title: A comparative study of two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasonography in evaluation of gastric affections in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to obtain and compare the two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonographic images of pathological conditions of the stomach in dogs in clinical cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our study, 12 clinical conditions of the stomach were recorded using ultrasonography. The ultrasound machine used for this study was 3D ultrasound machine (Nemio-XG: Toshiba, Japan) having four-dimensional volumetric transducer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Present study was done to compare 2D and 3D ultrasonographic images in different gastric affections in dogs. In case of uremic gastropathy due to inflammatory response, the wall of the stomach was 0.6 cm thick and hyperechoic and gastric folds were also hyperechoic indicative of gastritis. In second, third, and fourth case of gastritis the wall of the stomach was 0.7, 0.6, and 0.55 cm, respectively thick and hyperechoic. In fifth and sixth case of gastritis, inflammatory response due to ingestion of polythene and sand led to gastritis and ultrasonographically, the wall of the stomach was 0.6 cm and 0.7 cm thick, respectively, and hyperechoic. In case of gastric ulcer, ultrasonographically, there was a disruption of gastric mucosal layer. In cases of gastric dilatation, anechoic content indicating fluid was seen in stomach area and due to dilatation boundary of the stomach was not clear and the increase in the lumen of the stomach was observed. In case of foreign body, ultrasonographically the wall of the stomach was 0.55 cm thick and hyperechoic. In the middle of the stomach, multiple hyperechoic shadows of the foreign bodies i.e. leather and bunch of straw of grass were observed. In case of pyloric stenosis ultrasonographically, anechoic lumen of the pylorus surrounded by 0.5 cm hypoechoic thickened muscle. In some cases, 3D ultrasonography was not diagnostic i.e. gastric foreign bodies and gastric dilatation. These conditions were better visualized on the 2D sonogram.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The appearance of clinical conditions of the stomach such as gastritis and pyloric stenosis were more distinct on 3D ultrasonogram than 2D ultrasonogram. The 3D ultrasonography was not diagnostic in cases of gastric foreign bodies and gastric dilatation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Madan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pal
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Prem
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Rishi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tayal
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dehmiwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Behl
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Sarvan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Chandolia
keywords: dogs; gastric dilatation; gastric foreign bodies; gastric ulcer; gastritis; three-dimensional ultrasonogram