Historical developments of atrial septal defect closure devices: what we learn from the past.
BACKGROUND
Since King and Mills' pioneering work in percutaneous closure devices of secundum atrial septal defects (ASD) four decades ago, developments in device shape, material and implantation technique led to adoption of percutaneous ASD closure as current treatment of choice. Not only was the feasibility of such a percutaneous procedure tested altogether, but pursuing the ideal device in terms of safety and efficacy became priority.


METHODS
In this review we present the historical development of ASD devices in design, material and technique with clinical data, and provide the future perspectives in percutaneous ASD closures.


CONCLUSIONS
An 'ideal device' requires complete defect closure with negligible risk of complications using a safe, straightforward delivery technique with repositioning and retrieving properties. Some of the devices currently at hand come close to fulfilling these criteria, however none seem to provide those prerequisites completely. By understanding how challenges in device development were overcome in the past, new insights into future improvements are given.
a Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
Martina
M
Nassif
a Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
Mohammad
M
Abdelghani
a Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
Berto J
BJ
Bouma
b Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
Bart
B
Straver
b Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
Nico A
NA
Blom
a Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
Karel T
KT
Koch
a Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
Jan G P
JG
Tijssen
a Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.|c Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands (ICIN) , Utrecht , The Netherlands.
Barbara J M
BJ
Mulder
a Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center , University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
Robbert J
RJ
de Winter
D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D006343:Heart Septal Defects / Q000266:history / Q000601:surgery*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans
Heart septal defects; atrial; congenital heart disease; device closure; grown ups with congenital heart disease; percutaneous non-coronary interventions; septal occluders