title: Rapid Detection of Melamine in Tap Water and Milk Using Conjugated "One-Step" Molecularly Imprinted Polymers-Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopic Sensor.
abstract: An innovative "one-step" sensor conjugating molecularly imprinted polymers and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic-active substrate (MIPs-SERS) was investigated for simultaneous extraction and determination of melamine in tap water and milk. This sensor was fabricated by integrating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with MIPs synthesized by bulk polymerization of melamine (template), methacrylic acid (functional monomer), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (cross-linking agent), and 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (initiator). Static and kinetic adsorption tests validated the specific affinity of MIPs-AgNPs to melamine and the rapid adsorption equilibration rate. Principal component analysis segregated SERS spectral features of tap water and milk samples with different melamine concentrations. Partial least squares regression models correlated melamine concentrations in tap water and skim milk with SERS spectral features. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of melamine in tap water were determined as 0.0019 and 0.0064 mmol/L, while the LOD and LOQ were 0.0165 and 0.055 mmol/L for the determination of melamine in skim milk. However, this sensor is not ideal to quantify melamine in tap water and skim milk. By conjugating MIPs with SERS-active substrate (that is, AgNPs), reproducibility of SERS spectral features was increased, resulting in more accurate detection. The time required to determine melamine in tap water and milk were 6 and 25 min, respectively. The low LOD, LOQ, and rapid detection confirm the potential of applying this sensor for accurate and high-throughput detection of melamine in tap water and milk.
authors.affiliation: Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: Yaxi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
authors.forename: Xiaonan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000818:Animals; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008689:Methacrylates; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D054802:Molecular Imprinting / Q000379:methods*; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009570:Nitriles; D058105:Polymerization; D011108:Polymers; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008689:Methacrylates; D009570:Nitriles; D011108:Polymers; D014227:Triazines; D014867:Water; D012834:Silver; C004526:azobis(isobutyronitrile); C011907:melamine
keywords: Raman spectroscopy; chemometrics; food adulteration; melamine; molecular imprinting