title: Inadequacies in the habitual nutrient intakes of patients with metabolic syndrome: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dietary factors are important environmental factors associated with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS). The objective of this study was to assess the habitual nutrient intakes of patients with MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study included 103 patients (82 % women) with MS seen at the endocrinology outpatient clinic of Hospital Universitario Onofre Lopes. Habitual nutrient intake data were collected at two 24-h dietary recalls. Macronutrient intake adequacies were classified according to the I Brazilian guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake was estimated using the estimated average requirements (EAR) cut-point method after adjusting for intra- and interpersonal variances and energy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean energy intake of the included patients was 1523.0 ± 592.2 kcal/d, higher in men (1884.0 vs. 1441.5 kcal/d in women; p = 0.003). The recommended percentage protein intake was exceeded in both women and men (18 % in women and 19 % in men). Although men consumed more fiber (18.8 vs. 13.3 g/d in women; p = 0.011), their intake was still inadequate. Women consumed more fat (47.6 vs. 41.3 g/d in men; p = 0.007). The prevalence of inadequate vitamin D and calcium intakes exceeded 80 % in both men and women and across all age groups. The same was observed for magnesium in men and women aged more than 30 years. The prevalence of inadequate vitamin E, riboflavin, and zinc intakes in men ranged from 50 to 75 %. The prevalence of inadequate vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin B6, copper, and selenium intakes in men and women was less than 50 %.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with MS had high protein intake, low fiber intake, and high a prevalence of inadequate vitamin D, magnesium, and calcium intakes.
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Cordeiro de Farias, s/nº- Petrópolis, Natal, RN CEP: 59012-570 Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Tuane Oliveira
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: da Cunha
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Cordeiro de Farias, s/nº- Petrópolis, Natal, RN CEP: 59012-570 Brazil.
authors.forename: Hermilla Torres
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Post-Graduate Program in Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, Campus Central, Natal, RN CEP: 59078-970 Brazil.
authors.forename: Sephora Louyse Silva
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: de Aquino
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health of University of São Paulo, Av. Doutor Arnaldo, 715, Sumaré, São Paulo, SP CEP: 01246904 Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristiane Hermes
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Sales
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, Campus Central, Natal, RN CEP: 59078-970 Brazil.
authors.forename: Karine Cavalcanti Maurício
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Sena-Evangelista
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Nilo Peçanha, 620, Petrópolis, Natal, RN CEP: 59010-180 Brazil.
authors.forename: Josivan Gomes
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, Campus Central, Natal, RN CEP: 59078-970 Brazil.
authors.forename: Severina Carla Vieira Cunha
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Sen. Salgado Filho 3000, Lagoa Nova, Campus Central, Natal, RN CEP: 59078-970 Brazil.
authors.forename: Lucia Fatima Campos
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Pedrosa
keywords: EAR; Food intake; Metabolic syndrome; Nutrients; Nutritional requirements