title: Clinical Implications of the Extension of Platysmal Fibers on the Middle and Lower Face.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the area of insertion of the facial portion of the platysma being broad and highly variable, the details of its pattern of extension and morphology are not well described in the medical literature. The aim of this study was to clarify the extension patterns of the platysma on the middle and lower face by topographic examination and detailed dissection.
  
  
  METHODS
  A detailed dissection was performed in the cheek region of 34 cadaveric specimens. The anatomical aspects of the extent of the platysma were classified according to its area of coverage on the cheek.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The location of the posterior fibers of the platysma passing behind the mandibular angle were located 17.1 ± 8.8 mm (mean ± SD) from the mandibular angle. The platysma was classified into patterns (A, B-1, B-2, and C) according to its coverage area: in type A (8.8 percent), areas S1 to S2, M1 to M3, and I1 to I3 were partially covered by the platysma; in type B-1 (58.8 percent), areas M1 to M3 and I1 to I3 were partially covered; in type B-2 (26.5 percent), areas M1 to M2 and I1 to I3 were partially covered; and in type C (5.9 percent), areas I1 to I3 were partially covered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The description of the extent of the facial portion of the platysma presented in this article provides detailed anatomical knowledge regarding the midface, and represents fundamentally important knowledge for surgeons conducting rhytidectomy and other facial operations.
authors.affiliation: Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Bangkok, Thailand.|From the Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry; the April 31 Plastic Surgery Clinic; and the Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.
authors.forename: Jung-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Bangkok, Thailand.|From the Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry; the April 31 Plastic Surgery Clinic; and the Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.
authors.forename: Kwan-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Youn
authors.affiliation: Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Bangkok, Thailand.|From the Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry; the April 31 Plastic Surgery Clinic; and the Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.
authors.forename: Kyung-Seok
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Bangkok, Thailand.|From the Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry; the April 31 Plastic Surgery Clinic; and the Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.
authors.forename: Joo-Heon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Bangkok, Thailand.|From the Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry; the April 31 Plastic Surgery Clinic; and the Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.
authors.forename: Tanvaa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tansatit
authors.affiliation: Seoul, Republic of Korea; and Bangkok, Thailand.|From the Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Center, Yonsei University College of Dentistry; the April 31 Plastic Surgery Clinic; and the Chula Soft Cadaver Surgical Training Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.
authors.forename: Hee-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009334:Neck Muscles / Q000601:surgery*; D015361:Rhytidoplasty / Q000379:methods*