title: Prevalence and profile of musculoskeletal injuries in ballet dancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and anatomical regions which are most frequently injured in ballet dancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published (AMED, CiNAHL, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, psycINFO, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library) and grey literature databases (OpenGrey, the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Current Controlled Trials and the UK National Research Register Archive) were searched from their inception to 25th May 2015 for papers presenting data on injury prevalence in ballet dancers. Two reviewers independently identified all eligible papers, data extracted and critically appraised studies. Study appraisal was conducted using the CASP appraisal tool. Pooled prevalence data with 95% confidence intervals were estimated to determine period prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and anatomical regions affected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen studies were eligible, reporting 7332 injuries in 2617 ballet dancers. The evidence was moderate in quality. Period prevalence of musculoskeletal injury was 280% (95% CI: 217-343%). The most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders included: hamstring strain (51%), ankle tendinopathy (19%) and generalized low back pain (14%). No papers explored musculoskeletal disorders in retired ballet dancers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whilst we have identified which regions and what musculoskeletal disorders are commonly seen ballet dancers. The long-term injury impact of musculoskeletal disorders in retired ballet dancers remains unknown.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. Electronic address: toby.smith@uea.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Toby O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapy Department, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: Leigh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Akbar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Medici
authors.affiliation: Rheumatology Department, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hakim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Sports, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Fares
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macgregor
mesh_terms: D003615:Dancing / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000293:injuries*; D015995:Prevalence
keywords: Ballet dancing; Musculoskeletal disorder; Prevalence; Risk factors