title: Persimmon vinegar and its fractions protect against alcohol-induced hepatic injury in rats through the suppression of CYP2E1 expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Medical therapies for alcohol-induced liver disease are often difficult to handle and limited in efficacy.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In an attempt to find natural therapeutics, here, we investigate the preventive effect of persimmon vinegar (PV) and its fractions against alcohol-induced hepatic injury, in addition to the underlying mechanism, in rats chronically administered with alcohol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups (n = 8 per group); normal control (NC), ethanol control (EC), ethanol + PV, ethanol + water-insoluble PV fraction (PI) and ethanol + water-soluble PV fraction (PS). PV, PI or PS was orally administrated at the level of 100 mg/kg B.W by oral gavage every day for 4 weeks prior to ethanol administration. The liver sections were stained with hematoxylin & eosin and gene expression was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After a 4-week treatment, histological observation revealed that PV and its fractions mitigated alcohol-induced changes in the liver. CYP2E1 expression was significantly increased in the EC group compared with the NC group, but was significantly suppressed in the PV group compared with the EC group (p = 0.044). We also found significant decreases in hepatic mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12β, toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in the PV-, PI- and PS-treated groups compared with those of the EC group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, the present findings suggest that PV and its fractions hold great promise as natural remedies with anti-inflammatory activities that alleviate alcohol-induced liver damage.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management , Ewha Womans University , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management , Ewha Womans University , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Min Young
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: b BioFood Network , Ewha Womans University , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Joohee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science , Eulji University , Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do , Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: d Department of Biomedical Science , Cheongju University , Cheongju , Chungbuk , Korea.
authors.forename: Kyoung Sik
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management , Ewha Womans University , Seoul , Korea.|b BioFood Network , Ewha Womans University , Seoul , Korea.
authors.forename: Oran
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kwon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D065691:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029788:Diospyros; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008108:Liver Diseases, Alcoholic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D065691:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 Inhibitors; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D010936:Plant Extracts; D020011:Protective Agents; C495347:Tlr4 protein, rat; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4
keywords: Alcoholic liver disease; anti-inflammatory activity; gene expression; inflammatory mediators; oxidative stress