title: In vitro and in vivo assessment of magnetically actuated biomaterials and prospects in tendon healing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To expand our understanding on the effect of magnetically actuated biomaterials in stem cells, inflammation and fibrous tissue growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic biomaterials were obtained by doping iron oxide particles into starch poly-ϵ-caprolactone (SPCL) to create two formulations, magSPCL-1.8 and 3.6. Stem cell behavior was assessed in vitro and the inflammatory response, subcutaneously in Wistar rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Metabolic activity and proliferation increased significantly overtime in SPCL and magSPCL-1.8. Electromagnetic fields attenuated the presence of mast cells and macrophages in tissues surrounding SPCL and magSPCL-1.8, between weeks 1 and 9. Macrophage reduction was more pronounced for magSPCL-1.8, which could explain why this material prevented growth of fibrous tissue overtime.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Magnetically actuated biomaterials have potential to modulate inflammation and the growth of fibrous tissue.
authors.affiliation: 3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables & Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal.
authors.forename: Lívia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: 3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables & Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: 3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables & Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: 3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables & Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal.
authors.forename: Tamagno
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pesqueira
authors.affiliation: 3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables & Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal.
authors.forename: Márcia T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: 3B's Research Group, Biomaterials, Biodegradables & Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal.
authors.forename: Manuela E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gomes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D013710:Tendons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; C000499:ferric oxide
keywords: electromagnetic fields; magnetic responsive biomaterials; regenerative medicine