title: Protective effect of a recombinant VHSV-G vaccine using poly(I:C) loaded nanoparticles as an adjuvant in zebrafish (Danio rerio) infection model.
abstract: There is a constant need to increase the efficiency of vaccines in the aquaculture industry. Although several nano-based vaccine formulations have been reported, to the best of our knowledge so far only one of them have been implemented in the industry. Here we report on chitosan-poly(I:C) nanoparticles (NPs) that could be used as a non-specific adjuvant in antiviral vaccines in aquaculture. We have characterized the physical parameters of the NPs, studied the in vivo and in vitro bio-distribution of fluorescent NPs and verified NP uptake by zebrafish leucocytes. We used the zebrafish model to test the protective efficiency of the recombinant glycoprotein G (rgpG) of VHSV compared to inactivated whole virus (iV) against VHSV using NPs as an adjuvant in both formulations. In parallel we tested free poly(I:C) and rgpG (pICrgpG), and free chitosan and rgpG (CSrgpG) vaccine formulations. While the iV group (with NP adjuvant) provided the highest overall survival, all vaccine formulations with poly(I:C) provided a significant protection against VHSV; possibly through an early induction of an anti-viral state. Our results suggest that chitosan-poly(I:C) NPs are a promising adjuvant candidate for future vaccine formulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Arturas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kavaliauskis
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arnemo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Speth
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Leidy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lagos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne-Lise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Rishovd
authors.affiliation: IBMC, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain.
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Estepa
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, 0371 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: tor.gjoen@farmasi.uio.no.
authors.forename: Tor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gjøen
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D031941:Hemorrhagic Septicemia, Viral / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D007109:Immunity; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D029141:Novirhabdovirus / Q000276:immunology*; D011070:Poly I-C / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D014614:Vaccines, Synthetic; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D048271:Chitosan; D011070:Poly I-C
keywords: Adjuvant; Nanoparticles; Poly(I:C); VHSV vaccine; Zebrafish