Variation in Cardiac Vein System is Associated with Coronary Artery Calcium - A Venous-Atherosclerosis Paradox?
BACKGROUND
The factors that determine the different patterns of venous anatomy are not well understood. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between variation in the cardiac vein system and the extent of coronary artery calcium score (CACS).


METHODS
We reviewed the results of 64-slice CTs of 226 subjects (age 57.2 ± 11.2; 133M) enrolled in our study. The subjects were divided into 3 groups based on coronary artery calcium: 92 patients. with CACS = 0 AU (Agatston Unit, AU); 56 with CACS = 1-100 AU; and 78 patients with CACS > than 100 AU. The cardiac venous system was reconstructed during the optimal phase of the cardiac cycle in each subject.


RESULTS
Subjects with a higher CACS had a better quality of vein images (p < 0.01). The number of visible veins differed between the groups. Eight subjects (8.7%) in the group with CACS = 0 AU, 7 (12.5%) in the group with CACS = 1-100 AU, and 23 (29.5%) in the group with CACS > 100 AU had five or more visible veins (p < 0.001), whereas the proportion of subjects with less than three visible veins was 56 (60.8%), 31 (55.4%) and 30 (38.4%), respectively (p < 0.05). The number of visible veins correlated with CACS (r = 0.28; p < 0.05). In a multivariate regression analysis, which included age, gender, CACS, LV ejection fraction, myocardial volume and heart rate, the CACS was found to be an independent determinant of the number of visible veins (p < 0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
The results of our study suggested that there is a link between a variation in the cardiac venous system and the extent of atherosclerosis.


BACKGROUND
Coronary artery calcium score (CACS); Computed tomography; Coronary veins.
Department of Internal Nursing, Chair of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia; ; Department of Electrocardiology; ; Unit of Noninvasive Cardiovascular Diagnostics, Upper Silesian Medical Centre;
Agnieszka
A
Mlynarska
Department of Electrocardiology; ; Unit of Noninvasive Cardiovascular Diagnostics, Upper Silesian Medical Centre;
Rafal
R
Mlynarski
Unit of Noninvasive Cardiovascular Diagnostics, Upper Silesian Medical Centre; ; 3rd Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
Maciej
M
Sosnowski