title: Metrics Proposed To Prevent the Harvest of Leafy Green Crops Exposed to Floodwater Contaminated with Escherichia coli.
abstract: The California Leafy Green Products Handler Marketing Agreement (LGMA) requires leafy green crops within 9 m of the edge of a flooded field not be harvested due to potential contamination (California Leafy Green Products Handler Marketing Board, Commodity Specific Flood Safety Guidelines for the Production and Harvest of Lettuce and Leafy Greens, 2012). Further, previously flooded soils should not be replanted for 60 days. In this study, the suitability of the LGMA metrics for farms in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States was evaluated. The upper end of a spinach bed (in Beltsville, MD) established on a -5% grade was flooded with water containing 6 log CFU/ml Escherichia coli to model a worst-case scenario of bacterial movement through soil. Escherichia coli prevalence in soil and on foliar tissue was determined by most probable number (MPN) analysis at distances up to 9 m from the edge of the flood for 63 days. While E. coli was quickly detected at the 9-m distance within 1 day in the spring trial and within 3 days in the fall trial, no E. coli was detected on plants outside the flood zone after 14 days. On day 63 for the two trials, E. coli populations in the flood zone soil were higher in the fall than in the spring. Regression analysis predicted that the time required for a 3-log MPN/g (dry weight) decrease in E. coli populations inside the flood zone was within the 60-day LGMA guideline in the spring but would require 90 days in the fall. Overall, data suggest that the current guidelines should be revised to include considerations of field and weather conditions that may promote bacterial movement and survival.
  
  
  
  This study tracked the movement of Escherichia coli from floodwater across a horizontal plane of soil and the potential for the contamination of distant leafy green produce. The purpose of this study was to address the validity of the California Leafy Green Products Handler Marketing Agreement recommendations for the harvest of leafy green crops after a flooding event. These recommendations were based on the turning radius of farming equipment but did not take into consideration the potential subsurface movement of pathogens in the water through soil. This research shows that further considerations of field slope, temperature, and additional rainfall events may be necessary to provide appropriate guidelines to prevent the harvest of leafy green crops contaminated by enteric pathogens in floodwaters. This study may be used to provide a framework for comprehensive recommendations to growers for good harvesting practices after a flooding event.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Mary Theresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Callahan
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.|Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Shirley A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Micallef
authors.affiliation: Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Manan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Millner
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA rbuchanan@umd.edu.|Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Buchanan
mesh_terms: D058491:Bacterial Load; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055868:Floods; D059022:Food Safety; D005843:Geography; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000382:microbiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States