title: Colorimetric Detection by Gold Nanoparticle DNA Probes for Miltenberger Series (GP.Mur, GP.Hop, and GP.Bun) Identification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Miltenberger (Mi) series are the collective glycophorin hybrids in the MNS blood group system. Mi series are composed of several subtypes, for examples, GP.Mur, GP.Hop, and GP.Bun. The incompatibility of Mi series blood transfusion poses the risk of hemolysis. Due to the lack of standard antibodies for Mi series blood typing, colorimetric gold nanoparticle (AuNP) DNA probes were therefore explored for Mi series identification.
  
  
  METHODS
  AuNPs were synthesized and conjugated to an RvB (test) probe and an RvA2 (control) probe. Each of the AuNP DNA probes was tested against the amplified products of Mi(+) (GP.Mur/Hop/Bun), Mi(-), and the blank (no amplified product). The change in color was observed by visual inspection and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The amplified product of the Mi(+) sample retained the color on both probes (test+/control+). The amplified product of the Mi(-) sample retained the color only on the control probe (test-/control+) and the amplified product of the blank turned clear on both probes (test-/control-). The results by optical density absorbance measurement were concordant with the results by visual inspection. Both probes were validated with the amplified products of the ten Mi(+) and ten Mi(-) samples. All of the samples were correctly identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AuNP DNA probes (RvB and RvA2) could be applied to distinguish the amplified products of Mi(+), Mi(-), and the blank by visual inspection and/or OD absorbance measurement.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Medicine Programme, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.|Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Apirom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vongsakulyanon
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Engineering Programme, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chinnawut
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pipatpanukul
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pimpun
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kitpoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Mongkol
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kunakorn
authors.affiliation: Materials Science and Engineering Programme, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. toemsak.sri@mahidol.ac.th.|Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. toemsak.sri@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Toemsak
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Srikhirin
mesh_terms: D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching / Q000379:methods; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods*; D015342:DNA Probes / Q000032:analysis*; D006021:Glycophorins / Q000378:metabolism; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D008951:MNSs Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D053758:Nanoparticles; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D015342:DNA Probes; D006021:Glycophorins; D008951:MNSs Blood-Group System; C065172:Miltenberger V-like molecule glycophorin variant; D006046:Gold
keywords: DNA probes; Miltenberger series; blood group; genotyping techniques; gold nanoparticles