title: Review of the Gene-Environment Interaction Literature in Cancer: What Do We Know?
abstract: Risk of cancer is determined by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Although the study of gene-environment interactions (G×E) has been an active area of research, little is reported about the known findings in the literature.
  
  
  
  To examine the state of the science in G×E research in cancer, we performed a systematic review of published literature using gene-environment or pharmacogenomic flags from two curated databases of genetic association studies, the Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) literature finder and Cancer Genome-Wide Association and Meta Analyses Database (CancerGAMAdb), from January 1, 2001, to January 31, 2011. A supplemental search using HuGE was conducted for articles published from February 1, 2011, to April 11, 2013. A 25% sample of the supplemental publications was reviewed.
  
  
  
  A total of 3,019 articles were identified in the original search. From these articles, 243 articles were determined to be relevant based on inclusion criteria (more than 3,500 interactions). From the supplemental search (1,400 articles identified), 29 additional relevant articles (1,370 interactions) were included. The majority of publications in both searches examined G×E in colon, rectal, or colorectal; breast; or lung cancer. Specific interactions examined most frequently included environmental factors categorized as energy balance (e.g., body mass index, diet), exogenous (e.g., oral contraceptives) and endogenous hormones (e.g., menopausal status), chemical environment (e.g., grilled meats), and lifestyle (e.g., smoking, alcohol intake). In both searches, the majority of interactions examined were using loci from candidate genes studies and none of the studies were genome-wide interaction studies (GEWIS). The most commonly reported measure was the interaction P-value, of which a sizable number of P-values were considered statistically significant (i.e., <0.05). In addition, the magnitude of interactions reported was modest.
  
  
  
  Observations of published literature suggest that opportunity exists for increased sample size in G×E research, including GWAS-identified loci in G×E studies, exploring more GWAS approaches in G×E such as GEWIS, and improving the reporting of G×E findings.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Naoko I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Simonds
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Armen A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Ghazarian
authors.affiliation: Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Camilla B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Pimentel
authors.affiliation: Office of Disease Prevention, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sheri D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Schully
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Ellison
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gillanders
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Genomics Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Leah E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Mechanic
mesh_terms: D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D015894:Genome, Human; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics
keywords: candidate gene; gene-environment interaction; genome-wide association study (GWAS); literature review