title: Subjective happiness among mothers of children with disabilities: The role of stress, attachment, guilt and social support.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parenting a child with disabilities might affect the happiness of the mothers. Hence we adapted Wallander, Varni, Babani, Banis, and Wilcox's (1989) disability-stress-coping model to examine the impact of risk factors (specific stressors related to the child's disability) on the mother's adaptation (happiness). Intrapersonal factors (attachment) and social-ecological factors (social support) were hypothesized to predict adaptation. Both constitute 'risk-resistant' factors, which are mediated by the mother's perceived general stress and guilt.
  
  
  METHODS
  191 mothers of a child with a developmental disability (ages 3-7) answered questionnaires on happiness, specific and general stress, attachment, guilt and social support.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attachment avoidance was directly and negatively associated with mothers' happiness. General stress was negatively associated with happiness, and mediated the association between anxious attachment, support, and specific stress with happiness. Guilt was negatively associated with happiness, and served as a mediator between attachment anxiety and support and happiness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of the current research show direct and indirect associations of risk factors with happiness and the role of general stress and feelings of guilt as mediators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study stresses the importance of attachment and social support to happiness and sheds light on the unique role of guilt in promoting or inhibiting happiness.
authors.affiliation: The Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel. Electronic address: findler@biu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Liora
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Findler
authors.affiliation: Sheba Medical Center, Israel.
authors.forename: Ayelet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Klein Jacoby
authors.affiliation: Sheba Medical Center, Israel.
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gabis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001321:Autistic Disorder; D002547:Cerebral Palsy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities; D006167:Guilt; D006240:Happiness; D034381:Hearing Loss; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability; D009034:Mother-Child Relations / Q000523:psychology; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009769:Object Attachment; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Children with disabilities; Happiness; Mothers