title: Clinical characteristics and risk factors of pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic respiratory diseases: a retrospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic respiratory disease-associated pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an important subtype of PH, which lacks clinical epidemiological data in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six hundred and ninety three patients hospitalized from 2010 to 2013 were classified by echocardiography according to pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP): mild (36≤ PASP <50 mmHg); moderate (50≤ PASP <70 mmHg) and severe (PASP ≥70 mmHg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dyspnea (93.51%) was the most common symptom. Hemoptysis observed in the severe group (6.42%) was significantly higher than the other two groups (P<0.05). COPD (78.35%), lung bullae (44.16%), tuberculosis (including obsolete pulmonary tuberculosis) (38.82%), and bronchiectasis (30.45%) were frequently present. Mild group occupied the highest proportion (84.7%) in COPD, while severe group occupied the highest proportion (19.3%) in pulmonary embolism (P<0.01). Age, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), hematocrit (HCT), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), increase of N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and right ventricular (RV) diameter (>20 mm) were associated with moderate-to-severe PH, while RV [odds ratio (OR) =3.53, 95% CI, 2.17-5.74], NT-proBNP (OR=2.44, 95% CI, 1.51-3.95), HCT (OR=1.03, 95% CI, 1.00-1.07) and PaCO2 (OR=1.01, 95% CI, 1.00-1.03) were independent risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PH related to respiratory diseases is mostly mild to moderate, and the severity is associated with the category of respiratory disease. Increased HCT can be an independent risk factor for PH related to chronic respiratory diseases.
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China ; 2 Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, USA ; 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Yonghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China ; 2 Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, USA ; 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Chunli
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China ; 2 Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, USA ; 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Wenju
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China ; 2 Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, USA ; 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Mengxi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China ; 2 Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, USA ; 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Cyrus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hadadi
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China ; 2 Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, USA ; 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth Wenqian
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China ; 2 Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, USA ; 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China ; 2 Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, USA ; 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China ; 2 Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, USA ; 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Junyi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China ; 2 Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, USA ; 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Shiyue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China ; 2 Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, USA ; 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Nanshan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China ; 2 Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, USA ; 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Nuofu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China ; 2 Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, USA ; 3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: Pulmonary hypertension; clinical features; respiratory diseases; risk factors