title: Reflections in a time of transition: orthopaedic faculty and resident understanding of accreditation schemes and opinions on surgical skills feedback.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Orthopaedic surgery is one of the first seven specialties that began collecting Milestone data as part of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's Next Accreditation System (NAS) rollout. This transition from process-based advancement to outcome-based education is an opportunity to assess resident and faculty understanding of changing paradigms, and opinions about technical skill evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a large academic orthopaedic surgery residency program, residents and faculty were anonymously surveyed. A total of 31/32 (97%) residents and 29/53 (55%) faculty responded to Likert scale assessments and provided open-ended responses. An internal end-of-rotation audit was conducted to assess timeliness of evaluations. A mixed-method analysis was utilized, with nonparametric statistical testing and a constant-comparative qualitative method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was greater familiarity with the six core competencies than with Milestones or the NAS (p<0.05). A majority of faculty and residents felt that end-of-rotation evaluations were not adequate for surgical skills feedback. Fifty-eight per cent of residents reported that end-of-rotation evaluations were rarely or never filled out in a timely fashion. An internal audit demonstrated that more than 30% of evaluations were completed over a month after rotation end. Qualitative analysis included themes of resident desire for more face-to-face feedback on technical skills after operative cases, and several barriers to more frequent feedback.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The NAS and outcome-based education have arrived. Residents and faculty need to be educated on this changing paradigm. This transition period is also a window of opportunity to address methods of evaluation and feedback. In our orthopaedic residency, trainees were significantly less satisfied than faculty with the amount of technical and surgical skills feedback being provided to trainees. The quantitative and qualitative analyses converge on one theme: a desire for frequent, explicit, timely feedback after operative cases. To overcome the time-limited clinical environment, feedback tools need to be easily integrated and efficient. Creative solutions may be needed to truly achieve outcome-based graduate medical education.
authors.affiliation: University Musculoskeletal Oncology Unit, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; kennethgundlemd@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Gundle
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.|Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Dayne T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Mickelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.|Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Doug P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Hanel
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000068:Accreditation / Q000592:standards*; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005180:Faculty, Medical / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000592:standards*; D019359:Knowledge; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000193:education* / Q000592:standards*; D010465:Perception; D013337:Students, Medical
keywords: Next Accreditation System; competency; feedback; qualitative analysis; technical skills