Shutoff of Host Gene Expression in Influenza A Virus and Herpesviruses: Similar Mechanisms and Common Themes.
The ability to shut off host gene expression is a shared feature of many viral infections, and it is thought to promote viral replication by freeing host cell machinery and blocking immune responses. Despite the molecular differences between viruses, an emerging theme in the study of host shutoff is that divergent viruses use similar mechanisms to enact host shutoff. Moreover, even viruses that encode few proteins often have multiple mechanisms to affect host gene expression, and we are only starting to understand how these mechanisms are integrated. In this review we discuss the multiplicity of host shutoff mechanisms used by the orthomyxovirus influenza A virus and members of the alpha- and gamma-herpesvirus subfamilies. We highlight the surprising similarities in their mechanisms of host shutoff and discuss how the different mechanisms they use may play a coordinated role in gene regulation.
Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA. Hembly.Rivas@tufts.edu.|Post-Baccalaureate Research Education Program, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA. Hembly.Rivas@tufts.edu.
Hembly G
HG
Rivas
Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA. Summer.Schmaling@tufts.edu.
Summer K
SK
Schmaling
Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA. Marta.Gaglia@tufts.edu.|Graduate Program in Molecular Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA. Marta.Gaglia@tufts.edu.
Marta M
MM
Gaglia
D000818:Animals; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000502:physiology*; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000502:physiology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D059748:Proteolysis; D012326:RNA Splicing; D020871:RNA Stability; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014779:Virus Replication
D012333:RNA, Messenger
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; RNA degradation; herpes simplex virus; herpesviruses; host shutoff; influenza A virus; transcription block