title: Quality Control of Gamma Irradiated Dwarf Mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.) Based on Color, Organic Acids, Total Phenolics and Antioxidant Parameters.
abstract: This study addresses the effects of gamma irradiation (1, 5 and 8 kGy) on color, organic acids, total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of dwarf mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.). Organic acids were analyzed by ultra fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) coupled to a photodiode array (PDA) detector. Total phenolics and flavonoids were measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated based on the DPPH(•) scavenging activity, reducing power, β-carotene bleaching inhibition and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation inhibition. Analyses were performed in the non-irradiated and irradiated plant material, as well as in decoctions obtained from the same samples. The total amounts of organic acids and phenolics recorded in decocted extracts were always higher than those found in the plant material or hydromethanolic extracts, respectively. The DPPH(•) scavenging activity and reducing power were also higher in decocted extracts. The assayed irradiation doses affected differently the organic acids profile. The levels of total phenolics and flavonoids were lower in the hydromethanolic extracts prepared from samples irradiated at 1 kGy (dose that induced color changes) and in decocted extracts prepared from those irradiated at 8 kGy. The last samples also showed a lower antioxidant activity. In turn, irradiation at 5 kGy favored the amounts of total phenolics and flavonoids. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the effects of irradiation in indicators of dwarf mallow quality, and highlighted the decoctions for its antioxidant properties.
authors.affiliation: Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal. jpinela@ipb.pt.|REQUIMTE/LAQV, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal. jpinela@ipb.pt.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinela
authors.affiliation: Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal. lillian@ipb.pt.
authors.forename: Lillian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.affiliation: Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal. amilcar@ipb.pt.|Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal. amilcar@ipb.pt.
authors.forename: Amilcar L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Antonio
authors.affiliation: Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal. anacarv@ipb.pt.
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE/LAQV, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal. beatoliv@ff.up.pt.
authors.forename: M Beatriz P P
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), ESA, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 1172, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal. iferreira@ipb.pt.
authors.forename: Isabel C F R
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Ferreira
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003116:Color; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005720:Gamma Rays; D028501:Malva / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000528:radiation effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D019207:beta Carotene; C011471:folin
keywords: Malva neglecta; antioxidant activity; color parameters; decoction; ionizing radiation; organic acids; quality control