title: Long mitral valve leaflets determine left ventricular outflow tract obstruction during exercise in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Development of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is important for explaining symptoms and designing management. LVOTO is mostly caused by a combination of septal hypertrophy and systolic anterior movement of the mitral valve (SAM). The aim of the present study was to determine predictors of exercise induced LVOTO in a group of HCM patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed supine exercise Doppler echocardiography, including measurements of LV morphology and function and anterior mitral leaflet length, in 51 mildly symptomatic HCM (septal thickness≥15mm) and compared them with 50 healthy controls. Measurements were made at 1) rest, 2) Valsalva maneuver, 3) peak exercise and 4) post exercise. LVOTO was diagnosed as a LVOT gradient of >30mmHg at rest, after Valsalva and after exercise or ≥50mmHg at peak exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients stopped exercise because of exhaustion. 35% of the patients had resting LVOTO and 48% during Valsalva. At peak exercise, only 37% had LVOTO, who increased to 64% post exercise. Patients who developed LVOTO at peak exercise were more prone to continue having it post exercise (p<0.001), to have attenuated systolic blood pressure rise (p=0.011) and to have long anterior mitral valve leaflets (p<0.001). Backward multiple regression analysis showed the anterior mitral leaflet length as the strongest single independent predictor (β=0.36, p=0.010) for increased LVOT velocities, followed by basal septal thickness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients with HCM, LV outflow tract obstruction seems to be relatively uncommon during exercise but rather occurring minutes after stopping exercise. Exercise LVOTO seems to be determined by long anterior mitral leaflets in addition to the well established septal hypertrophy.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Henein
authors.affiliation: Departments of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arvidsson
authors.affiliation: Departments of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pilebro
authors.affiliation: Surgical and Peri-Operative Sciences, Umeå University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Backman
authors.affiliation: Departments of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stellan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mörner
authors.affiliation: Surgical and Peri-Operative Sciences, Umeå University, Sweden. Electronic address: Per.lindqvist@umu.se.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindqvist
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Anterior mitral leaflet; Exercise echocardiography; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; Obstruction; Systolic anterior motion