title: Nutritional status of pre-pregnant and pregnant women residing in Bogor district, Indonesia: a cross-sectional dietary and nutrient intake study.
abstract: The diet of Indonesian women of childbearing age is relatively poor, posing increased risk for suboptimal pregnancy outcome. In a cross-sectional study including 403 women in three economic quintiles (Q), we investigated differences in dietary intake and nutrition sufficiency according to economic status and whether regular dietary intakes of pregnant women (PW, n 203) differ from that of pre-pregnant women (PPW, n 200). Dietary intake data were collected using 2×24 h dietary recall and FFQ. Energy, protein, Fe, Ca, Zn, vitamin A and vitamin C intakes were calculated utilising Food Composition Tables and compared with Indonesian recommendations for adequacy. Energy and protein intakes <70 % and Fe, Ca, Zn, vitamin A and vitamin C intakes <77 % of the local recommendation were considered insufficient. A higher intake of milk/dairy products (Q3, Q4), fruits and vegetables (Q2) and snacks (Q3) in PW was observed compared with PPW, but insufficient to meet nutrient requirements. Nutrient intake calculations showed insufficiency in 26 % of PPW for protein and up to 70 % for Fe. Deficient nutrient intakes in PW were found in 49 % of the subjects for energy and up to 85 % for Fe. Energy and protein intakes decreased with decreasing economic quintiles in PPW and PW. Ca and vitamin A intakes were lower in Q2 compared with Q4. The proportion of animal protein in Q2-PW was low (31 %). Biochemical status parameters in a subset showed that anaemia and Fe and Zn deficiencies were prevalent among PPW and PW. Habitual diets in the study area did not meet the nutrient requirements for both PPW and PW across the investigated economic groups.
authors.affiliation: 1SEAFAST Centre,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Darmaga,Bogor 16680,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Siti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madanijah
authors.affiliation: 1SEAFAST Centre,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Darmaga,Bogor 16680,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Dodik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Briawan
authors.affiliation: 1SEAFAST Centre,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Darmaga,Bogor 16680,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Rimbawan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rimbawan
authors.affiliation: 1SEAFAST Centre,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Darmaga,Bogor 16680,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Zulaikhah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zulaikhah
authors.affiliation: 1SEAFAST Centre,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Darmaga,Bogor 16680,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Nuri
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andarwulan
authors.affiliation: 1SEAFAST Centre,Bogor Agricultural University,Kampus IPB Darmaga,Bogor 16680,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Lilis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nuraida
authors.affiliation: 4Research & Development,PT Sarihusada Generasi Mahardhika,Jakarta 12950,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Tonny
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sundjaya
authors.affiliation: 5Research & Development,PT Nutricia Indonesia Sejahtera,Jakarta 13710,Indonesia.
authors.forename: Laksmi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Murti
authors.affiliation: 6Nutricia Research,Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition,Singapore 138661,Singapore.
authors.forename: Priyali
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: 6Nutricia Research,Danone Nutricia Early Life Nutrition,Singapore 138661,Singapore.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bindels
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015930:Diet Records; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D011247:Pregnancy
keywords: Food intakes; HHEQ household expenditure quintile; MUAC mid-upper-arm circumference; Micronutrient intakes; Nutrient intakes; PPW pre-pregnant women; PW pregnant women; Pre-pregnant women; Pregnant women; Q quintiles