Physical properties imparted by genipin to chitosan for tissue regeneration with human stem cells: A review.
Genipin is a fully assessed non-cytotoxic crosslinking compound. The chitosan|genipin physical properties such as morphology, roughness, porosity, hydrophilicity, ζ-potential, surface area and surface energy exert control over cell adhesion, migration, phenotype maintenance and intracellular signaling in vitro, and cell recruitment at the tissue-scaffold interface in vivo. For example a therapy using fucose|chitosan|genipin nanoparticles encapsulating amoxicillin, based on the recognition of fucose by H. pylori, leads to sharply improved clinical results. A bioactive scaffold sensitive to environmental stimuli provides an alternative approach for inducing adipose stem cell chondrogenesis: the expression of specific genes, the accumulation of cartilage-related macromolecules and the mechanical properties are comparable to the original cartilage-derived matrix (CDM), thus making the CDM|genipin a contraction-free biomaterial suitable for cartilage tissue engineering. For the regeneration of the cartilage, chitosan|genipin permits to modulate matrix synthesis and proliferation of chondrocytes by dynamic compression; chondrocytes cultured on the composite substrate produce much more collagen-II and sulfated GAG. The main advantages gained in the bone regeneration area with chitosan|genipin are: acceleration of mineral deposition; enhancement of adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts; promotion of the expression of osteogenic differentiation markers; greatly improved viability of human adipose stem cells.
Faculty of Medicine, Professor Emeritus of Enzymology, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10-A, IT-60100 Ancona, Italy. Electronic address: muzzarelli.raa@gmail.com.
Riccardo A A
RA
Muzzarelli
Faculty of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering & Mathematical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, IT-60100 Ancona, Italy.
Mohamad
M
El Mehtedi
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, IT-60126 Ancona, Italy.
Carlo
C
Bottegoni
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, IT-60126 Ancona, Italy.
Antonio
A
Gigante
D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D039823:Iridoids / Q000737:chemistry*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis; D012038:Regeneration; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering
D039823:Iridoids; D048271:Chitosan; C007834:genipin
Bone and cartilage regeneration; Chitosan; Genipin; Growth factors; Morphogenetic proteins; Stem cells