Human Norovirus Interactions with Histo-Blood Group Antigens and Human Milk Oligosaccharides.
Human noroviruses interact with both human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) and human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). The former are believed to be important for a virus infection, while the latter might act as natural decoys in the host during an infection. However, certain noroviruses are known to bind poorly to HBGAs and yet still cause infections; some interact with numerous HBGA types but are nonprevalent; and yet others bind HBGAs and seem to be increasing in prevalence. HBGAs and HMOs can be found as soluble antigens in humans, can be structurally alike, and can interact with equivalent residues at identical binding pockets on the capsid. In this Gem, we discuss HBGA and HMO binding studies for human noroviruses, concentrating on the clinically important genogroup II noroviruses. In short, the roles of HBGA and HMO interactions in norovirus infections are still unclear.
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, University Children's Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
Horst
H
Schroten
Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Franz-Georg
FG
Hanisch
Schaller Research Group at the University of Heidelberg and the DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany g.hansman@dkfz.de.|Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
Grant S
GS
Hansman
D001665:Binding Sites; D001789:Blood Group Antigens / Q000378:metabolism*; D002213:Capsid / Q000378:metabolism; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D006801:Humans; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D018716:Molecular Mimicry; D029322:Norovirus / Q000502:physiology*; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D053585:Virus Attachment
D001789:Blood Group Antigens; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D009844:Oligosaccharides