title: Commercial complementary food consumption is prospectively associated with added sugar intake in childhood.
abstract: Given that commercial complementary food (CF) can contain high levels of added sugar, a high consumption may predispose to a preference for sweet taste later in life. This study examined cross-sectional associations between commercial CF consumption and added sugar intake in infancy as well as its prospective relation to added sugar intake in pre-school and primary-school age children. In all, 288 children of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study with 3-d weighed dietary records at 0·5 and 0·75 (infancy), 3 and 4 (pre-school age) and 6 and 7 years of age (primary-school age) were included in this analysis. Individual commercial CF consumption as percentage of total commercial CF (%cCF) was averaged at 0·5 and 0·75 years. Individual total added sugar intake (g/d, energy percentage/d) was averaged for all three age groups. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were used to analyse associations between %cCF and added sugar intake. In infancy, a higher %cCF was associated with odds for high added sugar intake from CF and for high total added sugar intake (>75th percentile, P<0·033). Prospectively, a higher %cCF was related to higher added sugar intake in both pre-school (P<0·041) and primary-school age children (P<0·039), although these associations were attenuated in models adjusting for added sugar intake in infancy. A higher %cCF in infancy may predispose to higher added sugar intake in later childhood by virtue of its added sugar content. Therefore, offering home-made CF or carefully chosen commercial CF without added sugar might be one strategy to reduce sugar intake in infancy and later on.
authors.affiliation: 1Nutritional Epidemiology,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences,Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study,University of Bonn,44225 Dortmund,Germany.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Foterek
authors.affiliation: 1Nutritional Epidemiology,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences,Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study,University of Bonn,44225 Dortmund,Germany.
authors.forename: Anette E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Buyken
authors.affiliation: 1Nutritional Epidemiology,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences,Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study,University of Bonn,44225 Dortmund,Germany.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bolzenius
authors.affiliation: 2Research Institute of Child Nutrition (FKE),University of Bonn,44225 Dortmund,Germany.
authors.forename: Annett
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hilbig
authors.affiliation: 1Nutritional Epidemiology,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences,Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study,University of Bonn,44225 Dortmund,Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nöthlings
authors.affiliation: 1Nutritional Epidemiology,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences,Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study,University of Bonn,44225 Dortmund,Germany.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Alexy
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003132:Commerce; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D008297:Male; D009753:Nutritive Value; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose
keywords: %cCF percentage of commercial complementary food; Added sugar; CF complementary food; Commercial complementary foods; DONALD Study Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study; En% energy percentage; Home-made complementary foods; Infant feeding; Sweet preference