title: Effect of copper, manganese, and zinc supplementation on the performance, clinical signs, and mineral status of calves following exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1b and subsequent infection.
abstract: Research has indicated that trace mineral (TM) supplementation may alter immune function and reduce morbidity associated with bovine respiratory disease. The objective of this experiment was to determine the influence of dietary Cu, Mn, and Zn supplementation on the performance, clinical signs, and TM balance of calves following a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and (MH) combination respiratory pathogen challenge. Steers ( = 16; 225 ± 20 kg BW) from a single ranch were processed, weaned, and randomly pairwise assigned to either the TM-supplemented (MIN) or the control (CON) experimental treatments. The MIN calves received an additional 150 mg of Cu, 130 mg of Mn, and 320 mg of Zn daily and the CON calves received the basal diet with no additional Cu, Mn, or Zn supplementation. The basal diet contained sufficient Mn and Zn but inadequate Cu based on published nutrient requirements. After 46 d on the experimental treatments, all calves were naturally exposed to a heifer persistently infected with BVDV type 1b for 4 d and then subsequently intratracheally challenged with MH. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with sampling time serving as a repeated measure and calf serving as the experimental unit. The respiratory challenge was validated via increased BVDV type 1b antibody concentrations, MH whole cell and leukotoxin antibody concentrations, rectal temperatures (TEMP), and subjective clinical severity scores (CS). Calf performance ( ≥ 0.48) was not affected by TM supplementation. Mineral supplementation also did not impact the CS or TEMP of calves ( ≥ 0.53). There was a treatment × time ( < 0.001) interaction observed for liver Cu concentrations. The concentrations of Cu, Mn, Zn, and Fe within the liver; Cu, Mn, and Zn within the muscle; and Cu, Zn, and Fe within the serum were all impacted by time ( ≤ 0.03). Calves receiving the MIN treatment had greater ( < 0.01) liver Cu and Mn concentrations compared with CON calves. In contrast, serum Cu and Fe concentrations were increased ( ≤ 0.05) in CON calves compared with MIN calves. Mineral supplementation did not impact TM concentrations within the muscle ( ≥ 0.38). The supplementation of Cu, Mn, and Zn can improve the Cu and Mn status within the liver and serum of calves in response to a BVDV and MH challenge. When Cu is supplemented to calves receiving a marginally Cu-deficient diet, Cu status within the body is significantly improved.
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vazquez-Anon
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Step
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Moyer
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Haviland
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gifford
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Krehbiel
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Richards
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D001912:Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D002417:Cattle; D003300:Copper / Q000494:pharmacology; D030241:Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D008345:Manganese / Q000494:pharmacology; D016978:Mannheimia haemolytica; D008903:Minerals / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016871:Pasteurellaceae Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D014131:Trace Elements; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D008903:Minerals; D014131:Trace Elements; D008345:Manganese; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc