title: Juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus) increase their anaerobic metabolism in response to copper exposure in laboratory conditions.
abstract: This study aims to determine the potential impairment of cell energy synthesis processes (glycolysis and respiratory chain pathways) by copper in juvenile roach at different regulation levels by using a multi-marker approach. Juvenile roach were exposed to 0, 10, 50, and 100 µg/L of copper for 7 days in laboratory conditions. The glycolysis pathway was assessed by measuring the relative expression levels of 4 genes encoding glycolysis enzymes. The respiratory chain was studied by assessing the electron transport system and cytochrome c oxidase gene expression. Muscle mitochondria ultrastructure was studied, and antioxidant responses were measured. Furthermore, the main energy reserves-carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins-were measured, and cellular energy was evaluated by measuring ATP, ADP, AMP and IMP concentrations. This study revealed a disturbance of the cell energy metabolism due to copper exposure, with a significant decrease in adenylate energy charge in roach exposed to 10 μg/L of copper after 1 day. Moreover, ATP concentrations significantly decreased in roach exposed to 10 μg/L of copper after 1 day. This significant decrease persisted in roach exposed to 50 µg/L of copper after 7 days. AMP concentrations increased in all contaminated fish after 1 day of exposure. In parallel, the relative expression of 3 genes encoding for glycolysis enzymes increased in all contaminated fish after 1 day of copper exposure. Focusing on the respiratory chain, cytochrome c oxidase gene expression also increased in all contaminated fish at the two time-points. The activity of the electron transport system was not disturbed by copper, except in roach exposed to 100 µg/L of copper after 1 day. Copper induced a metabolic stress. Juvenile roach seemed to respond to the ensuing high energy demand by increasing their anaerobic metabolism, but the energy produced by the anaerobic metabolism is unable to compensate for the stress induced by copper after 7 days. This multi-marker approach allows us to reach a greater understanding of the effects of copper on the physiological responses of juvenile roach.
authors.affiliation: Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, FR CNRS 3417 Condorcet, BP1039, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France. virginie.maes@univ-reims.fr.
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.affiliation: Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, FR CNRS 3417 Condorcet, BP1039, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Betoulle
authors.affiliation: Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, FR CNRS 3417 Condorcet, BP1039, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaffal
authors.affiliation: Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, FR CNRS 3417 Condorcet, BP1039, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Odile
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dedourge-Geffard
authors.affiliation: Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, FR CNRS 3417 Condorcet, BP1039, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delahaut
authors.affiliation: Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, FR CNRS 3417 Condorcet, BP1039, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Geffard
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, BP2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Palluel
authors.affiliation: Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, BP2, 60550, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, FR CNRS 3417 Condorcet, BP1039, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Paris-Palacios
authors.affiliation: Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, FR CNRS 3417 Condorcet, BP1039, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Aurélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vettier
authors.affiliation: Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieux aquatiques, FR CNRS 3417 Condorcet, BP1039, 51687, Reims Cedex 2, France.
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: David
mesh_terms: D000693:Anaerobiosis / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003300:Copper
keywords: Copper; Energy metabolism; Glycolysis; Respiratory chain; Roach