Thinking about a limited future enhances the positivity of younger and older adults' recall: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory.
Compared with younger adults, older adults have a relative preference to attend to and remember positive over negative information. This is known as the "positivity effect," and researchers have typically evoked socioemotional selectivity theory to explain it. According to socioemotional selectivity theory, as people get older they begin to perceive their time left in life as more limited. These reduced time horizons prompt older adults to prioritize achieving emotional gratification and thus exhibit increased positivity in attention and recall. Although this is the most commonly cited explanation of the positivity effect, there is currently a lack of clear experimental evidence demonstrating a link between time horizons and positivity. The goal of the current research was to address this issue. In two separate experiments, we asked participants to complete a writing activity, which directed them to think of time as being either limited or expansive (Experiments 1 and 2) or did not orient them to think about time in a particular manner (Experiment 2). Participants were then shown a series of emotional pictures, which they subsequently tried to recall. Results from both studies showed that regardless of chronological age, thinking about a limited future enhanced the relative positivity of participants' recall. Furthermore, the results of Experiment 2 showed that this effect was not driven by changes in mood. Thus, the fact that older adults' recall is typically more positive than younger adults' recall may index naturally shifting time horizons and goals with age.
Department of Psychology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA. barber@sfsu.edu.
Sarah J
SJ
Barber
Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Philipp C
PC
Opitz
Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Bruna
B
Martins
School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.|Kochi University of Technology, Kami, Japan.
Michiko
M
Sakaki
Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Mara
M
Mather
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011582:Psychological Theory; D013850:Thinking / Q000502:physiology*; D013995:Time; D055815:Young Adult
Aging; Emotion; Memory; Positivity effect; Socioemotional selectivity theory; Time perception