title: Improving Medication Adherence and Health Care Outcomes in a Commercial Population through a Community Pharmacy.
abstract: The aim was to evaluate the impact of a multifaceted set of medication management interventions offered by a community pharmacy on adherence, health care utilization, and costs within a commercial population. Patients initiating therapy within 16 drug classes from February 7, 2013, to October 6, 2013, were offered various adherence interventions by Walgreens pharmacy. Patients were linked deterministically to IMS medical and prescription databases for 6-month pre- and post-index data analysis. Walgreens patients (intervention) were matched to patients using other pharmacies (control) on drug class, index date, baseline demographics, clinical factors, utilization, and costs. Outcomes were evaluated at the intent-to-treat level using post-index differences and generalized estimating equations (GEE) regression model. Paired t tests (continuous variables) and McNemar's test (dichotomous variables) were used to determine the significance of estimated model coefficients at α = 0.05. The groups (n = 72,410 each) had similar age (47.1 vs. 45.7 years), sex (41.2% vs. 40.2% male), and disease burden (0.52 vs. 0.40 mean Charlson comorbidity index). In the 6-month post-index period, the intervention group had 3.0% greater medication adherence, 1.8% fewer hospital admissions, 2.7% fewer emergency room (ER) visits, and 0.53 fewer mean outpatient visits compared to the control group (all P < 0.0001). The intervention group incurred significantly lower GEE-adjusted pharmacy costs (-$92), outpatient costs (-$120), ER costs (-$38), and total health care costs (-$226.07) (all P < 0.0001), and higher inpatient costs ($86, P < 0.004) per patient. A multifaceted set of medication management interventions offered by a community pharmacy were associated with patients in a commercial population having significantly higher medication adherence and lower health care utilization and costs.
authors.affiliation: 1 Walgreen Co., Health Analysis Research and Reporting , Deerfield, Illinois.
authors.forename: Osayi E
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Akinbosoye
authors.affiliation: 1 Walgreen Co., Health Analysis Research and Reporting , Deerfield, Illinois.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Taitel
authors.affiliation: 1 Walgreen Co., Health Analysis Research and Reporting , Deerfield, Illinois.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grana
authors.affiliation: 2 IMS Health, Health Economics and Outcomes Research , Real World Solutions, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Jerrold
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.affiliation: 2 IMS Health, Health Economics and Outcomes Research , Real World Solutions, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Rolin L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Wade
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000639:trends; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies