title: Stressful Events in Early Childhood and Developmental Trajectories of Bedwetting at School Age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE : To examine whether early stressful events are associated with developmental trajectories of bedwetting.  METHODS : This is a prospective cohort study comprising 8,761 participants from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Stressful events were measured using a maternal questionnaire completed at 3 time points before their child was 4 years old. The association between stressful events and trajectories of bedwetting from 4 to 9 years was examined using multinomial regression.  RESULTS : The association with stressful events was strongest for the frequent persistent bedwetting trajectory (wetting at least twice a week up to age 9). A 1 standard deviation increase in the stressful events score was associated with a 29% (13-47%) increase in the odds of experiencing frequent persistent bedwetting compared with normal attainment of nighttime bladder control.  CONCLUSIONS : Clinicians and parents should be aware that continence is a developmental outcome that is associated with high levels of stress in the family.
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol carol.joinson@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Joinson
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol Epidemiology and Health Services Research, CLAHRC West.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Gontard
authors.affiliation: School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heron
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D053206:Nocturnal Enuresis / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: ALSPAC; bedwetting; developmental trajectory; latent class; nocturnal enuresis; stressful life events