title: Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Gene Regulation: Chondrogenic Markers Evaluation.
abstract: There is little evidence demonstrating the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated within the biological entity and the effect of extrinsic fields on cellular programing. Taking the path of the more studied stimuli into attention, mechanical forces, it could be understood that nonchemical factors play a consequential role in transcriptional regulatory networks. Cartilaginous tissue consists of collagen protein that is considered as a piezoelectric substrate and is influenced by electric fields making chondrogenic specific genes an exciting candidate for bioelectromagnetic studies. As electromagnetic properties highly depend on the frequencies applied, this study delves into the ability of two EMFs with the frequency of 25 Hz and 50 Hz in inducing SOX9 and COL2 gene expressions in a three-dimensional (3D) mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-alginate construct. Cell-alginate beads were divided into six groups and treated for a time period of 21 days. To determine the results, qualitative and quantitative data were both reviewed. On observation of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) data, it was apparent that TGF-β1 treatment had a greater COL2 and SOX9 gene expression impact on MSCs compared to pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) treatments alone. COL2 was shown to have a greater transcriptional tendency to PEMF, whereas under defined electromagnetic parameters applied in this study, no significant difference was detected in SOX9 gene expressions compared to the control group. PEMF co-treatments enhanced the deposition of extracellular matrix molecules, as the matrix-rich beads were positively stained by Alcian blue. This genre of study is the venue for the control and healing of connective tissue defects.
authors.affiliation: National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.|Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hanie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kavand
authors.affiliation: National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. haghighipour@pasteur.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Nooshin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Haghighipour
authors.affiliation: Developmental Biology Lab, School of Biology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Bahman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zeynali
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Seyedjafari
authors.affiliation: National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Baharak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abdemami
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D020723:Glucuronic Acid
keywords: Pulsed electromagnetic field-Mesenchymal stem cell-Cartilage tissue engineering-Electromagnetic transduction-Alginate