title: Effects of white matter integrity and brain volumes on late life depression in the Framingham Heart Study.
abstract: It is unclear whether brain white matter hyperintensities (WMHI) causes or is a result of late life depression. We used the Framingham Heart Study offspring to examine whether indices of brain aging are related to incident depression in the elderly.
  
  
  
  The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was administered along with a brain MRI scan at baseline and was re-administered (n = 1212) at an average 6.6 + 0.6 year follow-up. The outcomes (i) change in CES-D scores from baseline; (ii) depression defined as CES-D ≥16; (iii) severe depression defined as CES-D ≥21; and (iv) CES-D cutoff scores and/or on antidepressant were used.
  
  
  
  Among those who did not have depression at baseline, 9.1% (n = 110) developed depression, 4.0% (n = 48) developed severe depressive symptoms, and 11.1% (n = 135) were put on antidepressants. When depressive symptoms only was the outcome, we found that baseline WMHI was positively associated with change in CES-D scores and that those with an extensive WMHI at baseline had a high risk of developing severe depressive symptoms; the relationship was strengthened in the absence of cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, when depressive symptoms or taking antidepressant was the outcome, larger total cerebral brain volume and temporal lobe brain volume, but not WMHI, were negatively associated with the development of depression.
  
  
  
  Brain WMHI is a probable risk factor for vascular depression in the elderly. The depression outcomes with and without antidepressant were related to different brain pathologies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.|Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Wei Qiao
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.|Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jayandra J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Himali
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.|Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer's Disease Center, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
authors.forename: D Charles
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: DeCarli
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.|Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Alexa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beiser
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.|Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Rhoda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Au
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D066127:White Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Framingham Heart Study; brain; late life depression; longitudinal; white matter hyperintensities