title: Influence of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Glucose Uptake.
abstract: Insulin resistance plays a key role in the development of type 2 diabetes. It arises from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental and lifestyle factors including lack of physical exercise and poor nutrition habits. The increased risk of type 2 diabetes is molecularly based on defects in insulin signaling, insulin secretion, and inflammation. The present review aims to give an overview on the molecular mechanisms underlying the uptake of glucose and related signaling pathways after acute and chronic exercise. Physical exercise, as crucial part in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, has marked acute and chronic effects on glucose disposal and related inflammatory signaling pathways. Exercise can stimulate molecular signaling pathways leading to glucose transport into the cell. Furthermore, physical exercise has the potential to modulate inflammatory processes by affecting specific inflammatory signaling pathways which can interfere with signaling pathways of the glucose uptake. The intensity of physical training appears to be the primary determinant of the degree of metabolic improvement modulating the molecular signaling pathways in a dose-response pattern, whereas training modality seems to have a secondary role.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Röhling
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Herder
authors.affiliation: Department Fitness and Health, University Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Theodor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stemper
authors.affiliation: Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Müssig
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008019:Life Style; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D065840:Protective Factors; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007328:Insulin