title: IL-6 and IL-10 levels in the umbilical cord blood of newborns with a history of crack/cocaine exposure in utero: a comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) is associated with neurobehavioral problems during childhood and adolescence. Early activation of the inflammatory response may contribute to such changes. Our aim was to compare inflammatory markers (IL-6 and IL-10) both in umbilical cord blood and in maternal peripheral blood at delivery between newborns with history of crack/cocaine exposure in utero and non-exposed newborns.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 57 newborns with a history of crack/cocaine exposure in utero (EN) and 99 non-exposed newborns (NEN) were compared for IL-6 and IL-10 levels. Sociodemographic and perinatal data, maternal psychopathology, consumption of nicotine and other substances were systematically collected in cases and controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for potential confounders, mean IL-6 was significantly higher in EN than in NEN (10,208.54, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1,328.54-19,088.55 vs. 2,323.03, 95%CI 1,484.64-3,161.21; p = 0.007; generalized linear model [GLM]). Mean IL-10 was also significantly higher in EN than in NEN (432.22, 95%CI 51.44-812.88 vs. 75.52, 95%CI 5.64-145.39, p = 0.014; GLM). Adjusted postpartum measures of IL-6 were significantly higher in mothers with a history of crack/cocaine use (25,160.05, 95%CI 10,958.15-39,361.99 vs. 8,902.14, 95%CI 5,774.97-12,029.32; p = 0.007; GLM), with no significant differences for IL-10. There was no correlation between maternal and neonatal cytokine levels (Spearman test, p ≥ 0.28 for all measures).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-6 and IL-10 might be early biomarkers of PCE in newborns. These findings could help to elucidate neurobiological pathways underlying neurodevelopmental changes and broaden the range of possibilities for early intervention.
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mardini
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luis Augusto
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Rohde
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Keila Maria Mendes
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ceresér
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Medicina Translacional, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina de Moura
authors.initials: Cde M
authors.lastname: Gubert
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Medicina Translacional, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Emily Galvão
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.affiliation: Centro Universitário Metodista, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parcianello
authors.affiliation: HCPA, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Liane Marise
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Röhsig
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Flávio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pechansky
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago Gatti
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Pianca
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Szobot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D017218:Cordocentesis; D016578:Crack Cocaine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016578:Crack Cocaine; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016753:Interleukin-10