Inorganic and organic fertilizers impact the abundance and proportion of antibiotic resistance and integron-integrase genes in agricultural grassland soil.
Soil fertilization with animal manure or its digestate may facilitate an important antibiotic resistance dissemination route from anthropogenic sources to the environment. This study examines the effect of mineral fertilizer (NH4NO3), cattle slurry and cattle slurry digestate amendment on the abundance and proportion dynamics of five antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and two classes of integron-integrase genes (intI1 and intI2) in agricultural grassland soil. Fertilization was performed thrice throughout one vegetation period. The targeted ARGs (sul1, tetA, blaCTX-M, blaOXA2 and qnrS) encode resistance to several major antibiotic classes used in veterinary medicine such as sulfonamides, tetracycline, cephalosporins, penicillin and fluoroquinolones, respectively. The non-fertilized grassland soil contained a stable background of tetA, blaCTX-M and sul1 genes. The type of applied fertilizer significantly affected ARGs and integron-integrase genes abundances and proportions in the bacterial community (p<0.001 in both cases), explaining 67.04% of the abundance and 42.95% of the proportion variations in the grassland soil. Both cattle slurry and cattle slurry digestate proved to be considerable sources of ARGs, especially sul1, as well as integron-integrases. Sul1, intI1 and intI2 levels in grassland soil were elevated in response to each organic fertilizer's application event, but this increase was followed by a stage of decrease, suggesting that microbes possessing these genes were predominantly entrained into soil via cattle slurry or its digestate application and had somewhat limited survival potential in a soil environment. However, the abundance of these three target genes did not decrease to a background level by the end of the study period. TetA was most abundant in mineral fertilizer treated soil and blaCTX-M in cattle slurry digestate amended soil. Despite significantly different abundances, the abundance dynamics of bacteria possessing these genes were similar (p<0.05 in all cases) in different treatments and resembled the dynamics of the whole bacterial community abundance in each soil treatment.
Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise St., 51014 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: hiie.nolvak@ut.ee.
Hiie
H
Nõlvak
Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise St., 51014 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: marika.truu@ut.ee.
Marika
M
Truu
Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise St., 51014 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: kart.kanger@ut.ee.
Kärt
K
Kanger
Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 5 Kreutzwaldi St., 51014 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: Mailiis.Tampere@emu.ee.
Mailiis
M
Tampere
Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise St., 51014 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: mikk.espenberg@ut.ee.
Mikk
M
Espenberg
Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 5 Kreutzwaldi St., 51014 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: evelin.loit@emu.ee.
Evelin
E
Loit
Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 5 Kreutzwaldi St., 51014 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: henn.raave@emu.ee.
Henn
H
Raave
Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, 46 Vanemuise St., 51014 Tartu, Estonia. Electronic address: jaak.truu@ut.ee.
Jaak
J
Truu
D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods*; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005308:Fertilizers; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D065948:Grassland; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology
D005308:Fertilizers; D012987:Soil
Antibiotic resistance; Digestate fertilization; Grassland soil; Integron-integrases; Manure slurry fertilization