title: Factors associated with mothers not vaccinating their children against mumps in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In Japan, mumps immunization is not mandatory, and the prevalence of mumps immunization among eligible children is only about 30%, raising concerns about increased risk of meningitis, encephalitis and deafness caused by mumps. In 2011, to understand why families are not voluntarily immunizing their children against mumps, we surveyed mothers who were university graduates to examine the factors and barriers influencing mumps vaccination in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross sectional design.
  
  
  METHODS
  We sent questionnaires including questions on demographic data and vaccination status, barriers and factors for immunizations to university alumnae to recruit participants. Data were analysed by Student's t-test for continuous variables and by univariate and multivariate analysis to obtain the odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and twenty-six mothers with children responded with an average (range) age of 44.7 years (SD = 5.02; 30-55 years). Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) from logistic regression analysis identified fear of harmful side-effects (aOR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.10 to 5.89), the vaccination not being mandatory (aOR, 3.30; 95% CI, 1.41 to 7.72), perceived non-efficacy (aOR, 6.21; 95% CI, 1.85 to 20.91) and being busy (aOR, 3.30; 95% CI, 1.21 to 9.01) were significantly and inversely associated with mumps vaccination. Recommendations from family doctors (aOR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.71), living abroad when their children would be vaccinated (aOR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.68) and the maternal age (aOR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85 to 0.96) were significant and positively associated with vaccination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of mandatory vaccinations, a public education campaign about mumps, their potential consequences and the nature and value of vaccination could improve the prevalence of mumps vaccination among children and prevent the consequences of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Research Center for Human Science, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan. Electronic address: yoko-tsu@jcom.home.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.affiliation: Advanced Research Center for Human Science, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shida
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Home Economics, Koriyama Women's University, 3-25-2, Kaisei, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Izumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Science, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogasawara
authors.affiliation: Advanced Research Center for Human Science, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kakinuma
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Science, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsujiuchi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Science, Waseda University, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Machida
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009107:Mumps / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009108:Mumps Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000523:psychology; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014611:Vaccination / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009108:Mumps Vaccine
keywords: Health behaviour; Health belief model; Maternal awareness; Mumps; Mumps vaccine coverage in Japan; Predictors of vaccine acceptance; Vaccination in Japan