title: Alveolar ventilation in children during flexible bronchoscopy.
abstract: Hypoxia and hypercarbia complicate flexible bronchoscopy (FB). Unlike oxygenation by pulse-oximetry, alveolar ventilation is not routinely monitored during FB. The aim of this study was to investigate ventilation in children undergoing FB by measuring carbon-dioxide (CO2) levels using the transcutaneous technique.
  
  
  
  Children admitted for FB were recruited. In addition to routine monitoring, transcutaneous CO2(TcCO2) levels were recorded. All were sedated using the same protocol.
  
  
  
  Ninety-five children were studied. There was no association between peak TcCO2or rise in TcCO2and age, weight percentile, bronchoscope size, or diagnosis. Median baseline TcCO2was 36 mmHg (IQR 32,40), median peak TcCO2was 51 mmHg (IQR 43,62) with median TcCO2rise of 17 mmHg (IQR 6.5,23.7). A rise of 15 mmHg or higher was recorded in 55% (n = 52) patients. Children requiring total propofol dose over 3.5 mg/kg had a significantly higher TcCO2peak of 57.6 mmHg (IQR 47.8,66.7) compared to 47.1 mmHg (IQR 40,57) (P = 0.004) and a higher rise in TcCO222.5 mmHg (IQR 17,33.9) compared to 13.6 mmHg (6,22) (P = 0.001). Results were not affected by intranasal midazolam and broncho-alveolar lavage. No complications were reported. Non clinically significant (i.e., not lower than 90%) brief drops in oxygen saturation were observed.
  
  
  
  A large proportion of children undergoing FB have significant alveolar hypoventilation indicated by a rise in TcCO2. Monitoring ventilation with TcCO2is feasible and should be added during FB particularly in cases that are expected to require large amounts of sedation and patients susceptible to complications from respiratory acidosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:1177-1182. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. efraims@tlvmc.gov.il.
authors.forename: Efraim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sadot
authors.affiliation: Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gut
authors.affiliation: Tel Aviv University Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Yakov
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sivan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D020680:Bronchoscopes; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D010092:Oximetry; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012119:Respiration
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: alveolar-ventilation; children; flexible-bronchoscopy; transcutaneous-carbon-dioxide