title: Training for Skull Base Surgery with a Colored Temporal Bone Model Created by Three-Dimensional Printing Technology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A 3-dimensional temporal bone model for skull base surgical training was reconstructed via the use of a selective laser sintering technique, which is one of the 3-dimensional printing technologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The temporal bone model was created in 2 pieces to remove powder material in the mastoid air cells and to place dye into the semicircular canal and the Fallopian canal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The powder material was minimal, and the decisive structures were identified in color.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This artificial model will pave the way to a "new era" in surgical training and medical education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wanibuchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shouhei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noshiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugino
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mikami
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iihoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyata
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. Electronic address: mikunin@sapmed.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mikuni
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D019291:Skull Base / Q000601:surgery*; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: 3D printing; Education; Mastoidectomy; Selective laser sintering; Skull base surgery; Surgical training; Temporal bone model