title: Medial Prefrontal and Anterior Insular Connectivity in Early Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder: A Resting Functional MRI Evaluation of Large-Scale Brain Network Models.
abstract: Anomalies in the medial prefrontal cortex, anterior insulae, and large-scale brain networks associated with them have been proposed to underlie the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (MDD). In this study, we examined the connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortices and anterior insulae in 24 healthy controls, 24 patients with schizophrenia, and 24 patients with MDD early in illness with seed-based resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging analysis using Statistical Probability Mapping. As hypothesized, reduced connectivity was found between the medial prefrontal cortex and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and other nodes associated with directed effort in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls while patients with MDD had reduced connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex and ventral prefrontal emotional encoding regions compared to controls. Reduced connectivity was found between the anterior insulae and the medial prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia compared to controls, but contrary to some models emotion processing regions failed to demonstrate increased connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex in MDD compared to controls. Although, not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons, patients with schizophrenia tended to demonstrate decreased connectivity between basal ganglia-thalamocortical regions and the medial prefrontal cortex compared to patients with MDD, which might be expected as these regions effect action. Results were interpreted to support anomalies in nodes associated with directed effort in schizophrenia and nodes associated with emotional encoding network in MDD compared to healthy controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada; Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, LondonON, Canada; First Episode Mood and Anxiety Program, London Health Sciences Centre, LondonON, Canada.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Penner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada; Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, LondonON, Canada; First Episode Mood and Anxiety Program, London Health Sciences Centre, LondonON, Canada.
authors.forename: Kristen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, LondonON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada.
authors.forename: Reggie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Betsy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada; Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, LondonON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Théberge
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada; Neuroscience Program, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard W J
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Neufeld
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada; Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, LondonON, Canada; First Episode Mood and Anxiety Program, London Health Sciences Centre, LondonON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Osuch
authors.affiliation: Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, LondonON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada; Centre for Functional and Metabolic Mapping, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada.
authors.forename: Ravi S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada.
authors.forename: Nagalingam
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rajakumar
authors.affiliation: Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA, USA.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Allman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada; Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, LondonON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada; Tanna Schulich Chair in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, LondonON, Canada.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Williamson
keywords: anterior insula; functional network connectivity; major depressive disorder; medial prefrontal cortex; resting fMRI; schizophrenia