title: Sources of heterogeneity in developmental outcomes of children with past and current experiences of institutionalization in Russia: A four-group comparison.
abstract: The present study sought to compare 4 groups of age- and gender-matched children-(a) those reared in institutions for children without parental care in Russia; (b) those raised by their biological parents in Russia; (c) those adopted to the United States from Russian institutions; and (d) those born in the United States and raised by their biological parents-on indicators of cognition, language, and early learning. In addition, we aimed to compare the effects of the length of time spent in an institution, the age of initial placement in an institution, the age at adoption, and pre-institutional risk factors (i.e., prenatal substance exposure and prematurity and low birth weight) on the above-mentioned outcomes in the 2 groups of children with institutionalization experiences. Our results confirm previous reports demonstrating negative consequences of institutionalization and substantial ameliorating effects of adoption. They also underscore the complexity of the effects of institutionalization and adoption, showing that they are intertwined with the effects of pre-institutional risk factors. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Wayne State University.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rakhlin
authors.affiliation: Child Study Center, Yale University.
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5358-704X
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hein
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Upstate Medical University.
authors.forename: Niamh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.affiliation: Child Study Center, Yale University.
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: Regional Center for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, UiT The Arctic University of Norway.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koposov
authors.affiliation: Child Study Center, Yale University.
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Macomber
authors.affiliation: Child Study Center, Yale University.
authors.forename: Vladislav
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2510-6798
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ruchkin
authors.affiliation: Arkhangelsk Regional Mental Hospital.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strelina
authors.affiliation: Child Study Center, Yale University.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Child Study Center, Yale University.
authors.forename: Elena L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Grigorenko
mesh_terms: D000300:Adoption / Q000523:psychology*; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002674:Child, Institutionalized / Q000523:psychology*; D054540:Child, Orphaned / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007326:Institutionalization; D007804:Language Development; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012426:Russia; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States