title: Dietary mineral intake and lung cancer risk: the Rotterdam Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Limited data are available on the role of mineral intake in the development of lung cancer (LC). We investigated whether dietary calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, selenium and zinc intake were associated with LC risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from 5435 participants of the Rotterdam Study, a prospective population-based cohort study among subjects aged 55 years and older. At baseline (1990-1993), diet was measured by a validated food frequency questionnaire. LC events were diagnosed on the basis of pathology data and medical records. Hazard ratios (HRs) on LC for energy-adjusted mineral intake were calculated using Cox regression models while adjusting for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a follow-up period of 22 years, we identified 211 incident cases of LC. A higher zinc intake was associated with 42 % reduction in risk of LC (top tertile vs. first tertile: HR 0.58, 95 % CI 0.35; 0.94, P-for trend = 0.039). Similarly, high intake of iron was associated with reduced risk of LC (top tertile vs. first tertile: HR 0.58, 95 % CI 0.37; 0.92, P-for trend = 0.021). There was no association between dietary intake of calcium, copper, magnesium and selenium and LC risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that dietary zinc and iron intake are associated with reduced risk of LC. No evidence was found for an association between calcium, copper, magnesium and selenium intake and LC risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Taulant
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muka
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, Tirana, Albania.|University Clinic of Gastrohepatology, University Hospital Center Mother Teresa, Tirana, Albania.
authors.forename: Bledar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kraja
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Internal Medicine, Groene Hart Hospital, Gouda, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rikje
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruiter
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lies
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lahousse
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Health Care Inspectorate, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Catherine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: de Keyser
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Oscar H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brusselle
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. b.stricker@erasmusmc.nl.|Health Care Inspectorate, The Hague, The Netherlands. b.stricker@erasmusmc.nl.
authors.forename: Bruno H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Stricker
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Leiden University College, The Hague, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jessica C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kiefte-de Jong
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003300:Copper / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D019266:Iron, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012643:Selenium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D019266:Iron, Dietary; D014131:Trace Elements; D003300:Copper; D012643:Selenium; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Calcium; Copper; Iron; Lung cancer; Magnesium; Selenium; Zinc