title: Dynamic Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Renal Clearable Gold Nanoparticles.
abstract: Optical imaging has been the primary imaging modality for nearly all of the renal clearable nanoparticles since 2007. Due to the tissue depth penetration limitation, providing accurate organ kinetics non-invasively has long been a huge challenge. Although a more quantitative imaging technique has been developed by labeling nanoparticles with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) isotopes, the low temporal resolution of SPECT still limits its potential for visualizing the rapid dynamic process of renal clearable nanoparticles in vivo. The dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of renal clearable gold (Au) nanoparticles by labeling them with copper-64 ((64) Cu) to form (64) Cu-NOTA-Au-GSH is reported. Systematic nanoparticle synthesis and characterizations are performed to demonstrate the efficient renal clearance of as-prepared nanoparticles. A rapid renal clearance of (64) Cu-NOTA-Au-GSH is observed (>75%ID at 24 h post-injection) with its elimination half-life calculated to be less than 6 min, over 130 times shorter than previously reported similar nanoparticles. Dynamic PET imaging not only addresses the current challenges in accurately and non-invasively acquiring the organ kinetics, but also potentially provides a highly useful tool for studying renal clearance mechanism of other ultra-small nanoparticles, as well as the diagnosis of kidney diseases in the near future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Shreya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Reinier
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.affiliation: Materials Science Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Sixiang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Nickles
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.|Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.|University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Weibo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism; D007700:Kinetics; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
chemical_list: D006046:Gold
keywords: dynamic imaging; gold nanoparticles; positron emission tomography; renal clearance