title: PHYLOGENY OF FOUR DINOPHYSIACEAN GENERA (DINOPHYCEAE, DINOPHYSIALES) BASED ON rDNA SEQUENCES FROM SINGLE CELLS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES(1).
abstract: Dinoflagellates are a highly diverse and environmentally important group of protists with relatively poor resolution of phylogenetic relationships, particularly among heterotrophic species. We examined the phylogeny of several dinophysiacean dinoflagellates using samples collected from four Atlantic sites. As a rule, 3.5 kb of sequence including the nuclear ribosomal genes SSU, 5.8S, LSU, plus their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 regions were determined for 26 individuals, including representatives of two genera for which molecular data were previously unavailable, Ornithocercus F. Stein and Histioneis F. Stein. In addition, a clone library targeting the dinophysiacean ITS2 and LSU sequences was constructed from bulk environmental DNA from three sites. Three phylogenetic trees were inferred from the data, one using data from this study for cells identified to genus or species (3.5 kb, 28 taxa); another containing dinoflagellate SSU submissions from GenBank and the 12 new dinophysiacean sequences (1.9 kb, 56 taxa) from this study; and the third tree combing data from identified taxa, dinophysiacean GenBank submissions, and the clone libraries from this study (2.1 kb, 136 taxa). All trees were congruent and indicated a distinct division between the genera Phalacroma F. Stein and Dinophysis Ehrenb. The cyanobionts containing genera Histioneis and Ornithocercus were also monophyletic. This was the largest molecular phylogeny of dinophysoid taxa performed to date and was consistent with the view that the genus Phalacroma may not be synonymous with Dinophysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USASmithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USASmithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Handy
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USASmithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USASmithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Tsvetan R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Bachvaroff
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USASmithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USASmithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Timme
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USASmithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USASmithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wayne Coats
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USASmithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USASmithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Sunju
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USASmithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USASmithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USADepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Delwiche
keywords: Dinophysiaceae; Dinophysis; Histioneis; Ornithocercus; Phalacroma; dinoflagellate; environmental clones; phylogeny