Spontaneous and Therapeutic-Induced Mechanisms of Functional Recovery After Stroke.
With increasing rates of survival throughout the past several years, stroke remains one of the leading causes of adult disability. Following the onset of stroke, spontaneous mechanisms of recovery at the cellular, molecular, and systems levels ensue. The degree of spontaneous recovery is generally incomplete and variable among individuals. Typically, the best recovery outcomes entail the restitution of function in injured but surviving neural matter. An assortment of restorative therapies exists or is under development with the goal of potentiating restitution of function in damaged areas or in nearby ipsilesional regions by fostering neuroplastic changes, which often rely on mechanisms similar to those observed during spontaneous recovery. Advancements in stroke rehabilitation depend on the elucidation of both spontaneous and therapeutic-driven mechanisms of recovery. Further, the implementation of neural biomarkers in research and clinical settings will enable a multimodal approach to probing brain state and predicting the extent of post-stroke functional recovery. This review will discuss spontaneous and therapeutic-induced mechanisms driving post-stroke functional recovery while underscoring several potential restorative therapies and biomarkers.
Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, 200 S. Manchester Ave, Suite 206, Orange, CA, 92868-4280, USA.
Jessica M
JM
Cassidy
Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, 200 S. Manchester Ave, Suite 206, Orange, CA, 92868-4280, USA. scramer@uci.edu.|Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. scramer@uci.edu.|Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, 200 S. Manchester Ave, Suite 210, Orange, CA, 92868-5397, USA. scramer@uci.edu.|Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, 845 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, 92697, CA, USA. scramer@uci.edu.
Steven C
SC
Cramer
D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D020127:Recovery of Function; D020521:Stroke / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D015415:Biomarkers
Biomarker; Neuroimaging; Plasticity; Rehabilitation; Repair; Stroke