title: Energy Drink Administration in Combination with Alcohol Causes an Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress in the Hippocampus and Temporal Cortex of Rats.
abstract: Energy drinks (EDs) are often consumed in combination with alcohol because they reduce the depressant effects of alcohol. However, different researches suggest that chronic use of these psychoactive substances in combination with alcohol can trigger an oxidative and inflammatory response. These processes are regulated by both a reactive astrogliosis and an increase of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and iNOS, causing cell death (apoptosis) at the central and peripheral nervous systems. Currently, mechanisms of toxicity caused by mixing alcohol and ED in the brain are not well known. In this study, we evaluated the effect of chronic alcohol consumption in combination with ED on inflammatory response and oxidative stress in the temporal cortex (TCx) and hippocampus (Hp) of adult rats (90 days old). Our results demonstrated that consuming a mixture of alcohol and ED for 60 days induced an increase in reactive gliosis, IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide, in the TCx and Hp. We also found immunoreactivity to caspase-3 and a decrease of synaptophysin in the same brain regions. The results suggested that chronic consumption of alcohol in combination with ED causes an inflammatory response and oxidative stress, which induced cell death via apoptosis in the TCx and Hp of the adult rats.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Treviño
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guevara
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico.
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Arenas
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Brambila
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, 14080 Ciudad de México, DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico.
authors.forename: Albino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreno-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lopez-Lopez
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ulises
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Peña-Rosas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología y Toxicología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico.
authors.forename: Berenice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Venegas
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología y Toxicología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico.
authors.forename: Anabella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Handal-Silva
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biología y Toxicología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico.
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Morán-Perales
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Neuropsiquiatría, Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico.
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 72570 Puebla, PUE, Mexico.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Alonso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D061215:Energy Drinks / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D016708:Synaptophysin / Q000378:metabolism; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016708:Synaptophysin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000431:Ethanol; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D053148:Caspase 3