title: Caries inhibition with a CO2 9.3 μm laser: An in vitro study.
abstract: The caries preventive effects of different laser wavelengths have been studied in the laboratory as well as in pilot clinical trials. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate whether irradiation with a new 9.3 μm microsecond short-pulsed CO2 -laser could enhance enamel caries resistance with and without additional fluoride applications.
  
  
  
  One hundred and one human tooth enamel samples were divided into seven groups. Each group was treated with different laser parameters (CO2 -laser, wavelength 9.3 μm, 43 Hz pulse-repetition rate, pulse duration between 3 µs at 1.5 mJ/pulse to 7 µs at 2.9 mJ/pulse). A laboratory pH-cycling model followed by cross-sectional microhardness testing determined the mean relative mineral loss delta Z (ΔZ) for each group to assess caries inhibition in tooth enamel by the CO2 9.3 µm short-pulsed laser irradiation. The pH-cycling was performed with or without additional fluoride.
  
  
  
  The non-laser control groups with additional fluoride had a relative mineral loss (ΔZ, vol% × µm) that ranged between 646 ± 215 and 773 ± 223 (mean ± SD). The laser irradiated and fluoride treated samples had a mean ΔZ ranging between 209 ± 133 and 403 ± 245 for an average 55% ± 9% reduction in mineral loss (ANOVA test, P < 0.0001). Increased mean mineral loss (ΔZ between 1166 ± 571 and 1339 ± 347) was found for the non-laser treated controls without additional fluoride. In contrast, the laser treated groups without additional fluoride showed a ΔZ between 470 ± 240 and 669 ± 209 (ANOVA test, P < 0.0001) representing an average 53% ± 11% reduction in mineral loss. Scanning electron microscopical assessment revealed that 3 µs pulses did not markedly change the enamel surface, while 7 µs pulses caused some enamel ablation.
  
  
  
  The CO2 9.3 µm short-pulsed laser energy renders enamel caries resistant with and without additional fluoride use. The observed enhanced acid resistance occurred with the laser irradiation parameters used without obvious melting of the enamel surface as well as after irradiation with energies causing cutting of the enamel. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:546-554, 2016. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94143.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rechmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94143.
authors.forename: Beate M T
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Rechmann
authors.affiliation: Convergent Dental, Inc., 2 Vision Drive, Natick, Massachusetts, 01760.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Groves
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94143.
authors.forename: Charles Q
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94143.
authors.forename: Marcia L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rapozo-Hilo
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94143.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kinsel
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, School of Dentistry, 707 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, California, 94143.
authors.forename: John D B
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Featherstone
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005460:Fluorides, Topical / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D054020:Lasers, Gas / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005460:Fluorides, Topical
keywords: CO2 9.3 µm laser; cross-sectional microhardness testing; fluoride; improving caries resistance; laboratory study; microsecond short-pulsed; pH-cycling