title: Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and Oswestry Disability Index: Which Has Better Measurement Properties for Measuring Physical Functioning in Nonspecific Low Back Pain? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Physical functioning is a core outcome domain to be measured in nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP). A panel of experts recommended the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) to measure this domain. The original 24-item RMDQ and ODI 2.1a are recommended by their developers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the 24-item RMDQ or the ODI 2.1a has better measurement properties than the other to measure physical functioning in adult patients with NSLBP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, SportDiscus, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar), references of existing reviews, and citation tracking were the data sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two reviewers selected studies performing a head-to-head comparison of measurement properties (reliability, validity, and responsiveness) of the 2 questionnaires. The COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of these studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The studies' characteristics and results were extracted by 2 reviewers. A meta-analysis was conducted when there was sufficient clinical and methodological homogeneity among studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine articles were included, for a total of 11 studies assessing 5 measurement properties. All studies were classified as having poor or fair methodological quality. The ODI displayed better test-retest reliability and smaller measurement error, whereas the RMDQ presented better construct validity as a measure of physical functioning. There was conflicting evidence for both instruments regarding responsiveness and inconclusive evidence for internal consistency.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this review are not generalizable to all available versions of these questionnaires or to patients with specific causes for their LBP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on existing head-to-head comparison studies, there are no strong reasons to prefer 1 of these 2 instruments to measure physical functioning in patients with NSLBP, but studies of higher quality are needed to confirm this conclusion. Foremost, content, structural, and cross-cultural validity of these questionnaires in patients with NSLBP should be assessed and compared.
authors.affiliation: A. Chiarotto, MSc, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, Room U-601, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. a.chiarotto@vu.nl.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chiarotto
authors.affiliation: L.J. Maxwell, MSc, Centre for Practice-Changing Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lara J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.affiliation: C.B. Terwee, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Caroline B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Terwee
authors.affiliation: G.A. Wells, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.affiliation: P. Tugwell, MD, MSc, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tugwell
authors.affiliation: R.W. Ostelo, PhD, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Raymond W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Ostelo
mesh_terms: D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results