title: The stability of negative syndrome, persistent negative syndrome and deficit syndrome in a twenty-year follow-up study of schizophrenia patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence and stability of negative symptoms in schizophrenia according to the BPRS-withdrawal/retardation, persistent negative symptoms and deficit syndrome over twenty years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty people diagnosed with schizophrenia were evaluated during their first psychiatric hospitalisation and after three, seven, twelve and twenty years. the presence of negative symptoms was assumed when at least one of the BPRS-withdrawal/retardation symptoms (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, motor retardation), equalled three or more points at the discharge from the index hospitalisation. The groups with persistent negative symptoms and deficit syndrome were identified based on two measurements taken at the index discharge and one year later. The Proxy for the Deficit Syndrome (PDS) was employed to identify deficit syndrome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of BPRS-withdrawal/retardation, persistent negative symptoms and deficit syndrome after one year was 20%, 4% and 6% respectively. Four of the ten people with BPRS-withdrawal/retardation symptoms maintained them at all follow-ups. No symptoms, however, were found in any of the members of the persistent negative symptoms and deficit syndrome group after twelve and twenty years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of primary, persistent negative symptoms after the first episode of psychosis was minimal. A long-term observation does not confirm their stability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Pl. Sikorskiego 2/8, 31-115, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kalisz
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Psychiatry, Chair of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Pl. Sikorskiego 2/8, 31-115, Kraków, Poland. Electronic address: mzcechni@cyf-kr.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cechnicki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: BPRS; Long-term assessment; Prospective study