title: Recent Advances in Nanosystems and Strategies for Managing Leishmaniasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parasitic infection such as leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, presents a significant global burden which is responsible for high mortality rate especially in less developed countries. Its intracellular nature and disseminated locations of parasite, limited number of chemotherapeutic agents, increasing incidences of resistance to first line drugs and toxicities, pose a great challenge to formulation scientists that have necessitated effective management of leishmanial infection by modulating the delivery of existing drugs. Over the past decade, research on development of alternative treatments such as nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems (nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, liposomes etc.), use of natural products as well as development of antileishmanial vaccine has been extensively investigated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present review focuses on different facets of therapeutic strategies, existing miscellaneous drug delivery systems and approaches intended for management, as well as treatment of the infection, with an objective to summarize the current trends and strategies adopted for antileishmanial therapy in a systematic manner. Moreover, the article encloses an eclectic collection of patents allied to new-fangled chemotherapeutics for antileishmanial therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reported miscellaneous novel drug delivery systems along with the diverse approaches are seem to be precise, secure and relatively effective; and in an outcome, could lead to the new track for management of leishmaniasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, SS Nagar, Mysuru-570 015, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Rudra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vaghela
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, SS Nagar, Mysuru-570 015, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Parthasarathi K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, SS Nagar, Mysuru-570 015, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Riyaz Ali M
authors.initials: RAM
authors.lastname: Osmani
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, SS Nagar, Mysuru-570 015, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Rohit R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Bhosale
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS University, SS Nagar, Mysuru-570 015, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Naga Sravan Kumar Varma
mesh_terms: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007891:Leishmania / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007896:Leishmaniasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000737:chemistry*; D058069:Neglected Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D004337:Drug Carriers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Leishmaniasis; liposomes; nanocarriers; nanoparticles; natural products; patents; therapeutic strategies; vaccine