title: Joint Modelling of Survival and Emergency Medical Care Usage in Spanish Insureds Aged 65+.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We study the longevity and medical resource usage of a large sample of insureds aged 65 years or older drawn from a large health insurance dataset. Yearly counts of each subject's emergency room and ambulance service use and hospital admissions are made. Occurrence of mortality is also monitored. The study aims to capture the simultaneous dependence between their demand for healthcare and survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  We demonstrate the benefits of taking a joint approach to modelling longitudinal and survival processes by using a large dataset from a Spanish medical mutual company. This contains historical insurance information for 39,137 policyholders aged 65+ (39.5% men and 60.5% women) across the eight-year window of the study. The joint model proposed incorporates information on longitudinal demand for care in a weighted cumulative effect that places greater emphasis on more recent than on past service demand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A strong significant and positive relationship between the exponentially weighted demand for emergency, ambulance and hospital services is found with risk of death (alpha = 1.462, p < 0.001). Alternative weighting specifications are tested, but in all cases they show that a joint approach indicates a close connection between health care demand and time-to-death. Additionally, the model allows us to predict individual survival curves dynamically as new information on demand for services becomes known.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The joint model fitted demonstrates the utility of analysing demand for medical services and survival simultaneously. Likewise, it allows the personalized prediction of survival in advanced age subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Econometrics, Riskcenter-IREA, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Piulachs
authors.affiliation: Department of Econometrics, Riskcenter-IREA, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alemany
authors.affiliation: Department of Econometrics, Riskcenter-IREA, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2644-6268
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guillen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000552:Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013030:Spain; D015996:Survival Rate