title: Exposure to Violence and Virologic and Immunological Outcomes Among Youth With Perinatal HIV in the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study.
abstract: Exposure to violence in childhood has been linked to adverse health outcomes. Little is known about the prevalence and relationship of youth and caregiver violence exposure to clinical outcomes among youth with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (PHIV). We evaluated associations of youth and caregiver violence exposure with unsuppressed viral load (VL) (HIV RNA > 400 copies/mL) and CD4% <25% among 8- to 15-year-old participants with PHIV in the Pediatric HIV/AIDS Cohort Study Adolescent Master Protocol.
  
  
  
  Annual clinical examination, record abstraction, and interview data were collected, including youth report of recent exposure to violence and caregivers' self-report of being assaulted/abused in adulthood. Multivariable logistic regression methods were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios for unsuppressed VL and CD4% <25%, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics.
  
  
  
  Among 268 youth with PHIV (53% girls, mean age 12.8 years, 21% white, 42% with household income <$20,000/year), 34% reported past year violence exposure; 30% had a caregiver who reported being assaulted in adulthood. One quarter of youth (24%) had unsuppressed VL and 22% had CD4% <25%. Youth who were exposed to violence in the past year versus those who were not had elevated odds of unsuppressed VL. Youth with indirect exposure to violence in the past year versus those without had elevated odds of unsuppressed VL and CD4% <25% in adjusted models.
  
  
  
  Youth with PHIV report a high prevalence of recent violence exposure, which was associated with poor virologic and immunologic outcomes. Reducing violence and providing support to youth with violence exposure and PHIV may improve health outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: dkacanek@sdac.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kacanek
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Malee
authors.affiliation: HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
authors.forename: Claude A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mellins
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tassiopoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Drexel University College of Medicine and St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Mitzie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Maternal and Pediatric Infectious Disease Branch, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Danish Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.affiliation: Children's Diagnostic & Treatment Center, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Puga
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017028:Caregivers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017579:Domestic Violence; D000069581:Exposure to Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000523:psychology / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D057566:Self Report; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019562:Viral Load / Q000235:genetics
keywords: Adherence; Adolescents; Gender; Violence; Virologic suppression