title: Short- and Medium-Term Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on Periodontal Status in Lingual Orthodontic Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short- and medium-term effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) applied in repeated doses in adults with a healthy periodontium treated by lingual orthodontic appliances.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Plaque accumulation, in combination with difficulty in removing it in lingual orthodontic patients, can cause gingival inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve orthodontic patients scheduled for fixed lingual orthodontic treatment were selected. Clinical measurements [visible plaque index (VPI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD), and collection of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)], which was used to measure the levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), was performed before bonding the lingual device, and at the short-term (1, 2, 3 months) and medium-term (12 months) follow-up appointments. For each patient, quadrant 1 or 2 was randomly chosen for irradiation by a diode laser (λ = 670 nm, 190 mW, 6.05 W/cm(2), 60 sec/ tooth) (Laser Group) and the contralateral quadrant was used as the Control Group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both studied groups, a slight worsening of the periodontal condition was observed, which was evident at the 3rd month follow-up and which was mainly at the lingual side in the Control Group. The levels of IL-1β in the GCF were significantly increased in the Control Group compared with the Laser Group at the 2nd and 3rd months after bonding. At the 12th month follow-up, an improvement of the inflammation was observed in both groups in the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LLLT showed short-term effects by preventing a substantial increase in IL-1β levels. At medium-term follow-up, LLLT diminished VPI, BOP, and PD scores.
authors.affiliation: 1 Departamento de Estomatología IV, Facultad de Odontología, UCM , Madrid, Spain .
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abellán
authors.affiliation: 2 Departamento de Sistemas de Baja Dimensionalidad, Superficies y Materia Condensada, Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano , CSIC, Madrid, Spain .
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.affiliation: 1 Departamento de Estomatología IV, Facultad de Odontología, UCM , Madrid, Spain .
authors.forename: María Dolores
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Oteo
authors.affiliation: 1 Departamento de Estomatología IV, Facultad de Odontología, UCM , Madrid, Spain .
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Scuzzo
authors.affiliation: 1 Departamento de Estomatología IV, Facultad de Odontología, UCM , Madrid, Spain .
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Palma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005881:Gingiva / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D009967:Orthodontic Appliances; D010512:Periodontal Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha