title: Associations between Macronutrient Intake and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea as Well as Self-Reported Sleep Symptoms: Results from a Cohort of Community Dwelling Australian Men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  macronutrient intake has been found to affect sleep parameters including obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in experimental studies, but there is uncertainty at the population level in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  cross-sectional analysis was conducted of participants in the Men Androgen Inflammation Lifestyle Environment and Stress cohort (n = 784, age 35-80 years). Dietary intake was measured by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Self-reported poor sleep quality and daytime sleepiness were measured by questionnaires. Overnight in-home polysomnography (PSG) was conducted among participants with without previously diagnosed OSA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  after adjusting for demographic, lifestyle factors, and chronic diseases, the highest quartile of fat intake was positively associated with excessive daytime sleepiness (relative risk ratio (RRR) = 1.78, 95% CI 1.10, 2.89) and apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) ≥20, (RRR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.20-7.38). Body mass index mediated the association between fat intake and AHI (30%), but not daytime sleepiness. There were no associations between other intake of macronutrient and sleep outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  high fat is associated with daytime sleepiness and AHI. Sleep outcomes are generally not assessed in studies investigating the effects of varying macronutrient diets on weight loss. The current result highlights the potential public health significance of doing so.
authors.affiliation: Population Research and Outcome Studies, the University of Adelaide, SAHMRI, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. yingting.cao@adelaide.edu.au.|Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. yingting.cao@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Yingting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. gary.wittert@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wittert
authors.affiliation: Population Research and Outcome Studies, the University of Adelaide, SAHMRI, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. anne.taylor@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Anne W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Health Observatory, Discipline of Medicine, the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Campus, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5011, Australia. robert.adams@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Population Research and Outcome Studies, the University of Adelaide, SAHMRI, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. zumin.shi@adelaide.edu.au.|Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. zumin.shi@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Zumin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000502:physiology*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins
keywords: apnoea hypopnea index; daytime sleepiness; fat intake; macronutrient intake; polysomnography