title: A Review of Impaired Neuroplasticity in Schizophrenia Investigated with Non-invasive Brain Stimulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several lines of evidence implicate dysfunctional neuronal plasticity in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). Aberrant glutamatergic and gamma amino--butyric acid neurotransmission are thought to underlie core cognitive deficits and negative symptoms of SCZ. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) allows for the in vivo study of cortical plasticity and excitability at the systems level of the human motor cortex. This review will focus on summarizing the available neurophysiological evidence for impaired motor cortical plasticity in SCZ assessed by NIBS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed was performed on the use of NIBS techniques to investigate neuroplasticity in the motor cortex of SCZ patients. The relevant articles were summarized.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our review of the literature reveals evidence for disrupted neuroplasticity in SCZ and its close association to alterations in cortical inhibition and dysfunctional intracortical connectivity. Further investigations are required to elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie dysfunctional plasticity in SCZ in order to develop more targeted therapeutic interventions for SCZ patients.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Apoorva
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhandari
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Voineskos
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Zafiris J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Daskalakis
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Tarek K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Rajji
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Temerty Centre for Therapeutic Brain Intervention, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Blumberger
keywords: long-term potentiation; motor cortex; neuroplasticity; schizophrenia; transcranial magnetic stimulation