title: Examination of the Aerobic Microflora of Swine Feces and Stored Swine Manure.
abstract: Understanding antibiotic resistance in agricultural ecosystems is critical for determining the effects of subtherapeutic and therapeutic uses of antibiotics for domestic animals. This study was conducted to ascertain the relative levels of antibiotic resistance in the aerobic bacterial population to tetracycline, tylosin, and erythromycin. Swine feces and manure samples were plated onto various agar media with and without antibiotics and incubated at 37°C. Colonies were counted daily. Randomly selected colonies were isolated and characterized by 16S rRNA sequence analyses and additional antibiotic resistance and biochemical analyses. Colonies were recovered at levels of 10 to 10 CFU mL for swine slurry and 10 to 10 CFU g swine feces, approximately 100-fold lower than numbers obtained under anaerobic conditions. Addition of antibiotics to the media resulted in counts that were 60 to 80% of those in control media without added antibiotics. Polymerase chain reaction analyses for antibiotic resistance genes demonstrated the presence of a number of different resistance genes from the isolates. The recoverable aerobic microflora of swine feces and manure contain high percentages of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which include both known and novel genera and species, and a variety of antibiotic resistance genes. Further analyses of these and additional isolates should provide additional information on these organisms as potential reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes in these ecosystems.
authors.forename: Terence R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Whitehead
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cotta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D008372:Manure; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D013552:Swine; D015645:Tylosin
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008372:Manure; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D015645:Tylosin