title: Enzymes Enhance Biofilm Removal Efficiency of Cleaners.
abstract: Efficient removal of biofilms from medical devices is a big challenge in health care to avoid hospital-acquired infections, especially from delicate devices like flexible endoscopes, which cannot be reprocessed using harsh chemicals or high temperatures. Therefore, milder solutions such as enzymatic cleaners have to be used, which need to be carefully developed to ensure efficacious performance. In vitro biofilm in a 96-well-plate system was used to select and optimize the formulation of novel enzymatic cleaners. Removal of the biofilm was quantified by crystal violet staining, while the disinfecting properties were evaluated by a BacTiter-Glo assay. The biofilm removal efficacy of the selected cleaner was further tested by using European standard (EN) for endoscope cleaning EN ISO 15883, and removal of artificial blood soil was investigated by treating TOSI (Test Object Surgical Instrument) cleaning indicators. Using the process described here, a novel enzymatic endoscope cleaner was developed, which removed 95% of Staphylococcus aureus and 90% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in the 96-well plate system. With a >99% reduction of CFU and a >90% reduction of extracellular polymeric substances, this cleaner enabled subsequent complete disinfection and fulfilled acceptance criteria of EN ISO 15883. Furthermore, it efficiently removed blood soil and significantly outperformed comparable commercial products. The cleaning performance was stable even after storage of the cleaner for 6 months. It was demonstrated that incorporation of appropriate enzymes into the cleaner enhanced performance significantly.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stiefel
authors.affiliation: Borer Chemie AG, Zuchwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mauerhofer
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maniura-Weber
authors.affiliation: Borer Chemie AG, Zuchwil, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland qun.ren@empa.ch.
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ren
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D003851:Deoxyribonucleases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003902:Detergents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection; D019723:Endoscopes / Q000382:microbiology; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D006801:Humans; D008049:Lipase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D004202:Disinfectants; D011134:Polysaccharides; D003851:Deoxyribonucleases; D008049:Lipase; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases