title: Mechanisms and kinetics study on the trihalomethanes formation with carbon nanoparticle precursors.
abstract: With lots of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) applied in the industry, the possibilities of their environmental release have received much attention. As the CNPs may enter drinking water systems, and persist in water and wastewater treatment systems, their possible reaction with disinfectants should be studied. In this study, the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) with 5 types of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was investigated. All CNPs could act as precursors of THMs in aqueous phase. Total concentrations of THMs formed with CNPs varied from 0.24 to 0.95 μM, much lower than that formed from chlorinated Suwannee River Natural Organic Matter (SRNOM) (approximately 9 μM). The kinetics of THMs formation with GO was 0.0814 M(-1) s(-1), which is higher than most of the chlorinated humic acid obtained from different natural waters. The study indicates that during chlorination, C-Cl bond could be formed on the surface of CNPs. However, carbon atoms at the middle of two meta-positioned OH groups on the benzene ring are more active and may prefer to form THMs with chlorine oxidation. The influences of pH and reactant doses on the formation of THMs were also discussed.
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China.
authors.forename: Yingying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China.
authors.forename: Haonan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China.
authors.forename: Xiati
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wuli
authors.affiliation: Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States.
authors.forename: Adeyemi S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Adeleye
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tongyan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China; Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States. Electronic address: hkliyao@nankai.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D002713:Chlorine / Q000737:chemistry*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000737:chemistry*; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D054879:Halogenation; D006812:Humic Substances; D007700:Kinetics; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D022882:Trihalomethanes / Q000032:analysis / Q000138:chemical synthesis*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002713:Chlorine; D004202:Disinfectants; D060766:Drinking Water; D006108:Graphite; D006812:Humic Substances; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D022882:Trihalomethanes; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Chlorination; Disinfection by-products; Graphene oxide; Nanoparticle