title: Genetic relationships among freshwater mussel species from fifteen Amazonian rivers and inferences on the evolution of the Hyriidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida).
abstract: The current phylogenetic framework for the South American Hyriidae is solely based on morphological data. However, freshwater bivalve morphology is highly variable due to both genetic and environmental factors. The present study used both mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and nuclear (18S-ITS1) sequences in molecular phylogenetic analyses of nine Neotropical species of Hyriidae, collected from 15 South American rivers, and sequences of hyriids from Australia and New Zealand obtained from GenBank. The present molecular findings support traditional taxonomic proposals, based on morphology, for the South American subfamily Hyriinae, currently divided in three tribes: Hyriini, Castaliini and Rhipidodontini. Phylogenetic trees based on COI nucleotide sequences revealed at least four geographical groups of Castalia ambigua: northeast Amazon (Piriá, Tocantins and Caeté rivers), central Amazon, including C. quadrata (Amazon and Aripuanã rivers), north (Trombetas river), and C. ambigua from Peru. Genetic distances suggest that some specimens may be cryptic species. Among the Hyriini, a total evidence data set generated phylogenetic trees indicating that Paxyodon syrmatophorus and Prisodon obliquus are more closely related, followed by Triplodon corrugatus. The molecular clock, based on COI, agreed with the fossil record of Neotropical hyriids. The ancestor of both Australasian and Neotropical Hyriidae is estimated to have lived around 225million years ago.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n, Bairro Aldeia, Bragança, Pará CEP 68600-000, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Campus Abaetetuba, Rua Rio de Janeiro, 2233, Bairro Francilândia, Abaetetuba, Pará CEP 68440-000, Brazil. Electronic address: guilherneto@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Guilherme da Cruz
authors.initials: GDC
authors.lastname: Santos-Neto
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Moluscos, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n, Bairro Aldeia, Bragança, Pará CEP 68600-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Colin Robert
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Beasley
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n, Bairro Aldeia, Bragança, Pará CEP 68600-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Horacio
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, Superintendência Regional no Goiás, Rua 229 n°95, Leste Universitário, Goiania, Goiás CEP 74605-090, Brazil.
authors.forename: Daniel Mansur
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Pimpão
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Cunningham Hall, Summit Street, Kent, OH 44242, USA.
authors.forename: Walter Randolph
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Hoeh
authors.affiliation: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 42494, CEP 04299-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz Ricardo Lopes de
authors.initials: LRL
authors.lastname: Simone
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n, Bairro Aldeia, Bragança, Pará CEP 68600-000, Brazil. Electronic address: tagliaro@ufpa.br.
authors.forename: Claudia Helena
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tagliaro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000145:classification / Q000166:cytology* / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045483:Rivers; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; D004247:DNA
keywords: 18S-ITS1; Freshwater bivalve; Molecular phylogeny; Neotropical; mtDNA