Cervical esophageal cancer: a gap in cancer knowledge.
The aim of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the diagnosis, treatment options and treatment-related complications of cervical esophageal carcinoma (CEC) and to subsequently provide recommendations to improve quality of care.



Studies were identified in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. A total of 107 publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included.



CEC is uncommon, accounting for 2%-10% of all esophageal carcinomas. These tumors are often locally advanced at presentation and have a poor prognosis, with a 5-year overall survival of 30%. Tobacco and alcohol consumption seem to be the major risk factors for developing CEC. Surgery is usually not possible due to the very close relationship to other organs such as the larynx, trachea and thyroid gland. Therefore, the current standard of care is definitive chemoradiation (dCRT) with curative intent. Treatment regimens used to treat CEC are adapted by established regimens in lower esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. However, dCRT may be accompanied by severe side-effects and complications. Several diagnostic and predictive markers have been studied, but currently, there is no other biomarker than clinical stage to determine patient management. Suggestions to improve patient outcomes are to determine the exact radiation dose needed for adequate locoregional control and to combine radiotherapy with optimal systemic therapy backbone.



CEC remains unchartered territory for many practising physicians and patients with CEC have a poor prognosis. To improve the outcome for CEC patients, future studies should focus on the identification of new diagnostic biomarkers or targets for radiosensitizers, amelioration of radiation schedules, optimal combination of chemotherapeutic agents and/or new therapeutic targets.
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology.
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A
Hoeben
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology.
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J
Polak
Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic).
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L
Van De Voorde
Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic).
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F
Hoebers
Department of Pathology, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Pathology & Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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HI
Grabsch
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology judith.de.vos@mumc.nl.
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J
de Vos-Geelen
D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D059248:Chemoradiotherapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage
cervical esophageal cancer; chemoradiation; review; survival; targeted therapy; toxicity