title: Motor imagery in REM sleep is increased by transcranial direct current stimulation of the left motor cortex (C3).
abstract: This study investigates if anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of areas above the motor cortex (C3) influences the quantity and quality of spontaneous motor imagery experienced in REM sleep. A randomized triple-blinded design was used, combining neurophysiological techniques with a tool of quantitative mentation report analysis developed from cognitive linguistics and generative grammar. The results indicate that more motor imagery, and more athletic motor imagery, is induced by anodal tDCS in comparison to cathodal and sham tDCS. This insight may have implications beyond basic consciousness research. Motor imagery in REM sleep has been hypothesized to serve the rehearsal of motor movements, which benefits later motor performance. Electrophysiological manipulations of motor imagery in REM sleep could in the long run be used for rehabilitative tDCS protocols benefitting temporarily immobile clinical patients, especially those who cannot perform specific motor imagery tasks - such as dementia patients, infants with developmental and motor disorders, and coma patients.
authors.affiliation: Dundee Sleep and Consciousness Laboratory, Psychology, School of Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 4HN UK.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Speth
authors.affiliation: Dundee Sleep and Consciousness Laboratory, Psychology, School of Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 4HN UK.
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Speth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004569:Electroencephalography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D008037:Linguistics; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000502:physiology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; D014851:Wakefulness; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Brain stimulation; Consciousness; Effects of tDCS on human consciousness; Mentation reports; Motor agency analysis; Motor system activation; Phenomenology; Quantitative linguistic analysis; tDCS