Assessment of advanced glycated end product accumulation in skin using auto fluorescence multispectral imaging.
Several studies have shown that advanced glycation end products (AGE) play a role in both the microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes and are closely linked to inflammation and atherosclerosis. AGEs accumulate in skin and can be detected using their auto fluorescence (AF). A significant correlation exists between AGE AF and the levels of AGEs as obtained from skin biopsies. A commercial device, the AGE Reader, has become available to assess skin AF for clinical purposes but, while displaying promising results, it is limited to single-point measurements performed in contact to skin tissue. Furthermore, in vivo imaging of AGE accumulation is virtually unexplored. We proposed a non-invasive, contact-less novel technique for quantifying fluorescent AGE deposits in skin tissue using a multispectral imaging camera setup (MSI) during ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Imaging involved applying a region-of-interest mask, avoiding specular reflections and a simple calibration. Results of a study conducted on 16 subjects with skin types ranging from fair to deeply pigmented skin, showed that AGE measured with MSI in forearm skin was significantly correlated with the AGE reference method (AGE Reader on forearm skin, R=0.68, p=0.005). AGE measured in facial skin was borderline significantly related to AGE Reader on forearm skin (R=0.47, p=0.078). These results support the use of the technique in devices for non-touch measurement of AGE content in either facial or forearm skin tissue over time.
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden. Electronic address: marcus.larsson@liu.se.
Marcus
M
Larsson
Institute of Clinical Physiology, Council of National Research, Pisa, Italy.
Riccardo
R
Favilla
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Linköping University, Sweden.
Tomas
T
Strömberg
D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001132:Arm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005145:Face / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061848:Optical Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced
Advanced glycation end products; Auto fluorescence; Multispectral imaging; Noninvasive; Self-monitoring