title: Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus stimulation reduces intestinal injury in rats with ulcerative colitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect and mechanism of stimulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus with glutamate acid in rats with ulcerative colitis (UC).
  
  
  METHODS
  The rats were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate via abdominal injection and treated with an equal volume of TNBS + 50% ethanol enema, injected into the upper section of the anus with the tail facing up. Colonic damage scores were calculated after injecting a certain dose of glutamic acid into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and the effect of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and vagus nerve in alleviating UC injury through chemical stimulation of the PVN was observed in rats. Expression changes of C-myc, Apaf-1, caspase-3, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-17 during the protection against UC injury through chemical stimulation of the PVN in rats were detected by Western blot. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in colon tissues of rats were measured by colorimetric methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chemical stimulation of the PVN significantly reduced UC in rats in a dose-dependent manner. The protective effects of the chemical stimulation of the PVN on rats with UC were eliminated after chemical damage to the PVN. After glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenic acid was injected into the PVN, the protective effects of the chemical stimulation of the PVN were eliminated in rats with UC. After AVP-Vl receptor antagonist ([Deamino-penl, val4, D-Arg8]-vasopressin) was injected into NTS or bilateral chemical damage to NTS, the protective effect of the chemical stimulation of PVN on UC was also eliminated. After chemical stimulation of the PVN, SOD activity increased, MDA content decreased, C-myc protein expression significantly increased, caspase-3 and Apaf-1 protein expression significantly decreased, and IL-6 and IL-17 expression decreased in colon tissues in rats with UC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemical stimulation of the hypothalamic PVN provides a protective effect against UC injury in rats. Hypothalamic PVN, NTS and vagus nerve play key roles in this process.
authors.affiliation: Quan-Jun Deng, Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Quan-Jun
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Quan-Jun Deng, Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Ding-Jing
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Quan-Jun Deng, Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Che
authors.affiliation: Quan-Jun Deng, Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Hai-Rong
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Quan-Jun Deng, Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Jun-Jie
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Quan-Jun Deng, Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors.forename: Yong-Yu
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D019610:Cytoprotection; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010286:Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D017552:Solitary Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
keywords: 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid; Arginine vasopressin; Nucleus tractus solitarius; Paraventricular nucleus; Ulcerative colitis