title: Pharmacometabolomics-aided Pharmacogenomics in Autoimmune Disease.
abstract: Inter-individual variability has been a major hurdle to optimize disease management. Precision medicine holds promise for improving health and healthcare via tailor-made therapeutic strategies. Herein, we outline the paradigm of "pharmacometabolomics-aided pharmacogenomics" in autoimmune diseases. We envisage merging pharmacometabolomic and pharmacogenomic data (to address the interplay of genomic and environmental influences) with information technologies to facilitate data analysis as well as sense- and decision-making on the basis of synergy between artificial and human intelligence. Humans can detect patterns, which computer algorithms may fail to do so, whereas data-intensive and cognitively complex settings and processes limit human ability. We propose that better-informed, rapid and cost-effective omics studies need the implementation of holistic and multidisciplinary approaches.
authors.affiliation: University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University Campus, Rion, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Theodora
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katsila
authors.affiliation: University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University Campus, Rion, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Konstantinou
authors.affiliation: University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University Campus, Rion, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioanna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lavda
authors.affiliation: University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University Campus, Rion, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Harilaos
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Malakis
authors.affiliation: University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University Campus, Rion, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioanna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Papantoni
authors.affiliation: University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University Campus, Rion, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: Lamprini
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Skondra
authors.affiliation: University of Patras, School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University Campus, Rion, Patras, Greece.
authors.forename: George P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Patrinos
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003658:Decision Making, Computer-Assisted; D004360:Drug Therapy, Computer-Assisted; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D008490:Medical Informatics; D055432:Metabolomics; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D057285:Precision Medicine
keywords: Autoimmune diseases; Information technologies; Pharmacometabolomics-aided pharmacogenomics; Precision medicine