title: Nasogastric feeding tubes from a neonatal department yield high concentrations of potentially pathogenic bacteria- even 1 d after insertion.
abstract: Preterm infants are vulnerable to pathogens and at risk of developing necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or sepsis. Nasogastric feeding tubes (NG-tubes) might contaminate feeds given through them due to biofilm formation. We wanted to determine if there is a rationale in replacing NG-tubes more often to reduce contamination.
  
  
  
  We conducted an observational study of used NG-tubes from a tertiary neonatal department. After removal, we flushed a 1-ml saline solution through the tube, determined the density of bacteria by culture, and related it to the duration of use and any probiotic administration through the tube.
  
  
  
  Out of the 94 NG-tubes, 89% yielded more than 1,000 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml bacteria, and 55% yielded the potentially pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae and/or Staphylococcus aureus. The mean concentration in the yield was 5.3 (SD: 2.1, maximum 9.4) log10CFU/ml. Neither the presence of contamination nor the density was associated with the time the NG-tube had been in use. Probiotic administration did not protect against contamination.
  
  
  
  NG-tubes yielded high densities of bacteria even within the first day of use. Further studies are needed to determine if changing the NG-tubes between meals or once a day will make a positive impact on tube contamination and clinical parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sandra Meinich
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet - Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Gorm
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Greisen
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Karen Angeliki
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7536-3453
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Krogfelt
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D018441:Biofilms; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae; D020345:Enterocolitis, Necrotizing / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004866:Equipment Contamination / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D019936:Probiotics; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus; D013234:Stem Cells; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents