Systematic Temperature Effects in the Argon Cluster Ion Sputter Depth Profiling of Organic Materials Using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry.
A study is presented of the effects of sample temperature on the sputter depth profiling of two organic materials, NPB (N,N'-Di(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine) and Irganox 1010, using a 5 keV Ar2000 (+) cluster ion beam and analysis by secondary ion mass spectrometry. It is shown that at low temperatures, the yields increase slowly with temperature in accordance with the Universal Sputtering Yield equation where the energy term is now modified by Trouton's rule. This occurs up to a transition temperature, T T, which is, in turn, approximately 0.8T M, where T M is the sample melting temperature in Kelvin. For NPB and Irganox 1010, these transition temperatures are close to 15 °C and 0 °C, respectively. Above this temperature, the rate of increase of the sputtering yield rises by an order of magnitude. During sputtering, the depth resolution also changes with temperature with a very small change occurring below T T. At higher temperatures, the depth resolution improves but then rapidly degrades, possibly as a result first of local crater surface diffusion and then of bulk inter-diffusion. The secondary ion spectra also change with temperature with the intensities of the molecular entities increasing least. This agrees with a model in which the molecular entities arise near the crater rim. It is recommended that for consistent results, measurements for organic materials are always made at temperatures significantly below T T or 0.8 T M, and this is generally below room temperature. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Surface and Nanoanalysis, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, England, UK. martin.seah@npl.co.uk.
Martin P
MP
Seah
Surface and Nanoanalysis, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, England, UK.
Rasmus
R
Havelund
Surface and Nanoanalysis, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, England, UK.
Ian S
IS
Gilmore
Ar ion clusters; Delta layers; GCIB; Irganox 1010; Multilayers; NPB; OLEDs; Organic layers; Sputtering yield; Temperature