title: Effect of Motor Impairment on Analgesic Efficacy of Dopamine D2/3 Receptors in a Rat Model of Neuropathy.
abstract: Testing the clinical efficacy of drugs that also have important side effects on locomotion needs to be properly designed in order to avoid erroneous identification of positive effects when the evaluation depends on motor-related tests. One such example is the evaluation of analgesic role of drugs that act on dopaminergic receptors, since the pain perception tests used in animal models are based on motor responses that can also be compromised by the same substances. The apparent analgesic effect obtained by modulation of the dopaminergic system is still a highly disputed topic. There is a lack of acceptance of this effect in both preclinical and clinical settings, despite several studies showing that D2/3 agonists induce antinociception. Some authors raised the hypothesis that this antinociceptive effect is enhanced by dopamine-related changes in voluntary initiation of movement. However, the extent to which D2/3 modulation changes locomotion at analgesic effective doses is still an unresolved question. In the present work, we performed a detailed dose-dependent analysis of the changes that D2/3 systemic modulation have on voluntary locomotor activity and response to four separate tests of both thermal and mechanical pain sensitivity in adult rats. Using systemic administration of the dopamine D2/3 receptor agonist quinpirole, and of the D2/3 antagonist raclopride, we found that modulation of D2/3 receptors impairs locomotion and exploratory activity in a dose-dependent manner across the entire range of tested dosages. None of the drugs were able to consistently diminish either thermal or mechanical pain perception when administered at lower concentrations; on the other hand, the larger concentrations of raclopride (0.5-1.0 mg/kg) strongly abolished pain responses, and also caused severe motor impairment. Our results show that administration of both agonists and antagonists of dopaminergic D2/3 receptors affects sensorimotor behaviors, with the effect over locomotion and exploratory activity being stronger than the observed effect over pain responses.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Grupo de Morfofisiologia do Sistema Somatosensitivo, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Margarida
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dourado
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Grupo de Morfofisiologia do Sistema Somatosensitivo, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Helder
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cardoso-Cruz
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Grupo de Morfofisiologia do Sistema Somatosensitivo, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Grupo de Morfofisiologia do Sistema Somatosensitivo, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Vasco
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Galhardo
keywords: dopamine; pain; quinpirole; raclopride