title: Detection of Salmonella spp. from chevon, mutton and its environment in retail meat shops in Anand city (Gujarat), India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was (i) To attempt isolation and identification of Salmonella species from samples. (ii) Serotyping of Salmonella isolates. (iii) Detection of virulence factor associated genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 284 samples comprised of chevon and mutton (112 samples each) as well as 60 samples (20 each of retail meat shops environment samples viz. Butchers' hands, knives and log swabs) were collected from the retail meat shops in and around Anand City under aseptic precautions. Rappaport-vassiliadis soy bean meal broth and tetrathionate broth was used for the enrichment of all the samples and inoculation was done on brilliant green agar and xylose lysine deoxycholate agar. This was followed by the confirmation of isolates using biochemical tests. For the serotyping, isolates were sent to the National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre, Central Research Institute, Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh. Detection of virulence genes was performed by PCR technique using previously reported primer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 284 meats and retail meat shops environment samples, 13 (4.58%) samples were found positive for Salmonella. It was interesting to know that incidence of Salmonella was more in mutton (6.25%) than chevon (3.57%). In case of meat shop environmental samples 1 (5.00%) sample observed positive for Salmonella separately among the butchers' hands and knives swabs (Each of 20 samples) examined. Out of 13, eleven isolates detected as Salmonella Typhimurium, whereas only two isolates were detected as Salmonella Enteritidis. All Salmonella isolates possess invA and stn genes, whereas nine isolates had a presence of spvR gene while only five of the isolates revealed the presence of spvC gene as shown by in vitro detection of virulence genes by PCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, might be suggested that the good hygiene practices and effective control measures should be taken to encourage clean meat production with prolonged shelf-life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Anand Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Makwana
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Anand Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Nayak
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Anand Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Brahmbhatt
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Anand Veterinary College, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
keywords: Salmonella spp; food safety; meat; prevalence; serotype