title: The administration of high-dose propofol sedation with manual and target-controlled infusion in children undergoing radiation therapy: a 7-year clinical investigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiation therapy requires the patient to remain immobile for a long time, which is challenging in children. This study therefore aimed to determine the adequate target concentration and dosage of propofol in target-controlled infusion (TCI) and manual infusion (MI) in children requiring sedation for proton radiation therapy. Our hypothesis is that the adequate dose of propofol sedation required for proton radiation therapy in pediatric patients was larger than that seen in previous studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of Korean children who received proton therapy under propofol sedation. The average target concentration at induction and during maintenance with TCI and the dose with MI were analyzed as primary outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 1296 procedures in 54 children were analyzed (TCI group, 26; MI group, 28). The median bolus dose of propofol in the MI group was 2.6 (2.2-3.0) mg/kg, while the pump speed was 17.0 (13.6-25.8) mg/kg/h. The median target concentration of propofol in the TCI group was 5.3 (4.4-5.7) mcg/mL at induction and 4.2 (3.1-5.1) mcg/mL during maintenance. There were no cases of life-threatening complications in either group over 7 years. There were six cases of transient desaturation, which were managed by using the jaw thrust maneuver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with those in previous studies, the target concentration of propofol with TCI and the propofol dose with MI required for adequate sedation in children undergoing proton radiation therapy were larger in the present study. Despite concerns regarding overdosage, the complications were managed well. However, safe and adequate sedation for proton radiation therapy remains a challenge. The development of monitoring tools to evaluate the depth of sedation is necessary to adjust the propofol dose and sedation level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Tak Kyu
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung Jae
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Biometric Research Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Boram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, National Cancer Center, 323, Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408 Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Woosik
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Eom
keywords: Manual infusion; Pediatrics; Propofol; Proton therapy; Target-controlled infusion