title: A single R36Q mutation in the matrix protein of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 reduces virus replication and shedding in pigeons.
abstract: Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) is considered an antigenic and variant of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) that has adapted to pigeons as hosts. However, how this host-specific adaption of PPMV-1 is related to its biological characteristics is unknown. In this study, seven unique amino acids in PPMV-1 that are not present in other APMV-1 strains (n = 39 versus n = 106) were identified. R36 of the M protein was found to be not only a unique amino acid but also a positive-selection site. To investigate the role of R36 in host adaptation, a recombinant PPMV-1 with R36Q mutation was constructed. Our results indicated that the an R36Q mutation significantly attenuates pathogenicity in chickens, viral growth in both chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) and pigeon embryo fibroblasts (PEFs), and virus replication and shedding in pigeons in comparison with the wild-type virus, suggesting that R36 is a key residue that evolved during the adaptation of PPMV-1 in pigeons.
authors.affiliation: Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
authors.forename: Haixu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
authors.forename: Qingqing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Shandong Binzhou Wohua Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Binzhou, 256600, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
authors.forename: Jiajia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
authors.forename: Shunlin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Agri-animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 225300, China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoquan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
authors.forename: Xiaowen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 12 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. xfliu@yzu.edu.cn.|Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. xfliu@yzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Xiufan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D010856:Columbidae / Q000821:virology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D009521:Newcastle Disease / Q000821:virology*; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication; D017201:Virus Shedding
chemical_list: D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins
keywords: Host-specific adaptation; Matrix protein; Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1; R36; Unique amino acid