title: Characterizing patient-oriented tools that could be packaged with guidelines to promote self-management and guideline adoption: a meta-review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Self-management is an important component of care for patients or consumers (henceforth termed patients) with chronic conditions. Research shows that patients view guidelines as potential sources of self-management support. However, few guidelines provide such support. The primary purpose of this study was to characterize effective types of self-management interventions that could be packaged as resources in (i.e., appendices) or with guidelines (i.e., accompanying products).
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a meta-review of systematic reviews that evaluated self-management interventions. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched from 2005 to 2014 for English language systematic reviews. Data were extracted on study characteristics, intervention (content, delivery, duration, personnel, single or multifaceted), and outcomes. Interventions were characterized by the type of component for different domains (inform, activate, collaborate). Summary statistics were used to report the characteristics, frequency, and impact of the types of self-management components. A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) was used to assess the methodological quality of included reviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-seven studies were included (14 low, 44 moderate, 18 high risk of bias). Reviews addressed numerous clinical topics, most frequently diabetes (23, 30 %). Fifty-four focused on single (38 educational, 16 self-directed) and 21 on multifaceted interventions. Support for collaboration with providers was the least frequently used form of self-management. Most conditions featured multiple types of self-management components. The most frequently occurring type of self-management component across all studies was lifestyle advice (72 %), followed by psychological strategies (69 %), and information about the condition (49 %). In most reviews, the intervention both informed and activated patients (57, 76 %). Among the reviews that achieved positive results, 83 % of interventions involved activation alone, 94 % in combination with information, and 95 % in combination with information and collaboration. No trends in the characteristics and impact of self-management by condition were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed numerous opportunities for enhancing guidelines with resources for both patients and providers to support self-management. This includes single resources that provide information and/or prompt activation. Further research is needed to more firmly establish the statistical association between the characteristics of self-management support and outcomes; and to and optimize the design of self-management resources that are included in or with guidelines, in particular, resources that prompt collaboration with providers.
authors.affiliation: Iberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Robin W M
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Vernooij
authors.affiliation: Systematic Reviews and Health Technology Assessments, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Melina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Willson
authors.affiliation: Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. anna.gagliardi@uhnresearch.ca.
authors.forename: Anna R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gagliardi
mesh_terms: D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000628:therapy*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Clinical practice guidelines; Implementation; Patient engagement; Self-management; Systematic review