title: The effect of miscellaneous oral dosage forms on the environmental pollution of sulfonamides in pig holdings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to antibiotic treatment of humans and animals, the prevalence of bacterial resistances increases worldwide. Especially in livestock farming, large quantities of faeces contaminated with antibiotics pose a risk of the carryover of the active ingredient to the environment. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was the evaluation of the benefit of different oral dosage forms (powder, pellets, granula) in pigs concerning the environmental pollution of sulfadiazine. Two subtherapeutic dosages were evaluated in powder mixtures to gain information about their potential to pollute the pig barn. Furthermore, a new group of pigs was kept in the stable after powder feeding of another pig group to determine the possible absorption of environmentally distributed antibiotics. Pigs were orally treated with three dosage forms. Simultaneously, sedimentation and airborne dust were collected and plasma and urine levels were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All formulations result in comparable plasma and urine levels, but massive differences in environmental pollution (powder > pellets, granula). Pigs housing in a contaminated barn exhibit traces of sulfadiazine in plasma and urine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using pharmaceutical formulations like pellets or granula, the environmental pollution of sulfonamides can significantly be diminished due to massive dust reduction during feeding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. jessica.stahl@tiho-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stahl
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zessel
authors.affiliation: Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.affiliation: Institut Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 1, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan Henrik
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Finke
authors.affiliation: Institut Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstr. 1, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Christel Charlotte
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Müller-Goymann
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kietzmann
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D004339:Drug Compounding / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D004391:Dust; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D013449:Sulfonamides
keywords: Antibiotic residues; Dust; Environmental pollution; Pigs; Sulfonamides