Association of Rice and Rice-Product Consumption With Arsenic Exposure Early in Life.
Rice-a typical first food and major ingredient in various infant foods-contains inorganic arsenic (As), but the extent of As exposure from these foods has not been well characterized in early childhood.



To determine the types and frequency of rice and rice-containing products consumed by infants in the first year of life and the association with As biomarker concentrations.



Included were infants from singleton births of pregnant women enrolled in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study from 2011 to 2014 whose parents were interviewed during their first year of life. Enrolled women from selected clinics were aged 18 to 45 years, living in the same residence since their last menstrual period, in households served by a private water system, and had no plans to move during pregnancy. Data on infants' intake of rice and rice products were collected from interviews with their parents at 4, 8, and 12 months' follow-up and from a 3-day food diary at 12 months from March 2013 to August 2014.



Infants' intake of rice and rice products.



Total urinary As and the sum of As species measured using inductively coupled mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Commonly reported infant rice snacks were tested for As.



We obtained dietary data on 759 of 951 infants (79.8% participation rate). Of these, 391 infants (51.7%) were male, and the mean (SD) gestational age was 39.4 (1.7) weeks. An estimated 80% were introduced to rice cereal during their first year. At 12 months, 32.6% of infants (42 of 129) were fed rice snacks. Among infants aged 12 months who did not eat fish or seafood, the geometric mean total urinary As concentrations were higher among those who ate infant rice cereal (9.53 µg/L) or rice snacks (4.97 µg/L) compared with those who did not eat rice or rice products (2.85 µg/L; all P < .01). Infant rice snacks contained between 36 and 568 ng/g of As and 5 to 201 ng/g of inorganic As.



Our findings indicate that intake of rice cereal and other rice-containing foods, such as rice snacks, contribute to infants' As exposure and suggest that efforts should be made to reduce As exposure during this critical phase of development.
Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire2Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
Margaret R
MR
Karagas
Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire3Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.
Tracy
T
Punshon
Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire2Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire.
Vicki
V
Sayarath
Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire4Trace Element Analysis Core Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.
Brian P
BP
Jackson
Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire3Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire5University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Carol L
CL
Folt
Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire3Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire.
Kathryn L
KL
Cottingham
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001152:Arsenicals / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007225:Infant Food / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012275:Oryza; D062410:Snacks; D055815:Young Adult
D001152:Arsenicals