title: The gut resistome is highly dynamic during the first months of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the longitudinal development of several antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of the infant gut resistome during the first months after birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fecal samples from 120 infants collected at the ages of 5, 13 and 31 weeks were analyzed and subjected to qPCR for the detection of several ARGs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of ARGs significantly increased for ermB, tetM and tetQ, while it decreased for aac(6')-aph(2'). Birth mode and breastfeeding significantly affected tetQ prevalence. Correlations to bacterial taxa suggest that fluctuations in some ARGs are (partly) attributed to shifts in bacteroides colonization rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acquisition of ARGs in the gut microbiota occurs shortly after birth and resistome composition fluctuates over the course of several months, reflecting changes in microbial community structure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition & Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christian J H
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: von Wintersdorff
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition & Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|Department of Medical Microbiology, Caphri School for Public Health & Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Petra F G
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Wolffs
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition & Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|Department of Medical Microbiology, Caphri School for Public Health & Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|Department of Medical Microbiology & Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam.
authors.forename: Paul H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Savelkoul
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition & Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rianne R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Nijsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Pneumology & Immunology, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Section of Pediatric Rheumatology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gerhold
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital, Ev. Hospital Bielefeld (EvKB), Bielefeld, Germany.
authors.forename: Eckard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hamelmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition & Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.|Department of Medical Microbiology, Caphri School for Public Health & Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Penders
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: antibiotic resistance gene; bacteroides; birth mode; breastfeeding; gut microbiota; infant; metagenome; microbiome; pediatric; resistomes