Beyond the cytoskeleton: The emerging role of organelles and membrane remodeling in the regulation of axon collateral branches.
The generation of axon collateral branches is a fundamental aspect of the development of the nervous system and the response of axons to injury. Although much has been discovered about the signaling pathways and cytoskeletal dynamics underlying branching, additional aspects of the cell biology of axon branching have received less attention. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of key factors involved in axon branching. This article focuses on how cytoskeletal mechanisms, intracellular organelles, such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, and membrane remodeling (exocytosis and endocytosis) contribute to branch initiation and formation. Together this growing literature provides valuable insight as well as a platform for continued investigation into how multiple aspects of axonal cell biology are spatially and temporally orchestrated to give rise to axon branches. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 1293-1307, 2016.
Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599.
Cortney C
CC
Winkle
Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705.
Kendra L
KL
Taylor
Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705.
Erik W
EW
Dent
Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140.
Gianluca
G
Gallo
Department of Biology, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, 19010.
Karen F
KF
Greif
Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599.
Stephanie L
SL
Gupton
D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000378:metabolism*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism*; D020439:Growth Cones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008870:Microtubules / Q000378:metabolism*; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D015388:Organelles / Q000378:metabolism*
collateral; endocytosis; endoplasmic reticulum; exocytosis; mitochondria