title: The effect of N-acetylcysteine and calcium hydroxide on TNF-α and TGF-β1 in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study was designed to evaluate the pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of NAC and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human macrophage cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  THP-1 human monocyte precursor cells were differentiated into macrophage adherent cells. Cell cytotoxicity was measured by flow cytometry analysis. NAC and Ca(OH)2 were applied in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for time periods of 4, 8, and 24h. Protein and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) were determined using ELISA and qRT-PCR. The data were statistically analyzed by three-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test at α=0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In LPS-stimulated cell lines, while the TNF-α protein and mRNA levels were reduced in the first 4h, only the TGF-β1 mRNA levels increased in the 24th hour following treatment with Ca(OH)2 and NAC when compared with the control group (p<0.001). In LPS-unstimulated cells, the TNF-α protein level was significantly decreased by NAC and Ca(OH)2 at the 4th hour. Additionally, while the TGF-β1 mRNA levels were significantly reduced, the protein level of TGF-β1 was increased at the 24th hour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that NAC, similar to Ca(OH)2, has anti-inflammatory properties and might be considered an alternate candidate therapeutical agent to Ca(OH)2.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Senem
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pinar Karapinar
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yeliz Zulfiye Akkaya
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Ulum
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bahar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ozcelik
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dogan Buzoglu
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ceyhan
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Banu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balci Peynircioglu
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: yaseminb@hacettepe.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Yasemin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aksoy
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; D000111:Acetylcysteine
keywords: Calcium hydroxide; Cytokines; Endodontics; Inflammation; N-Acetyl cysteine