title: Which resources moderate the effects of demanding work schedules on nurses working in residential elder care? A longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shiftwork is a major job demand for nurses and has been related to various negative consequences. Research suggests that personal and job resources moderate the impact of work schedules on stress, health and well-being.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This longitudinal study examined whether the interactions of personal and job resources with work schedule demands predicted work engagement and emotional exhaustion in nursing.
  
  
  METHODS
  This longitudinal study included two waves of data collection with a one year follow-up using self-report questionnaires among 247 nurses working shifts or irregular working hours in residential care for the elderly in the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Moderated structural equation modelling was conducted to examine the interactions between personal and job resources and work schedule demands. Two work schedule demands were assessed: type of work schedule (demanding vs. less demanding) and average weekly working hours. Two personal resources, active coping and healthy lifestyle, and two job resources, work schedule control and the work schedule fit with nurses' private life, were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that the work schedule fit with nurses' private life buffered the relationship between work schedule demands and emotional exhaustion one year later. Furthermore, the work schedule fit with nurses' private life increased work engagement one year later when work schedule demands were high. Work schedule control strengthened the positive relationship between work schedule demands and emotional exhaustion one year later. The personal resources, active coping and healthy lifestyle were no moderators in this model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses suffer less from decreasing work engagement and emotional exhaustion due to work schedule demands when their work schedules fit with their private lives. Work schedule control did not buffer, but strengthened the positive relationship between weekly working hours and emotional exhaustion one year later. Job resources appeared to be more important for nurses' well-being than personal resources. These findings highlight the importance of the fit of a work schedule with nurse's private life, if the work schedule is demanding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupation and Health, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, HAN University of Applied sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Social Medicine, Research Institute Primary Care and Public Health (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Velibor.Peters@han.nl.
authors.forename: Velibor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Research Institute Primary Care and Public Health (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Inge.Houkes@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Houkes
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, Research Institute Primary Care and Public Health (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Angelique.deRijk@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Angelique E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: de Rijk
authors.affiliation: Department of Ageing, Work and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cumberland Campus, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Electronic address: Philip.Bohle@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Bohle
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupation and Health, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, HAN University of Applied sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Josephine.Engels@han.nl.
authors.forename: Josephine A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.affiliation: Department of Work and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Frans.Nijhuis@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
authors.forename: Frans J N
authors.initials: FJN
authors.lastname: Nijhuis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002055:Burnout, Professional; D005260:Female; D006299:Health Services for the Aged / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000523:psychology*; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance
keywords: Emotional exhaustion; Job resources; Longitudinal studies; Moderated SEM; Nurses; Personal resources; Self-report questionnaires; Work engagement; Work schedule demands