title: Mycoplasma gallisepticum modifies the pathogenesis of influenza A virus in the avian tracheal epithelium.
abstract: Multiple respiratory infections have a significant impact on health and economy. Pathogenesis of co-infecting viruses and bacteria and their interaction with mucosal surfaces are poorly characterized. In this study we established a co-infection model based on pre-incubation of tracheal organ cultures (TOC) with Mycoplasma (M.) gallisepticum and a subsequent infection with avian influenza virus (AIV). Mycoplasma gallisepticum modified the pathogenesis of AIV as demonstrated in TOC of two different avian species (chickens and turkeys). Co-infection promoted bacterial growth in tracheal epithelium. Depending on the interaction time of M. gallisepticum with the host cells, AIV replication was either promoted or suppressed. M. gallisepticum inhibited the antiviral gene expression and affected AIV attachment to the host cell by desialylation of α-2,3 linked sialic acids. Ultrastructural analysis of co-infected TOC suggests that both pathogens may attach to and possibly infect the same epithelial cell. The obtained results contribute to better understanding of the interaction dynamics between M. gallisepticum and AIV. They highlight the importance of the time interval between infections as well as the biological properties of the involved pathogens as influencing factors in the outcome of respiratory infections.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Hicham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sid
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ryll
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany. Electronic address: Silke.Rautenschlein@tiho-hannover.de.
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rautenschlein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002645:Chickens / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D060085:Coinfection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D004848:Epithelium / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009175:Mycoplasma Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000662:veterinary; D045686:Mycoplasma gallisepticum / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012794:Sialic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D014132:Trachea / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D014422:Turkeys / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D007370:Interferon Type I; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012794:Sialic Acids
keywords: In vitro model; Influenza A virus; Mucosal surface; Mycoplasma gallisepticum