The major horse satellite DNA family is associated with centromere competence.
BACKGROUND
The centromere is the specialized locus required for correct chromosome segregation during cell division. The DNA of most eukaryotic centromeres is composed of extended arrays of tandem repeats (satellite DNA). In the horse, we previously showed that, although the centromere of chromosome 11 is completely devoid of tandem repeat arrays, all other centromeres are characterized by the presence of satellite DNA. We isolated three horse satellite DNA sequences (37cen, 2P1 and EC137) and described their chromosomal localization in four species of the genus Equus.


RESULTS
In the work presented here, using the ChIP-seq methodology, we showed that, in the horse, the 37cen satellite binds CENP-A, the centromere-specific histone-H3 variant. The 37cen sequence bound by CENP-A is GC-rich with 221 bp units organized in a head-to-tail fashion. The physical interaction of CENP-A with 37cen was confirmed through slot blot experiments. Immuno-FISH on stretched chromosomes and chromatin fibres demonstrated that the extension of satellite DNA stretches is variable and is not related to the organization of CENP-A binding domains. Finally, we proved that the centromeric satellite 37cen is transcriptionally active.


CONCLUSIONS
Our data offer new insights into the organization of horse centromeres. Although three different satellite DNA families are cytogenetically located at centromeres, only the 37cen family is associated to the centromeric function. Moreover, similarly to other species, CENP-A binding domains are variable in size. The transcriptional competence of the 37cen satellite that we observed adds new evidence to the hypothesis that centromeric transcripts may be required for centromere function.
Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Federico
F
Cerutti
Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Riccardo
R
Gamba
Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Alice
A
Mazzagatti
Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Francesca M
FM
Piras
Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Eleonora
E
Cappelletti
Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Elisa
E
Belloni
Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Solomon G
SG
Nergadze
Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Elena
E
Raimondi
Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
Elena
E
Giulotto
Centromere; High resolution cytogenetics; Horse genome; Next generation sequencing; Satellite DNA