title: Changing the habitat: the evolution of intercorrelated traits to escape from predators.
abstract: Burst escape speed is an effective and widely used behaviour for evading predators, with burst escape speed relying on several different morphological features. However, we know little about how behavioural and underlying morphological attributes change in concert as a response to changes in selective predation regime. We studied intercorrelated trait differentiation of body shape and burst-swim-mediating morphology in response to a habitat shift-related reduction in burst escape speed using larvae of the dragonfly genus Leucorrhinia. Species in this genus underwent a well-known habitat shift from predatory fish lakes (fish lakes) to predatory fish-free lakes dominated by large predatory dragonflies (dragonfly lakes) accompanied by relaxed selection on escape burst speed. Results revealed that species from fish lakes that possess faster burst speed have evolved a suite of functionally intercorrelated traits, expressing a wider abdomen, a higher abdominal muscles mass and a larger branchial chamber compared with species from dragonfly lakes. In contrast, populations within species did not show significant differences in muscle mass and branchial chamber size between lake types in three of the species. High multicollinearity among variables suggests that traits have evolved in concert rather than independently when Leucorrhinia shifted from fish lakes to dragonfly lakes. Thus, relaxed selection on burst escape speed in dragonfly-lake species resulted in a correlated reduction of abdominal muscles and a smaller branchial chamber, likely to save production and/or maintenance costs. Our results highlight the importance of studying integrated behavioural and morphological traits to fully understand the evolution of complex phenotypes.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mikolajewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Scharnweber
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leicht
authors.affiliation: Förderverein Feldberg-Uckermärkische Seenlandschaft e.V., Templin, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mauersberger
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D017753:Ecosystem; D005399:Fishes; D063191:Odonata / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D010641:Phenotype; D011235:Predatory Behavior
keywords: Leucorrhinia; abdominal muscle; branchial chamber; habitat shift; jet propulsion; phenotypic integration; phenotypic plasticity; predation; relaxed selection