title: RETRACTED: Neuroprotective Role of L-NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) against Chronic Hypobaric Hypoxia with Crowding Stress (CHC) Induced Depression-Like Behaviour.
abstract: Improper neuroimmune responses following chronic stress exposure have been reported to cause neuronal dysfunctions leading to memory impairment, anxiety and depression like behaviours. Though several factors affecting microglial activation and consequent alteration in neuro-inflammatory responses have been well studied, role of NO and its association with microglia in stress induced depression model is yet to be explored. In the present study, we validated combination of chronic hypobaric hypoxia and crowding (CHC) as a stress model for depression and investigated the role of chronic stress induced elevated nitric oxide (NO) level in microglia activation and its effect on neuro-inflammatory responses in brain. Further, we evaluated the ameliorative effect of L-NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) to reverse the stress induced depressive mood state. Four groups of male Sprague Dawley rat were taken and divided into control and CHC stress exposed group with and without treatment of L-NAME. Depression like behaviour and anhedonia in rats were assessed by Forced Swim Test (FST) and Sucrose Preference Test (SPT). Microglial activation was evaluated using Iba-1 immunohistochemistry and proinflammatory cytokines were assessed in the hippocampal region. Our result showed that exposure to CHC stress increased the number of active microglia with corresponding increase in inflammatory cytokines and altered behavioural responses. The inhibition of NO synthesis by L-NAME during CHC exposure decreased the number of active microglia in hippocampus as evident from decreased Iba-1 positive cells. Further, L-NAME administration decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines in hippocampus and improved behaviour of rats. Our study demonstrate that stress induced elevation of NO plays pivotal role in altered microglial activation and consequent neurodegenerative processes leading to depression like behaviour in rat.
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi- 54, India.
authors.forename: Satya Narayan
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Deep
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Department of Environmental Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: Iswar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Baitharu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Punjab Technical University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Apurva
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Anoop Kishor Singh
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Gurjar
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi- 54, India.
authors.forename: Dipti
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prasad
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi- 54, India.
authors.forename: Shashi Bala
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000399:Air Pressure; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003441:Crowding / Q000523:psychology; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester