title: Milk protein composition and stability changes affected by iron in water sources.
abstract: Water makes up more than 80% of the total weight of milk. However, the influence of water chemistry on the milk proteome has not been extensively studied. The objective was to evaluate interaction of water-sourced iron (low, medium, and high levels) on milk proteome and implications on milk oxidative state and mineral content. Protein composition, oxidative stability, and mineral composition of milk were investigated under conditions of iron ingestion through bovine drinking water (infused) as well as direct iron addition to commercial milk in 2 studies. Four ruminally cannulated cows each received aqueous infusions (based on water consumption of 100L) of 0, 2, 5, and 12.5mg/L Fe(2+) as ferrous lactate, resulting in doses of 0, 200, 500 or 1,250mg of Fe/d, in a 4×4Latin square design for a 14-d period. For comparison, ferrous sulfate solution was directly added into commercial retail milk at the same concentrations: control (0mg of Fe/L), low (2mg of Fe/L), medium (5mg of Fe/L), and high (12.5mg of Fe/L). Two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-tandem time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry analysis was applied to characterize milk protein composition. Oxidative stability of milk was evaluated by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay for malondialdehyde, and mineral content was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. For milk from both abomasal infusion of ferrous lactate and direct addition of ferrous sulfate, an iron concentration as low as 2mg of Fe/L was able to cause oxidative stress in dairy cattle and infused milk, respectively. Abomasal infusion affected both caseins and whey proteins in the milk, whereas direct addition mainly influenced caseins. Although abomasal iron infusion did not significantly affect oxidation state and mineral balance (except iron), it induced oxidized off-flavor and partial degradation of whey proteins. Direct iron addition to milk led to lipid oxidation during storage at 4°C. Oxidation level was positively associated with the concentration of added iron. Minerals (Mg, P, Na, K, Ca, Zn) in milk were not affected by the added iron in milk. This study indicated that a small amount of iron contamination in bovine drinking water at the farm or incidental iron addition from potable water sources causes oxidation, affects milk protein composition and stability, and affects final milk quality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061.
authors.forename: Aili
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061. Electronic address: duncans@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.affiliation: Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061.
authors.forename: Katharine F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Knowlton
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061.
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061.
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dietrich
mesh_terms: D000018:Abomasum / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D060766:Drinking Water; D005260:Female; D007501:Iron; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry; D008894:Milk Proteins
chemical_list: D060766:Drinking Water; D008894:Milk Proteins; D007501:Iron
keywords: iron; milk synthesis; oxidation; protein