Biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility in workers exposed to chloronitrobenzenes.
Biomonitoring methods were applied to workers exposed to high levels of chloronitrobenzenes. The external dose, internal dose, biologically effective dose, and biological effects were determined. Individual susceptibility was assessed by analyzing genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases M1, P1 and T1, and N-acetyltransferases 1 and 2. When the markers of exposure and susceptibility were compared with the frequency of chromosomal aberrations, clinical blood and urine parameters, and health effects typical of chloronitrobenzenes exposure, only a few of the comparisons were statistically significant. A statistically significantly higher frequency of chromosomal aberrations was detected in workers with a high level of hemoglobin-adducts.
a Institute of Environmental and Occupational Toxicology , Airolo , Switzerland.|b Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , München , Germany.
Gabriele
G
Sabbioni
c Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki , Finland.
Hannu
H
Norppa
c Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki , Finland.
Ari
A
Hirvonen
c Finnish Institute of Occupational Health , Helsinki , Finland.
Hilkka
H
Järventaus
b Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München , München , Germany.|d Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, The Medical School , University of Newcastle upon Tyne , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK.
Christopher R
CR
Jones
e Institute of Occupational Medicine, Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine , Beijing , PR China.
Huifang
H
Yan
d Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, The Medical School , University of Newcastle upon Tyne , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK.
Ovnair
O
Sepai
Biomonitoring; chloronitrobenzene; cytogenetic effects; hemoglobin adducts; polymorphism; urinary metabolites