title: Effect of Rol Genes on Polyphenols Biosynthesis in Artemisia annua and Their Effect on Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potential of the Plant.
abstract: Flavonoids are famous for their antioxidant capacity and redox potential. They can combat with cell aging, lipid peroxidation, and cancer. In the present study, Artemisia annua hybrid (Hyb8001r) was subjected to qualitative and quantitative analysis of flavonoids through HPLC. Rol genes transgenics of A. annua were also evaluated for an increase in their flavonoid content along with an increase in antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. This was also correlated with the expression level of flavonoids biosynthetic pathway genes as determined by real-time qPCR. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase genes were found to be significantly more highly expressed in rol B (four to sixfold) and rol C transgenics (3.8-5.5-fold) than the wild-type plant. Flavonoids detected in the wild-type A. annua through HPLC include rutin (0.31 mg/g DW), quercetin (0.01 mg/g DW), isoquercetin (0.107 mg/g DW) and caffeic acid (0.03 mg/g DW). Transgenics of the rol B gene showed up to threefold increase in rutin and caffeic acid, sixfold increase in isoquercetin, and fourfold increase in quercetin. Whereas, in the case of transgenics of rol C gene, threefold increase in rutin and quercetin, 5 fold increase in isoquercetin, and 2.6-fold increase in caffeic acid was followed. Total phenolics and flavonoids content was also found to be increased in rol B (1.5-fold) and rol C (1.4-fold) transgenics as compared to the wild-type plant along with increased free radical scavenging activity. Similarly, the cytotoxic potential of rol gene transgenics against MCF7, HeLA, and HePG2 cancer cell lines was found to be significantly enhanced than the wild-type plant of A. annua. Current findings support the fact that rol genes can alter the secondary metabolism and phytochemical level of the plant. They increased the flavonoids content of A. annua by altering the expression level of flavonoids biosynthetic pathway genes. Increased flavonoid content also enhanced the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of the plant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Erum
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dilshad
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hammad
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Mohammad Tahir
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Waheed
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cusido
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palazon
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan. bushramirza@qau.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Bushra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mirza
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031172:Artemisia annua / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D053898:Biosynthetic Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant / Q000187:drug effects; D017343:Genes, Plant; D006801:Humans; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000032:analysis; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D064209:Phytochemicals; D059808:Polyphenols
keywords: Antioxidants; Artemisia annua; Cytotoxic potential; Flavonoids; Hyb8001r