Realistic noise-tolerant randomness amplification using finite number of devices.
Randomness is a fundamental concept, with implications from security of modern data systems, to fundamental laws of nature and even the philosophy of science. Randomness is called certified if it describes events that cannot be pre-determined by an external adversary. It is known that weak certified randomness can be amplified to nearly ideal randomness using quantum-mechanical systems. However, so far, it was unclear whether randomness amplification is a realistic task, as the existing proposals either do not tolerate noise or require an unbounded number of different devices. Here we provide an error-tolerant protocol using a finite number of devices for amplifying arbitrary weak randomness into nearly perfect random bits, which are secure against a no-signalling adversary. The correctness of the protocol is assessed by violating a Bell inequality, with the degree of violation determining the noise tolerance threshold. An experimental realization of the protocol is within reach of current technology.
Quantum Architectures and Computation Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington 98052, USA.|Department of Computer Science, University College London, WC1E 6BT London, UK.
Fernando G S L
FG
Brandão
Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics and National Quantum Information Centre, University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland.
Ravishankar
R
Ramanathan
Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
Andrzej
A
Grudka
Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Institute of Informatics and National Quantum Information Centre, University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland.
Karol
K
Horodecki
Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics and National Quantum Information Centre, University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland.
Michał
M
Horodecki
Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, National Quantum Information Centre, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
Paweł
P
Horodecki
Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Institute of Mathematics and National Quantum Information Centre, University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland.
Tomasz
T
Szarek
Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Instutute of Mathematics and National Quantum Information Centre, University of Gdańsk, 80-309 Gdańsk, Poland.
Hanna
H
Wojewódka