title: Determination of atenolol in human plasma using ionic-liquid-based ultrasound-assisted in situ solvent formation microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography.
abstract: An efficient analytical method called ionic-liquid-based ultrasound-assisted in situ solvent formation microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography was developed for the determination of atenolol in human plasma. A hydrophobic ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) was formed by the addition of a hydrophilic ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) to a sample solution containing an ion-pairing agent during microextraction. The analyte was extracted into the ionic liquid phase while the microextraction solvent was dispersed throughout the sample by utilizing ultrasound. The sample was then centrifuged, and the extracting phase retracted into the microsyringe and injected to liquid chromatography. After optimization, the calibration curve showed linearity in the range of 2-750 ng/mL with the regression coefficient corresponding to 0.998. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) and quantification (S/N = 10) were 0.5 and 2 ng/mL, respectively. A reasonable relative recovery range of 90-96.7% and satisfactory intra-assay (4.8-5.1%, n = 6) and interassay (5.0-5.6%, n = 9) precision along with a substantial sample clean-up demonstrated good performance of the procedure. It was applied for the determination of atenolol in human plasma after oral administration and some pharmacokinetic data were obtained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeeb
authors.affiliation: Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hadi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Farahani
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Kazem
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Papan
mesh_terms: D001262:Atenolol / Q000097:blood*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D000069453:Ultrasonic Waves
chemical_list: D052578:Ionic Liquids; D012997:Solvents; D001262:Atenolol
keywords: Atenolol; High-performance liquid chromatography; Human plasma; Ionic liquids; Microextraction