title: ED healthcare professionals and their notions of productivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The combination of constrained resources, patient complexity and rapidly increasing demand has meant that healthcare productivity constitutes a significant problem for emergency medicine. However, healthcare productivity remains a contentious issue, with some criticising the level of professional engagement. This paper will propose that productivity improvements in healthcare could occur (and be sustained) if professionals' perceptions and views of productivity were better understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 8-month ethnographic study was conducted in a large UK ED, using semistructured interviews with healthcare professionals (HCPs) (n=26), a focus group and observation. Thematic analysis of the data was undertaken based on an interpretivist philosophy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The data demonstrate that HCPs accept productivity improvement as part of their contemporary professional role. In particular, their understanding of productivity is focused around five key domains: the patient; the professional; the culture; the process of work and the economic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By exploring how these HCPs experienced and made sense of productivity improvement and productive healthcare, the data reveals how HCPs may reconcile a culture of caring with one of efficiency. Understanding healthcare productivity from this perspective has potential implications for service improvement design and performance measurement.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiotherapy Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Moffatt
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Innovation, Leadership and Learning, Nottingham University Business School, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Timmons
authors.affiliation: Emergency Department, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coffey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004526:Efficiency; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018802:Patient-Centered Care; D010465:Perception; D013222:State Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000592:standards; D006113:United Kingdom; D000078329:Workforce
keywords: efficiency; emergency care systems, emergency departments; qualitative research