title: Depressive symptoms in adolescence: The role of perceived parental support, psychological control, and proactive control in interaction with 5-HTTLPR.
abstract: Parenting dimensions are associated with depressive symptoms in adolescents. We investigated the role of perceived parenting dimensions and gene-environment interactions between these perceived parenting dimensions and five well-known variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs): 5-HTTLPR, STin2, DAT1, DRD4, and MAO-A, in depressive symptoms.
  
  
  
  From a non-clinical sample of 1111 Belgian adolescents (mean age: 13.79 years, SD=.94; 51% boys), 1103 adolescents consented for genetic research. Five VNTRs were analyzed using DNA from saliva samples. Perceived parenting dimensions (i.e., support, proactive control, psychological control, punishment, and harsh punishment) were examined using self-report scales completed by adolescents and their parents. Depressive symptoms were investigated using the CES-D self-report scale. Statistical analyses were performed in R using linear regression.
  
  
  
  Parental support, as perceived by the adolescent, was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (CES-D) and psychological control was positively associated with these symptoms. The only interaction effect withstanding correction for multiple testing was observed for 5-HTTLPR and the difference in proactive control as perceived by adolescents in comparison to parents. Short-allele carriers showed more depressive symptoms when there was a higher discrepancy in proactive control as perceived by adolescents versus parents.
  
  
  
  Our results suggest that perceived parenting dimensions are associated with depressive symptoms, as measured by the CES-D. We only found modest evidence for 5-HTTLPR as a moderator in the association between the difference in perception of proactive control (adolescents vs. parents) and depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: Evelien.vanassche@uzleuven.be.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Assche
authors.affiliation: GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; OPZ Geel, Dr. Sanodreef 4, Geel, Belgium.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moons
authors.affiliation: Department of Parenting and Special Education, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Leeuwen
authors.affiliation: Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Colpin
authors.affiliation: Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Verschueren
authors.affiliation: Department of Methodology of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Van Den Noortgate
authors.affiliation: Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goossens
authors.affiliation: GRASP-Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University Psychiatric Center KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Claes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000483:Alleles; D001530:Belgium; D003863:Depression / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C493230:SLC6A4 protein, human; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
keywords: 5-HTTLPR; Adolescence; Depressive symptoms; G×E; Parenting