Chemical Profile and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts and Essential Oils from Citrus × limon (L.) Burm. cv. Femminello Comune.
Citrus × limon cv. Femminello Comune (Rutaceae) from Rocca Imperiale (Italy), one of the six Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) Italian lemon crops, has been recently received renewed interest. In this work, fresh and dried peels and leaves were extracted by hydrodistillation, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and Soxhlet apparatus. Chemical profile was assessed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Except for leaves extracts obtained by Soxhlet apparatus, the monoterpene hydrocarbons fraction dominated. Limonene, γ-terpinene, and β-pinene were the main identified compounds. The antioxidant activity was investigated using different in vitro assays namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS, ferric reducing ability power (FRAP), and β-carotene bleaching test. In DPPH test, the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of fresh peel exhibited the highest activity (IC50 of 1.17 mg/ml). Leaves extracted by SFE showed a good activity in both DPPH and β-carotene bleaching test with IC50 values of 2.20 and 6.66 mg/ml, respectively. Monoterpene hydrocarbons fraction exhibited a positive Pearson's correlation coefficient with all antioxidant assays. Leaves, often considered waste material, should be considered from a different point because they represent a matrix of indisputable interest.
Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, IT-87036, Rende, CS.
Monica Rosa
MR
Loizzo
Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, IT-87036, Rende, CS. rosa.tundis@unical.it.
Rosa
R
Tundis
Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, IT-87036, Rende, CS.
Marco
M
Bonesi
Laboratorio Biotecnologie (UTTRI-BIOTEC), ENEA C.R. Trisaia, IT-75026, Rotondella, MT.
Giuseppe Di
GD
Sanzo
Department of Computer Engineering, Modelling, Electronics and System Science (DIMES), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, IT-87036, Rende, CS.
Alessandra
A
Verardi
Department of Mechanical, Energy and Management Engineering (DIMEG), University of Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, IT-87036, Rende, CS.
Catia Giovanna
CG
Lopresto
Food Science Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 47/A, IT-43124, Parma.
Alessandro
A
Pugliese
Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, IT-87036, Rende, CS.
Francesco
F
Menichini
Laboratorio Biotecnologie (UTTRI-BIOTEC), ENEA C.R. Trisaia, IT-75026, Rotondella, MT.
Roberto
R
Balducchi
Department of Computer Engineering, Modelling, Electronics and System Science (DIMES), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, IT-87036, Rende, CS.
Vincenza
V
Calabrò
D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry*; D007558:Italy; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D027821:Rutaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
D000975:Antioxidants; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts
Antioxidant activities; Chemical composition; Hydrodistillation; Soxhlet apparatus; Supercritical fluid extraction