title: Fluency and Accuracy in Alphabet Writing by Keyboarding: A Cross-Sectional Study in Spanish-Speaking Children With and Without Learning Disabilities.
abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze whether children with and without difficulties in handwriting, spelling, or both differed in alphabet writing when using a keyboard. The total sample consisted of 1,333 children from Grades 1 through 3. Scores on the spelling and handwriting factors from the Early Grade Writing Assessment (Jiménez, in press) were used to assign the participants to one of four groups with different ability patterns: poor handwriters, poor spellers, a mixed group, and typically achieving students. Groups were equalized by a matching strategy, resulting in a final sample of 352 children. A MANOVA was executed to analyze effects of group and grade on orthographic motor integration (fluency of alphabet writing) and the number of omissions when writing the alphabet (accuracy of alphabet writing) by keyboard writing mode. The results indicated that poor handwriters did not differ from typically achieving children in both variables, whereas the poor spellers did perform below the typical achievers and the poor handwriters. The difficulties of poor handwriters seem to be alleviated by the use of the keyboard; however, children with spelling difficulties might need extra instruction to become fluent keyboard writers.
authors.affiliation: 1 VU University Amsterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bisschop
authors.affiliation: 2 Universidad de La Laguna, the Canary Islands, Spain.
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.affiliation: 2 Universidad de La Laguna, the Canary Islands, Spain.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gil
authors.affiliation: 2 Universidad de La Laguna, the Canary Islands, Spain.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Suárez
keywords: accuracy; fluency; foreign language; keyboarding; orthographic motor integration; writing; written language