title: Post-Translational Modifications in sperm Proteome: The Chemistry of Proteome diversifications in the Pathophysiology of male factor infertility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The spermatozoa undergo a series of changes in the epididymis to mature after their release from the testis and subsequently in the female reproductive tract after ejaculation to get capacitated and achieve fertilization potential. Despite having a silenced protein synthesis machinery, the dynamic change in protein profile of the spermatozoa is attributed either to acquisition of new proteins via vescicular transport or to several post-translational modifications (PTMs) occurring on the already expressed protein complement.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review emphasis is given on the PTMs already reported on the human sperm proteins under normal and pathologic conditions with particular reference to sperm function such as motility and fertilization. An attempt has been made to summarize different protocols and methods used for analysis of PTMs on sperm proteins and the newer trends those were emerging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Deciphering the differential occurrence of PTM on protein at ultrastructural level would give us a better insight of structure-function relationship of the particular protein. Protein with multiple PTMs could be used to generate the complex interaction network involved in a physiological function of a sperm. It can be speculated that crosstalk between different PTMs occurring either on same/ other proteins actually regulate the protein stability and activity both in physiological and pathological states.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analytical prospective of various PTMs reported in human spermatozoa and their relevance to sperm function particularly in various pathophysiological states, would pave way for development of biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic intervention of male infertility.
authors.affiliation: American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Redox Biology Laboratory, Department of Zsoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack - 753003, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: Luna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Samanta
authors.affiliation: Redox Biology Laboratory, Department of Zsoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack - 753003, Odisha, India.
authors.forename: Nirlipta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Swain
authors.affiliation: American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayaz
authors.affiliation: American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Venugopal
authors.affiliation: American Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. Electronic address: agarwaa@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D005298:Fertility; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D020543:Proteome; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods; D055101:Semen Analysis; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020543:Proteome
keywords: Infertility; Male factor; Post-translational modifications; Proteome; Spermatozoa