title: The influence of lime and nitrogen fertilisers on spore counts of Pithomyces chartarum in pasture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the application of lime or nitrogen to pasture affected the spore counts of Pithomyces chartarum.
  
  
  METHODS
  The lime application studies were undertaken on a spring-calving, pasture-based, commercial dairy farm near Te Awamutu, New Zealand. On 6 November 2012, five randomly selected paddocks were split into three equal sections. In two of the sections, lime was applied at either 1.5 or 2.5 t/ha, and the central section was left as an untreated control. Each section was sampled for spore counting weekly from 16 January to 15 May 2013. Starting in January 2013, five other randomly selected paddocks were monitored for spore counts. On 20 March 2013 the average spore counts in three paddocks were >100,000 spores/g of pasture. These paddocks were then divided into three equal sections and lime was applied as described above. Spore counting in each section continued weekly until 15 May 2013. The nitrogen application study was carried out on three commercial dairy farms near Te Awamutu, New Zealand. Two randomly selected paddocks on each farm were divided into three equal sections and, on 20 December 2012, nitrogen in the form of urea was applied at either 50 or 80 kg urea/ha to two of the sections; the central section remained as an untreated control. Each section was sampled for spore counting weekly from 16 January to 15 May 2013.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following pre-summer lime application, treatment at 1.5 or 2.5 t/ha did not affect spore counts over time compared with the control section (p>0.26). Similarly following autumn lime application, treatment at 1.5 or 2.5 t/ha did not affect spore counts over time compared with the control section (p>0.11). Following nitrogen application median spore counts remained <20,000 spores/g pasture throughout the trial period and there was no effect of treatment on spore counts over time (p>0.49).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found that application of lime before the risk period for facial eczema, in November, application of lime after a spore count rise, in March, or urea application in December did not affect changes in number of spores produced by P. chartarum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study does not support previous suggestions that fertilising pasture with lime or urea could alter the spore counts of P. chartarum. Fertiliser use does not provide an alternative to, or support, conventional methods of facial eczema control such as zinc prophylaxis or treatment of pasture with fungicides.
authors.affiliation: a VetEnt , 49 Benson Road, Te Awamutu 3840 , New Zealand.
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Cuttance
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Laven
authors.affiliation: a VetEnt , 49 Benson Road, Te Awamutu 3840 , New Zealand.
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.affiliation: c Veterinary Faculty , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects*; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods*; D005308:Fertilizers; D009520:New Zealand; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010087:Oxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D017610:Calcium Compounds; D005308:Fertilizers; D010087:Oxides; C016538:lime; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Facial eczema; Pithomyces chartarum; lime; nitrogen; spores; urea