Characterization of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinants in High-Level Quinolone-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Isolates from the Community: First Report of qnrD Gene in Algeria.
OBJECTIVE
The objective was to assess the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR)-producing isolates in a collection of quinolone-resistant Enterobacteriaceae of community origin isolated in Bejaia, Algeria.


METHODS
A total of 141 nalidixic acid-resistant Enterobacteriaceae community isolates were collected in Bejaia (Northern Algeria) and screened for PMQR genes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For PMQR-positive strains, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution and disk diffusion. Mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the target genes, gyrA and parC, were detected with a PCR-based method and sequencing. Southern blotting, conjugation and transformation assays and molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and multilocus sequence typing were also performed.


RESULTS
The prevalence of PMQR-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates was 13.5% (19/141); 11 of these isolates produced Aac(6')-Ib-cr and 8 were qnr-positive (4 qnrB1-like, 2 qnrS1-like, and 2 qnrD1-like), including the association with aac(6')-Ib-cr gene in three cases. PMQR gene transfer by conjugation was successful in 6 of 19 isolates tested. PFGE revealed that most of the PMQR-positive Escherichia coli isolates were unrelated, except for two groups comprising two and four isolates, respectively, including the virulent multidrug-resistant clone E. coli ST131 that were clonally related.


CONCLUSIONS
Our findings indicate that PMQR determinants are prevalent in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from the community studied. We describe the first report of the qnrD gene in Algeria.
1 Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia , Bejaia, Algeria .|2 Department of Microbiology, University of Seville , Seville, Spain .
Betitera
B
Yanat
2 Department of Microbiology, University of Seville , Seville, Spain .|3 Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain .|4 Unidad Intercentros de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena , Sevilla, Spain .
Jesús
J
Machuca
4 Unidad Intercentros de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena , Sevilla, Spain .
Paula
P
Díaz-De-Alba
1 Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia , Bejaia, Algeria .
Halima
H
Mezhoud
1 Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne, FSNV, Université de Bejaia , Bejaia, Algeria .
Abdelaziz
A
Touati
2 Department of Microbiology, University of Seville , Seville, Spain .|3 Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain .|4 Unidad Intercentros de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena , Sevilla, Spain .
Álvaro
Á
Pascual
2 Department of Microbiology, University of Seville , Seville, Spain .|3 Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain .
José-Manuel
JM
Rodríguez-Martínez
D000462:Algeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002999:Clone Cells; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D009268:Nalidixic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D010957:Plasmids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D009268:Nalidixic Acid
Algeria; Enterobacteriaceae; Qnr; plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance; quinolone