title: Transforming growth factor-β, interleukin-17, and IL-23 gene expression profiles associated with human peri-implantitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The mRNA expression profiles of IL-23/Th17 and the Treg-associated cytokine TGF-β in peri-implantitis are currently under research. This study characterized the IL-17, IL-23, and TGF-β gene expression levels in healthy and diseased peri-implant tissues and correlated these data with radiographic bone loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peri-implant soft tissues from 40 subjects (20 healthy controls with mean age of 59.4 ± 6.3, and 20 with peri-implantitis with mean age of 56.6 ± 5.5) were enrolled in this study, and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was used to define the profile of IL-17, IL-23, and TGF-β gene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher levels of TGF-β mRNA were observed in biopsies taken from healthy controls, and the IL-23 mRNA levels were significantly increased in the peri-implantitis group (P < 0.0001). No differences in IL-17 mRNA levels were observed between the two groups (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data presented in this report demonstrated a predominant Th17 response in peri-implantitis subjects based on the higher levels of IL-23 and lower levels of TGF-β detected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gustavo Pereira
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Mardegan
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jamil Awad
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Shibli
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leandro Amadeu
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faveri
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giro
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marta Ferreira
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bastos
mesh_terms: D001706:Biopsy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D020381:Interleukin-17 / Q000235:genetics*; D053759:Interleukin-23 / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020381:Interleukin-17; D053759:Interleukin-23; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta
keywords: IL-17; IL-23; RT-PCR; TGF-β; Th1; Th2; cytokines; gene expression; peri-implant bone loss; peri-implantitis/peri-implant diseases