title: Review and Meta-analysis of Emerging Risk Factors for Agricultural Injury.
abstract: Agricultural injury is a significant public health problem globally. Extensive research has addressed this problem, and a growing number of risk factors have been reported. The authors evaluated the evidence for frequently reported risk factors earlier. The objective in the current study was to identify emerging risk factors for agricultural injury and calculate pooled estimates for factors that were assessed in two or more studies. A total of 441 (PubMed) and 285 (Google Scholar) studies were identified focusing on occupational injuries in agriculture. From these, 39 studies reported point estimates of risk factors for injury; 38 of them passed the Newcastle-Ottawa criteria for quality and were selected for the systematic review and meta-analysis. Several risk factors were significantly associated with injury in the meta-analysis. These included older age (vs. younger), education up to high school or higher (vs. lower), non-Caucasian race (vs. Caucasian), Finnish language (vs. Swedish), residence on-farm (vs. off-farm), sleeping less than 7-7.5 hours (vs. more), high perceived injury risk (vs. low), challenging social conditions (vs. normal), greater farm sales, size, income, and number of employees on the farm (vs. smaller), animal production (vs. other production), unsafe practices conducted (vs. not), computer use (vs. not), dermal exposure to pesticides and/or chemicals (vs. not), high cooperation between farms (vs. not), and machinery condition fair/poor (vs. excellent/good). Eighteen of the 25 risk factors were significant in the meta-analysis. The identified risk factors should be considered when designing interventions and selecting populations at high risk of injury.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , University of Nevada, Las Vegas , Las Vegas , Nevada , USA.
authors.forename: Rohan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.affiliation: b Department of Environmental , Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA.
authors.forename: Chandran
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Achutan
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biostatistics , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA.
authors.forename: Gleb
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haynatzki
authors.affiliation: d Department of Health Promotion , Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA.
authors.forename: Shireen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajaram
authors.affiliation: b Department of Environmental , Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA.
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rautiainen
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000383:Agriculture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000072480:Farms; D006801:Humans; D060051:Occupational Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Agricultural injury; emerging; meta-analysis; risk factors; systematic review