title: Whole-genome sequence data uncover loss of genetic diversity due to selection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whole-genome sequence (WGS) data give access to more complete structural genetic information of individuals, including rare variants, not fully covered by single nucleotide polymorphism chips. We used WGS to investigate the amount of genetic diversity remaining after selection using optimal contribution (OC), considering different methods to estimate the relationships used in OC. OC was applied to minimise average relatedness of the selection candidates and thus miminise the loss of genetic diversity in a conservation strategy, e.g. for establishment of gene bank collections. Furthermore, OC was used to maximise average genetic merit of the selection candidates at a given level of relatedness, similar to a genetic improvement strategy. In this study, we used data from 277 bulls from the 1000 bull genomes project. We measured genetic diversity as the number of variants still segregating after selection using WGS data, and compared strategies that targeted conservation of rare (minor allele frequency <5 %) versus common variants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When OC without restriction on the number of selected individuals was applied, loss of variants was minimal and most individuals were selected, which is often unfeasible in practice. When 20 individuals were selected, the number of segregating rare variants was reduced by 29 % for the conservation strategy, and by 34 % for the genetic improvement strategy. The overall number of segregating variants was reduced by 30 % when OC was restricted to selecting five individuals, for both conservation and genetic improvement strategies. For common variants, this loss was about 15 %, while it was much higher, 72 %, for rare variants. Fewer rare variants were conserved with the genetic improvement strategy compared to the conservation strategy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of WGS for genetic diversity quantification revealed that selection results in considerable losses of genetic diversity for rare variants. Using WGS instead of SNP chip data to estimate relationships slightly reduced the loss of rare variants, while using 50 K SNP chip data was sufficient to conserve common variants. The loss of rare variants could be mitigated by a few percent (up to 8 %) depending on which method is chosen to estimate relationships from WGS data.
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands. sonia.eynard@wur.nl.|GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France. sonia.eynard@wur.nl.|Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 3700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands. sonia.eynard@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Sonia E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Eynard
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.|Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 3700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jack J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Windig
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 3700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sipke J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hiemstra
authors.affiliation: Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mario P L
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Calus
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000235:genetics*; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016678:Genome; D023281:Genomics; D005838:Genotype; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D000068618:Selective Breeding / Q000235:genetics*