculants with a tunable, zwitterionic character for the enhanced separation of biocolloidal suspensions of yeast, wastewater, microalgae, and potentially other cellular systems. The polyamphoteric flocculants have overall molecular charges dependent upon the system pH, thereby providing a strong electrostatic attraction to the diverse but predominantly negatively-charged cellular surfaces of the biological suspensions. The polyamphoteric flocculants with tailored charge character are shown to have higher flocculation efficiencies than comparable cationic polyelectrolytes, and have an enhanced ability to 1) adsorb to the diverse range of charge character in cellular suspensions, 2) operate over an extended range of suspension pHs, and 3) operate at lower flocculant concentrations. These enhanced flocculation properties are shown to arise, perhaps counterintuitively, due to interactions between the negatively-charged functionality on the flocculant and the predominantly negatively-charged biocolloids.
  
  
  
  This article presents the design and characterization of polyamphoteric flocculants for the separations of biocolloidal suspensions of importance in the production of biopharmaceuticals, microalgal cultures for nutraceuticals and biofuels, and wastewater treatment. The polyamphoteric flocculants consist of tunable, mixed charges dependent upon system pH, thereby providing strong electrostatic attraction to the diversely-charged surfaces of cellular suspensions. Enhanced flocculation efficiencies are achieved, as compared to cationic polyelectrolyte flocculants, and result from the ability of polyampholytes to adsorb to a diverse range of charge character and operate over an extended range of pH conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Morrissey
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Chunlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Rebeccah Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Lucjan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Żołnierowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Electronic address: mark.stoykovich@colorado.edu.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Stoykovich
mesh_terms: D005427:Flocculation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D058086:Microalgae; D000071228:Polyelectrolytes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055672:Static Electricity
chemical_list: D000071228:Polyelectrolytes
keywords: Chlorella vulgaris; Flocculation; Polyampholyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Wastewater