title: Sex Differences in Associations Among Obesity, Metabolic Abnormalities, and Chronic Kidney Disease in Japanese Men and Women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to investigate relationships among abdominal obesity, metabolic abnormalities, and the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in relatively lean Japanese men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants included 8133 men and 15 934 women between 40 and 75 years of age recruited from the government health check-up center in Kanazawa City, Japan. The prevalence of abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and high fasting plasma glucose levels were assessed according to the Japanese criteria for metabolic syndrome. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation for the Japanese population, and participants with an eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and/or proteinuria were diagnosed with CKD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 23% of males and 14% of females met criteria for CKD. Having more numerous complicated metabolic abnormalities was significantly associated with a higher odds ratio (OR) of CKD for men and women, irrespective of abdominal obesity. However, there was a sex difference in the OR of CKD for obese participants without metabolic abnormalities, such that abdominal obesity without metabolic abnormalities was significantly associated with a higher OR for men (multivariate-adjusted OR 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-2.28) but not for women (OR 1.01; 95% CI, 0.71-1.44).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings demonstrated that obesity without metabolic abnormalities was associated with a higher risk of CKD in men but not women in a relatively lean Japanese population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Kanazawa Medical University.
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakurai
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Shin-Ya
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Nagasawa
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yamakawa
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moriya
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mabuchi
authors.forename: Hideaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017678:Sex Distribution