title: Immunohistochemical Expression of CCR2, CSF1R and MMP9 in Canine Inflammatory Mammary Carcinomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Canine inflammatory mammary cancer (IMC) and its human counterpart, inflammatory breast cancer, are extremely aggressive types of cancer. Our aim was to characterize immunohistochemical expression of C-C chemokine receptor 2, colony stimulating factor 1 receptor and metalloproteinase-9 in canine IMC versus non-IMC and to analyze associations with clinicopathological variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemical staining of CCR2, CSF1R and MMP9 was performed in a series of 25 IMC and 15 non-IMC tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences in the expression of these biomarkers between IMC and non-IMC were observed. Distinct nuclear subcellular expression of CCR2 was observed in IMC (p<0.001). For IMC, higher CCR2 expression was associated with increased nuclear grade (p=0.037), and higher neoplastic MMP9 expression was associated with fewer mitoses (p=0.022), higher nuclear grade (p=0.047) and increased CSF1R expression (p=0.025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of CCR2, CSF1R and MMP9 in canine IMC could contribute to increased nuclear pleomorphism, but the biological mechanisms involved warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal Instituto de Cienciase Technologias, Agrarias e Agro-Alimentares da Universidade to Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Teresa P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Raposo
authors.affiliation: The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
authors.forename: Breno C B
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Beirão
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal Animal and Veterinary Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: Justina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prada
authors.affiliation: INNO Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brilhante
authors.affiliation: The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Argyle
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal Instituto de Cienciase Technologias, Agrarias e Agro-Alimentares da Universidade to Porto (ICETA), Porto, Portugal Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal fqueirog@utad.pt.
authors.forename: Felisbina L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Queiroga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D058922:Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016186:Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D054390:Receptors, CCR2 / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D054390:Receptors, CCR2; D016186:Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9
keywords: CCR2; CSF1R; Canine inflammatory mammary carcinomas; MMP9; canine mammary tumours; tumour microenvironment