title: Feasibility of A-mode ultrasound attenuation as a monitoring method of local hyperthermia treatment.
abstract: Recently, there is an increasing interest in the use of local hyperthermia treatment for a variety of clinical applications. The desired therapeutic outcome in local hyperthermia treatment is achieved by raising the local temperature to surpass the tissue coagulation threshold, resulting in tissue necrosis. In oncology, local hyperthermia is used as an effective way to destroy cancerous tissues and is said to have the potential to replace conventional treatment regime like surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy. However, the inability to closely monitor temperature elevations from hyperthermia treatment in real time with high accuracy continues to limit its clinical applicability. Local hyperthermia treatment requires real-time monitoring system to observe the progression of the destroyed tissue during and after the treatment. Ultrasound is one of the modalities that have great potential for local hyperthermia monitoring, as it is non-ionizing, convenient and has relatively simple signal processing requirement compared to magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. In a two-dimensional ultrasound imaging system, changes in tissue microstructure during local hyperthermia treatment are observed in terms of pixel value analysis extracted from the ultrasound image itself. Although 2D ultrasound has shown to be the most widely used system for monitoring hyperthermia in ultrasound imaging family, 1D ultrasound on the other hand could offer a real-time monitoring and the method enables quantitative measurement to be conducted faster and with simpler measurement instrument. Therefore, this paper proposes a new local hyperthermia monitoring method that is based on one-dimensional ultrasound. Specifically, the study investigates the effect of ultrasound attenuation in normal and pathological breast tissue when the temperature in tissue is varied between 37 and 65 °C during local hyperthermia treatment. Besides that, the total protein content measurement was also conducted to investigate the relationship between attenuation and tissue denaturation level at different temperature ranges. The tissues were grouped according to their histology results, namely normal tissue with large predominance of cells (NPC), cancer tissue with large predominance of cells (CPC) and cancer with high collagen fiber content (CHF). The result shows that the attenuation coefficient of ultrasound measured following the local hyperthermia treatment increases with the increment of collagen fiber content in tissue as the CHF attenuated ultrasound at the highest rate, followed by NPC and CPC. Additionally, the attenuation increment is more pronounced at the temperature over 55 °C. This describes that the ultrasound wave experienced more energy loss when it propagates through a heated tissue as the tissue structure changes due to protein coagulation effect. Additionally, a significant increase in the sensitivity of attenuation to protein denaturation is also observed with the highest sensitivity obtained in monitoring NPC. Overall, it is concluded that one-dimensional ultrasound can be used as a monitoring method of local hyperthermia since its attenuation is very sensitive to the changes in tissue microstructure during hyperthermia.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Baharu, Malaysia. noar22@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Noraida Abd
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Manaf
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Baharu, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Maizatul Nadwa Che
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Baharu, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Dzulfadhli Saffuan
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Ridzuan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Baharu, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Maheza Irna
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Mohamad Salim
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Baharu, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Asnida Abd
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wahab
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khin Wee
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: MIMOS Berhad, Taman Teknologi Malaysia, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, WP Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yan Chai
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D051379:Mice; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013696:Temperature; D014465:Ultrasonics
keywords: Local hyperthermia; Monitoring; One-dimensional ultrasound; Total protein