title: Comparison of carbon footprints of steel versus concrete pipelines for water transmission.
abstract: The global demand for water transmission and service pipelines is expected to more than double between 2012 and 2022. This study compared the carbon footprint of the two most common materials used for large-diameter water transmission pipelines, steel pipe (SP) and prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP). A planned water transmission pipeline in Texas was used as a case study. Four life-cycle phases for each material were considered: material production and pipeline fabrication, pipe transportation to the job site, pipe installation in the trench, and operation of the pipeline. In each phase, the energy consumed and the CO2-equivalent emissions were quantified. It was found that pipe manufacturing consumed a large amount of energy, and thus contributed more than 90% of life cycle carbon emissions for both kinds of pipe. Steel pipe had 64% larger CO2-eq emissions from manufacturing compared to PCCP. For the transportation phase, PCCP consumed more fuel due to its heavy weight, and therefore had larger CO2-eq emissions. Fuel consumption by construction equipment for installation of pipe was found to be similar for steel pipe and PCCP. Overall, steel had a 32% larger footprint due to greater energy used during manufacturing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study compared the carbon footprint of two large-diameter water transmission pipeline materials, steel and prestressed concrete cylinder, considering four life-cycle phases for each. The study provides information that project managers can incorporate into their decision-making process concerning pipeline materials. It also provides information concerning the most important phases of the pipeline life cycle to target for emission reductions.
authors.affiliation: a Gulf Interstate Engineering , Houston , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Lalit
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chilana
authors.affiliation: b Department of Civil Engineering , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Arpita H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.affiliation: b Department of Civil Engineering , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Najafi
authors.affiliation: b Department of Civil Engineering , University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington , Texas , USA.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sattler
mesh_terms: D058572:Carbon Footprint; D003252:Construction Materials; D013232:Steel; D013781:Texas; D014881:Water Supply / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D013232:Steel