title: Anti-inflammatory activity of β-patchoulene isolated from patchouli oil in mice.
abstract: β-Patchoulene (β-PAE) is a tricyclic sesquiterpene isolated from the oil of Pogostemon cablin (patchouli oil), which has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, as one of the major principle of patchouli oil, the biological activity of β-PAE has not been explored so far. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory activity in vivo, and the underlying mechanism, of β-PAE was investigated on experimental mice models of acute inflammation, i.e. xylene-induced ear edema, acetic acid-induced vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced paw edema. The results showed that β-PAE evoked a significant dose-dependent inhibition of ear edema induced by xylene, paw edema induced by carrageenan and suppressed the increase of vascular permeability elicited by acetic acid. Histopathological analysis indicated that β-PAE could markedly decrease the cellular infiltration in paw tissue. β-PAE was also shown to significantly decrease the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in edema paw. In addition, carrageenan-induced production of some pro-inflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO), were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner in mice subjected to β-PAE pretreatment, and it also significantly down-regulated the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Further analysis revealed that β-PAE also inhibited the translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and stabilize the conversion of nuclear factor-κBα (IκBα) level. These results provided additional chemical and pharmacological basis for the traditional application of P. cablin in inflammatory disorders.
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhenbiao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hanbin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jiali
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dandan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yuhong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Dongguan Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan 523808, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yucui
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: xiejianhui123@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Jianhui
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Chinese Medicinal Development and Research, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Dongguan Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan 523808, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: suziren@gzucm.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ziren
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Su
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D000070177:Pogostemon / Q000737:chemistry*; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D045789:Sesquiterpenes, Guaiane; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010938:Plant Oils; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D045789:Sesquiterpenes, Guaiane; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C000614835:beta-patchoulene; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D009195:Peroxidase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D015232:Dinoprostone
keywords: Anti-inflammation; Carrageenan; NF-ΚB; Patchouli oil; β-Patchoulene