Disentangling the Association between Statins, Cholesterol, and Colorectal Cancer: A Nested Case-Control Study.
BACKGROUND
Several prior studies have found an association between statin use and reduced risk of colorectal cancer. We hypothesized that these findings may be due to systematic bias and examined the independent association of colorectal cancer risk with statin use, serum cholesterol, and change in cholesterol concentration.


RESULTS
22,163 colorectal cancer cases and 86,538 matched controls between 1995 and 2013 were identified within The Health Improvement Network (THIN) a population-representative database. Conditional logistic regression models estimated colorectal cancer risk with statin use, serum total cholesterol (mmol/L), and change in total cholesterol level. We confirmed a decreased risk of colorectal cancer with statin use (long-term: odds ratio [OR], 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91-0.99; short-term: OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.85-0.99). However, to assess whether the observed association may result from indication bias, a subgroup analysis was conducted among patients prescribed a statin. In this subgroup (n = 5,102 cases, n = 19,032 controls), 3.1% of case subjects and 3.1% of controls discontinued therapy. The risk of colorectal cancer was not significantly different among those who continued statin therapy and those who discontinued (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.79-1.22). Increased serum cholesterol was independently associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer (OR, 0.89 per mmol/L increase; 95% CI, 0.87-0.91); the association was only present if serum cholesterol was measured near the cancer diagnosis (<6 mo: OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.47-0.61; >24 mo: OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.93-1.03). Decreases in serum total cholesterol >1 mmol/L ≥1 year prior to cancer diagnosis were associated with subsequent colorectal cancer (statin users: OR, 1.25; 95 CI%, 1.03-1.53; nonusers: OR, 2.36; 95 CI%, 1.78-3.12). As an observational study, limitations included incomplete data and residual confounding.


CONCLUSIONS
Although the risk of colorectal cancer was lower in statin users versus nonusers, no difference was observed among those who continued versus discontinued statin therapy, suggesting the potential for indication bias. The association between decreased serum cholesterol and colorectal cancer risk suggests a cholesterol-lowering effect of undiagnosed malignancy. Clinical judgment should be used when considering causes of cholesterol reduction in patients, including those on statin therapy.
Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.|Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
Ronac
R
Mamtani
Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.|Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
James D
JD
Lewis
Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.|Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
Frank I
FI
Scott
Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America.
Tariq
T
Ahmad
Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.|Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
David S
DS
Goldberg
Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
Jashodeep
J
Datta
Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.|Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
Yu-Xiao
YX
Yang
Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.|Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.|Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
Ben
B
Boursi
D000368:Aged; D015982:Bias; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D011307:Drug Prescriptions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D065840:Protective Factors; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology
D015415:Biomarkers; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D002784:Cholesterol