title: Prevalence of passive smoking in the community population aged 15 years and older in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence and distribution of passive smoking in the community population aged 15 years and older in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies reporting the prevalence of passive smoking in China and a series of subgroup, trend and sensitivity analyses were conducted in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The systematic review and meta-analysis, which included 46 studies with 381,580 non-smokers, estimated the prevalence and distribution of passive smoking in China. All studies were published between 1997 and 2015.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pooled prevalence of passive smoking was 48.7% (95% CI 44.8% to 52.5%) and was relatively stable from 1995 to 2013. The prevalence in the subgroups of gender, area, age and time varied from 35.1% (95% CI 31.8% to 38.3%) in the elderly (≥60 years) to 48.6% (95% CI 42.9% to 54.2%) in urban areas. The prevalence was lower in the elderly (≥60 years) than in those between 15 and 59 years of age (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.44 to 1.81). The difference between females and males in urban and rural areas was not statistically significant (OR: 1.27, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.74 and OR: 1.14, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.58, respectively). In addition, a significantly increasing trend was found among males from 2002 to 2010. Heterogeneity was high in all pooled estimates (I(2)>98%, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The high and stable prevalence of passive smoking in China is raising increasing national concern regarding specific research and tobacco control programmes. Attention should be focused on young, middle-aged and male non-smokers regardless of region.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China Jinan Military Area CDC, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Shanshan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yiyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Acupuncture, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China Beijing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Geriatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China State Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012424:Rural Population; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D064424:Tobacco Use / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Chinese; meta-analysis; passive smoking