title: Racial and Social Disparities in Bystander Support During Medical Emergencies on US Streets.
abstract: To examine rates at which people suffering medical emergencies on public streets receive help from bystanders, that is, laypersons who first arrive on the scene, and how this varies across patient race and incident locations.
  
  
  
  We analyzed data on 22 487 patients from the 2011 National Emergency Medical Services Information System, which we linked to characteristics of counties where the incidents occurred.
  
  
  
  Bystanders provided help to patients suffering a wide range of medical emergencies, but only about 1 in 39 patients (2.57%) received bystander support. Black patients were significantly less likely to receive bystander support (odds ratio = 0.42; 95% confidence interval = 0.35, 0.50). Bystander support and county socioeconomic status have a curvilinear relationship; patients in the most disadvantaged counties are least likely to receive bystander support.
  
  
  
  Help from bystanders is rare and less likely among Black patients and those in the poorest counties.
authors.affiliation: Erin York Cornwell and Alex Currit are with the Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: York Cornwell
authors.affiliation: Erin York Cornwell and Alex Currit are with the Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Currit
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D058687:Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data