title: Efficacy, safety and impact on β-cell function of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors plus metformin combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and the difference between Asians and Caucasians: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To assess the efficacy, safety and impact on β-cell function of DPP-4 inhibitors plus metformin in T2DM patients and their difference between Asians and Caucasians.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a literature search (from 1 January 2000 to 14 April 2015) for RCTs of DPP-4 inhibitors plus metformin combination therapy in T2DM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 27 RCTs were included. Compared with metformin, DPP-4 inhibitor plus metformin therapy was associated with higher reduction in HbA1c [-0.61 %, -0.69 to -0.52], FPG [-1.10 mmol/l, -1.29 to -0.92], TC [-0.11 mmol/l, -0.20 to -0.02], TG [-0.21 mmol/l, -0.33 to -0.10], HOMA-IR [-0.19, -0.36 to -0.02], gastrointestinal adverse events [OR 0.86, 0.77-0.97] and higher increment in HOMA-β [10.21, 7.73-12.69]. Comparison of HbA1c, FPG, body weight and HOMA-IR changes between Asian and Caucasian patients did not show a significant between-group difference of -0.05 % (-0.30, 0.20; P = 0.69), 0.17 mmol/l (-0.52, 0.85; P = 0.62), -0.15 kg (-0.64, 0.35; P = 0.53) and 0.27 (-0.98, 1.53; P = 0.64) compared with metformin. Comparisons of HOMA-β between Asian and Caucasian patients showed a significant between-group difference of -7.68 (-14.95, -0.42; P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DPP-4 inhibitors and metformin therapy was effective and safe for T2DM patients. The glucose-lowering efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitors was same in Asian and Caucasian patients, although the effect on HOMA-β was inferior in Asian patients. The effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on HOMA-IR and body weight in Asian patients was comparable with that observed in Caucasian patients.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Shandong University Affiliated Jinan Central Hospital, 105 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shandong University Affiliated Jinan Central Hospital, 105 Jie Fang Road, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, China. xingbi3@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology*; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012449:Safety; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin
keywords: Asian; Caucasian; Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors; Metformin; Type 2 diabetes mellitus