title: Cytokine responses in birds challenged with the human food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni implies a Th17 response.
abstract: Development of process orientated understanding of cytokine interactions within the gastrointestinal tract during an immune response to pathogens requires experimentation and statistical modelling. The immune response against pathogen challenge depends on the specific threat to the host. Here, we show that broiler chickens mount a breed-dependent immune response to Campylobacter jejuni infection in the caeca by analysing experimental data using frequentist and Bayesian structural equation models (SEM). SEM provides a framework by which cytokine interdependencies, based on prior knowledge, can be tested. In both breeds important cytokines including pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-1β, , IL-4, IL-17A, interferon (IFN)-γ and anti-inflammatory IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β4 were expressed post-challenge. The SEM revealed a putative regulatory pathway illustrating a T helper (Th)17 response and regulation of IL-10, which is breed-dependent. The prominence of the Th17 pathway indicates the cytokine response aims to limit the invasion or colonization of an extracellular bacterial pathogen but the time-dependent nature of the response differs between breeds.
authors.affiliation: School of Biology , Newcastle University , Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , UK.
authors.forename: William D K
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.affiliation: School of Biology , Newcastle University , Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Close
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Biology , Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool , Leahurst Campus, Neston, Chester CH64 7TE , UK.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Biology , Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool , Leahurst Campus, Neston, Chester CH64 7TE , UK.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chaloner
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Biology , Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool , Leahurst Campus, Neston, Chester CH64 7TE , UK.
authors.forename: Lizeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lacharme-Lora
authors.affiliation: The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Science , University of Edinburgh , Midlothian EH25 9RG , UK.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rothwell
authors.affiliation: The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Science , University of Edinburgh , Midlothian EH25 9RG , UK.
authors.forename: Pete
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health , Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool , Leahurst Campus, Neston, Chester CH64 7TE , UK.
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine , Swansea University , Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP , UK.
authors.forename: Tom J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.affiliation: Department of Infection Biology , Institute of Global Health, University of Liverpool , Leahurst Campus, Neston, Chester CH64 7TE , UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wigley
authors.affiliation: School of Biology , Newcastle University , Ridley Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU , UK.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Rushton
keywords: Th1 and Th17 response; bacterial pathogen; gamma-delta T lymphocytes; gastrointestinal tract; inflammation; structural equation model