title: Differential neural mechanisms for early and late prediction error detection.
abstract: Emerging evidence indicates that prediction, instantiated at different perceptual levels, facilitate visual processing and enable prompt and appropriate reactions. Until now, the mechanisms underlying the effect of predictive coding at different stages of visual processing have still remained unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate early and late processing of spatial prediction violation by performing combined recordings of saccadic eye movements and fast event-related fMRI during a continuous visual detection task. Psychophysical reverse correlation analysis revealed that the degree of mismatch between current perceptual input and prior expectations is mainly processed at late rather than early stage, which is instead responsible for fast but general prediction error detection. Furthermore, our results suggest that conscious late detection of deviant stimuli is elicited by the assessment of prediction error's extent more than by prediction error per se. Functional MRI and functional connectivity data analyses indicated that higher-level brain systems interactions modulate conscious detection of prediction error through top-down processes for the analysis of its representational content, and possibly regulate subsequent adaptation of predictive models. Overall, our experimental paradigm allowed to dissect explicit from implicit behavioral and neural responses to deviant stimuli in terms of their reliance on predictive models.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Verhaltensneurobiologie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.|Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Rahim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malekshahi
authors.affiliation: Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science and School of Informatics, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.affiliation: Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen, Germany.|Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papanikolaou
authors.affiliation: SPECS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Zenon
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.affiliation: Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Verhaltensneurobiologie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Birbaumer
authors.affiliation: SPECS, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Paul F M J
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Verschure
authors.affiliation: Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Verhaltensneurobiologie, Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.|Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caria
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D008960:Models, Psychological; D014796:Visual Perception; D055815:Young Adult