Ecotoxicological effects of pig manure on Folsomia candida in subtropical Brazilian soils.
The effects of pig manure, from diets incorporating veterinary pharmaceuticals, on survival and reproduction of Folsomia candida were evaluated. Manures derived from the following diets: corn and soymeal (CS); 85% CS diet+15% wheat meal (TR); CS diet+100ppm doxycycline+50ppm colistin+2500ppm Zn oxide (CSa); TR diet+100ppm doxycycline+50ppm colistin+2500ppm Zn oxide (TRa). Manures were tested in two subtropical soils representative of southern (Oxisol and Entisol). Despite the antibiotics no significant differences were found between the four manures within each soil. However, strong differences were found on the toxicity between soils. In Oxisol, LC50 values were around 100m(3)ha(-1), and EC50 values around 80m(3)ha(-1). In Entisol these were much lower, with LC50 values oscillating around 20m(3)ha(-1) and EC50 values between 10-15m(3)ha(-1). The observed toxicity on both soils was attributed to excess of nitrogen, Cu and Zn in the highest doses. The strong difference between soils could be explained by soil properties, namely CEC, organic matter, and clay contents that were lower in Entisol, indicating a poor ability to retain contaminants increasing their availability in soil. Results suggest that the application of these residues should be regulated not only using a volume-based criterion, but should incorporate data on soil properties, complemented by an ecotoxicological assessment.
Department of Soil Science, Centre for Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC-CAV), Lages, Brazil.
Ana Paula
AP
Maccari
Department of Animal Science, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC Oeste), Chapecó, Brazil.
Dilmar
D
Baretta
Department of Animal Science, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC Oeste), Chapecó, Brazil.
Diovani
D
Paiano
CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal; CEF-Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
Sara
S
Leston
CEF-Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Portugal; INIAV/LNIV-National Institute for Agronomic and Veterinary Research, Lisboa, Portugal.
Andreia
A
Freitas
CEF-Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
Fernando
F
Ramos
CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal.
Jose Paulo
JP
Sousa
Department of Soil Science, Centre for Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Santa Catarina State University (UDESC-CAV), Lages, Brazil. Electronic address: osmar.klauberg@udesc.br.
Osmar
O
Klauberg-Filho
D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000187:drug effects*; D001938:Brazil; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity; D008372:Manure; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000633:toxicity; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D013552:Swine; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000633:toxicity*; D015032:Zinc / Q000633:toxicity
D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D019155:Veterinary Drugs; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc; D009584:Nitrogen
Colistin; Doxycycline; Folsomia candida; Organic residues; Veterinary pharmaceuticals