title: Psychological defense mechanisms among individuals with SCI with adjustment disorder.
abstract: The used psychological defense styles among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) with adjustment disorders (AJD) have not yet been described. In the present investigation, the prevalence of AJD among people with SCI has been estimated and the pattern of used defense styles has been identified.
  
  
  
  Cross-sectional investigation.
  
  
  
  A tertiary rehabilitation center in Iran.
  
  
  
  Individuals referred to Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center were invited to participate in a screening interview. AJD was diagnosed based on DSM-V criteria. Those with AJD diagnosis were scheduled for another interview to assess defense mechanisms.
  
  
  
  Demographic and injury-related variables were recorded. Defense mechanisms were assessed by the 40-item version of the Defense-Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40).
  
  
  
  Among 114 participants, 32 (28%) were diagnosed with AJD among whom 23 subjects attended the second interview. Mean age and time since injury were 29.57 ± 9.29 years and 11.70 ± 6.34 months, respectively. The majority of patients were using idealization defense mechanism (91.3%). In the second and third place, passive aggression (87.0%) and somatization (82.6%) defense mechanisms were observed, respectively. Neurotic style was dominantly used (11.52 ± 2.26). Sex, marital status, educational level, cause of the injury and injury level were not related to defense style (P: 0.38, 0.69, 0.88, 0.73, and P: 0.32, respectively).
  
  
  
  Prevalence of AJD is estimated to be 28% among individuals with SCI. The most prevalent defense style was neurotic and the dominant used defense mechanism was "idealization." The role of demographic and injury-related variables in determining the used defense mechanisms was insignificant.
authors.affiliation: a Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Manijeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yazdanshenas Ghazwin
authors.affiliation: b Iranian Tissue Bank & Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Amir Hossein
authors.initials: SAH
authors.lastname: Tavakoli
authors.affiliation: a Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Latifi
authors.affiliation: c Department of Neurosurgery , Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Hooshang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saberi
authors.affiliation: a Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Nazi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Derakhshanrad
authors.affiliation: d Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Mir Saeed
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Yekaninejad
authors.affiliation: e Psychiatric and Psychology Research Center , Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.affiliation: a Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed-Hassan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Emami Razavi
authors.affiliation: a Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Norouzi Javidan
authors.affiliation: a Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed-Mohammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ghodsi
mesh_terms: D000275:Adjustment Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000066498:Emotional Adjustment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation
keywords: Adjustment disorders; Defense mechanisms; Spinal cord injury