Exposure of a Dengue Vector to Tea and Its Waste: Survival, Developmental Consequences, and Significance for Pest Management.
Dengue mosquitoes are evolving into a broader global public health menace, with relentless outbreaks and the rise in number of Zika virus disease cases as reminders of the continued hazard associated with Aedes vectors. The use of chemical insecticides-the principal strategy against mosquito vectors-has been greatly impeded due to the development of insecticide resistance and the shrinking spectrum of effective agents. Therefore, there is a pressing need for new chemistries for vector control. Tea contains hundreds of chemicals, and its waste, which has become a growing global environmental problem, is almost as rich in toxicants as green leaves. This paper presents the toxic and sublethal effects of different crude extracts of tea on Aedes albopictus. The survival rates of larvae exposed to tea extracts, especially fresh tea extract (FTE), were markedly lower than those in the control treatment group. In addition to this immediate toxicity against different developmental stages, the extracts tested caused a broad range of sublethal effects. The developmental time was clearly longer in containers with tea, especially in those with young larvae (YL) and FTE. Among the survivors, pupation success was reduced in containers with tea, which also produced low adult emergence rates with increasing tea concentration. The production of eggs tended to be reduced in females derived from the tea treatment groups. These indirect effects of tea extracts on Ae. albopictus exhibited different patterns according to the exposed larval stage. Taken together, these findings indicate that tea and its waste affect most key components of Ae. albopictus vectorial capacity and may be useful for dengue control. Reusing tea waste in vector control could also be a practical solution to the problems associated with its pollution.
Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation (IBEC), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak , Kuching, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia.
Hamady
H
Dieng
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang, Malaysia.
Nur Syafiqah Bt
NS
Tan Yusop
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang, Malaysia.
Nurafidah Natasyah Bt
NN
Kamal
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang, Malaysia.
Abu Hassan
AH
Ahmad
Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Bangi, Malaysia.
Idris Abd
IA
Ghani
Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak , Kota Samarahan, Malaysia.
Fatimah
F
Abang
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University , Fukuoka, Japan.
Tomomitsu
T
Satho
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang, Malaysia.
Hamdan
H
Ahmad
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang, Malaysia.
Wan Fatma
WF
Zuharah
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia , Penang, Malaysia.
Abdul Hafiz Ab
AH
Majid
Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand.
Ronald E
RE
Morales
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand.
Noppawan P
NP
Morales
Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia , Sarawak, Malaysia.
Cirilo N
CN
Hipolito
Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation (IBEC), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak , Kuching, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia.
Gabriel Tonga
GT
Noweg
D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D028241:Camellia sinensis / Q000737:chemistry*; D003715:Dengue / Q000635:transmission; D005260:Female; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control; D010058:Oviposition / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis
D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014866:Waste Products
Ae. albopictus; dengue; mosquito; tea