title: Female genital tract inflammation, HIV co-infection and persistent mucosal Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections.
abstract: Persistent genital infections with high-risk HPV types increase risk of cervical disease and cancer. Since genital inflammation increases HIV acquisition risk and cancer progression, we evaluated whether HPV infection induces cytokine expression in the reproductive tract.
  
  
  
  Genital cytokines concentrations were measured in 93 HIV-infected and 72 uninfected women. HPV typing was done by Roche Linear array. Persistence and clearance of HPV were evaluated using longitudinal data.
  
  
  
  Infection with HPV did not influence genital cytokine concentrations. In contrast, HIV-infected women had higher IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1 and G-CSF concentrations compared to HIV-uninfected women, and HPV-infections that were more prevalent, persistent and multi-type.
  
  
  
  HPV did not influence inflammatory cytokine levels in the genital tract, although immune suppression may favor persistence.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jean-Mari
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kriek
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Shameem Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Jaumdally
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Lindi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masson
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Little
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Center for HIV and STIs National Institute for Communicable Disease, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa.
authors.forename: Zizipho
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mbulawa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Pamela P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Gumbi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Shaun L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Barnabas
authors.affiliation: UCT/MRC Clinical Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Cancer Research Initiative, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Women׳s Health Research Unit, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moodley
authors.affiliation: UCT/MRC Clinical Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town/Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Lynette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Denny
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coetzee
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; UCT/MRC Clinical Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa.
authors.forename: Anna-Lise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; UCT/MRC Clinical Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa. Electronic address: Jo-ann.Passmore@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: Jo-Ann S
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Passmore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D060085:Coinfection; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000821:virology; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D060737:Reproductive Tract Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Cytokines; HIV; HPV; Inflammation; Mucosal; Persistence