title: Are There Gaps in Current Thoracic Surgery Residency Training Programs?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiothoracic surgery is rapidly evolving to adapt to a changing health care environment and a wider application of innovative techniques. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Workforce on Thoracic Surgery Resident Issues Transition to Practice Task Force sought to identify new or existing gaps of training in contemporary thoracic surgery residency training programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A voluntary survey consisting of 24 questions was distributed to recent graduates of thoracic surgery residency programs in the United States during the 2014 American Board of Thoracic Surgery oral examination application process. Fifty-five of 132 applicants anonymously participated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of respondents admitted that they needed more instruction or lacked confidence with the following specific cardiothoracic procedures: minimally invasive cardiac operations (25/52, 48%), robotic cardiac operations (29/52, 55.8%), endovascular operations (28/52, 53.8%), robotic pulmonary operations (29/52, 55.8%), minimally invasive esophageal operations (24/52, 46.2%), robotic esophageal operations (32/52, 61.5%), and operations on congenital cardiac conditions (31/52, 59.6%). The respondents further declared either a need for more instruction or lack of confidence in employment contracting (17/21, 81.0%), negotiating terms of employment (17/21, 81.0%), and professional service agreements (16/21, 76.2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further exposure to minimally invasive robotic procedures, operations on congenital conditions, and issues of practice management appear to be needed in contemporary cardiothoracic training in the United States. These identified gaps may assist cardiothoracic surgery residency programs to optimally prepare future graduates for our evolving specialty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: chud@upmc.edu.
authors.forename: Danny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Ara A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vaporciyan
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Iannettoni
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ikonomidis
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Odell
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shemin
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Starnes
authors.affiliation: Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Badhwar
mesh_terms: D003258:Consumer Behavior; D003479:Curriculum; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D000071252:Mentoring; D012371:Robotics / Q000193:education; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013903:Thoracic Surgery / Q000193:education*; D014481:United States; D014830:Vocational Guidance