title: The Effectiveness of Parent Training as a Treatment for Preschool Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled, Multicenter Trial of the New Forest Parenting Program in Everyday Clinical Practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Parent training is recommended as the first-line treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in preschool children. The New Forest Parenting Programme (NFPP) is an evidence-based parenting program developed specifically to target preschool ADHD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this trial is to investigate whether the NFPP can be effectively delivered for children referred through official community pathways in everyday clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter randomized controlled parallel arm trial design is employed. There are two treatment arms, NFPP and treatment as usual. NFPP consists of eight individually delivered parenting sessions, where the child attends during three of the sessions. Outcomes are examined at three time points (T1, T2, T3): T1 (baseline), T2 (week 12, post intervention), and T3 (6 month follow/up). 140 children between the ages of 3-7, with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD, informed by the Development and Well Being Assessment, and recruited from three child and adolescent psychiatry departments in Denmark will take part. Randomization is on a 1:1 basis, stratified for age and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary endpoint is change in ADHD symptoms as measured by the Preschool ADHD-Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) by T2. Secondary outcome measures include: effects on this measure at T3 and T2 and T3 measures of teacher reported Preschool ADHD-RS scores, parent and teacher rated scores on the Strength & Difficulties Questionnaire, direct observation of ADHD behaviors during Child's Solo Play, observation of parent-child interaction, parent sense of competence, and family stress. Results will be reported using the standards set out in the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials Statement for Randomized Controlled Trials of nonpharmacological treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The trial will provide evidence as to whether NFPP is a more effective treatment for preschool ADHD than the treatment usually offered in everyday clinical practice.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01684644; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01684644?term= NCT01684644&rank=1 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation/6eOOAe8Qe).
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Research Department, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark. annelang@rm.dk.
authors.forename: Anne-Mette
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6398-7218
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: David
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3597-0408
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Daley
authors.forename: Morten
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9652-341X
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frydenberg
authors.forename: Charlotte U
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7426-0353
authors.initials: CU
authors.lastname: Rask
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6996-3935
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sonuga-Barke
authors.forename: Per H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4529-4431
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Thomsen
keywords: ADHD; RCT, clinical; TAU; child; multi-centre; non-pharmacological; parent training; parents; preschool; psycho-social; psychological; treatment