title: Biodistribution of the radionuclides (18)F-FDG, (11)C-methionine, (11)C-PK11195, and (68)Ga-citrate in domestic juvenile female pigs and morphological and molecular imaging of the tracers in hematogenously disseminated Staphylococcus aureus lesions.
abstract: Approximately 5-7% of acute-care patients suffer from bacteremia. Bacteremia may give rise to bacterial spread to different tissues. Conventional imaging procedures as X-ray, Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and ultrasound are often first-line imaging methods for identification and localization of infection. These methods are, however, not always successful. Early identification and localization of infection is critical for the appropriate and timely selection of therapy. The aim of this study was thus; a head to head comparison of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) to PET with tracers that potentially could improve uncovering of infectious lesions in soft tissues. We chose (11)C-methionine, (11)C-PK11195, and (68)Ga-citrate as tracers and besides presenting their bio-distribution we validated their diagnostic utility in pigs with experimental bacterial infection. Four juvenile 14-15 weeks old female domestic pigs were scanned seven days after intra-arterial inoculation in the right femoral artery with a porcine strain of S. aureus using a sequential scanning protocol with (18)F-FDG, (11)C-methionine, (11)C-PK11195 and (68)Ga-citrate. This was followed by necropsy of the pigs consisting of gross pathology, histopathology and microbial examination. The pigs primarily developed lesions in lungs and neck muscles. (18)F-FDG had higher infection to background ratios and accumulated in most infectious foci caused by S. aureus, while (11)C-methionine and particularly (11)C-PK11195 and (68)Ga-citrate accumulated to a lesser extent in infectious foci. (18)F-FDG-uptake was seen in the areas of inflammatory cells and to a much lesser extent in reparative infiltration surrounding necrotic regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Imaging, North Zealand Hospital Hillerød, Denmark.
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Afzelius
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ole L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Aage Ko
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Alstrup
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Páll S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Leifsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aalborg UniversityAalborg, Denmark; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Aalborg UniversityAalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Svend B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University HospitalAalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg UniversityAalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Henrik C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Schønheyder
keywords: 11C-PK11195; 11C-methionine; 18F-FDG; 68Ga-citrate; Osteomyelitis; Staphylococcus aureus; animal; computed tomography; domestic pigs; infection; porcine; positron emission tomography; swine