title: Epigenetic programming alterations in alligators from environmentally contaminated lakes.
abstract: Previous studies examining the reproductive health of alligators in Florida lakes indicate that a variety of developmental and health impacts can be attributed to a combination of environmental quality and exposures to environmental contaminants. The majority of these environmental contaminants have been shown to disrupt normal endocrine signaling. The potential that these environmental conditions and contaminants may influence epigenetic status and correlate to the health abnormalities was investigated in the current study. The red blood cell (RBC) (erythrocyte) in the alligator is nucleated so was used as an easily purified marker cell to investigate epigenetic programming. RBCs were collected from adult male alligators captured at three sites in Florida, each characterized by varying degrees of contamination. While Lake Woodruff (WO) has remained relatively pristine, Lake Apopka (AP) and Merritt Island (MI) convey exposures to different suites of contaminants. DNA was isolated and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) was used to isolate methylated DNA that was then analyzed in a competitive hybridization using a genome-wide alligator tiling array for a MeDIP-Chip analysis. Pairwise comparisons of alligators from AP and MI to WO revealed alterations in the DNA methylome. The AP vs. WO comparison identified 85 differential DNA methylation regions (DMRs) with ⩾3 adjacent oligonucleotide tiling array probes and 15,451 DMRs with a single oligo probe analysis. The MI vs. WO comparison identified 75 DMRs with the ⩾3 oligo probe and 17,411 DMRs with the single oligo probe analysis. There was negligible overlap between the DMRs identified in AP vs. WO and MI vs. WO comparisons. In both comparisons DMRs were primarily associated with CpG deserts which are regions of low CpG density (1-2CpG/100bp). Although the alligator genome is not fully annotated, gene associations were identified and correlated to major gene class functional categories and pathways of endocrine relevance. Observations demonstrate that environmental quality may be associated with epigenetic programming and health status in the alligator. The epigenetic alterations may provide biomarkers to assess the environmental exposures and health impacts on these populations of alligators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
authors.forename: Louis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Guillette
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Sciences Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Parrott
authors.affiliation: Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.affiliation: Center for Reproductive Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA. Electronic address: skinner@wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Skinner
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000235:genetics; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D005431:Florida; D005843:Geography; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics; D014876:Water Pollution
keywords: Alligator; DNA methylation; Endocrine disruptors; Environmental epigenetics