title: Multi-pathway exposure modeling of chemicals in cosmetics with application to shampoo.
abstract: We present a novel multi-pathway, mass balance based, fate and exposure model compatible with life cycle and high-throughput screening assessments of chemicals in cosmetic products. The exposures through product use as well as post-use emissions and environmental media were quantified based on the chemical mass originally applied via a product, multiplied by the product intake fractions (PiF, the fraction of a chemical in a product that is taken in by exposed persons) to yield intake rates. The average PiFs for the evaluated chemicals in shampoo ranged from 3×10(-4) up to 0.3 for rapidly absorbed ingredients. Average intake rates ranged between nano- and micrograms per kilogram bodyweight per day; the order of chemical prioritization was strongly affected by the ingredient concentration in shampoo. Dermal intake and inhalation (for 20% of the evaluated chemicals) during use dominated exposure, while the skin permeation coefficient dominated the estimated uncertainties. The fraction of chemical taken in by a shampoo user often exceeded, by orders of magnitude, the aggregated fraction taken in by the population through post-use environmental emissions. Chemicals with relatively high octanol-water partitioning and/or volatility, and low molecular weight tended to have higher use stage exposure. Chemicals with low intakes during use (<1%) and subsequent high post-use emissions, however, may yield comparable intake for a member of the general population. The presented PiF based framework offers a novel and critical advancement for life cycle assessments and high-throughput exposure screening of chemicals in cosmetic products demonstrating the importance of consistent consideration of near- and far-field multi-pathway exposures.
authors.affiliation: Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA. Electronic address: alexer@dtu.dk.
authors.forename: Alexi S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ernstoff
authors.affiliation: Quantitative Sustainability Assessment Division, Department of Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fantke
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Csiszar
authors.affiliation: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Sustainable Technology Division, Systems Analysis Branch, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA; Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
authors.forename: Susie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jolliet
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D003358:Cosmetics / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013997:Time Factors; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D003358:Cosmetics
keywords: Cosmetics; Exposure; High-throughput screening; Life cycle assessment; Personal care products