title: Risk factors of distant metastasis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although the locoregional control rate of oral cancer has improved recently, the number of patients developing distant metastasis (DM) has increased. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinicopathologic factors related to DM in patients with oral cancer undergoing surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study of 252 patients who underwent surgery for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Various clinicopathologic factors were examined to determine their relationship to the development of DM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DM occurred in 21 patients. Univariate analysis showed that perineural invasion, pathologically positive lymph nodes (pN+), neck metastasis level, extracapsular spread, local recurrence, neck recurrence, locoregional control, and postoperative radiotherapy were related to the occurrence of DM. According to multiple logistic analyses, pN+, involvement of neck levels 4 and 5, and local recurrence were independent risk factors for DM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  pN+, metastasis to the lower neck, and local recurrence were risk factors for DM in patients with oral cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan. Electronic address: Yukiyama20@nagasaki-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin-Ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Souich
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yanamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Oral Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Asahina
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oral Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Umeda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors