title: Genetic diversity of the haemagglutinin (HA) of human influenza a (H1N1) virus in montenegro: Focus on its origin and evolution.
abstract: In 2009 an influenza A epidemic caused by a swine origin H1N1strain, unusual in human hosts, has been described. The present research is aimed to perform the first phylogenetic investigation on the influenza virus A (H1N1) strains circulating in Montenegro, from December 1, 2009, when the first case of death due to H1N1 was confirmed, and the epidemic began causing a total of four fatalities. The phylogenetic analysis of the strains circulating showed the absence of a pure Montenegrin cluster, suggesting the occurrence of multiple re-introductions in that population from different areas till as far as the early 2010. The time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for the complete dataset has been dated in early 2008, pre-dating the first Montenegrin identification of H1N1 infection. These data suggest that virus was spreading undetected, may be as a consequence of unidentified infections in returning travelers. Anyhow, the estimated TMRCA of Montenegrin strains is fully consistent to that found in different areas. Compatibly with the time coverage of the study period here analyzed, molecular dynamic of Montenegrin strains follows similar trend as in other countries. J. Med. Virol. 88:1905-1913, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, Podgorica, Montenegro.
authors.forename: Boban
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mugosa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, Podgorica, Montenegro.
authors.forename: Danijela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vujosevic
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Epidemiology Unit, Reference Centre on Phylogeny, Molecular Epidemiology and Microbial Evolution (FEMEM)/National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.|University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciccozzi
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani," Virology, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Beatrice
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Valli
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani," Virology, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Rosaria
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Capobianchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Epidemiology Unit, Reference Centre on Phylogeny, Molecular Epidemiology and Microbial Evolution (FEMEM)/National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lo Presti
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Epidemiology Unit, Reference Centre on Phylogeny, Molecular Epidemiology and Microbial Evolution (FEMEM)/National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.|Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cella
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Epidemiology Unit, Reference Centre on Phylogeny, Molecular Epidemiology and Microbial Evolution (FEMEM)/National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.|Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovanetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", Section of Infectious Diseases and Immonupathology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Angeletti
authors.affiliation: Department of Sciences for Nature and Environmental Resources, University of Sassar​i, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scarpa
authors.affiliation: Clinical Center of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
authors.forename: Dragica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Terzić
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health, Podgorica, Montenegro.
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Vratnica
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D054548:Montenegro / Q000453:epidemiology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D013552:Swine / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: C543345:H1N1 virus hemagglutinin; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
keywords: epidemiology; genetic variability; influenza virus