Household water insecurity, depression and quality of life among postnatal women living in urban Nepal.
OBJECTIVE
This observational study aimed to assess distress related to the household water supply and to examine the relationship between household water insecurity and psychological health among Nepali postnatal women.


METHODS
In total, 300 women consented to participate in the study, of which 267 women were able to participate in a follow-up 1 month after discharge. We developed a household water insecurity scale (HWIS; total score range 0-24 points) by adapting the household food insecurity access scale.


RESULTS
The Cronbach's coefficient alpha for the HWIS was moderately acceptable. Psychological health was assessed in terms of postnatal depression and physical health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The median score of the HWIS was 8, and more than 60% of the participants answered that they sometimes or often worried about not having enough water, used only small amounts of water, had a lack of hygiene, and had insufficient time for childrearing. Multiple regression models showed that women with high levels of stress derived from household water insecurity had greater odds of probable depression and lower physical HRQOL scores than did women with low HWIS scores.


CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that improving water security is necessary to foster maternal psychological health in developing countries.
Kobe City College of Nursing, 3-4 Gakuennishimachi Nishi-ku Kobe-city, Hyogo 651-2103, Japan E-mail: yanzu99@gmail.com.
Yoko
Y
Aihara
Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu-city, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
Salina
S
Shrestha
Department of Gynaecology/Obstetric, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj 3, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Jyoti
J
Sharma
D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D011788:Quality of Life; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014881:Water Supply; D055815:Young Adult
D060766:Drinking Water