title: Changes in water and land: the reconstructed Viennese riverscape from 1500 to the present.
abstract: Medieval Vienna was situated at the main arm of the swiftly flowing alpine Danube. From the fourteenth century onwards, the river gradually moved away from the city. This marked the beginning of 500 years of human intervention to prevent further displacement of the river and to preserve the waterway as a vital supply line. Archival research and the GIS-based reconstruction of the past riverscape allow a new view about the co-evolution of the city and the river. Following major channel changes in 1565/1566, repeated attempts to force the main arm into the old river bed were undertaken. By the early seventeenth century, the Viennese had accepted the new situation. Resources were now spent on maintaining the waterway to the city via the remainingWiener arm. After the second Ottoman siege in 1683, improving the navigability of theWiener arm, in conjunction with major expansions of the fortifications, became the main issue. Between 1775 and 1792, the first systematic, effective flood protection measures were established. These substantially influenced fluvial dynamics and enabled urban development in parts of the former floodplain. The all-embracing transformation of the dynamic riverscape into stabilised areas enabling urban growth and secure waterways was not achieved until 1875. With this successful "re-invention" of the Viennese Danube, an irreversible path was struck in the common life of the city and the river, a path which is still decisive for the interaction of Vienna with that great European river.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management (IHG), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Max-Emanuel-Str. 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Severin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hohensinner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management (IHG), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Max-Emanuel-Str. 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lager
authors.affiliation: Municipal and Provincial Archives of Vienna, Rathaus, 1082 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sonnlechner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management (IHG), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Max-Emanuel-Str. 17, 1180 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Gertrud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Haidvogl
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental History (ZUG), Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gierlinger
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental History (ZUG), Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social Ecology (IFF, ZUG), Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Fridolin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Krausmann
authors.affiliation: Centre for Environmental History (ZUG), Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, Schottenfeldgasse 29, 1070 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Winiwarter
keywords: Danube; Fluvial dynamics; River morphology; River regulation; Vienna