Adjunctive Nutraceuticals for Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses.
OBJECTIVE
There is burgeoning interest in augmentation strategies for improving inadequate response to antidepressants. The adjunctive use of standardized pharmaceutical-grade nutrients, known as nutraceuticals, has the potential to modulate several neurochemical pathways implicated in depression. While many studies have been conducted in this area, to date no specialized systematic review (or meta-analysis) has been conducted.


METHODS
A systematic search of PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted up to December 2015 for clinical trials using adjunctive nutrients for depression. Where sufficient data were available, a random-effects model analyzed the standard mean difference between treatment and placebo in the change from baseline to endpoint, combining the effect size data. Funnel plot and heterogeneity analyses were also performed.


RESULTS
Primarily positive results were found for replicated studies testing S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), methylfolate, omega-3 (primarily EPA or ethyl-EPA), and vitamin D, with positive isolated studies for creatine, folinic acid, and an amino acid combination. Mixed results were found for zinc, folic acid, vitamin C, and tryptophan, with nonsignificant results for inositol. No major adverse effects were noted in the studies (aside from minor digestive disturbance). A meta-analysis of adjunctive omega-3 versus placebo revealed a significant and moderate to strong effect in favor of omega-3. Conversely, a meta-analysis of folic acid revealed a nonsignificant difference from placebo. Marked study heterogeneity was found in a Higgins test for both omega-3 and folic acid studies; funnel plots also revealed asymmetry (reflecting potential study bias).


CONCLUSIONS
Current evidence supports adjunctive use of SAMe, methylfolate, omega-3, and vitamin D with antidepressants to reduce depressive symptoms.
From the ARCADIA Mental Health Research Group, Professorial Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; the Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; the Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; the IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
Jerome
J
Sarris
From the ARCADIA Mental Health Research Group, Professorial Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; the Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; the Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; the IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
Jenifer
J
Murphy
From the ARCADIA Mental Health Research Group, Professorial Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; the Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; the Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; the IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
David
D
Mischoulon
From the ARCADIA Mental Health Research Group, Professorial Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; the Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; the Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; the IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
George I
GI
Papakostas
From the ARCADIA Mental Health Research Group, Professorial Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; the Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; the Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; the IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
Maurizio
M
Fava
From the ARCADIA Mental Health Research Group, Professorial Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; the Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; the Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; the IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
Michael
M
Berk
From the ARCADIA Mental Health Research Group, Professorial Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; the Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia; the Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; the IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
Chee H
CH
Ng
D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003863:Depression / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans
D000928:Antidepressive Agents