title: Evaluation of modern bioactive restoratives for bulk-fill placement.
abstract: To investigate the impact of storage up to one year on the micro-mechanical properties of dental bioactive restoratives (R) used for bulk-application and their intermediate layer (IL) to dentin (D).
  
  
  
  One giomer bulk-fill resin composite (RBC) and one glass-ionomer cement (GIC) were applied in 5-mm deep Class I cavities, which were prepared in 50 sound human molars. Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24h, one week, one month, three months and one year. The variation in micro-mechanical properties (indentation modulus (YHU) and Vickers hardness (HV)) were determined in 100-μm steps in line-profiles located parallel to the tooth axis, starting 0.1mm from the filling surface, through the IL in between R and D, and ending 300μm in D.
  
  
  
  HV and YHU were influenced by the material (p<0.001, partial eta-squared [Formula: see text] =0.011 and [Formula: see text] =0.395), immersion duration ( [Formula: see text] =0.081, [Formula: see text] =0.081) and depth ( [Formula: see text] =0.050, [Formula: see text] =0.091). The micro-mechanical properties progressively increased with immersion time in both restoratives, with a comparable time-dependency pattern, but to a different extent. IL showed weaker mechanical properties compared to more superficial cavity areas, which were maintained in RBC and even enhanced in GIC during storage. After one year of storage HV ranked in the following sequence: GIC: D: 61.4±7.25-N/mm(2), IL: 86.0±23.63-N/mm(2), R: 112.3±30.36-N/mm(2) and RBC: D: 67.2±11.55-N/mm(2), IL: 76.7±18.88-N/mm(2), R: 94.1±12.28-N/mm(2).
  
  
  
  No degradation with aging was identified in the giomer restorative. The gradual ascending transition in micro-mechanical properties from D through R identified in both restoratives might have a positive effect on the bond quality.
  
  
  
  Giomers represent a new category of restoratives with promising clinical behavior and good mechanical stability up to one year of aging under simulated clinical conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative/Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Pedodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany. Electronic address: nilie@dent.med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Nicoleta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ilie
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Goethestr. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Bogna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stawarczyk
mesh_terms: D003188:Composite Resins; D003804:Dentin; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements
keywords: Aging; Bulk-fill resin composite; Dentin interface; Giomer; Glass ionomer cement