title: Environmental Stability of Swine and Human Pandemic Influenza Viruses in Water under Variable Conditions of Temperature, Salinity, and pH.
abstract: The movement of influenza A viruses (IAVs) from wild bird reservoirs to domestic animals and humans is well established, but the transmission mechanisms that facilitate efficient movement across and within these host populations are not fully defined. Although predominant routes of transmission vary between host populations, the extent of environmental stability needed for efficient IAV transmission also may vary. Because of this, we hypothesized that virus stability would differ in response to varied host-related transmission mechanisms; if correct, such phenotypic variation might represent a potential marker for the emergence of novel animal or human influenza viruses. Here, the objective was to evaluate the ability of eight swine and six human IAV isolates to remain infective under various pH, temperature, and salinity conditions using a preestablished distilled water system. Swine and human viruses persisted longest at near-neutral pH, at cold temperatures, or under "freshwater" conditions. Additionally, no significant differences in persistence were observed between pandemic and nonpandemic IAVs. Our results indicate that there have been no apparent changes in the environmental stability of the viruses related to host adaptation.
  
  
  
  This study assessed the environmental stability of eight swine and six human influenza A viruses (IAVs), including viruses associated with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, in a distilled water system. The important findings of this work are that IAV persistence can be affected by environmental variables and that no marked changes were noted between human and swine IAVs or between pandemic and nonpandemic IAVs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA rpoulson@uga.edu.
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Poulson
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tompkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Berghaus
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Stallknecht
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D054712:Salinity; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D014867:Water