title: A case-control study of dietary salt intake in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High salt intake may be associated with pro-inflammatory changes in the immune response, and increased clinical and MRI activity in adults with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to determine if dietary salt intake is associated with pediatric-onset MS risk in a multicenter, case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric-onset CIS/MS cases within four years of onset and controls less than 22 years old recruited from 14 pediatric-MS centers were studied. Dietary sodium intake was assessed using the validated Block Kids Food Screener (NutritionQuest). Sodium intake, excess sodium, and sodium terciles were compared between cases and controls. Logistic regression models were adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index, and socioeconomic status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 170 cases (mean age=15.2±3.5) and 331 controls (mean age=14.0±3.7), no significant difference in unadjusted mean sodium intake was found between cases (2044mg/d) and controls (2030mg/d, p=0.99). The proportion of subjects consuming excess sodium, based on the adequate intake for age and gender, was similar between cases and controls (65% versus 69%, p=0.34). There were no increased odds of higher sodium intake among cases as compared to controls (for each 100mg/d increase in sodium, OR=1.00, 95% CI 0.98, 1.02; p=0.93, for excess sodium intake, OR=1.05, 95% CI 0.67, 1.64; p=0.84).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show no strong association between dietary salt intake and pediatric-onset MS risk, suggesting that salt intake may not play a prominent role in susceptibility to MS in children.
authors.affiliation: UCSF Regional Pediatric MS Center, San Francisco, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.affiliation: UCSF Regional Pediatric MS Center, San Francisco, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Waldman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lotze
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States.
authors.forename: Teri
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schreiner
authors.affiliation: Lourie Center for Pediatric MS, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, United States.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.affiliation: The Pediatric MS Center at the Jacobs Neurological Institute, SUNY Buffalo, NY, United States.
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weinstock-Guttman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aaen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Jan-Mendelt
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Tillema
authors.affiliation: UCSF Regional Pediatric MS Center, San Francisco, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Janace
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: UCSF Regional Pediatric MS Center, San Francisco, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Sabeen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lulu
authors.affiliation: Alabama Pediatric MS Center, Birmingham, AL, United States.
authors.forename: Jayne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ness
authors.affiliation: Alabama Pediatric MS Center, Birmingham, AL, United States.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Candee
authors.affiliation: Lourie Center for Pediatric MS, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Krupp
authors.affiliation: Pediatric MS and Related Disorders Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.affiliation: Pediatric MS and Related Disorders Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Partners Pediatric MS Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Tanuja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chitnis
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States.
authors.forename: Soe
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mar
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Lisa F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Barcellos
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Public Health Nutrition, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Laraia
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
authors.forename: Shelly
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roalstad
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.
authors.forename: T Charles
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Casper
authors.affiliation: UCSF Regional Pediatric MS Center, San Francisco, CA, United States. Electronic address: emmanuelle.waubant@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Waubant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020529:Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary
keywords: Dietary factors; Epidemiology; Multiple sclerosis; Pediatric; Salt; Susceptibility