title: Vancomycin-sensitized photooxidation in the presence of the natural pigment vitamin B2: Interaction with excited states and photogenerated ROS.
abstract: Sensitized photooxidation processes in the presence of natural pigments may provide an alternative to antibiotics degradation since these compounds are transparent to natural light irradiation, therefore, they can be degraded by the action of photosensitizers which absorb light and produce highly reactive species, especially those derived from molecular oxygen (ROS). Most antibiotics used currently belong to a group of pharmaceutical substances that have been considered a new type of contaminants due to their persistence and bioaccumulation in the environment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this context, we decided to investigate the kinetic and mechanistic aspects of Vancomycin (Vanco) photosensitized degradation in the presence of the natural pigment Riboflavin (Vitamin B2, Rf) and the artificial dye Rose Bengal (RB) for comparative purposes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study have been done by using Stationary photolysis, Laser flash photolysis, Time-resolved phosphorence detection of O2(1Δg) experiments and Bactericidal activity evaluation. The experiments were carried out in aqueous solution at different pH values in order to establish relationships between the structure of the compound and its susceptibility to ROS-mediated photooxidation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Experimental evidence indicates that in the presence of Rf there is considerable contribution of the radical-mediated mechanism, while in the presence of RB the photooxidation process occurs exclusively through O2(1Δg) and the reactivity to this excited species increases with increasing pH of the environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained, have been shown that Rf can raise the photodegradation of Vanco by both the radical pathway and the O2(1Δg) mediated. Furthermore, the antibiotic is able to interact with the excited electronic states of Rf as well as O2(1Δg) generated by energy transfer between the excited triplet state of the photosensitizer and the oxygen ground state. The predominant mechanism for photodegradation of Vanco in the presence of the Rf is the radical via because of the considerable interaction with the excited triplet state of the photosensitizer demonstrated by laser flash photolysis experiments. Microbiological test on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 showed that the bactericidal activity of the antibiotic on the strain studied was affected by the sensitized photodegradation process, suggesting that photoproducts generated eventually do not retain the bactericidal properties of the original antibiotic.
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Química , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Rio Cuarto , Argentina.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cacciari
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Química , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Rio Cuarto , Argentina.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reynoso
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Química , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Rio Cuarto , Argentina.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Spesia
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Química , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Rio Cuarto , Argentina.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Criado
authors.affiliation: a Departamento de Química , Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto , Rio Cuarto , Argentina.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Biasutti
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D008027:Light; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000737:chemistry; D012256:Riboflavin / Q000737:chemistry*; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014640:Vancomycin; D012256:Riboflavin
keywords: Antibiotics; Microbiological assay; Photooxidation; Reactive oxygen species; Riboflavin; Rose Bengal; Vancomycin; pH effect