title: Current Approaches for Diagnosis of Influenza Virus Infections in Humans.
abstract: Despite significant advancement in vaccine and virus research, influenza continues to be a major public health concern. Each year in the United States of America, influenza viruses are responsible for seasonal epidemics resulting in over 200,000 hospitalizations and 30,000-50,000 deaths. Accurate and early diagnosis of influenza viral infections are critical for rapid initiation of antiviral therapy to reduce influenza related morbidity and mortality both during seasonal epidemics and pandemics. Several different approaches are currently available for diagnosis of influenza infections in humans. These include viral isolation in cell culture, immunofluorescence assays, nucleic acid amplification tests, immunochromatography-based rapid diagnostic tests, etc. Newer diagnostic approaches are being developed to overcome the limitations associated with some of the conventional detection methods. This review discusses diagnostic approaches currently available for detection of influenza viruses in humans.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA. vikisai@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sai Vikram
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Vemula
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA. jiangqin.zhao@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Jiangqin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA. Jikun.Liu@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Jikun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA. Xue.Wang@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA. Santanu.Biswas@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Santanu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biswas
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA. Indira.hewlett@fda.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Indira
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hewlett
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D019085:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology*; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012698:Serologic Tests
keywords: Immunoassay; Influenza diagnostics; Influenza viruses; hemaglutinin; neuraminidase; next-generation sequencing (NGS); subtype