title: Associations between neighbourhood greenness and asthma in preschool children in Kaunas, Lithuania: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between surrounding greenness levels and asthma among children, and to explore a possible change of this association by the distance of the residence to a city park.
  
  
  METHODS
  A nested case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 4-6 years residing at their current address since birth in Kaunas, Lithuania, whose mothers were recruited in 2007-2009 to the KANC newborns cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 1489 children whose parents in 2012-2013 filled in the questionnaires and agreed to participate in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We estimated clinically diagnosed asthma risk factors. The surrounding greenness was measured as the average of the satellite-based Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within the buffers of 100, 300 and 500 m from each child's home address, and the distance to a city park was defined as the distance to the nearest city park. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to study the relationship between the greenness exposures and asthma adjusted for relevant covariates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase in the NDVI (>median) in buffers of 100, 300 and 500 m was associated with a slightly increased risk of asthma, while an IQR increase in NDVI-100 m statistically significantly increased the risk of asthma (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.85). The stratified analysis by surrounding greenness revealed indications of stronger associations for children with higher surrounding greenness (NDVI-100>median) and those living farther away from parks (>1000 m), compared to NDVI-100≤median and the distance to a city park >1000 m (OR 1.47, 95% CI 0.56 to 3.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher level of the surrounding greenness was associated with a slightly increased relative risk of asthma in children. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the influence of city parks and neighbourhood greenness levels on asthma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andrusaityte
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grazuleviciene
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Jolanta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kudzyte
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Asta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bernotiene
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Audrius
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dedele
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuijsen
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002947:Cities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008097:Lithuania / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010944:Plants; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics
keywords: Child asthma; City park; Green spaces; Quantified greenness levels