Clinical and genetic features of cervical dystonia in a large multicenter cohort.
OBJECTIVE
To characterize the clinical and genetic features of cervical dystonia (CD).


METHODS
Participants enrolled in the Dystonia Coalition biorepository (NCT01373424) with initial manifestation as CD were included in this study (n = 1,000). Data intake included demographics, family history, and the Global Dystonia Rating Scale. Participants were screened for sequence variants (SVs) in GNAL, THAP1, and Exon 5 of TOR1A.


RESULTS
The majority of participants were Caucasian (95%) and female (75%). The mean age at onset and disease duration were 45.5 ± 13.6 and 14.6 ± 11.8 years, respectively. At the time of assessment, 68.5% had involvement limited to the neck, shoulder(s), and proximal arm(s), whereas 47.4% had dystonia limited to the neck. The remaining 31.5% of the individuals exhibited more extensive anatomical spread. A head tremor was noted in 62% of the patients. Head tremor and laryngeal dystonia were more common in females. Psychiatric comorbidities, mainly depression and anxiety, were reported by 32% of the participants and were more common in females. Family histories of dystonia, parkinsonian disorder, and tremor were present in 14%, 11%, and 29% of the patients, respectively. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic SVs in THAP1, TOR1A, and GNAL were identified in 8 participants (0.8%). Two individuals harbored novel missense SVs in Exon 5 of TOR1A. Synonymous and noncoding SVs in THAP1 and GNAL were identified in 4% of the cohort.


CONCLUSIONS
Head tremor, laryngeal dystonia, and psychiatric comorbidities are more common in female participants with CD. Coding and noncoding variants in GNAL, THAP1, and TOR1A make small contributions to the pathogenesis of CD.
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Mark S
MS
LeDoux
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Satya R
SR
Vemula
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Jianfeng
J
Xiao
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Misty M
MM
Thompson
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Joel S
JS
Perlmutter
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Laura J
LJ
Wright
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
H A
HA
Jinnah
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Ami R
AR
Rosen
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Peter
P
Hedera
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Cynthia L
CL
Comella
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Anne
A
Weissbach
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Johanna
J
Junker
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Joseph
J
Jankovic
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Richard L
RL
Barbano
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Stephen G
SG
Reich
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Ramon L
RL
Rodriguez
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Brian D
BD
Berman
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Sylvain
S
Chouinard
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Lawrence
L
Severt
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Pinky
P
Agarwal
Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology (M.S.L., S.R.V., J.X., M.M.T.), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; Department of Neurology (J.S.P., L.J.W.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Departments of Neurology (A.R.R.), Human Genetics, and Pediatrics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Department of Neurology (P.H.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurological Sciences (C.L.C.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Institute of Neurogenetics (A.W., J. Junker), University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology (J. Jankovic), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Neurology (R.L.B.), University of Rochester, NY; Department of Neurology (S.G.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (R.L.R.), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Department of Neurology (B.D.B.), University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Center of Excellence in Neuroscience (S.C.), University of Montreal, QC, Canada; Mirken Department of Neurology (L.S.), Mt. Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY; Booth Gardner Parkinson's Care Center (P.A.), Kirkland, WA; and Department of Neurology (N.P.S.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL.
Natividad P
NP
Stover