title: Effects of Physical Practice and Imagery Practice on Bilateral Transfer in Learning a Sequential Tapping Task.
abstract: Recent research on bilateral transfer suggests that imagery training can facilitate the transfer of motor skill from a trained limb to that of an untrained limb above and beyond that of physical practice. To further explore this effect, the present study examined the influence of practice duration and task difficulty on the extent to which imagery training and physical training influences bilateral transfer of a sequential key pressing task. In experiment 1, participants trained on the key pressing task using their non-dominant arm under one of three conditions (physical practice, imagery practice, and no practice). In a subsequent bilateral transfer test, participants performed the sequential task using their untrained dominant arm in either an original order or mirror-ordered sequence. In experiment 2, the same procedures were followed as in experiment 1 except that participants trained with their dominant arm and performed the bilateral transfer task with their non-dominant arm. Results indicated that with extended practice beyond what has been employed in previous studies, physical practice is more effective at facilitating bilateral transfer compared to training with imagery. Interestingly, significant bilateral transfer was only observed for transfer from the non-dominant to the dominant arm with no differences observed between performing the task in an original or mirror ordered sequence. Overall, these findings suggest that imagery training may benefit bilateral transfer primarily at the initial stages of learning, but with extended training, physical practice leads to larger influences on transfer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Health, & Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Land
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Health, & Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Binya
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Health, & Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cordova
authors.affiliation: College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yufei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Health, & Nutrition, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America.
authors.forename: Wan X
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Yao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy; D009048:Motor Skills; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D055815:Young Adult