Biomedical Uses for 2D Materials Beyond Graphene: Current Advances and Challenges Ahead.
Currently, a broad interdisciplinary research effort is pursued on biomedical applications of 2D materials (2DMs) beyond graphene, due to their unique physicochemical and electronic properties. The discovery of new 2DMs is driven by the diverse chemical compositions and tuneable characteristics offered. Researchers are increasingly attracted to exploit those as drug delivery systems, highly efficient photothermal modalities, multimodal therapeutics with non-invasive diagnostic capabilities, biosensing, and tissue engineering. A crucial limitation of some of the 2DMs is their moderate colloidal stability in aqueous media. In addition, the lack of suitable functionalisation strategies should encourage the exploration of novel chemical methodologies with that purpose. Moreover, the clinical translation of these emerging materials will require undertaking of fundamental research on biocompatibility, toxicology and biopersistence in the living body as well as in the environment. Here, a thorough account of the biomedical applications using 2DMs explored today is given.
CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
Rajendra
R
Kurapati
Nanomedicine Laboratory, School of Medicine and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, AV Hill Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
Kostas
K
Kostarelos
Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.|Carbon Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastian, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009, Spain.|Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE), Bilbao, 48013, Spain.
Maurizio
M
Prato
CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Laboratoire d'Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
Alberto
A
Bianco
2D materials; diagnosis; imaging; nanotoxicity; therapy