title: Continuous Intravenous Morphine Infusion for Severe Dyspnea in Terminally Ill Interstitial Pneumonia Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and safety of continuous morphine infusion for dyspnea in patients with acute exacerbation (AE) of end-stage interstitial pneumonia (IP).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective study. Based on the subjective clinical effectiveness ratings of "good," "moderate," "poor," or "unknown," the efficacy of continuous morphine infusion treatment was evaluated as defined as symptom relief that was "good" or "moderate."
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 22 consecutive opioid-naïve patients who received continuous morphine infusion in the palliative treatment of dyspnea resulting from AE-IP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 22 patients, nine achieved good dyspnea relief, eight had moderate relief, four had a poor response and one response was "unknown" within 24 hours of starting morphine infusion. Using an operational definition of dyspnea relief that was rated "good" or "moderate," the efficacy rate of morphine was 77% (n=17). There was a significant change in the respiratory rate (25 respirations per minute at baseline vs. 17 respirations per minute after 12 hours, p=0.02), however, none of the patients studied had fewer than eight respirations per minute.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that continuous morphine infusion is an effective and safe therapy for severe dyspnea in terminal AE-IP patients without any serious adverse events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Center, Toranomon Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeyasu
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Yui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Kazumasa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murase
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hanada
authors.forename: Hironori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uruga
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takaya
authors.forename: Nasa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morokawa
authors.forename: Kazuma
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kishi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017563:Lung Diseases, Interstitial / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D056152:Respiratory Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019452:Terminally Ill
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine