title: Restraining good practice: Reviewing evidence of the effects of restraint from the perspective of service users and mental health professionals in the United Kingdom (UK).
abstract: Safeguarding, balancing the concept of risk with the need for public protection and its implication for the lives of individuals, is an important facet of contemporary mental health care. Integral to safeguarding is the protection of human rights; the right to live free from torture, inhuman, or degrading treatment, and having the right to liberty, security, respect, and privacy. Professionals are required to recognise all of these rights when delivering care to vulnerable people. In the United Kingdom (UK) there has been growing public concern regarding abusive practices in institutions, with a number of unacceptable methods of restraint being identified as a feature of care, particularly in mental health care. In keeping with the service user movement, and following a review of the literature, this paper discusses the evidence regarding restraint from the perspectives of service users and professionals within mental health services and considers the implications for future practice and research. In reviewing the literature, findings revealed that restraint can be a form of abuse, it's inappropriate use often being a consequence of fear, neglect, and lack of using de-escalation techniques. Using restraint in this way can have negative implications for the well-being of service users and mental health professionals alike.
authors.affiliation: School of Community Health & Midwifery, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK. Electronic address: PCusack@uclan.ac.uk.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cusack
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery, Social Work & Social Science, University of Salford, Salford, UK. Electronic address: s.mcandrew@salford.ac.uk.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McAndrew
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery, Social Work & Social Science, University of Salford, Salford, UK. Electronic address: F.P.B.Cusack@salford.ac.uk.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cusack
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Midwifery, Social Work & Social Science, University of Salford, Salford, UK. Electronic address: T.Warne@salford.ac.uk.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Warne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D016743:Mental Competency / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D028701:Patient Rights / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D061214:Patient Safety / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000066550:Physical Abuse / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology; D011057:Politics; D011639:Public Opinion; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Abusive practice; De-escalation; Human rights; Mental health; Restraint; Safeguarding