title: Physical Activity Level Improves the Predictive Accuracy of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score: The ATTICA Study (2002-2012).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although physical activity (PA) has long been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), assessment of PA status has never been used as a part of CVD risk prediction tools. The aim of the present work was to examine whether the inclusion of PA status in a CVD risk model improves its predictive accuracy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the 10-year follow-up (2002-2012) of the n = 2020 participants (aged 18-89 years) of the ATTICA prospective study were used to test the research hypothesis. The HellenicSCORE (that incorporates age, sex, smoking, total cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure levels) was calculated to estimate the baseline 10-year CVD risk; assessment of PA status was based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. The estimated CVD risk was tested against the observed 10-year incidence (i.e., development of acute coronary syndromes, stroke, or other CVD according to the World Health Organization [WHO]-International Classification of Diseases [ICD]-10 criteria). Changes in the predictive ability of the nested CVD risk model that contained the HellenicSCORE plus PA assessment were evaluated using Harrell's C and net reclassification index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both HellenicSCORE and PA status were predictors of future CVD events (P < 0.05). However, the estimating classification bias of the model that included only the HellenicSCORE was significantly reduced when PA assessment was included (Harrel's C = 0.012, P = 0.032); this reduction remained significant even when adjusted for diabetes mellitus and dietary habits (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CVD risk scores seem to be more accurate by incorporating individuals' PA status; thus, may be more effective tools in primary prevention by efficiently allocating CVD candidates.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Ekavi N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Georgousopoulou
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Demosthenes B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Panagiotakos
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bougatsas
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chatzigeorgiou
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece; Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Stavros A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kavouras
authors.affiliation: Hippokration Hospital, First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chrysohoou
authors.affiliation: Hippokration Hospital, First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Skoumas
authors.affiliation: Hippokration Hospital, First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tousoulis
authors.affiliation: Hippokration Hospital, First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Christodoulos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stefanadis
authors.affiliation: Hippokration Hospital, First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pitsavos
keywords: Cardiovascular disease; diet; physical activity; prevention; risk prediction