Phonomicrosurgery simulation: A low-cost teaching model using easily accessible materials.
To introduce the use of a new phonomicrosurgical trainer using easily accessible materials, and to establish the effectiveness of the model.



The model uses a grape imbedded in gelatin, a microscope, and microlaryngeal instruments. The study was designed to test baseline differences in training levels, as well as improvement in performance after training with the simulation model.



Thirty subjects enrolled in the Stanford University School of Medicine otolaryngology training program performed microlaryngeal surgery tasks on a grape. Tasks were designed to model both excision of a vocal fold lesion and vocal fold injection. Anonymized video recordings comparing presimulation and postsimulation training were collected and graded by an expert laryngologist. Both objective comparison of skills and subjective participant surveys were analyzed.



Objectively, trainees in all groups made statistically significant improvements across all tested variables, including microscope positioning, creation of a linear incision, elevation of epithelial flaps, excision of a crescent of tissue, vocal fold injection, preservation of remaining tissue, and time to complete all tasks. Subjectively, 100% of participants felt that they had increased comfort with microlaryngeal instruments and decreased intimidation of microlaryngeal surgery after completing the simulation training. This appreciation of skills was most notable and statistically significant in the intern trainees.



Microlaryngeal surgical simulation is a tool that can be used to train residents to prepare them for phonomicrosurgical procedures at all levels of training. Our low-cost model with accessible materials can be easily duplicated and used to introduce trainees to microlaryngeal surgery or improve skills of more senior trainees.



NA Laryngoscope, 126:2528-2533, 2016.
Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A.. kwangs@stanford.edu.
Elizabeth A
EA
Zambricki
Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A.
Jennifer L
JL
Bergeron
Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A.
Elizabeth E
EE
DiRenzo
Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A.
C Kwang
CK
Sung
D000328:Adult; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000379:methods*; D007830:Larynx / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000193:education*; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D000066908:Simulation Training / Q000379:methods*; D027843:Vitis
Phonomicrosurgery; microlaryngeal surgery; skill assessment; surgical education; surgical simulation