title: Sleep apnea reduces the amount of computational deep sleep in the right frontopolar area in school-aged children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) causes different symptoms in children, even though polysomnographic parameters that assess sleep quality may remain normal. Our spectral analysis of NREM sleep revealed local deep sleep reductions in adult OSA patients. We hypothesize that our method would also reveal local changes in pediatric OSA patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Polysomnographies were part of a larger study evaluating snoring in school-aged children. All right-handed children with OSA with matched peers (n=10+10) were included. The median sleep depth (in Hz) and the amount of deep sleep <4Hz (DS%) were extracted for the whole NREM sleep time and for the first four NREM sleep episodes from frontopolar, central and occipital EEG-channels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main findings were that NREM sleep was lighter and DS% decreased in the right frontopolar area (p-values 0.034 and 0.019) in the OSA group when compared with the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local sleep quality changes might provide new insights to evaluate the effects of pediatric OSA as our method revealed a local computational deep sleep decrease in the right frontopolar area in the OSA group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented findings might implicate delayed local cortical development in children's OSA, which may account for the cognitive problems found in pediatric OSA.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Marjukka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jussila
authors.affiliation: Tampere University Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, 33521 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Saarenpää-Heikkilä
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Huupponen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Anna-Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lapinlampi
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Penttala
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland. Electronic address: sari-leena.himanen@staff.uta.fi.
authors.forename: Sari-Leena
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Himanen
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Children; Local sleep; OSA; PSG; SWA; Sleep EEG