title: Women with Chronic and Episodic Migraine Exhibit Similar Widespread Pressure Pain Sensitivity.
abstract: To investigate widespread pressure hyperalgesia in the trigemino-cervical and extra-trigeminal (distant pain-free) regions in women with episodic and chronic migraine.
  
  
  
  Fifty-one women with episodic migraine, 52 women with chronic migraine, and 52 healthy women without headache history were recruited. Pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were bilaterally assessed over the trigeminal area (i.e., temporalis muscle), cervical area (i.e., C5/C6 zygapophyseal joint), and two extra-trigeminal areas (i.e., second metacarpal, tibialis anterior muscle) in a blinded design. Clinical features of migraine and anxiety/depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS) were also assessed.
  
  
  
  The multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed that PPTs were significantly decreased bilaterally over trigeminal and extra-trigeminal points in migraine patients compared to healthy women (all sites, P < 0.001). No differences between episodic and chronic migraine were observed (all, P > 0.919). The presence of neck pain (all, P > 0.282), anxiety (P > 0.425) or depression (all, P > 0.316) did not influence the results. The intensity of migraine pain was negatively associated with widespread pressure pain sensitivity: The greater the intensity of migraine attacks, the lower the widespread PPT levels, i.e., the greater the widespread sensitization.
  
  
  
  This study found similar widespread pressure hypersensitivity in women with episodic or chronic migraine suggesting that central manifestations are involved both in episodic and chronic migraine.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.|Centre for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palacios-Ceña
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Locomotor Apparatus Rehabilitation-Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lidiane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lima Florencio
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences/Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo-FMRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Natália Ferracini
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barón
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Spain.
authors.forename: Ángel L
authors.initials: ÁL
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hospital Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain.
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ordás-Bandera
authors.affiliation: Centre for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arendt-Nielsen
authors.affiliation: *Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain cesarfdlp@yahoo.es cesar.fernandez@urjc.es.|Centre for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernández-de-Las-Peñas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012668:Trigeminal Ganglion / Q000473:pathology; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000473:pathology
keywords: Migraine; Pressure Pain Threshold; Sensitization