title: Effects of realimentation after nutrient restriction during mid- to late gestation on pancreatic digestive enzymes, serum insulin and glucose levels, and insulin-containing cell cluster morphology.
abstract: This study examined effects of stage of gestation and nutrient restriction with subsequent realimentation on maternal and foetal bovine pancreatic function. Dietary treatments were assigned on day 30 of pregnancy and included: control (CON; 100% requirements; n = 18) and restricted (R; 60% requirements; n = 30). On day 85, cows were slaughtered (CON, n = 6; R, n = 6), remained on control (CC; n = 12) and restricted (RR; n = 12), or realimented to control (RC; n = 11). On day 140, cows were slaughtered (CC, n = 6; RR, n = 6; RC, n = 5), remained on control (CCC, n = 6; RCC, n = 5) or realimented to control (RRC, n = 6). On day 254, the remaining cows were slaughtered and serum samples were collected from the maternal jugular vein and umbilical cord to determine insulin and glucose concentrations. Pancreases from cows and foetuses were removed, weighed, and subsampled for enzyme and histological analysis. As gestation progressed, maternal pancreatic α-amylase activity decreased and serum insulin concentrations increased (p ≤ 0.03). Foetal pancreatic trypsin activity increased (p < 0.001) with advancing gestation. Foetal pancreases subjected to realimentation (CCC vs. RCC and RRC) had increased protein and α-amylase activity at day 254 (p ≤ 0.02), while trypsin (U/g protein; p = 0.02) demonstrated the opposite effect. No treatment effects were observed for maternal or foetal pancreatic insulin-containing cell clusters. Foetal serum insulin and glucose levels were reduced with advancing gestation (p ≤ 0.03). The largest maternal insulin-containing cell cluster was not influenced by advancing gestation, while foetal clusters grew throughout (p = 0.01). These effects indicate that maternal digestive enzymes are influenced by nutrient restriction and there is a potential for programming of increased foetal digestive enzyme production resulting from previous maternal nutrient restriction.
authors.affiliation: NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Keomanivong
authors.affiliation: NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.|School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.affiliation: NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.|Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mailstop, MS, USA.
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Lemley
authors.affiliation: NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kuemper
authors.affiliation: NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Yunusova
authors.affiliation: NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Borowicz
authors.affiliation: NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.affiliation: NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Vonnahme
authors.affiliation: NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Caton
authors.affiliation: NDSU Animal Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
authors.forename: K C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Swanson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D005508:Food Deprivation; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D010179:Pancreas / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin
keywords: bovine; endocrine; exocrine; pregnancy