title: Ethanol and/or radiofrequency ablation to treat venolymphatic malformations that manifest as a bulging mass in the head and neck.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound (US)-guided ethanol ablation (EA) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for treating venolymphatic malformations (VLM) of the head and neck.
  
  
  METHODS
  US-guided EA and/or RFA were performed on 17 patients with VLM of the head and neck. Computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to locate the cranial nerves and salivary gland ducts that were close to targets, and these were avoided during the procedures. Treatment response was assessed using volume reduction and cosmetic grading scoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine VLMs were located close to the functional structures: Stensen's duct (n=3), cranial nerve branch (n=3), or both (n=3). All patients demonstrated >50% volume reduction, except one patient with a microcystic lymphatic malformation that was abutting the facial nerve. Median cosmetic grading scores improved from 4 to 1 (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  US-guided EA and/or RFA are effective and safe treatment methods in patients with VLMs of the head and neck. Treatment selection of EA and/or RFA could be performed based on the composition of VLMs as assessed at CT and MRI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Koo
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: jeonghlee@amc.seoul.kr.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: G Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Y J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: S-H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Suh
mesh_terms: D055011:Ablation Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D000431:Ethanol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D044148:Lymphatic Abnormalities / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D054079:Vascular Malformations; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol