title: Rational Design of Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Cavitation and Cell Perforation.
abstract: Metallic nanoparticles are routinely used as nanoscale antenna capable of absorbing and converting photon energy with subwavelength resolution. Many applications, notably in nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology, benefit from the enhanced optical properties of these materials, which can be exploited to image, damage, or destroy targeted cells and subcellular structures with unprecedented precision. Modern inorganic chemistry enables the synthesis of a large library of nanoparticles with an increasing variety of shapes, composition, and optical characteristic. However, identifying and tailoring nanoparticles morphology to specific applications remains challenging and limits the development of efficient nanoplasmonic technologies. In this work, we report a strategy for the rational design of gold plasmonic nanoshells (AuNS) for the efficient ultrafast laser-based nanoscale bubble generation and cell membrane perforation, which constitute one of the most crucial challenges toward the development of effective gene therapy treatments. We design an in silico rational design framework that we use to tune AuNS morphology to simultaneously optimize for the reduction of the cavitation threshold while preserving the particle structural integrity. Our optimization procedure yields optimal AuNS that are slightly detuned compared to their plasmonic resonance conditions with an optical breakdown threshold 30% lower than randomly selected AuNS and 13% lower compared to similarly optimized gold nanoparticles (AuNP). This design strategy is validated using time-resolved bubble spectroscopy, shadowgraphy imaging and electron microscopy that confirm the particle structural integrity and a reduction of 51% of the cavitation threshold relative to optimal AuNP. Rationally designed AuNS are finally used to perforate cancer cells with an efficiency of 61%, using 33% less energy compared to AuNP, which demonstrate that our rational design framework is readily transferable to a cell environment. The methodology developed here thus provides a general strategy for the systematic design of nanoparticles for nanomedical applications and should be broadly applicable to bioimaging and cell nanosurgery.
authors.affiliation: Laser Processing and Plasmonics Laboratory, Engineering Physics Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal , Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada.
authors.forename: Rémi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lachaine
authors.affiliation: Laser Processing and Plasmonics Laboratory, Engineering Physics Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal , Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada.|School of Physics and Astronomy, SUPA, University of St. Andrews , North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boutopoulos
authors.affiliation: Laser Processing and Plasmonics Laboratory, Engineering Physics Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal , Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada.
authors.forename: Pierre-Yves
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Lajoie
authors.affiliation: Laser Processing and Plasmonics Laboratory, Engineering Physics Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal , Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada.|Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada.
authors.forename: Étienne
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Boulais
authors.affiliation: Laser Processing and Plasmonics Laboratory, Engineering Physics Department, École Polytechnique de Montréal , Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meunier
mesh_terms: D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D002470:Cell Survival; D005260:Female; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D050997:Nanomedicine; D057145:Nanoshells / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D020349:Surface Plasmon Resonance; D013499:Surface Properties; D013816:Thermodynamics
chemical_list: D006046:Gold; D012822:Silicon Dioxide
keywords: Plasmon; cell nanosurgery; nanobubble; nanoshell; optoporation; ultrafast laser