title: DNA enrichment approaches to identify unauthorized genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
abstract: With the increased global production of different genetically modified (GM) plant varieties, chances increase that unauthorized GM organisms (UGMOs) may enter the food chain. At the same time, the detection of UGMOs is a challenging task because of the limited sequence information that will generally be available. PCR-based methods are available to detect and quantify known UGMOs in specific cases. If this approach is not feasible, DNA enrichment of the unknown adjacent sequences of known GMO elements is one way to detect the presence of UGMOs in a food or feed product. These enrichment approaches are also known as chromosome walking or gene walking (GW). In recent years, enrichment approaches have been coupled with next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis and implemented in, amongst others, the medical and microbiological fields. The present review will provide an overview of these approaches and an evaluation of their applicability in the identification of UGMOs in complex food or feed samples.
authors.affiliation: RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alfred J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Arulandhu
authors.affiliation: RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeroen P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dobnik
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevaalsveien 68, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holst-Jensen
authors.affiliation: Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Center for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Life Sciences Building, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zel
authors.affiliation: RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands. esther.kok@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Esther J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kok
mesh_terms: D016386:Chromosome Walking; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics*; D030841:Food, Genetically Modified; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing / Q000379:methods; D009693:Nucleic Acid Hybridization; D030781:Organisms, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D004247:DNA
keywords: Enrichment approaches; GMOs; NGS; PCR; UGMOs