title: Nanotube Formation: A Rapid Form of "Alarm Signaling"?
abstract: Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are extremely thin (50-200 nm), actin-containing cell surface protrusions up to a few microns in length that can develop rapidly and connect various cell types. Mast cells (MCs) are unique immunomodulatory cells that are found perivascularly in all tissues. MCs communicate with many other cell types through the release of inflammatory, neurosensitizing, and vasoactive molecules, through which they are involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. We, therefore, investigated the possibility that MCs may form TNTs and communicate among themselves and with glioblastoma cells.
  
  
  
  Laboratory Allergic Diseases (LAD)-2 human MCs were cultured in medium supplemented with 100 U/mL penicillin/streptomycin and 100 ng/mL recombinant human stem cell factor. They were incubated with 20 nmol/L deep red probe for 20 minutes and 50 nmol/L green probe for 30 minutes. Human glioblastoma cells were incubated with 20 nmol/L deep red probe only, moved to glass-bottom culture dishes, and observed using a substance P 2 confocal microscope. LAD2 MCs were stimulated with 2 µmol/L of the peptide substance P for 30 minutes at 37ºC. Confocal digital images were processed.
  
  
  
  MCs can rapidly (within 5 minutes) form TNTs, which appear to transport mitochondrial and secretory granule particles among themselves and with cocultured glioblastoma cells.
  
  
  
  MCs are now accepted as having an important role in many diseases with an inflammatory component. TNTs provide a rapid and direct way for MCs to "alarm" other cell types with specificity not present when mediators are secreted into the tissue microenvironment. The identification of TNTs and their cargo could be important in the diagnosis and possible treatment of many inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Zuyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Bodi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsilioni
authors.affiliation: Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: theoharis.theoharides@tufts.edu.
authors.forename: Theoharis C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Theoharides
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000276:immunology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D060833:Cellular Microenvironment / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D043942:Nanotubes; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*
keywords: inflammation; mast cells; pathogenesis; tunneling nanotubes