title: HES1 in immunity and cancer.
abstract: Hairy and enhancer of split homolog-1 (HES1) is a part of an extensive family of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins and plays a crucial role in the control and regulation of cell cycle, proliferation, cell differentiation, survival and apoptosis in neuronal, endocrine, T-lymphocyte progenitors as well as various cancers. HES1 is a transcription factor which is regulated by the NOTCH, Hedgehog and Wnt signalling pathways. Aberrant expression of these pathways is a common feature of cancerous cells. There appears to be a fine and complicated crosstalk at the molecular level between the various signalling pathways and HES1, which contributes to its effects on the immune response and cancers such as leukaemia. Several mechanisms have been proposed, including an enhanced invasiveness and metastasis by inducing epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), in addition to its strict requirement for tumour cell survival. In this review, we summarize the current biology and molecular mechanisms as well as its use as a clinical target in cancer therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, 5th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, UK; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK. Electronic address: a.rani@westminster.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Aradhana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rani
authors.affiliation: Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, 5th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Roseanna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Greenlaw
authors.affiliation: Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, 5th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, UK.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, MRC Centre for Transplantation, 5th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, UK. Electronic address: christine.galustian@kcl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Galustian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D000072056:Transcription Factor HES-1 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D000072056:Transcription Factor HES-1; C078493:HES1 protein, human
keywords: Cancer; Cytokine; HES1; Immunity; NOTCH; Therapy