title: Nanoparticles of Waste Material of Propolis and Gelatin as a Novel System for Delivery of L-Ascorbic Acid.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The waste material from the preparation of propolis extracts is a potential natural compound for application in pharmaceutical and medicine nanostructured products. Ascorbic acid is an excellent antioxidant and an important cofactor of several physiological and biochemical processes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop and characterize nanoparticles containing L-ascorbic acid prepared with propolis byproduct.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nanoparticle's physicochemical characteristics (surface morphology, particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency), antioxidant activity, in vitro release profile, and in vitro cytotoxicity were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nanoparticles showed to be spherical, with agglomeration, mean diameter between 110.93 and 480.59 nm, zeta potential near zero and good entrapment efficiency. Antioxidant activity of L-ascorbic acid increased when nanoencapsulated and the drug release was prolonged, controlled mainly by the phenomenon of relaxation of polymer chains and dependent of propolis residue concentration. The application of technology provided a reduction in the level of cytotoxicity of L-ascorbic acid, and the nanoparticles showed a protective effect on macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana. Brazil.
authors.forename: Lizziane Maria
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Belloto de Francisco
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana. Brazil.
authors.forename: Yeda Thamiris
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Carrer Costa
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Quality Control and Development of Phytotherapics, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana. Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscila Miyuki
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Outuki
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Cytology and STDs, Department Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana. Brazil.
authors.forename: Raquel Pantarotto
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Cytology and STDs, Department Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana. Brazil.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Souza Bonfim Mendonca
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Research and Development of Drug Delivery Systems, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana. Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudio Roberto
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Novello
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Cytology and STDs, Department Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Parana. Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcia Edilaine
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Lopes Consolaro
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Colombo Avenue, n. 5790, K68, S05, CEP 87020-900, Maringa, Parana. Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Luciano
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bruschi
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D065546:Drug Liberation; D005780:Gelatin; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011429:Propolis; D014866:Waste Products
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004337:Drug Carriers; D014866:Waste Products; D005780:Gelatin; D011429:Propolis; D001205:Ascorbic Acid
keywords: Antioxidant activity; L-ascorbic acid; drug release; gelatin; nanoparticles; physicochemical properties; propolis
  byproduct