title: Liver transplantation in Germany.
abstract: Liver transplantation (LT) is a well-accepted procedure for end-stage liver disease in Germany. In 2015, 1489 patients were admitted to the waiting list (including 1308 new admissions), with the leading etiologies being fibrosis and cirrhosis (n = 349), alcoholic liver disease (n = 302), and hepatobiliary malignancies (n = 220). Organ allocation in Germany is regulated within the Eurotransplant system based on urgency as expressed by the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score. In 2015, only 894 LTs (n = 48 from living donors) were performed at 23 German transplant centers, reflecting a shortage of organs. Several factors may contribute to the low number of organ donations. The German transplant legislation only accepts donation after brain death (not cardiac death), whereas advances in neurosurgery and a more frequently requested "palliative care" approach render fewer patients suitable as potential donors. The legislation further requires the active consent of the donor or first-degree relatives before donation. Ongoing debates within the German transplant field address the optimal management of patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and cholangiocarcinoma and measures to increase living donor transplantations. As a result of irregularities at mainly 4 German transplant centers that were exposed in 2012, guiding principles updated by the German authorities have since implemented strict rules (including internal and external auditing, the 8-eyes principle, mandatory repeated testing for alcohol consumption) to prohibit any manipulations in organ allocation. In conclusion, we will summarize important aspects on the management of LT in Germany, discuss legal and organizational aspects, and highlight challenges mainly related to the relative lack of organ donations, increasing numbers of extended criteria donors, and the peculiarities of the recipient patients. Liver Transplantation 22 1136-1142 2016 AASLD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tacke
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine III, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniela C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Kroy
authors.affiliation: German Organ Transplantation Foundation (DSO), Region Mitte, Mainz, Germany.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Barreiros
authors.affiliation: Department of Transplant Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulf P
authors.initials: UP
authors.lastname: Neumann
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D046148:Donor Selection / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D058625:End Stage Liver Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005380:Financing, Government; D005858:Germany; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D008104:Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000191:economics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019520:Living Donors; D018579:Patient Selection; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015996:Survival Rate; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014850:Waiting Lists