title: Bilosomes in the context of oral immunization: development, challenges and opportunities.
abstract: Oral administration remains the most favored means of drug administration as far as patient compliance is concerned. For the majority of vaccines and biologics, the oral route is not a good choice because of diminished uptake of the administered dose. Vesicular carriers like liposomes and niosomes are among the potential candidates for vaccine delivery by the oral route but their instability in the gastrointestinal environment is a problem. Bilosomes represent a key advance in oral vaccine delivery because they are more resistant to disruption by gastric acid as well as enzymes. Here, we focus on different aspects of bilosomes including composition, developmental techniques, stability, transitional modifications and scale-up - emphasizing their biomedical potential in oral immunization against various diseases.
authors.affiliation: University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
authors.forename: Anshuman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Adina Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar 470002, India.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. Electronic address: prashantdops@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kesharwani
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000379:methods*; D008081:Liposomes; D010581:Peyer's Patches / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D008081:Liposomes