title: The population history of Garra orientalis (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite data with approximate Bayesian computation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The South China landmass has been characterized by a complex geological history, including mountain lifting, climate changes, and river capture/reversal events. To determine how this complexity has influenced the landmass's phylogeography, our study examined the phylogeography of Garra orientalis, a cyprinid widely distributed in South China, using sequences from the mitochondrial DNA control region and cytochrome b gene (1887 bp) and polymorphisms of thirteen microsatellite loci.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 157 specimens were collected from eight populations. All 88 mtDNA haplotypes were identified as belonging to three major lineages, and these lineages were almost allopatric in their distributions. The results of a statistical dispersal-vicariance analysis suggested that the ancestral populations of G. orientalis were distributed south of the Yunkai Mountains, including on Hainan Island. The mtDNA data revealed a strong relationship between phylogeny and geography. In the microsatellite analysis, a total of 339 alleles with an average of 26 alleles per locus were observed across thirteen microsatellite loci. A clustering algorithm for microsatellite data revealed an admixture-like genetic structure. Although the mtDNA and microsatellite data sets displayed a discordant population structure, the results of an approximate Bayesian computation approach showed that these two markers revealed congruent historical signals. The population history of G. orientalis reflects vicariance events and dispersal related to the complex geological history of South China.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results (i) found that the discordances between mtDNA and microsatellite markers were accounted for by admixtures; (ii) showed that the Wuzhishan and Yinggeling mountain ranges and Qiongzhou Strait were important barriers limiting gene exchange between populations on both sides; (iii) indicated that during glaciation and inter-glacial periods, the strait and continental shelves were exposed and sank, which contributed with the dispersion and differentiation of populations; and (iv) displayed that the admixtures between lineages took place in coastal populations and then colonized the tributaries of the Pearl River.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, China.
authors.forename: Jin-Quan
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kui-Ching
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Zhi
authors.initials: ZZ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, China.
authors.forename: Li-Wei
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Industrial Management, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Po-Hsun
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, China.
authors.forename: Wen-Qiao
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, China.
authors.forename: Zhuo-Cheng
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Lingang New City, Shanghai, 201306, China.
authors.forename: Bao-Long
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: The Affiliated School of National Tainan First Senior High School, Tainan, 701, Taiwan. varicorhinus@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Hung-Du
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002681:China; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000235:genetics*; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D005828:Genetics, Population; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D045303:Cytochromes b
keywords: Approximate Bayesian computation; Garra orientalis; Microsatellite; Mitochondria; Phylogeography