title: Substance abuse and personality disorder comorbidity in adolescent outpatients: are girls more severely ill than boys?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Substance use disorders (SUDs) constitute a major health problem and are associated with an extensive psychiatric comorbidity. Personality disorders (PDs) and SUDs commonly co-occur. Comorbid PD is characterized by more severe addiction problems and by an unfavorable clinical outcome. The present study investigated the prevalence of SUDs, PDs and common Axis I disorders in a sample of adolescent outpatients. We also investigated the association between PDs and SUDs, and how this association was influenced by adjustment for other Axis I disorders, age and gender.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 153 adolescents, aged 14-17 years, who were referred to a non-specialized mental health outpatient clinic with a defined catchment area. SUDs and other Axis I conditions were assessed using the mini international neuropsychiatric interview. PDs were assessed using the structured interview for DSM-IV personality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  18.3 % of the adolescents screened positive for a SUD, with no significant gender difference. There was a highly significant association between number of PD symptoms and having one or more SUDs; this relationship was practically unchanged by adjustment for gender, age and presence of Axis I disorders. For boys, no significant associations between SUDs and specific PDs, conduct disorder (CD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were found. For girls, there were significant associations between SUD and BPD, negativistic PD, more than one PD, CD and ADHD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no significant gender difference in the prevalence of SUD in a sample of adolescents referred to a general mental health outpatient clinic. The association between number of PD symptoms and having one or more SUDs was practically unchanged by adjustment for gender, age and presence of one or more Axis I disorders, which suggested that having an increased number of PD symptoms in itself may constitute a risk factor for developing SUDs in adolescence. The association in girls between SUDs and PDs, CD and ADHD raises the question if adolescent girls suffering from these conditions may be especially at risk for developing SUDs. In clinical settings, they should therefore be monitored with particular diligence with regard to their use of psychoactive substances. Trial registration The regional committee for medical research ethics for eastern Norway approved the study protocol in October 2004 (REK: 11395). Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Hans Ole Korsgaard, The Nic Waal Institute, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, P.O. Box 2970 Nydalen, N-0440 Oslo, Norway; E-mail hansole.korsgaard@tele5.no.
authors.affiliation: Department for Child and Adolescent Mental Health (The Nic Waal Institute), Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Hans Ole
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3299-8672
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Korsgaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Svenn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torgersen
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway, Oslo, Norway ; Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Tore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wentzel-Larsen
authors.affiliation: Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway ; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Randi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ulberg
keywords: ADHD; Adolescent; Alcohol use disorder; Axis I; Comorbidity; Conduct disorder; Outpatient; Personality disorder; Substance use disorder