The effects of prolonged wear of textured shoe insoles on gait, foot sensation and proprioception in people with multiple sclerosis: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Many people with multiple sclerosis experience problems with walking, which can make daily activities difficult and often leads to falls. Foot sensation plays an important role in keeping the body balanced whilst walking; however, people with multiple sclerosis often have poor sensation on the soles of their feet. Wearing a specially designed shoe insole, which enhances plantar sensory information, could help people with multiple sclerosis to walk better. This study will explore whether long-term wear of a textured insole can improve walking in people with multiple sclerosis.


METHODS
A prospective randomised controlled trial with two parallel groups will be conducted aiming to recruit 176 people with multiple sclerosis living in the community (Brisbane, Australia). Adults with a clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, Disease Steps score 1-4, who are ambulant over 100 m and who meet specific inclusion criteria will be recruited. Participants will be randomised to a smooth control insole (n = 88) or textured insole (n = 88) group. The allocated insole will be worn for 12-weeks within participants' own footwear, with self-report wear diaries and falls calendars being completed over this period. Blinded assessors will conduct two baseline assessments and one post-intervention assessment. Gait tasks will be completed barefoot, wearing standardised footwear only, and wearing standardised footwear with smooth and textured insoles. The primary outcome measure will be mediolateral base of support when walking over even and uneven surfaces. Secondary measures include spatiotemporal gait parameters (stride length, stride time variability, double-limb support time, velocity), gait kinematics (hip, knee, and ankle joint angles, toe clearance, trunk inclination, arm swing, mediolateral pelvis/head displacement), foot sensation (light touch-pressure, vibration, two-point discrimination) and proprioception (ankle joint position sense). Group allocation will be concealed and all analyses will be based on an intention-to-treat principle.


CONCLUSIONS
This study will explore the effects of wearing textured insoles over 12-weeks on gait, foot sensation and proprioception in people with multiple sclerosis. The study has the potential to identify a new, evidence-based footwear intervention which has the capacity to enhance mobility and independent living in people with multiple sclerosis.


BACKGROUND
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12615000421538 . Registered 4 May 2015.
School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Therapies Building (84A), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia. a.hatton1@uq.edu.au.
Anna L
AL
Hatton
Health and Social Care Institute, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK.
John
J
Dixon
Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute & School of Podiatry, AUT, Auckland, New Zealand.
Keith
K
Rome
School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Therapies Building (84A), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
Sandra G
SG
Brauer
School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Therapies Building (84A), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
Katrina
K
Williams
Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, QUT, Brisbane, Australia.
Graham
G
Kerr
D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D051341:Dependent Ambulation; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000294:innervation*; D061826:Foot Orthoses; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D057194:Intention to Treat Analysis; D008297:Male; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D011434:Proprioception; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011793:Queensland; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012107:Research Design; D012775:Shoes; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
Foot sensation; Gait; Multiple sclerosis; Proprioception; Shoe insoles