title: Post Traumatic Reconstruction of the Pediatric Heel and Achilles Tendon: A Review of Pedicle Flap Options in 31 Motorcycle Spoke Trauma Patients.
abstract: Severe motorcycle spoke injuries of the heel lead to Achilles tendon defects, calcaneal tubercle exposure or loss, and overlying soft tissue defects, which are challenging to treat. Given the special physiological and developmental characteristics of children, severe spoke injuries of the heel in children are especially troublesome.We report details of 31 cases of severe motorcycle spoke injuries of the heel in children. The reconstruction timing depended on the time since injury, systematic conditions, and concurrent injuries. Eighteen cases were reconstructed at the time of emergency surgery, and 13 cases underwent delayed reconstruction. Appropriate flap transfer and Achilles tendon repair were conducted based on the defect size of the Achilles tendon, the main location of the soft tissue defect, and the distal residues of the Achilles tendon.Of the 31 cases, 16 cases were reconstructed with sliding gastrocnemius musculocutaneous flaps, 7 cases had saphenous neurocutaneous flaps, 4 cases had posterior tibial perforator flaps, 3 cases had sural neurocutaneous flaps, and 1 case was repaired with a peroneal artery perforator flap. All flaps healed uneventfully except for 3 cases of flap partial necrosis and 1 case of local infection of the Achilles tendon. During 6 months to 4 years of follow-up, dorsiflexion of the ankle was obviously limited at first but gradually recovered and enabled normal walking. However, due to the possibilities of calcaneal defects, epiphyseal injuries, and Achilles tendon problems, long-term follow-up is indicated.
authors.affiliation: From the *Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, Kunming; †Graduate School, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Qing
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Yue-Liang
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jia-Zhang
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Yong-Qing
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Liang-Bin
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018409:Foot Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009049:Motorcycles; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome