title: Threat expectancy bias and treatment outcome in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia.
abstract: Previous studies suggest that patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia (PD/A) tend to overestimate the associations between fear-relevant stimuli and threat. This so-called threat expectancy bias is thought to play a role in the development and treatment of anxiety disorders. The current study tested 1) whether patients with PD/A (N = 71) show increased threat expectancy ratings to fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant stimuli relative to a comparison group without an axis I disorder (N=65), and 2) whether threat expectancy bias before treatment predicts treatment outcome in a subset of these patients (n = 51).
  
  
  
  In a computerized task, participants saw a series of panic-related and neutral words and rated for each word the likelihood that it would be followed by a loud, aversive sound.
  
  
  
  Results showed higher threat expectancy ratings to both panic-related and neutral words in patients with PD/A compared to the comparison group. Threat expectancy ratings did not predict treatment outcome.
  
  
  
  This study only used expectancy ratings and did not include physiological measures. Furthermore, no post-treatment expectancy bias task was added to shed further light on the possibility that expectancy bias might be attenuated by treatment.
  
  
  
  Patients show higher expectancies of aversive outcome following both fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant stimuli relative to the comparison group, but this does not predict treatment outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; Altrecht Academic Anxiety Centre, Nieuwe Houtenseweg 12, 3524 SH Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: p.duits@uu.nl.
authors.forename: Puck
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Duits
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; GGZ Centraal, Innova, Amersfoort, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klein Hofmeijer-Sevink
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; Altrecht Academic Anxiety Centre, Nieuwe Houtenseweg 12, 3524 SH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Iris M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Engelhard
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johanna M P
authors.initials: JMP
authors.lastname: Baas
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wieske A M
authors.initials: WAM
authors.lastname: Ehrismann
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands; Altrecht Academic Anxiety Centre, Nieuwe Houtenseweg 12, 3524 SH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Danielle C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cath
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000379:Agoraphobia / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015982:Bias; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D064232:Visual Analog Scale; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; Expectancy bias; Panic disorder; Treatment