title: Clinical and Public Health Considerations in Urine Drug Testing to Identify and Treat Substance Use.
abstract: To expand appropriate use of substance use testing, practitioners must increase their knowledge of the appropriate methodology, scope, and frequency. Yet, there is a current lack of accepted guidelines on clinical testing to identify and treat substance use.
  
  
  
  This article (1) conveys the importance of substance use testing as a clinical and public health response to trends of prescription drug abuse and increased access to medical and commercialized marijuana; (2) summarizes central features of the rapidly evolving science and the practice of patient-centered substance use testing in a clinical setting; and (3) provides recommendations that balance costs and benefits and serve as a starting point for appropriate testing to prevent, identify, and treat substance use disorders.
  
  
  
  The author conducted a search of peer-reviewed and government-supported articles and books in electronic databases and used her own knowledge and clinical experience.
  
  
  
  The author makes recommendations for determining the methodology, scope, and frequency of testing in each stage of care based on clinical considerations and methodological factors. Conclusion/Importance: Integrating sensible substance use testing broadly into clinical health care to identify substance use, diagnose substance use disorders, and guide patients into treatment can improve health outcomes and reduce the costs of substance use and addiction. No single testing regimen is suitable for all clinical scenarios; rather, a multitude of options, as discussed herein, can be adapted to meet a patient's unique needs. Ultimately, the practitioner must combine patient-specific information with knowledge of test technologies, capabilities, limitations, and costs.
authors.affiliation: a Encounter Medical Group , Oak Park , Illinois , USA.
authors.forename: Andrea G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Barthwell
mesh_terms: D016739:Behavior, Addictive; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders
keywords: Urine drug testing; chromatography-mass-spectrometry; diagnosis; immunoassay; recovery; substance abuse; substance use disorder; treatment