title: Numerical and Experimental Analyses on the Temperature Distribution in the Dental Implant Preparation Area when Using a Surgical Guide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  During dental implantation, if the temperature within the bone tissue exceeds a critical value, the thermal necrosis of bone cells may take place, inhibiting osseointegration. In contrast to conventional dental implant surgery, a surgery guided by a surgical template is a safer and more efficient technique; however, the temperature within the implant field is more difficult to control, because the surgical guide blocks irrigation water. The purpose of this study was to investigate the temperature distribution in the drilling site when preparing for dental implant placement with a surgical guide, and to derive suggestions for clinical operation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initially, the sources of heat during drilling were investigated, and theoretical equations were listed. Subsequently, a measurement system using thermocouples was constructed, with which the temperature increments at specific points in the simulated bone samples were recorded during guided drilling with different cooling methods. Based on the equations and data assessed, a thermal simulation model with a finite element method (FEM) was created, and the temperature change of the whole surgical field was calculated on the basis of the numerical simulation results. Consequently, the point experiencing the highest temperature within the bone was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the experimental measurements, the highest temperature increment was located at a depth of 6 mm without irrigation and at 8 mm with cooling, rather than at the deepest point of the prepared hole. Because the surgical guide blocks the cooling water from entering the drilling site, the biggest increment of temperature using conventional irrigation with the surgical guide was 1.95 times that recorded when using a surgical guide consisting of cooling channels, and 3.6 times that recorded using a drill with an internal cooling hole. And from numerical analysis, during drilling for implant placement site with conventional irrigation, the highest temperature (45.6°C) was close to the critical point at which bone necrosis occurs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on theoretical analysis, experimentation, and FEM simulation, the temperature distribution of the drilling area in the placement of dental implants under surgical guide was determined. For clinical operation, improved cooling methods, such as using a drill with an internal cooling channel, should be used, and the drill should be regularly withdrawn during drilling.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of E&M (Zhejiang University of Technology), Ministry of Education & Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yun-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of E&M (Zhejiang University of Technology), Ministry of Education & Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Lei
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Xing
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of E&M (Zhejiang University of Technology), Ministry of Education & Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of E&M (Zhejiang University of Technology), Ministry of Education & Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Qing
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Liao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature; D001842:Bone and Bones; D015921:Dental Implants; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D010027:Osteotomy; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D013817:Thermography
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants
keywords: FEM simulation; Temperature field; dental implantation; surgical guide