title: The Effects of Liking Norms and Descriptive Norms on Vegetable Consumption: A Randomized Experiment.
abstract: There is evidence that social norm messages can be used to promote the selection of fruit and vegetables in low habitual consumers of these foods but it is unclear whether this effect is sustained over time. It is also unclear whether information about others' liking for a food (liking norm) could have the same effect. Using a 2 × 5 × 2 experimental design we investigated the effects of exposure to various messages on later intake from a food buffet and whether any effects were sustained 24 h after exposure in both low and high consumers of vegetables. There were three factors: delay (immediate food selection vs. food selection 24 h after exposure), message type (liking norm, descriptive norm, health message, vegetable variety condition, and neutral control message), and habitual consumption (low vs. high). The buffet consisted of three raw vegetables, three energy-dense foods, and two dips. For vegetables and non-vegetables there were no main effects of message type, nor any main effect of delay. There was a significant message × habitual vegetable consumption interaction for vegetable consumption; however, follow up tests did not yield any significant effects. Examining each food individually, there were no main effects of message type, nor any main effect of delay, for any of the foods; however, there was a message × habitual vegetable consumption interaction for broccoli. Consumption of broccoli in the health message and descriptive norm conditions did not differ from the control neutral condition. However, habitually low consumers of vegetables increased their consumption of broccoli in the vegetable variety and liking norm conditions relative to habitual low vegetable consumers in the neutral control condition (p < 0.05). Further, investigation of the effects of the liking norm and vegetable variety condition on vegetable intake is warranted. This trial is listed as NCT02618174 at clinicaltrials.gov.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Jason M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Jinyu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aveyard
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: C Peter
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Higgs
keywords: broccoli; delay; healthy eating; liking; low vegetable consumers; maintenance; social norms; vegetables