title: Characterization of progenitor cells derived from torn human rotator cuff tendons by gene expression patterns of chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and adipogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is important to regenerate the tendon-to-bone interface after rotator cuff repair to prevent re-tears. The cells from torn human rotator cuff were targeted, and their capacity for multilineage differentiation was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The edges of the rotator cuff were harvested during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair from nine patients, minced into pieces, and cultured on dishes. Adherent cells were cultured, phenotypically characterized. Then expandability, differentiation potential and gene expression were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flow cytometry revealed that the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)-related markers CD29, CD44, CD105, and CD166 were positive. However, CD14, CD34, and CD45 were negative. On RT-PCR analyses, the cells showed osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic potential after 3 weeks of culture under the respective differentiation conditions. In addition, SOX9, type II collagen, and type X collagen expression patterns during chondrogenesis were similar to those of endochondral ossification at the enthesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cells derived from torn human rotator cuff are multipotent mesenchymal stem cells with the ability to undergo multilineage differentiation, suggesting that MSCs form this tissue could be regenerative capacity for potential self-repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe Rosai Hospital, 4-1-23 Kagoike-dori, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 651-0053, Japan. surf-trip@ams.odn.ne.jp.|Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan. surf-trip@ams.odn.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Issei
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nagura
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kokubu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mifune
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Atsuyuki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Inui
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumiaki
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Takase
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurosaka
mesh_terms: D050156:Adipogenesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000368:Aged; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000473:pathology*; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries
keywords: Chondrogenic differentiation; Enthesis; Human rotator cuff; Multilineage potential