title: Effects of Phlomis umbrosa Root on Longitudinal Bone Growth Rate in Adolescent Female Rats.
abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effects of Phlomis umbrosa root on bone growth and growth mediators in rats. Female adolescent rats were administered P. umbrosa extract, recombinant human growth hormone or vehicle for 10 days. Tetracycline was injected intraperitoneally to produce a glowing fluorescence band on the newly formed bone on day 8, and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine was injected to label proliferating chondrocytes on days 8-10. To assess possible endocrine or autocrine/paracrine mechanisms, we evaluated insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) or bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in response to P. umbrosa administration in either growth plate or serum. Oral administration of P. umbrosa significantly increased longitudinal bone growth rate, height of hypertrophic zone and chondrocyte proliferation of the proximal tibial growth plate. P. umbrosa also increased serum IGFBP-3 levels and upregulated the expressions of IGF-1 and BMP-2 in growth plate. In conclusion, P. umbrosa increases longitudinal bone growth rate by stimulating proliferation and hypertrophy of chondrocyte with the increment of circulating IGFBP-3. Regarding the immunohistochemical study, the effect of P. umbrosa may also be attributable to upregulation of local IGF-1 and BMP-2 expressions in the growth plate, which can be considered as a GH dependent autocrine/paracrine pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea. allstart2925@naver.com.
authors.forename: Donghun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea. yjbsik@naver.com.
authors.forename: Young-Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea. jbsong0527@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jungbin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea. lovelyradix@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Hyun Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea. lhjung91@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Hyun Jung
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea. guohailing1026@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hailing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbal Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea. hckim@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hocheol
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000096:biosynthesis; D031345:Phlomis / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D013977:Tibia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: C525720:Bmp2 protein, rat; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D010936:Plant Extracts; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I
keywords: IGF-1; Phlomis umbrosa; bone growth rate; growth plate