title: Tailored Lighting Intervention for Persons with Dementia and Caregivers Living at Home.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Light therapy has shown promise as a nonpharmacological treatment to help regulate abnormal sleep-wake patterns and associated behavioral issues prevalent among individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD). The present study investigated the effectiveness of a lighting intervention designed to increase circadian stimulation during the day using light sources that have high short-wavelength content and high light output.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five persons with ADRD and 34 caregivers completed the 11-week study. During week 1, subjective questionnaires were administered to the study participants. During week 2, baseline data were collected using Daysimeters and actigraphs. Researchers installed the lighting during week 3, followed by 4 weeks of the tailored lighting intervention. During the last week of the lighting intervention, Daysimeter, actigraph and questionnaire data were again collected. Three weeks after the lighting intervention was removed, a third data collection (post-intervention assessment) was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lighting intervention significantly increased circadian entrainment, as measured by phasor magnitude and sleep efficiency, as measured by actigraphy data, and significantly reduced symptoms of depression in the participants with ADRD. The caregivers also exhibited an increase in circadian entrainment during the lighting intervention; a seasonal effect of greater sleep efficiency and longer sleep duration was also found for caregivers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An ambient lighting intervention designed to increase daytime circadian stimulation can be used to increase sleep efficiency in persons with ADRD and their caregivers, and may also be effective for other populations such as healthy older adults with sleep problems, adolescents, and veterans with traumatic brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Mariana G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Figueiro
authors.affiliation: Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hornick
authors.affiliation: Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Geoffrey E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Plitnick
authors.affiliation: Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brons
authors.affiliation: Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rea
keywords: ADRD; Alzheimer’s disease; circadian rhythms; dementia; depression; light therapy; short-wavelength light; sleep