title: Initial experience of generalized intravoxel incoherent motion imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (GIVIM-DTI) in healthy subjects.
abstract: To evaluate the feasibility of combined generalized intravoxel incoherent imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (GIVIM-DTI) to access the renal microstructure and microcirculation with respiratory triggering.
  
  
  
  A total of 28 young healthy volunteers with no history of renal disease were recruited into our study. GIVIM-DTI images were acquired with respiratory triggering at 3 Tesla. The following diffusion and pseudodiffusion parameters were obtained: pure tissue diffusion ( Ds), fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), mean pseudodiffusion ( D¯), perfusion volume fraction ( fp), dispersion of pseudodiffusion ( σ), and an estimate of the microcirculation flow velocity ( fp⋅D¯). The renal left-right difference was analyzed using a paired t-test. The corticomedullary difference was assessed using the one-way analysis of variance test. The reliability of individual parameters was evaluated with the coefficient of variation (CV).
  
  
  
  Among all parameters, only the cortical fp showed a bilateral difference (P = 0.045). The cortical fp and σ were significantly higher (P < 0.001 for both) than those in the medulla, but D¯ was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the cortex, and the fp⋅D¯ values showed no significant corticomedullary difference (P = 0.068). The diffusion parameters Ds and MD were significantly higher (P < 0.001 for both) in the cortex than in the medulla. The cortical FA was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the corresponding medullary value. Good consistency (CV < 20%) was obtained in the values of Ds, FA, and MD, moderate consistency (CV < 50%) in fp, and poor consistency (CV > 50%) was found in D¯, σ and fp⋅D¯.
  
  
  
  GIVIM-DTI shows promise for advancing the characterization of the renal microstructure and microcirculation. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:732-738.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, ZheJiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, ZheJiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhongwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, ZheJiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Youfan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, ZheJiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Zhenhua
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, ZheJiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Haiwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, ZheJiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Qinqin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, ZheJiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Meihao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, ZheJiang, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Jiance
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007668:Kidney / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009038:Motion; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012016:Reference Values; D012079:Renal Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055425:Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: diffusion; diffusion tensor imaging; generalized intravoxel incoherent motion imaging; kidney; pseudodiffusion