title: Type II endoleaks: challenges and solutions.
abstract: Type II endoleaks are the most common endovascular complications of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR); however, there has been a divided opinion regarding their significance in EVAR. Some advocate a conservative approach unless there is clear evidence of sac expansion, while others maintain early intervention is best to prevent adverse late outcomes such as rupture. There is a lack of level-one evidence in this challenging group of patients, and due to a low event rate of complications, large numbers of patients would be required in well-designed trials to fully understand the natural history of type II endoleak. This review will discuss the imaging, management, and outcome of patients with isolated type II endoleaks following infra-renal EVAR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Greta K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Saggu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bown
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Sayers
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK; Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sidloff
mesh_terms: D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D001027:Aortography / Q000379:methods; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects; D057867:Endoleak / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D012086:Reoperation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
keywords: aorta; embolization; endograft; endoleak; endovascular