title: Association of virulence factors, phylogenetic groups and antimicrobial resistance markers in Escherichia coli from Badin city, Pakistan.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Escherichia coli, the most frequent cause of UTIs has extensive genetic substructure and can be assigned to eight phylogroups, A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F and Escherichia cryptic clade I. We investigated the distribution of virulence determinants and antimicrobial resistance genes in relation to phylogenetic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 77 E. coli isolates were collected from Civil Hospital Badin, Pakistan. Isolates were assigned phylogroups using quadruplex PCR method, while virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, blaCTX-Mand blaNDM-1were also detected using PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-four isolates were assigned to group B2, while 23, 2, 1, 7 and 10 isolates were assigned to F, B1, A/C, clade I/II and negative, respectively. Among virulence genes, prevalence of papC (83%) was highest followed by aer (57%), papGII (16%), papGIII (14%), cnf (9%), hly (5%) and sfa (6%). Of these isolates, 23% and 9% were positive for blaCTX-Mand blaNDM-1, respectively.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Microbiology , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Neeraj
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: a Department of Microbiology , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Fouzia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nahid
authors.affiliation: a Department of Microbiology , Quaid-i-Azam University , Islamabad , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Rabaab
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zahra
mesh_terms: D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D010154:Pakistan; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D037521:Virulence Factors
keywords: CTX-M; E. coli; ESBL; NDM-1; Pakistan; Phylogroups; UTI; Virulence factors