title: Analysis of Kimchi, vegetable and fruit consumption trends among Korean adults: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998-2012).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to analyze daily kimchi, vegetable and fruit consumption by general characteristics and vegetable and fruit consumption from 1998 to 2012 by the Korean population based on the data of the KNHANES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is based on the 1998-2012 KNHNES. Analysis data on 54,700 subjects aged 19 years and older were obtained from health behavior interviews and the 24-hour dietary recall method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Daily kimchi consumption and portion size of kimchi decreased significantly from 1998 to 2012 (adjusted P for trend < 0.0001). Meanwhile, daily consumption of both non-salted vegetable and fruit with and without kimchi did not significantly change between 1998 and 2012. Reduced consumption of kimchi, non-salted vegetable, and fruit was observed for both genders as well as daily meal episodes and cooking locations. Male and female subjects with insufficient non-salted vegetable and fruit intake were increased 1.4 times and 1.3 times, respectively, in 2012 than 1998. All subjects consumed at least 400 g/day of non-salted vegetable, fruit, and kimchi in each survey year, although they consumed insufficient amounts (< 400 g/day) of non-salted vegetable and fruit without kimchi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since Koreans generally consume high amounts of fermented vegetables, including kimchi, total vegetables and fruit. Consumption of these foods by the Korean adult population reached 400 g, which is the recommended intake of the WCRF/AICR. Based on this result, it is necessary to promote consumption of kimchi in the Korean population and research the development of low sodium kimchi in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Kyung
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Food science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 126, Jukjeon-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin 16890, Korea.
authors.forename: Ae-Wha
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju 61755, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Ok
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Food science and Nutrition, Dankook University, 126, Jukjeon-ro, Suji-gu, Yongin 16890, Korea.
authors.forename: Se-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ju
keywords: KNHANES; Kimchi intake; Korean adult; food intake; trend