title: Nonlinear effects of respiration on the crosstalk between cardiovascular and cerebrovascular control systems.
abstract: Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular regulatory systems are vital control mechanisms responsible for guaranteeing homeostasis and are affected by respiration. This work proposes the investigation of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular control systems and the nonlinear influences of respiration on both regulations through joint symbolic analysis (JSA), conditioned or unconditioned on respiration. Interactions between cardiovascular and cerebrovascular regulatory systems were evaluated as well by performing correlation analysis between JSA indexes describing the two control systems. Heart period, systolic and mean arterial pressure, mean cerebral blood flow velocity and respiration were acquired on a beat-to-beat basis in 13 subjects experiencing recurrent syncope episodes (SYNC) and 13 healthy individuals (non-SYNC) in supine resting condition and during head-up tilt test at 60° (TILT). Results showed that JSA distinguished conditions and groups, whereas time domain parameters detected only the effect of TILT. Respiration affected cardiovascular and cerebrovascular regulatory systems in a nonlinear way and was able to modulate the interactions between the two control systems with different outcome in non-SYNC and SYNC groups, thus suggesting that the analysis of the impact of respiration on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular regulatory systems might improve our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the development of postural-related syncope.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Vlasta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bari
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy Department of Emergency and Intensive Care, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marchi
authors.affiliation: IRCCS Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Maria
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Sacro Cuore Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rossato
authors.affiliation: Biotech, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy IRCS Program, PAT-FBK, Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Giandomenico
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nollo
authors.affiliation: Biotech, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy IRCS Program, PAT-FBK, Trento, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3271-5348
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Faes
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Department of Cardiothoracic, Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy alberto.porta@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6720-9824
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Porta
mesh_terms: D002319:Cardiovascular System
keywords: autonomic nervous system; baroreflex; cerebral autoregulation; conditional joint symbolic analysis; head-up tilt; heart rate variability