Factors Affecting Gender-based Experiences for Residents in Radiation Oncology.
Although women constitute approximately half of medical school graduates, an uneven gender distribution exists among many specialties, including radiation oncology, where women fill only one third of residency positions. Although multiple social and societal factors have been theorized, a structured review of radiation oncology resident experiences has yet to be performed.



An anonymous and voluntary survey was sent to 611 radiation oncology residents practicing in the United States. Residents were asked about their gender-based experiences in terms of mentorship, their professional and learning environment, and their partnerships and personal life.



A total of 203 participants submitted completed survey responses. Fifty-seven percent of respondents were men, and 43% were women, with a mean age of 31 years (standard deviation=3.7 years). Although residents in general value having a mentor, female residents prefer mentors of the same gender (P<.001), and noted having more difficulty finding a mentor (P=.042). Women were more likely to say that they have observed preferential treatment based on gender (P≤.001), and they were more likely to perceive gender-specific biases or obstacles in their professional and learning environment (P<.001). Women selected residency programs based on gender ratios (P<.001), and female residents preferred to see equal numbers of male and female faculty (P<.001). Women were also more likely to perceive work-related strain than their male counterparts (P<.001).



Differences in experiences for male and female radiation oncology residents exist with regard to mentorship and in their professional and learning environment.
Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky. Electronic address: pnbarr01@louisville.edu.
Parul N
PN
Barry
Department of Graduate Medical Education, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
Karen H
KH
Miller
Department of Graduate Medical Education, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
Craig
C
Ziegler
Departments of Women's and Gender Studies and Sociology, Wellesley College, Wellesley, Massachusetts.
Rosanna
R
Hertz
Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah, School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Nevine
N
Hanna
Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
Anthony E
AE
Dragun
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008611:Mentors; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000072378:Radiation Oncologists / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D018787:Radiation Oncology / Q000193:education; D063507:Sexism / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States; D000078329:Workforce