title: Participation in a mobile health intervention trial to improve retention in HIV care: does gender matter?
abstract: Background To be consistent with the United Nations' sustainable development goals on gender equality, mobile health (mHealth) programmes should aim to use communications technology to promote the empowerment of women. We conducted a pre-trial analysis of data from the WelTel Retain study on retention in HIV care to assess gender-based differences in phone access, phone sharing and concerns about receiving text messages from a healthcare provider. Methods Between April 2013-June 2015, HIV-positive adults were screened for trial participation at two clinics in urban slums in Nairobi, Kenya. Proportions of men and women excluded from the trial due to phone-related criteria were compared using a chi-square test. Gender-based differences in phone sharing patterns and concerns among trial participants were similarly compared. Results Of 1068 individuals screened, there was no difference in the proportion of men ( n = 39/378, 10.3%) and women ( n = 71/690, 10.3%) excluded because of phone-related criteria ( p-value = 0.989). Among those who shared their phone, women ( n = 52/108, 48.1%) were more likely than men ( n = 6/60, 10.0%) to share with other non-household and household members ( p < 0.001). Few participants had concerns about receiving text messages from their healthcare provider; those with concerns were all women ( n = 6/700). Discussion In this study, men and women were equally able to participate in a trial of an mHealth intervention. Equitable access in these urban slums may indicate the 'gender digital divide' is narrowing in some settings; however, gender-specific phone sharing patterns and concerns regarding privacy must be fully considered in the development and scale-up of mHealth programmes.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Public Health Sciences/Global Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.|2 Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Mia L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: van der Kop
authors.affiliation: 3 Amref Health Africa, Kenya.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muhula
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Public Health Sciences/Global Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.|4 Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ekström
authors.affiliation: 5 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jongbloed
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smillie
authors.affiliation: 3 Amref Health Africa, Kenya.
authors.forename: Bonface
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abunah
authors.affiliation: 3 Amref Health Africa, Kenya.
authors.forename: Koki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kinagwi
authors.affiliation: 3 Amref Health Africa, Kenya.
authors.forename: Lennie B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Kyomuhangi
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gelmon
authors.affiliation: 7 Brim Ltd, Kenya.
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Ojakaa
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Public Health Sciences/Global Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
authors.forename: Patricia O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Awiti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D040421:Cell Phone / Q000600:supply & distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
keywords: HIV/AIDS; Telehealth; gender; sub-Saharan Africa; telemedicine