Genetic Factors Are Not the Major Causes of Chronic Diseases.
The risk of acquiring a chronic disease is influenced by a person's genetics (G) and exposures received during life (the 'exposome', E) plus their interactions (G×E). Yet, investigators use genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to characterize G while relying on self-reported information to classify E. If E and G×E dominate disease risks, this imbalance obscures important causal factors. To estimate proportions of disease risk attributable to G (plus shared exposures), published data from Western European monozygotic (MZ) twins were used to estimate population attributable fractions (PAFs) for 28 chronic diseases. Genetic PAFs ranged from 3.4% for leukemia to 48.6% for asthma with a median value of 18.5%. Cancers had the lowest PAFs (median = 8.26%) while neurological (median = 26.1%) and lung (median = 33.6%) diseases had the highest PAFs. These PAFs were then linked with Western European mortality statistics to estimate deaths attributable to G for heart disease and nine cancer types. Of 1.53 million Western European deaths in 2000, 0.25 million (16.4%) could be attributed to genetics plus shared exposures. Given the modest influences of G-related factors on the risks of chronic diseases in MZ twins, the disparity in coverage of G and E in etiological research is problematic. To discover causes of disease, GWAS should be complemented with exposome-wide association studies (EWAS) that profile chemicals in biospecimens from incident disease cases and matched controls.
School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America.
Stephen M
SM
Rappaport
D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality; D040941:Heredity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000009:adverse effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics
D012982:Sodium, Dietary