title: Changes in gut toll-like receptor-4 and nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing-3 innate pathways in liver cirrhosis rats with bacterial translocation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bacterial translocation (BT) plays a vital role in the development of liver cirrhosis (LC); however, little is known regarding the role of gut innate immunity in cirrhosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To observe the influence of BT on multiple vital organs in LC and changes in the gut toll-like receptor-4 and nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing-3 innate pathways in liver cirrhosis rats with bacterial translocation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wistar rats were divided into control and liver cirrhosis with and without bacterial translocation groups. Functional analysis was conducted using peripheral serum. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed to evaluate morphological changes in vital organs. Immunohistochemistry was performed to identify the distribution of toll-like receptor-4, nuclear factor-κ-gene binding-p65, nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing-3, and its adaptor molecule Asc in the ileum. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was conducted to measure tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant decrease in the serum albumin level and an increase in the serum ammonia level were detected in the BT-positive rats compared with the BT-negative rats. Pathological injuries of the intestines and livers of the BT-positive rats were greatly increased compared with the BT-negative rats. The cirrhotic rats with bacterial translocation exhibited increased expression of toll-like receptor-4, nuclear factor-κ-gene binding-p65, nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing-3, Asc and tumor necrosis factor-α in the intestines compared with the negative group. There were no significant differences of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 in the intestines between these two groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Excessive activation of nuclear factor-κ-gene binding-p65/tumor necrosis factor-α and impaired activation of nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing-3/Asc/interleukin-1β, interleukin-18 in the intestinal mucosa were observed in the cirrhotic rats with BT. Regulation of innate immunity in the intestinal mucosa may represent a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of LC and its complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of gastroenterology and hepatology, West China hospital, Sichuan university, Guoxue Lane 37(#), 610041 Chengdu, China. Electronic address: lingzipurple@163.com.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of gastroenterology and hepatology, Guiyang medical university, 550004 Guiyang, Guizhou province, China. Electronic address: 718035972@qq.com.
authors.forename: Chiqian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of gastroenterology, general hospital of Fengfeng Jizhong energy group, 056107 Handan, China. Electronic address: huyanyan_2008@126.com.
authors.forename: Yanyan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of gastroenterology and hepatology, Guiyang medical university, 550004 Guiyang, Guizhou province, China. Electronic address: zhouli660708@163.com.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of gastroenterology and hepatology, West China hospital, Sichuan university, Guoxue Lane 37(#), 610041 Chengdu, China. Electronic address: tanqh2007@163.com.
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D018988:Bacterial Translocation; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D007082:Ileum / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000473:pathology; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000473:pathology; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012709:Serum Albumin; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; D012709:Serum Albumin; C495347:Tlr4 protein, rat; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000641:Ammonia