title: Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance in Agroecosystems: State of the Science.
abstract: We propose a simple causal model depicting relationships involved in dissemination of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in agroecosystems and potential effects on human health, functioning of natural ecosystems, and agricultural productivity. Available evidence for each causal link is briefly summarized, and key knowledge gaps are highlighted. A lack of quantitative estimates of human exposure to environmental bacteria, in general, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, specifically, is a significant data gap hindering the assessment of effects on human health. The contribution of horizontal gene transfer to resistance in the environment and conditions that might foster the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes into human pathogens also need further research. Existing research has focused heavily on human health effects, with relatively little known about the effects of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance on natural and agricultural ecosystems. The proposed causal model is used to elucidate gaps in knowledge that must be addressed by the research community and may provide a useful starting point for the design and analysis of future research efforts.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams-Nguyen
authors.forename: J Brett
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Sallach
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bartelt-Hunt
authors.forename: Alistair B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Boxall
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Durso
authors.forename: Jean E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McLain
authors.forename: Randall S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Daniel D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Snow
authors.forename: Julie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Zilles
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001419:Bacteria; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D017753:Ecosystem; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents