title: Effect of calcium hydroxide on mechanical strength and biological properties of bioactive glass.
abstract: In this manuscript for the first time calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) has been used for preparation of bioactive glass (BG-2) by co-precipitation method and compared with glass prepared using calcium nitrate tetrahydrate Ca(NO3)2·4H2O (BG-1), which is a conventional source of calcium. The new source positively affected physical, biological and mechanical properties of BG-2. The glasses were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TGA-DSC), BET surface area analysis and Knoop hardness. The results showed that BG-2 possessed relatively larger surface properties (100m(2)g(-1) surface area) as compared to BG-1 (78m(2)g(-1)), spherical morphology and crystalline phases (wollastonite and apatite) after sintering at lower than conventional temperature. These properties contribute critical role in both mechanical and biological properties of glasses. The Knoop hardness measurements revealed that BG-2 possessed much better hardness (0.43±0.06GPa at 680°C and 2.16±0.46GPa at 980°C) than BG-1 (0.24±0.01 at 680°C and 0.57±0.07GPA at 980°C) under same conditions. Alamar blue Assay and confocal microscopy revealed that BG-2 exhibited better attachment and proliferation of MG63 cells. Based on the improved biological properties of BG-2 as a consequent of novel calcium source selection, BG-2 is proposed as a bioactive ceramic for hard tissue repair and regeneration applications.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54600, Pakistan. Electronic address: drasmashah@ciitlahore.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Asma Tufail
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Madeeha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Batool
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Aqif Anwar
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Chaudhry
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Farasat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ayesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Javaid
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zahid
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Kanwal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ilyas
authors.affiliation: Department of Material Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Saad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bin Qasim
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ather Farooq
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul Samad
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Material Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield S3 7HQ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ihtesham
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ur Rehman
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D002516:Ceramics; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013499:Surface Properties; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide
keywords: Bioactive glass; Cytotoxicity; Hardness; Phase analysis; Structural analysis; Thermal behavior