title: Etiological Role and Repeated Infections of Sapovirus among Children Aged Less than 2 Years in a Cohort Study in a Peri-urban Community of Peru.
abstract: Human sapovirus has been shown to be one of the most important etiologies in pediatric patients with acute diarrhea. However, very limited data are available about the causative roles and epidemiology of sapovirus in community settings. A nested matched case-control study within a birth cohort study of acute diarrhea in a peri-urban community in Peru from 2007 to 2010 was conducted to investigate the attributable fraction (AF) and genetic diversity of sapovirus. By quantitative reverse transcription-real-time PCR (qPCR) sapovirus was detected in 12.4% (37/299) of diarrheal and 5.7% (17/300) of nondiarrheal stools (P = 0.004). The sapovirus AF (7.1%) was higher in the second year (13.2%) than in the first year (1.4%) of life of children. Ten known genotypes and one novel cluster (n = 5) within four genogroups (GI, GII, GIV, and GV) were identified by phylogenetic analysis of a partial VP1 gene. Further sequence analysis of the full VP1 gene revealed a possible novel genotype, tentatively named GII.8. Notably, symptomatic reinfections with different genotypes within the same (n = 3) or different (n = 5) genogroups were observed in eight children. Sapovirus exhibited a high attributable burden for acute gastroenteritis, especially in the second year of life, of children in a Peruvian community. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand better the global burden, genetic diversity, and repeated infections of sapovirus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Xiaofang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jahuira
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gilman
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alva
authors.affiliation: Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Lilia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Hang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Henry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Windle
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Dermot
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kelleher
authors.affiliation: Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Varela
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verastegui
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Maritza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calderon
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Gerardo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sarabia
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Caryn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bern
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mayta
authors.affiliation: Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jean E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Crabtree
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Vitaliano
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cama
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan msaitop@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mayuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oshitani
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012008:Recurrence; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D029341:Sapovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013383:Suburban Population