title: Intrathecal morphine for postoperative pain control after laminoplasty in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the clinical efficacy of intrathecal morphine as postoperative analgesia for cervical laminoplasty.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Patients who undergo posterior cervical spinal surgery frequently experience significant postoperative pain. Postoperative pain contributes to patient morbidity because of decreasing early voluntary mobilization and delayed rehabilitation. Intrathecal morphine is known to be a simple and effective analgesia. However, the effectiveness of intrathecal morphine for cervical spinal surgery has not yet been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-eight patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy were divided into two groups prospectively, a diclofenac suppository (DS) group who received 50 mg diclofenac suppository at the end of the surgery, and an intrathecal morphine (ITM) group who were preoperatively administered 0.3 mg of morphine chloride, intrathecally, via a lumbar puncture. All patients underwent double-door laminoplasty of C3-6 or C3-7 level. Visual analog scale (VAS) of cervical pain, self-rating pain impression, supplemental analgesic usage, and complication rate were evaluated until the seventh postoperative day.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one patients in the DS group and 32 patients in the ITM group were finally assessed. No baseline variable differences between the two groups were observed. The VAS was significantly lower in the ITM group at 4 h and 24 h until the seventh postoperative day. Self-rating pain impression was significantly better in the ITM group. No significant difference was observed in complication rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrathecal morphine was an effective and safe analgesic method for cervical laminoplasty in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Japan; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan. Electronic address: hidat@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tetsuro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hida
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasutsugu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yukawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Keigo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Machino
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Shiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imagama
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ishiguro
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chubu Rosai Hospital, Japan.
authors.forename: Fumihiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kato
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007278:Injections, Spinal; D065406:Laminoplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055009:Spondylosis / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009020:Morphine