title: Brown seaweeds protect against azoxymethane-induced hepatic repercussions through up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and attenuation of oxidative stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seaweeds of the genera Turbinaria and Padina have long been used as food and in traditional medicine for treating several diseases.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study determines the protective efficacy of the brown seaweeds Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh (Sargassaceae) and Padina pavonia (Linnaeus) J.V. Lamouroux (Dictyotaceae) against liver injury induced by azoxymethane (AOM).
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Swiss mice received 10 mg/kg AOM once a week for two consecutive weeks and then 100 mg/kg daily dose of either T. ornata or P. pavonia ethanolic extract. Thirteen weeks after the first AOM administration and 24 h after the last treatment, overnight fasted mice were sacrificed and samples collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the AOM group, both T. ornata and P. pavonia significantly decreased the activity of aminotransferases and the concentration of bilirubin while increased albumin levels in the serum. The antioxidative effect of both extracts was observed from the increased activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in the liver, both of which were decreased by AOM. Moreover, the levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide were reduced, and histological findings also confirmed the antihepatotoxic activity. In addition, treatment with T. ornata and P. pavonia significantly increased PPARγ and decreased NF-κB expression in the liver of AOM-administered mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that the protective function of T. ornata and P. pavonia on AOM-induced liver injury may be possibly exerted by multiple pathways including abolishment of inflammation and oxidative damage, and activation of PPARγ.
authors.affiliation: a Cell Biology and Genetics Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef , Egypt.
authors.forename: Ehab M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Abdella
authors.affiliation: b Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef , Egypt.
authors.forename: Ayman M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
authors.affiliation: a Cell Biology and Genetics Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef , Egypt.
authors.forename: Azza M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: El-Derby
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001397:Azoxymethane / Q000633:toxicity*; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D012624:Seaweed; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016328:NF-kappa B; D047495:PPAR gamma; D020011:Protective Agents; D005978:Glutathione; D001397:Azoxymethane
keywords: Algae; PPARγ; Padina pavonia; Turbinaria ornata; hapatotoxicity