title: Automated proximity sensing in small vertebrates: design of miniaturized sensor nodes and first field tests in bats.
abstract: Social evolution has led to a stunning diversity of complex social behavior, in particular in vertebrate taxa. Thorough documentation of social interactions is crucial to study the causes and consequences of sociality in gregarious animals. Wireless digital transceivers represent a promising tool to revolutionize data collection for the study of social interactions in terms of the degree of automation, data quantity, and quality. Unfortunately, devices for automated proximity sensing via direct communication among animal-borne sensors are usually heavy and do not allow for the investigation of small animal species, which represent the majority of avian and mammalian taxa. We present a lightweight animal-borne sensor node that is built from commercially available components and uses a sophisticated scheme for energy-efficient communication, with high sampling rates at relatively low power consumption. We demonstrate the basic functionality of the sensor node under laboratory conditions and its applicability for the study of social interactions among free-ranging animals. The first field tests were performed on two species of bats in temperate and tropical ecosystems. At <2 g, this sensor node is light enough to observe a broad spectrum of taxa including small vertebrates. Given our specifications, the system was especially sensitive to changes in distance within the short range (up to a distance of 4 m between tags). High spatial resolution at short distances enables the evaluation of interactions among individuals at a fine scale and the investigation of close contacts. This technology opens new avenues of research, allowing detailed investigation of events associated with social contact, such as mating behavior, pathogen transmission, social learning, and resource sharing. Social behavior that is not easily observed becomes observable, for example, in animals living in burrows or in nocturnal animals. A switch from traditional methods to the application of digital transceiver chips in proximity sensing offers numerous advantages in addition to an enormous increase in data quality and quantity. For future applications, the platform allows for the integration of additional sensors that may collect physiological or environmental data. Such information complements social network studies and may allow for a deeper understanding of animal ecology and social behavior.
authors.affiliation: Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Berlin Germany.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ripperger
authors.affiliation: Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Berlin Germany.
authors.forename: Darija
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Josic
authors.affiliation: Institute for Electronics Engineering Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hierold
authors.affiliation: Institute for Electronics Engineering Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koelpin
authors.affiliation: Institute for Electronics Engineering Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weigel
authors.affiliation: Information Technology (Communication Electronics) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.affiliation: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Apartado 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancón Panama.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Page
authors.affiliation: Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science Berlin Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research Berlin Germany.
authors.forename: Frieder
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mayer
keywords: Automated data collection; digital telemetry; encounter logging; sensor network; social interactions