title: Graph theory network function in Parkinson's disease assessed with electroencephalography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine what differences exist in graph theory network measures derived from electroencephalography (EEG), between Parkinson's disease (PD) patients who are cognitively normal (PD-CN) and matched healthy controls; and between PD-CN and PD dementia (PD-D).
  
  
  METHODS
  EEG recordings were analyzed via graph theory network analysis to quantify changes in global efficiency and local integration. This included minimal spanning tree analysis. T-tests and correlations were used to assess differences between groups and assess the relationship with cognitive performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Network measures showed increased local integration across all frequency bands between control and PD-CN; in contrast, decreased local integration occurred in PD-D when compared to PD-CN in the alpha1 frequency band. Differences found in PD-MCI mirrored PD-D. Correlations were found between network measures and assessments of global cognitive performance in PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results reveal distinct patterns of band and network measure type alteration and breakdown for PD, as well as with cognitive decline in PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These patterns suggest specific ways that interaction between cortical areas becomes abnormal and contributes to PD symptoms at various stages. Graph theory analysis by EEG suggests that network alteration and breakdown are robust attributes of PD cortical dysfunction pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Rene L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Utianski
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA. Electronic address: jcaviness@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Caviness
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elisabeth C W
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: van Straaten
authors.affiliation: Banner-Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California in San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Brittany N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Dugger
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Holly A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Shill
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Erika D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Driver-Dunckley
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Marwan N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Sabbagh
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Shyamal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mehta
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hentz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004569:Electroencephalography; D006801:Humans; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Biomarker; Dementia; EEG; Network; Parkinson’s disease; Pathology; Synucleinopathy