title: Unusually abundant and large ciliate xenomas in oysters, Crassostrea virginica, from Great Bay, New Hampshire, USA.
abstract: During routine histological examination of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) from Great Bay, New Hampshire, USA, a high prevalence and intensity of ciliate xenomas has been noted since sampling began in 1997. Xenomas are hypertrophic lesions on the gills of bivalve molluscs caused by intracellular ciliates, likely Sphenophrya sp. Although not known to cause mortality in oysters, xenomas have not previously been reported at this high abundance. The objectives of this study were to characterize the xenomas, describe the ciliates, and gather baseline epizootiological data with correlations to environmental and biological parameters. Upon gross examination, xenomas appeared as white nodules, up to 3mm in diameter, located in the gill tissue and occasionally fusing into large masses along the gill filaments. Light microscopy of histological sections revealed xenomas located in the gill water tubes, which they often completely blocked. Higher magnification revealed dual nuclei, eight kineties, and conjugation of the ciliates. Transmission electron microscopy revealed dual nuclei that varied in density, a maximum of twenty cilia in each kinety radiating from the oral apparatus to the posterior, and a 9+2 axoneme structure within the cilia. These traits place the ciliates into the Order Rhynchodida, but insufficient molecular data exist to confirm classification of this ciliate to the Genus Sphenophrya. Since 1997, xenoma prevalence has fluctuated with peaks in 2000, 2004, and 2011. Infected oysters generally contained <30 xenomas, but 2.1% contained >100, sharply contrasting the rare prevalence and low intensity reported elsewhere. Prevalence increased with oyster size, leveling off near 50% in oysters >60mm. Infection intensity peaked in 70-90mm oysters and declined in larger oysters. Individual oyster condition was not associated with xenoma intensity, but sites with oysters in higher condition generally had a greater prevalence and intensity of xenoma infections. Seasonal data indicated an infection cycle increasing from summer to fall, peaking at 55-65% in November and dropping to <10% by spring. The oyster population in Great Bay, NH warrants further examination to understand the mechanisms and conditions controlling xenoma formation.
authors.affiliation: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, 6959 Miller Ave., Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA. Electronic address: emily.mcgurk@rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Emily Scarpa
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: McGurk
authors.affiliation: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, 6959 Miller Ave., Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA. Electronic address: susan@hsrl.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.affiliation: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, 6959 Miller Ave., Port Norris, NJ 08349, USA. Electronic address: bushek@hsrl.rutgers.edu.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bushek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D061006:Bays / Q000469:parasitology; D016798:Ciliophora; D016770:Ciliophora Infections / Q000662:veterinary*; D049896:Crassostrea / Q000469:parasitology*; D009513:New Hampshire; D012758:Shellfish / Q000469:parasitology
keywords: Disease; Hypertrophic lesions; Phyllopharyngea; Rhynchodida; Shellfish pathology; Sphenophrya dosiniae