title: The probability of false positives in zero-dimensional analyses of one-dimensional kinematic, force and EMG trajectories.
abstract: A false positive is the mistake of inferring an effect when none exists, and although α controls the false positive (Type I error) rate in classical hypothesis testing, a given α value is accurate only if the underlying model of randomness appropriately reflects experimentally observed variance. Hypotheses pertaining to one-dimensional (1D) (e.g. time-varying) biomechanical trajectories are most often tested using a traditional zero-dimensional (0D) Gaussian model of randomness, but variance in these datasets is clearly 1D. The purpose of this study was to determine the likelihood that analyzing smooth 1D data with a 0D model of variance will produce false positives. We first used random field theory (RFT) to predict the probability of false positives in 0D analyses. We then validated RFT predictions via numerical simulations of smooth Gaussian 1D trajectories. Results showed that, across a range of public kinematic, force/moment and EMG datasets, the median false positive rate was 0.382 and not the assumed α=0.05, even for a simple two-sample t test involving N=10 trajectories per group. The median false positive rate for experiments involving three-component vector trajectories was p=0.764. This rate increased to p=0.945 for two three-component vector trajectories, and to p=0.999 for six three-component vectors. This implies that experiments involving vector trajectories have a high probability of yielding 0D statistical significance when there is, in fact, no 1D effect. Either (a) explicit a priori identification of 0D variables or (b) adoption of 1D methods can more tightly control α.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Fiber Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Shinshu University, Tokida 3-15-1, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan. Electronic address: tpataky@shinshu-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Todd C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Pataky
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vanrenterghem
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D011336:Probability; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
keywords: Ground reaction force; Kinematics; Random field theory; Statistical parametric mapping; Three-dimensional analysis; Time series analysis