title: Relationship of udder and teat conformation with intra-mammary infection in crossbred cows under hot-humid climate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was aimed to investigate the relationship of udder shape, teat-end shape, teat length, and teat diameter with intra-mammary infection in Jersey crossbred cows under hot-humid climate.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 24 lactating Jersey crossbred cows were evaluated for udder shape (pendulous/regular) and teat-end shape (flat/inverted/pointed) by visual examination, while teat length and teat diameter were measured using vernier caliper. Monthly milk sampling was done for 4 months of duration. Few quarters were found as blind or non-functional and so, a total of 366 quarter wise milk samples were collected at the monthly interval and subjected to somatic cell count (SCC) microscopically. The data on SCC were transformed into log scale and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant (p<0.01) effect of udder shape and teat-end shape on SCC level. The mean SCC level for pendulous udder was significantly (p<0.05) higher as compared to the regular shaped udder. Similarly, significantly (p<0.05) a higher level of mean SCC was found in flat teat-end shape. A significant (p<0.01) correlation was found between SCC and teat length as well as teat diameter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, pendulous udder, flat and inverted teat-end, very long and thick teat were more susceptible to intra-mammary infection in Jersey crossbred cows and these traits must be considered accordingly while selecting dairy animals for future milk production.
authors.affiliation: Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Pranay
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bharti
authors.affiliation: Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Champak
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bhakat
authors.affiliation: Transfer of Technology Section, ICAR- Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India.
authors.forename: Prabhat K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Pankaj
authors.affiliation: Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Showkat A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.affiliation: Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: M Arul
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.affiliation: Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Mayur R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Thul
authors.affiliation: Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: K Puhle
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Japheth
keywords: crossbred; somatic cell count; udder and teat conformation