title: Impact of Maryland's 2011 alcohol sales tax increase on alcoholic beverage sales.
abstract: Increasing alcohol taxes has proven effective in reducing alcohol consumption, but the effects of alcohol sales taxes on sales of specific alcoholic beverages have received little research attention. Data on sales are generally less subject to reporting biases than self-reported patterns of alcohol consumption.
  
  
  
  We aimed to assess the effects of Maryland's July 1, 2011 three percentage point increase in the alcohol sales tax (6-9%) on beverage-specific and total alcohol sales.
  
  
  
  Using county-level data on Maryland's monthly alcohol sales in gallons for 2010-2012, by beverage type, multilevel mixed effects multiple linear regression models estimated the effects of the tax increase on alcohol sales. We controlled for seasonality, county characteristics, and national unemployment rates in the main analyses.
  
  
  
  In the 18 months after the tax increase, average per capita sales of spirits were 5.1% lower (p < 0.001), beer sales were 3.2% lower (p < 0.001), and wine sales were 2.5% lower (p < 0.01) relative to what would have been expected from sales trends in the 18 months prior to the tax increase. Overall, the alcohol sales tax increase was associated with a 3.8% decline in total alcohol sold relative to what would have been expected based on sales in the prior 18 months (p < 0.001).
  
  
  
  The findings suggest that increased alcohol sales taxes may be as effective as excise taxes in reducing alcohol consumption and related problems. Sales taxes also have the added advantages of rising with inflation and taxing the highest priced beverages most heavily.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health , Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Marissa B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Esser
authors.affiliation: b Departments of Health Behavior and Society, and Health Policy and Management , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA.|c School of Nursing , University of Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Hugh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Waters
authors.affiliation: d Department of Mental Health , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Mieka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smart
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health , Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Jernigan
mesh_terms: D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D001515:Beer / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000600:supply & distribution; D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008396:Maryland; D013660:Taxes / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014920:Wine / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000600:supply & distribution
keywords: Alcohol sales; alcohol consumption; alcohol policy; alcohol sales taxes; alcohol taxes; prevention