Tooth discoloration induced by calcium-silicate based materials: a literature review.
BACKGROUND
Endodontic therapy may not focus only on biological and functional aspects, but should take esthetic considerations into account as well. It is common knowledge that calcium-silicate based materials may cause discoloration and thus impair the esthetic outcome of the treated tooth. The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing knowledge on the discoloration potential of these materials used for endodontic procedures.


METHODS
A comprehensive literature search covering the period from 2000 to 2015 was conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar, using different keyword combinations including "tooth", "color", "discoloration", "staining", "endodontic", "root canal", "calcium silicate", "MTA", "portland cement", "Endocem" and "biodentine". Any relevant literature in the English language was considered for inclusion. In addition, previous review articles were hand-searched, and reference lists from endodontic textbooks were also reviewed. Articles were excluded if only single clinical reports or conference reports were included or if the topic was not related to the subject.


RESULTS
For a wide range of these materials currently available in the market, only scarce or no evidence exist regarding their discoloration potential.


CONCLUSIONS
The need for further research in this field and development of non-staining calcium silicate based materials is evident.
Endodontics Department, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran - Pooneh.mohebbi@gmail.com.
Pooneh
P
Mohebbi
Sohrab
S
Tour Savadkouhi
D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D001729:Bismuth / Q000737:chemistry; D001826:Body Fluids; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003804:Dentin / Q000737:chemistry; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004954:Esthetics; D006801:Humans; D010087:Oxides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017640:Silicates / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D014075:Tooth Discoloration / Q000139:chemically induced*
D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003738:Dental Cements; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; D003094:Collagen; C033301:bismuth oxide; C031293:calcium silicate; D001729:Bismuth