title: Radiation-induced CT number changes in GTV and parotid glands during the course of radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the changes in CT number (CTN) in gross tumour volume (GTV) and organs at risk (OARs) during the course of radiation therapy (RT) for nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily megavoltage CT (MVCT) data collected from 30 patients with NPC treated with a prescription dose of 70 Gy in 30-33 fractions using helical tomotherapy were retrospectively analyzed. The contours of GTV and OARs on daily MVCTs were obtained by populating the planning contours from planning CT to daily MVCTs with manual editing, if necessary. The changes of GTV and OAR volumes and the histograms of CTN in the GTV and OARs during the course of RT delivery were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Volumes of GTV and parotid glands were reduced during the course of radiation treatment, with an average shrinkage rate of 0.23% per day (range, 0.02-0.8%) and 1.2% per day (range, 0.2-2.3%), respectively. The mean CTN changes in GTV and ipsilateral and contralateral parotid glands were reduced by 52 ± 35 HU, 18 ± 20 HU and 17 ± 22 HU, respectively. For GTV, the CTN and GTV volume decreases were found to be correlated with each other (p < 0.0001). No noticeable CTN change was found in the spinal cord and non-specified tissue irradiated with low doses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CTN changes in GTV and parotids are measurable during the delivery of fractionated radiotherapy for NPC, were associated with the doses received (the number of fractions delivered) and were patient specific.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CTN change during radiotherapy is dose dependent and is measurable for NPC.
authors.affiliation: 1 Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.|2 Department of Radiation Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.|3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Shouping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: 1 Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhaoxia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Cungeng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Baolin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: Guangpei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Radiation Oncology, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Weirong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: 1 Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 1 Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yaqiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
authors.forename: X Allen
authors.initials: XA
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D059351:Organ Sparing Treatments / Q000379:methods; D058958:Organs at Risk / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000379:methods; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D047368:Tumor Burden; D055815:Young Adult