title: Bovine digital dermatitis: Current concepts from laboratory to farm.
abstract: Bovine digital dermatitis (DD) is a severe infectious disease causing lameness in dairy cattle worldwide and is an important ruminant welfare problem that has considerable economic issues. Bovine DD is endemic in many regions worldwide and it is important to understand this major disease so that effective control strategies can be identified. There is substantial evidence that specific treponeme phylotypes play an important causative role in bovine DD. This review considers current research, including DD Treponema spp. investigations, associated DD pathobiology, and current and potential treatment and control options. Epidemiological data, alongside new microbiological data, help delineate important transmission routes and reservoirs of infection that allow effective interventions to be identified. Better on-farm housing hygiene, pasture access, routine footbathing and claw trimming with disinfected equipment need to be implemented to significantly reduce the incidence of DD. There is a paucity of peer reviewed research into both commonly used and novel treatments. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility studies of DD treponemes and effective treatment of human treponematoses clearly indicate that antibiotics frequently selected for DD treatments are not the most efficacious. Whilst there are understandable concerns over milk withdrawal times in dairy cattle, more needs to be done to identify, license and implement more appropriate antibiotic treatments, since continued overuse of less efficacious antibiotics, applied incorrectly, will lead to increased disease recurrence and transmission. More research is needed into methods of preventing DD that circumvent the use of antibiotics, including vaccination and transmission blocking studies, to reduce or hopefully eradicate DD in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ UK; School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK. Electronic address: evansnj@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK; Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ UK; School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK.
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003612:Dairying; D058066:Digital Dermatitis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D014208:Treponema / Q000502:physiology*; D014211:Treponemal Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Bovine digital dermatitis; Papillomatous digital dermatitis; Spirochaetes; Treponemes