title: Disentangling vulnerabilities from outcomes: Distinctions between trait affect and depressive symptoms in adolescent and adult samples.
abstract: Trait negative affect and trait positive affect are affective vulnerabilities to depressive symptoms in adolescence and adulthood. While trait affect and the state affect characteristic of depressive symptoms are proposed to be theoretically distinct, no studies have established that these constructs are statistically distinct. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to determine whether the trait affect (e.g. temperament dimensions) that predicts depressive symptoms and the state affect characteristic of depressive symptoms are statistically distinct among early adolescents and adults. We hypothesized that trait negative affect, trait positive affect, and depressive symptoms would represent largely distinct factors in both samples.
  
  
  
  Participants were 268 early adolescents (53.73% female) and 321 young adults (70.09% female) who completed self-report measures of demographic information, trait affect, and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  
  Principal axis factoring with oblique rotation for both samples indicated distinct adolescent factor loadings and overlapping adult factor loadings. Confirmatory factor analyses in both samples supported distinct but related relationships between trait NA, trait PA, and depressive symptoms.
  
  
  
  Study limitations include our cross-sectional design that prevented examination of self-reported fluctuations in trait affect and depressive symptoms and the unknown potential effects of self-report biases among adolescents and adults.
  
  
  
  Findings support existing theoretical distinctions between adolescent constructs but highlight a need to revise or remove items to distinguish measurements of adult trait affect and depressive symptoms. Adolescent trait affect and depressive symptoms are statistically distinct, but adult trait affect and depressive symptoms statistically overlap and warrant further consideration.
authors.affiliation: Seattle Pacific University, Marston 107, 3307 3rd Ave West, Suite 107, Seattle, WA 98119, United States. Electronic address: hardingk@spu.edu.
authors.forename: Kaitlin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.affiliation: Seattle Pacific University, Marston 107, 3307 3rd Ave West, Suite 107, Seattle, WA 98119, United States.
authors.forename: Brittany
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Willey
authors.affiliation: Seattle Pacific University, Marston 107, 3307 3rd Ave West, Suite 107, Seattle, WA 98119, United States.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ahles
authors.affiliation: Seattle Pacific University, Marston 107, 3307 3rd Ave West, Suite 107, Seattle, WA 98119, United States.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mezulis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000339:Affect; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D057566:Self Report; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D013694:Temperament; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Depression; Temperament; Trait negative affect; Trait positive affect