title: Increased Burden of Vision Impairment and Eye Diseases in Persons with Chronic Kidney Disease - A Population-Based Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been shown to be associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), leading causes of blindness in elderly adults in previous studies. However, the association of CKD with visual impairment (VI) is not clear. We aimed to examine the association of CKD with VI and other age-related ocular diseases in a population-based sample of Asian adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from 10,033 adults aged 40-80 years who participated in the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases (SEED, 2004-11) Study. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m(2) from serum creatinine. VI was defined as best-corrected visual acuity < 20/40 in the better eye. Cataract, retinopathy, DR, glaucoma and AMD were assessed using standardized ocular examination, retinal photography and visual field assessments. The associations of CKD with VI and ocular conditions were examined using logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking, alcohol intake, education status, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, cholesterol levels and cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of VI and ocular disease were significantly higher in participants with CKD (36.1% and 84.7%) than in those without (12.9% and 54.3%, both p < 0.001). In multivariable models, CKD was significantly associated with VI (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.34 [1.14-1.58]), any ocular disease (1.28 [1.03-1.61]), cataract (1.24 [1.01-1.52]), any retinopathy (1.77 [1.45-2.15]), and DR (1.94 [1.47-2.54]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The burden of VI and eye diseases is high among persons with CKD. Our findings suggest that it may be useful to screen for ocular disease and VI in persons with CKD.
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.
authors.forename: Chee Wai
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ecosse L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Lamoureux
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ching-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Gemmy Chui Ming
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: E Shyong
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tien Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Charumathi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sabanayagam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002386:Cataract / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities
keywords: Cataract; Chronic kidney disease; Ocular disease; Retinopathy; Visual impairment