title: Photoreactivation and dark repair of environmental E. coli strains following 24 kHz continuous ultrasound and UV-C irradiation.
abstract: In this study, effects of 24 kHz continuous ultrasound and UV-C on inactivation and potential repair of environmental E. coli strains were studied through a culture based method and a metabolic activity assay. Three environmental E. coli strains isolated from fecal samples of feral hog and deer and treated wastewater effluent were studied and compared with a laboratory E. coli strain (ATCC® 10798). Metabolic activity of E. coli cells during the inactivation and repair period was assessed using the AlamarBlue® assay. Transmission electron microscopy assays were also performed to evaluate morphological damage of bacterial cell wall. After 24 h of photoreactivation period, laboratory E. coli strain (ATCC® 10798) reactivated by 30% and 42% in contrast to E. coli isolate from treated wastewater effluent, which reactivated by 53% and 82% after ultrasound and UV-C treatment, respectively. Possible shearing and reduction in cell size of E. coli strains exposed to ultrasound was revealed by transmission electron micrographs. Metabolic activity of E. coli strains was greatly reduced due to morphological damage to cell membrane caused by 24 kHz continuous ultrasound. Based upon experimental data and TEM micrographs, it could be concluded that ultrasound irradiation has potential in advanced water treatment and water reuse applications.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Jasjeet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: a Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Raghupathy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karthikeyan
authors.affiliation: b National Center for Electron Beam Research, Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Suresh D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Pillai
mesh_terms: D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D062065:Wastewater / Q000382:microbiology; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Disinfection; indicator organisms; ultraviolet irradiation; water quality