title: Hybrid origin of European Vipers (Vipera magnifica and Vipera orlovi) from the Caucasus determined using genomic scale DNA markers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studying patterns of introgression can illuminate the role of hybridization in speciation, and help guide decisions relevant to the conservation of rare taxa. Vipera magnifica and Vipera orlovi are small vipers that have high conservation status due to their rarity and restricted distributions in an area of the Caucasus region where two other related species are present - V. kaznakovi and V. renardi. Despite numerous observations of hybridization between different species of small vipers, and the potential of a hybrid origin for V. magnifica and V. orlovi based on their distribution with respect to V. kaznakovi and V. renardi, hypotheses of a hybrid origin have not been formally tested. Here we generate genomic-scale data by performing next generation sequencing of double digest restriction-site associated DNA libraries, and use these multilocus data to test whether these two species are of hybrid origin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We generated over nine hundred loci for 38 specimens of six taxa, and analysed the dataset using Bayesian clustering and multivariate methods, as well as Patterson D-statistics, which can distinguish between incomplete lineage sorting and introgression as explanations for shared polymorphism. The results demonstrate a pattern of historical admixture in the two purported hybrids that is consistent with past gene flow from V. renardi into V. kaznakovi. The average admixture proportion in individuals was low (6.39 %) in the case of V. magnifica, but was higher in V. orlovi (19.02 %). We also show that the specific individual samples used in D-statistic tests can have a significant impact on inferences regarding the magnitude of introgression, suggesting the importance of including multiple individuals in these analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the conclusion that both V. orlovi and V. magnifica had formed through a hybridization event between V. kaznakovi and V. renardi. Given a low proportion of admixture and absence of clear ecological and morphological differences V. magnifica should be treated as a marginal population of V. kaznakovi. Further studies that include analyses of ecological segregation of V. orlovi from parental taxa and search for evolutionary consequences of hybridisation would clarify if V. orlovi is a distinct hybrid species. Until this we recommend preserving the current taxonomy and protection status of V. orlovi.
authors.affiliation: The Museum of Nature at V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Trinkler str. 8, Kharkiv, 61058, Ukraine. zinenkoa@yahoo.com.|Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Aronoff Laboratory, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA. zinenkoa@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Oleksandr
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Zinenko
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Aronoff Laboratory, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.|The Ohio Biodiversity Conservation Partnership, The Ohio State University, Aronoff Laboratory, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sovic
authors.affiliation: Staatliches Naturhistorisches Museum Braunschweig, Gausstrasse 22, Braunschweig , D-38106, , Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Joger
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Aronoff Laboratory, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.|The Ohio Biodiversity Conservation Partnership, The Ohio State University, Aronoff Laboratory, 318 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
authors.forename: H Lisle
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Gibbs
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D051456:Gene Flow; D014644:Genetic Variation; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017819:Viperidae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*
keywords: Bayesian clustering; Gene introgression; Patterson D-statistic; RADSeq; V. kaznakovi; V. renardi