title: Association of DNA Methylation Differences With Schizophrenia in an Epigenome-Wide Association Study.
abstract: DNA methylation may play an important role in schizophrenia (SZ), either directly as a mechanism of pathogenesis or as a biomarker of risk.
  
  
  
  To scan genome-wide DNA methylation data to identify differentially methylated CpGs between SZ cases and controls.
  
  
  
  Epigenome-wide association study begun in 2008 using DNA methylation levels of 456 513 CpG loci measured on the Infinium HumanMethylation450 array (Illumina) in a consortium of case-control studies for initial discovery and in an independent replication set. Primary analyses used general linear regression, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking, batch, and cell type heterogeneity. The discovery set contained 689 SZ cases and 645 controls (n = 1334), from 3 multisite consortia: the Consortium on the Genetics of Endophenotypes in Schizophrenia, the Project among African-Americans To Explore Risks for Schizophrenia, and the Multiplex Multigenerational Family Study of Schizophrenia. The replication set contained 247 SZ cases and 250 controls (n = 497) from the Genomic Psychiatry Cohort.
  
  
  
  Identification of differentially methylated positions across the genome in SZ cases compared with controls.
  
  
  
  Of the 689 case participants in the discovery set, 477 (69%) were men and 258 (37%) were non-African American; of the 645 controls, 273 (42%) were men and 419 (65%) were non-African American. In our replication set, cases/controls were 76% male and 100% non-African American. We identified SZ-associated methylation differences at 923 CpGs in the discovery set (false discovery rate, <0.2). Of these, 625 showed changes in the same direction including 172 with P < .05 in the replication set. Some replicated differentially methylated positions are located in a top-ranked SZ region from genome-wide association study analyses.
  
  
  
  This analysis identified 172 replicated new associations with SZ after careful correction for cell type heterogeneity and other potential confounders. The overlap with previous genome-wide association study data can provide potential insights into the functional relevance of genetic signals for SZ.
authors.affiliation: Medical Scientist Training Program and Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland2Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Montano
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Taub
authors.affiliation: Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland5Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jaffe
authors.affiliation: Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Eirikur
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Briem
authors.affiliation: Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jason I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Feinberg
authors.affiliation: Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Rakel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Trygvadottir
authors.affiliation: Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Idrizi
authors.affiliation: Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Arni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Runarsson
authors.affiliation: Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Birna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berndsen
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatry Section, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Ruben C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatry Section, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Tyler M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.
authors.forename: Rodney T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.affiliation: Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository, Piscataway, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fugman
authors.affiliation: Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Sarven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sabunciyan
authors.affiliation: Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Yolken
authors.affiliation: Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.affiliation: Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Joel E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Janet L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sobell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Carlos N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Pato
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles.
authors.forename: Michele T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Pato
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham.
authors.forename: Rodney C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Go
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Vishwajit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nimgaonkar
authors.affiliation: Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla13VISN22, Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Braff
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychiatry Section, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Raquel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gur
authors.affiliation: Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland5Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Margaret Daniele
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Fallin
authors.affiliation: Center for Epigenetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland5Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland14Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins U.
authors.forename: Andrew P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Feinberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D057890:Epigenomics; D005260:Female; D056426:Genetic Loci / Q000235:genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers