title: Repeated high-intensity interval exercise shortens the positive effect on executive function during post-exercise recovery in healthy young males.
abstract: A single bout of aerobic exercise improves executive function (EF), but only for a short period. Compared with a single bout of aerobic exercise, we recently found that high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) could maintain a longer improvement in EF. However, the mechanism underlying the effect of different exercise modes on the modifications of EF remains unclear. The purpose of the current investigation was to test our hypothesis that the amount of exercise-induced lactate production and its accumulation affects human brain function during and after exercise, thereby affecting post-exercise EF. Ten healthy male subjects performed cycle ergometer exercise. The HIIE protocol consisted of four 4-min bouts at 90% peak VO2 with a 3-min active recovery period at 60% peak VO2. The amount of lactate produced during exercise was manipulated by repeating the HIIE twice with a resting period of 60min between the 1st HIIE and 2nd HIIE. To evaluate EF, a color-word Stroop task was performed, and reverse-Stroop interference scores were obtained. EF immediately after the 1st HIIE was significantly improved compared to that before exercise, and the improved EF was sustained during 40min of the post-exercise recovery. However, for the 2nd HIIE, the improved EF was sustained for only 10min of the post-exercise recovery period, despite the performance of the same exercise. In addition, during and following HIIE, the glucose and lactate accumulation induced by the 2nd HIIE was significantly lower than that induced by the 1st HIIE. Furthermore, there was an inverse relationship between lactate and EF by plotting the changes in lactate levels against changes in EF from pre-exercise during the late phase of post-exercise recovery. These findings suggested the possibility that repeated bouts of HIIE, which decreases lactate accumulation, may dampen the positive effect of exercise on EF during the post-exercise recovery.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hayato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsukamoto
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suga
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Saki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takenaka
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Daichi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hamaoka
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isaka
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering, Toyo University, Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigehiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogoh
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan. Electronic address: thashimo@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D005082:Physical Exertion / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D064232:Visual Analog Scale; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: Brain; Cognitive function; Glycogen depletion; Neuronal activation; Psychological arousal