title: Detection of Vero Cells Infected with Herpes Simplex Types 1 and 2 and Varicella Zoster Viruses Using Raman Spectroscopy and Advanced Statistical Methods.
abstract: Of the eight members of the herpes family of viruses, HSV1, HSV2, and varicella zoster are the most common and are mainly involved in cutaneous disorders. These viruses usually are not life-threatening, but in some cases they might cause serious infections to the eyes and the brain that can lead to blindness and possibly death. An effective drug (acyclovir and its derivatives) is available against these viruses. Therefore, early detection and identification of these viral infections is highly important for an effective treatment. Raman spectroscopy, which has been widely used in the past years in medicine and biology, was used as a powerful spectroscopic tool for the detection and identification of these viral infections in cell culture, due to its sensitivity, rapidity and reliability. Our results showed that it was possible to differentiate, with a 97% identification success rate, the uninfected Vero cells that served as a control, from the Vero cells that were infected with HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV. For that, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was performed on the Raman spectra after principal component analysis (PCA) with a leave one out (LOO) approach. Raman spectroscopy in tandem with PCA and LDA enable to differentiate among the different herpes viral infections of Vero cells in time span of few minutes with high accuracy rate. Understanding cell molecular changes due to herpes viral infections using Raman spectroscopy may help in early detection and effective treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huleihel
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, SCE- Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Elad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shufan
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zeiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, SCE- Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D014645:Herpesvirus 3, Human / Q000254:growth & development*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D025341:Principal Component Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman / Q000379:methods*; D014709:Vero Cells / Q000821:virology