title: Systematic review of case reports of antiphospholipid syndrome following infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of case reports documenting the development of antiphospholipid syndrome or antiphospholipid syndrome-related features after an infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed ePubs, and The Cochrane Library - CENTRAL through March 2015 without restrictions. Studies reporting cases of antiphospholipid syndrome or antiphospholipid syndrome-related features following an infection were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and fifty-nine publications met inclusion criteria, reporting on 293 cases. Three different groups of patients were identified; group 1 included patients who fulfilled the criteria for definitive antiphospholipid syndrome (24.6%), group 2 included patients who developed transient antiphospholipid antibodies with thromboembolic phenomena (43.7%), and group 3 included patients who developed transient antiphospholipid antibodies without thromboembolic events (31.7%). The most common preceding infection was viral (55.6%). In cases that developed thromboembolic events Human immunodeficiency and Hepatitis C viruses were the most frequently reported. Parvovirus B19 was the most common in cases that developed antibodies without thromboembolic events. Hematological manifestations and peripheral thrombosis were the most common clinical manifestations. Positive anticardiolipin antibodies were the most frequent antibodies reported, primarily coexisting IgG and IgM isotypes. Few patients in groups 1 and 2 had persistent antiphospholipid antibodies for more than 6 months. Outcome was variable with some cases reporting persistent antiphospholipid syndrome features and others achieving complete resolution of clinical events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Development of antiphospholipid antibodies with all traditional manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome were observed after variety of infections, most frequently after chronic viral infections with Human immunodeficiency and Hepatitis C. The causal relationship between infection and antiphospholipid syndrome cannot be established, but the possible contribution of various infections in the pathogenesis of antiphospholipid syndrome need further longitudinal and controlled studies to establish the incidence, and better quantify the risk and the outcomes of antiphospholipid-related events after infection.
authors.affiliation: Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.|Rheumatology and Rehabilitation Department, Assiut University Hospitals, Assiut, Egypt.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abdel-Wahab
authors.affiliation: Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lopez-Olivo
authors.affiliation: National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: G P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Pinto-Patarroyo
authors.affiliation: Section of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA msalmazor@mdanderson.org.
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Suarez-Almazor
mesh_terms: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin / Q000097:blood*; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007132:Immunoglobulin Isotypes; D009181:Mycoses / Q000453:epidemiology; D010272:Parasitic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017153:Antibodies, Anticardiolipin; D007132:Immunoglobulin Isotypes
keywords: anticardiolipin antibodies; antiphospholipid antibodies; infection; lupus anticoagulant; systematic review