title: Diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose in ART-naïve patients with HIV-1, HIV-2 and HIV-1/2 dual infection in Guinea-Bissau: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is expected to increase in sub-Saharan Africa. Patients with HIV are at particular risk. We investigated the DM burden among antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve patients with HIV in Guinea-Bissau.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were consecutively included. Demographic and lifestyle data were collected and one fasting blood glucose (FBG) measurement was used to diagnose DM (FBG≥7.0 mmol/L) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (FBG≥6.1 and <7.0 mmol/L).
  
  
  RESULTS
  By June 2015, 953 newly diagnosed ART-naïve patients with HIV had been included in the study of whom 893 (93.7%) were fasting at the time of inclusion. Median age among the fasting patients was 37 years (IQR 30-46 years) and 562 (62.9%) were women. The prevalence of DM was 5.8% (52/893) while 5.6% (50/893) had IFG. DM was associated with family history of DM (OR 3.92, 95% CI 1.78 to 8.63), being 41-50 years (OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.18 to 7.49) or older than 50 years (OR 3.14, 95% CI 1.09 to 9.07) and Fula ethnicity (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.12 to 6.62).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DM prevalence was higher among younger patients compared with the background population in Bissau. Traditional risk factors for DM such as advancing age and a family history of DM apply also for ART-naïve patients with HIV.
authors.affiliation: Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, 1004 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark ditte_steiniche@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ditte
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Steiniche
authors.affiliation: Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, 1004 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jespersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erikstrup
authors.affiliation: Section of Molecular Diagnostics, Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krarup
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Aase
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Handberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Østergaard
authors.affiliation: Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, 1004 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
authors.forename: Thorny
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Haraldsdottir
authors.affiliation: National HIV Programme, Ministry of Health, 1004 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
authors.forename: Candida
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Medina
authors.affiliation: National HIV Programme, Ministry of Health, 1004 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.
authors.forename: Faustino
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gomes Correira
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Alex Lund
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Laursen
authors.affiliation: Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, 1004 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Morten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bjerregaard-Andersen
authors.affiliation: Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, 1004 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark GloHAU, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus Denmark.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wejse
authors.affiliation: Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, 1004 Bissau, Guinea-Bissau Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
authors.forename: Bo Langhoff
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hønge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005006:Ethnicity; D005190:Family; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006169:Guinea-Bissau / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1; D015498:HIV-2; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Guinea-Bissau; HIV; Impaired fasting glucose