title: Tongue Coating and the Salivary Microbial Communities Vary in Children with Halitosis.
abstract: Halitosis is a common symptom mainly caused by microbial activities in the oral cavity. Here, we used 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing and metagenomic sequencing to examine oral microbial compositions and their functional variations in children with halitosis. We found that the tongue coating of subjects with halitosis had greater bacterial richness than those of healthy subjects. The relative abundance and prevalence of Leptotrichia wadei and Peptostreptococcus stomatis were higher in tongue coating samples from children with halitosis than those from children without halitosis; Prevotella shahii had higher relative abundance and prevalence in saliva samples from children with halitosis. We present the first comprehensive evaluation of the co-occurrence networks of saliva and tongue coating communities under healthy and halitosis conditions, and investigated patterns of significant differences between these communities. Moreover, we observed that bacterial genes associated with responses to infectious diseases and terpenoid and polyketide metabolism were enriched in subjects with halitosis, but not in healthy subjects. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S)-related metabolic pathways suggested that there was higher microbial production and less usage of H2S in subjects with halitosis. Thus, the mechanism of halitosis was implied for the first time via metagenomic sequencing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xun
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics Division, TNLIST and Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zicheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xuenan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yifei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Realbio Genomics Institute, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Linshuang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Realbio Genomics Institute, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Shuguo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Metagenopolis, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy en Josas, France.|King's College London, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute Central Office, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, UK.
authors.forename: S Dusko
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ehrlich
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Yihong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Xuesong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Bioinformatics Division, TNLIST and Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.|Programs in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006209:Halitosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D054892:Metagenome; D056186:Metagenomics / Q000379:methods; D064307:Microbiota; D015995:Prevalence; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology*; D014059:Tongue / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D006862:Hydrogen Sulfide