title: Influence of temperature on toxicity of single pharmaceuticals and mixtures, in the crustacean A. desmarestii.
abstract: Lethal and sublethal responses of the shrimp Atyaephyra desmarestii exposed to three pharmaceutical compounds, Diclofenac (DF), Ibuprofen (IB) and Carbamazepine (CBZ), individually and in mixtures, were evaluated under two temperature scenarios. LC50 (96h) values were obtained individually at 20° and 25°C. At 25°C, mortality in binary and ternary mixtures is higher than at 20°C. The toxicity of the mixtures was predicted on the basis of individual mortality data using two toxicity models: Concentration addition (CA) and Independent action (IA). Our results showed that neither CA nor IA unequivocally predicted the observed toxicity of binary and ternary mixtures. For sublethal toxicity, selected endpoints were: ingestion rate, osmoregulatory capacity and respiration rate. Regarding osmoregulatory capacity, no significant differences were found. The highest ingestion rates were recorded in organisms exposed at 25°C, irrespective of the compound, after 30 and 60min of exposure. At 20°C, there was a significant decrease in respiration rate (Dunnett́s test p<0.05) under conditions of severe anoxia (1mg O2L(-1)) in organisms exposed to 13.3μgL(-1) of DF. At 25°C a significantly lower respiration rate with respect to the control (Dunnett́s test p<0.05) was found in organisms exposed to 13.8μgL(-1) of CBZ under conditions of moderate hypoxia and well-oxygenated water (3 and 5mg O2L(-1), respectively). The respiratory independence of organisms exposed to the higher temperature (25°C) also decreased. This study shows that CBZ and DF individually, even at relatively low concentrations, may produce respiratory deficiencies in the freshwater shrimp, Atyaephyra desmarestii under certain temperature and water oxygenation conditions, thus reducing its ability to function.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain. Electronic address: elena.nieto@icman.csic.es.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Física, Centro Andaluz de Ciencia y Tecnología Marinas (CACYTMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.affiliation: Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Cádiz, Muelle de Levante, Apdo. 2609, 11006 Cádiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: González-Ortegón
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Drake
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Julián
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blasco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000633:toxicity*; D033364:Decapoda / Q000187:drug effects*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000633:toxicity*; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000633:toxicity*; D013696:Temperature; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac; D002220:Carbamazepine; D007052:Ibuprofen
keywords: Acute toxicity; Mixture toxicity models; Pharmaceutical; Sublethal responses; Temperature