title: SERS as a tool for in vitro toxicology.
abstract: Measuring markers of stress such as pH and redox potential are important when studying toxicology in in vitro models because they are markers of oxidative stress, apoptosis and viability. While surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy is ideally suited to the measurement of redox potential and pH in live cells, the time-intensive nature and perceived difficulty in signal analysis and interpretation can be a barrier to its broad uptake by the biological community. In this paper we detail the development of signal processing and analysis algorithms that allow SERS spectra to be automatically processed so that the output of the processing is a pH or redox potential value. By automating signal processing we were able to carry out a comparative evaluation of the toxicology of silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles and correlate our findings with qPCR analysis. The combination of these two analytical techniques sheds light on the differences in toxicology between these two materials from the perspective of oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK. colin.campbell@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kate M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McLeish
authors.affiliation: EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK. colin.campbell@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Jamieson
authors.affiliation: EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK. colin.campbell@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Institute for Digital Communications, Joint Research Institute for Signal and Image Processing, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, UK.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hopgood
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.affiliation: EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK. colin.campbell@ed.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Colin J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D012834:Silver; D015034:Zinc Oxide