title: Current Understanding of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models.
abstract: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an intestinal inflammatory condition that affects more than 2 million people in the United States. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD are still largely unknown, dysregulated host/enteric microbial interactions are requisite for the development of IBD. So far, many researchers have tried to identify a precise relationship between IBD and an imbalance of the intestinal microbiota, termed "dysbiosis." Despite extensive efforts, it is still largely unknown about the interplay among microbes, their hosts, and their environments, and whether dysbiosis is a causal factor or an effect of IBD. Recently, deep-sequencing analyses of the microbiota in patients with IBD patients have been instrumental in characterizing the strong association between dysbiosis and IBD development, although it is still unable to identify specific-associated species level changes in most cases. Based on many recent reports, dysbiosis of the commensal microbiota is implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including IBD, obesity, and allergic disorders, in both human and animal models. In this review article, the authors have focused on explaining the multiple types of dysbiosis, as well as dysbiosis-related diseases and potential treatments to apply this knowledge to understand a possible cause and potentially find therapeutic strategies for IBD as well as the other dysbiosis-related diseases.
authors.affiliation: *Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; †Department of Immunology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan; and ‡Gastrointestinal Unit, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Arianna K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: DeGruttola
authors.forename: Daren
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mizoguchi
authors.forename: Emiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mizoguchi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D064806:Dysbiosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008954:Models, Biological