title: Bioconverted Jeju Hallabong tangor (Citrus kiyomi × ponkan) peel extracts by cytolase enhance antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity in RAW 264.7 cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Citrus and its peels have been used in Asian folk medicine due to abundant flavonoids and usage of citrus peels, which are byproducts from juice and/or jam processing, may be a good strategy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of bioconversion of Jeju Hallabong tangor (Citrus kiyomi × ponkan; CKP) peels with cytolase (CKP-C) in RAW 264.7 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Glycosides of CKP were converted into aglycosides with cytolase treatment. RAW 264.7 cells were pre-treated with 0, 100, or 200 µg/ml of citrus peel extracts for 4 h, followed by stimulation with 1 µg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 8 h. Cell viability, DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide (NO), and prostagladin E2 (PGE2) production were examined. Real time-PCR and western immunoblotting assay were performed for detection of mRNA and/or protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPLC analysis showed that treatment of CKP with cytolase resulted in decreased flavanone rutinoside forms (narirutin and hesperidin) and increased flavanone aglycoside forms (naringenin and hesperetin). DPPH scavenging activities were observed in a dose-dependent manner for all of the citrus peel extracts and CKP-C was more potent than intact CKP. All of the citrus peel extracts decreased NO production by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and PGE2 production by COX-2. Higher dose of CKP and all CKP-C groups significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of LPS-stimulated iNOS. Only 200 µg/ml of CKP-C markedly decreased mRNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Both 100 and 200 µg/ml of CKP-C notably inhibited mRNA levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6, whereas 200 µg/ml CKP-C significantly inhibited mRNA levels of TNF-α.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This result suggests that bioconversion of citrus peels with cytolase may enrich aglycoside flavanones of citrus peels and provide more potent functional food materials for prevention of chronic diseases attributable to oxidation and inflammation by increasing radical scavenging activity and suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea.
authors.forename: Jieun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea.
authors.forename: Eunju
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: BK Bio Co. Ltd., Sangdaewon-dong, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13229, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuk-Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Soongeui Women's College, Seoul 04628, Korea.
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shim
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Yongin University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17092, Korea.
authors.forename: Okhee
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea.
authors.forename: Jinah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hwang
keywords: Hallabong tangor; RAW 264.7 cells; anti-inflammation; antioxidant; bioconversion