title: Use of stable carbon isotope ratios to determine the source of cypermethrin in so-called natural plant extract formulations used for organic farming.
abstract: Some natural plant extract formulations (NPEFs, also referred to as essential oils) used in organic farming have been shown to contain synthetic pesticides. We obtained samples of four NPEFs (Muso, Hekiro, Kensogen-Ten, and Nurse Green) that were contaminated with the synthetic pyrethroid cypermethrin, and we used gas chromatography coupled with combustion, cryofocusing, and isotope ratio mass spectrometry to determine the stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) for the cypermethrin in the four NPEF samples, as well as in ten cypermethrin reagents and two commercial pesticide formulations (Agrothrin emulsion and Agrothrin water-dispersible powder). Our goal was to identify the source of the cypermethrin in the NPEFs. Cryofocusing markedly sharpened the cypermethrin peak and thus improved the accuracy and precision of the determined δ13C values. The δ13C values (± SD) of the 16 cypermethrin samples ranged from -28.3 ± 0.2 to -24.5 ± 0.2 ‰. Surprisingly, the four NPEFs showed similar δ13C values (-26.8 to -27.3 ‰), suggesting that the cypermethrin in all the samples came from the same source (either the same chemical reaction or the same primary material). This possibility was supported by previously published results. In addition, the δ13C values of the two commercial pesticides were similar to the values for the NPEFs, suggesting that the commercial pesticides had been diluted and sold as NPEFs.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Management Science and Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology , Akita Prefectural University , Honjo City , Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroto
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawashima
authors.affiliation: a Department of Management Science and Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology , Akita Prefectural University , Honjo City , Japan.
authors.forename: Takuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kariya
mesh_terms: D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis*; D058871:Organic Agriculture; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin
keywords: botanical extraction; cypermethrin; natural plant extract formulation; pesticide; stable carbon isotope ratio