title: Serum Concentrations of Insulin, Ghrelin, Adiponectin, Leptin, Leptin Receptor and Lipocalin-2 in Children with Celiac Disease Who Do and Do Not Adhere to a Gluten-Free Diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The roles of the many bioactive peptides in the pathogenesis of celiac disease remain unclear. To evaluate the serum concentrations of insulin, ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, leptin receptor, and lipocalin-2 in children with celiac disease who do and do not adhere to a gluten-free diet (GFD, intermittent adherence).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prepubertal, pubertal, and adolescent celiac children were included in this study (74 girls and 53 boys on a GFD and 80 girls and 40 boys off of a GFD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin levels in prepubertal (9.01±4.43 μIU/mL), pubertal (10.3±3.62 μIU/mL), and adolescent (10.8±4.73 μIU/mL) girls were higher than those in boys (5.88±2.02, 8.81±2.88, and 8.81±2.26 μIU/mL, respectively) and were neither age-dependent nor influenced by a GFD. Prepubertal children off of a GFD exhibited higher ghrelin levels than prepubertal children on a GFD. Adiponectin levels were not age-, sex- nor GFD-dependent. Adherence to a GFD had no effect on the expression of leptin, leptin receptor, and lipocalin-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adherence to a GFD had no influence on the adiponectin, leptin, leptin receptor, and lipocalin-2 concentrations in celiac children, but a GFD decreased highly elevated ghrelin levels in prepubertal children. Further studies are required to determine whether increased insulin concentrations in girls with celiac disease is suggestive of an increased risk for hyperinsulinemia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Roman M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Janas
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Disorders, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rybak
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Aldona
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wierzbicka-Rucińska
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Disorders, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Socha
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Rafał
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Śnitko
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Endoscopy and Gastrointestinal Function Testing, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szaflarska-Popławska
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Disorders, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stolarczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Disorders, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Beata
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oralewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Allergology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland.
authors.forename: Elżbieta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cytra-Jarocka
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Medical University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Iwańczak
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Silesian Center for Child Health, Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 6, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
authors.forename: Urszula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk
authors.affiliation: First Department of Paediatric, Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland.
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cichy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
authors.forename: Grażyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Czaja-Bulsa
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Disorders, The Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Socha
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000293:Adolescent; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000178:diet therapy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D000071068:Lipocalin-2 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D054411:Receptors, Leptin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D020738:Leptin; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D054411:Receptors, Leptin
keywords: Celiac disease; Diet; Ghrelin; Insulin; Lipocalin-2; gluten-free