A new co-micronized composite containing palmitoylethanolamide and polydatin shows superior oral efficacy compared to their association in a rat paw model of carrageenan-induced inflammation.
Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a special food for medical purposes, has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Nevertheless, PEA lacks direct ability to prevent free radical formation. Polydatin (PLD), a natural precursor of resveratrol, has antioxidant activity. The combination of PEA and PLD could have beneficial effects on oxidative stress induced by inflammatory processes. In the present study, we compared the effects of micronized PEA (PEA-m) and PLD association (PEA-m+PLD) with a new co-micronized composite containing PEA and PLD (m(PEA/PLD)) in the rat paw model of carrageenan (CAR)-induced acute inflammation. Intraplantar injection of CAR led to a time-dependent development of peripheral inflammation, in terms of paw edema, cytokine release in paw exudates, nitrotyrosine formation, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. m(PEA/PLD) reduced all measured parameters. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were also markedly reduced. At the spinal cord level, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was found to be nitrated and subsequently deactivated. Further, m(PEA/PLD) treatment increased spinal MnSOD expression, prevented IkB-α degradation and nuclear factor-κB translocation, suggesting a possible role on central sensitization. m(PEA/PLD) showed more robust anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects compared to the simple association of PEA-m and PLD. This composite formulation approach opens a new therapeutic strategy for the development of novel non-narcotic anti-hyperalgesic agents.
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, University of Messina, Italy. Electronic address: eesposito@unime.it.
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Esposito
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, University of Messina, Italy. Electronic address: dimpellizzeri@unime.it.
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Impellizzeri
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, University of Messina, Italy. Electronic address: bruschettag@unime.it.
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Bruschetta
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, University of Messina, Italy. Electronic address: cordarom@unime.it.
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Cordaro
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, University of Messina, Italy. Electronic address: rosiracusa@gmail.it.
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Siracusa
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, University of Messina, Italy. Electronic address: egugliandolo@me.com.
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Gugliandolo
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, University of Messina, Italy. Electronic address: rcrupi@unime.it.
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Crupi
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, University of Messina, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 South Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104, USA. Electronic address: salvator@unime.it.
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Cuzzocrea
D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000577:Amides; D000818:Animals; D002351:Carrageenan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D005960:Glucosides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000187:drug effects; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D059748:Proteolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000096:biosynthesis
D000577:Amides; D016207:Cytokines; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005960:Glucosides; D010169:Palmitic Acids; D013267:Stilbenes; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; C005958:palmidrol; D002351:Carrageenan; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; C058229:polydatin
Inflammation; Pain; Peroxynitrite; Reactive oxygen species