title: Evaluation of microtransplantation of rat brain neurolemma into Xenopus laevis oocytes as a technique to study the effect of neurotoxicants on endogenous voltage-sensitive ion channels.
abstract: Microtransplantation of mammalian brain neurolemma into the plasma membrane of Xenopus oocytes is used to study ion channels in their native form as they appear in the central nervous system. Use of microtransplanted neurolemma is advantageous for various reasons: tissue can be obtained from various sources and at different developmental stages; ion channels and receptors are present in their native configuration in their proper lipid environment along with appropriate auxiliary subunits; allowing the evaluation of numerous channelpathies caused by neurotoxicants in an ex vivo state. Here we show that Xenopus oocytes injected with post-natal day 90 (PND90) rat brain neurolemma fragments successfully express functional ion channels. Using a high throughput two electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) electrophysiological system, currents that were sensitive to tetrodotoxin, ω-conotoxin MVIIC, and tetraethylammonium were detected, indicating the presence of multiple voltage-sensitive ion channels (voltage-sensitive sodium (VSSC), calcium and potassium channels, respectively). The protein expression pattern for nine different VSSC isoforms (Nav1.1-Nav1.9) was determined in neurolemma using automated western blotting, with the predominant isoforms expressed being Nav1.2 and Nav1.6. VSSC were also successfully detected in the plasma membrane of Xenopus oocytes microtransplanted with neurolemma. Using this approach, a "proof-of-principle" experiment was conducted where a well-established structure-activity relationship between the neurotoxicant, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) and its non-neurotoxic metabolite, 1,1-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (DDE) was examined. A differential sensitivity of DDT and DDE on neurolemma-injected oocytes was determined where DDT elicited a concentration-dependent increase in TTX-sensitive inward sodium current upon pulse-depolarization whereas DDE resulted in no significant effect. Additionally, DDT resulted in a slowing of sodium channel inactivation kinetics whereas DDE was without effect. These results are consistent with the findings obtained using heterologous expression of single isoforms of rat brain VSSCs in Xenopus oocytes and with many other electrophysiological approaches, validating the use of the microtransplantation procedure as a toxicologically-relevant ex vivo assay. Once fully characterized, it is likely that this approach could be expanded to study the role of environmental toxicants and contaminants on various target tissues (e.g. neural, reproductive, developmental) from many species.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States; Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States. Electronic address: emurenzi@vasci.umass.edu.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Murenzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biomedical Science, Salve Regina University, Newport, RI, United States. Electronic address: atoltin@salve.edu.
authors.forename: Abigail C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Toltin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Biomedical Science, Salve Regina University, Newport, RI, United States. Electronic address: steven.symington@salve.edu.
authors.forename: Steven B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Symington
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States. Electronic address: mmemorgan5@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Molly M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States; Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States. Electronic address: jclark@vasci.umass.edu.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016380:Brain Tissue Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D009441:Neurilemma / Q000637:transplantation*; D009865:Oocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous / Q000379:methods; D061566:Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D007473:Ion Channels; D061566:Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
keywords: 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl)ethane; 1,1-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene; Microtransplantation; Neurolemma; Tetrodotoxin; Voltage-sensitive sodium channel; Xenopus laevis