title: Cultural humility and racial microaggressions in counseling.
abstract: Racial microaggressions may contribute to poor counseling outcomes in racial/ethnic minority clients. The present study examined the occurrence of racial microaggressions in counseling using a large and diverse sample and explored the association between perceived cultural humility of the counselor and racial microaggressions. Racial/ethnic minority participants (N = 2,212) answered questions about the frequency and impact of racial microaggressions in counseling and the characteristics of their counselor. The majority of clients (81%) reported experiencing at least 1 racial microaggression in counseling. Participants most commonly reported racial microaggressions involving denial or lack of awareness of stereotypes and bias and avoidance of discussing cultural issues. There were few differences in racial microaggression frequency or impact based on client race/ethnicity and counselor race/ethnicity. Racially matched clients viewed racial microaggressions as more impactful than did clients who were not racially matched. Client-perceived cultural humility of the counselor was associated with fewer microaggressions experienced in counseling. We conclude by discussing limitations, areas for future research, and implications for counseling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of North Texas.
authors.forename: Joshua N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Hook
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of North Texas.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.affiliation: Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University.
authors.forename: Don E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Department of Counseling and Psychological Services, Georgia State University.
authors.forename: Cirleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DeBlaere
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Hope College.
authors.forename: Daryl R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Van Tongeren
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University.
authors.forename: Shawn O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Utsey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001364:Awareness; D003376:Counseling / Q000379:methods*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*