title: Hidden Infections and Changing Environments.
abstract: It is increasingly evident that cryptic stages of many parasites cause asymptomatic infections in a diversity of hosts. This review examines what may cause these infectious agents to persist as asymptomatic infections in invertebrates and how environmental change is linked with the subsequent development of overt infection and disease. In many systems, disease dynamics are closely associated with host condition which, in turn, is linked with environmental change. Symbionts (commensals and mutualists) display similar dynamics when environmental change causes them to exert negative effects on their hosts. Although such asymptomatic infections are demonstrated in a range of invertebrate hosts they are greatly undersampled because most invertebrate diseases are uninvestigated, infections are difficult to detect, and many parasite groups are poorly characterized. A better understanding of the diversity and distribution of parasites that cause asymptomatic infections and of their complex relationships with invertebrate hosts will enable a fuller appreciation of context-dependent host-parasite interactions and will address the biased focus on diseases of invertebrates of practical importance. The existence of such infections could underlie novel disease outbreaks that might otherwise be attributed to invasives while altered disease dynamics may provide an additional and complementary indicator of ecosystem change.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Okamura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007448:Invertebrates / Q000469:parasitology*; D010271:Parasites / Q000502:physiology*