title: Occurrence of pharmaceuticals and UV filters in swimming pools and spas.
abstract: The occurrence of 32 pharmaceuticals and 14 UV filters in swimming pools and spas was studied. Fifty-one water samples were collected from 17 pools located in sport centres and hotels in Catalonia, Spain. The samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The pharmaceuticals atenolol, carbamazepine, hydrochlorothiazide, metronidazole, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, ketoprofen and phenazone were measured in water samples at concentrations higher than their limit of quantification (LOQ). The highest concentration of any individual pharmaceutical was measured for the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (904 ng/L). The most frequently detected pharmaceutical was carbamazepine, as it was observed in more than half of all the water samples measured (53 %, 27/51). The UV filters at concentrations higher than LOQ in water samples were BP1, BP2, BP3, BP8, THB, 4DHB, 4MBC, OD-PABA, 1HBT, MeBT and DMeBT. The highest concentration of UV filter observed was 4MBC (69.3 ng/L) while the most frequent UV filters in the samples were 1HBT (59 %, 30/51). The results also showed that pharmaceuticals and UV filters were most frequently found in spas. Finally, from a water treatment technology perspective, the lowest occurrence of pharmaceuticals was in the pools applying sand filters followed by disinfection by sodium hypochlorite, while the lowest occurrence of UV filters was in the pools applying coagulation, sand filtration, UV and salt electrolysis.
authors.affiliation: UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611, AX, Delft, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yuli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ekowati
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buttiglieri
authors.affiliation: UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611, AX, Delft, Netherlands. g.ferrero@unesco-ihe.org.
authors.forename: Giuliana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferrero
authors.affiliation: Water and Soil Quality Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valle-Sistac
authors.affiliation: Water and Soil Quality Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: M Silvía
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Diaz-Cruz
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain.|Water and Soil Quality Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Damià
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain.|Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petrovic
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Villagrasa
authors.affiliation: UNESCO-IHE, Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611, AX, Delft, Netherlands.|Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628, CN, Delft, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, c/Emili Grahit 101, E17003, Girona, Spain.|Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (LEQUIA), Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, E17071, Girona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ignasi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Roda
mesh_terms: D001262:Atenolol / Q000032:analysis; D001494:Baths; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013551:Swimming Pools; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002220:Carbamazepine; D001262:Atenolol
keywords: Disinfection; Micropollutants; Swimming pools; Water treatment