title: Facilitating change from a distance - a story of success? A discussion on leaders' styles in facilitating change in four nursing homes in Norway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of leadership when facilitating change in nursing homes.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The study is a part of an education intervention for care staff to prevent the use of restraint in nursing home residents with dementia in 24 nursing homes (NHs) in Norway. Leadership is known to be a fundamental factor for success of evidence-based practice (EBP) implementation in health services. However, the type of leadership that strengthens the processes of change remains to be clarified.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multi-site comparative ethnography was performed in four nursing homes to investigate how contextual factors influenced the implementation. The analysis was informed by the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (PARIHS) framework, and in particular the sub-element of leadership.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Different leadership styles to facilitate change were identified. Paradoxically, a strong collective and collaborative leadership style was found to hamper change in one particular home, whereas a remote leadership style combined with almost no cooperation with staff proved successful in another setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study indicates that leadership cannot be understood on a low-high continuum as suggested by the PARIHS framework, but rather as a factor characterised by diversity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates, as a minimum, that a leader's presence is necessary to facilitate the internal processes in order more successfully to implement EBP.
authors.affiliation: Stord/Haugesund University College, Bergen University College, Centre for Care Research, VID specialized University, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Øye
authors.affiliation: Bergen University College, Centre for Care Research, VID specialized University, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Tone Elin
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Mekki
authors.affiliation: Bergen University College, Centre for Care Research, VID specialized University, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Frode Fadnes
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.affiliation: Bergen University College, Centre for Care Research, VID specialized University, Bergen, Norway.
authors.forename: Oddvar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Førland
mesh_terms: D000884:Anthropology, Cultural; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D009664:Norway; D009718:Nurse Administrators / Q000592:standards; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000592:standards*; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services; ethnography; facilitation; implementation; leadership style; nursing homes