title: Lures for red palm weevil trapping systems: aggregation pheromone and synthetic kairomone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The optimisation of the lure is essential for the implementation of trapping systems to control insect pests. In this work, the response of the red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, to increasing emission rates of its aggregation pheromone (ferrugineol) and the efficacy of a convenient synthetic kairomone based on fermentation odours (ethyl acetate and ethanol) have been evaluated in different years and locations along the Mediterranean basin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, although capture data and emission had noticeable variability among locations, significantly fewer RPW were captured in pyramidal Picusan® traps with the lowest ferrugineol emission rates tested (0.6-3.8 mg day-1). Captures increased rapidly with ferrugineol emission up to 4-5 mg day-1; then, higher emission rates did not improve or reduce captures, up to the highest emission rate tested of 50.9 mg day-1. Thus, there is no evidence of an optimum release rate corresponding to a maximum of RPW catches. Traps baited with the synthetic kairomone (1:3 ethyl acetate/ethanol) captured 1.4-2.2 times more total weevils than traps baited only with ferrugineol. Moreover, in most of the locations, the synthetic blend was at least as effective as the local coattractants used (plant material + molasses).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ferrugineol emission rate can vary in a wide range without significantly affecting RPW response. Coattractants based on fermenting compounds, ethyl acetate and ethanol, are able to improve the attractant level of ferrugineol and could be employed to replace non-standardised natural kairomones in RPW trapping systems after further optimisation of their proportions and doses. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ecología Química Agrícola - Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vacas
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Greece.
authors.forename: Ourania
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Melita
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Greece.
authors.forename: Antonios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michaelakis
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Kifissia, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Milonas
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Roxana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Minuz
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Riolo
authors.affiliation: Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mohamed Kamal
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Abbass
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lo Bue
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colazza
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
authors.forename: Ezio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peri
authors.affiliation: Agricultural Research Organisation, the Volcani Centre, Bet-Dagan, Israel.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Soroker
authors.affiliation: Eden Experimental Farm, Emeq Beit Sheaan, Israel.
authors.forename: Yaara
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Livne
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ecología Química Agrícola - Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Primo
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ecología Química Agrícola - Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Navarro-Llopis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D007301:Insect Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D010675:Pheromones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048889:Weevils / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007301:Insect Hormones; D010675:Pheromones
keywords: 4-methyl-5-nonanol; Rhynchophorus ferrugineus; ethanol; ethyl acetate; mass trapping; monitoring