title: Examining health and well-being outcomes associated with mining activity in rural communities of high-income countries: A systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is recognised internationally that rural communities often experience greater barriers to accessing services and have poorer health outcomes compared to urban communities. In some settings, health disparities may be further exacerbated by mining activity, which can affect the social, physical and economic environment in which rural communities reside. Direct environmental health impacts are often associated with mining activity and are frequently investigated. However, there is evidence of broader, indirect health and well-being implications emerging in the literature. This systematic review examines these health and well-being outcomes in communities living in proximity to mining in high-income countries, and, in doing so, discusses their possible determinants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four databases were systematically searched. Articles were selected if adult residents in mining communities were studied and outcomes were related to health or individual or community-level well-being. A narrative synthesis was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen publications were included. Evidence of increased prevalence of chronic diseases and poor self-reported health status was reported in the mining communities. Relationship breakdown and poor family health, lack of social connectedness and decreased access to health services were also reported. Changes to the physical landscape; risky health behaviours; shift work of partners in the mine industry; social isolation and cyclical nature of 'boom and bust' activity contributed to poorer outcomes in the communities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review highlights the broader health and well-being outcomes associated with mining activity that should be monitored and addressed in addition to environmental health impacts to support co-existence of mining activities and rural communities.
authors.affiliation: Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mactaggart
authors.affiliation: Wesley Medical Research, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.|School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Liane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tynan
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.|School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gericke
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D019049:Developed Countries; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008906:Mining; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012424:Rural Population
keywords: international health; mining; rural population health; social determinants of health; well-being