title: Comparing the Natural and Anthropogenic Sodium Channel Blockers Tetrodotoxin and Indoxacarb in Garter Snakes.
abstract: Synthetic chemicals, such as pesticides, are used in a variety of ways in the agricultural industry. Anthropogenic chemicals pose a unique challenge to organisms because of the lack of evolutionary history between the chemical and the organism. However, research has shown that some organisms have a resistance to these synthetic chemicals due to their evolved resistance to a natural compound with a similar structure or mode of action. Indoxacarb (INDOX) is a relatively new pesticide with a similar mode of action to that of tetrodotoxin (TTX). Tetrodotoxin is a naturally occurring toxin that is used as an antipredator defense in the rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa). Some populations of the common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) have developed a resistance to tetrodotoxin. Here, we investigated the correlation between TTX and INDOX resistance in snakes. We hypothesized that INDOX would induce a much higher stress response than the naturally occurring TTX. We injected each snake with tetrodotoxin (1 mass-adjusted mouse unit). We did the same with mass-adjusted units of INDOX. We measured corticosterone, testosterone, and bactericidal ability. Our results show an acute stress response to INDOX, but not TTX through an elevate corticosterone and innate immune response, although there was no difference in testosterone concentration. These results suggest that, although INDOX may have a similar mechanism of action, garter snakes do not react in a similar manner as to TTX. This research gives a physiological perspective on the differences between naturally occurring compounds and synthetic compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
authors.forename: Lorin A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Neuman-Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
authors.forename: Edmund D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Brodie
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
authors.forename: Edmund D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Brodie
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
authors.forename: Susannah S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: French
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017812:Colubridae / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D003345:Corticosterone; D004351:Drug Resistance; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D010078:Oxazines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects*; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D010078:Oxazines; D026941:Sodium Channel Blockers; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; C401104:indoxacarb; D003345:Corticosterone