title: Strabismus in patients with cortical visual impairment: outcomes of surgery and observations of spontaneous resolution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the rate of spontaneous resolution of strabismus in patients with cortical visual impairment (CVI) at a single center over a 10-year period and to evaluate the success rate of strabismus surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical records of patients with CVI and strabismus seen between October 2003 and October 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were classified into 4 outcome groups: (1) those who experienced spontaneous resolution of strabismus, (2) those with persistent strabismus who did not undergo surgery, (3) those who achieved postoperative alignment of ≤10(Δ); and (4) those whose final postoperative alignment was 11(Δ)-25(Δ) or >25(Δ).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 70 patients were included. Of these, 11 patients (16%) experienced spontaneous resolution of strabismus, 27 (38%) were observed without receiving surgery, and 32 (46%) underwent strabismus surgery. Of these 32, 18 (56%) achieved alignment of ≤10(Δ); 9 (28%), alignment of 11(Δ)-25(Δ); and 5 (16%), alignment >25(Δ). The patients who did not undergo surgery were significantly older at presentation (36 months vs 12-15 months; P = 0.03); otherwise, there were no significant differences between groups in age at surgery or spontaneous resolution, type of strabismus, or underlying cause of CVI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study cohort, a minority of patients with CVI and strabismus (16%) experienced spontaneous resolution of strabismus. Only 16% of patients undergoing surgery had poor final alignment (>25(Δ)). Strabismus surgery can be reasonably successful in properly selected patients with CVI and strabismus. These patients show considerable rates of resolution of their strabismus, either spontaneously or through surgery.
authors.affiliation: Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; The Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California; Quantum Vision Centers, Belleville, Illinois. Electronic address: nbinder123@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Binder
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kruglyakova
authors.affiliation: Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; The Vision Center, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Borchert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019575:Blindness, Cortical / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D012075:Remission, Spontaneous; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013285:Strabismus / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology