title: Shape-controlled high cell-density microcapsules by electrodeposition.
abstract: Cell encapsulation within alginate-poly-l-lysine (PLL) microcapsules has been developed to provide a miniaturized three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment with an aqueous core while promoting development of encapsulated cells into high cell-density structures. In this paper, a novel method for fabricating shape-controlled alginate-PLL microcapsules to construct 3D cell structures based on electrodeposition method is provided. Two-dimensional Ca-alginate cell-laden gel membranes were electrodeposited onto a micro-patterned electrode and further detached from the electrode. The PLL was coated onto the gel structures to form alginate-PLL complex as an outer shell and sodium citric solution was utilized to melt the internal alginate to achieve miniaturized 3D microcapsules (sphere, cuboid, and rod shape). By this proposed method, rat liver cells (RLC-18) formed multi-cellular aggregates with high cell-density after cultivation for 2weeks.
  
  
  
  The use of alginate-poly-l-lysine (PLL) microcapsules has shown great potential in fabricating 3D cell structures with high cell density. Despite their success related to their ability to provide a miniaturized microenvironment with an aqueous core, alginate-PLL microcapsules has drawback such as a limited shape-control ability. Because of the mechanism of Ca-induced alginate gel formation, it is still difficult to precisely control the gelation process to produce alginate-PLL microcapsules with specific shape. The present study provides an electrodeposition-based method to generate shape-controlled microcapsules for 3D cell structures. Sphere, cuboid, and rod shaped microcapsules of RLC-18 cells were produced for long-term culture to obtain desired morphologies of cell aggregates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan. Electronic address: liu@robo.mein.nagoya-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Zeyang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education of China, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education of China, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Meijo University, 1-501, Shiogamaguchi, Tenpaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukuda
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002214:Capsules; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002460:Cell Line; D018914:Cells, Immobilized; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D011107:Polylysine / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D002214:Capsules; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D011107:Polylysine; D020723:Glucuronic Acid
keywords: Alginate-PLL; High cell-density structures; Microcapsules; Shape-control; Tissue engineering