title: Pre- and Post-Natal Maternal Depressive Symptoms in Relation with Infant Frontal Function, Connectivity, and Behaviors.
abstract: This study investigated the relationships between pre- and early post-natal maternal depression and their changes with frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) activity and functional connectivity in 6- and 18-month olds, as well as externalizing and internalizing behaviors in 24-month olds (n = 258). Neither prenatal nor postnatal maternal depressive symptoms independently predicted neither the frontal EEG activity nor functional connectivity in 6- and 18-month infants. However, increasing maternal depressive symptoms from the prenatal to postnatal period predicted greater right frontal activity and relative right frontal asymmetry amongst 6-month infants but these finding were not observed amongst 18-month infants after adjusted for post-conceptual age on the EEG visit day. Subsequently increasing maternal depressive symptoms from the prenatal to postnatal period predicted lower right frontal connectivity within 18-month infants but not among 6-month infants after controlling for post-conceptual age on the EEG visit day. These findings were observed in the full sample and the female sample but not in the male sample. Moreover, both prenatal and early postnatal maternal depressive symptoms independently predicted children's externalizing and internalizing behaviors at 24 months of age. This suggests that the altered frontal functional connectivity in infants born to mothers whose depressive symptomatology increases in the early postnatal period compared to that during pregnancy may reflect a neural basis for the familial transmission of phenotypes associated with mood disorders, particularly in girls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ni Ni
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Soe
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.|Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Joann S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Poh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Birit F P
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Broekman
authors.affiliation: KK Women's and Children's Hospital and Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.|Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yap Seng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.affiliation: KK Women's and Children's Hospital and Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kwek
authors.affiliation: Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Seang-Mei
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Saw
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.|Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Gluckman
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.|Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Meaney
authors.affiliation: Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rifkin-Graboi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.|Clinical Imaging Research Centre, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.|Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, the Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Anqi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Qiu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000503:physiopathology*