title: Prescription Monitoring Program Trends Among Individuals Arrested in Maine for Trafficking Prescription Drugs in 2014.
abstract: To evaluate controlled substance prescribing trends available in the Maine Prescription Monitoring Program (PMP) among individuals arrested for prescription drug "trafficking." The demographic characteristics of the individuals who had matching prescription records in the PMP within 90 days of the arrest were identified.
  
  
  
  A population-based, retrospective cohort study using data from the Maine Diversion Alert Program (DAP) and the Maine PMP. The study population consisted of persons arrested for trafficking prescription drugs in Maine during the 2014 calendar year from January 1 to December 31.
  
  
  
  There were 594 trafficking arrests reported by the Maine DAP in 2014. The study population consisted of the 235 persons (40%) with arrests involving controlled prescription medications. The mean age of these persons was 33 years (range 18-77 yrs), and 156 (66%) were male. Arrests involved 154 prescription opioids (65%), seven stimulants (3%), seven benzodiazepines (3%), and 77 unspecified controlled prescription drugs (33%). A minority of individuals (n=57, 24%) had a prescription record in the PMP that matched the substance involved in the arrest. Only one person with matching PMP and arrest records utilized ≥ 5 prescribers, while none used ≥ 5 pharmacies within 90 days before the arrest. Payment methods for matching prescriptions were commercial insurance (n=28, 49%), Medicaid (n=19, 33%), Medicare (n=5, 9%), and cash (n=5, 9%).
  
  
  
  The majority (76%) of persons arrested for prescription drug trafficking did not have PMP records and did not directly obtain the diverted medication from a licensed pharmacy. Traditional red flags, like cash payment and using multiple prescribers or pharmacies, were uncommon. Therefore, arrest records for diversion and PMPs are distinct and complementary tools for identifying individuals at risk for substance misuse.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of New England, Portland, Maine.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McCall
authors.affiliation: Husson University School of Pharmacy, Bangor, Maine.
authors.forename: Stephanie D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of New England, Portland, Maine.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ochs
authors.affiliation: Center for Community and Public Health, University of New England, Portland, Maine.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cattabriga
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of New England, Portland, Maine.
authors.forename: Chunhao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D057237:Criminals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D062313:Databases, Pharmaceutical; D064423:Drug Trafficking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008281:Maine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs
keywords: addiction; diversion; drug abuse; opioids