title: Potential risks to freshwater aquatic organisms following a silvicultural application of herbicides in Oregon's Coast Range.
abstract: Glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), imazapyr, sulfometuron methyl (SMM), and metsulfuron methyl (MSM) were measured in streamwater collected during and after a routine application of herbicides to a forestry site in Oregon's Coast Range. Samples were collected at 3 stations: HIGH at the fish-no-fish interface in the middle of the harvest and spray unit, MID at the bottom of the unit, and LOW downstream of the unit. All herbicides were applied by helicopter in a single tank mix. AMPA, imazapyr, SMM, and MSM were not detected (ND) in any sample at 15, 600, 500, and 1000 ng/L, respectively. A pulse of glyphosate peaking at approximately equal to 62 ng/L manifested at HIGH during the application. Glyphosate pulses peaking at 115 ng/L (MID) and 42 ng/L (HIGH) were found during the first 2 postapplication storm events 8 and 10 days after treatment (DAT), respectively: glyphosate was less than 20 ng/L (ND) at all stations during all subsequent storm events. All glyphosate pulses were short-lived (4-12 h). Glyphosate in baseflow was approximately equal to 25 ng/L at all stations 3 DAT and was still approximately equal to 25 ng/L at HIGH, but ND at the other stations, 8 DAT: subsequently, glyphosate was ND in baseflow at all stations. Aquatic organisms were subjected to multiple short-duration, low-concentration glyphosate pulses corresponding to a cumulative time-weighted average (TWA) exposure of 6634 ng/L × h. Comparisons to TWA exposures associated with a range of toxicological endpoints for sensitive aquatic organisms suggests a margin of safety exceeding 100 at the experimental site, with the only potential exception resulting from the ability of fish to detect glyphosate via olfaction. For imazapyr, SMM, and MSM the NDs were at concentrations low enough to rule out effects on all organisms other than aquatic plants, and the low concentration and (assumed) pulsed nature of any exposure should mitigate this potential. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:396-409. © 2016 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Louch
authors.affiliation: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Newberry, Florida, USA.
authors.forename: Vickie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tatum
authors.affiliation: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Ginny
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.affiliation: Nutter and Associates, Athens, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: V Cody
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.affiliation: Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.affiliation: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Danehy
authors.affiliation: National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ice
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000502:physiology*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D009922:Oregon; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Forestry; Glyphosate; Herbicides; Pulsed exposure; Time-weighted average exposure