title: Current Threat of Triclabendazole Resistance in Fasciola hepatica.
abstract: Triclabendazole (TCBZ) is the only chemical that kills early immature and adult Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke) but widespread resistance to the drug greatly compromises fluke control in livestock and humans. The mode of action of TCBZ and mechanism(s) underlying parasite resistance to the drug are not known. Due to the high prevalence of TCBZ resistance (TCBZ-R), effective management of drug resistance is now critical for sustainable livestock production. Here, we discuss the current status of TCBZ-R in F. hepatica, the global distribution of resistance observed in livestock, the possible mechanism(s) of drug action, the proposed mechanisms and genetic basis of resistance, and the prospects for future control of liver fluke infections using an integrated parasite management (IPM) approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Jane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kelley
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Health Research, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Timothy P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Travis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beddoe
authors.affiliation: Virbac (Australia) Pty Ltd, Milperra, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian, UK.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Skuce
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences and Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia. Electronic address: t.spithill@latrobe.edu.au.
authors.forename: Terry W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Spithill
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000639:trends; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D005210:Fasciola hepatica / Q000187:drug effects*; D005211:Fascioliasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D058751:Livestock; D000077682:Triclabendazole
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D000077682:Triclabendazole
keywords: Fasciola hepatica; cattle; liver fluke; resistance; sheep; triclabendazole