title: Deposits, flow characteristics, and landscape change resulting from the September 2009 South Pacific tsunami in the Samoan islands.
abstract: The September 29th 2009 tsunami caused widespread coastal modification within the islands of Samoa and northern Tonga in the South Pacific. Preliminary measurements indicate maximum runup values of around 17 m (Okal et al., 2010) and shore-normal inundation distances of up to ~ 620 m (Jaffe et al., 2010). Geological field reconnaissance studies were conducted as part of an UNESCO-IOC International Tsunami Survey Team survey within three weeks of the event in order to document the erosion, transport, and deposition of sediment by the tsunami. Data collected included: a) general morphology and geological characteristics of the coast, b) evidence of tsunami flow (inundation, flow depth and direction, wave height and runup), c) surficial and subsurface sediment samples including deposit thickness and extent, d) topographic mapping, and e) boulder size and location measurements. Four main types of sedimentary deposits were identified: a) gravel fields consisting mostly of isolated cobbles and boulders, b) sand sheets from a few to ~ 25 cm thick, c) piles of organic (mostly vegetation) and man-made material forming debris ramparts, and d) surface mud deposits that settled from suspension from standing water in the tsunami aftermath. Tsunami deposits within the reef system were not widespread, however, surficial changes to the reefs were observed.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, 400 Natural Bridges Drive, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, 400 Natural Bridges Drive, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.affiliation: Université De La Polynésie Française, BP 6570, 98702 Faa'a, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Etienne
authors.affiliation: Australian Tsunami Research Centre, School of BEES, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Institute for Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Kirrawee DC, Australia.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chagué-Goff
authors.affiliation: GNS Science, PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Australian Tsunami Research Centre, School of BEES, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goff
authors.affiliation: Australian Tsunami Research Centre, School of BEES, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dominey-Howes
authors.affiliation: Australian Tsunami Research Centre, School of BEES, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Strotz
keywords: Samoa; boulders; sand sheets; tsunami; tsunami deposits