Gender Differences in Homicide of Neonates, Infants, and Children under 5 y in South Africa: Results from the Cross-Sectional 2009 National Child Homicide Study.
BACKGROUND
Homicide of children is a global problem. The under-5-y age group is the second largest homicide age group after 15-19 y olds, but has received little research attention. Understanding age and gender patterns is important for assisting with developing prevention interventions. Here we present an age and gender analysis of homicides among children under 5 y in South Africa from a national study that included a focus on neonaticide and infanticide.


RESULTS
A retrospective national cross-sectional study was conducted using a random sample of 38 medico-legal laboratories operating in 2009 to identify homicides of children under 5 y. Child data were abstracted from the mortuary files and autopsy reports, and both child and perpetrator data data were collected from police interviews. We erred towards applying a conservative definition of homicide and excluded sudden infant death syndrome cases. We estimated that 454 (95% CI 366, 541) children under the age of 5 y were killed in South Africa in 2009. More than half (53.2%; 95% CI 46.7%, 59.5%) were neonates (0-28 d), and 74.4% (95% CI 69.3%, 78.9%) were infants (under 1 y), giving a neonaticide rate of 19.6 per 100,000 live births and an infanticide rate of 28.4 per 100,000 live births. The majority of the neonates died in the early neonatal period (0-6 d), and abandonment accounted for 84.9% (95% CI 81.5%, 87.8%) of all the neonates killed. Distinct age and gender patterns were found, with significantly fewer boy children killed in rural settings compared to urban settings (odds ratio 0.6; 95% CI 0.4, 0.9; p = 0.015). Abuse-related killings and evidence of sexual assault were more common among older girls than in all other age and gender groups. Mothers were identified as the perpetrators in all of the neonaticides and were the most common perpetrators overall (71.0%; 95% CI 63.9%, 77.2%). Abandoned neonates were mainly term babies, with a mean gestational age of 38 wk. We did not have information on abandonment motives for all newborns and did not know if babies were abandoned with the intention that they would die or with the hope that they would be found alive. We therefore considered all abandoned babies as homicides.


CONCLUSIONS
Homicide of children is an extreme form or consequence of violence against children. This national study provides one of the first analyses of neonaticide and infanticide by age and gender and shows the failure of reproductive and mental health and social services to identify and help vulnerable mothers. Multi-sectoral prevention strategies are needed.
Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
Naeemah
N
Abrahams
Children's Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Shanaaz
S
Mathews
Forensic Pathology Services, Western Cape Government, Cape Town, South Africa.|Division of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Lorna J
LJ
Martin
Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
Carl
C
Lombard
Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
Nadine
N
Nannan
Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
Rachel
R
Jewkes
D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001344:Autopsy; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000639:trends; D002650:Child Abuse, Sexual / Q000639:trends; D002670:Child, Abandoned; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019548:Crime Victims; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D006708:Homicide / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007237:Infanticide / Q000639:trends*; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013019:South Africa; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult