title: [Comparison of the modified Hodge test and the Carba NP test for detection of carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae isolates].
abstract: A rapid, practical, and accurate identification of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates is crucial for the implementation of appropriate infection control measures and proper treatment of the infections. For this purpose, a large number of phenotypic test methods have been developed, although none has 100% sensitivity and specificity. Variations in sensitivity and specificity of these tests based on the type of beta-lactamase enzymes carried by that isolates might result in differences between regions and countries. The aim of this study was to compare the performances of widely used modified Hodge test (MHT) and Carbapenemase Nordmann-Poirel (Carba NP) test in the detection of carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae family members. A total of 65 Enterobacteriaceae isolates (43 bla(OXA-48), 10 bla(VIM), 9 bla(IMP), 1 bla(NDM-1), 1 bla(KPC-2) and 1 bla(OXA-48)+bla(VIM) carrying strains) that showed decreased sensitivity to at least one carbapenem (ertapenem, imipenem or meropenem), and carriage of carbapenemase gene confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), were included in the study. Seventy-eight isolates showing decreased susceptibility to carbapenems but lacking carbapenemase genes were used as controls. All isolates were identified by using conventional methods as well as automated BD Phoenix System (Becton Dickinson, USA). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the same automated system, and was confirmed by disk diffusion method. Results were evaluated according to the CLSI criteria. MHT was performed in accordance with the CLSI guideline, and Carba NP test was carried out by a modified protocol. Instead of imipenem monohydrate, which was used in the original protocol, 6 mg/ml imipenem/cilastatin was used in the modified protocol. In the study, MHT identified 90.8% (59/65) of carbapenemase-producing isolates, while 93.9% (61/65) of the isolates were identified by Carba NP test. With MHT, four Klebsiella pneumoniae producing OXA-48, one Escherichia coli producing IMP, and one K.pneumoniae producing NDM-1, and with Carba NP test, one E.coli and one K.pneumoniae producing OXA-48, one E.coli producing IMP, and one Enterobacter cloacae producing VIM could not de detected. Three OXA-48-producing isolates (two K.pneumoniae and one E.coli) yielded late and weak positive results with Carba NP test. MHT had false positivity for 31 isolates, while Carba NP test showed no false positivity. In comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of the two tests, sensitivities were found to be similar although the Carba NP has a slightly higher sensitivity than the MHT (93.9% versus 90.8%, respectively; p= 0.754), Carba NP was found more specific (100% versus 60.3%, respectively; p< 0.0001). With Carba NP test, 26% of the isolates (n= 16) were positive within 15 minutes, and 85% (n= 52) were positive within the first hour. It was concluded that, Carba NP test showed high sensitivity and specificity than the MHT and the results can be obtained more rapidly for the presence of carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae. The use of MHT alone is not recommended to confirm the presence of carbapenemases produced by Enterobacteriaceae. On the other hand Carba NP test can be used for this purpose, however molecular analysis should be considered for suspicious negative results.
authors.affiliation: Karadeniz Technical University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Trabzon, Turkey. gulcinbay@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Gülçin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bayramoğlu
authors.forename: Gülşen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Uluçam
authors.forename: Çiğdem
authors.initials: Ç
authors.lastname: Gençoğlu Özgür
authors.forename: Ali Osman
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Kılıç
authors.forename: Faruk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aydın
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology; D015377:Cilastatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D057075:Enzyme Assays / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D015378:Imipenem / Q000494:pharmacology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010641:Phenotype; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D015780:Carbapenems; D015377:Cilastatin; D015378:Imipenem; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C063912:carbapenemase