title: In vivo MR guided boiling histotripsy in a mouse tumor model evaluated by MRI and histopathology.
abstract: Boiling histotripsy (BH) is a new high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation technique to mechanically fragmentize soft tissue into submicrometer fragments. So far, ultrasound has been used for BH treatment guidance and evaluation. The in vivo histopathological effects of this treatment are largely unknown. Here, we report on an MR guided BH method to treat subcutaneous tumors in a mouse model. The treatment effects of BH were evaluated one hour and four days later with MRI and histopathology, and compared with the effects of thermal HIFU (T-HIFU). The lesions caused by BH were easily detected with T2 w imaging as a hyper-intense signal area with a hypo-intense rim. Histopathological evaluation showed that the targeted tissue was completely disintegrated and that a narrow transition zone (<200 µm) containing many apoptotic cells was present between disintegrated and vital tumor tissue. A high level of agreement was found between T2 w imaging and H&E stained sections, making T2 w imaging a suitable method for treatment evaluation during or directly after BH. After T-HIFU, contrast enhanced imaging was required for adequate detection of the ablation zone. On histopathology, an ablation zone with concentric layers was seen after T-HIFU. In line with histopathology, contrast enhanced MRI revealed that after BH or T-HIFU perfusion within the lesion was absent, while after BH in the transition zone some micro-hemorrhaging appeared. Four days after BH, the transition zone with apoptotic cells was histologically no longer detectable, corresponding to the absence of a hypo-intense rim around the lesion in T2 w images. This study demonstrates the first results of in vivo BH on mouse tumor using MRI for treatment guidance and evaluation and opens the way for more detailed investigation of the in vivo effects of BH. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoogenboom
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dylan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eikelenboom
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martijn H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: den Brok
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Andor
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Veltien
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wassink
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wesseling
authors.affiliation: Image Guided Therapy, Pessac, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dumont
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jurgen J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Fütterer
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gosse J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Adema
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Arend
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heerschap
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005260:Female; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: MRI; boiling histotripsy; high intensity focused ultrasound; mouse tumor ablation