title: Effect of indomethacin-loaded nanocapsules incorporation in a dentin adhesive resin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to produce indomethacin-loaded nanocapsules (IndOH-NCs) and evaluate the influence of their incorporation into an adhesive resin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Indomethacin was encapsulated by the deposition of preformed polymer. IndOH-NCs were characterized by laser diffractometry, Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and MTT assay. Nanocapsules (NCs) were incorporated into an adhesive in concentrations of 1, 2, 5, and 10 %. The addition was visualized by TEM and drug release was evaluated by HPLC until 120 h of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). Drug diffusion through dentin was tested using a Franz diffusion cell apparatus and quantified by HPLC. The degree of conversion (DC), softening in ethanol, and microtensile bond strength (μTBS) were evaluated to determine whether the nanocapsules influenced the adhesive. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test for DC, softening in ethanol, μTBS, and cytotoxicity, and paired t test for comparison between the initial and final Knoop microhardness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IndOH-NCs, with a spherical shape and a mean diameter of 165 nm, were incorporated into an adhesive. Indomethacin content was 7 mg drug/g powder. IndOH-NCs maintained high cell viability. At 120 h, an amount of 13.83 % of indomethacin was released, and after 7 days, 7.07 % of this drug was diffused through dentin for an adhesive containing 10 % of nanocapsules. No alteration in the DC, softening in ethanol, and μTBS resulted from NC addition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IndOH-NCs may be incorporated into adhesive systems, without compromising properties, to add an anti-inflammatory drug controlled release for restorative procedures in deep cavities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here is the first step toward the goal of providing agents to act at an inflammatory process of pulp tissue through dental adhesives via encapsulation of drug.
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 2492, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Genari
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 2492, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vicente Castelo Branco
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Leitune
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise Soledade
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Jornada
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of stem cells and tissue engineering, Universidade Luterana do Brazil, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Camassola
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.|Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana Raffin
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pohlmann
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sílvia Stanisçuaski
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Guterres
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 2492, Brazil.
authors.forename: Susana Maria Werner
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.affiliation: Dental Materials Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, Porto Alegre, RS, 2492, Brazil. fabricio.collares@ufrgs.br.
authors.forename: Fabrício Mezzomo
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Collares
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000737:chemistry*; D007834:Lasers; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053769:Nanocapsules / Q000737:chemistry*; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D053769:Nanocapsules; D007213:Indomethacin
keywords: Dental bonding; Dental caries; Drug carriers; Drug release; Methacrylates; Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents