Size relationships of different body parts in the three dipteran species Drosophila melanogaster, Ceratitis capitata and Musca domestica.
Body size is an integral feature of an organism that influences many aspects of life such as fecundity, life span and mating success. Size of individual organs and the entire body size represent quantitative traits with a large reaction norm, which are influenced by various environmental factors. In the model system Drosophila melanogaster, pupal size and adult traits, such as tibia and thorax length or wing size, accurately estimate the overall body size. However, it is unclear whether these traits can be used in other flies. Therefore, we studied changes in size of pupae and adult organs in response to different rearing temperatures and densities for D. melanogaster, Ceratitis capitata and Musca domestica. We confirm a clear sexual size dimorphism (SSD) for Drosophila and show that the SSD is less uniform in the other species. Moreover, the size response to changing growth conditions is sex dependent. Comparison of static and evolutionary allometries of the studied traits revealed that response to the same environmental variable is genotype specific but has similarities between species of the same order. We conclude that the value of adult traits as estimators of the absolute body size may differ among species and the use of a single trait may result in wrong assumptions. Therefore, we suggest using a body size coefficient computed from several individual measurements. Our data is of special importance for monitoring activities of natural populations of the three dipteran flies, since they are harmful species causing economical damage (Drosophila, Ceratitis) or transferring diseases (Musca).
Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Developmental Biology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
Natalia
N
Siomava
Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Developmental Biology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. ewimmer@gwdg.de.
Ernst A
EA
Wimmer
Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Department of Developmental Biology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. nposnie@gwdg.de.
Nico
N
Posnien
D000818:Animals; D049628:Body Size; D033622:Ceratitis capitata / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006793:Houseflies / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013909:Thorax / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014921:Wings, Animal
Allometry; Body size; Diptera; Larva crowding; Sexual dimorphism; Temperature