The global antigenic diversity of swine influenza A viruses.
Swine influenza presents a substantial disease burden for pig populations worldwide and poses a potential pandemic threat to humans. There is considerable diversity in both H1 and H3 influenza viruses circulating in swine due to the frequent introductions of viruses from humans and birds coupled with geographic segregation of global swine populations. Much of this diversity is characterized genetically but the antigenic diversity of these viruses is poorly understood. Critically, the antigenic diversity shapes the risk profile of swine influenza viruses in terms of their epizootic and pandemic potential. Here, using the most comprehensive set of swine influenza virus antigenic data compiled to date, we quantify the antigenic diversity of swine influenza viruses on a multi-continental scale. The substantial antigenic diversity of recently circulating viruses in different parts of the world adds complexity to the risk profiles for the movement of swine and the potential for swine-derived infections in humans.
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Nicola S
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9496-4756
NS
Lewis
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Colin A
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2113-162X
CA
Russell
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom.
Pinky
P
Langat
Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, United States.
Tavis K
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3138-5535
TK
Anderson
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Kathryn
K
Berger
Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium.
Filip
F
Bielejec
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
David F
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8830-3951
DF
Burke
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Gytis
G
Dudas
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Judith M
JM
Fonville
Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Ron Am
RA
Fouchier
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom.
Paul
P
Kellam
Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Bjorn F
BF
Koel
Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium.
Philippe
P
Lemey
Department of Animal Health, National Centre for Veterinary Diagnostics, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Tung
T
Nguyen
National Institute of Animal Health, Bangkok, Thailand.
Bundit
B
Nuansrichy
School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
Js Malik
JM
Peiris
National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan.
Takehiko
T
Saito
Swine Virology Immunology Unit, Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Ploufragan, France.
Gaelle
G
Simon
Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Eugene
E
Skepner
National Institute of Animal Health, Ibaraki, Japan.
Nobuhiro
N
Takemae
St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States.
Richard J
RJ
Webby
Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Kristien
K
Van Reeth
Animal Health and Plant Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom.
Sharon M
SM
Brookes
National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
Lars
L
Larsen
Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom.
Simon J
SJ
Watson
Animal Health and Plant Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom.
Ian H
IH
Brown
Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, United States.
Amy L
AL
Vincent
D000818:Animals; D000940:Antigenic Variation; D014943:Global Health; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*
epidemiology; global health; human; infectious disease; influenza; microbiology; pandemic; swine; virus