title: Metabolomics of Human Amniotic Fluid and Maternal Plasma during Normal Pregnancy.
abstract: Metabolic profiles of amniotic fluid and maternal blood are sources of valuable information about fetus development and can be potentially useful in diagnosis of pregnancy disorders. In this study, we applied 1H NMR-based metabolic profiling to track metabolic changes occurring in amniotic fluid (AF) and plasma (PL) of healthy mothers over the course of pregnancy. AF and PL samples were collected in the 2nd (T2) and 3rd (T3) trimester, prolonged pregnancy (PP) until time of delivery (TD). A multivariate data analysis of both biofluids reviled a metabolic switch-like transition between 2nd and 3rd trimester, which was followed by metabolic stabilization throughout the rest of pregnancy probably reflecting the stabilization of fetal maturation and development. The differences were further tested using univariate statistics at α = 0.001. In plasma the progression from T2 to T3 was related to increasing levels of glycerol, choline and ketone bodies (3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) while pyruvate concentration was significantly decreased. In amniotic fluid, T2 to T3 transition was associated with decreasing levels of glucose, carnitine, amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine, alanine, methionine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine) and increasing levels of creatinine, succinate, pyruvate, choline, N,N-dimethylglycine and urocanate. Lactate to pyruvate ratio was decreased in AF and conversely increased in PL. The results of our study, show that metabolomics profiling can be used to better understand physiological changes of the complex interdependencies of the mother, the placenta and the fetus during pregnancy. In the future, these results might be a useful reference point for analysis of complicated pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orczyk-Pawilowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jawien
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Opole University, Opole, Poland.
authors.forename: Stanislaw
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deja
authors.affiliation: 1st Department and Clinic of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hirnle
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zabek
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mlynarz
mesh_terms: D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D000090:Acetoacetates / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D055442:Metabolome / Q000502:physiology*; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D010949:Plasma / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000378:metabolism; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third / Q000378:metabolism; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000090:Acetoacetates; D000596:Amino Acids; C016635:acetoacetic acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D005947:Glucose; D020155:3-Hydroxybutyric Acid