title: The Impact of Voluntary and Involuntary Retirement on Mental Health: Evidence from Older Irish Adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The few studies that have attempted to identify the causal effects of retirement on mental health and well-being have provided conflicting evidence. Hence, whether retirement affects mental health positively or negatively is still unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our primary objective is to investigate the impact of retirement on mental health as measured by the 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).
  
  
  METHODS
  We use data from the first two waves of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). This is a nationally representative sample of individuals aged 50 and over and living in Ireland. To deal with possible endogeneity problems, we use first-differenced estimation models and control for a broad range of life events occurring between the two waves. These include transition to retirement but also demographic, social, economic and physical health events. As part of the TILDA survey, reasons for retirement are asked. We exploit this information and distinguish between individuals who retired voluntarily, involuntarily or because of own ill health.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We find that involuntary, or forced, retirement has a negative and statistically significant effect on mental health. In the case of voluntary retirement, negative mental health effects are also found but the magnitude is smaller and the effects are not statistically significant in all models. We also find that retirement due to poor ill health is negatively associated with mental health. These negative effects seem to diminish with time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding of differences in the extent of mental health impacts across the various reasons for retirement is an important addition to the literature. While our estimation approach reduces potential endogeneity problems, time-variant unobservables are not removed through our first differencing approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals who are retiring involuntarily are more likely than others to be suffering depressive symptoms. Hence, they are more likely to present at GPs with such symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It would be preferable if involuntary retirement can be avoided. Transitions paths from work to retirement could help protect people's mental health.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reasons for retirement should now feature in analyses of this type.
authors.affiliation: The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Lincoln Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland, moscai@tcd.ie.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mosca
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barrett
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012179:Retirement / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data