title: De novo assembly and characterization of the Trichuris trichiura adult worm transcriptome using Ion Torrent sequencing.
abstract: Infection with helminthic parasites, including the soil-transmitted helminth Trichuris trichiura (human whipworm), has been shown to modulate host immune responses and, consequently, to have an impact on the development and manifestation of chronic human inflammatory diseases. De novo derivation of helminth proteomes from sequencing of transcriptomes will provide valuable data to aid identification of parasite proteins that could be evaluated as potential immunotherapeutic molecules in near future. Herein, we characterized the transcriptome of the adult stage of the human whipworm T. trichiura, using next-generation sequencing technology and a de novo assembly strategy. Nearly 17.6 million high-quality clean reads were assembled into 6414 contiguous sequences, with an N50 of 1606bp. In total, 5673 protein-encoding sequences were confidentially identified in the T. trichiura adult worm transcriptome; of these, 1013 sequences represent potential newly discovered proteins for the species, most of which presenting orthologs already annotated in the related species T. suis. A number of transcripts representing probable novel non-coding transcripts for the species T. trichiura were also identified. Among the most abundant transcripts, we found sequences that code for proteins involved in lipid transport, such as vitellogenins, and several chitin-binding proteins. Through a cross-species expression analysis of gene orthologs shared by T. trichiura and the closely related parasites T. suis and T. muris it was possible to find twenty-six protein-encoding genes that are consistently highly expressed in the adult stages of the three helminth species. Additionally, twenty transcripts could be identified that code for proteins previously detected by mass spectrometry analysis of protein fractions of the whipworm somatic extract that present immunomodulatory activities. Five of these transcripts were amongst the most highly expressed protein-encoding sequences in the T. trichiura adult worm. Besides, orthologs of proteins demonstrated to have potent immunomodulatory properties in related parasitic helminths were also predicted from the T. trichiura de novo assembled transcriptome.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: André S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pablo H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: De Sá
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rommel T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection and Immunity, St. George's University of London, London, UK; Centro de Investigacion en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Cronicas, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Muniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maurício L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Barreto
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sebastião
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loureiro
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carina S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil. Electronic address: neuza@ufba.br.
authors.forename: Neuza M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Alcantara-Neves
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil. Electronic address: luis.pacheco@ufba.br.
authors.forename: Luis G C
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Pacheco
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000947:Antigens, Helminth / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004484:Ecuador; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D059467:Transcriptome / Q000235:genetics*; D014257:Trichuriasis / Q000469:parasitology*; D014258:Trichuris / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000947:Antigens, Helminth
keywords: Functional genomics; Next-generation sequencing; Transcriptome; Trichuris trichiura