title: The Prevalence of Diabetes and Prediabetes in the Adult Population of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia--A Community-Based Survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 (T2DM) is believed to be common in Saudi Arabia, but data are limited. In this population survey, we determined the prevalence of T2DM and prediabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative sample among residents aged ≥ 18 years of the city of Jeddah was obtained comprising both Saudi and non-Saudi families (N = 1420). Data on dietary, clinical and socio-demographic characteristics were collected and anthropometric measurements taken. Fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were used to diagnose diabetes and prediabetes employing American Diabetes Association criteria. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with T2DM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age and sex standardized prevalence of prediabetes was 9.0% (95% CI 7.5-10.5); 9.4% (7.1-11.8) in men and 8.6% (6.6-10.6) in women. For DM it was 12.1% (10.7-13.5); 12.9% (10.7-13.5) in men and 11.4% (9.5-13.3) in women. The prevalence based on World Population as standard was 18.3% for DM and 11.9% for prediabetes. The prevalence of DM and prediabetes increased with age. Of people aged ≥50 years 46% of men and 44% of women had DM. Prediabetes and DM were associated with various measures of adiposity. DM was also associated with and family history of dyslipidemia in women, cardiovascular disease in men, and with hypertension, dyslipidemia and family history of diabetes in both sexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age was the strongest predictor of DM and prediabetes followed by obesity. Of people aged 50 years or over almost half had DM and another 10-15% had prediabetes leaving only a small proportion of people in this age group with normoglycemia. Since we did not use an oral glucose tolerance test the true prevalence of DM and prediabetes is thus likely to be even higher than reported here. These results demonstrate the urgent need to develop primary prevention strategies for type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry - Faculty of Medicine- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.|Saudi Diabetes Study Research Group- King Fahd Medical Research Center - King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Suhad M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bahijri
authors.affiliation: Saudi Diabetes Study Research Group- King Fahd Medical Research Center - King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.|Department of Food and Nutrition- Home Economics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hanan A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Jambi
authors.affiliation: Saudi Diabetes Study Research Group- King Fahd Medical Research Center - King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.|Ministry of Health, Public Health Directorate, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Rajaa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Al Raddadi
authors.affiliation: Saudi Diabetes Study Research Group- King Fahd Medical Research Center - King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.|Division of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Mayfield House, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferns
authors.affiliation: Saudi Diabetes Study Research Group- King Fahd Medical Research Center - King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.|Center for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria.|Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait.
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tuomilehto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012529:Saudi Arabia / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult