title: Fragility of epidermis in newborns, children and adolescents.
abstract: Within their first days of life, newborns' skin undergoes various adaptation processes needed to accommodate the transition from the wet uterine environment to the dry atmosphere. The skin of newborns and infants is considered as a physiological fragile skin, a skin with lower resistance to aggressions. Fragile skin is divided into four categories up to its origin: physiological fragile skin (age, location), pathological fragile skin (acute and chronic), circumstantial fragile skin (due to environmental extrinsic factors or intrinsic factors such as stress) and iatrogenic fragile skin. Extensive research of the past 10 years have proven evidence that at birth albeit showing a nearly perfect appearance, newborn skin is structurally and functionally immature compared to adult skin undergoing a physiological maturation process after birth at least throughout the first year of life. This article is an overview of all known data about fragility of epidermis in 'fragile populations': newborns, children and adolescents. It includes the recent pathological, pathophysiological and clinical data about fragility of epidermis in various dermatological diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, acne, rosacea, contact dermatitis, irritative dermatitis and focus on UV protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Blume-Peytavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Windsor campus, Windsor, ON, Canada.|Windsor Clinical Research Inc., Windsor campus, Windsor, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Saint-Luc University Clinics, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tennstedt
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Dermatology, Pellegrin Hospital, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boralevi
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fabbrocini
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Dermatology, Hospital del Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torrelo
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Soares-Oliveira
authors.affiliation: University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.|University Lyon 1, EA4169, "Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the skin barrier function", Lyon, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haftek
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.|Department of Dermatology, Toulouse University hospital, France.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Thouvenin
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mangold
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.|Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.|Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Galliano
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.|Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Pigeon
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.|Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Aries
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rouvrais
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.|Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.|Medical Department, Pierre Fabre Research and Laboratoires Dermatologiques A-Derma, Lavaur, France.|Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bessou-Touya
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.|Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.|Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Duplan
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.|Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.|Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Castex-Rizzi
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.|Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mengeaud
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Toxicology Division, Vigoulet-Auzil, France.|Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Developement Center, Toxicology division, Vigoulet, France.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Ferret
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Toxicology Division, Vigoulet-Auzil, France.|Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Developement Center, Toxicology division, Vigoulet, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Clouet
authors.affiliation: Pierre-Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Lavaur, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saint Aroman
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.|Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.|Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carrasco
authors.affiliation: Medical Department, Pierre Fabre Research and Laboratoires Dermatologiques A-Derma, Lavaur, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coutanceau
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique Research & Development, Clinical Division, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guiraud
authors.affiliation: Windsor Clinical Research Inc., Windsor campus, Windsor, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boyal
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Saint-Luc University Clinics, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.affiliation: Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Pierre Fabre Research and Development Center, Pharmacology Division, Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Delga
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University hospital, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Biniek
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University hospital, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dauskardt
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000293:Adolescent; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D000078404:Epidermal Cells; D004817:Epidermis / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology