title: Warm and dry weather accelerates and elongatesCladosporiumspore seasons in Poland.
abstract: Temperature is the environmental factor that systematically changes for decades and, as in plants and animals, can significantly affect the growth and development of fungi, including the abundance of their sporulation. During the time of study (2010-2012), a rapid increase in air temperature was observed in Poland, which coincided with the substantial decrease in rainfall. The increase in annual mean temperatures at three monitoring sites of this study was 0.9 °C in Lublin and Rzeszow (east Poland) and 2.0 °C in Poznan (west Poland). Such warming of air masses was comparable to the average global air temperature rise in the period of 1880-2012 accounting for 0.85 °C, as reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Moreover, there was a substantial decrease in rainfall, ranging from 32.7 % (Poznan) to 43.0 % (Rzeszow). We have demonstrated that under such conditions the mean and median values of totalCladosporiumspore counts significantly increased and the spore seasons were greatly accelerated. Moreover, earlier start and later end of the season caused its extension, lasting from over 20 days in Rzeszow to around 60 days in Lublin and Poznan, when the cumulative amount of 5-95 % of spores was considered. The time of reaching the cumulative amount of 50 % of spores was up to 25 days earlier (difference in Poznan between 2010 and 2012). There was also a striking acceleration of the date of the maximalCladosporiumspore concentration per cubic metre of air (26 days for Lublin, 43 for Poznan and 56 for Rzeszow).
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rzeszow, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland.
authors.forename: Idalia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kasprzyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Krasnicka 2cd, 20-718 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Boguslaw Michal
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Kaszewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Lublin University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Elzbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Weryszko-Chmielewska
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Aeropalynology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Lublin University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sulborska
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaczmarek
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Aeropalynology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szymanska
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Lublin University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
authors.forename: Weronika
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Haratym
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 34, 60-479 Poznan, Poland.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jedryczka
keywords: Climate change; Environment; Hirst-type spore sampler; Temperature rise; Weather conditions