title: Organic amendments increase phylogenetic diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in acid soil contaminated by trace elements.
abstract: In 1998, a toxic mine spill polluted a 55-km(2) area in a basin southward to Doñana National Park (Spain). Subsequent attempts to restore those trace element-contaminated soils have involved physical, chemical, or biological methodologies. In this study, the restoration approach included application of different types and doses of organic amendments: biosolid compost (BC) and leonardite (LEO). Twelve years after the last addition, molecular analyses of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities associated with target plants (Lamarckia aurea and Chrysanthemum coronarium) as well as analyses of trace element concentrations both in soil and in plants were performed. The results showed an improved soil quality reflected by an increase in soil pH and a decrease in trace element availability as a result of the amendments and dosages. Additionally, the phylogenetic diversity of the AM fungal community increased, reaching the maximum diversity at the highest dose of BC. Trace element concentration was considered the predominant soil factor determining the AM fungal community composition. Thereby, the studied AM fungal community reflects a community adapted to different levels of contamination as a result of the amendments. The study highlights the long-term effect of the amendments in stabilizing the soil system.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC) Avda. Reina Mercedes, 10 41012, Sevilla, Spain. mmontielr@irnas.csic.es.
authors.forename: María Del Mar
authors.initials: Mdel M
authors.lastname: Montiel-Rozas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Álvaro
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: López-García
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rasmus
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kjøller
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC) Avda. Reina Mercedes, 10 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Engracia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Madejón
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rosendahl
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D031202:Chrysanthemum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry; D008906:Mining; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D006109:Poaceae / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014131:Trace Elements; C568542:leonardite
keywords: Bioindicator; Ecosystem restoration; Mine spill; Soil biodiversity; Soil fungal community; Trace element contaminated soils