title: Comparison of clinicopathological characteristics between patients with occupational and non-occupational intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An outbreak of cholangiocarcinoma has been reported among workers of an offset color proof-printing department at a printing company in Japan. In this study, we compared the clinicopathological findings of this type of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (occupational ICC) and non-occupational ICC.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical records of 51 patients with perihilar-type ICC who underwent liver resection, including five patients with occupational ICC were retrospectively reviewed. The clinicopathological features were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the occupational group, the patients were significantly younger (P < 0.01), while serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity and the proportions of patients with regional dilatation of the bile ducts without tumor-induced obstruction were significantly higher (P = 0.041 and P < 0.01, respectively); the indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min was significantly lower (P = 0.020). On pathological examinations, precancerous or early cancerous lesions, such as biliary intraepithelial neoplasia and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct, were observed at various sites of the bile ducts in all occupational ICC patients; such lesions were observed in only six patients in the control group (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinicopathological findings including age, liver function test results, diagnostic imaging findings, and pathological findings differed between the occupational and control groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Genya
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hamano
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigekazu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takemura
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroji
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shinkawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tokuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Ishikiriseiki Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takatsugu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Ishikiriseiki Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakasa
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shibata
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007564:Japan; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods
keywords: Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia; Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct; Occupational cholangiocarcinoma; Organic solvent; Printing company