title: The future of regional anesthesia education: lessons learned from the surgical specialty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Application of ultrasound in regional anesthesia has now become the standard of care and its use has shown to reduce complications. Nevertheless, gaining expertise in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia requires the acquisition of new cognitive and technical skills. In addition, due to a reduction in resident working hours and enforcement of labour laws and directives across various states and countries, trainees perform and witness fewer procedures. Together, these issues create challenges in the teaching and learning of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia in the time-based model of learning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The challenges of teaching ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia are similar to those experienced by our surgical counterparts with the advent of minimally invasive surgery. In order to overcome these challenges, our surgical colleagues used theories of surgical skills training, simulation, and the concept of deliberate practice and feedback to shift the paradigm of learning from experience-based to competency-based learning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this narrative review, we describe the theory behind the evolution of surgical skills training. We also outline how we can apply these learning theories and simulation models to a competency-based curriculum for training in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
authors.forename: Ahtsham U
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Niazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada. Philip.peng@uhn.ca.
authors.forename: Philip W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
authors.forename: Akhilesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
authors.forename: Vincent W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000193:education* / Q000639:trends; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans