title: Are cognitive interventions effective in Alzheimer's disease? A controlled meta-analysis of the effects of bias.
abstract: [Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 30(5) of Neuropsychology (see record 2016-25217-001). In the article the first sentence of the third paragraph of the Source of bias subsection in the Statistical Analysis subsection of the Correlational Meta-Analysis section should read "For the control condition bias, three comparison groups were differentiated: (a) a structured cognitive intervention, (b) a placebo control condition, and (c) a pharma control condition without cognitive intervention or no treatment at all."]
  
  
  
  There is limited evidence about the efficacy of cognitive interventions for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, aside from the methodological quality of the studies analyzed, the methodology used in previous meta-analyses is itself a risk of bias as different types of effect sizes (ESs) were calculated and combined. This study aimed at examining the results of nonpharmacological interventions for AD with an adequate control of statistical methods and to demonstrate a different approach to meta-analysis.
  
  
  
  ESs were calculated with the independent groups pre/post design. Average ESs for separate outcomes were calculated and moderator analyses were performed so as to offer an overview of the effects of bias.
  
  
  
  Eighty-seven outcomes from 19 studies (n = 812) were meta-analyzed. ESs were small on average for cognitive and functional outcomes after intervention. Moderator analyses showed no effect of control of bias, although ESs were different from zero only in some circumstances (e.g., memory outcomes in randomized studies). Cognitive interventions showed no more efficacy than placebo interventions, and functional ESs were consistently low across conditions.
  
  
  
  cognitive interventions delivered may not be effective in AD probably due to the fact that the assumptions behind the cognitive interventions might be inadequate. Future directions include a change in the type of intervention as well as the use of outcomes other than standardized tests. Additional studies with larger sample sizes and different designs are needed to increase the power of both primary studies and meta-analyses. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Unit of Neuropsychology, Hospital General Universitario Santa María del Rosell, Cartagena.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oltra-Cucarella
authors.affiliation: NEPSA Rehabilitación Neurológica.
authors.forename: Rubén
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pérez-Elvira
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia.
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Espert
authors.affiliation: Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sohn McCormick
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D000072466:Cognitive Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care