Sostdc1 deficiency accelerates fracture healing by promoting the expansion of periosteal mesenchymal stem cells.
Loss of Sostdc1, a growth factor paralogous to Sost, causes the formation of ectopic incisors, fused molars, abnormal hair follicles, and resistance to kidney disease. Sostdc1 is expressed in the periosteum, a source of osteoblasts, fibroblasts and mesenchymal progenitor cells, which are critically important for fracture repair. Here, we investigated the role of Sostdc1 in bone metabolism and fracture repair. Mice lacking Sostdc1 (Sostdc1(-/-)) had a low bone mass phenotype associated with loss of trabecular bone in both lumbar vertebrae and in the appendicular skeleton. In contrast, Sostdc1(-/-) cortical bone measurements revealed larger bones with higher BMD, suggesting that Sostdc1 exerts differential effects on cortical and trabecular bone. Mid-diaphyseal femoral fractures induced in Sostdc1(-/-) mice showed that the periosteal population normally positive for Sostdc1 rapidly expands during periosteal thickening and these cells migrate into the fracture callus at 3days post fracture. Quantitative analysis of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and osteoblast populations determined that MSCs express Sostdc1, and that Sostdc1(-/-) 5day calluses harbor >2-fold more MSCs than fractured wildtype controls. Histologically a fraction of Sostdc1-positive cells also expressed nestin and α-smooth muscle actin, suggesting that Sostdc1 marks a population of osteochondral progenitor cells that actively participate in callus formation and bone repair. Elevated numbers of MSCs in D5 calluses resulted in a larger, more vascularized cartilage callus at day 7, and a more rapid turnover of cartilage with significantly more remodeled bone and a thicker cortical shell at 21days post fracture. These data support accelerated or enhanced bone formation/remodeling of the callus in Sostdc1(-/-) mice, suggesting that Sostdc1 may promote and maintain mesenchymal stem cell quiescence in the periosteum.
Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
Nicole M
NM
Collette
Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
Cristal S
CS
Yee
Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
Nicholas R
NR
Hum
Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
Deepa K
DK
Murugesh
University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
Blaine A
BA
Christiansen
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA.
LiQin
L
Xie
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA.
Aris N
AN
Economides
Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
Jennifer O
JO
Manilay
Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Alexander G
AG
Robling
Biology and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-452, Livermore, CA 94550, USA; Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA, USA. Electronic address: loots1@llnl.gov.
Gabriela G
GG
Loots
D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D002146:Bony Callus / Q000473:pathology; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D000071556:Cancellous Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D000071538:Cortical Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D005269:Femur / Q000473:pathology; D017102:Fracture Healing; D017353:Gene Deletion; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D064231:Nestin / Q000378:metabolism; D009929:Organ Size; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis; D010521:Periosteum / Q000166:cytology*; D010641:Phenotype; D000076182:Sp7 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D060449:Wnt Signaling Pathway; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
D000199:Actins; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D064231:Nestin; C483887:Sostdc1 protein, mouse; D000076182:Sp7 Transcription Factor; C479466:Sp7 protein, mouse; C544013:alpha-smooth muscle actin, mouse
Bone regeneration; Ectodin; Fracture repair; Periosteum; Sost; Sost-like; Sostdc1; Usag-1; Wise; Wnt signaling