title: The Anti-fibrotic Actions of Relaxin Are Mediated Through a NO-sGC-cGMP-Dependent Pathway in Renal Myofibroblasts In Vitro and Enhanced by the NO Donor, Diethylamine NONOate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The anti-fibrotic hormone, relaxin, has been inferred to disrupt transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad2 phosphorylation (pSmad2) signal transduction and promote collagen-degrading gelatinase activity via a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent pathway. Here, we determined the extent to which NO, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) were directly involved in the anti-fibrotic actions of relaxin using a selective NO scavenger and sGC inhibitor, and comparing and combining relaxin's effects with that of an NO donor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary renal cortical myofibroblasts isolated from injured rat kidneys were treated with human recombinant relaxin (RLX; 16.8 nM), the NO donor, diethylamine NONOate (DEA/NO; 0.5-5 μM) or the combined effects of RLX (16.8 nM) and DEA/NO (5 μM) over 72 h. The effects of RLX (16.8 nM) and DEA/NO (5 μM) were also evaluated in the presence of the NO scavenger, hydroxocobalamin (HXC; 100 μM) or sGC inhibitor, ODQ (5 μM) over 72 h. Furthermore, the effects of RLX (30 nM), DEA/NO (5 μM) and RLX (30 nM) + DEA/NO (5 μM) on cGMP levels were directly measured, in the presence or absence of ODQ (5 μM). Changes in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 (cell media), pSmad2 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA; a measure myofibroblast differentiation) (cell layer) were assessed by gelatin zymography and Western blotting, respectively. At the highest concentration tested, both RLX and DEA/NO promoted MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels by 25-33%, while inhibiting pSmad2 and α-SMA expression by up to 50% (all p < 0.05 vs. untreated and vehicle-treated cells). However, 5μM of DEA/NO was required to produce the effects seen with 16.8 nM of RLX over 72 h. The anti-fibrotic effects of RLX or DEA/NO alone were completely abrogated by HXC and ODQ (both p < 0.01 vs. RLX alone or DEA/NO alone), but were significantly enhanced when added in combination (all p < 0.05 vs. RLX alone). Additionally, the direct cGMP-promoting effects of RLX, DEA/NO and RLX+DEA/NO (which all increased cGMP levels by 12-16-fold over basal levels; all p < 0.01 vs. vehicle-treated cells) were significantly inhibited by pre-treatment of ODQ (all p < 0.05 vs. the respective treatments alone).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings confirmed that RLX mediates its TGF-β1-inhibitory and gelatinase-promoting effects via a NO-sGC-cGMP-dependent pathway, which was additively augmented by co-administration of DEA/NO.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Barbara K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Kemp-Harper
authors.affiliation: Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kocan
authors.affiliation: Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Sheng Yu
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, ParkvilleVIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Hewitson
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University Clayton, VIC, Australia.
authors.forename: Chrishan S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Samuel
keywords: cGMP; cell signaling; fibrosis; myofibroblasts; nitric oxide; relaxin; transforming growth factor-β1