title: Forgiveness, Stress, and Health: a 5-Week Dynamic Parallel Process Study.
abstract: Psychological stress is a well-known risk factor for poor health, and recent research has suggested that the emotion-focused coping process of forgiveness may help mitigate these effects. To date, however, no studies have examined how levels of forgiveness, stress, and health fluctuate and interrelate over time.
  
  
  
  We addressed this issue by examining how forgiveness, stress, and mental and physical health symptoms change and relate to one another over 5 weeks. We hypothesized that increases in state levels of forgiveness would be associated with decreases in perceptions of stress, which would in turn be related to decreases in mental and physical health symptoms. A reverse effects model was also tested.
  
  
  
  We recruited a large, community-based sample of 332 young, middle-aged, and older adults (16-79 years old; Mage= 27.9). Each week for 5 weeks, participants reported on their levels of state forgiveness, perceived stress, and mental and physical health symptoms.
  
  
  
  Levels of forgiveness, stress, and mental and physical health symptoms each showed significant change and individual variability in change over time. As hypothesized, increases in forgiveness were associated with decreases in stress, which were in turn related to decreases in mental (but not physical) health symptoms (i.e., forgiveness → stress → health). The reverse effects model (i.e., health → stress → forgiveness) provided a relatively poorer fit.
  
  
  
  This study is the first to provide prospective, longitudinal evidence showing that greater forgiveness is associated with less stress and, in turn, better mental health. Strategies for cultivating forgiveness may thus have beneficial effects on stress and health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Luther College, Decorah, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Loren L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Toussaint
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Grant S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.affiliation: Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA Medical Plaza 300, Room 3156, Los Angeles, CA, USA. gslavich@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: George M
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5710-3818
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Slavich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D061347:Forgiveness; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Coping; Development; Disease; Forgiveness; Health; Individual differences; Mechanism; Risk; Stress; Symptoms; Trajectories