Assessing Late Cardiopulmonary Function in Patients with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot Using Exercise Cardiopulmonary Function Test and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance.
BACKGROUND
Patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) usually experience progressive right ventricle (RV) dysfunction due to pulmonary regurgitation (PR). This could further worsen the cardiopulmonary function. This study aimed to compare the changes in patient exercise cardiopulmonary test and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and consider the implication of these changes.


METHODS
Our study examined repaired TOF patients who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) to obtain maximal (peak oxygen consumption, peak VO2) and submaximal parameters (oxygen uptake efficiency plateau, oxygen uptake efficiency plateau (OUEP), and ratio of minute ventilation to carbon dioxide production, VE/VCO2 slope). Additionally, the hemodynamic status was assessed by using cardiac magnetic resonance. Criteria for exclusion included TOF patients with pulmonary atresia, atrioventricular septal defect, or absence of pulmonary valve syndrome.


RESULTS
We enrolled 158 patients whose mean age at repair was 7.8 ± 9.1 years (range 0.1-49.2 years) and the mean patient age at CPET was 29.5 ± 12.2 years (range 7.0-57.0 years). Severe PR (PR fraction ≥ 40%) in 53 patients, moderate in 55, and mild (PR fraction < 20%) in 50 patients were noted. The mean RV end-diastolic volume index (RVEDVi) was 113 ± 35 ml/m(2), with 7 patients observed to have a RVEDVi > 163 ml/m(2). The mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 63 ± 8%, left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVi) was 65 ± 12 ml/m(2), and LVESVi was 25 ± 14 ml/m(2). CPET revealed significantly decreased peak VO2 (68.5 ± 14.4% of predicted), and fair OUEP (90.3 ± 14.1% of predicted) and VE/VCO2 slope (27.1 ± 5.3). PR fraction and age at repair were negatively correlated with maximal and submaximal exercise indicators (peak VO2 and OUEP). Left ventricular (LV) function and size were positively correlated with peak VO2 and OUEP.


CONCLUSIONS
The results of CPET showed that patients with repaired TOF had a low maximal exercise capacity (peak VO2), but a fair submaximal exercise capacity (OUEP and VE/VCO2 slope), suggesting limited exercise capability in high intensity circumstances. PR, LV function and age at total repair were the most important determinants of CPET performance.


BACKGROUND
Cardiac magnetic resonance; Cardiopulmonary exercise function; Pulmonary regurgitation; Surgical age; Tetralogy of Fallot.
Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital/I-SHOU University, Kaohsiung City; ; Department of Pediatrics;
Ming-Chun
MC
Yang
Department of Pediatrics;
Chun-An
CA
Chen
Department of Pediatrics; ; Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Hsin-Hui
HH
Chiu
Department of Rehabilitation;
Ssu-Yuan
SY
Chen
Department of Pediatrics;
Jou-Kou
JK
Wang
Department of Pediatrics;
Ming-Tai
MT
Lin
Department of Pediatrics;
Shuenn-Nan
SN
Chiu
Department of Pediatrics;
Chun-Wei
CW
Lu
Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University;
Shu-Chien
SC
Huang
Department of Pediatrics;
Mei-Hwan
MH
Wu