title: Implications of Cu and Ni toxicity in two members of the Hyalella azteca cryptic species complex: Mortality, growth, and bioaccumulation parameters.
abstract: Hyalella azteca, an amphipod crustacean, is frequently used in freshwater toxicity tests. Since the mid-1980s, numerous organizations have collected and established cultures of H. azteca originating from localities across North America. However, H. azteca is actually a large cryptic species complex whose members satisfy both the biological and the phylogenetic species concepts. Genetic analysis at the mitochondrial COI gene has revealed that only 2 clades are cultured in 17 North American laboratories; however, there are 85 genetically divergent lineages within this complex in the wild. In the present study, 2 members (clades 1 and 8) of the H. azteca species complex were identified using the mitochondrial COI gene. These 2 clades were exposed to Cu or Ni for 14 d. A saturation-based mortality model and the general growth model were used to determine mortality (lethal concentration, 25% and 50% [LC25 and LC50], lethal body concentration, 25% and 50% [LBC25 and LBC50]) and growth (inhibitory concentration, 25% [IC25, IBC25]) endpoints, respectively. A modified saturation-based model was used to estimate metal bioaccumulation parameters. Clade 8 was significantly more tolerant than clade 1, with differences in LC50s. However, the effects of the metals on growth were not significantly different between clades, even though clade 1 was significantly larger than then clade 8. Differences in Cu or Ni bioaccumulation were not observed between clades 1 and 8. The differences in Cu and Ni LC50s may have implications for risk assessments, and it is recommended that toxicity experiments should only be performed with properly identified members of the H. azteca complex to maintain consistency among laboratories. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2817-2826. © 2016 SETAC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. j10leung@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Jonathan D S
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.affiliation: Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Norwood
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: D George
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Dixon
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003300:Copper / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D005618:Fresh Water; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D009532:Nickel / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D009656:North America; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003300:Copper; D009532:Nickel; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
keywords: Aquatic invertebrates; Aquatic toxicology; Bioaccumulation; Cryptic species complex; Hyalella azteca; Invertebrate toxicology; Metal toxicity