title: Detection of Paranannizziopsis australasiensis in tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) using fungal culture and a generic fungal PCR.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the methods used at the Animal Health Laboratory (AHL, Ministry for Primary Industries) to identify Paranannizziopsis australasiensis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Skin biopsy samples from two adult male tuatara were submitted to the AHL in March 2014. Approximately half of each sample was processed for fungal culture and incubated on mycobiotic agar containing cycloheximide at 30°C. Following morphological examination of the culture products, DNA was extracted from suspect colonies. PCR was used to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of fungal rRNA using primers ITS1 and ITS4. Positive amplicons were subjected to DNA sequencing and the results were compared to published sequences. In addition, DNA was extracted from the remaining skin samples and the same PCR was carried out to compare the results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 7 days of incubation, colonies morphologically resembling P. australasiensis were observed. DNA extracted from these isolates tested positive for P. australasiensis by PCR and DNA sequencing. Samples of DNA extracted directly from the infected skin samples tested negative for P. australasiensis using the generic fungal PCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isolation and identification of P. australasiensis was carried out using a combination of fungal culture and molecular testing available at AHL. Results were available in significantly less time than in the past, when isolates had to be sent overseas. PCR and sequencing of fungal isolates is a valuable tool for identification of species that have few, if any, unique macroscopic or microscopic features to aid identification. Further sampling from captive and wild New Zealand reptiles will provide important information on the epidemiology of P. australasiensis, and the conservation and management implications for tuatara and other native reptile species.
authors.affiliation: a Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries , 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt , New Zealand.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.affiliation: b New Zealand Centre for Conservation Medicine , Auckland Zoo, Gate 2 Motions Road, Western Springs, Auckland , 1022 , New Zealand.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.affiliation: a Animal Health Laboratory, Ministry for Primary Industries , 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt , New Zealand.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Ha
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D003881:Dermatomycoses / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D020036:Onygenales / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary; D012104:Reptiles / Q000382:microbiology*; D012867:Skin / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal
keywords: Chrysosporium anamorph of Nannizziopsis vriesii (CANV); Paranannizziopsis australasiensis; generic fungal ITS PCR