title: Three-Dimensional Printed Modeling of an Arteriovenous Malformation Including Blood Flow.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) represent a complex pathologic entity in terms of their associated angioarchitecture and blood flow dynamics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using existing imaging data, we generated a patient's giant AVM to scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A series of 3-dimensional (3D) models were generated and blood flow dynamics were represented. Faculty and resident surveys were positive regarding the technology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report represents a novel application of 3D printing in neurosurgery and a means to model dynamic blood flow in 3 dimensions. The 3D printed models may improve on our ability to plan for and treat complex vascular pathologies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Electronic address: jayesh.thawani@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: Jayesh P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Thawani
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Jared M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pisapia
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Nickpreet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Dmitriy
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petrov
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Zager
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Pukenas
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007396:Internship and Residency; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D008959:Models, Neurological; D000069471:Neurosurgeons; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D057285:Precision Medicine; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional / Q000191:economics; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: 3D printing; Arteriovenous malformation modeling; Vascular modeling