title: Functional MRI Evaluation of Multiple Neural Networks Underlying Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders.
abstract: Functional MRI studies have identified a distributed set of brain activations to be associated with auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH). However, very little is known about how activated brain regions may be linked together into AVH-generating networks. Fifteen volunteers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder pressed buttons to indicate onset and offset of AVH during fMRI scanning. When a general linear model was used to compare blood oxygenation level dependence signals during periods in which subjects indicated that they were versus were not experiencing AVH ("AVH-on" versus "AVH-off"), it revealed AVH-related activity in bilateral inferior frontal and superior temporal regions; the right middle temporal gyrus; and the left insula, supramarginal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and extranuclear white matter. In an effort to identify AVH-related networks, the raw data were also processed using independent component analyses (ICAs). Four ICA components were spatially consistent with an a priori network framework based upon published meta-analyses of imaging correlates of AVH. Of these four components, only a network involving bilateral auditory cortices and posterior receptive language areas was significantly and positively correlated to the pattern of AVH-on versus AVH-off. The ICA also identified two additional networks (occipital-temporal and medial prefrontal), not fully matching the meta-analysis framework, but nevertheless containing nodes reported as active in some studies of AVH. Both networks showed significant AVH-related profiles, but both were most active during AVH-off periods. Overall, the data suggest that AVH generation requires specific and selective activation of auditory cortical and posterior language regions, perhaps coupled to a release of indirect influence by occipital and medial frontal structures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; The Mind Research Network and the Lovelace Family of Companies, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Thoma
authors.affiliation: The Mind Research Network and the Lovelace Family of Companies , Albuquerque, NM , USA.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chaze
authors.affiliation: The Mind Research Network and the Lovelace Family of Companies, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lewine
authors.affiliation: The Mind Research Network and the Lovelace Family of Companies, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors.forename: Vince D
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Calhoun
authors.affiliation: The Mind Research Network and the Lovelace Family of Companies, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors.forename: Vincent P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM , USA.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bustillo
authors.affiliation: The Mind Research Network and the Lovelace Family of Companies, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Houck
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine , San Francisco, CA , USA.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, NM , USA.
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bigelow
authors.affiliation: The Mind Research Network and the Lovelace Family of Companies , Albuquerque, NM , USA.
authors.forename: Corbin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilhelmi
authors.affiliation: The Mind Research Network and the Lovelace Family of Companies , Albuquerque, NM , USA.
authors.forename: Julia M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Stephen
authors.affiliation: The Mind Research Network and the Lovelace Family of Companies, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Turner
keywords: auditory verbal hallucinations; functional magnetic resonance imaging; general linear model; independent component analysis; schizophrenia