Secular Changes in Postfracture Outcomes Over 2 Decades in Australia: A Time-Trend Comparison of Excess Postfracture Mortality in Two Birth Controls Over Two Decades.
Hip fracture incidence has been declining and life expectancy improving. However, trends of postfracture outcomes are unknown.



The objective of the study was to compare the refracture risk and excess mortality after osteoporotic fracture between two birth cohorts, over 2 decades.



Prospective birth cohorts were followed up over 2 decades (1989-2004 and 2000-2014).



The study was conducted in community-dwelling participants in Dubbo, Australia.



Women and men aged 60-80 years, participating in Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study 1 (DOES 1; born before 1930) and Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study 2 (DOES 2; born after 1930) participated in the study.



Age-standardized fracture and mortality over two time intervals: (1989-2004 [DOES 1] and 2000-2014 [DOES 2]) were measured.



The DOES 2 cohort had higher body mass index and bone mineral density and lower initial fracture rate than DOES 1, but similar refracture rates [age-standardized refracture rates per 1000 person-years: women: 53 (95% confidence interval [CI] 42-63) and 51 (95% CI 41-60) and men: 53 (95% CI 38-69) and 55 (95% CI 40-71) for DOES 2 and DOES 1, respectively). Absolute postfracture mortality rates declined in DOES 2 compared with DOES 1, mirroring the improvement in general-population life expectancy. However, when compared with period-specific general-population mortality, there was a similar 2.1- to 2.6-fold increased mortality risk after a fracture in both cohorts (age-adjusted standardized mortality ratio, women: 2.05 [95% CI 1.43-2.83] and 2.43 [95% CI 1.95-2.99] and men: 2.56 [95% CI 1.78-3.58] and 2.48 [95% CI 1.87-3.22] for DOES 2 and DOES 1, respectively).



Over the 2 decades, despite the decline in the prevalence of fracture risk factors, general-population mortality, and initial fracture incidence, there was no improvement in postfracture outcomes. Refracture rates were similar and fracture-associated mortality was 2-fold higher than expected. These data indicate that the low postfracture treatment rates are still a major problem.
Bone Biology Division (D.B., T.T., D.A., T.V.N., J.A.E., J.R.C.) and Clinical Translation and Advanced Education (J.A.E.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research 2010, Clinical School (J.A.E., J.R.C.), St Vincent's Hospital 2010, and Faculty of Medicine (T.V.N., J.A.E., J.R.C.), UNSW Australia 2052; and School of Medicine Sydney (J.A.E.), University of Notre Dame 2010 Australia.
Dana
D
Bliuc
Bone Biology Division (D.B., T.T., D.A., T.V.N., J.A.E., J.R.C.) and Clinical Translation and Advanced Education (J.A.E.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research 2010, Clinical School (J.A.E., J.R.C.), St Vincent's Hospital 2010, and Faculty of Medicine (T.V.N., J.A.E., J.R.C.), UNSW Australia 2052; and School of Medicine Sydney (J.A.E.), University of Notre Dame 2010 Australia.
Thach
T
Tran
Bone Biology Division (D.B., T.T., D.A., T.V.N., J.A.E., J.R.C.) and Clinical Translation and Advanced Education (J.A.E.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research 2010, Clinical School (J.A.E., J.R.C.), St Vincent's Hospital 2010, and Faculty of Medicine (T.V.N., J.A.E., J.R.C.), UNSW Australia 2052; and School of Medicine Sydney (J.A.E.), University of Notre Dame 2010 Australia.
Dunia
D
Alarkawi
Bone Biology Division (D.B., T.T., D.A., T.V.N., J.A.E., J.R.C.) and Clinical Translation and Advanced Education (J.A.E.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research 2010, Clinical School (J.A.E., J.R.C.), St Vincent's Hospital 2010, and Faculty of Medicine (T.V.N., J.A.E., J.R.C.), UNSW Australia 2052; and School of Medicine Sydney (J.A.E.), University of Notre Dame 2010 Australia.
Tuan V
TV
Nguyen
Bone Biology Division (D.B., T.T., D.A., T.V.N., J.A.E., J.R.C.) and Clinical Translation and Advanced Education (J.A.E.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research 2010, Clinical School (J.A.E., J.R.C.), St Vincent's Hospital 2010, and Faculty of Medicine (T.V.N., J.A.E., J.R.C.), UNSW Australia 2052; and School of Medicine Sydney (J.A.E.), University of Notre Dame 2010 Australia.
John A
JA
Eisman
Bone Biology Division (D.B., T.T., D.A., T.V.N., J.A.E., J.R.C.) and Clinical Translation and Advanced Education (J.A.E.), Garvan Institute of Medical Research 2010, Clinical School (J.A.E., J.R.C.), St Vincent's Hospital 2010, and Faculty of Medicine (T.V.N., J.A.E., J.R.C.), UNSW Australia 2052; and School of Medicine Sydney (J.A.E.), University of Notre Dame 2010 Australia.
Jacqueline R
JR
Center
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends