title: Myocardial arterial spin labeling.
abstract: Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) technique for mapping regional myocardial blood flow. It does not require any contrast agents, is compatible with stress testing, and can be performed repeatedly or even continuously. ASL-CMR has been performed with great success in small-animals, but sensitivity to date has been poor in large animals and humans and remains an active area of research. This review paper summarizes the development of ASL-CMR techniques, current state-of-the-art imaging methods, the latest findings from pre-clinical and clinical studies, and future directions. We also explain how successful developments in brain ASL and small-animal ASL-CMR have helped to inform developments in large animal and human ASL-CMR.
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS CRMBM UMR 7339, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Marseille, France. frank.kober@univ-amu.fr.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kober
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Terrence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jao
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS CRMBM UMR 7339, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Troalen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. knayak@usc.edu.|Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. knayak@usc.edu.
authors.forename: Krishna S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Nayak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D023421:Models, Animal; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D013113:Spin Labels
keywords: Arterial spin labeling; Cardiovascular magnetic resonance; Ischemic heart disease; Myocardial perfusion