title: Characterization of Immune Responses to an Inactivated Avian Influenza Virus Vaccine Adjuvanted with Nanoparticles Containing CpG ODN.
abstract: Avian influenza virus (AIV), a mucosal pathogen, gains entry into host chickens through respiratory and gastrointestinal routes. Most commercial AIV vaccines for poultry consist of inactivated, whole virus with adjuvant, delivered by parenteral administration. Recent advances in vaccine development have led to the application of nanoparticle emulsion delivery systems, such as poly (d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles to enhance antigen-specific immune responses. In chickens, the Toll-like receptor 21 ligand, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), have been demonstrated to be immunostimulatory. The objective of this study was to compare the adjuvant potential of CpG ODN 2007 encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles with nonencapsulated CpG ODN 2007 when combined with a formalin-inactivated H9N2 virus, through intramuscular and aerosol delivery routes. Chickens were vaccinated at days 7 and 21 posthatch for the intramuscular route and at days 7, 21, and 35 for the aerosol route. Antibody-mediated responses were evaluated weekly in sera and lacrimal secretions in specific pathogen-free chickens. The results indicate that nonencapsulated CpG ODN 2007 in inactivated AIV vaccines administered by the intramuscular route generated higher antibody responses compared to the encapsulated CpG ODN 2007 formulation by the same route. Additionally, encapsulated CpG ODN 2007 in AIV vaccines administered by the aerosol route elicited higher mucosal responses compared to nonencapsulated CpG ODN 2007. Future studies may be aimed at evaluating protective immune responses induced with PLGA encapsulation of AIV and adjuvants.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada .
authors.forename: Shirene M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada .
authors.forename: Tamiru N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Alkie
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada .|2 Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef, Egypt .
authors.forename: Khaled Taha
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Abdelaziz
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada .
authors.forename: Douglas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Hodgins
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada .
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Novy
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada .
authors.forename: Éva
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Canada .
authors.forename: Shayan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharif
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D002645:Chickens; D004339:Drug Compounding; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D056724:Immunity, Humoral / Q000187:drug effects; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D000071497:Immunogenicity, Vaccine; D053127:Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D014611:Vaccination; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid