title: Effects of arsenic and cadmium on bioaccessibility of lead in spiked soils assessed by Unified BARGE Method.
abstract: The bioaccessibility of lead (Pb) in contaminated soils has been extensively studied, including the influence of soil properties on Pb bioaccessibility. However, little is known about the effects of other metals/metalloid, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) on the bioaccessibility of Pb, i.e. whether As or Cd could increase or decrease the solubility of Pb in human gastrointestinal tract when Pb-contaminated soil and As-contaminated (or Cd-contaminated) soil are ingested simultaneously. Furthermore, it is far from clear that if soil property could make a difference to these effects. In this study, seven types of soils were collected in Australia and spiked with As, Cd or Pb. Gastric bioaccessibility of Pb ranged from 44 ± 0.9% to 100 ± 6.7% whilst intestinal bioaccessibility dropped to 1 ± 0.2% to 36 ± 1.7%. Statistical analysis shows total Pb in soil was the most significant controller for bioaccessible Pb. Effects of As and Cd on the bioaccessibility of Pb in simulated human digestive system were studied by mixing As-spiked soil (or Cd-spiked soil) with Pb-spiked soil of the same type during bioaccessibility test. Results reveal that neither As nor Cd had impact on Pb bioaccessibility, which indicates when As, Cd and Pb aged in soils separately, they may behave independently in the bioaccessibility measuring system. This finding can be part of evidence to assume additive effect when it comes to estimate the bioaccessibility of mixtures of independently-aged As and Pb (or Cd and Pb) in soils.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; The University of Newcastle, Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Dane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; The University of Newcastle, Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kader
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; The University of Newcastle, Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Megharaj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mallavarapu
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; The University of Newcastle, Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naidu
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology, Brisbane, QLD 4108, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: j.ng@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jack C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ng
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000378:metabolism*; D001315:Australia; D001682:Biological Availability; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism*; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D001151:Arsenic
keywords: Bioavailability; In vitro assessment; Metal/metalloid mixture; Risk assessment; Soil contamination; Soil properties