title: Galectin-3 in bone tumor microenvironment: a beacon for individual skeletal metastasis management.
abstract: The skeleton is frequently a secondary growth site of disseminated cancers, often leading to painful and devastating clinical outcomes. Metastatic cancer distorts bone marrow homeostasis through tumor-derived factors, which shapes different bone tumor microenvironments depending on the tumor cells' origin. Here, we propose a novel insight on tumor-secreted Galectin-3 (Gal-3) that controls the induction of an inflammatory cascade, differentiation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone marrow cells, resulting in bone destruction and therapeutic failure. In the approaching era of personalized medicine, the current treatment modalities targeting bone metastatic environments are provided to the patient with limited consideration of the cancer cells' origin. Our new outlook suggests delivering individual tumor microenvironment treatments based on the expression level/activity/functionality of tumor-derived factors, rather than utilizing a commonly shared therapeutic umbrella. The notion of "Gal-3-associated bone remodeling" could be the first step toward a specific personalized therapy for each cancer type generating a different bone niche in patients afflicted with non-curable bone metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.|Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Kosei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.|Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Dong Hyo
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Kho
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yanagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimel
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.|Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA. raza@karmanos.org.|Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA. raza@karmanos.org.
authors.forename: Avraham
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raz
mesh_terms: D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary; D016723:Bone Remodeling; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002450:Cell Communication; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D022423:Myeloid Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D015398:Signal Transduction; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D037502:Galectin 3
keywords: Bone metastasis; Bone tumor microenvironment; Galectin-3; Personalized medicine