title: Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against neurodegeneration by inducing neurite outgrowth in cultured hippocampal neurons.
abstract: Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) has anti-aging and anti-neurodegenerative effects. However, the mechanisms underlying these actions remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine whether Rg1 affects hippocampal survival and neurite outgrowth in vitro after exposure to amyloid-beta peptide fragment 25-35 (Aβ25-35), and to explore whether the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt signaling pathways are involved in these biological processes. We cultured hippocampal neurons from newborn rats for 24 hours, then added Rg1 to the medium for another 24 hours, with or without pharmacological inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family or Akt signaling pathways for a further 24 hours. We then immunostained the neurons for growth associated protein-43, and measured neurite length. In a separate experiment, we exposed cultured hippocampal neurons to Aβ25-35 for 30 minutes, before adding Rg1 for 48 hours, with or without Akt or MAPK inhibitors, and assessed neuronal survival using Hoechst 33258 staining, and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt by western blot analysis. Rg1 induced neurite outgrowth, and this effect was blocked by API-2 (Akt inhibitor) and PD98059 (MAPK/ERK kinase inhibitor), but not by SP600125 or SB203580 (inhibitors of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 MAPK, respectively). Consistent with this effect, Rg1 upregulated the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2; these effects were reversed by API-2 and PD98059, respectively. In addition, Rg1 significantly reversed Aβ25-35-induced apoptosis; this effect was blocked by API-2 and PD98059, but not by SP600125 or SB203580. Finally, Rg1 significantly reversed the Aβ25-35-induced decrease in Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but API-2 prevented this reversal. Our results indicate that Rg1 enhances neurite outgrowth and protects against Aβ25-35-induced damage, and that its mechanism may involve the activation of Akt and ERK1/2 signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Li-Feng
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dou
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ge-Ying
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qing
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qiong-Lan
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6165-2107
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Yuan
keywords: API-2; Akt; Aβ25–35; Hoechst 33258 staining; MAPK; PD98059; apoptosis; ginsenoside Rg1; growth associated protein-43; hippocampal neurons; nerve regeneration; neural regeneration; neurite outgrowth