title: Pattern of xylem phenology in conifers of cold ecosystems at the Northern Hemisphere.
abstract: The interaction between xylem phenology and climate assesses forest growth and productivity and carbon storage across biomes under changing environmental conditions. We tested the hypothesis that patterns of wood formation are maintained unaltered despite the temperature changes across cold ecosystems. Wood microcores were collected weekly or biweekly throughout the growing season for periods varying between 1 and 13 years during 1998-2014 and cut in transverse sections for assessing the onset and ending of the phases of xylem differentiation. The data set represented 1321 trees belonging to 10 conifer species from 39 sites in the Northern Hemisphere and covering an interval of mean annual temperature exceeding 14 K. The phenological events and mean annual temperature of the sites were related linearly, with spring and autumnal events being separated by constant intervals across the range of temperature analysed. At increasing temperature, first enlarging, wall-thickening and mature tracheids appeared earlier, and last enlarging and wall-thickening tracheids occurred later. Overall, the period of wood formation lengthened linearly with the mean annual temperature, from 83.7 days at -2 °C to 178.1 days at 12 °C, at a rate of 6.5 days °C-1. April-May temperatures produced the best models predicting the dates of wood formation. Our findings demonstrated the uniformity of the process of wood formation and the importance of the environmental conditions occurring at the time of growth resumption. Under warming scenarios, the period of wood formation might lengthen synchronously in the cold biomes of the Northern Hemisphere.
authors.affiliation: Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada.|Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China.|Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro-Forestali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro, 2-35122, PD, Italy.
authors.forename: Tommaso
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Anfodillo
authors.affiliation: Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Čufar
authors.affiliation: LERFoB, INRA, AgroParisTech, F-54000, Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Henri E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Cuny
authors.affiliation: Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada.
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Deslauriers
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fonti
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland.|Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Jožica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gričar
authors.affiliation: Institute of Botany, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China. huangjg@scbg.ac.cn.|Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China. huangjg@scbg.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Jian-Guo
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3830-0415
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Natural Resources Institute Finland, PO Box 18, Vantaa, 01301, Finland.
authors.forename: Tuula
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jyske
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Charles University in Prague, Ovocný trh 3-5, Prague, 116 36, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kašpar
authors.affiliation: Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, CH-8903, Switzerland.|Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada.
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
authors.forename: Eryuan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Natural Resources Institute Finland, PO Box 18, Vantaa, 01301, Finland.
authors.forename: Harri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mäkinen
authors.affiliation: Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, boulevard de l'Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada.
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Morin
authors.affiliation: Natural Resources Institute Finland, PO Box 18, Vantaa, 01301, Finland.
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nöjd
authors.affiliation: Institute of Botany, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Oberhuber
authors.affiliation: Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prislan
authors.affiliation: LERFoB, INRA, AgroParisTech, F-54000, Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Cyrille B K
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Rathgeber
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Corso Umberto I, Napoli, 80138, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saracino
authors.affiliation: Institute of Botany, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Swidrak
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Charles University in Prague, Ovocný trh 3-5, Prague, 116 36, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Václav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Treml
mesh_terms: D003080:Cold Temperature; D017753:Ecosystem; D063245:Plant Development; D012621:Seasons; D064028:Tracheophyta; D014197:Trees; D052584:Xylem
keywords: cambium; cell differentiation; cell production; climate change; conifers; growth; meristem; secondary wall formation