title: Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol: An abundant galactosyllipid of Cirsium brevicaule A. GRAY leaves inhibits the expression of gene encoding fatty acid synthase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The leaves of Cirsium brevicaule A. GRAY (CL) significantly decreased hepatic lipid accumulation and the expression of fatty acid synthase gene (FASN) in mice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to purify and identify the active compound(s) from CL and determine the inhibitory mechanism of expression of FASN.
  
  
  METHODS
  We purified monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) from extracts of CL (CL-MGDG) and showed that it was the active CL component through analyses of its effects on the expression of genes of human breast cancer cell line, SKBR-3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The content and fatty acid composition of CL-MGDG are distinctly different from those of other vegetable-derived MGDGs. Treatment of SKBR-3 cells with MGDG decreased the level of FASN mRNA as well as the levels of mRNA encoding other protein involved in lipogenesis. Further, MGDG treatments significantly inhibited luciferase activities of constructs containing liver X receptor response element in FASN promoter region without altering the levels of mRNA encoding transcription factors. MGDG and the FASN inhibitor C75 decreased the viabilities of SKBR-3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. CL-MGDG more potently inhibited cell viability than a commercial MGDG preparation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CL represents a good source of glycoglycerolipids with potential as functional ingredients of food.
authors.affiliation: Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inafuku
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
authors.forename: Kensaku
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takara
authors.affiliation: Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Taira
authors.affiliation: Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan; United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan.
authors.forename: Ruwani N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Nugara
authors.affiliation: Kobe Tokushukai Hospital, Hyogo 655-0017, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kamiyama
authors.affiliation: Center of Molecular Biosciences, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan. Electronic address: okuhiros@comb.u-ryukyu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hirosuke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oku
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D031180:Cirsium / Q000737:chemistry*; D054890:Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D038983:Galactolipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D050155:Lipogenesis; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D012333:RNA, Messenger
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D038983:Galactolipids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C009909:monogalactosyldiacylglycerol; C518729:FASN protein, human; D054890:Fatty Acid Synthase, Type I
keywords: Cirsium brevicaule A. GRAY; Fatty acid synthase; Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol; α-linolenic acid