title: Food intake and gestational weight gain in Swedish women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to investigate if food intake (dairy, snacks, caloric beverages, bread, cheese, margarine/butter, potato/rice/pasta/grains, red meat, fish and fruit/berries/vegetables) is associated with gestational weight gain (GWG) in Swedish women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four day food records from 95 pregnant Swedish women were collected in the last trimester. GWG was calculated as weighed body weight in the last trimester (median gestational week 36) minus self-reported pre-pregnancy body weight. Excessive GWG was defined according to the guidelines by the Institute of Medicine. Food groups tested for association with GWG were dairy (milk, yoghurt and sour milk), snacks (sweets, crisps, popcorn, ice cream and cookies, but not nuts and seeds), caloric beverages (soft drinks, juice, lemonade and non-alcoholic beer), bread, cheese, margarine/butter, potato/rice/pasta/grains, red meat, fish and fruit/berries/vegetables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median (lower-upper quartiles) GWG was 12.1 kg (10.0-15.3). In total, 28 % had an excessive GWG. Excessive GWG was most common among pre-pregnancy overweight and obese women, where 69 % had an excessive GWG. Median daily intake of fruits and vegetables was 352 g (212-453), caloric beverages was 238 g (100-420) and snacks was 111 g (69-115). Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that intake of caloric beverages, snacks, fish, bread and dairy in the last trimester of pregnancy were positively related to GWG (R(2) = 0.32). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that intake of caloric beverages, snacks, fish, and bread was associated with higher odds ratios for excessive GWG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intake of caloric beverages, snacks, fish and bread were positively related to excessive GWG. Thus, these results indicate that maternal dietary intake should be given higher attention in the antenatal care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 459, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Linnea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bärebring
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 459, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brembeck
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, NOVUM, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Löf
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 459, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hilde K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Brekke
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 459, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winkvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 459, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Augustin
keywords: Dietary intake; Food groups; Gestational weight gain