title: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Vancomycin in Dermal Interstitial Fluid Using Dissolving Microneedles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design an alternative painless method for vancomycin (VCM) monitoring by withdrawing interstitial fluid (ISF) the skin using dissolving microneedles (DMNs) and possibly replace the conventional clinical blood sampling method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with 50 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital. Vancomycin at 5 mg/mL in saline was intravenously administered via the jugular vein. ISF was collected from a formed pore at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 min after the DMNs was removed from the skin. In addition, 0.3 mL blood samples were collected from the left femoral vein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The correlation between the plasma and ISF VCM concentrations was significantly strong (r = 0.676, p < 0.05). Microscopic observation of the skin after application of the DMNs demonstrated their safety as a device for sampling ISF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A novel monitoring method for VCM was developed to painlessly determine concentrations in the ISF as opposed to blood sampling.
authors.affiliation: 1. Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukako
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: 1. Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuto
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.affiliation: 1. Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kobuchi
authors.affiliation: 2. BioSerenTach Inc., Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, 600-8040, Japan.
authors.forename: Kanji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takada
authors.affiliation: 1. Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8412, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakaeda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D045604:Extracellular Fluid / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles; D051381:Rats; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014640:Vancomycin
keywords: TDM; dissolving microneedles; interstitial fluid; rats; skin; vancomycin