title: Individual and combined toxic effects of herbicide atrazine and three insecticides on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida.
abstract: In the present study, we evaluated the individual and combined toxic effects of herbicide atrazine and three insecticides (chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid) on the earthworm, Eisenia fetida. Results from 48-h filter paper test indicated that imidacloprid had the highest toxicity to E. fetida with an LC50 of 0.05 (0.041-0.058) μg a.i. cm(-2), followed by lambda-cyhalothrin and atrazine with LC50 values ranging from 4.89 (3.52-6.38) to 4.93 (3.76-6.35) μg a.i. cm(-2), while chlorpyrifos had the least toxicity to the worms with an LC50 of 31.18 (16.22-52.85) μg a.i. cm(-2). Results from 14-days soil toxicity test showed a different pattern of toxicity except that imidacloprid was the most toxic even under the soil toxicity bioassay system. The acute toxicity of atrazine was significantly higher than that of chlorpyrifos. In contrast, lambda-cyhalothrin was the least toxic to the animals under the soil toxicity bioassay system. The binary mixture of atrazine-lambda-cyhalothrin and ternary mixture of atrazine-chlorpyrifos-lambda-cyhalothrin displayed a significant synergistic effect on the earthworms under the soil toxicity bioassay. Our findings would help regulatory authorities understand the complexity of effects from pesticide mixtures on non-target organisms and provide useful information of the interaction of various pesticide classes detected in natural environment.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yanhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xuehua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Sericultural Research Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Weifeng
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liezhong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control/Key Laboratory for Pesticide Residue Detection of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. caileiming2009@163.com.
authors.forename: Leiming
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity*; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000502:physiology*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C082359:imidacloprid; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; D001280:Atrazine; C037304:cyhalothrin
keywords: Acute toxicity; Combined toxicity; Ecotoxicology; Pesticide; Soil invertebrate