Therapist immediacy: The association with working alliance, real relationship, session quality, and time in psychotherapy.
This longitudinal analysis examined the relationship between amount of therapist immediacy in sessions and client post-session ratings of working alliance (WAI), real relationship (RRI), and session quality (SES).



Using hierarchal linear modeling (HLM), we disaggregated the variables into within-client (differences between sessions in immediacy) and between-clients (differences between clients in immediacy) components, in order to test associations over time in treatment. Three hundred and sixty four sessions were nested within 16 clients and 9 therapists.



When therapists used more immediacy in a session, clients gave higher SES ratings for that session, compared to their sessions with less immediacy (within-client effect). For WAI, it appeared to matter when immediacy was used in treatment. The interaction effect between time in treatment and within-client immediacy revealed that early in treatment, more immediacy in a session was related to lower WAI for that session, whereas later in treatment, more immediacy in a session was related to higher WAI for that session. Another interaction effect was found between time in treatment and between-clients immediacy. Clients with less immediacy in treatment, gave higher SES scores for early sessions, than clients with more immediacy in treatment.



Immediacy has an overall positive effect on session quality, but the time in which it is used in treatment and client characteristics should be taken into account both in practice and research.
a Department of Psychology , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA.
Naama
N
Shafran
b Department of Counseling, Higher Education, and Special Education, College of Education , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA.
Dennis M
DM
Kivlighan
a Department of Psychology , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA.
Charles J
CJ
Gelso
a Department of Psychology , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA.
Avantika
A
Bhatia
a Department of Psychology , University of Maryland , College Park , MD , USA.
Clara E
CE
Hill
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D013811:Psychotherapeutic Processes; D064889:Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
alliance; long-term psychotherapy; process research; psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy