title: High resolution spectroscopy and chemical shift imaging of hyperpolarized (129) Xe dissolved in the human brain in vivo at 1.5 tesla.
abstract: Upon inhalation, xenon diffuses into the bloodstream and is transported to the brain, where it dissolves in various compartments of the brain. Although up to five chemically distinct peaks have been previously observed in (129) Xe rat head spectra, to date only three peaks have been reported in the human head. This study demonstrates high resolution spectroscopy and chemical shift imaging (CSI) of (129) Xe dissolved in the human head at 1.5 Tesla.
  
  
  
  A (129) Xe radiofrequency coil was built in-house and (129) Xe gas was polarized using spin-exchange optical pumping. Following the inhalation of (129) Xe gas, NMR spectroscopy was performed with spectral resolution of 0.033 ppm. Two-dimensional CSI in all three anatomical planes was performed with spectral resolution of 2.1 ppm and voxel size 20 mm × 20 mm.
  
  
  
  Spectra of hyperpolarized (129) Xe dissolved in the human head showed five distinct peaks at 188 ppm, 192 ppm, 196 ppm, 200 ppm, and 217 ppm. Assignment of these peaks was consistent with earlier studies.
  
  
  
  High resolution spectroscopy and CSI of hyperpolarized (129) Xe dissolved in the human head has been demonstrated. For the first time, five distinct NMR peaks have been observed in (129) Xe spectra from the human head in vivo. Magn Reson Med 75:2227-2234, 2016. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Madhwesha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Neil J
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8358-394X
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Norquay
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jim M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wild
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D014979:Xenon Isotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014979:Xenon Isotopes
keywords: chemical shift imaging; human brain spectroscopy; hyperpolarized gas; xenon spectroscopy