title: Effects of ionizing radiation on proteins in lyophilized or frozen demineralized human bone.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to study the effects of application of ionizing radiation (gamma and electrons) as sterilizing agents at doses of 15 kGy, 25 kGy and 50 kGy, on lyophilized or frozen demineralized bone tissue for use in transplants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five human femoral diaphyses from different donors of musculoskeletal tissue were demineralized and preserved as lyophilized or frozen at -80 °C. The samples were divided into two groups: non-irradiated (control) and irradiated by means of gamma rays or an electron beam. The bone proteins were extracted and used to determine the concentrations of total protein and BMP 2 and 7.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decreases in total protein and BMP 2 and 7 concentrations were observed. The decreases in total protein concentrations, in comparison with the respective control groups, were significant in the lyophilized and frozen samples that were irradiated at a dose of 50 kGy of gamma radiation and electron beam, with reductions of more than 30%. Significant decreases in the levels of BMP 2 and 7 were also observed at higher doses and especially through use of the electron beam.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The reductions in the concentrations of total proteins and osteoinductive proteins (BMP 2 and 7) were related to the radiation dose, i.e. they increased with higher doses of ionizing radiation type and the type of bone preservation. The largest reductions in concentrations were observed in the bones irradiated by means of an electron beam and at a dose of 50 kGy. However, this type of radiation and this high dose are not usual practices for sterilization of bone tissue.
authors.affiliation: Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Uri
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Antebi
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Monica Beatriz
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Mathor
authors.affiliation: Instituto Paulista de Cirurgia do Quadril e Joelho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: André Ferreira
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo Pereira
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Guimarães
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Emerson Kiyoshi
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Honda
keywords: Bone and bones; Bone morphogenetic protein 2; Bone morphogenetic protein 7; Radiation, ionizing; Tissue banks