Peroxynitrite: From interception to signaling.
Peroxynitrite is a strong oxidant and nitrating species that mediates certain biological effects of superoxide and nitrogen monoxide. These biological effects include oxidative damage to proteins as well as the formation of 3-nitrotyrosyl moieties in proteins. As a consequence, such proteins may lose their activity, gain altered function, or become prone to proteolytic degradation - resulting in modulation of cellular protein turnover and in the modulation of signaling cascades. In analogy to hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite may be scavenged by selenoproteins like glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) or by selenocompounds with a GPx-like activity, such as ebselen; in further analogy to H2O2, peroxiredoxins have also been established as contributors to peroxynitrite reduction. This review covers three aspects of peroxynitrite biochemistry, (i) the interaction of selenocompounds/-proteins with peroxynitrite, (ii) peroxynitrite-induced modulation of cellular proteolysis, and (iii) peroxynitrite-induced modulation of cellular signaling.
German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
Bodo
B
Speckmann
Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany.
Holger
H
Steinbrenner
German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE) Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Molecular Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
Tilman
T
Grune
Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany. Electronic address: lars-oliver.klotz@uni-jena.de.
Lars-Oliver
LO
Klotz
D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D059748:Proteolysis; D015398:Signal Transduction
D007328:Insulin; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid
Ebselen; Insulin signaling; Peroxynitrite reductase; Protein nitration; Proteolysis; Selenoproteins