title: Mammalian retinal Müller cells have circadian clock function.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test whether Müller glia of the mammalian retina have circadian rhythms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Müller glia cultures isolated from mouse lines or from humans and bioluminescent reporters of circadian clock genes to monitor molecular circadian rhythms. The clock gene dependence of the Müller cell rhythms was tested using clock gene knockout mouse lines or with siRNA for specific clock genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated that retinal Müller glia express canonical circadian clock genes, are capable of sustained circadian oscillations in isolation from other cell types, and exhibit unique features of their molecular circadian clock compared to the retina as a whole. Mouse and human Müller cells demonstrated circadian clock function; however, they exhibited species-specific differences in the gene dependence of their clocks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Müller cells are the first mammalian retinal cell type in which sustained circadian rhythms have been demonstrated in isolation from other retinal cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Guoxiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Heng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Penn
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
authors.forename: Douglas G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: McMahon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056926:CLOCK Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D057906:Circadian Clocks / Q000235:genetics*; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D063928:Ependymoglial Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D016086:Lentivirus / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D056926:CLOCK Proteins