title: Gut Microbiota Linked to Sexual Preference and HIV Infection.
abstract: The precise effects of HIV-1 on the gut microbiome are unclear. Initial cross-sectional studies provided contradictory associations between microbial richness and HIV serostatus and suggested shifts from Bacteroides to Prevotella predominance following HIV-1 infection, which have not been found in animal models or in studies matched for HIV-1 transmission groups. In two independent cohorts of HIV-1-infected subjects and HIV-1-negative controls in Barcelona (n = 156) and Stockholm (n = 84), men who have sex with men (MSM) predominantly belonged to the Prevotella-rich enterotype whereas most non-MSM subjects were enriched in Bacteroides, independently of HIV-1 status, and with only a limited contribution of diet effects. Moreover, MSM had a significantly richer and more diverse fecal microbiota than non-MSM individuals. After stratifying for sexual orientation, there was no solid evidence of an HIV-specific dysbiosis. However, HIV-1 infection remained consistently associated with reduced bacterial richness, the lowest bacterial richness being observed in subjects with a virological-immune discordant response to antiretroviral therapy. Our findings indicate that HIV gut microbiome studies must control for HIV risk factors and suggest interventions on gut bacterial richness as possible novel avenues to improve HIV-1-associated immune dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noguera-Julian
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Muntsa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rocafort
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guillén
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Casadellà
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 141, 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.affiliation: Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Falk
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hildebrand
authors.affiliation: Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zeller
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Mariona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parera
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bellido
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; ISGLOBAL, Carrer Rosselló, 132, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carrillo
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; HIV Unit & Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mothe
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; HIV Unit & Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Coll
authors.affiliation: HIV Unit & Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.affiliation: HIV Unit & Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Estany
authors.affiliation: HIV Unit & Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herrero
authors.affiliation: BCN Checkpoint, Carrer del Comte Borrell, 164, 08015 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Saz
authors.affiliation: HIV Unit & Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Guillem
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sirera
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebrón, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Ariadna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torrela
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebrón, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Navarro
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebrón, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crespo
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brander
authors.affiliation: Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; HIV Unit & Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Eugènia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negredo
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Julià
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.affiliation: Digestive Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebrón Institute of Research, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Passeig de la Vall d'Hebrón, 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Guarner
authors.affiliation: Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria Luz
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Calle
authors.affiliation: Structural and Computational Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Max-Delbrück-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, Germany; Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, EMBL, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Peer
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bork
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 141, 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sönnerborg
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; HIV Unit & Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Bonaventura
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clotet
authors.affiliation: IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, C. Sagrada Família 7, 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain; HIV Unit & Lluita Contra la SIDA Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra de Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paredes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001439:Bacteroides / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D064806:Dysbiosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000235:genetics; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000472:pathogenicity; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018720:Prevotella / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior
keywords: 16S rDNA; Bacteroides; HIV-1; Microbiome; Microbiota; Prevotella