title: Does Motivation Matter? Analysis of a Randomized Trial of Proactive Outreach to VA Smokers.
abstract: Current guidelines advise providers to assess smokers' readiness to quit, then offer cessation therapies to smokers planning to quit and motivational interventions to smokers not planning to quit.
  
  
  
  We examined the relationship between baseline stage of change (SOC), treatment utilization, and smoking cessation to determine whether the effect of a proactive smoking cessation intervention was dependent on smokers' level of motivation to quit.
  
  
  
  Secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  
  A total of 3006 current smokers, aged 18-80 years, at four Veterans Affairs (VA) medical centers.
  
  
  
  Proactive care included proactive outreach (mailed invitation followed by telephone outreach), offer of smoking cessation services (telephone or face-to-face), and access to pharmacotherapy. Usual care participants had access to VA smoking cessation services and state telephone quitlines.
  
  
  
  Baseline SOC measured with Readiness to Quit Ladder, and 6-month prolonged abstinence self-reported at 1 year.
  
  
  
  At baseline, 35.8 % of smokers were in preparation, 38.2 % in contemplation, and 26.0 % in precontemplation. The overall interaction between SOC and treatment arm was not statistically significant (p = 0.30). Among smokers in preparation, 21.1 % of proactive care participants achieved 6-month prolonged abstinence, compared to 13.1 % of usual care participants (OR, 1.8 [95 % CI, 1.2-2.6]). Similarly, proactive care increased abstinence among smokers in contemplation (11.0 % vs. 6.5 %; OR, 1.8 [95 % CI, 1.1-2.8]). Smokers in precontemplation quit smoking at similar rates (5.3 % vs. 5.6 %; OR, 0.9 [95 % CI, 0.5-1.9]). Within each stage, uptake of smoking cessation treatments increased with higher SOC and with proactive care as compared with usual care.
  
  
  
  Mostly male participants limits generalizability. Randomization was not stratified by SOC.
  
  
  
  Proactive care increased treatment uptake compared to usual care across all SOC. Proactive care increased smoking cessation among smokers in preparation and contemplation but not in precontemplation. Proactively offering cessation therapies to smokers at all SOC will increase treatment utilization and population-level smoking cessation.
authors.affiliation: VA HSR&D Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Elisheva R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Danan
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York City, NY, USA.|Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Scott E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.affiliation: VA HSR&D Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Diana J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.affiliation: VA HSR&D Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Siamak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Noorbaloochi
authors.affiliation: VA HSR&D Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clothier
authors.affiliation: National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Japuntich
authors.affiliation: VA HSR&D Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Brent C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: VA HSR&D Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Steven.Fu@va.gov.|Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA. Steven.Fu@va.gov.
authors.forename: Steven S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology; D015337:Multicenter Studies as Topic / Q000379:methods; D064792:Pragmatic Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology*; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: motivation; smoking cessation; veterans