title: In vitro and In vivo Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Extracted from Mulberry Fruit (Morus alba L.).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many plants possess antioxidants that exhibit additive or synergistic activities.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, an ethanol-extracted flavonoid extracted from mulberry fruit (FEM) was evaluated for the antioxidant activity in vitro and the hemolysis in red blood cell (RBC) and lipid peroxidation in liver in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Antioxidant activities in vitro were measured by quantifying its 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, reducing power, and Fe(2+)-chelating ability. FEM inhibits hemolysis in RBCs and effects of lipid peroxidation in the liver were estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total content of flavonoid compounds was 187.23 mg of quercetin equivalents per grams dried material. In the in vitro assays, FEM demonstrated a strong antioxidant effect, especially in DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power. Mouse RBC hemolysis induced by H2O2 was significantly inhibited by FEM in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The effects of FEM on lipid peroxidation in liver, mitochondria, and microsome were investigated. The percentage of inhibition at high concentration (100 μg/mL) of FEM was 45.51%, 39.36%, and 42.78% for liver, mitochondria, and microsomes, respectively. These results suggest that the FEM possesses a strong antioxidant activity both in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The total content of flavonoid compounds in mulberry fruit was 187.23 mg/g dried materialFEM showed a strong antioxidant effect, especially in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity and reducing powerMouse red blood cell hemolysis induced by H2O2 was significantly inhibited by FEM in a dose- and time-dependent mannerThe inhibition percentage at high concentration of FEM was 45.51%, 39.36%, and 42.78% for mouse's liver, mitochondrial, and microsomes, respectively. Abbreviations used: FEM: Flavonoid Extracted from Mulberry fruit, H2O2: Hydrogen peroxide, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, EDTA: Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, MDA: malondialdehyde, TBA: 2-thiobarbituric acid, RBC: Red blood cells, DNJ: 1-deoxynojirimycin, LDL: low density lipoprotein, ROS: reactive oxygen species, EDTA2Na: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt.
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Sivakumar Thasma
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Ajay Krishna Palani Gounder
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ganeshan
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Shao-Hui
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Hui-Juan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhongzheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gui
keywords: Antioxidant activity; flavonoid; hemolysis; lipid peroxidation; mulberry fruit