title: Commodifying snow, taming the waters. Socio-ecological niche construction in an Alpine village.
abstract: White belts of snow clad mountains all over the world each winter. Even if there is no snow, the tourism industry is able to produce the white finery at the push of the button, thereby consuming large amounts of water. Studying Damüls, a well-known ski resort in Austria's westernmost province Vorarlberg, we can show that the development of a service sector within agro-pastoral landscapes was connected with novel water uses and massive interventions into Alpine landscapes. Human niche construction theory offers a unique avenue for studying the development of Alpine communities, but also highlights side effects accompanying the change from agrarian to tourism livelihoods. One aim of this paper is to broaden the scope of human niche construction theory. Inceptive, counteractive and relocational niche construction activities were coupled to the differentiation of actor groups. To incorporate social dynamics, indispensable for studies in environmental history, we propose the concept of socio-ecological niche construction. The paper investigates how villagers balanced resource limitations typical for an agrarian society with the differentiation of sub-niches, mediating selective forces on the population. When the valleys were industrialized, Damüls was almost given up as a permanent settlement. Then, tourists entered the stage, by and by turning the wheel of local development into a different direction. A tourism niche based on natural snow evolved from the 1930s onwards. While the socio-ecological niches of agriculture and tourism coexisted in the interwar years, this changed when ski lifts were built, embedded into a debt-based economy that made the tourism niche vulnerable to snow availability. Snow-dependency became a powerful selective force. It was mediated by the ski lift companies through a range of niche construction activities that turned water into an important resource of snowmaking systems.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social Ecology/Center for Environmental History, Alpen-Adria-University Klagenfurt, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social Ecology/Center for Environmental History, Alpen-Adria-University Klagenfurt, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Winiwarter
keywords: Artificial snow systems; Environmental history; Human niche construction; Socio-ecological niche construction; Winter tourism