title: Preschool Drawing and School Mathematics: The Nature of the Association.
abstract: The study examined the etiology of individual differences in early drawing and of its longitudinal association with school mathematics. Participants (N = 14,760), members of the Twins Early Development Study, were assessed on their ability to draw a human figure, including number of features, symmetry, and proportionality. Human figure drawing was moderately stable across 6 months (average r = .40). Individual differences in drawing at age 4½ were influenced by genetic (.21), shared environmental (.30), and nonshared environmental (.49) factors. Drawing was related to later (age 12) mathematical ability (average r = .24). This association was explained by genetic and shared environmental factors that also influenced general intelligence. Some genetic factors, unrelated to intelligence, also contributed to individual differences in drawing.
authors.affiliation: Goldsmiths University of London.|Tomsk State University.
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malanchini
authors.affiliation: Tomsk State University.|University of York.
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Tosto
authors.affiliation: University College London.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Garfield
authors.affiliation: Goldsmiths University of London.|Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry (WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Services Development), Queen Mary University of London.
authors.forename: Aysegul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dirik
authors.affiliation: Goldsmiths University of London.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Czerwik
authors.affiliation: King's College London.
authors.forename: Rosalind
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arden
authors.affiliation: Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education.
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malykh
authors.affiliation: Goldsmiths University of London.|Tomsk State University.|King's College London.|New York University in London.
authors.forename: Yulia
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kovas
mesh_terms: D001076:Aptitude; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007360:Intelligence / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D055641:Mathematical Concepts; D009048:Motor Skills