Angioedema Phenotypes: Disease Expression and Classification.
Due to marked heterogeneity of clinical presentations, comprehensive knowledge of angioedema phenotypes is crucial for correct diagnosis and choosing the appropriate therapeutic approach. One of the ways to a meaningful clinical distinction can be made between forms of angioedema occurring "with or without wheals." Angioedema with wheals (rash) is a hallmark of urticaria, either acute or chronic, spontaneous or inducible. Angioedema without wheals may still be manifested in about 10 % of patients with urticaria, but it may also occur as a separate entity. Several classifications of angioedema as part of urticaria were published over time, while a latest one, released in 2014 (HAWK group consensus, see below), provided a classification of all forms of "angioedema without wheals" distinct from urticaria, which will be the focus of the present review. At this time, the HAWK consensus classification is the best in terms of covering the pathophysiology, mediators involved, angioedema triggers, and clinical expression. According to this classification, three types of hereditary angioedema (genetic C1-INH deficiency, normal C1-INH with factor XII mutations, and unknown origin) and four types of acquired angioedema (C1-INH deficiency, related to ACE inhibitors intake, idiopathic histaminergic, and idiopathic non-histaminergic) are presented. We will review the distinctive clinical features of each phenotype in details.
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy.
Maddalena Alessandra
MA
Wu
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy.
Francesca
F
Perego
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy.
Andrea
A
Zanichelli
Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy. marco.cicardi@unimi.it.
Marco
M
Cicardi
D000799:Angioedema / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D054179:Angioedemas, Hereditary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D015415:Biomarkers; D005076:Exanthema / Q000473:pathology; D005174:Factor XII / Q000235:genetics; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D012106:Research; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology
D015415:Biomarkers; D005174:Factor XII
Acquired; Angioedema; Classification; Hereditary; Phenotypes; Urticaria; Wheals