title: Core decompression and arthroplasty outcomes for atraumatic osteonecrosis of the humeral head.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Humeral head osteonecrosis treatment varies depending on the stage and symptoms. Successful outcomes for humeral head core decompression for stage I/II disease in chronic steroid-induced (CSI) osteonecrosis have been reported, but fewer data exist for sickle cell disease (SCD) etiology. Resurfacing and hemiarthroplasty or total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) are common for advanced collapse, with mixed results.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluate radiographic and functional outcomes after procedures for humeral head atraumatic avascular necrosis (HAAVN), decompression efficacy in CSI and SCD populations, and report outcomes of advanced disease requiring arthroplasty. Twenty-five shoulders were treated surgically for HAAVN. Post-traumatic AVN patients were excluded. Stage I/II disease received core decompression and ultrasound bone stimulation. Stage III received surface replacement or hemiarthroplasty, and arthroplasty was performed for stage IV/V. Radiographs and clinical scores were recorded preoperatively and postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Included were 25 HAAVN shoulders (13 SCD and 12 CSI). Eleven shoulders (stage I/II disease) underwent core decompression. Seven of 8 shoulders (88%) progressed to stage III/IV after decompression. All SCD patients progressed to collapse. The procedure in 19 shoulders was surface replacement, hemiarthroplasty, or TSA. Constant, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, Simple Shoulder Test-12, and University of California Los Angeles Shoulder scores were significantly higher at 1- and 2-year follow-up with arthroplasty; 13 of 16 arthroplasty patients (81%) had satisfactory to excellent results. One surface replacement was revised to reverse TSA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest core decompression for AVN in SCD patients does not alter osteonecrosis progression and humeral head collapse. Resurfacing and hemiarthroplasty are viable treatment options for stage III, whereas shoulder replacement for stage IV/V disease appears to offer better functional results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Justin C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kennon
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA. Electronic address: LyCrosby@gru.edu.
authors.forename: Lynn A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Crosby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications; D000072228:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Shoulder; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D005260:Female; D062785:Hemiarthroplasty; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D058430:Humeral Head / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery
keywords: AVN; arthroplasty; core decompression; humeral head; humerus; osteonecrosis; sickle cell