Structure, organization and evolution of ADP-ribosylation factors in rice and foxtail millet, and their expression in rice.
ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) have been reported to function in diverse physiological and molecular activities. Recent evidences also demonstrate the involvement of ARFs in conferring tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in plant species. In the present study, 23 and 25 ARF proteins were identified in C3 model- rice and C4 model- foxtail millet, respectively. These proteins are classified into four classes (I-IV) based on phylogenetic analysis, with ARFs in classes I-III and ARF-like proteins (ARLs) in class IV. Sequence alignment and domain analysis revealed the presence of conserved and additional motifs, which may contribute to neo- and sub-functionalization of these proteins. Promoter analysis showed the presence of several cis-regulatory elements related to stress and hormone response, indicating their role in stress regulatory network. Expression analysis of rice ARFs and ARLs in different tissues, stresses and abscisic acid treatment highlighted temporal and spatial diversification of gene expression. Five rice cultivars screened for allelic variations in OsARF genes showed the presence of allelic polymorphisms in few gene loci. Altogether, the study provides insights on characteristics of ARF/ARL genes in rice and foxtail millet, which could be deployed for further functional analysis to extrapolate their precise roles in abiotic stress responses.
School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.|National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
Mehanathan
M
Muthamilarasan
School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
Venkata R
VR
Mangu
School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
Hana
H
Zandkarimi
National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
Manoj
M
Prasad
School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
Niranjan
N
Baisakh
D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D023061:Gene Order; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D005810:Multigene Family; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D009928:Organ Specificity; D012275:Oryza / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D020161:Physical Chromosome Mapping; D012045:Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D032983:Setaria Plant / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics
D008565:Membrane Proteins; C097313:ADP-ribosylation factor related proteins; D020727:ADP-Ribosylation Factors