title: Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of oxaloacetate 100 mg capsules in Alzheimer's subjects.
abstract: Bioenergetics and bioenergetic-related functions are altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects. These alterations represent therapeutic targets and provide an underlying rationale for modifying brain bioenergetics in AD-affected persons. Preclinical studies in cultured cells and mice found that administering oxaloacetate (OAA), a Krebs cycle and gluconeogenesis intermediate, enhanced bioenergetic fluxes and upregulated some brain bioenergetic infrastructure-related parameters. We therefore conducted a study to provide initial data on the tolerability and pharmacokinetics of OAA in AD subjects. Six AD subjects received OAA 100 mg capsules twice a day for one month. The intervention was well-tolerated. Blood level measurements following ingestion of a 100 mg OAA capsule showed modest increases in OAA concentrations, but pharmacokinetic analyses were complicated by relatively high amounts of endogenous OAA. We conclude that OAA 100 mg capsules twice per day for one month are safe in AD subjects but do not result in a consistent and clear increase in the OAA blood level, thus necessitating future clinical studies to evaluate higher doses.
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Russell H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Swerdlow
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bothwell
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Lewis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hutfles
authors.affiliation: University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Reed
keywords: AD, Alzheimer's disease; ADASCog, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subset; AUC, area under the curve; Alzheimer's disease; CBC, complete blood count; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; COX, cytochrome oxidase; Clinical trial; FDG PET, fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IP, intraperitoneal; KU ADC, University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center; LC–MS/MS, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; LFT, liver function tests; MMSE, mini-mental state exam; Mitochondria; OAA, oxaloacetate; Oxaloacetate; PGC1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator; PK, pharmacokinetic; Pharmacokinetics; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA