Internalization and cytotoxicity effects of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles in murine endothelial cells: Studies on internal dosages due to loaded mass agglomerates.
Carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles (CEINs) qualified as metal-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials offer a potential scope for an increasing number of biomedical applications. In this study, we have focused on the investigation of cellular fate and resulting cytotoxic effects of CEINs synthesized using a carbon arc route and studied in murine endothelial (HECa-10) cells. The CEIN samples were characterized as pristine (the mean diameter between 47 and 56nm) and hydrodynamic (the mean diameter between 270 and 460nm) forms and tested using a battery of methods to determine the cell internalization extent and cytotoxicity effects upon to the exposures (0.0001-100μg/ml) in HECa-10 cells. Our studies evidenced that the incubation with CEINs for 24h is accompanied with substantial changes of Zeta potential in cells which can be considered as a key factor for affecting the membrane transport, cellular distribution and cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles. The results demonstrate that CEINs have entered the endothelial cell through the endocytic pathway rather than by passive diffusion and they were mainly loaded as agglomerates on the cell membrane and throughout the cytoplasm, mitochondria and nucleus. The studies show that CEINs induce the mitochondrial and cell membrane cytotoxicities in a dose-dependent manner resulting from the internal dosages due to CEIN agglomerates. Our results highlight the importance of the physicochemical characterization of CEINs in studying the magnetic nanoparticle-endothelial cell interactions because the CEIN mass agglomerates can sediment more or less rapidly in culture models.
Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. S. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
Monika A
MA
Cywinska
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. L. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
Michal
M
Bystrzejewski
Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. S. Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
Magdalena
M
Poplawska
Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. S. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
Anita
A
Kosmider
Department of Regenerative Medicine, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, ul. Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland.
Robert
R
Zdanowski
Department of Regenerative Medicine, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, ul. Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland.
Slawomir
S
Lewicki
Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. S. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
Zbigniew
Z
Fijalek
Analytic Centre, University of Life Sciences, ul. J. Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
Agnieszka
A
Ostrowska
Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. S. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
Magdalena
M
Bamburowicz
Department of Clinical Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. S. Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
Andrzej
A
Cieszanowski
Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. S. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: ireneusz.grudzinski@wum.edu.pl.
Ireneusz P
IP
Grudzinski
D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004705:Endocytosis; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
D002244:Carbon; D007501:Iron
Agglomerates; Cytotoxicity; Endothelial (HECa-10) cells; Internalization; Iron-carbon (core-shell) type hybrid nanoparticles; Zeta potential