Internal maxillary artery to intracranial artery bypass: a case series of 31 patients with chronic internal carotid/middle cerebral arterial-sclerotic steno-occlusive disease.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness of internal maxillary artery (IMA) - radial artery graft (RAG) - middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass surgery for chronic arterial-sclerotic severe stenosis or occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) or MCA.


METHODS
A retrospective study was conducted in 31 patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease who underwent bypass surgery of the IMA with a RAG of the MCA. Twenty-seven patients had complete occlusion of the ICA or MCA, and four patients had severe stenosis of the M1 segment of the MCA.


RESULTS
Patent IMA-RAG-MCA in 30 (96.8%) patients was confirmed by angiography after surgery. One case developed a new motor aphasia due to unsuccessful bypass. Eleven transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and five ischemic strokes resolved following surgery. The other 14 cases showed some improvement without ischemic events at one month following surgery. Prior to surgery, mean ± SD National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 5.4 ± 1.1 in the ischemic stroke group. In the first month post-procedure, the NIHSS score decreased significantly to 3.8 ± 1.2, (p < 0.01). Perfusion weighted imaging (PWI) or computed tomography perfusion (CTP) indicated improved hemodynamics in 30 patients. In addition, seven patients demonstrated improved glucose metabolism on 18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) postoperatively. No new neurological deficit occurred in the 30 patients during a 2.19 ± 1.59 years of follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
By supplying an adequate flow to a larger flow territory of chronically stenotic/occlusive major cerebral arteries, IMA bypass surgery is efficient for restoring hemodynamics in selected patients and improving their neurological deficits.
a Department of Neurosurgery , Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China.
Zaitao
Z
Yu
a Department of Neurosurgery , Fu Xing Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , China.|b Department of Neurosurgery , Sanbo Brain Hospital Capital Medical University , Beijing 100093 , China.
Xiang'en
X
Shi
b Department of Neurosurgery , Sanbo Brain Hospital Capital Medical University , Beijing 100093 , China.
Hai
H
Qian
b Department of Neurosurgery , Sanbo Brain Hospital Capital Medical University , Beijing 100093 , China.
Fangjun
F
Liu
b Department of Neurosurgery , Sanbo Brain Hospital Capital Medical University , Beijing 100093 , China.
Zhongqing
Z
Zhou
b Department of Neurosurgery , Sanbo Brain Hospital Capital Medical University , Beijing 100093 , China.
Yuming
Y
Sun
b Department of Neurosurgery , Sanbo Brain Hospital Capital Medical University , Beijing 100093 , China.
Yang
Y
Yang
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000601:surgery*; D002548:Cerebral Revascularization / Q000379:methods*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000601:surgery*; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008438:Maxillary Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D059906:Neuroimaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
Bypass surgery; Cerebral ischemic diseases; Hemodynamics; Internal maxillary artery; Metabolism