title: Occurrence and Spread of Quinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli on Dairy Farms.
abstract: Quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli (QREC) is common in feces from young calves, but the prevalence and genetic diversity of QREC in groups of cattle of other ages and the farm environment are unknown. The aims of the study were to obtain knowledge about the occurrence of QREC on dairy farms, the genetic diversity of QREC within and between farms, and how these relate to the number of purchased animals and geographic distances between farms. We analyzed the within-sample prevalence of QREC in individual fecal samples from preweaned dairy calves and postpartum cows and in environmental samples from 23 Swedish dairy farms. The genetic diversity of the QREC isolates on 10 of these farms was assessed. In general, QREC was more prevalent in the dairy farm environment and in postpartum cows if QREC was commonly found in calves than if QREC was rare in calves. In particular, we found more QREC organisms in feed and water troughs and in environments that may come into contact with young calves. Thus, the results suggest that QREC circulates between cattle and the farm environment and that calves are important for the maintenance of QREC. Some genotypes of QREC were widespread both within and between farms, indicating that QREC has spread within the farms and likely also between farms, possibly through purchased animals. Farms that had purchased many animals over the years had greater within-farm diversity than farms with more closed animal populations. Finally, animals on more closely located farms were more likely to share the same genotype than animals on farms located far apart.
  
  
  
  This study investigates the occurrence of a specific type of antimicrobial-resistant bacterium on dairy farms. It contributes to increased knowledge about the occurrence and spread of these bacteria, and the results pave the way for actions or further studies that could help mitigate the spread of these bacteria on dairy farms and in the community as a whole.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden anna.duse@sva.se.|Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duse
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.|Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Persson Waller
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Emanuelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Helle
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ericsson Unnerstad
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.|Växa Sverige, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ylva
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002417:Cattle; D003612:Dairying; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000072480:Farms; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015995:Prevalence; D015363:Quinolones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015363:Quinolones