title: 129Xe chemical shift in human blood and pulmonary blood oxygenation measurement in humans using hyperpolarized129Xe NMR.
abstract: To evaluate the dependency of the129Xe-red blood cell (RBC) chemical shift on blood oxygenation, and to use this relation for noninvasive measurement of pulmonary blood oxygenation in vivo with hyperpolarized129Xe NMR.
  
  
  
  Hyperpolarized129Xe was equilibrated with blood samples of varying oxygenation in vitro, and NMR was performed at 1.5 T and 3 T. Dynamic in vivo NMR during breath hold apnea was performed at 3 T on two healthy volunteers following inhalation of hyperpolarized129Xe.
  
  
  
  The129Xe chemical shift in RBCs was found to increase nonlinearly with blood oxygenation at 1.5 T and 3 T. During breath hold apnea, the129Xe chemical shift in RBCs exhibited a periodic time modulation and showed a net decrease in chemical shift of ∼1 ppm over a 35 s breath hold, corresponding to a decrease of 7-10 % in RBC oxygenation. The129Xe-RBC signal amplitude showed a modulation with the same frequency as the129Xe-RBC chemical shift.
  
  
  
  The feasibility of using the129Xe-RBC chemical shift to measure pulmonary blood oxygenation in vivo has been demonstrated. Correlation between129Xe-RBC signal and129Xe-RBC chemical shift modulations in the lung warrants further investigation, with the aim to better quantify temporal blood oxygenation changes in the cardiopulmonary vascular circuit. Magn Reson Med 77:1399-1408, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Norquay
authors.affiliation: Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: General
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.affiliation: Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Neil J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom.|GE Healthcare, Amersham, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolber
authors.affiliation: Unit of Academic Radiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jim M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wild
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000328:Adult; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000378:metabolism*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014979:Xenon Isotopes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014979:Xenon Isotopes; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: 129Xe spectroscopy; blood NMR; chemical shift; hyperpolarized gases; in vivo lung