title: Effect of broccoli extract enriched diet on liver cholesterol oxidation in rats subjected to exhaustive exercise.
abstract: The effect of broccoli extract (BE)-enriched diet was studied in order to evaluate its ability to counteract liver cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) induced by acute strenuous exercise in rats. Thirty-two female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control diet without exercise (C), BE-enriched diet without exercise (B), control diet with acute exhaustive exercise (S) and BE-enriched diet with acute exhaustive exercise (BS). The study lasted 45days and on the last day, rats of S and BS groups were forced to run until exhaustion on a treadmill. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) were determined in liver. Exhaustive exercise was clearly responsible for tissue damage, as evidenced by the increase of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plasma activity in the S group. Moreover, the exercise protocol reduced CAT activity in liver, while it did not affect GST, GR and GPx. BE-enriched diet raised GST, GR and CAT activities in rats of BS group. The main COPs found were 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, cholestanetriol, 24-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol. The BE-enriched diet led to reduced cholesterol oxidation following exhaustive exercise; the highest level of COPs was found in the S group, whereas the BS rats showed the lowest amount. This study indicates that the BE-enriched diet increases antioxidant enzyme activities and exerts an antioxidant effect towards cholesterol oxidation in rat liver, suggesting the use of phytochemicals in the prevention of oxidative damage and in the modulation of the redox environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: vladimiro.cardenia3@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Vladimiro
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cardenia
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Agri-Food Industrial Research, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Estrada
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonello
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lorenzini
authors.affiliation: Scientific Institute of Romagna for the Study and Treatment of Cancer (IRST), Unit of Gene Therapy Meldola-Forlı', Meldola (FC), Italy.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bandini
authors.affiliation: Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Angeloni
authors.affiliation: Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hrelia
authors.affiliation: Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malaguti
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D001937:Brassica / Q000737:chemistry*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006888:Hydroxycholesterols / Q000378:metabolism; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013261:Sterols / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D006888:Hydroxycholesterols; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D013261:Sterols; C044563:24-hydroxycholesterol; C076996:27-hydroxycholesterol; D002784:Cholesterol; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Antioxidant phase 2 enzymes; Broccoli extract; Cholesterol oxidation products; Exhaustive exercise; Oxidative stress; Oxysterols