title: Metabolomics by Proton High-Resolution Magic-Angle-Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Tomato Plants Treated with Two Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Trichoderma.
abstract: Trichoderma fungi release 6-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (1) and harzianic acid (2) secondary metabolites to improve plant growth and health protection. We isolated metabolites 1 and 2 from Trichoderma strains, whose different concentrations were used to treat seeds of Solanum lycopersicum. The metabolic profile in the resulting 15 day old tomato leaves was studied by high-resolution magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HRMAS NMR) spectroscopy directly on the whole samples without any preliminary extraction. Principal component analysis (PCA) of HRMAS NMR showed significantly enhanced acetylcholine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content accompanied by variable amount of amino acids in samples treated with both Trichoderma secondary metabolites. Seed germination rates, seedling fresh weight, and the metabolome of tomato leaves were also dependent upon doses of metabolites 1 and 2 treatments. HRMAS NMR spectroscopy was proven to represent a rapid and reliable technique for evaluating specific changes in the metabolome of plant leaves and calibrating the best concentration of bioactive compounds required to stimulate plant growth.
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdipartimentale per la Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II , Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Città Metropolitana di Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mazzei
authors.affiliation: Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) , Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Città Metropolitana di Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vinale
authors.affiliation: Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) , Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Città Metropolitana di Napoli, Italy.|Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Città Metropolitana di Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Sheridan Lois
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Città Metropolitana di Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pascale
authors.affiliation: Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) , Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Città Metropolitana di Napoli, Italy.|Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Città Metropolitana di Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lorito
authors.affiliation: Centro Interdipartimentale per la Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agro-Alimentare ed i Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Università di Napoli Federico II , Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Città Metropolitana di Napoli, Italy.|Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II , Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Città Metropolitana di Napoli, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piccolo
mesh_terms: D001685:Biological Factors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D055432:Metabolomics; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011753:Pyrones / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D064210:Secondary Metabolism; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C008798:6-pentylpyrone; D001685:Biological Factors; D006885:Hydroxybutyrates; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011753:Pyrones; D011758:Pyrroles; C088506:harzianic acid
keywords: 6-pentyl-α-pyrone; HRMAS NMR; Trichoderma secondary metabolites; harzianic acid; metabolomics