title: Anti-Inflammatory Small Molecules To Treat Seizures and Epilepsy: From Bench to Bedside.
abstract: As a crucial component of brain innate immunity, neuroinflammation initially contributes to neuronal tissue repair and maintenance. However, chronic inflammatory processes within the brain and associated blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairment often cause neurotoxicity and hyperexcitability. Mounting evidence points to a mutual facilitation between inflammation and epilepsy, suggesting that blocking the undesired inflammatory signaling within the brain might provide novel strategies to treat seizures and epilepsy. Neuroinflammation is primarily characterized by the upregulation of proinflammatory mediators in epileptogenic foci, among which cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) have been extensively studied. Small molecules that specifically target these key proinflammatory perpetrators have been evaluated for antiepileptic and antiepileptogenic effects in animal models. These important preclinical studies provide new insights into the regulation of inflammation in epileptic brains and guide drug discovery efforts aimed at developing novel anti-inflammatory therapies for seizures and epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
authors.forename: Avijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
authors.forename: Jiange
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA.
authors.forename: Yifeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0514, USA. Electronic address: jianxiong.jiang@uc.edu.
authors.forename: Jianxiong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D015195:Drug Design; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000927:Anticonvulsants
keywords: epilepsy; epileptogenesis; interleukin; neuroinflammation; prostaglandin; seizure