title: Increased prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with migraine and interictal photophobia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most patients with migraine report photophobia associated with headache; a subset report interictal photophobia. These patients are light sensitive even during headache-free periods. The objective of this case-control study was to assess the prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression in migraine patients with and without interictal photophobia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited 16 subjects with migraine and interictal photophobia, 16 age- and gender-matched migraine subjects without interictal photophobia, and 16 age- and gender- matched controls. Migraine subjects met International Headache Society classification criteria. Participants completed a photophobia questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Chi-square analyses and two-tailed Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used for the analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects with interictal photophobia had significantly higher scores on the photophobia questionnaire compared to subjects without interictal photophobia. Subjects with interictal photophobia had significantly higher scores on the BDI-II and BAI compared to subjects without interictal photophobia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Migraine patients with interictal photophobia are more likely to manifest symptoms of depression and anxiety compared to migraine patients without interictal photophobia. Care providers should be aware of increased prevalence of these symptoms in this population and consider appropriate referrals. Future research could assess whether treatment of photophobia leads to improvements in symptoms of depression and anxiety in migraine patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, PO Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 00936, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Llop
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 65 N. Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Frandsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 65 N. Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.|Department of Neurology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 175 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Digre
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 65 N. Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.|Department of Neurology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 175 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Bradley J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 65 N. Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.|Department of Neurology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 175 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Alison V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Crum
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 30 N 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
authors.forename: Chong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 65 N. Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA. Judith.warner@hsc.utah.edu.|Department of Neurology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, 175 North Medical Drive East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA. Judith.warner@hsc.utah.edu.
authors.forename: Judith E A
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Warner
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020795:Photophobia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012640:Seizures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells; Migraine; Photophobia; Sleep disorders