title: Review of anticancer mechanisms of isoquercitin.
abstract: This review was based on a literature search of PubMed and Scielo databases using the keywords "quercetin, rutin, isoquercitrin, isoquercitin (IQ), quercetin-3-glucoside, bioavailability, flavonols and favonoids, and cancer" and combinations of all the words. We collected relevant scientific publications from 1990 to 2015 about the absorption, bioavailability, chemoprevention activity, and treatment effects as well as the underlying anticancer mechanisms of isoquercitin. Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. The subclass of flavonols receives special attention owing to their health benefits. The main components of this class are quercetin, rutin, and IQ, which is a flavonoid and although mostly found as a glycoside, is an aglycone (lacks a glycoside side chain). This compound presents similar therapeutic profiles to quercetin but with superior bioavailability, resulting in increased efficacy compared to the aglycone form. IQ has therapeutic applications owing to its wide range of pharmacological effects including antioxidant, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, and anti-diabetic. The protective effects of IQ in cancer may be due to actions on lipid peroxidation. In addition, the antitumor effect of IQ and its underlying mechanism are related to interactions with Wnt signaling pathway, mixed-lineage protein kinase 3, mitogen-activated protein kinase, apoptotic pathways, as well proinflammatory protein signaling. This review contributed to clarifying the mechanisms of absorption, metabolism, and actions of IQ and isoquercitrin in cancer.
authors.affiliation: Guilherme di Camillo Orfali, Ana Carolina Duarte, Vivien Bonadio, Scientific Initiation Program, Sao Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Guilherme di Camillo
authors.initials: Gd
authors.lastname: Orfali
authors.affiliation: Guilherme di Camillo Orfali, Ana Carolina Duarte, Vivien Bonadio, Scientific Initiation Program, Sao Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.affiliation: Guilherme di Camillo Orfali, Ana Carolina Duarte, Vivien Bonadio, Scientific Initiation Program, Sao Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vivien
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bonadio
authors.affiliation: Guilherme di Camillo Orfali, Ana Carolina Duarte, Vivien Bonadio, Scientific Initiation Program, Sao Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Natalia Peres
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.affiliation: Guilherme di Camillo Orfali, Ana Carolina Duarte, Vivien Bonadio, Scientific Initiation Program, Sao Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Elisa Melo Branco
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: de Araújo
authors.affiliation: Guilherme di Camillo Orfali, Ana Carolina Duarte, Vivien Bonadio, Scientific Initiation Program, Sao Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda Bruschi Marinho
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Priviero
authors.affiliation: Guilherme di Camillo Orfali, Ana Carolina Duarte, Vivien Bonadio, Scientific Initiation Program, Sao Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Patricia Oliveira
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Guilherme di Camillo Orfali, Ana Carolina Duarte, Vivien Bonadio, Scientific Initiation Program, Sao Francisco University Medical School, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Denise Gonçalves
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Priolli
keywords: Antioxidants; Antitumor; Cancer; Drug screening assays; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Neoplasms