Knowledge of diabetes mellitus and safe practices during Ramadan fasting among Muslim patients with diabetes mellitus in Singapore.
This study aimed to explore the level of knowledge of Muslim patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) regarding DM and the self-management of DM when fasting during Ramadan.



Muslim patients with DM attending the Diabetes Centre of Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, were surveyed on their knowledge of DM and self-management of DM when fasting during Ramadan. Data on patient demographics, DM history and management of DM during the previous Ramadan was also collected.



A total of 92 patients (34 male, 58 female) were surveyed. The mean age of the patients was 53.4 ± 13.3 years. The patients were either Malay (91.3%) or Indian (8.7%), and most (66.3%) had at least a secondary school education. Most (89.1%) had Type 2 DM. The mean duration of DM was 8.7 ± 5.1 years and mean pre-Ramadan haemoglobin A1c was 8.4% ± 1.8%. DM treatment consisted of insulin therapy (37.0%), oral glucose-lowering drugs (35.9%) and combined therapy (22.8%). The mean DM knowledge score was 58.8% for general knowledge and 75.9% for fasting knowledge. During the previous Ramadan, although 71.4% of the patients consulted their physicians, 37.3% did not monitor their blood glucose levels and 47.0% had hypoglycaemic episodes. Among those who had hypoglycaemia, 10.8% continued to fast.



Unsafe self-management practices were observed among DM patients who fasted during Ramadan. Efforts should be made to bridge the gap between knowledge of DM and self-management of DM.
Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
Sueziani Binte
SB
Zainudin
Ministry of Health Holdings Pte Ltd, Singapore.
Dun Yong
DY
Ang
Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.
Abel Wah Ek
AW
Soh
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005215:Fasting / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000150:complications; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007514:Islam / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000073278:Self-Management; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin
diabetes mellitus; fasting; knowledge; self-management