title: Alterations in intraocular cytokine levels following intravitreal ranibizumab.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our previous work has shown that, after intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) administration, decreases in the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and placental growth factor (PlGF), along with increases in the levels of interleukin (IL)-8 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2, can be observed. It is not yet known if similar changes occur after intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR). The purpose of this study was to examine intraocular cytokine changes after IVR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects with proliferative diabetic retinopathy requiring pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) were recruited.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants received IVR as pre-treatment before PPV. Aqueous humour levels of IL-8, VEGF-A, PlGF, and TGF-β2 were measured at time of pre-treatment and PPV. Results were analyzed using univariate statistical models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 14 participants were recruited. After IVR administration, we observed a decrease in the levels of VEGF-A and PlGF, and an increase in the levels of IL-8 and TGF-β2. These results were statistically significant only for VEGF-A (p = 0.0001) and IL-8 (p = 0.0002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The changes in cytokine levels after IVR mirror the changes seen after IVB. Further studies are warranted in order to determine if there are any differences between IVB and IVR in this regard.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. Electronic address: farzin.forooghian@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Farzin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Forooghian
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kertes
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
authors.forename: Kenneth T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Eng
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Albiani
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Kirker
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
authors.forename: Andrew B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Merkur
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
authors.forename: Nader
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fallah
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
authors.forename: Sijia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Or
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
authors.forename: Joanne A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Matsubara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000069579:Ranibizumab / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D014821:Vitrectomy
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D016207:Cytokines; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D000069579:Ranibizumab; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C000608036:PGF protein, human; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human