title: Adolescent Loneliness and Social Skills: Agreement and Discrepancies Between Self-, Meta-, and Peer-Evaluations.
abstract: Lonely adolescents report that they have poor social skills, but it is unknown whether this is due to an accurate perception of a social skills deficit, or a biased negative perception. This is an important distinction, as actual social skills deficits require different treatments than biased negative perceptions. In this study, we compared self-reported social skills evaluations with peer-reported social skills and meta-evaluations of social skills (i.e., adolescents' perceptions of how they believe their classmates evaluate them). Based on the social skills view, we expected negative relations between loneliness and these three forms of social skills evaluations. Based on the bias view, we expected lonely adolescents to have more negative self- and meta-evaluations compared to peer-evaluations of social skills. Participants were 1342 adolescents (48.64 % male, Mage= 13.95, SD = .54). All classmates rated each other in a round-robin design to obtain peer-evaluations. Self- and meta-evaluations were obtained using self-reports. Data were analyzed using polynomial regression analyses and response surface modeling. The results indicated that, when self-, peer- and meta-evaluations were similar, a greater sense of loneliness was related to poorer social skills. Loneliness was also related to larger discrepancies between self- and peer-evaluations of loneliness, but not related to the direction of these discrepancies. Thus, for some lonely adolescents, loneliness may be related to an actual social skills deficit, whereas for others a biased negative perception of one's own social skills or a mismatch with the environment may be related to their loneliness. This implies that different mechanisms may underlie loneliness, which has implications for interventions.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. g.m.a.lodder@rug.nl.|Interuniversity Centre for Social Science Theory and Methodology, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. g.m.a.lodder@rug.nl.
authors.forename: G M A
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Lodder
authors.affiliation: Research Group School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goossens
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Praktikon, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R H J
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Scholte
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.|Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands.|Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R C M E
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verhagen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008132:Loneliness / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009426:Netherlands; D015588:Observer Variation; D010379:Peer Group; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D011594:Psychometrics; D012649:Self Concept; D057566:Self Report; D066107:Social Skills; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Bias; Discrepancies; Loneliness; Peer evaluations; Social skills