title: Variant RHD Types in Brazilians With Discrepancies in RhD Typing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The knowledge of D variants in patients and donors is important because anti-D alloimmunization can occur in some but not all individuals who express a variant RHD allele. Serologic distinction of RhD discrepancies is not always straightforward, which makes molecular analysis highly desirable.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 223 subjects, 129 patients, and 94 blood donors was identified and analyzed on the basis of a D typing discrepancy. The D antigen expression was evaluated by tube and gel hemagglutination with four anti-D reagents. PCR-single specific primer (SSP), multiplex PCR, RHD BeadChip (Immucor), or sequencing were used for molecular analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 168/223 (75%) weak D and 55/223 (25%) partial D variants were identified. Hemagglutination results varied in methods and anti-D reagents used in this process. There was no standard serologic reactivity identified, which could predict what type of D variant would be identified. Among weak D samples, types 1-3 were the most common, while DAR and DVI were most prevalent among partial D samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that discrepancies found in the serologic typing should be investigated by molecular methods in order to determine the D variant involved and also to distinguish between weak D and partial D. The knowledge of the distribution of weak D types and partial D among populations is important for D- patients and pregnant women management.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Carolina Alves
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariza Aparecida
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Giselda
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Aravechia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kelyan Bertani
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. carolina.bub@einstein.br.
authors.forename: Carolina Bonet
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Bub
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: José Mauro
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kutner
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Hemoterapia e Terapia Celular, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.|Hemocentro Unicamp, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castilho
mesh_terms: D001782:Blood Donors; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching / Q000379:methods*; D001938:Brazil; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012203:Rh Isoimmunization / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D018029:Rho(D) Immune Globulin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: C061961:RHO(D) antibody; D012204:Rh-Hr Blood-Group System; D018029:Rho(D) Immune Globulin
keywords: RhD; hemagglutination; molecular analysis; partial D; weak D