Regulation of metabolic health and adipose tissue function by group 2 innate lymphoid cells.
Adipose tissue (AT) is home to an abundance of immune cells. With chronic obesity, inflammatory immune cells accumulate and promote insulin resistance and the progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus. In contrast, recent studies have highlighted the regulation and function of immune cells in lean, healthy AT, including those associated with type 2 or "allergic" immunity. Although traditionally activated by infection with multicellular helminthes, AT type 2 immunity is active independently of infection, and promotes tissue homeostasis, AT "browning," and systemic insulin sensitivity, protecting against obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In particular, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are integral regulators of AT type 2 immunity, producing the cytokines interleukin-5 and IL-13, promoting eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages, and cooperating with and promoting AT regulatory T (Treg) cells. In this review, we focus on the recent developments in our understanding of group 2 innate lymphoid cell cells and type 2 immunity in AT metabolism and homeostasis.
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.|Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Kelly M
KM
Cautivo
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.|Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.|Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Ari B
AB
Molofsky
D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology*; D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000502:physiology; D052436:Adipose Tissue, White / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002450:Cell Communication; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D006376:Helminths / Q000276:immunology; D006706:Homeostasis; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D056747:Immunomodulation; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction
Adipose tissue; Diabetes; Group 2 innate lymphoid cells; Metabolism; Type 2 immunity