title: Manual function outcome measures in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD): Systematic review.
abstract: This study systematically reviewed the clinical and psychometric properties of manual function outcome measures for children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) aged 3-18 years. Three electronic databases were searched to identify manual function tools at the ICF-CY body function, activity and participation level used in children with DCD. Study selection and data extraction was conducted by two blind assessors according to the CanChild Outcome Measures Rating Form. Nineteen clinical tests (seven fine hand use tools and 12 handwriting measures), three naturalistic observations and six questionnaires were identified. The fine-motor subdomain of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 and the Functional Strength Measurement, with adequate reliability and validity properties, might be useful for manual function capacity assessment. The Systematic Detection of Writing Problems (SOS) and the Detailed Assessment of Speed of Handwriting (DASH) could be adopted for handwriting assessment, respectively from 6 and 9 years old. Naturalistic observations and questionnaires, whose psychometric properties have been investigated into limited extent, offer an assessment of the daily performances. This review shows that a combination of different tools is needed for a comprehensive assessment of manual function in children with DCD including the three levels of the ICF-CY. Further investigation of psychometric properties of those tools in children with DCD is warranted. Tests validated in other populations should be explored for their applicability for assessing manual function in children with DCD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium. Electronic address: e.bieber@fsm.unipi.it.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bieber
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Old Main Building, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. Electronic address: bouwien.engelsman@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: Bouwien C M
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Smits-Engelsman
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: g.sgandurra@inpe.unipi.it.
authors.forename: Giuseppina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sgandurra
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 56125 Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: g.cioni@fsm.unipi.it.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cioni
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium. Electronic address: Hilde.Feys@faber.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feys
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Viale del Tirreno 331, 56128 Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma, 56125 Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: a.guzzetta@fsm.unipi.it.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guzzetta
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, BIOMED, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium. Electronic address: Katrijn.Klingels@uhasselt.be.
authors.forename: Katrijn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klingels
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006225:Hand / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D009048:Motor Skills; D019957:Motor Skills Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
keywords: Developmental coordination disorder; Manual function; Outcome measures; Systematic review