title: Hit-and-run trophallaxis of small hive beetles.
abstract: Some parasites of social insects are able to exploit the exchange of food between nestmates via trophallaxis, because they are chemically disguised as nestmates. However, a few parasites succeed in trophallactic solicitation although they are attacked by workers. The underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The small hive beetle (=SHB), Aethina tumida, is such a parasite of honey bee, Apis mellifera, colonies and is able to induce trophallaxis. Here, we investigate whether SHB trophallactic solicitation is innate and affected by sex and experience. We quantified characteristics of the trophallactic solicitation in SHBs from laboratory-reared individuals that were either bee-naïve or had 5 days experience. The data clearly show that SHB trophallactic solicitation is innate and further suggest that it can be influenced by both experience and sex. Inexperienced SHB males begged more often than any of the other groups had longer breaks than their experienced counterparts and a longer soliciting duration than both experienced SHB males and females, suggesting that they start rather slowly and gain more from experience. Successful experienced females and males were not significantly different from each other in relation to successful trophallactic interactions, but had a significantly shorter soliciting duration compared to all other groups, except successful inexperienced females. Trophallactic solicitation success, feeding duration and begging duration were not significantly affected by either SHB sex or experience, supporting the notion that these behaviors are important for survival in host colonies. Overall, success seems to be governed by quality rather than quantity of interactions, thereby probably limiting both SHB energy investment and chance of injury (<1%). Trophallactic solicitation by SHBs is a singular example for an alternative strategy to exploit insect societies without requiring chemical disguise. Hit-and-run trophallaxis is an attractive test system to get an insight into trophallaxis in the social insects.
authors.affiliation: Social Insect research Group Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria 0002 Pretoria South Africa; Institute of Bee Health Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern 3003 Bern Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.affiliation: Social Insect research Group Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria 0002 Pretoria South Africa; Institute of Bee Health Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern 3003 Bern Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Naef
authors.affiliation: Institut für Zoologie Universität Graz Universitätsplatz 2 8010 Graz Austria.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Crailsheim
authors.affiliation: Social Insect research Group Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria 0002 Pretoria South Africa.
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Crewe
authors.affiliation: Social Insect research Group Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria 0002 Pretoria South Africa.
authors.forename: Christian W W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Pirk
keywords: Aethina tumida; Apis mellifera; honey bee; host–parasite interaction; small hive beetle; solicitation; trophallaxis