title: Intermittent Hypoxia Does not Elicit Memory Impairment in Spinal Cord Injury Patients.
abstract: There is a critical need for new therapeutic strategies to restore motor function in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), without unwanted effects. Intermittent hypoxia (IH) induces plasticity in spared synaptic pathways to motor neurons below the level of injury, which can be harnessed to elicit motor recovery in incomplete SCI patients. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the effects of IH on memory function. The aim of this study was to assess episodic verbal and visual memory function with the Complutense verbal learning test (TAVEC) and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (ROCF), respectively, before and after a 4-week protocol of repetitive IH combined with body weight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) in incomplete ASIA C and D SCI subjects. Subjects received either IH (cycling 9%/21% FiO2 every 1.5 min, 15 cycles per day) or continued normoxia (Nx, 21% FiO2) combined with 45 min of BWSTT for 5 consecutive days, followed by 3 times per week IH and BWSTT for 3 additional weeks. ROCF Z scores between IH plus BWSTT and Nx plus BWSTT were not significantly different (p = .43). Compared with baseline, IH and BWSTT group showed a significantly greater (p < .05) verbal memory performance for immediate, short-term, and long-term recall; however, it was not different from Nx plus BWSTT group in all verbal memory components (p > .05). Our results suggest that a 4-week protocol of moderate IH does not elicit visual or verbal memory impairment. Thus, repetitive IH may be a safe therapeutic approach to incomplete spinal cord injury patients, without deleterious cognitive effects.
authors.affiliation: Teletón Rehabilitation Institute, Santiago, Chile angela.navarrete-opazo@fulbrightmail.org.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Navarrete-Opazo
authors.affiliation: Biology Department, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Julio
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alcayaga
authors.affiliation: Teletón Rehabilitation Institute, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Denisse
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Testa
authors.affiliation: Teletón Rehabilitation Institute, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Ana Luisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Quinteros
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Disability; Hypoxia; Learning and memory