title: Assessing the Colonic Microbiota in Children: Effects of Sample Site and Bowel Preparation.
abstract: Inflammatory bowel disease states are associated with gastrointestinal dysbiosis. Mucosal biopsy sampling, retrieving the bacterial community that most directly interacts with the host, is an invasive procedure that, we hypothesis, may be sufficiently approximated by other sampling methods. We investigate the relatedness of samples obtained by different methods and the effects of bowel preparation on the gastrointestinal community in a paediatric population.
  
  
  
  We recruited a cohort of patients undergoing colonoscopy, collecting serial samples via differing methods (rectal swabs, biopsies, and faecal matter/luminal contents) prebowel preparation, during colonoscopy and after colonoscopy. Next-generation sequencing was used to determine the structure of the microbial community.
  
  
  
  The microbial community in luminal contents collected during colonoscopy was found to be more similar to that of mucosal biopsies than rectal swabs. Community traits of the mucosal biopsies could be used to segregate patients with inflammatory bowel disease from other patients, and the similarity of the communities in the luminal contents was sufficient for the segregation to be reproduced. Microbial communities sampled by rectal swabs and prebowel preparation faeces were less similar to mucosal biopsies. Bowel preparation was found to have no significant long-term effects on the microbial community, despite the transient effects evident during colonoscopy.
  
  
  
  A clinically relevant description of the mucosal microbial community can be obtained via the noninvasive collection of luminal contents after bowel cleansing. Bowel preparation in a paediatric population results in no consistent sustained alterations to the gastrointestinal microbiota.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Medicine, Section of Paediatrics, Imperial College London †Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Alexander G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Azelea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rushd
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Randell
authors.forename: J Simon
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001706:Biopsy; D002400:Cathartics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003106:Colon / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003113:Colonoscopy; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology; D054368:Laxatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D002400:Cathartics; D054368:Laxatives