title: Preclinical animal anxiety research - flaws and prejudices.
abstract: The current tests of anxiety in mice and rats used in preclinical research include the elevated plus-maze (EPM) or zero-maze (EZM), the light/dark box (LDB), and the open-field (OF). They are currently very popular, and despite their poor achievements, they continue to exert considerable constraints on the development of novel approaches. Hence, a novel anxiety test needs to be compared with these traditional tests, and assessed against various factors that were identified as a source of their inconsistent and contradictory results. These constraints are very costly, and they are in most cases useless as they originate from flawed methodologies. In the present report, we argue that the EPM or EZM, LDB, and OF do not provide unequivocal measures of anxiety; that there is no evidence of motivation conflict involved in these tests. They can be considered at best, tests of natural preference for unlit and/or enclosed spaces. We also argued that pharmacological validation of a behavioral test is an inappropriate approach; it stems from the confusion of animal models of human behavior with animal models of pathophysiology. A behavioral test is developed to detect not to produce symptoms, and a drug is used to validate an identified physiological target. In order to overcome the major methodological flaws in animal anxiety studies, we proposed an open space anxiety test, a 3D maze, which is described here with highlights of its various advantages over to the traditional tests.
authors.affiliation: University of Sunderland Sunderland Pharmacy School Sunderland UK.
authors.forename: Abdelkader
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ennaceur
authors.affiliation: School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Durham University Durham UK.
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Chazot
keywords: 3‐dimensional maze; amphetamine; diazepam; dizocilpine; fluoxetine; habituation; mice; plus‐maze; rats