title: Long-term outcomes of mandibular kinematics following class II malocclusion therapy with removable functional appliance therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate mandibular kinematics in class I adults following class II therapy with removable functional appliances (RFAs) during the growth period in comparison with orthodontically untreated class I and II individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Condylar (CRoM) and incisal range of motion (InRoM), velocity during opening and closing, and the mandibular rotation angle were recorded using an ultrasound-based jaw-tracking system in 36 test patients (mean age = 28.03 ± 6.58 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant group effects were found for CRoM towards the posterior in the right joint (p = 0.002) and InRoM towards the anterior (p = 0.043). The post hoc Tukey test indicates a significantly longer CRoM (posterior) for the right condyle in class II (p = 0.003) and RFA individuals (p = 0.023).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The kinematic data imply greater dentoalveolar effects due to RFA therapy than adaptive remodeling of the temporomandibular joint. The class I relationship in the RFA group following treatment indicates stable long-term outcomes.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Prosthodontics, Preclinical Education and Dental Materials Science , University Hospital Bonn , Bonn , Germany.
authors.forename: Sabine S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Linsen
authors.affiliation: b Department of Orthodontics , University Hospital Bonn , Bonn , Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.affiliation: c Department of Orthodontics , Danube Private University , Krems-Stein , Austria.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Müßig
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003766:Dental Occlusion; D003767:Dental Occlusion, Balanced; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation; D007180:Incisor / Q000503:physiopathology; D007574:Jaw Relation Record; D008297:Male; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000503:physiopathology; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; D009968:Orthodontic Appliances, Removable; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation
keywords: Class I; Class II; Condyle position; Mandibular kinematics; Orthodontic long-term outcome; Removable functional appliance