title: In Situ Radiographic Investigation of (De)Lithiation Mechanisms in a Tin-Electrode Lithium-Ion Battery.
abstract: The lithiation and delithiation mechanisms of multiple-Sn particles in a customized flat radiography cell were investigated by in situ synchrotron radiography. For the first time, four (de)lithiation phenomena in a Sn-electrode battery system are highlighted: 1) the (de)lithiation behavior varies between different Sn particles, 2) the time required to lithiate individual Sn particles is markedly different from the time needed to discharge the complete battery, 3) electrochemical deactivation of originally electrochemically active particles is reported, and 4) a change of electrochemical behavior of individual particles during cycling is found and explained by dynamic changes of (de)lithiation pathways amongst particles within the electrode. These unexpected findings fundamentaly expand the understanding of the underlying (de)lithiation mechanisms inside commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and would open new design principles for high-performance next-generation LIBs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Material Science and Technologies, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany. fu.sun@helmholtz-berlin.de, john.banhart@tu-berlin.de.|Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany. fu.sun@helmholtz-berlin.de, john.banhart@tu-berlin.de.
authors.forename: Fu
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Material Science and Technologies, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany.|Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Markötter
authors.affiliation: Institute of Material Science and Technologies, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany.|Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Material Science and Technologies, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany.|Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany.|Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Mu'tah University, P.O Box 7, Al-Karak, 61710, Jordan.
authors.forename: Saad Sabe Sulaiman
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Alrwashdeh
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hilger
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Nikolay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kardjilov
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Manke
authors.affiliation: Institute of Material Science and Technologies, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany.|Helmholtz Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Banhart
mesh_terms: D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004563:Electrochemistry; D004566:Electrodes; D008094:Lithium / Q000737:chemistry*; D011859:Radiography; D017356:Synchrotrons; D014001:Tin / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014001:Tin; D008094:Lithium
keywords: X-ray; lithium-ion battery; radiography; synchrotron; tin