title: Analysis of the Spore Membrane Proteome in Clostridium perfringens Implicates Cyanophycin in Spore Assembly.
abstract: Heat-resistant endospore formation plays an important role in Clostridium perfringens-associated foodborne illnesses. The spores allow the bacterium to survive heating during normal cooking processes, followed by germination and outgrowth of the bacterium in contaminated foods. To identify proteins associated with germination and other spore functions, a comparative spore membrane proteome analysis of dormant and germinated spores of C. perfringens strain SM101 was performed by using gel-based protein separation and liquid chromatography coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-tandem time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry. A total of 494 proteins were identified, and 117 of them were predicted to be integral membrane or membrane-associated proteins. Among these membrane proteins, 16 and 26 were detected only in dormant and germinated spores, respectively. One protein that was detected only in germinated spore membranes was the enzyme cyanophycinase, a protease that cleaves the polymer cyanophycin, which is composed of l-arginine-poly(l-aspartic acid), to β-Asp-Arg. Genes encoding cyanophycinase and cyanophycin synthetase have been observed in many species of Clostridium, but their role has not been defined. To determine the function of cyanophycin in C. perfringens, a mutation was introduced into the cphA gene, encoding cyanophycin synthetase. In comparison to parent strain SM101, the spores of the mutant strain retained wild-type levels of heat resistance, but fewer spores were made, and they were smaller, suggesting that cyanophycin synthesis plays a role in spore assembly. Although cyanophycin could not be extracted from sporulating C. perfringens cells, an Escherichia coli strain expressing the cphA gene made copious amounts of cyanophycin, confirming that cphA encodes a cyanophycin synthetase.
  
  
  
  Clostridium perfringens is a common cause of food poisoning, and germination of spores after cooking is thought to play a significant role in the disease. How C. perfringens controls the germination process is still not completely understood. We characterized the proteome of the membranes from dormant and germinated spores and discovered that large-scale changes occur after germination is initiated. One of the proteins that was detected after germination was the enzyme cyanophycinase, which degrades the storage compound cyanophycin, which is found in cyanobacteria and other prokaryotes. A cyanophycin synthetase mutant was constructed and found to make spores with altered morphology but normal heat resistance, suggesting that cyanophycin plays a different role in C. perfringens than it does in cyanobacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Hualan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: W Keith
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Helm
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Popham
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA melville@vt.edu.
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Melville
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D020543:Proteome / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D020543:Proteome; C024250:cyanophycin