title: Effect of infrared lamps to ameliorate cold stress in Vrindavani calves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was conducted to determine the effect of infrared lamps to ameliorate cold stress in Vrindavani (Holstein Friesian × Brown Swiss × Jersey × Hariana) calves.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the present investigation, ten newborn Vrindavani calves were randomly divided into two groups (G1 and G2) of five each. The experiment was conducted from 2(nd) November to 8(th) February when the environmental temperature was at the lowest. The calves of G1 were provided with no additional protection while the calves of G2 were protected against the cold weather by providing heat using the infrared lamps. The body weight (kg) of the calves was recorded at weekly interval. The blood samples collected within 6 h of birth and then at fortnightly interval were analyzed for packed cell volume (PCV, %), hemoglobin (Hb, g/dl). Besides, the serum biochemical parameters, viz., Total serum protein (TSP, g/l), albumin (g/l), globulin (g/l), albumin globulin ratio (A:G) and important stress parameters, viz., triiodothyronine (T3, ng/ml), thyroxine (T4, ng/ml) and cortisol (ng/ml) were also estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calves of G2 showed higher body weight gain as compared to G1. The differences were found to be highly significant (p<0.01). The calves in G1 showed comparatively higher values of PCV and Hb and the differences were found to be significant (p<0.05) on 45(th) day for PCV and highly significant (p<0.01) on 60(th) day for PCV and on 45(th) day for Hb. The values of TSP and albumin were comparatively higher in calves of G1 as compared to G2 and the differences were highly significant (p<0.01) on 45(th) day for both TSP and albumin and significant (p<0.05) on 60(th) day for albumin. Significantly (p<0.01) higher values of cortisol and T4 were observed on 15 and 45(th) day in calves of G1 as compared to G2. The T3 levels were also found higher in calves of G1 than G2 and the differences were significant (p<0.05) on 15 and 30(th) day and highly significant (p<0.01) on 45(th) day of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results, it could be concluded that the infrared lamps are efficient in providing favorable microclimate and hence can be effectively used in calf shed to protect newborn calves from adverse conditions of winter and to improve their body growth performance.
authors.affiliation: Livestock Production and Management Section, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Showkat A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.affiliation: Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Bharat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bhushan
authors.affiliation: Division of Poultry Science, Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sajad A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.affiliation: Livestock Production and Management Section, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chandrasekar
authors.affiliation: Livestock Production and Management Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Asu Singh
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Godara
authors.affiliation: Livestock Production and Management Section, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Pranay
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bharti
authors.affiliation: Livestock Production and Management Section, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: K Puhle
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Japheth
keywords: Vrindavani calves; body weight; cold stress; infrared lamps