Altered immune function of Octodonta nipae (Maulik) to its pupal endoparasitoid, Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière.
Most studies on the contribution of the altered immune response by endoparasitoid have been restricted to the interactions between Ichneumonoidea and their hosts, while effects of parasitism by Chalcidoidea on the hosts have rarely been characterized except some wasps such as Pteromalidae. Endoparasitoid Tetrastichus brontispae Ferrière, belonging to Eulophidae (Hymenoptera), has a great potential to control some Coleopteran beetles such as Octodonta nipae, one invasive species in southern China. However, the physiological mechanism underlying the escape from the melanotic encapsulation in O. nipae pupae has not been demonstrated. In the present study, effects of parasitism on the immune function of its pupal host O. nipae were investigated. The combining results that granulocytes and plasmatocytes could phagocytize bacteria from 2 to 48h and granulocytes, plasmatocytes and oenocytoids were prophenoloxidase/phenoloxidase positive hemocytes indicated that granulocytes, plasmatocytes and oenocytoids were the main immunocompetent hemocytes in O. nipae pupae. Parasitism by T. brontispae resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of hemocytes viability and spreading at 96h, growing percentage of granulocytes at 24h but no effects on the total hemocyte counts, and an enhanced phenoloxidase activity only at 12 and 72h while a significantly longer melanization time of the hemolymph at 96h following parasitism. These results indicate that mixtures of systemic active and local active regulation are used for T. brontispae to escape host encapsulation in O. nipae pupae. The present study contributes to the understanding of the diversity of virulence strategies used by parasitoids.
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Fujian-Taiwan, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
E
E
Meng
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Fujian-Taiwan, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
Baozhen
B
Tang
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Fujian-Taiwan, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China. Electronic address: ymhou@fafu.edu.cn.
Youming
Y
Hou
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Fujian-Taiwan, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
Xinxin
X
Chen
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Fujian-Taiwan, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China.
Jiantu
J
Chen
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China; Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
Xiao-Qiang
XQ
Yu
D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology*; D006098:Granulocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000276:immunology*; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D011679:Pupa / Q000469:parasitology*
D008543:Melanins; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase
Hemocyte loads; Hemocyte types; Melanization; Octodonta nipae; Parasitism; Phenoloxidase; Tetrastichus brontispae