title: Anatomy of trisomy 18.
abstract: Trisomy 18 is the second most common aneuploidy after trisomy 21. Due to its multi-systemic defects, it has a poor prognosis with a 50% chance of survival beyond one week and a <10% chance of survival beyond one year of life. However, this prognosis has been challenged by the introduction of aggressive interventional therapies for patients born with trisomy 18. As a result, a review of the anatomy associated with this defect is imperative. While any of the systems can be affected by trisomy 18, the following areas are the most likely to be affected: craniofacial, musculoskeletal system, cardiac system, abdominal, and nervous system. More specifically, the following features are considered characteristic of trisomy 18: low-set ears, rocker bottom feet, clenched fists, and ventricular septal defect. Of particular interest is the associated cardiac defect, as surgical repairs of these defects have shown an improved survivability. In this article, the anatomical defects associated with each system are reviewed. Clin. Anat. 29:628-632, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, St George's University, Grenada.
authors.forename: Wallisa
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Varmia and Mazury Medical School, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zurada
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Varmia and Mazury Medical School, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zurada-ZieliŃSka
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Varmia and Mazury Medical School, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gielecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Sciences, St George's University, Grenada.
authors.forename: Marios
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Loukas
mesh_terms: D002887:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 / Q000235:genetics; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis; D014314:Trisomy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D000073842:Trisomy 18 Syndrome
keywords: Edward syndrome; clenched fist; rocker bottom feet; trisomy 18; ventricular septal defect