title: Amiodarone, Lidocaine, or Placebo in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antiarrhythmic drugs are used commonly in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest for shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, but without proven survival benefit.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this randomized, double-blind trial, we compared parenteral amiodarone, lidocaine, and saline placebo, along with standard care, in adults who had nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia after at least one shock, and vascular access. Paramedics enrolled patients at 10 North American sites. The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge; the secondary outcome was favorable neurologic function at discharge. The per-protocol (primary analysis) population included all randomly assigned participants who met eligibility criteria and received any dose of a trial drug and whose initial cardiac-arrest rhythm of ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia was refractory to shock.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the per-protocol population, 3026 patients were randomly assigned to amiodarone (974), lidocaine (993), or placebo (1059); of those, 24.4%, 23.7%, and 21.0%, respectively, survived to hospital discharge. The difference in survival rate for amiodarone versus placebo was 3.2 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.4 to 7.0; P=0.08); for lidocaine versus placebo, 2.6 percentage points (95% CI, -1.0 to 6.3; P=0.16); and for amiodarone versus lidocaine, 0.7 percentage points (95% CI, -3.2 to 4.7; P=0.70). Neurologic outcome at discharge was similar in the three groups. There was heterogeneity of treatment effect with respect to whether the arrest was witnessed (P=0.05); active drugs were associated with a survival rate that was significantly higher than the rate with placebo among patients with bystander-witnessed arrest but not among those with unwitnessed arrest. More amiodarone recipients required temporary cardiac pacing than did recipients of lidocaine or placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, neither amiodarone nor lidocaine resulted in a significantly higher rate of survival or favorable neurologic outcome than the rate with placebo among patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to initial shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01401647.).
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kudenchuk
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Siobhan P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Mohamud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daya
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rea
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nichol
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Laurie J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Leroux
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vaillancourt
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wittwer
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Clifton W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Callaway
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Christenson
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ornato
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Myron L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Weisfeldt
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Ian G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Stiell
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Ahamed H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Idris
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Tom P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Aufderheide
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: James V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Dunford
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: M Riccardo
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Colella
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Vilke
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Ashley M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brienza
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Desvigne-Nickens
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Pamela C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Randal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seals
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Straight
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medicine (P.J.K., T.R., G.N.) and Division of Cardiology (P.J.K.), University of Washington, the King County Emergency Medical Services, Public Health (P.J.K., T.R.), the Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington Clinical Trial Center (S.P.B., G.N., B.L.), and University of Washington-Harborview Center for Prehospital Emergency Care (G.N.), Seattle, and Clark County Emergency Medical Services, Vancouver (L.W.) - all in Washington; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland (M.D.); Rescu, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital (L.J.M., P.D.), and the Divisions of Emergency Medicine (L.J.M.) and Cardiology (P.D.), Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, the Department of Emergency Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (C.V., I.G.S.), and the Department of Emergency Medicine, Providence Health Care Research Institute, University of British Columbia Faculty of Medicine (J.C.), and Providence Health Care Research Institute and British Columbia Emergency Health Services (R.S.), Vancouver - all in Canada; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh (C.W.C., A.M.B.); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (D.E., P.D.-N.), and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (M.L.W.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (J.P.O.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (A.H.I.), and Dallas Fire-Rescue Department (N.S.) - both in Dallas; the Departments of Emergency Medicine (T.P.A.) and Pediatrics (M.R.C.), Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee; the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California San Diego (J.V.D., G.M.V.), and San Diego Fire-Rescue Department (J.V.D.) - both in San Diego; and University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.C.G., R.G.).
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dorian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000638:Amiodarone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004554:Electric Countershock; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058687:Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D010351:Patient Discharge; D015996:Survival Rate; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000150:complications; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D000638:Amiodarone