title: Fluid filtration and vascular compliance during cardiopulmonary bypass: effects of two volatile anesthetics.
abstract: As intraoperative fluid accumulation may negatively impact post-operative organ function, strategies minimizing edema generation should be sought for. During general anesthesia, isoflurane in contrast to sevoflurane has been associated with increased fluid extravasation and edema generation. In this study, we tested sevoflurane against isoflurane with focus on vascular compliance and fluid shifts in an experimental cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) model.
  
  
  
  Sixteen pigs underwent 120 min of cardiopulmonary bypass with isoflurane or sevoflurane anesthesia. Net fluid balance, plasma volume, serum-electrolytes, serum-albumin, serum-protein, colloid osmotic pressures in plasma and interstitial fluid, hematocrit levels, and total tissue water content were recorded. Intra-abdominal and intracranial pressures were measured directly, and fluid extravasation rates were calculated.
  
  
  
  Fluid extravasation rate increased dramatically in both groups during initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass, with no group differences. The animals of the sevoflurane group needed significantly more fluid supplementation to maintain a constant reservoir volume in the CPB circuit during bypass. Plasma volumes prior to bypass were 56.5 ± 7.9 ml/kg (mean ± SD) and 58.7 ± 3.8 ml/kg in the isoflurane group and sevoflurane group, respectively. During bypass, plasma volumes in the isoflurane group decreased about 25%, and remained significantly lowered when compared to the sevoflurane group, where the values remained stable.
  
  
  
  No differences in fluid extravasation rates were observed between sevoflurane and isoflurane. The increased net fluid balance in the sevoflurane group during cardiopulmonary bypass was not associated with edema generation. Plasma volume was retained in the sevoflurane group, in contrast to the isoflurane group.
authors.affiliation: Section for Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Ø S
authors.initials: ØS
authors.lastname: Svendsen
authors.affiliation: Section for Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Elvevoll
authors.affiliation: Section for Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mongstad
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Stangeland
authors.affiliation: Section for Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: V L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Kvalheim
authors.affiliation: Section for Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.|Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Husby
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D004487:Edema / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009997:Osmotic Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D013552:Swine; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000187:drug effects*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D007530:Isoflurane