title: Socioeconomic status and substance use among Swiss young men: a population-based cross-sectional study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Socioeconomic status (SES) is often inversely related to health outcomes and is likely to play a role in the use of psychoactive substances among young individuals, although little consensus exists on the association between SES and substance use. The purpose of the study was to determine the association of three SES indicators (perceived family income, education level of participants, and parental education level) with past year use of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, other illicit drugs and non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMPD) among Swiss young men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cross-sectional study of 5,702 men at mean age twenty. Associations between SES indicators and substance use were assessed with regression models adjusted for age and linguistic region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with average or below average perceived family income were less likely to report any use of alcohol (OR = O.75) but more likely to use tobacco daily (OR = 1.31) and cannabis weekly (OR = 1.27) compared to those with perceived above average family income. Participants whose parents had only achieved obligatory education were less likely to engage in any use of alcohol (OR = 0.30), monthly risky single occasion drinking (RSOD, defined as 6 or more drinks per occasion) (OR = 0.48), any use of cannabis (OR = 0.53) and other illicit drugs (OR = 0.58), whereas those whose parents had only achieved secondary education were less at risk of engaging in cannabis (OR = 0.66 for any use and OR = 0.77 for more than once a week use) and other illicit drugs (OR = 0.74) use, compared to those whose parents had achieved tertiary education. Compared to participants who completed secondary or tertiary education, those who completed only obligatory education reported a higher risk of tobacco (OR = 1.18 for any use, OR = 1.31 for daily use), cannabis (OR = 1.23 for any use, OR = 1.37 for more than once a week use), and other illicit drugs (OR = 1.48) use. No association was found between NMPD and the studied SES variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between SES and substance use was complex in this sample. Higher socioeconomic status was associated with more alcohol and other illicit drugs use, while lower socioeconomic status was related to more tobacco use. Education level and perceived family income may have different impacts on substance use and may vary by substance.
authors.affiliation: Doctoral School, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Eleni.Charitonidi@unil.ch.|Alcohol Treatment Center, Department of Community Medicine and Health, Lausanne University Hospital, Beaumont 21b, P2, 02, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland. Eleni.Charitonidi@unil.ch.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8049-3535
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Charitonidi
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Center, Department of Community Medicine and Health, Lausanne University Hospital, Beaumont 21b, P2, 02, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Studer
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Center, Department of Community Medicine and Health, Lausanne University Hospital, Beaumont 21b, P2, 02, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaume
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Center, Department of Community Medicine and Health, Lausanne University Hospital, Beaumont 21b, P2, 02, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gmel
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Center, Department of Community Medicine and Health, Lausanne University Hospital, Beaumont 21b, P2, 02, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jean-Bernard
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Daeppen
authors.affiliation: Alcohol Treatment Center, Department of Community Medicine and Health, Lausanne University Hospital, Beaumont 21b, P2, 02, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bertholet
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000453:epidemiology; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012306:Risk; D012923:Social Class; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D064424:Tobacco Use / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: Alcohol; Illicit drugs; Socio-economic status; Substance use; Tobacco