title: Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy: State of the Art and Beyond.
abstract: Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination in cancer patients aims to induce or augment an effective antitumor immune response against tumor antigens and was first explored in a clinical trial in the 1990s. More than two decades later, numerous clinical trials have been performed or are ongoing with a wide variety of DC subsets, culture protocols, and treatment regimens. The safety of DC vaccination and its ability to induce antitumor responses have clearly been established; however, although scattered patients with long-term benefit were reported, DC vaccines have not yet fulfilled their promise, perhaps mainly due to the lack of large-scale well-conducted phase II/III trials. To allow meaningful multicenter phase III trials, the production of DC vaccines should be standardized between centers which is now becoming feasible. To improve the efficacy of DC-based immunotherapy, it could be combined with other treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kalijn F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Bol
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerty
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schreibelt
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Winald R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Gerritsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: I Jolanda M
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: de Vries
authors.affiliation: Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Carl.Figdor@radboudumc.nl.
authors.forename: Carl G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Figdor
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000276:immunology; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000276:immunology; D015415:Biomarkers; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D002450:Cell Communication; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007109:Immunity; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D057170:Translational Research, Biomedical; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D015415:Biomarkers; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D016207:Cytokines