title: Predicting Pre-planting Risk of Stagonospora nodorum blotch in Winter Wheat Using Machine Learning Models.
abstract: Pre-planting factors have been associated with the late-season severity of Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB), caused by the fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum, in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). The relative importance of these factors in the risk of SNB has not been determined and this knowledge can facilitate disease management decisions prior to planting of the wheat crop. In this study, we examined the performance of multiple regression (MR) and three machine learning algorithms namely artificial neural networks, categorical and regression trees, and random forests (RF), in predicting the pre-planting risk of SNB in wheat. Pre-planting factors tested as potential predictor variables were cultivar resistance, latitude, longitude, previous crop, seeding rate, seed treatment, tillage type, and wheat residue. Disease severity assessed at the end of the growing season was used as the response variable. The models were developed using 431 disease cases (unique combinations of predictors) collected from 2012 to 2014 and these cases were randomly divided into training, validation, and test datasets. Models were evaluated based on the regression of observed against predicted severity values of SNB, sensitivity-specificity ROC analysis, and the Kappa statistic. A strong relationship was observed between late-season severity of SNB and specific pre-planting factors in which latitude, longitude, wheat residue, and cultivar resistance were the most important predictors. The MR model explained 33% of variability in the data, while machine learning models explained 47 to 79% of the total variability. Similarly, the MR model correctly classified 74% of the disease cases, while machine learning models correctly classified 81 to 83% of these cases. Results show that the RF algorithm, which explained 79% of the variability within the data, was the most accurate in predicting the risk of SNB, with an accuracy rate of 93%. The RF algorithm could allow early assessment of the risk of SNB, facilitating sound disease management decisions prior to planting of wheat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, USA.
authors.forename: Lucky K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Mehra
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, USA; United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, RaleighNC, USA.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cowger
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, USA.
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Ojiambo
keywords: Stagonospora nodorum blotch; disease risk; machine learning; random forest; variable importance; wheat