title: Balloon-Assisted Microdissection "BAM" Technique for Balloon-Uncrossable Chronic Total Occlusions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After successful guidewire passage, failure to cross the occluded segment with a balloon is the most common cause of procedural failure in coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) intervention. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the balloon-assisted microdissection (BAM) technique for treating these complex balloon-uncrossable lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified consecutive cases treated with BAM for balloon-uncrossable CTOs between January 2012 and February 2015 at two experienced CTO percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) centers and reviewed their clinical and angiographic characteristics and procedural outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, a total of 17 patients had BAM performed for balloon-uncrossable CTOs. Mean age was 65.5 ± 8.7 years and 94% of patients were males who often had prior myocardial infarction, PCI, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The most common CTO target vessel was the right coronary artery. Mean J-CTO score was 2.6 ± 1.1. Despite high lesion complexity, overall procedural success was 94% and BAM facilitated success in approximately one-half of these cases. All BAM failure cases except 1 were successfully recanalized utilizing additional techniques. No patient experienced a major complication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BAM is a simple, inexpensive, and safe technique that can facilitate crossing of balloon-uncrossable CTOs and can be considered as first-line treatment for these complex lesions.
authors.forename: Minh N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Vo
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Christopoulos
authors.forename: Dimitri
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Karmpaliotis
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: J Aaron
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Grantham
authors.affiliation: Dallas VA Medical Center (111A), 4500 South Lancaster Road, Dallas, TX 75216 USA. esbrilakis@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Emmanouil S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Brilakis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D002170:Canada; D062906:Cardiac Catheters; D002908:Chronic Disease; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods; D054059:Coronary Occlusion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States