title: Cultivation of Chlorella on brewery wastewater and nano-particle biosynthesis by its biomass.
abstract: This study investigated an integrated and sustainable approach for iron nanoparticles synthesis using Chlorella sp. MM3 biomass produced from the remediation of brewery wastewater. The algal growth characteristics, biomass production, nutrient removal, and nanoparticle synthesis including its characterisation were studied to prove the above approach. The growth curve of Chlorella depicted lag and exponential phase characteristics during the first 4days in a brewery wastewater collected from a single batch of brewing process (single water sample) indicating the growth of algae in brewery wastewater. The pollutants such as total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total organic carbon in single water sample were completely utilised by Chlorella for its growth. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra showed peaks at 706.56eV, 727.02eV, 289.84eV and 535.73eV which corresponded to the zero-valent iron, iron oxides, carbon and oxygen respectively, confirming the formation of iron nanoparticle capped with algal biomolecules. Scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis confirmed the presence of spherical shaped iron nanoparticles of size ranging from 5 to 50nm. To our knowledge, this is the first report on nanoparticle synthesis using the biomass generated from phycoremediation of brewery wastewater.
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. Electronic address: vidhyasrisubramaniyam@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vidhyasri
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Subramaniyam
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Suresh Ramraj
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Subashchandrabose
authors.affiliation: Future Industries Insititute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Adelaide 5095, Australia.
authors.forename: Vimalkumar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ganeshkumar
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Palanisami
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thavamani
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Zuliang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naidu
authors.affiliation: Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia; CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
authors.forename: Mallavarapu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Megharaj
mesh_terms: D018533:Biomass; D002708:Chlorella / Q000254:growth & development*; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D008970:Molecular Weight; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010316:Particle Size; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D007501:Iron; D009584:Nitrogen; D010758:Phosphorus; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Brewery wastewater; Chlorella sp. MM3; Iron nanoparticles; Phyco-synthesis; Phycoremediation