title: Cadmium minimization in wheat: A critical review.
abstract: Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its subsequent transfer to food chain is a major environmental issue worldwide. Understanding wheat response to Cd stress and its management for aiming to reduce Cd uptake and accumulation in wheat may help to improve wheat growth and grain quality. This paper reviewed the toxic effects, tolerance mechanisms, and management of Cd stress in wheat. It was concluded that Cd decreased germination, growth, mineral nutrients, photosynthesis and grain yield of wheat and plant response to Cd toxicity varies with cultivars, growth conditions and duration of stress applied. Cadmium caused oxidative stress and genotoxicity in wheat plants. Stimulation of antioxidant defense system, osmoregulation, ion homeostasis and over production of signalling molecules are important adaptive strategies of wheat under Cd stress. Exogenous application of plant growth regulators, inorganic amendments, proper fertilization, silicon, and organic, manures and biochar, amendments are commonly used for the reduction of Cd uptake in wheat. Selection of low Cd-accumulating wheat cultivars, crop rotation, soil type, and exogenous application of microbes are among the other agronomic practices successfully employed in reducing Cd uptake by wheat. These management practices could enhance wheat tolerance to Cd stress and reduce the transfer of Cd to the food chain. However, their long-term sustainability in reducing Cd uptake by wheat needs further assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan. Electronic address: mrazi1532@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizwan
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shafaqat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Tahir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zia-Ur-Rehman
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University, Allama Iqbal Road, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Fakhir
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hannan
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, CEREGE UM34, 13545 Aix en Provence, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: Soil Sciences Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammad I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Al-Wabel
authors.affiliation: Korea Biochar Research Center and Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Ok
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D000975:Antioxidants; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D002523:Edible Grain; D020387:Food Chain; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D014908:Triticum / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium
keywords: Agricultural practices; Biochar; Food security; Growth and yield; Mineral nutrients; Silicon