title: Economic impact study: neuromuscular training reduces the burden of injuries and costs compared to standard warm-up in youth soccer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is randomised controlled trial (RCT) evidence that neuromuscular training (NMT) programmes can reduce the risk of injury in youth soccer. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of such an NMT prevention strategy compared to a standard of practice warm-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted alongside a cluster RCT. Injury incidence rates were adjusted for cluster using Poisson regression analyses. Direct healthcare costs and injury incidence proportions were adjusted for cluster using bootstrapping. The joint uncertainty surrounding the cost and injury rate and proportion differences was estimated using bootstrapping with 10 000 replicates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Along with a 38% reduction in injury risk (rate difference=-1.27/1000 player hours (95% CI -0.33 to -2.2)), healthcare costs were reduced by 43% in the NMT group (-$689/1000 player hours (95% CI -$1741 to $234)) compared with the control group. 90% of the bootstrapped ratios were in the south-west quadrant of the cost-effectiveness plane, showing that the NMT programme was dominant (more effective and less costly) over standard warm-up. Projecting results onto 58 100 Alberta youth soccer players, an estimated 4965 injuries and over $2.7 million in healthcare costs would be conservatively avoided in one season with implementation of a neuromuscular training prevention programme.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of an NMT prevention programme in youth soccer is effective in reducing the burden of injury and leads to considerable reduction in costs. These findings inform practice and policy supporting the implementation of NMT prevention strategies in youth soccer nationally and internationally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.|Alberta Bone & Joint Health Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.|McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopatina
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.|Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lacny
authors.affiliation: McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.|Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Roger Jackson Centre for Health and Wellness Research, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.|Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Carolyn A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Emery
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000416:Alberta; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000191:economics* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012916:Soccer / Q000293:injuries*; D063996:Warm-Up Exercise
keywords: Injuries; Injury; Injury prevention; Soccer