title: The interrelationship between orthorexia nervosa, perfectionism, body image and attachment style.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether perfectionism, body image, attachment style, and self-esteem are predictors of orthorexia nervosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 220 participants completed a self-administered, online questionnaire consisting of five measures: ORTO-15, the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS), the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ), and Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (RSES).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlation analysis revealed that higher orthorexic tendencies significantly correlated with higher scores for perfectionism (self-oriented, others-oriented and socially prescribed), appearance orientation, overweight preoccupation, self-classified weight, and fearful and dismissing attachment styles. Higher orthorexic tendencies also correlated with lower scores for body areas satisfaction and a secure attachment style. There was no significant correlation between orthorexia nervosa and self-esteem. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that overweight preoccupation, appearance orientation and the presence of an eating disorder history were significant predictors of orthorexia nervosa with a history of an eating disorder being the strongest predictor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orthorexia nervosa shares similarities with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa with regards to perfectionism, body image attitudes, and attachment style. In addition, a history of an eating disorder strongly predicts orthorexia nervosa. These findings suggest that these disorders might be on the same spectrum of disordered eating.
authors.affiliation: Psychology, College of Healthcare Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia.
authors.forename: Marta A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.affiliation: Psychology, College of Healthcare Sciences, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia. marie.caltabiano@jcu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Marie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Caltabiano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology*; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009769:Object Attachment; D000072639:Perfectionism; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011594:Psychometrics; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Attachment; Body image; Eating disorder; ORTO-15; Orthorexia nervosa; Perfectionism