title: Drug-Induced Dyskinesia, Part 2: Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia.
abstract: Dyskinesias encompass a variety of different hyperkinetic phenomenologies, particularly chorea, dystonia, stereotypies, and akathisia. The main types of drug-induced dyskinesias include levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in patients with Parkinson's disease and tardive syndrome (TS), typically present in patients with psychiatric or gastrointenstinal disorders treated with dopamine receptor blocking drugs, also referred to as neuroleptics. Besides preventive measures (i.e., avoiding the use of the offending drugs), general treatment strategies include slow taper of the offending agent and use of dopamine-depleting agents like tetrabenazine. Botulinum toxin may be helpful for wearing off focal dystonia and some forms of tardive dystonia. Deep brain stimulation is usually reserved for patients with disabling motor fluctuations, LID, and for severe TS that cannot be managed medically.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge, Suite 9A, Houston, TX, 77030-4202, USA.
authors.forename: Dhanya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vijayakumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, 7200 Cambridge, Suite 9A, Houston, TX, 77030-4202, USA. josephj@bcm.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jankovic
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D000071057:Tardive Dyskinesia / Q000628:therapy*; D013747:Tetrabenazine / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D013747:Tetrabenazine