title: Intratumoral Heterogeneity of the Epigenome.
abstract: Investigation into intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) of the epigenome is in a formative stage. The patterns of tumor evolution inferred from epigenetic ITH and genetic ITH are remarkably similar, suggesting widespread co-dependency of these disparate mechanisms. The biological and clinical relevance of epigenetic ITH are becoming more apparent. Rare tumor cells with unique and reversible epigenetic states may drive drug resistance, and the degree of epigenetic ITH at diagnosis may predict patient outcome. This perspective presents these current concepts and clinical implications of epigenetic ITH, and the experimental and computational techniques at the forefront of ITH exploration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Tali
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mazor
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.|Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Aleksandr
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pankov
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.|Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA.|Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA.|Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Jun S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Costello
mesh_terms: D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics*; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D018450:Disease Progression; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D057890:Epigenomics; D005544:Forecasting; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004273:DNA, Neoplasm