title: Investigation of levels in ambient air near sources of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Kanpur, India, and risk assessment due to inhalation.
abstract: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of organic compounds listed as persistent organic pollutant and have been banned for use under Stockholm Convention (1972). They were used primarily in transformers and capacitors, paint, flame retardants, plasticizers, and lubricants. PCBs can be emitted through the primary and secondary sources into the atmosphere, undergo long-range atmospheric transport, and hence have been detected worldwide. Reported levels in ambient air are generally higher in urban areas. Active sampling of ambient air was conducted in Kanpur, a densely populated and industrialized city in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, for detection of 32 priority PCBs, with the aim to determine the concentration in gas/particle phase and assess exposure risk. More than 50 % of PCBs were detected in air. Occurrence in particles was dominated by heavier congeners, and levels in gas phase were below detection. Levels determined in this study are lower than the levels in Coastal areas of India but are at par with other Asian countries where majority of sites chosen for sampling were urban industrial areas. Human health risk estimates through air inhalation pathway were made in terms of lifetime average daily dose (LADD) and incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR). The study found lower concentrations of PCBs than guideline values and low health risk estimates through inhalation within acceptable levels, indicating a minimum risk to the adults due to exposure to PCBs present in ambient air in Kanpur.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India. anubha@iitk.ac.in.|Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India. anubha@iitk.ac.in.
authors.forename: Anubha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
authors.forename: Kritika
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India.
authors.forename: Mrinmoy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chakraborty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry; D002947:Cities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls
keywords: Aroclor; Cancer risk; Dioxin; Homologue distribution; PCBs; POP; Phase distribution