title: Development of Crenosoma vulpis in the common garden snail Cornu aspersum: implications for epidemiological studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crenosoma vulpis (Dujardin, 1845), the fox lungworm, is a metastrongyloid affecting the respiratory tract of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), dogs (Canis familiaris) and badgers (Meles meles) living in Europe and North America. The scant data available on the intermediate hosts of C. vulpis, as well as the limited information about the morphology of the larvae may jeopardise epidemiological studies on this parasite.
  
  
  METHODS
  Suitability and developmental time of C. vulpis in the common garden snail Cornu aspersum (= Helix aspersa) was assessed at selected days post-infection (i.e. 3, 6, 10, 15, 20 and 180). Nematodes were preserved in 70% ethanol, cleared and examined as temporary mounts in glycerol for morphological descriptions of first- and third-stage larvae. In addition, nematodes collected from the dog and the experimentally infected snails were molecularly analysed by the amplification of the nuclear 18S rRNA gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specimens of C. aspersum digested before the infection (n = 10) were negative for helminth infections. Out of 115 larvae recovered from infected gastropods (mean of 9.58 larvae per snail), 36 (31.3%) were localised in the foot and 79 (68.7%) in the viscera. The 18S rDNA sequences obtained from larvae collected from the dog and the snail tissues displayed 100% identity to the nucleotide sequence of C. vulpis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cornu aspersum is herein reported for the first time as a suitable intermediate host of C. vulpis. This snail species may play an important role for the infection of animals living in regions of the Mediterranean basin. In addition, this study provides more details on the morphological descriptions of L1 and L3 and supports future investigations on the epidemiology of this little known parasite.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Colella
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Italy.|Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Sofia, Bulgaria.
authors.forename: Yasen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mutafchiev
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Alfonsa
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cavalera
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giannelli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo Paolo
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Lia
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Italy.|Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Research Centre, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil.
authors.forename: Filipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dantas-Torres
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Valenzano, Italy. domenico.otranto@uniba.it.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Otranto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004199:Disease Vectors; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission*; D004285:Dogs; D007814:Larva / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D008681:Metastrongyloidea / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012908:Snails / Q000469:parasitology*; D017206:Strongylida Infections / Q000469:parasitology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: Biology; Cornu aspersum; Crenosoma vulpis; Epidemiology; Lungworm; Metastrongyloidea; Parasite; Snail