title: Fusarium toxin-contaminated maize in diets of growing bulls: effects on performance, slaughtering characteristics, and transfer into physiological liquids.
abstract: The present feeding study was carried out to examine the effects of Fusarium toxin-contaminated diets on performance and slaughtering characteristics and on the transfer of the Fusarium toxins zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and their metabolites into physiological matrices. A total of 61 bulls (483 ± 46 kg) were fed with graded proportions of Fusarium toxin-contaminated feed over a period of 10 weeks. The total mixed rations (TMR) consisted of 47 % grass silage, 20 % press pulp silage, and 33 % concentrate on dry matter (DM) basis. Increasing toxin concentrations were achieved by the exchange of control maize with Fusarium toxin-contaminated maize in the concentrates. Thus, dietary toxin concentrations between 0.08 and 0.69 mg ZEN and 0.36 and 8.31 mg DON per kg DM were covered by the four feeding groups. Based on increasing DM intake with increasing mycotoxin contaminations of the diet, the live weight gain and energy intake differed significantly between the groups. No effects were observed on slaughtering characteristics and organ weights. ZEN, α-zeralenol, β-zeralenol (β-ZEL), zeralanone, α-zearalanol, β-zearalanol, DON, and de-deepoxy-DON (de-DON) were simultaneously determined in urine, plasma, and liquor whereby quantifiable concentrations of ZEN, β-ZEL, DON, and de-DON were found in urine, of DON and de-DON in plasma, and solely of de-DON in liquor. Based on overall results it can be concluded that current EU-guidance values for critical concentrations of DON and ZEN can be regarded as safe levels also for growing bulls. Urine and blood toxin residue levels can be used to assess exposure of bulls.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Winkler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.|Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gödde
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frahm
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany.
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Westendarp
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany. sven.daenicke@fli.bund.de.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dänicke
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000382:microbiology*; D000825:Animal Structures / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D005506:Food Contamination; D008297:Male; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry; D011041:Poisoning / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology; D015025:Zearalenone / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014255:Trichothecenes; D015025:Zearalenone; C007262:deoxynivalenol
keywords: Bulls; Fusarium toxins; Maize; Slaughtering; Toxin residues