title: Evidence of activation of the Toll-like receptor-4 proinflammatory pathway in patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: Alterations in the innate immune/inflammatory system may underlie the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, but we do not understand the mechanisms involved. The main agents of innate immunity are the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which detect molecular patterns associated with damage and pathogens. The TLR first reported was TLR4, and it is still the most studied one.
  
  
  
  We aimed to describe putative modifications to the TLR4 proinflammatory pathway using 2 different strategies in 2 cohorts of patients with schizophrenia and matched controls: 1) quantification of protein and mRNA expression in postmortem prefrontal cortex samples from 30 patients with schizophrenia and 30 controls, and 2) identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the risk of schizophrenia using whole blood samples from 214 patients with schizophrenia and 216 controls.
  
  
  
  We found evidence of alterations in the expression of the initial elements of the TLR4 signalling pathway (TLR4, Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 [MyD88] and nuclear factor-κ B [NF-κB]) in the PFC of patients with schizophrenia. These alterations seem to depend on the presence/absence of antipsychotic treatment at death. Moreover, a polymorphism within the MyD88 gene was significantly associated with schizophrenia risk.
  
  
  
  The use of 2 different approaches in 2 different cohorts, the lack of a complementary neuropsychiatric group, the possible confounding effects of antipsychotic treatment and suicide are the main limitations of our study.
  
  
  
  The evidence from this dual approach suggests there is an altered innate immune response in patients with chronic schizophrenia in which the TLR4 proinflammatory pathway could be affected. Improved understanding of the stimuli and mechanisms responsible for this response could lead to improved schizophrenia treatment and better control of the side effects of current antipsychotics.
authors.affiliation: From the CIBERSAM. ISCIII, Spain (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Callado, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente, Meana, Leza); the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University & Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octobre (Imas12). Madrid (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Leza); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology. School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Lafuente); the Department of Pharmacology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU and BioCruces Institute, Bizkaia (Callado, Meana); the IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente); and the Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona (Bernardo).
authors.forename: Borja
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: García-Bueno
authors.affiliation: From the CIBERSAM. ISCIII, Spain (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Callado, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente, Meana, Leza); the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University & Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octobre (Imas12). Madrid (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Leza); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology. School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Lafuente); the Department of Pharmacology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU and BioCruces Institute, Bizkaia (Callado, Meana); the IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente); and the Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona (Bernardo).
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gassó
authors.affiliation: From the CIBERSAM. ISCIII, Spain (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Callado, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente, Meana, Leza); the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University & Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octobre (Imas12). Madrid (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Leza); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology. School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Lafuente); the Department of Pharmacology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU and BioCruces Institute, Bizkaia (Callado, Meana); the IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente); and the Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona (Bernardo).
authors.forename: Karina S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: MacDowell
authors.affiliation: From the CIBERSAM. ISCIII, Spain (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Callado, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente, Meana, Leza); the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University & Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octobre (Imas12). Madrid (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Leza); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology. School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Lafuente); the Department of Pharmacology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU and BioCruces Institute, Bizkaia (Callado, Meana); the IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente); and the Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona (Bernardo).
authors.forename: Luis F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Callado
authors.affiliation: From the CIBERSAM. ISCIII, Spain (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Callado, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente, Meana, Leza); the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University & Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octobre (Imas12). Madrid (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Leza); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology. School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Lafuente); the Department of Pharmacology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU and BioCruces Institute, Bizkaia (Callado, Meana); the IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente); and the Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona (Bernardo).
authors.forename: Sergi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mas
authors.affiliation: From the CIBERSAM. ISCIII, Spain (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Callado, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente, Meana, Leza); the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University & Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octobre (Imas12). Madrid (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Leza); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology. School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Lafuente); the Department of Pharmacology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU and BioCruces Institute, Bizkaia (Callado, Meana); the IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente); and the Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona (Bernardo).
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.affiliation: From the CIBERSAM. ISCIII, Spain (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Callado, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente, Meana, Leza); the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University & Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octobre (Imas12). Madrid (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Leza); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology. School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Lafuente); the Department of Pharmacology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU and BioCruces Institute, Bizkaia (Callado, Meana); the IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente); and the Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona (Bernardo).
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lafuente
authors.affiliation: From the CIBERSAM. ISCIII, Spain (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Callado, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente, Meana, Leza); the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University & Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octobre (Imas12). Madrid (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Leza); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology. School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Lafuente); the Department of Pharmacology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU and BioCruces Institute, Bizkaia (Callado, Meana); the IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente); and the Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona (Bernardo).
authors.forename: J Javier
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Meana
authors.affiliation: From the CIBERSAM. ISCIII, Spain (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Callado, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente, Meana, Leza); the Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Complutense University & Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octobre (Imas12). Madrid (García-Bueno, MacDowell, Leza); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pharmacology and Microbiology. School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Lafuente); the Department of Pharmacology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU and BioCruces Institute, Bizkaia (Callado, Meana); the IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona (Gassó, Mas, Bernardo, Lafuente); and the Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona (Bernardo).
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Leza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; C507779:MYD88 protein, human; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4