title: UV disinfection and flocculation-chlorination sachets to reduce hepatitis E virus in drinking water.
abstract: Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is a major cause of waterborne outbreaks in areas with poor sanitation. As safe water supplies are the keystone for preventing HEV outbreaks, data on the efficacy of disinfection treatments are urgently needed. Here, we evaluated the ability of UV radiation and flocculation-chlorination sachets (FCSs) to reduce HEV in water matrices. The HEV-p6-kernow strain was replicated in the HepG2/C3A cell line, and we quantified genome number using qRT-PCR and infectivity using an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). UV irradiation tests using low-pressure radiation showed inactivation kinetics for HEV of 99.99% with a UV fluence of 232J/m(2) (IC 95%, 195,02-269,18). Moreover, the FCSs preparations significantly reduced viral concentrations in both water matrices, although the inactivation results were under the baseline of reduction (4.5 LRV) proposed by WHO guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of virus contaminants of water and food. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guerrero-Latorre
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of virus contaminants of water and food. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Eloy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gonzales-Gustavson
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of virus contaminants of water and food. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Ayalkibet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hundesa
authors.affiliation: Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Water Hygiene, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1095 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of virus contaminants of water and food. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Electronic address: rgirones@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Girones
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rosina
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002713:Chlorine / Q000633:toxicity*; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D060766:Drinking Water; D005427:Flocculation; D054879:Halogenation; D016752:Hepatitis E virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000528:radiation effects; D018508:Water Purification / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D060766:Drinking Water; D014873:Water Pollutants; D002713:Chlorine
keywords: Flocculation-chlorination sachets; Hepatitis E virus; UV radiation; Water disinfection