title: Changes in hunger and fullness in relation to gut peptides before and after 8 weeks of alternate day fasting.
abstract: Alternate day fasting (ADF; 25% energy intake "fast day", alternated with an ad libitum intake "feed day") is effective for weight loss. Whether or not ADF modulates hunger, fullness and gut peptides in a way that enhances dietary compliance and weight loss, remains unknown. Accordingly, this study examined the effect of ADF on postprandial appetite ratings and gut peptides.
  
  
  
  Obese subjects (n = 59) participated in an 8-week ADF protocol where food was provided on the fast day.
  
  
  
  Body weight decreased (P < 0.0001) by 3.9 ± 0.6 kg after 8 weeks of diet. Reductions (P < 0.05) in fat mass (-2.2 ± 0.2 kg), fat free mass (-1.4 ± 0.2 kg), visceral fat mass (-0.1 ± 0.1 kg), and resting metabolic rate (RMR; -104 ± 28 kcal/day) were also observed. Fasting leptin and insulin decreased (P < 0.05), while AUC ghrelin levels increased (P < 0.05). Despite these metabolic changes, there was no increase in subjective hunger by the end of the study. Furthermore, fullness and PYY increased (P < 0.05). Fat free mass and RMR were not related to hunger or ghrelin at any time point.
  
  
  
  These findings suggest that the absence of a compensatory increase in hunger in conjunction with an increase in sensations of fullness may contribute to the weight loss efficacy of an 8-week ADF regimen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Kristin K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Hoddy
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gibbons
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Kroeger
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Trepanowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barnosky
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Surabhi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhutani
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gabel
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Finlayson
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. Electronic address: varady@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Krista A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Varady
mesh_terms: D001481:Basal Metabolism; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D015444:Exercise; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D019894:Peptide YY / Q000097:blood*; D012527:Satiation
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D019894:Peptide YY
keywords: Alternate day fasting; Calorie restriction; Fullness; Gut peptides; Hunger; Obese adults