title: Practical aspects in the use of passive immunization as an alternative to attenuated viral vaccines.
abstract: Passive immunization as a method to protect birds has been tested for many years and shown to be effective. Its advantages over active vaccination include no use of partially virulent viruses, overcoming the gap in the level of protection at young age due to interference of maternal antibodies to raise self-immune response following active vaccination and the possible immunosuppressive effect of attenuated vaccine viruses. However, a major obstacle to its implementation is its relatively high cost which is dependent, among other things, mainly on two factors: the efficacy of antibody production, and the use of specific pathogen-free (SPF) birds for antibody production to avoid the possible transfer of pathogens from commercial layers. In this study we show efficient production of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) against four different pathogens simultaneously in the same egg, and treatment of the extracted IgY with formalin to negate the need for SPF birds. Formalin, a common registered sterilization compound in vaccine production, was shown not to interfere with the Fab specific antigen binding or Fc-complement activation of the antibody. Following injection of 1-day-old broilers with antibodies against infectious bursal disease virus, protective antibody levels were acquired for the entire period of sensitivity to this pathogen (35 days). Passive vaccination with formalin-sterilized IgY against multiple antigens extracted from one commercial egg may be a cost-effective and advantageous complementary or alternative to attenuated vaccines in poultry.
authors.affiliation: MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel.
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aizenshtein
authors.affiliation: MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel.
authors.forename: Roni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yosipovich
authors.affiliation: MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel.
authors.forename: Moran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kvint
authors.affiliation: MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel.
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shadmon
authors.affiliation: MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel.
authors.forename: Simcha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krispel
authors.affiliation: MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel.
authors.forename: Efrat
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shuster
authors.affiliation: MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel.
authors.forename: Dalia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eliyahu
authors.affiliation: Phibro Vaccines, Bet Shemesh, Israel.
authors.forename: Avner
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finger
authors.affiliation: Phibro Vaccines, Bet Shemesh, Israel.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Banet-Noach
authors.affiliation: MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel.
authors.forename: Ehud
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shahar
authors.affiliation: MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, P.O. Box 831, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel; Department of Biotechnology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Israel. Electronic address: jp@migal.org.il.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pitcovski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D018175:Birnaviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000662:veterinary; D002645:Chickens / Q000276:immunology*; D003167:Complement Activation; D004531:Eggs; D005557:Formaldehyde; D007116:Immunization, Passive / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007243:Infectious bursal disease virus; D009521:Newcastle Disease / Q000517:prevention & control; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000276:immunology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; C016512:IgY; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D005557:Formaldehyde
keywords: Immunoglobulin Y; Infectious bursal disease virus; Maternal antibody; Newcastle disease virus; Passive immunization