title: Effects of Early Nutrition on the Infant Metabolome.
abstract: Breastfeeding induces a different metabolic and endocrine response than feeding conventional infant formula, and it has also been associated with slower weight gain and reduced disease risk in later life. The underlying programming mechanisms remain to be explored. Breastfeeding has been reported to induce lower levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 and some amino acids (AAs) than formula feeding. In the Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP), infants fed a conventional protein-rich formula had a higher BMI at 2 and 6 years than those fed a protein-reduced formula. At 6 months, higher protein intakes induced increased plasma concentrations of branched-chain AAs (BCAAs) and their oxidation products, short-chain acylcarnitines. With increasing BCAA levels, these short-chain acylcarnitines increased proportionally only until a break point was reached, after which BCAAs seemed to escape their degradation. The resulting marked elevation in BCAA levels with high-protein (HP) intakes appears to contribute to increased insulin levels and to affect β-oxidation of fatty acids. The ratios of long-chain acylcarnitines to free carnitine decreased in infants who received a HP formula, which indicates a reduced initiation of β-oxidation. We conclude that HP intakes inducing high BCAA plasma levels may inhibit fat oxidation and thereby enhance body fat deposition and adiposity.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hellmuth
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Uhl
authors.forename: Franca F
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Kirchberg
authors.forename: Veit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grote
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rzehak
authors.forename: Clotilde
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carlier
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ferre
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Verduci
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gruszfeld
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Socha
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koletzko
mesh_terms: D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002657:Child Development; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D055442:Metabolome; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012306:Risk; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: D000597:Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; D015415:Biomarkers; D004044:Dietary Proteins