title: The role of sarcomere length non-uniformities in residual force enhancement of skeletal muscle myofibrils.
abstract: The sarcomere length non-uniformity theory (SLNT) is a widely accepted explanation for residual force enhancement (RFE). RFE is the increase in steady-state isometric force following active muscle stretching. The SLNT predicts that active stretching of a muscle causes sarcomere lengths (SL) to become non-uniform, with some sarcomeres stretched beyond actin-myosin filament overlap (popping), causing RFE. Despite being widely known, this theory has never been directly tested. We performed experiments on isolated rabbit muscle myofibrils (n = 12) comparing SL non-uniformities for purely isometric reference contractions (I-state) and contractions following active stretch producing RFE (FE-state). Myofibrils were activated isometrically along the descending limb of the force-length relationship (mean ± 1 standard deviation (SD) = 2.8 ± 0.3 µm sarcomere(-1)). Once the I-state was reached, myofibrils were shortened to an SL on the plateau of the force-length relationship (2.4 µm sarcomere(-1)), and then were actively stretched to the reference length (2.9 ± 0.3 µm sarcomere(-1)). We observed RFE in all myofibrils (39 ± 15%), and saw varying amounts of non-uniformity (1 SD = 0.9 ± 0.5 µm) that was not significantly correlated with the amount of RFE, but through pairwise comparisons was found to be significantly greater than the non-uniformity measured for the I-state (0.7 ± 0.4 µm). Three myofibrils exhibited no increase in non-uniformity. Active stretching was accompanied by sarcomere popping in four myofibrils, and seven had popped sarcomeres in the I-state. These results suggest that, while non-uniformities are present with RFE, they are also present in the I-state. Furthermore, non-uniformity is not associated with the magnitude of RFE, and myofibrils that had no increase in non-uniformity with stretch still showed normal RFE. Therefore, it appears that SL non-uniformity is a normal associate of muscle contraction, but does not contribute to RFE following active stretching of isolated skeletal muscle myofibrils.
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Calgary , Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
authors.forename: Kaleena
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Calgary , Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
authors.forename: Azim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jinha
authors.affiliation: Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology , University of Calgary , Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Herzog
keywords: descending limb of the force–length relationship; history dependence; myofibril; residual force enhancement; sarcomere length non-uniformity; sarcomere popping