title: Understanding the ecology and evolution of host-parasite interactions across scales.
abstract: Predicting the emergence, spread and evolution of parasites within and among host populations requires insight to both the spatial and temporal scales of adaptation, including an understanding of within-host up through community-level dynamics. Although there are very few pathosystems for which such extensive data exist, there has been a recent push to integrate studies performed over multiple scales or to simultaneously test for dynamics occurring across scales. Drawing on examples from the literature, with primary emphasis on three diverse host-parasite case studies, we first examine current understanding of the spatial structure of host and parasite populations, including patterns of local adaptation and spatial variation in host resistance and parasite infectivity. We then explore the ways to measure temporal variation and dynamics in host-parasite interactions and discuss the need to examine change over both ecological and evolutionary timescales. Finally, we highlight new approaches and syntheses that allow for simultaneous analysis of dynamics across scales. We argue that there is great value in examining interplay among scales in studies of host-parasite interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences Metapopulation Research Centre University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland.
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Penczykowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences Metapopulation Research Centre University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland.
authors.forename: Anna-Liisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.affiliation: Biosciences University of Exeter Tremough UK; Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley USA.
authors.forename: Britt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koskella
keywords: coevolution; eco‐evolutionary dynamics; host–parasite; local adaptation; parasite‐driven evolution; spatial structure; spatiotemporal; time shift