title: Potential risk factors and outcomes of fistulas between the upper intestinal tract and the airway following Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy.
abstract: Fistulas between the upper intestinal tract and the airway following esophagectomy are a rare and severe complication with significant mortality. Treatment and therapy are difficult and require a multidisciplinary approach. The objective of this retrospective study was to identify risk factors for these fistulas following esophagetcomy, and to assess their impact on the further clinical course and outcome. 211 patients undergoing Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy for esophageal cancer between 2005 and 2012 were included. The preoperative risk factors including the risk score according to Schröder et al. and the O-Physiological and Operative Severity Score (POSSUM) score, operative and postoperative parameters and the outcome were evaluated. 65% of all patients developed postoperative complications, including 12 patients that developed fistulas between the upper intestinal tract and the airway (airway fistulas [AF]; 5.6%). Neither patient related risk factors nor esophagus-specific risk scores correlated with occurrence of AF. Furthermore, surgical treatment and neoadjuvant treatment did not show any effect on development of AF in our patients. However, we could demonstrate that AF significantly impacted on length of hospital stay (AF 52 days vs. No-AF group 16 days, P < 0.001), incidence of major pulmonary complications (83.3% vs. 17.1%, P < 0.001), 90-day mortality (42% vs. 7.5%, P = 0.002) and overall survival (133 days vs. 636 days, P=0.029). With the current study, we could not identify any patient related risk factors, esophagus-specific risk scores or treatment related details that might be useful as predictors of AF after Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy. However, we confirmed that AF significantly impacted on outcomes. This highlights the urgent need for further studies on this rare but devastating complication after esophagectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Muenster University Hospital, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Muenster University Hospital, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lübbe
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Muenster University Hospital, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Ann-Kathrin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Muenster University Hospital, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palmes
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Muenster University Hospital, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Senninger
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Muenster University Hospital, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hummel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D016629:Esophagectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007412:Intestinal Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014138:Tracheoesophageal Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: airway fistula; esophageal cancer; esophago-tracheal fistula; gastro-tracheal fistula; outcome; risk factors