title: Prevalence and associated positive psychological variables of anxiety and depression among patients with central nervous system tumors in China: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: Anxiety and depression have been identified as common psychological distresses faced by the majority of patients with cancer. However, no studies have investigated the relationship between positive psychological variables (hope, optimism and general self-efficacy) and anxiety and depression among patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors in China. Our hypothesis is that the patients with higher levels of hope, optimism or general self-efficacy have lower levels of anxiety and depression when encountered by stressful life events such as CNS tumors.
  
  
  
  Questionnaires, including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Herth Hope Index, the Life Orientation Scale-Revised and the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and demographic and clinical records were used to collect information about patients with CNS tumors in Liaoning Province, China. The study included 222 patients (effective response rate: 66.1%). Hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to explore the associations among hope, optimism, general self-efficacy and anxiety/depression.
  
  
  
  Prevalence of anxiety and depression were 42.8 and 32.4%, respectively, among patients with CNS tumors. Hope and optimism both were negatively associated with anxiety and together accounted for 21.4% of variance in anxiety. Similarly, hope and optimism both were negatively associated with depression and accounted for 32.4% of variance in depression.
  
  
  
  The high prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients with CNS tumors should receive more attention in Chinese medical settings. To help reduce anxiety and depression, health care professionals should develop interventions to promote hope and optimism based on patients' specific needs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Yijun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.|Emergency Department, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Lizhuo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Yanlei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Xiaolong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Shanwei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
authors.forename: Yunjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel; D065026:Hope; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011788:Quality of Life; D012044:Regression Analysis; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: anxiety; cancer; depression; oncology; positive psychological resources