title: Smoking and environmental characteristics of smokers with a mental illness, and associations with quitting behaviour and motivation; a cross sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Persons with a mental illness are less likely to be successful in attempts to quit smoking. A number of smoking and environmental characteristics have been shown to be related to quitting behaviour and motivation of smokers generally, however have been less studied among smokers with a mental illness. This study aimed to report the prevalence of smoking characteristics and a variety of physical and social environmental characteristics of smokers with a mental illness, and explore their association with quitting behaviour and motivation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken of 754 smokers admitted to four psychiatric inpatient facilities in Australia. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were undertaken to explore the association between smoking and environmental characteristics and recent quitting behaviour and motivation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants were primarily daily smokers (93 %), consumed >10 cigarettes per day (74 %), and highly nicotine dependent (51 %). A third (32 %) lived in a house in which smoking was permitted, and 44 % lived with other smokers. The majority of participants believed that significant others (68-82 %) and health care providers (80-91 %) would be supportive of their quitting smoking. Reflecting previous research, the smoking characteristics examined were variously associated with quitting behaviour and motivation. Additionally, participants not living with other smokers were more likely to have quit for a longer duration (OR 2.02), and those perceiving their psychiatrist to be supportive of a quit attempt were more likely to have had more quit attempts in the past six months (OR 2.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modifiable characteristics of the physical and social environment, and of smoking, should be considered in smoking cessation interventions for persons with a mental illness.
authors.affiliation: University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia. alexandra.metse@uon.edu.au.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia. alexandra.metse@uon.edu.au.
authors.forename: Alexandra P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Metse
authors.affiliation: University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.|Hunter New England Population Health, Longworth Ave, Wallsend, NSW, 2287, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiggers
authors.affiliation: University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.|Hunter New England Population Health, Longworth Ave, Wallsend, NSW, 2287, Australia.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wye
authors.affiliation: University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
authors.forename: Lyndell
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.|Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, Corner Edith and Platt Streets, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clancy
authors.affiliation: University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.|Hunter New England Population Health, Longworth Ave, Wallsend, NSW, 2287, Australia.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wolfenden
authors.affiliation: University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.affiliation: University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Zeist
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, 22-32 King Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stockings
authors.affiliation: University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
authors.forename: Jenny A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bowman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*; D012931:Social Environment; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Characteristics; Environment; Mental illness; Quitting; Quitting motivation; Smoking; Social