title: Arterial Stiffness, BMI, Dipping Status and ACE D/I Polymorphism in Type 1 Diabetic Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  of the study was to investigate clinical and genetic determinants of arterial stiffness in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  122 patients (mean age: 16.0±2.35 years), with an average diabetes duration of 5.0 years and without evidence of arterial hypertension were recruited. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) was assessed with 24-h automatic blood pressure monitoring. Body weight, height, HbA1c and plasma lipids were measured. Angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion (I)/deletion (D) polymorphism was analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean AASI equalled 0.22±0.20 and showed significant, positive correlation with age and BMI-SDS. No association was found between AASI and gender, diabetes duration, daily insulin dose, HbA1c and blood lipids concentration. AASI was higher in non-dippers compared to dippers (0.26±0.18 vs. 0.19±0.18, respectively; p=0.04). In a multivariate model AASI was significantly associated with II homozygosity of ACE gene (p=0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In type 1 diabetic children and adolescents AASI is correlated with age and BMI-SDS. Non-dipping status and I-allele were associated with higher arterial stiffness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Haematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pietrzak
authors.affiliation: Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fendler
authors.affiliation: Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dróżdż
authors.affiliation: Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mianowska
authors.affiliation: Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Młynarski
authors.affiliation: Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szadkowska
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A