Advances in Candida detection platforms for clinical and point-of-care applications.
Invasive candidiasis remains one of the most serious community and healthcare-acquired infections worldwide. Conventional Candida detection methods based on blood and plate culture are time-consuming and require at least 2-4 days to identify various Candida species. Despite considerable advances for candidiasis detection, the development of simple, compact and portable point-of-care diagnostics for rapid and precise testing that automatically performs cell lysis, nucleic acid extraction, purification and detection still remains a challenge. Here, we systematically review most prominent conventional and nonconventional techniques for the detection of various Candida species, including Candida staining, blood culture, serological testing and nucleic acid-based analysis. We also discuss the most advanced lab on a chip devices for candida detection.
a Division of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Renal medicine, Department of Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Cambridge , MA , USA.
Mohammadali
M
Safavieh
b Department of Computer Engineering and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton , FL , USA.|c College of Engineering and Computer Science, Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnologies for Medicine , Boca Raton , FL , USA.
Chad
C
Coarsey
d Biological Sciences Department , Florida Atlantic University , Davie , FL , USA.
Nwadiuto
N
Esiobu
e Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia.
Adnan
A
Memic
f Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , MA , USA.
Jatin Mahesh
JM
Vyas
a Division of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Renal medicine, Department of Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Cambridge , MA , USA.
Hadi
H
Shafiee
b Department of Computer Engineering and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton , FL , USA.|c College of Engineering and Computer Science, Asghar-Lab, Micro and Nanotechnologies for Medicine , Boca Raton , FL , USA.|d Biological Sciences Department , Florida Atlantic University , Davie , FL , USA.
Waseem
W
Asghar
D002176:Candida albicans / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D000067716:Point-of-Care Testing / Q000639:trends*
Blood culture; disease diagnostics; invasive Candidiasis; laboratory on a chip; loop-mediated isothermal amplification; microfluidics; nanotechnology