title: Biotransformation of Daclatasvir In Vitro and in Nonclinical Species: Formation of the Main Metabolite by Pyrrolidine δ-Oxidation and Rearrangement.
abstract: Daclatasvir is a first-in-class, potent, and selective inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A replication complex. In support of nonclinical studies during discovery and exploratory development, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance were used in connection with synthetic and radiosynthetic approaches to investigate the biotransformation of daclatasvir in vitro and in cynomolgus monkeys, dogs, mice, and rats. The results of these studies indicated that disposition of daclatasvir was accomplished mainly by the release of unchanged daclatasvir into bile and feces and, secondarily, by oxidative metabolism. Cytochrome P450s were the main enzymes involved in the metabolism of daclatasvir. Oxidative pathways included δ-oxidation of the pyrrolidine moiety, resulting in ring opening to an aminoaldehyde intermediate followed by an intramolecular reaction between the aldehyde and the proximal imidazole nitrogen atom. Despite robust formation of the resulting metabolite in multiple systems, rates of covalent binding to protein associated with metabolism of daclatasvir were modest (55.2-67.8 pmol/mg/h) in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form)-supplemented liver microsomes (human, monkey, rat), suggesting that intramolecular rearrangement was favored over intermolecular binding in the formation of this metabolite. This biotransformation profile supported the continued development of daclatasvir, which is now marketed for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Wenying
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Omar D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Leet
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: R Marcus
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Fancher
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Van
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goodrich
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Easter
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Caceres-Cortes
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Shu Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Makonen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Belema
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Lawrence G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Hamann
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Mingshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Yue-Zhong
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut.
authors.forename: W Griffith
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Humphreys
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization (W.L., W.Z., X.L., X.H., R.M.F., J.C.-C., S.Y.C., L.M., M.Z., Y.-Z.S., W.G.H., B.M.J.), Synthesis and Analysis Technology Team (J.E.L.), Virology (M.G.), and Chemistry (O.D.L., V.N., J.G., J.E., Y.H., M.B., L.G.H.), Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut benjamin.m.johnson@bms.com.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000378:metabolism; D001711:Biotransformation / Q000502:physiology*; D002219:Carbamates; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D000882:Haplorhini; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000378:metabolism*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011759:Pyrrolidines / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014633:Valine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D007093:Imidazoles; D011759:Pyrrolidines; C029899:imidazole; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D014633:Valine; C549273:daclatasvir; C032519:pyrrolidine