title: Low-Level Laser and Light-Emitting Diode Therapy for Pain Control in Hyperglycemic and Normoglycemic Patients Who Underwent Coronary Bypass Surgery with Internal Mammary Artery Grafts: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study with Follow-Up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for reducing pain in hyperglycemic and normoglycemic patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery with internal mammary artery grafts.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted on 120 volunteers who underwent elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. The volunteers were randomly allocated to four different groups of equal size (n = 30): control, placebo, LLLT [λ = 640 nm and spatial average energy fluence (SAEF) = 1.06 J/cm(2)], and LED (λ = 660 ± 20 nm and SAEF = 0.24 J/cm(2)). Participants were also divided into hyperglycemic and normoglycemic subgroups, according to their fasting blood glucose test result before surgery. The outcome assessed was pain during coughing by a visual analog scale (VAS) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients were followed for 1 month after the surgery. The LLLT and LED groups showed a greater decrease in pain, with similar results, as indicated by both the VAS and the McGill questionnaire (p ≤ 0.05), on the 6th and 8th postoperative day compared with the placebo and control groups. The outcomes were also similar between hyperglycemic and normoglycemic patients. One month after the surgery, almost no individual reported pain during coughing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LLLT and LED had similar analgesic effects in hyperglycemic and normoglycemic patients, better than placebo and control groups.
authors.affiliation: 1 Lasertherapy and Photobiology Center, Research and Development Institute , IP&D Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, UNIVAP, São Paulo, Brazil .|2 University of Piauí State (UESPI) , Center of Health Sciences, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil .
authors.forename: Andréa Conceição Gomes
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: 1 Lasertherapy and Photobiology Center, Research and Development Institute , IP&D Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, UNIVAP, São Paulo, Brazil .|3 Uninovafapi College , Department of Physical Therapy, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil .
authors.forename: Gilderlene Alves
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: 1 Lasertherapy and Photobiology Center, Research and Development Institute , IP&D Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, UNIVAP, São Paulo, Brazil .|3 Uninovafapi College , Department of Physical Therapy, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil .
authors.forename: Isabel Clarisse
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Gonzaga
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Cardiac Surgery, Santa Maria Hospital, University of Piauí State (UESPI) , Teresina, Piauí, Brazil .
authors.forename: Raimundo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Barros Araújo
authors.affiliation: 2 University of Piauí State (UESPI) , Center of Health Sciences, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil .|3 Uninovafapi College , Department of Physical Therapy, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil .
authors.forename: Rauirys Alencar
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.affiliation: 1 Lasertherapy and Photobiology Center, Research and Development Institute , IP&D Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, UNIVAP, São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Renata Amadei
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Nicolau
mesh_terms: D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications*; D007387:Internal Mammary-Coronary Artery Anastomosis; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D056346:Sternotomy