title: Effects of the Post-Spinal Cord Injury Microenvironment on the Differentiation Capacity of Human Neural Stem Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.
abstract: Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes loss of neural functions below the level of the lesion due to interruption of spinal pathways and secondary neurodegenerative processes. The transplant of neural stem cells (NSCs) is a promising approach for the repair of SCI. Reprogramming of adult somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is expected to provide an autologous source of iPSC-derived NSCs, avoiding the immune response as well as ethical issues. However, there is still limited information on the behavior and differentiation pattern of transplanted iPSC-derived NSCs within the damaged spinal cord. We transplanted iPSC-derived NSCs, obtained from adult human somatic cells, into rats at 0 or 7 days after SCI, and evaluated motor-evoked potentials and locomotion of the animals. We histologically analyzed engraftment, proliferation, and differentiation of the iPSC-derived NSCs and the spared tissue in the spinal cords at 7, 21, and 63 days posttransplant. Both transplanted groups showed a late decline in functional recovery compared to vehicle-injected groups. Histological analysis showed proliferation of transplanted cells within the tissue and that cells formed a mass. At the final time point, most grafted cells differentiated to neural and astroglial lineages, but not into oligodendrocytes, while some grafted cells remained undifferentiated and proliferative. The proinflammatory tissue microenviroment of the injured spinal cord induced proliferation of the grafted cells and, therefore, there are possible risks associated with iPSC-derived NSC transplantation. New approaches are needed to promote and guide cell differentiation, as well as reduce their tumorigenicity once the cells are transplanted at the lesion site.
authors.affiliation: Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López-Serrano
authors.affiliation: Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain.
authors.forename: Abel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torres-Espín
authors.affiliation: Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain.
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hernández
authors.affiliation: Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Ana B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Alvarez-Palomo
authors.affiliation: Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Requena
authors.affiliation: Neurophysiology Lab, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gasull
authors.affiliation: Control of Pluripotency Laboratory, Department of Physiological Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|University of Sydney Medical School, Westmead Children's Hospital, Division of Pediatrics and Child Health, Westmead, Australia.|School of Anatomy, Physiology & Human Biology, and Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (CCTRM), University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Edel
authors.affiliation: Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Navarro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D060833:Cellular Microenvironment; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D005260:Female; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D057026:Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008124:Locomotion; D064231:Nestin / Q000378:metabolism; D058953:Neural Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation*; D055495:Neurogenesis; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000628:therapy*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D064231:Nestin
keywords: Cell therapy; Differentiation; Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); Neural stem cells (NSCs); Spinal cord injury (SCI)