title: Novel Zn-based alloys for biodegradable stent applications: Design, development and in vitro degradation.
abstract: The search for a degradable metal simultaneously showing mechanical properties equal or higher to that of stainless steel and uniform degradation is still an open challenge. Several magnesium-based alloys have been studied, but their degradation rate has proved to be too fast and rarely homogeneous. Fe-based alloys show appropriate mechanical properties but very low degradation rate. In the present work, four novel Zn-Mg and two Zn-Al binary alloys were investigated as potential biodegradable materials for stent applications. The alloys were developed by casting process and homogenized at 350°C for 48h followed by hot extrusion at 250°C. Tube extrusion was performed at 300°C to produce tubes with outer/inner diameter of 4/1.5mm as precursors for biodegradable stents. Corrosion tests were performed using Hanks׳ modified solution. Extruded alloys exhibited slightly superior corrosion resistance and slower degradation rate than those of their cast counterparts, but all had corrosion rates roughly half that of a standard purity Mg control. Hot extrusion of Zn-Mg alloys shifted the corrosion regime from localized pitting to more uniform erosion, mainly due to the refinement of second phase particles. Zn-0.5Mg is the most promising material for stent applications with a good combination of strength, ductility, strain hardening exponent and an appropriate rate of loss of mechanical integrity during degradation. An EBSD analysis in the vicinity of the laser cut Zn-0.5Mg tube found no grain coarsening or texture modification confirming that, after laser cutting, the grain size and texture orientation of the final stent remains unchanged. This work shows the potential for Zn alloys to be considered for stent applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: ehsan.mostaed@polimi.it.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mostaed
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy; Laboratory for Biomaterials & Bioengineering (CRC-I), Department Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Research Center CHU de Québec, Laval University, Québec City, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sikora-Jasinska
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mostaed
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loffredo
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Previtali
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Biomaterials & Bioengineering (CRC-I), Department Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Research Center CHU de Québec, Laval University, Québec City, Canada.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mantovani
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beanland
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vedani
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000497:Alloys; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003343:Corrosion; D008274:Magnesium; D008422:Materials Testing; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D015607:Stents; D015032:Zinc
chemical_list: D000497:Alloys; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D008274:Magnesium; D015032:Zinc
keywords: Biodegradable stent; Corrosion behavior; Extrusion; Laser cutting; Mechanical properties; Texture; Zn alloys