title: The Paradox of Parks in Low-Income Areas: Park Use and Perceived Threats.
abstract: Concerns about safety and perceived threats have been considered responsible for lower use of parks in high poverty neighborhoods. To quantify the role of perceived threats on park use we systematically observed 48 parks and surveyed park users and household residents in low-income neighborhoods in the City of Los Angeles. Across all parks, the majority of both park users and local residents perceive parks as safe or very safe. We noted apparently homeless individuals during nearly half of all observations, but very few instances of fighting, intimidating groups, smoking and intoxication. The presence of homeless individuals was associated with higher numbers of park users, while the presence of intoxicated persons was associated with lower numbers. Overall the strongest predictors of increased park use were the presence of organized and supervised activities. Therefore, to increase park use, focusing resources on programming may be more fruitful than targeting perceived threats.
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Derose
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Terry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Raaen
authors.affiliation: San Diego State University, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: McKenzie
keywords: Parks; collective efficacy; mental health; physical activity; safety