title: Evidence for data missing at random in youth physical activity monitoring research.
abstract: This study examined whether or not activity monitor data collected as part of a typical 7-day physical activity (PA) measurement protocol can be expected to be missing at random. A total of 315 participants (9-18 years) each wore a SenseWear Armband monitor for 7 consecutive days. Participants were classified as "compliant" (86 boys and 124 girls) if they had recorded accelerometer data during 70% or more of the predefined awake time (7 AM-10 PM) on four different days; and "non-compliant" (44 boys and 51 girls) when not meeting these criteria. Linear mixed models were used to examine differences in energy expenditure (EE) levels by compliance across 10 different time periods. The results indicated that non-compliant girls were older (13.4 ± 2.9 vs. 12.2 ± 2.5) and taller (156.8 ± 10.3 vs. 152.8 ± 11.3) than their same gender compliant peers (P < .05). Comparisons of EE rates at segmented portions of the day revealed no differences between compliant and non-compliant groups (P ≥ .05). Differences in EE ranged from -0.32 kcal · kg-1· h-1(before school time) to 0.62 kcal · kg-1· h-1(physical education class) in boys and -0.39 kcal · kg-1· h-1(transportation from school) to 0.37 kcal · kg-1· hour-1(recess) in girls. The results showed that compliant and non-compliant individuals differed in a few demographic characteristics but exhibited similar activity patterns. This suggests that data were considered to be missing at random, but additional work is needed to confirm this observation in a representative sample of children using other types of activity monitors and protocols.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Kinesiology , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA.|b School of Psychology, CIPsi , University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Saint-Maurice
authors.affiliation: c MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: a Department of Kinesiology , Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA.
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Welk
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry / Q000592:standards*; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Accelerometry; physical activity assessment; public health; surveillance