title: Cardiac fibrosis and down regulation of GLUT4 in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy are ameliorated by chronic exposures to intermittent altitude.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic intermittent hypoxia is considered as a preconditioning status in cardiovascular health to inducing resistance to the low oxygen supply. Diabetic cardiomyopathy leads to inability of the heart to effective circulation of blood preventing of consequent tissue damages so; the aim of this study was elucidation of effect of chronic exposure to hypoxia on Cardiac fibrosis and expression of GLUT4 in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total number of 30 rats were randomly divided into three groups; 1: Normoxia control group (NN, n = 10). 2: Normoxia diabetic group (ND, n = 10) that took fat diet for 2 weeks then were injected by streptozotocin (37 mg/kg) and 3: Hypoxia diabetic group (HD, n = 10): that were exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) (altitude ≈3400 m, 14% oxygen for 8 weeks). After hypoxia challenge, plasma metabolic parameters including: fasting blood glucose (FBS), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were measured by colorimetric assay. Cardiac expression of GLUT4 protein and cardiac collagen accumulation were determined in the excised left ventricle by western blotting, and Masson trichrome staining respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on resultant data, FBS, TG and TC were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in HD vs. ND. Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) were also significantly attenuated after exposed to CIH in HD group compared to ND group (P < 0.05). Significant increase in packed cell volume and hemoglobin concentration was observed in HD group compared to ND group (P < 0.05). Comparison of heart wet weight between three groups showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) with lower amount in HD and ND versus NN. Myocardial fibrosis was significantly more pronounced in ND when compared to NN. Eight weeks exposure to hypoxia ameliorated this increase in HD group. Intermittent hypoxia significantly increased GLUT4 protein expression in HD compared to ND group (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data suggested that CIH might potentiate to improve glucose homeostasis and cardiac tissue structural damages created in type 2 diabetes (T2D).
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sport, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faramoushi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Ramin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Amir Sasan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Vahid
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sari Sarraf
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Pouran
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karimi
keywords: Altitude; Cardiac; Cardiomyopathy; Fibrosis; GLUT4