title: Glucose Metabolism Disorder Is Associated with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Individuals with Respiratory Symptoms from Brazil.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been associated with increased risk for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in endemic settings but it is unknown whether PTB risk is also increased by pre-DM. Here, we prospectively examined the association between glucose metabolism disorder (GMD) and PTB in patients with respiratory symptoms at a tuberculosis primary care reference center in Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral glucose tolerance test was performed and levels of fasting plasma glucose and glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured in a cohort of 892 individuals presenting with respiratory symptoms of more than two weeks duration. Patients were also tested for PTB with sputum cultures. Prevalence of pre-DM and DM (based on HbA1c) was estimated and tested for association with incident PTB. Other TB risk factors including smoking history were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the study population (63.1%) exhibited GMD based on HbA1c ≥5.7%. Patients with GMD had higher prevalence of PTB compared to normoglycemic patients. Individuals with DM exhibited increased frequency of TB-related symptoms and detection of acid-fast bacilli in sputum smears. Among patients with previous DM diagnosis, sustained hyperglycemia (HbA1c ≥7.0%) was associated with increased TB prevalence. Smoking history alone was not significantly associated with TB in our study population but the combination of smoking and HbA1c ≥7.0% was associated with 6 times higher odds for PTB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sustained hyperglycemia and pre-DM are independently associated with active PTB. This evidence raises the question whether improving glycemic control in diabetic TB patients would reduce the risk of TB transmission and simultaneously reduce the clinical burden of disease. A better understanding of mechanisms underlying these associations, especially those suggesting that pre-DM may be a factor driving susceptibility to TB is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Medicina Investigativa (UMI), Laboratório Integrado de Microbiologia e Imunorregulação (LIMI), Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil.|Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências (FTC), Salvador, Bahia, 41741-590, Brazil.|Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Bahia, 40210-320, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jilson L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Almeida-Junior
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Medicina Investigativa (UMI), Laboratório Integrado de Microbiologia e Imunorregulação (LIMI), Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil.|Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências (FTC), Salvador, Bahia, 41741-590, Brazil.|Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Bahia, 40210-320, Brazil.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gil-Santana
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisa, Instituto Brasileiro para Investigação da Tuberculose (IBIT), Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Bahia, 40210-320, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carolina A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisa, Instituto Brasileiro para Investigação da Tuberculose (IBIT), Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Bahia, 40210-320, Brazil.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisa, Instituto Brasileiro para Investigação da Tuberculose (IBIT), Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Bahia, 40210-320, Brazil.
authors.forename: Aparecida S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Cafezeiro
authors.affiliation: Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-060, Brazil.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daltro
authors.affiliation: Centro de Pesquisa, Instituto Brasileiro para Investigação da Tuberculose (IBIT), Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Bahia, 40210-320, Brazil.|Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-060, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Netto
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01655, United States of America.
authors.forename: Hardy
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kornfeld
authors.affiliation: Unidade de Medicina Investigativa (UMI), Laboratório Integrado de Microbiologia e Imunorregulação (LIMI), Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (CPqGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil.|Curso de Medicina, Faculdade de Tecnologia e Ciências (FTC), Salvador, Bahia, 41741-590, Brazil.|Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Bahia, 40210-320, Brazil.|Centro de Pesquisa, Instituto Brasileiro para Investigação da Tuberculose (IBIT), Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Bahia, 40210-320, Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruno B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Andrade
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D044882:Glucose Metabolism Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011236:Prediabetic State / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin