title: Psychological Factors Associated With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Recovery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychological factors may have underappreciated effects on surgical outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction; however, few studies have investigated the relationship between specific psychological factors, objective clinical data, and patient-oriented outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Psychological factors are significantly associated with patient perceptions and functional outcomes after ACL reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate relationships between self-esteem, health locus of control, and psychological distress with objective clinical outcomes, patient-oriented outcomes, and return to sport.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven patients who were 6 to 24 months post-computer-assisted ACL reconstruction by a single surgeon consented to participate in the study (52% response rate). Participants had a 1-time visit with a physician consisting of: a physical examination, a single-leg hop test, KT-1000 arthrometer measurements, and survey completion. Psychological measures included the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Brief Profile of Mood States. Outcome measures included the Tegner activity scale, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Score, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-Quality of Life subscale (KOOS-QOL), and Short Form-36 (SF-36). Patient charts were also reviewed for pertinent operative details.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of patients (±SD) was 25.7 ± 8.4 years, and the mean duration of time since surgery was 16.5 ± 5.9 months. The majority (89%) of the patients identified themselves as athletes, and of these, 65% reported returning to sports at a competitive level. Sport returners were found to have higher levels of self-esteem (P = .002) and higher reported KOOS-QOL scores (P = .02). Self-esteem was significantly associated with IKDC scores (r = 0.46, P < .05), KOOS-QOL scores (r = 0.45, P < .05), and SF-36 subscales of general health (r = 0.45, P < .05) and physical functioning (r = 0.42, P < .05). Internal locus of control was significantly correlated with performance on single-leg hop test (r = 0.4, P < .05). Objective knee stability measurements did not correlate with subjective outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-esteem levels and locus of control had significant relationships with functional test performance and validated outcome measures after ACL reconstruction. Sport returners had significantly higher self-esteem levels than those who did not return to sports, without observable differences in knee stability or time since surgery.
authors.affiliation: Children's Orthopaedics of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Christino
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Braden C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Fleming
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Machan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Shalvoy
keywords: ACL; anterior cruciate ligament; psychological; return to sport; self-esteem