title: Effect of adolescent substance use and antisocial behavior on the development of early adulthood depression.
abstract: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and frequently comorbid psychiatric disorder. This study evaluates the development of depressive symptoms, MDD diagnosis, and suicidal ideation in a high-risk sample (N=524) diagnosed with conduct disorder (CD) and substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms as youth and re-assessed approximately 6.5 years later. Dual trajectory classes of both alcohol and other drug use (AOD) and antisocial behavior (ASB), previously identified using latent class growth analyses (LCGA), were used to predict depression outcomes. The Dual Chronic, Increasing AOD/Persistent ASB, and Decreasing Drugs/Persistent ASB classes had higher past-week depression scores, more past-year MDD symptoms, and were more likely to have past-year MDD than the Resolved class. The Dual Chronic and Decreasing Drugs/Persistent ASB classes also had more past-year MDD symptoms than the Persistent AOD/Adolescent ASB class. Youth at highest risk for developing or maintaining depression in adulthood had the common characteristic of persistent antisocial behavior. This suggests young adulthood depression is associated more with persistent antisocial behavior than with persistent substance use in comorbid youth. As such, interventions targeting high-risk youth, particularly those with persistent antisocial behavior, are needed to help reduce the risk of severe psychosocial consequences (including risk for suicide) in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University Department of Psychiatry, 59 Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-712, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tai Kiu
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego Department of Psychiatry, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, 116B, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Worley
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego Department of Psychiatry, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, 116B, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Trim
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego Department of Psychiatry, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego Department of Psychiatry, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Denver Department of Psychiatry, 12469 E 17th Place, Bldg 400, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Christian J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hopfer
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Institute for Behavioral Genetics, 1480 30th St Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: John K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego Department of Psychiatry, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, 116B, San Diego, CA 92161, USA. Electronic address: twall@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: Tamara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Wall
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D059020:Suicidal Ideation; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: At-risk; Conduct disorder; Longitudinal; Suicidal ideation; Trajectories