title: Selective laser-melted fully biodegradable scaffold composed of poly(d,l-lactide) and β-tricalcium phosphate with potential as a biodegradable implant for complex maxillofacial reconstruction: In vitro and in vivo results.
abstract: Scaffolds (SC) composed of poly(d,l-lactide) and β-tricalcium phosphate of variable pore structures were manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM), which allowed the production of porous interconnected structures promoting cellular adhesion and vascular proliferation. Biocompatibility, rate of osseointegration and new bone formation (NB) were analyzed.
  
  
  
  Powder based on the material composition was selective melted by a laser beam allowing layer-by-layer production. Pore size and biocompatibility were tested with mesenchymal stem cells (rMSC) and Saos 2 cells that were cultivated on SCs showing better proliferation, without toxicity, than controls. SCs with a 600- to 700-µm pore diameter proved ideal for fast and reliable cellular and vascular supply throughout the interconnecting pore system. Jaw and calvarial critical-size defects (CSD) with diameters of 5 or 16 mm were drilled in rats and either SLM test SCs (pore diameter 600 µm) or the previously removed autologs bone as controls were (re-) implanted.
  
  
  
  The SC in vivo led to complete bone ingrowth with minimal inflammatory reaction adjacent to and within the CSD as compared with controls. The SC promoted the differentiation of rMSC into osteoblasts, revealing osteoinductive properties. Promising NB ingrowth of the material was also obtained in the animal study.
  
  
  
  The SC showed complete bony replacement within 30 days in all rats; this ingrowth was significantly superior to that of controls and revealed no signs of significant foreign body reaction. Because of continuous replacement by bone this material composition is ideal for SCs fitting 3D bone defects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1216-1231, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.affiliation: Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) Lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Barbeck
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hanken
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heiland
authors.affiliation: Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wöltje
authors.affiliation: Frankfurt Orofacial Regenerative Medicine (FORM) Lab, Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghanaati
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kolk
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000818:Animals; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008422:Materials Testing; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D056948:Orthognathic Surgical Procedures; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D011091:Polyesters; C485817:beta-tricalcium phosphate; C033616:poly(lactide)
keywords: bioceramic; biodegradable; biopolymer; bone defects; bone regeneration; pore size; scaffold; selective laser melting