Translational Control during Calicivirus Infection.
In this review, we provide an overview of the strategies developed by caliciviruses to subvert or regulate the host protein synthesis machinery to their advantage. As intracellular obligate parasites, viruses strictly depend on the host cell resources to produce viral proteins. Thus, many viruses have developed strategies that regulate the function of the host protein synthesis machinery, often leading to preferential translation of viral mRNAs. Caliciviruses lack a 5' cap structure but instead have a virus-encoded VPg protein covalently linked to the 5' end of their mRNAs. Furthermore, they encode 2-4 open reading frames within their genomic and subgenomic RNAs. Therefore, they use alternative mechanisms for translation whereby VPg interacts with eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) to act as a proteinaceous cap-substitute, and some structural proteins are produced by reinitiation of translation events. This review discusses our understanding of these key mechanisms during caliciviruses infection as well as recent insights into the global regulation of eIF4E activity.
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7HX, UK. e.royall@surrey.ac.uk.
Elizabeth
E
Royall
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7HX, UK. n.locker@surrey.ac.uk.
Nicolas
N
Locker
D000818:Animals; D002139:Caliciviridae / Q000502:physiology; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology*; D039561:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; D016679:Genome, Viral; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D011485:Protein Binding; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D039561:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E; D014764:Viral Proteins
VPg; calicivirus; reinitiation