title: Is hyperbaric oxygen or ozone effective in experimental endocarditis?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infective endocarditis, a disease with high mortality and morbidity, is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus; mortality and morbidity further increase in the presence of methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus. Linezolid is the first of the oxazolidinones, a new antibiotic group that has been approved for the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive cocci. Linezolid reduces the quantity of microorganisms in vegetation to some extent; in addition, the use of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and ozone (O3) therapies is likely to improve targeted antibacterial effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six adult male Wistar rats weighing 300-350 g were used. The subjects were divided into groups as follows: Group 1 (n = 8): control group that was not inoculated with microorganisms and was untreated; Group 2 (n = 8): control group that was inoculated with microorganisms but was untreated; Group 3 (n = 8): linezolid treatment group; Group 4 (n = 8): O3 therapy group; Group 5 (n = 8): HBO therapy group; Group 6 (n = 8): linezolid + O3 therapy group; Group 7 (n = 8): linezolid + HBO therapy group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In terms of reducing the number of colonies in the aortic valve, linezolid + HBO therapy was found to be the most effective treatment. Then, respectively linezolid + O3, linezolid, HBO, and O3 were found to be effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that linezolid significantly reduced the number of bacteria in the vegetation in the experimental endocarditis model, and HBO therapy increases the effectiveness of linezolid and makes this better than O3.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey. Electronic address: mtaozkan@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Muhammed Turgut Alper
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Özkan
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vural
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, ​Ankara Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ömer Faruk
authors.initials: ÖF
authors.lastname: Çiçek
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali Ümit
authors.initials: AÜ
authors.lastname: Yener
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sedat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Özcan
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hüseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Toman
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ünver
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saçar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000628:therapy*; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D000069349:Linezolid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010126:Ozone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010083:Oxidants, Photochemical; D010126:Ozone; D000069349:Linezolid
keywords: Cardiovascular surgery; Endocarditis; Hyperbaric Oxygen; Linezolide; Ozone