title: Cachexia-associated adipose tissue morphological rearrangement in gastrointestinal cancer patients.
abstract: Cachexia is a syndrome characterized by marked involuntary loss of body weight. Recently, adipose tissue (AT) wasting has been shown to occur before the appearance of other classical cachexia markers. We investigated the composition and rearrangement of the extracellular matrix, adipocyte morphology and inflammation in the subcutaneous AT (scAT) pad of gastrointestinal cancer patients.
  
  
  
  Surgical biopsies for scAT were obtained from gastrointestinal cancer patients, who were signed up into the following groups: cancer cachexia (CC, n = 11), weight-stable cancer (WSC, n = 9) and weight-stable control (non-cancer) (control, n = 7). The stable weight groups were considered as those with no important weight change during the last year and body mass index <25 kg/m(2). Subcutaneous AT fibrosis was quantified and characterized by quantitative PCR, histological analysis and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  
  The degree of fibrosis and the distribution and collagen types (I and III) were different in WSC and CC patients. CC patients showed more pronounced fibrosis in comparison with WSC. Infiltrating macrophages surrounding adipocytes and CD3 Ly were found in the fibrotic areas of scAT. Subcutaneous AT fibrotic areas demonstrated increased monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and Cluster of Differentiation (CD)68 gene expression in cancer patients.
  
  
  
  Our data indicate architectural modification consisting of fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in scAT as induced by cachexia in gastrointestinal cancer patients. The latter was characterized by the presence of macrophages and lymphocytes, more evident in the fibrotic areas. In addition, increased MCP-1 and CD68 gene expression in scAT from cancer patients may indicate an important role of these markers in the early phases of cancer.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Integrated Group of Biotechnology University of Mogi das Cruzes Mogi das Cruzes Brazil; Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil.
authors.forename: Miguel L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Integrated Group of Biotechnology University of Mogi das Cruzes Mogi das Cruzes Brazil.
authors.forename: Felipe S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Henriques
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Integrated Group of Biotechnology University of Mogi das Cruzes Mogi das Cruzes Brazil; Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo X
authors.initials: RX
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.affiliation: Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil.
authors.forename: Mireia R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Olivan
authors.affiliation: Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil.
authors.forename: Emídio M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Matos-Neto
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Surgery, University Hospital University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo S M
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Alcântara
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Surgery, University Hospital University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil.
authors.forename: Linda F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Maximiano
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Surgery, University Hospital University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil.
authors.forename: José P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Otoch
authors.affiliation: Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil.
authors.forename: Michele J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil.
authors.forename: Marília
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seelaender
keywords: Adipose tissue; Extracellular matrix; Fibrosis, Inflammation, Cachexia