title: Increased cardiovascular risks associated with familial inbreeding: a population-based study of adolescent cohort.
abstract: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among humans worldwide. We aimed to estimate the effect of familial inbreeding on cardiovascular risks.
  
  
  
  The study was conducted during April 2014 through June 2014, and a total of 587 adolescent subjects (male = 270, female = 317; 11-18 years of age) were recruited from five Muslim populations viz., Gujjar and Bakarwal (n = 130), Mughal (n = 111), Malik (n = 114), Syed (n = 108), and Khan (n = 124). Wright's path relationship method was used for calculating the coefficient of inbreeding (F). Anthropometric and physiological parameters were estimated using standard methods.
  
  
  
  We observed higher mean values for major physiological traits among the inbred subjects in comparison with the non-inbred groups of five different populations. Our study suggests that inbreeding and sex are the key factors affecting cardiovascular profile. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed inbreeding as a major source of variation for cardiovascular risks, dominating over other factors causing greater variability in the physiological traits. The magnitude of cardiovascular risks shows an increase with the increase in the values of coefficient of inbreeding (i.e., from F = 0.00 to F = 0.125). The abnormal levels of systolic blood pressure (SBP; range 140-159 mm Hg) and fasting blood glucose (FBG; range 101-126 mg per dL) show persuasive increase with an upsurge in the homozygosity level (i.e., coefficient of inbreeding).
  
  
  
  Our comprehensive assessment presents the deleterious consequence of inbreeding on cardiovascular profile. This study can be used as fact-sheet for framing the heath policies and hence can play a vital role in genetic counseling strategies for transforming the public opinion regarding the practice of consanguinity and its associated risks.
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics and Toxicology Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Electronic address: mohdfareedk@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fareed
authors.affiliation: Human Genetics and Toxicology Laboratory, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. Electronic address: afzal1235@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Afzal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D003241:Consanguinity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007514:Islam; D008297:Male; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cardiovascular risks; Consanguinity; Diabetes; Hypertension; Public health