Racial disparities in cord blood vitamin D levels and its association with small-for-gestational-age infants.
To examine the relationship of race and maternal characteristics and their association with cord blood vitamin D levels and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) status.



Cord blood vitamin D levels were measured in 438 infants (276 black and 162 white). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations between maternal characteristics, vitamin D status and SGA.



Black race, Medicaid status, mean body mass index at delivery and lack of prenatal vitamin use were associated with vitamin D deficiency. Black infants had 3.6 greater adjusted odds (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.4, 5.6) of vitamin D deficiency when compared with white infants. Black infants with vitamin D deficiency had 2.4 greater adjusted odds (95% CI: 1.0, 5.8) of SGA. Vitamin D deficiency was not significantly associated with SGA in white infants.



Identification of risk factors (black race, Medicaid status, obesity and lack of prenatal vitamin use) can lead to opportunities for targeted prenatal vitamin supplementation to reduce the risk of neonatal vitamin D deficiency and SGA status.
Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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TL
Seto
Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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ME
Tabangin
Global Health Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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G
Langdon
Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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C
Mangeot
Global Health Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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A
Dawodu
Global Health Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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M
Steinhoff
Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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V
Narendran
D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age / Q000097:blood*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology; D014815:Vitamins / Q000097:blood; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
D014815:Vitamins; D014807:Vitamin D