title: Ultrasonographic assessment of the equine palmar tendons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was conducted to evaluate the equine palmar tendon by ultrasonography (USG) in standing the position.
  
  
  METHODS
  USG of palmar tendons was performed in 40 adult horses using linear transducer having frequency of 10-18 MHz (e-soate, My Lab FIVE) and L52 linear array transducer (Titan, SonoSite) with frequencies ranging from 8 to 10 MHz. Palmar tendon was divided into 7 levels from distal to accessory carpal bone up to ergot in transverse scanning and 3 levels in longitudinal scanning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The USG evaluation was very useful for diagnosis of affections of the conditions such as chronic bowed tendon, suspensory ligament desmitis, carpal sheath tenosynovitis and digital sheath effusions. The mean cross-sectional area (cm(2)) of affected tendons was significantly increased in affected than normal tendons. The echogenicity was also found reduced in affected tendons and ligaments along with disorganization of fiber alignment depending on the severity of lesion and injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  USG proved ideal diagnostic tool for diagnosis and post-treatment healing assessment of tendon injuries in horses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388 001, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: N R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Padaliya
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388 001, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ranpariya
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388 001, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Dharmendra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388 001, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Javia
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand-388 001, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Barvalia
keywords: cross-sectional area; deep digital flexor tendon; horses; superficial digital flexor tendon; tendon; ultrasonography