title: Grainyhead-like 2 Reverses the Metabolic Changes Induced by the Oncogenic Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: Effects on Anoikis.
abstract: Resistance to anoikis is a prerequisite for tumor metastasis. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows tumor cells to evade anoikis. The wound-healing regulatory transcription factor Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) suppresses/reverses EMT, accompanied by suppression of the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype and by resensitization to anoikis. Here, the effects of GRHL2 upon intracellular metabolism in the context of reversion of the EMT/CSC phenotype, with a view toward understanding how these effects promote anoikis sensitivity, were investigated. EMT enhanced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Although this was accompanied by higher accumulation of superoxide, the overall level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) declined, due to decreased hydrogen peroxide. Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) expression increased in EMT, and this increase, via the product α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), was important for suppressing hydrogen peroxide and protecting against anoikis. GRHL2 suppressed GLUD1 gene expression, decreased α-KG, increased ROS, and sensitized cells to anoikis.
  
  
  
  These results demonstrate a mechanistic role for GRHL2 in promoting anoikis through metabolic alterations. Mol Cancer Res; 14(6); 528-38. ©2016 AACR.
authors.affiliation: Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
authors.forename: Joshua C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Farris
authors.affiliation: Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
authors.forename: Phillip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pifer
authors.affiliation: Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Eyal
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Denvir
authors.affiliation: Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia. Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia. sfrisch@hsc.wvu.edu.
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Frisch
mesh_terms: D023102:Anoikis / Q000235:genetics*; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition / Q000502:physiology*; D005969:Glutamate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009857:Oncogenes; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C470830:GRHL2 protein, human; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014157:Transcription Factors; D005969:Glutamate Dehydrogenase; C561840:GLUD1 protein, human