title: Percutaneous endovascular management of chronic superior vena cava syndrome of benign causes : long-term follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The vast majority of superior vena cava (SVC) syndromes are of malignant causes, but with growing use of indwelling central catheters and implanted cardiac devices, benign SVC syndromes are becoming more frequent. The main objective of this study is to evaluate long term outcome in patients treated for benign SVC syndrome by endovascular techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four patients, 26 men and 18 women, mean age 56, treated for benign SVC syndrome using endovascular techniques between 2002 and 2015 were included. Type of obstruction was classified according to the site of disease and degree of occlusion. Complications and recurrence of symptoms were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Technical and clinical success were achieved in all but one patient. Four patients (9 %) were treated by angioplasty alone and 40 (91 %) required stent implantation. Mean clinical follow-up was 1275 days. Nine patients had at least one episode of recurrence after a mean of 385 days. Four minor and two major complications were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous endovascular techniques to treat benign SVC syndrome are safe with good long term patency. Recurrence of symptoms can easily be addressed by repeat procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  • Malposition of indwelling central catheter can cause superior vena cava obstruction. • Image-guided catheter placement helps prevent superior vena cava obstruction. • Imaging and superior vena cava obstruction classification allows adequate procedure planning. • Endovascular techniques are safe and effective for superior vena cava syndrome treatment.
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 21, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland. stephane.breault.1@umontreal.ca.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Breault
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 21, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Doenz
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 21, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jouannic
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 21, Lausanne, CH-1011, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Salah Dine
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Qanadli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010690:Phlebography; D015607:Stents; D013479:Superior Vena Cava Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Angioplasty; Endovascular Procedures; Indwelling catheters; Oedema; Superior Vena Cava Syndrome