title: Ralstonia solanacearum Type III Effector RipAY Is a Glutathione-Degrading Enzyme That Is Activated by Plant Cytosolic Thioredoxins and Suppresses Plant Immunity.
abstract: The plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum uses a large repertoire of type III effector proteins to succeed in infection. To clarify the function of effector proteins in host eukaryote cells, we expressed effectors in yeast cells and identified seven effector proteins that interfere with yeast growth. One of the effector proteins, RipAY, was found to share homology with the ChaC family proteins that function as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases, which degrade glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide that plays important roles in the plant immune system. RipAY significantly inhibited yeast growth and simultaneously induced rapid GSH depletion when expressed in yeast cells. The in vitro GSH degradation activity of RipAY is specifically activated by eukaryotic factors in the yeast and plant extracts. Biochemical purification of the yeast protein identified that RipAY is activated by thioredoxin TRX2. On the other hand, RipAY was not activated by bacterial thioredoxins. Interestingly, RipAY was activated by plant h-type thioredoxins that exist in large amounts in the plant cytosol, but not by chloroplastic m-, f-, x-, y- and z-type thioredoxins, in a thiol-independent manner. The transient expression of RipAY decreased the GSH level in plant cells and affected the flg22-triggered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) marker genes in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. These results indicate that RipAY is activated by host cytosolic thioredoxins and degrades GSH specifically in plant cells to suppress plant immunity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of bacterial wilt disease of plants. This pathogen injects virulence effector proteins into host cells to suppress disease resistance responses of plants. In this article, we report a biochemical activity of R. solanacearum effector protein RipAY. RipAY can degrade GSH, a tripeptide that plays important roles in the plant immune system, with its γ-glutamyl cyclotransferase activity. The high GSH degradation activity of RipAY is considered to be a good weapon for this bacterium to suppress plant immunity. However, GSH also plays important roles in bacterial tolerance to various stresses and growth. Interestingly, RipAY has an excellent safety mechanism to prevent unwanted firing of its enzyme activity in bacterial cells because RipAY is specifically activated by host eukaryotic thioredoxins. This study also reveals a novel host plant protein acting as a molecular switch for effector activation.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), Yoshikawa, Okayama, Japan mukaihara@bio-ribs.com.
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mukaihara
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), Yoshikawa, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hatanaka
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), Yoshikawa, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahito
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama (RIBS), Yoshikawa, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oda
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D057865:Plant Immunity; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D043368:Ralstonia solanacearum / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D005722:gamma-Glutamylcyclotransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D013879:Thioredoxins; D005722:gamma-Glutamylcyclotransferase; D005978:Glutathione