title: Translation and Validation of a Chinese Version of the Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire in Community-Dwelling Stroke Survivors.
abstract: Self-efficacy is a significant factor influencing stroke survivors' participation in self-care and outcomes. The Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SSEQ) is a stroke-specific measure of stroke survivors' self-efficacy in performing daily functional activities and self-management. However, there has been no Chinese version of the questionnaire.
  
  
  
  The current study aims to examine the reliability and validity of a translated Chinese version of SSEQ (SSEQ-C).
  
  
  
  The English version of SSEQ has been translated into Chinese. A descriptive study was conducted. A convenience sample of 135 Chinese stroke survivors (mean age 58.9, SD 9.75) was recruited from three community centers and a stroke support group. Eligible participants completed the SSEQ-C, and the Chinese versions of General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Frenchay Activities Index (FAI), and Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale (SSQOL). Thirty of the participants completed the questionnaires at baseline and 4 weeks afterwards.
  
  
  
  SSEQ-C had a high internal consistency (Cronbach's α 0.92). Test-retest reliability was satisfactory with the intraclass correlation coefficient of the total scale 0.52. Positive correlations were found between the total scores of SSEQ-C, GSES, FAI, and SSQOL (Spearman's ρ: 0.48-0.68, p < 0.01), suggesting acceptable convergent validity. Principal component analysis suggested a two-factor model, namely "Live with new challenges" and "Activity and exercise engagement" in contrast to the single-factor model for the original questionnaire.
  
  
  
  The results suggest SSEQ-C is a reliable and valid tool for measuring Chinese community-dwelling stroke survivors' self-efficacy in managing post-stroke condition. More studies are warranted to confirm the two-factor model of the questionnaire.
authors.affiliation: a School of Nursing, Faculty of Health , School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia.|b The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Suzanne Hoi Shan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: a School of Nursing, Faculty of Health , School of Nursing, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia.
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: b The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Janita Pak Chun
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chau
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D000073278:Self-Management; D020521:Stroke; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D017741:Survivors; D014175:Translating
keywords: Psychometrics; Questionnaires; Self-efficacy; Stroke; Translations