title: Ginsenoside Rb1 as a neuroprotective agent: A review.
abstract: Ginsenosides represent the major bioactive components of ginseng. These triterpenoid saponins have been shown to exert numerous beneficial effects on the human body. Recent evidences suggest that ginsenosides may be useful for the management and treatment of several diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). In particular, numerous in vitro and in vivo models have shown that ginsenosides can modulate numerous pharmacological effects on the brain, including attenuation of excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, maintenance of neurotransmitter balance, anti-apoptotic effects, and mitochondrial stabilization effects. Regulations of these pathophysiological mechanisms have been shown to improve cognitive function and protect the brain against several neurodegenerative diseases. This review will critically address the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action of ginsenosides in the CNS, and particularly those associated with therapeutic efficacies in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and traumatic brain injury, and ischemia.
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Touqeer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Syed Hammad
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology Laboratory, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Afifa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maryam
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
authors.forename: William N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Setzer
authors.affiliation: Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Nady
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Braidy
authors.affiliation: Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Fazel
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Nabavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, ICET, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, CEP 78060-900, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcos Roberto
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: Nabavi208@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Seyed Mohammad
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nabavi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C442759:ginsenoside Rb1
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Ginseng; Ginsenosides; Neurodegeneration; Parkinson’s disease