title: Scapulohumeral control after stroke: A preliminary study of the test-retest reliability and discriminative validity of a clinical scapular protocol (ClinScaP).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical scapulohumeral tests are lacking post-stroke.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test reliability and discriminant validity of clinical scapulohumeral assessments post-stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following tests were assessed in 57 individuals with stroke (IwS) (subdivided in a low, moderate, high proximal arm function (PAF) group) and 15 healthy controls: (1) Observation of tilting/winging; (2) shoulder girdle position tests (pectoralis minor index, acromial index, scapular distance test); (3) scapular lateral rotation measurement; (4) maximal humeral elevation and (5) medial rotation test were executed. 15 IwS were measured twice by the same assessor to determine test-retest reliability. Differences between controls and IwS and between IwS with different levels of PAF were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ICCs were very high for all tests (>0.80), except the pectoralis minor index (0.66). Weighted Kappas were high for observation and the medial rotation test (>0.70). Group differences were found for observation, lateral rotation and humeral elevation. IwS compared to controls, and IwS with lower compared to higher PAF generally showed increased lateral rotation (p < .01); decreased maximal active humeral elevation (p < .001); and more often tilting and winging (p < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of these tests in clinical settings will allow for identification of altered scapular characteristics, which will enhance treatment planning for PAF post-stroke.
authors.affiliation: REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center - BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
authors.forename: Liesbet
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Baets
authors.affiliation: Neural Control of Movement Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jaspers
authors.affiliation: REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center - BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Deun
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006811:Humerus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012399:Rotation; D012540:Scapula / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*; D060726:Torso / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Scapula; clinical test; movement patterns; stroke