title: Vitamin D status in mothers with pre-eclampsia and their infants: a case-control study from Serbia, a country without a vitamin D fortification policy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the present study was to determine if vitamin D intake and status are associated with pre-eclampsia in a country without a vitamin D fortification policy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study of pregnancies with (case) and without (control) pre-eclampsia was conducted from January to April when UVB is minimal. Maternal and cord blood obtained at delivery were measured for plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3), 3-epimer of 25-OH-D3 (3-epi-25-OH-D3) and 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (24,25-(OH)2D3) by LC-MS/MS and maternal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25-(OH)2D). Differences between groups were tested with ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests (P<0·05).
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical Center of Serbia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant women with and without pre-eclampsia (n 60) and their infants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exogenous vitamin D intake (0·95-16·25 µg/d (38-650 IU/d)) was not significantly different between groups. Women with pre-eclampsia delivered infants at an earlier gestational age and had significantly lower mean total plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D; case: 11·2 (sd 5·1); control: 16·1 (sd 5·7) ng/ml; P=0·0006), 25-OH-D3 (case: 10·0 (sd 4·9); control: 14·2 (sd 5·8) ng/ml; P=0·002), 3-epi-25-OH-D3 (case: 0·5 (sd 0·2); control: 0·7 (sd 0·2) ng/ml; P=0·0007) and 1,25-(OH)2D (case: 56·5 (sd 26·6); control: 81·0 (sd 25·7) pg/ml; P=0·018), while 24,25-(OH)2D3 was not different between groups. Infants did not differ in total plasma 25-OH-D, 25-OH-D3, 3-epi-25-OH-D3 and 24,25-(OH)2D3, but the mean proportion of 3-epi-25-OH-D3 was higher in the infant case group (case: 7·9 (sd 1·1); control: 7·0 (sd 1·4) % of total 25-OH-D3; P=0·005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, as defined by plasma 25-OH-D<12 ng/ml, was observed in 47 % of all mothers and 77 % of all infants. These data underscore the need for prenatal vitamin D supplementation and a food fortification policy in Serbia.
authors.affiliation: 1Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism,Institute for Medical Research,University of Belgrade,Tadeusa Koscuska 1,11000 Belgrade,Serbia.
authors.forename: Marija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Djekic-Ivankovic
authors.affiliation: 2School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition,McGill University,Macdonald Campus,Ste Anne-de-Bellevue,Québec,Canada.
authors.forename: Hope
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weiler
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences,Queen's University,Kingston,Ontario,Canada.
authors.forename: Glenville
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: 3Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences,Queen's University,Kingston,Ontario,Canada.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaufmann
authors.affiliation: 4Harvard School of Dental Medicine,Boston,MA,USA.
authors.forename: Jovana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaludjerovic
authors.affiliation: 1Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism,Institute for Medical Research,University of Belgrade,Tadeusa Koscuska 1,11000 Belgrade,Serbia.
authors.forename: Vesna
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aleksic-Velickovic
authors.affiliation: 5Faculty of Chemistry,University of Belgrade,Belgrade,Serbia.
authors.forename: Ljuba M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mandić
authors.affiliation: 1Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism,Institute for Medical Research,University of Belgrade,Tadeusa Koscuska 1,11000 Belgrade,Serbia.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glibetic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D055771:Serbia / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: C3-epi-25-hydroxycholecalciferol; LC–MS/MS; Maternal and cord blood; Pre-clampsia; Pregnancy; Vitamin D status