title: Effect of Outflow Tract Banding on Embryonic Cardiac Hemodynamics.
abstract: We analyzed heart wall motion and blood flow dynamics in chicken embryos usingin vivooptical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) embryo-specific modeling. We focused on the heart outflow tract (OFT) region of day 3 embryos, and compared normal (control) conditions to conditions after performing an OFT banding intervention, which alters hemodynamics in the embryonic heart and vasculature. We found that hemodynamics and cardiac wall motion in the OFT are affected by banding in ways that might not be intuitivea priori. In addition to the expected increase in ventricular blood pressure, and increase blood flow velocity and, thus, wall shear stress (WSS) at the band site, the characteristic peristaltic-like motion of the OFT was altered, further affecting flow and WSS. Myocardial contractility, however, was affected only close to the band site due to the physical restriction on wall motion imposed by the band. WSS were heterogeneously distributed in both normal and banded OFTs. Our results show how banding affects cardiac mechanics and can lead, in the future, to a better understanding of mechanisms by which altered blood flow conditions affect cardiac development leading to congenital heart disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Stevens Way, Box 352600, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Venkat Keshav
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Chivukula
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA.
authors.forename: Sevan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goenezen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Drive, ECB 2145, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Aiping
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave. M/C CH13B, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rugonyi
keywords: cardiac development; cardiovascular development; chicken embryonic heart; computational fluid dynamics (CFD); congenital heart disease; hemodynamics; outflow tract