title: Modification of sleep-waking and electroencephalogram induced by vetiver essential oil inhalation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Essential oils (EOs) have been claimed to modulate mental functions though the most of data were obtained from subjective methods of assessment. Direct effects of EO on brain function remained largely to be confirmed with scientific proof. This study aimed to demonstrate quantifiable and reproducible effects of commercial vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) EO inhalation on sleep-waking and electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns in adult male Wistar rats. The experiments were conducted during November 2013 - February 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following electrode implantation on the skull, control, and treated animals were subjected for EEG recording while inhaling water and vetiver EO (20 and 200 µl), respectively. Fast Fourier transform was used for analysis of EEG power spectrum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-way ANOVA analysis confirmed that vetiver EO inhalation significantly increased total waking and reduced slow-wave sleep time. Moreover, EO inhalation decreased alpha and beta1 activity in both frontal and parietal cortices and increased gamma activity in the frontal cortex. Changes in these frequencies began almost from the start of the inhalation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest refreshing properties of vetiver EO on electrical brain activity and alertness.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Princess of Naradhiwas University, Khok Khian, Muang, Narathiwat, 96000, Thailand.
authors.forename: Dania
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cheaha
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science (The Establishment Project), Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
authors.forename: Acharaporn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Issuriya
authors.affiliation: Department of Pre-clinic, Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani campus, Thailand, Pattani, 94000, Thailand.
authors.forename: Rodiya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manor
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
authors.forename: Jackapun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kwangjai
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
authors.forename: Thitima
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rujiralai
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
authors.forename: Ekkasit
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kumarnsit
keywords: Electroencephalogram; Vetiveria zizanioides; essential oil; sleep-waking; vetiver