title: Life cycle environmental impacts of vacuum cleaners and the effects of European regulation.
abstract: Energy efficiency of vacuum cleaners has been declining over the past decades while at the same time their number in Europe has been increasing. The European Commission has recently adopted an eco-design regulation to improve the environmental performance of vacuum cleaners. In addition to the existing directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), the regulation could potentially have significant effects on the environmental performance of vacuum cleaners. However, the scale of the effects is currently unknown, beyond scant information on greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, this paper considers for the first time life cycle environmental impacts of vacuum cleaners and the effects of the implementation of these regulations at the European level. The effects of electricity decarbonisation, product lifetime and end-of-life disposal options are also considered. The results suggest that the implementation of the eco-design regulation alone will reduce significantly the impacts from vacuum cleaners (37%-44%) by 2020 compared with current situation. If business as usual continued and the regulation was not implemented, the impacts would be 82%-109% higher by 2020 compared to the impacts with the implementation of the regulation. Improvements associated with the implementation of the WEEE directive will be much smaller (<1% in 2020). However, if the WEEE directive did not exist, then the impacts would be 2%-21% higher by 2020 relative to the impacts with the implementation of the directive. Further improvements in most impacts (6%-20%) could be achieved by decarbonising the electricity mix. Therefore, energy efficiency measures must be accompanied by appropriate actions to reduce the environmental impacts of electricity generation; otherwise, the benefits of improved energy efficiency could be limited. Moreover, because of expected lower life expectancy of vacuum cleaners and limited availability of some raw materials, the eco-design regulation should be broadened to reduce the impacts from raw materials, production and end-of-life management.
authors.affiliation: Sustainable Industrial Systems, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. Electronic address: alejandro.gallegoschmid@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallego-Schmid
authors.affiliation: Sustainable Industrial Systems, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Joan Manuel F
authors.initials: JMF
authors.lastname: Mendoza
authors.affiliation: Sustainable Industrial Systems, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Harish Kumar
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Jeswani
authors.affiliation: Sustainable Industrial Systems, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, The Mill, Sackville Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Adisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azapagic
keywords: Eco-design; Electricity decarbonisation; Energy efficiency; Life cycle assessment (LCA); Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)