title: The value of surrogate markers to monitor cholesterol absorption, synthesis and bioconversion to bile acids under lipid lowering therapies.
abstract: Regulation of cholesterol (Chol) homeostasis is controlled by three main fluxes, i.e. intestinal absorption, de novo synthesis (ChS) and catabolism, predominantly as bile acid synthesis (BAS). High serum total Chol and LDL-Chol concentrations in particular are considered risk factors and markers for the development of atherosclerosis. Pharmaceutical treatments to lower serum Chol have focused on reducing absorption or ChS and increasing BAS. Monitoring of these three parameters is complex involving isotope techniques, cholesterol balance experiments and advanced mass spectrometry based analysis methods. Surrogate markers were explored that require only one single fasting blood sample collection. These markers were validated in specific, mostly physiological conditions and during statin treatment to inhibit ChS. They were also applied under cholesterol absorption restriction, but were not validated in this condition. We retrospectively evaluated the use of serum campesterol (Camp), sitosterol (Sit) and cholestanol (Cholol) as markers for cholesterol absorption, lathosterol (Lath) as marker for ChS and 7α-hydroxycholesterol (7α-OH-Ch) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH-Ch) as markers for BAS under conditions of Chol absorption restriction. Additionally, their values were corrected for Chol concentration (R_sterol or oxysterols).
  
  
  
  Thirty-seven healthy male omnivore subjects were studied under treatments with placebo (PLAC), ezetimibe (EZE) to inhibit cholesterol absorption, simvastatin (SIMVA) to reduce cholesterol synthesis and a combination of both (EZE+SIMVA). Results were compared to those obtained in 18 pure vegetarian subjects (vegans) whose dietary Chol intake is extremely low. Relative or fractional Chol absorption (FrChA) was measured with the continuous feeding stable isotope procedure, ChS and BAS with the cholesterol balance method. The daily Chol intake (DICh) was inventoried and the daily Chol absorption (DACh) calculated.
  
  
  
  Monitoring cholesterol absorption, R_Camp, R_Sit and R_Cholol responded sensitively to changes in FrChA. R_Camp correlated well with FrChA in all omnivore treatment groups and in the vegan group. R_Camp confirmed reduced FrChA under EZE treatment and reduced DACh in the vegan subjects. R_Sit and R_Cholol did not accurately reflect FrChA or DACh in all situations. Monitoring endogenous cholesterol synthesis, R_Lath correlated with ChS in the vegan group, but in none of the omnivore treatment groups. R_Lath confirmed increased ChS under EZE treatment and was reduced under SIMVA treatment, while ChS was not. An increased ChS under EZE+SIMVA treatment could not be confirmed with R_Lath. R_Lath responded very insensitively to a change in ChS. Monitoring BAS, R_7α-OH-Ch but not R_27-OH-Ch correlated with BAS during PLAC, EZE and SIMVA treatments. In line with BAS, R_7α-OH-Ch did not differ in any of the omnivore treatment groups. R_7α-OH-Ch responded insensitively to a change in BAS.
  
  
  
  Under Chol absorption restriction, serum R_Camp is a sensitive and valid marker to monitor FrChA in a population with a normal DICh. Also, major changes in DACh can be detected in vegans. Serum R_Lath does not reflect ChS measured with the cholesterol balance method during EZE treatment. This result initiates the question whether the measured ChS reflects pure de novo synthesis. Serum R_7α-OH-Ch appears to be a valid but insensitive marker for BAS.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Frans
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stellaard
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: von Bergmann
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sudhop
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, Germany. Electronic address: Dieter.Luetjohann@ukb.uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lütjohann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001384:Azetidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism*; D000067269:Diet, Vegan; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005243:Feces; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006888:Hydroxycholesterols / Q000378:metabolism; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D001384:Azetidines; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D015415:Biomarkers; D006888:Hydroxycholesterols; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D010840:Phytosterols; C011724:cholest-5-en-3 beta,7 alpha-diol; C021273:campesterol; C076996:27-hydroxycholesterol; C001521:lathosterol; D002784:Cholesterol; D019821:Simvastatin
keywords: Bile acid precursors; Cholesterol precursors; Fecal balance; Non-cholesterol sterols; Oxysterols