Pharmacological treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: current practice and novel perspectives.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is entering a phase of intense translational research that holds promise for major advances in disease-specific pharmacological therapy. For over 50 years, however, HCM has largely remained an orphan disease, and patients are still treated with old drugs developed for other conditions. While judicious use of the available armamentarium may control the clinical manifestations of HCM in most patients, specific experience is required in challenging situations, including deciding when not to treat. The present review revisits the time-honoured therapies available for HCM, in a practical perspective reflecting real-world scenarios. Specific agents are presented with doses, titration strategies, pros and cons. Peculiar HCM dilemmas such as treatment of dynamic outflow obstruction, heart failure caused by end-stage progression and prevention of atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias are assessed. In the near future, the field of HCM drug therapy will rapidly expand, based on ongoing efforts. Approaches such as myocardial metabolic modulation, late sodium current inhibition and allosteric myosin inhibition have moved from pre-clinical to clinical research, and reflect a surge of scientific as well as economic interest by academia and industry alike. These exciting developments, and their implications for future research, are discussed.
De Gasperis Cardio Centre, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.
Enrico
E
Ammirati
Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
Rachele
R
Contri
Referral Centre for Cardiomyopathies, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Raffaele
R
Coppini
Referral Centre for Cardiomyopathies, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Franco
F
Cecchi
De Gasperis Cardio Centre, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy.
Maria
M
Frigerio
Referral Centre for Cardiomyopathies, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
Iacopo
I
Olivotto
D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004232:Diuretics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014694:Ventricular Outflow Obstruction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology
D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D000925:Anticoagulants; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists
Amiodarone; Beta-blockers; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction; Pharmacological treatment; Ranolazine; Sudden cardiac death