title: Cardiovascular Disease in Women: Clinical Perspectives.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of death among women in the United States, accounting for ≈1 of every 3 female deaths. Sex-specific data focused on cardiovascular disease have been increasing steadily, yet is not routinely collected nor translated into practice. This comprehensive review focuses on novel and unique aspects of cardiovascular health in women and sex differences as they relate to clinical practice in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular disease. This review also provides current approaches to the evaluation and treatment of acute coronary syndromes that are more prevalent in women, including myocardial infarction associated with nonobstructive coronary arteries, spontaneous coronary artery dissection, and stress-induced cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo Syndrome). Other cardiovascular disease entities with higher prevalence or unique considerations in women, such as heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, peripheral arterial disease, and abdominal aortic aneurysms, are also briefly reviewed. Finally, recommendations for cardiac rehabilitation are addressed.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (M.G., S.L.M.); Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (C.N.B.M.); Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.E.B., J.E.M.); and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (J.E.B., J.E.M.).
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (M.G., S.L.M.); Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (C.N.B.M.); Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.E.B., J.E.M.); and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (J.E.B., J.E.M.).
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Mulvagh
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (M.G., S.L.M.); Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (C.N.B.M.); Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.E.B., J.E.M.); and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (J.E.B., J.E.M.).
authors.forename: C Noel Bairey
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Merz
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (M.G., S.L.M.); Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (C.N.B.M.); Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.E.B., J.E.M.); and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (J.E.B., J.E.M.).
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (M.G., S.L.M.); Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA (C.N.B.M.); Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.E.B., J.E.M.); and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (J.E.B., J.E.M.). jmanson@rics.bwh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: JoAnn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manson
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D016387:Women's Health / Q000639:trends
keywords: acute coronary syndromes; cardiovascular disease; primary prevention; risk factors; women