title: Seed Set and Natural Regeneration of Dendrocalamus membranaceus Munro after Mass and Sporadic Flowering in Yunnan, China.
abstract: The flowering periods of woody bamboos, seed set, natural regeneration and death after flowering have been rarely observed and evaluated in the field. Dendrocalamus membranaceus Munro, a tropical woody bamboo mainly distributed in the Yunnan, displayed both sporadic as well as gregarious (mass) flowering and fruited from 2006 to 2013 following severe droughts. The aim of this study is to examine potential differences in seed set and natural regeneration between the two flowering patterns in natural D. membranaceus forests. We investigated and analyzed seed set, seed germination, seedling growth and mortality in both mass and sporadic flowering populations. Observations were made over a period of three years to record changes in bamboo seedling density, height and culm diameter. We observed a low natural seed set ranging from 1.76% to 7.49%, and a relatively high seed germination rate in the nursery from 59.6% to 71.0% for both types of flowering populations. Seeds germinated in 5-7 days after sowing and the germination period lasted 10-15 days. Seed set and germination rates in mass-flowering populations were significantly higher than those of sporadically flowering stands. The seedlings within sporadically flowering populations died within two years. In comparison, seedling mortality in the mass flowering population increased over two periods of observation from 64.92% to 98.89%, yet there was good seedling establishment left over, which showed mean height and mean culm diameter increasing by 1053.25% and 410.71%, respectively, in the second year of observations, and 137.10%, and 217.48%, respectively, in the third year. There are significant differences in seed set, natural regeneration ability and sustainability of bamboo populations between the mass flowering and sporadically flowering populations of D. membranaceus. Sporadic flowering populations failed to produce effective regeneration, while mass flowering populations were able to regenerate successfully. This study provides useful insights for conservation and natural forest management of D. membranaceus. We consider the merits of introducing other genetic provenances towards long-term maintenance of the stand features at sporadically flowering sites; meanwhile, the most economic option for mass flowering stands is to allow natural regeneration to take place through protecting such sites from further disturbance.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ling-Na
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569, Republic of Singapore.
authors.forename: Khoon-Meng
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yong-Zhong
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Resources Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Han-Qi
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D031723:Bambusa / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D002681:China; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D035264:Flowers / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D065928:Forests; D005843:Geography; D018525:Germination; D012038:Regeneration; D036226:Seedlings / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors