Atmospheric carbon tetrachloride in rural background and industry surrounded urban areas in Northern Iberian Peninsula: Mixing ratios, trends, and potential sources.
Latest investigations on atmospheric carbon tetrachloride (CTC) are focused on its ozone depleting potential, adverse effects on the human health, and radiative efficiency and Global Warming Potential as a greenhouse gas. CTC mixing ratios have been thoroughly studied since its restriction under the Montreal Protocol, mostly in remote areas with the aim of reporting long-term trends after its banning. The observed decrease of the CTC background mixing ratio, however, was not as strong as expected. In order to explain this behavior CTC lifetime should be adjusted by estimating the relative significance of its sinks and by identifying ongoing potential sources. Looking for possible sources, CTC was measured with high-time resolution in two sites in Northern Spain, using auto-GC systems and specifically developed acquisition and processing methodologies. The first site, Bilbao, is an urban area influenced by the surrounding industry, where measurements were performed with GC-MSD for a one-year period (2007-2008). The second site, at Valderejo Natural Park (VNP), is a rural background area where measurements were carried out with GC-FID and covering CTC data a nonsuccessive five-year period (2003-2005, 2010-2011, and 2014-2015years). Median yearly CTC mixing ratios were slightly higher in the urban area (120pptv) than in VNP (80-100pptv). CTC was reported to be well mixed in the atmosphere and no sources were noticed to impact the rural site. The observed long-term trend in VNP was in agreement with the estimated global CTC emissions. In the urban site, apart from industrial and commercial CTC sources, chlorine-bleach products used as cleaning agents were reported as promotors of indoor sources.
School of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain. Electronic address: maite.deblas@ehu.eus.
Maite
M
de Blas
School of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain.
Iratxe
I
Uria-Tellaetxe
School of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain.
Maria Carmen
MC
Gomez
University College of Engineering of Vitoria-Gasteiz, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain.
Marino
M
Navazo
School of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain.
Lucio
L
Alonso
School of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain.
Jose Antonio
JA
García
School of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain.
Nieves
N
Durana
School of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain.
Jon
J
Iza
School of Engineering of Bilbao, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Spain.
Jarol Derley
JD
Ramón
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D013030:Spain
D000393:Air Pollutants; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride
Auto-GC-FID; Auto-GC-MSD; Carbon tetrachloride (CTC); Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds (Cl-VOCs); Montreal Protocol