title: Adulteration Identification of Commercial Honey with the C-4 Sugar Content of Negative Values by an Elemental Analyzer and Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Isotope Ratio Mass Spectroscopy.
abstract: According to the AOAC 998.12 method, honey is considered to contain significant C-4 sugars with a C-4 sugar content of >7%, which are naturally identified as the adulteration. However, the authenticity of honey with a C-4 sugar content of <0% calculated by the above method has been rarely investigated. A new procedure to determine δ(13)C values of honey, corresponding extracted protein and individual sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose), δ(2)H and δ(18)O values, sucrose content, and reducing sugar content of honey using an elemental analyzer and liquid chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectroscopy, was first developed to demonstrate the authenticity of honey with a C-4 sugar content of <0%. For this purpose, 800 commercial honey samples were analyzed. A quite similar pattern on the pentagonal radar plot (isotopic compositions) between honey with -7 < C-4 sugar content (%) < 0 and 0 < C-4 sugar content (%) < 7 indicated that honey with -7 < C-4 sugar content (%) < 0 could be identified to be free of C-4 sugars as well. A very strong correlation is also observed between δ(13)C honey values and δ(13)C protein values of both honey groups. For the δ(18)O value, the C-4 sugar content (%) < -7 group has lower (p < 0.05) values (16.30‰) compared to other honey, which could be a useful parameter for adulterated honey with a C-4 sugar content (%) < -7. The use of isotopic compositions and some systematic differences permits the honey with a C-4 sugar content of <0% to be reliably detected. The developed procedure in this study first and successfully provided favorable evidence in authenticity identification of honey with a C-4 sugar content of <0%.
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou) , Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, People's Republic of China.|School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Kaijun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou) , Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, People's Republic of China.|School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China.|Guangzhou TaiHui Biological Technology Company, Limited , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Donghui
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou) , Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xian
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou) , Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Haiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, National Centre for Quality Supervision and Testing of Processed Food (Guangzhou) , Guangzhou, Guangdong 511400, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xindong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China.|Guangzhou TaiHui Biological Technology Company, Limited , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Mouming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes
keywords: AOAC 998.12; C-4 sugar content; adulteration; honey; stable carbon isotopic ratio analysis (SCIRA)