title: How to Deal With Relatives of Patients Dying in the Hospital? Qualitative Content Analysis of Relatives' Experiences.
abstract: Hospital care and communication tend to be focused on the individual patient, and decision making is typically based on the principle of individual autonomy. It can be questioned whether this approach is adequate when a patient is terminally ill.
  
  
  
  Our aim was to explore the involvement and experiences of relatives in the hospital during the patient's last phase of life.
  
  
  
  This study was embedded in a retrospective questionnaire study on the quality of dying of a consecutive sample of patients who died in a general university hospital in The Netherlands. We performed a secondary qualitative analysis of relatives' comments and answers to open questions. Relatives of 951 deceased adult patients were asked to complete a questionnaire; 451 questionnaires were returned and analyzed for this study.
  
  
  
  Relatives expressed a need for 1) comprehensible, timely, and sensitive information and communication, 2) involvement in decision making, 3) acknowledgment of their position, 4) being able to trust health care staff, and 5) rest and privacy. When relatives felt that their role had sufficiently been acknowledged by health care professionals (HCPs), their experiences were more positive.
  
  
  
  Relatives emphasized their relation with the patient and their involvement in care of the patient dying in the hospital. An approach of HCPs to care based on the concept of individual autonomy seems inadequate. The role of relatives might be better addressed by the concept of relational autonomy, which provides HCPs with opportunities to create a relationship with relatives in care that optimally addresses the needs of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Faculty of Nursing and Center of Expertise in Care Innovations, Rotterdam University of Applied Sciences, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: f.witkamp@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Witkamp
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Metamedica, EMGO+, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Droger
authors.affiliation: Department of Metamedica, EMGO+, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rien
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Janssens
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: van Zuylen
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van der Heide
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001601:Bereavement; D003142:Communication; D003657:Decision Making; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018907:Privacy / Q000523:psychology; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012146:Rest; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013727:Terminal Care; D035502:Trust
keywords: Relatives; autonomy; end-of-life care; experiences; family; hospital