title: Rapid Identification of Potential Drugs for Diabetic Nephropathy Using Whole-Genome Expression Profiles of Glomeruli.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate potential drugs for diabetic nephropathy (DN) using whole-genome expression profiles and the Connectivity Map (CMAP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen Chinese Han DN patients and six normal controls were included in this study. Whole-genome expression profiles of microdissected glomeruli were measured using the Affymetrix human U133 plus 2.0 chip. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between late stage and early stage DN samples and the CMAP database were used to identify potential drugs for DN using bioinformatics methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  (1) A total of 1065 DEGs (FDR < 0.05 and fold change > 1.5) were found in late stage DN patients compared with early stage DN patients. (2) Piperlongumine, 15d-PGJ2 (15-delta prostaglandin J2), vorinostat, and trichostatin A were predicted to be the most promising potential drugs for DN, acting as NF-κB inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs), PI3K pathway inhibitors, or PPARγ agonists, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using whole-genome expression profiles and the CMAP database, we rapidly predicted potential DN drugs, and therapeutic potential was confirmed by previously published studies. Animal experiments and clinical trials are needed to confirm both the safety and efficacy of these drugs in the treatment of DN.
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210016, China.
authors.forename: Jingsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210016, China.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210016, China.
authors.forename: Dandan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210016, China.
authors.forename: Weibo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210016, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210016, China.
authors.forename: Yinhui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Research Institute of Nephrology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210016, China.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D006651:Histocytochemistry; D006801:Humans; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis / Q000379:methods*