Global oral inequalities in HIV infection.
Analysis of the prevalence and incidence of HIV infection globally reveal striking variances with regard to continent, country, region and gender. Of the global total of 33 million people infected with HIV, approximately 65% are in sub-Saharan African countries and 15% in South and South-East Asia with the remaining 20% spread over the rest of the world. As a percentage of the population, the Caribbean at 1.1% is second only to sub-Saharan Africa (5.5%). The majority of the world's HIV is in women. Deaths from HIV are twenty-fold greater in Africa than in Europe or the USA. Individual countries in sub-Saharan Africa show huge variances in the HIV+ prevalence with most West African countries having a rate of less than 2% whilst southern African countries including Swaziland and Botswana have rates of around 25%. Environment, education and social habits all contribute to the HIV infection rates. Similar variations between countries are seen in SE Asia with Cambodia and Papua New Guinea having rates three times greater than Pakistan. One of the most striking examples of inequality is in life years added to HIV populations as a result of antiretroviral therapy. UN AIDS figures over 1996-2008 suggest an average of 2.88 added years in the USA and Europe, but only 0.1 in sub-Saharan Africa, a thirty-fold difference largely due to accessibility to ART. ART leads to a reduction in oral lesions but it is estimated that some 10 million HIV+ subjects do not have access to oral care. Thus, inequalities exist both for HIV infection and for the associated oral lesions, mainly related to ART access. HIV infection and oral mucosal lesions both appear to be related to general social determinants of health. Oral HCW must be part of mainstream healthcare teams to address these inequalities.
Department of Oral Medicine, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Hospitals and Centre for Global Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
S J
SJ
Challacombe
D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D000352:Africa, Northern / Q000453:epidemiology; D000569:Americas / Q000453:epidemiology; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000600:supply & distribution* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001210:Asia, Southeastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D005061:Europe, Eastern / Q000453:epidemiology; D014943:Global Health; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008877:Middle East / Q000453:epidemiology; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
D019380:Anti-HIV Agents
HIV; global; inequalities; oral disease