title: Polynomial estimation of the smoothing splines for the new Finnish reference values for spirometry.
abstract: Background Discontinuity of spirometry reference values from childhood into adulthood has been a problem with traditional reference values, thus modern modelling approaches using smoothing spline functions to better depict the transition during growth and ageing have been recently introduced. Following the publication of the new international Global Lung Initiative (GLI2012) reference values also new national Finnish reference values have been calculated using similar GAMLSS-modelling, with spline estimates for mean (Mspline) and standard deviation (Sspline) provided in tables. The aim of this study was to produce polynomial estimates for these spline functions to use in lieu of lookup tables and to assess their validity in the reference population of healthy non-smokers. Methods Linear regression modelling was used to approximate the estimated values for Mspline and Sspline using similar polynomial functions as in the international GLI2012 reference values. Estimated values were compared to original calculations in absolute values, the derived predicted mean and individually calculated z-scores using both values. Results Polynomial functions were estimated for all 10 spirometry variables. The agreement between original lookup table-produced values and polynomial estimates was very good, with no significant differences found. The variation slightly increased in larger predicted volumes, but a range of -0.018 to +0.022 litres of FEV1 representing ± 0.4% of maximum difference in predicted mean. Conclusions Polynomial approximations were very close to the original lookup tables and are recommended for use in clinical practice to facilitate the use of new reference values.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pulmonary Medicine, HUCH Heart and Lung Center , Peijas Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital ;
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kainu
authors.affiliation: b Department of Clinical Physiology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, and Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine , Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland.
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Timonen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008168:Lung / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012016:Reference Values; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013147:Spirometry / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Spirometry; lung function tests; mathematical model; pulmonary medicine; reference values