title: A 28-year observational study of urinary cadmium and β2-microglobulin concentrations in inhabitants in cadmium-polluted areas in Japan.
abstract: The biological half-life of cadmium (Cd) is as long as 10-30 years. Exposure to this element induces renal tubular dysfunction, which is considered irreversible. β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) is a low-molecular-weight protein, and urinary β2-MG is one of the most useful and critical indicators for the early detection of renal tubular dysfunction. However, very little research has been published concerning the long-term observation of Cd-induced adverse health effects. As such, this follow-up study was conducted for 28 years to clarify the relationship between the concentration of Cd and β2-MG in the urine of 28 inhabitants (14 male and 14 female) living in the Kakehashi River basin, Ishikawa prefecture (Japan), previously one of the most highly Cd-polluted regions in this country. All subjects were over 60 years old in 2014 and participated in all six health examinations conducted over 28 years (1986-2014). Urine was collected at the appropriate time and kept frozen to analyze urinary Cd and β2-MG concentrations. The urinary Cd concentration was found to decrease by nearly half between 1986 and 2008 in both male and female subjects, whereas it increased significantly from 2008 to 2014 in males. In contrast, urinary β2-MG concentrations tended to increase over the 28-year study period in both sexes. Urinary Cd and β2-MG concentrations in females were significantly higher than those in males in this Cd-polluted region. Age is more strongly associated with urinary β2-MG concentration than recent Cd body burden. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hoang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Duc Phuc
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan. kido@mhs.mp.kanazawa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Teruhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kido
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Lac Hong University, No. 10, Huynh Van Nghe, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Ho
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dung Manh
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thai Anh
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Nguyen Thi
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Phuong Oanh
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Akie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ichimori
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuoku, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nogawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuoku, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suwazono
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002104:Cadmium / Q000652:urine*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D001613:beta 2-Microglobulin; D002104:Cadmium
keywords: Kakehashi River basin; cadmium-polluted area; follow-up study; urinary cadmium; β2-microglobulin