Longitudinal development of frontoparietal activity during feedback learning: Contributions of age, performance, working memory and cortical thickness.
Feedback learning is a crucial skill for cognitive flexibility that continues to develop into adolescence, and is linked to neural activity within a frontoparietal network. Although it is well conceptualized that activity in the frontoparietal network changes during development, there is surprisingly little consensus about the direction of change. Using a longitudinal design (N=208, 8-27 years, two measurements in two years), we investigated developmental trajectories in frontoparietal activity during feedback learning. Our first aim was to test for linear and nonlinear developmental trajectories in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), superior parietal cortex (SPC), supplementary motor area (SMA) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Second, we tested which factors (task performance, working memory, cortical thickness) explained additional variance in time-related changes in activity besides age. Developmental patterns for activity in DLPFC and SPC were best characterized by a quadratic age function leveling off/peaking in late adolescence. There was a linear increase in SMA and a linear decrease with age in ACC activity. In addition to age, task performance explained variance in DLPFC and SPC activity, whereas cortical thickness explained variance in SMA activity. Together, these findings provide a novel perspective of linear and nonlinear developmental changes in the frontoparietal network during feedback learning.
Department of Developmental Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands. Electronic address: s.peters@fsw.leidenuniv.nl.
Sabine
S
Peters
Department of Developmental Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands.
Anna C K
AC
Van Duijvenvoorde
Dutch Autism & ADHD Research Center, Department of Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
P Cédric M P
PC
Koolschijn
Department of Developmental Psychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands.
Eveline A
EA
Crone
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000639:trends; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D009929:Organ Size; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
Adolescence; Cognitive control; Development,; Feedback learning; Frontal cortex; Parietal cortex