Beverage Consumption Habits and Association with Total Water and Energy Intakes in the Spanish Population: Findings of the ANIBES Study.
BACKGROUND
Inadequate hydration is a public health issue that imposes a significant economic burden. In Spain, data of total water intake (TWI) are scarce. There is a clear need for a national study that quantifies water and beverage intakes and explores associations between the types of beverages and energy intakes.


METHODS
The Anthropometry, Intake and Energy Balance Study ANIBES is a national survey of diet and nutrition conducted among a representative sample of 2285 healthy participants aged 9-75 years in Spain. Food and beverage intakes were assessed in a food diary over three days. Day and time of beverage consumption were also recorded.


RESULTS
On average, TWI was 1.7 L (SE 21.2) for men and 1.6 L (SE 18.9) for women. More than 75% of participants had inadequate TWI, according to European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommendations. Mean total energy intake (EI) was 1810 kcal/day (SE 11.1), of which 12% was provided by beverages. Water was the most consumed beverage, followed by milk. The contribution of alcoholic drinks to the EI was near 3%. For caloric soft drinks, a relatively low contribution to the EI was obtained, only 2%. Of eight different types of beverages, the variety score was positively correlated with TWI (r = 0.39) and EI (r = 0.23), suggesting that beverage variety is an indicator of higher consumption of food and drinks.


CONCLUSIONS
The present study demonstrates that well-conducted surveys such as the ANIBES study have the potential to yield rich contextual value data that can emphasize the need to undertake appropriate health and nutrition policies to increase the total water intake at the population level promoting a healthy Mediterranean hydration pattern.
Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain. marienis67@hotmail.com.|CIBER OBN, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid 28029, Spain. marienis67@hotmail.com.
Mariela
M
Nissensohn
Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain. almudena.sanchez@ulpgc.es.|CIBER OBN, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid 28029, Spain. almudena.sanchez@ulpgc.es.
Almudena
A
Sánchez-Villegas
Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Madrid Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain. rortega@ucm.es.
Rosa M
RM
Ortega
CIBER OBN, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid 28029, Spain. jaranceta@unav.es.|Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain. jaranceta@unav.es.
Javier
J
Aranceta-Bartrina
CIBER OBN, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid 28029, Spain. agil@ugr.es.|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II and Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Granada, Granada 18100, Spain. agil@ugr.es.
Ángel
Á
Gil
CIBER OBN, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid 28029, Spain. marcela.gonzalez.gross@upm.es.|ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain. marcela.gonzalez.gross@upm.es.
Marcela
M
González-Gross
Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid 28668, Spain. gvarela@ceu.es.|Spanish Nutrition Foundation (FEN), Madrid 28010, Spain. gvarela@ceu.es.
Gregorio
G
Varela-Moreiras
Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 35016, Spain. lluis.serra@ulpgc.es.|CIBER OBN, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid 28029, Spain. lluis.serra@ulpgc.es.
Lluis
L
Serra-Majem
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001628:Beverages; D002648:Child; D004326:Drinking; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D013030:Spain; D014867:Water; D055815:Young Adult
D014867:Water
ANIBES; Spain; beverages; energy intake; total water intake