title: Influence of N-rich material in valorization of industrial eggshell by co-composting.
abstract: Industrial eggshell (ES) is an animal by-product (ABP) involving some risk if not properly managed. Composting is a possible treatment approved for its safe use. This study aims to assess the influence of using N-rich material (grass clippings (GC)) to improve co-composting of ES mixtures for reaching sanitizing temperatures imposed by the ABP regulation from the European Union. Two sets of mixtures (M1 and M2) were investigated, each containing industrial potato peel waste, GC and rice husks at 3:1.9:1 and 3:0:1 ratios by wet weight. In each set, ES composition ranged from 0% to 30% (w/w). Co-composting trials were performed in self-heating reactors for 25 days, followed by maturation in piles. Results showed that only M1 trials attained temperatures higher than 70°C for nine consecutive hours, but N-losses by stripping on average were four- to five-fold higher than M2. In the absence of N-rich material, biodegradability of mixtures was 'low' to 'moderate' and organic matter conversion was impaired. Physical, chemical and phytotoxic properties of finished composts were suitable for soil improvement, but M1 took 54 more days to achieve maturity. In conclusion, co-composting ES with N-rich materials is important to assure the fulfilment of sanitizing requirements, avoiding any additional thermal treatment.
authors.affiliation: a CIEPQPF - Research Centre on Chemical Processes Engineering and Forest Products, Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.
authors.forename: Micaela A R
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: a CIEPQPF - Research Centre on Chemical Processes Engineering and Forest Products, Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.
authors.forename: Margarida J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Quina
authors.affiliation: a CIEPQPF - Research Centre on Chemical Processes Engineering and Forest Products, Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Quinta-Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004528:Egg Shell / Q000737:chemistry*; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D017672:Nitrogen Compounds; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Eggshell waste; N-rich ingredient; co-composting; sanitizing; self-heating potential