title: Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in mexican patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Prevalence and relationship with disease activity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine and compare the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with and without disease activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We made a comparative, observational, cross-sectional, prospective study of 137 women with SLE according to American College of Rheumatology criteria. Patients with chronic kidney disease, cancer, hyperparathyroidism, pregnancy, and lactation were excluded. Disease activity was assessed using the MEX-SLEDAI score: a score of ≥3 was considered as disease activity. Data were collected on diabetes mellitus, the use of corticosteroids, chloroquine, and immunosuppressants, photoprotection and vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D levels were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay: insufficiency was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <30ng/ml and deficiency as <10ng/ml.
  
  
  RESULTS
  137 women with SLE (mean age 45.9±11.6 years, disease duration 7.7±3.4 years) were evaluated. Mean disease activity was 2 (0-8): 106 patients had no disease activity and 31 had active disease (77.4% versus 22.6%). Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was found in 122(89.0%) and 4 (2.9%) patients, respectively. There was no significant difference in vitamin D levels between patients with and without active disease (19.3±4.5 versus 19.7±6.8; P=.75). No correlation between the MEX-SLEDAI score (P=.21), photosensitivity, photoprotection, prednisone or chloroquine use and vitamin D supplementation was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with SLE had a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficient. No association between vitamin D levels and disease activity was found.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Hospital General Regional N.(o) 36, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, México; Departamento de Reumatología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México. Electronic address: mgc30591@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: García-Carrasco
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Hospital General Regional N.(o) 36, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, México; Departamento de Reumatología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mendoza-Pinto
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Hospital General Regional N.(o) 36, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, México.
authors.forename: Ivet
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Etchegaray-Morales
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Hospital General Regional N.(o) 36, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, México.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soto-Santillán
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Hospital General Regional N.(o) 36, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, México.
authors.forename: Erick Alejandro
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Herrera
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Hospital General Regional N.(o) 36, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, México.
authors.forename: Viridiana
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Robles-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorios Clínicos de Puebla, Puebla, México.
authors.forename: Alma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Gallegos
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Autoinmunes Sistémicas, Hospital General Regional N.(o) 36, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, México.
authors.forename: Araceli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramos-Varela
authors.affiliation: Secretaría de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México.
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Guarneros
authors.affiliation: Laboratorios Clínicos de Puebla, Puebla, México; Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Puebla, México.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Argüelles
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications*; D008800:Mexico; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Deficiencia; Deficiency; Insufficiency; Insuficiencia; Lupus eritematoso sistémico; Systemic lupus erythematosus; Vitamin D; Vitamina D