Preoperative diagnosis of vagal and sympathetic cervical schwannomas based on radiographic findings.
OBJECTIVE Vagus nerve and sympathetic chain cervical schwannomas (VNCSs and SCCSs) are benign nerve sheath tumors that arise in the head and neck. Despite similar presentations that make accurate preoperative diagnosis more difficult, the potential for morbidity following resection is significantly higher for patients with VNCS. Therefore, the authors analyzed a retrospective case series and performed a comparative analysis of the literature to establish diagnostic criteria to facilitate more accurate preoperative diagnoses. METHODS The authors conducted a blinded review of imaging studies from retrospectively collected, operatively confirmed cases of VNCS and SCCS. They also performed a systematic review of published series that reported patient-specific preoperative imaging findings in VNCS or SCCS. RESULTS Nine patients with VNCS and 11 with SCCS were identified. In the study cohort, splaying of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and internal jugular vein (IJV) did not significantly predict the nerve of origin (p = 0.06); however, medial and lateral ICA displacement were significantly associated with VNCS and SCCS, respectively (p = 0.01 and p = 0.003, respectively). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that ICA and IJV splaying with medial ICA displacement carried an 86% probability of VNCS (p = 0.001), while the absence of splaying with lateral ICA displacement carried a 91% probability of SCCS (p = 0.006). The presence of vocal cord symptoms or peripheral enhancement significantly augmented the predictive probability of VNCS, as did Horner's syndrome or homogeneous enhancement for SCCS. A review of the literature produced 25 publications that incorporated a total of 106 patients, including the present series. Splaying of the ICA and IJV was significantly, but not uniquely, associated with VNCS (p < 0.0001); multivariate analysis demonstrated that ICA and IJV splaying with medial ICA displacement carries a 75% probability of VNCS (p < 0.0001), while the absence of such splaying with lateral ICA displacement carries an 87% probability of SCCS (p = 0.0003). CONCLUSIONS ICA and IJV splaying frequently predicts VNCS; however, this finding is also commonly observed in SCCS and, among the 9 cases in the present study, was observed more often than previously reported. When congruent with splaying, medial or lateral ICA displacement significantly enhances the reliability of preoperative predictions, empowering more accurate prognostication.
Departments of 1 Neurologic Surgery.
Christopher S
CS
Graffeo
Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and.
Kathryn M
KM
Van Abel
Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
Jonathan M
JM
Morris
Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and.
Matthew L
ML
Carlson
Departments of 1 Neurologic Surgery.
Jamie J
JJ
Van Gompel
Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and.
Eric J
EJ
Moore
Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and.
Daniel L
DL
Price
Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and.
Jan L
JL
Kasperbauer
Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and.
Jeffrey R
JR
Janus
Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and.
Kerry D
KD
Olsen
Departments of 1 Neurologic Surgery.
Michael J
MJ
Link
D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009442:Neurilemmoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014630:Vagus Nerve
CT scan; ECA = external carotid artery; ICA = internal carotid artery; IJV = internal jugular vein; MRI; NOO = nerve of origin; SCCS = sympathetic chain cervical schwannoma; VNCS = vagus nerve cervical schwannoma; cervical sympathetic schwannoma; imaging; oncology; radiology; vagal schwannoma