Association between clean intermittent catheterization and urinary tract infection in infants and toddlers with spina bifida.
BACKGROUND
The primary goal of urologic management in children with spina bifida is to reduce the risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) and associated renal injury. While clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) has been the mainstay of treatment, recent studies have suggested that this approach is not without risk. The objective of this study was to examine the association between alternative bladder management strategies and UTI in infants and toddlers with spina bifida.


METHODS
A retrospective cohort study was conducted on spina bifida patients, aged 0-3 years, seen in a multidisciplinary spinal defects clinic between 2008 and 2013. Inclusion criteria included: a primary diagnosis of meningocele, myelomeningocele, or lipomyelomeningocele. Patients were excluded if they had: <1 year of follow-up, urologic surgery prior to initial evaluation, or incomplete data for analysis. Bivariate analyses were performed using Chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests. Multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression.


RESULTS
A total of 107 patients meeting study criteria were identified. The majority of patients had lumbar lesions (74.8%) and ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts (72.9%). Initial bladder management was by CIC in 39.3% of patients and spontaneous voiding in 60.8% of patients. Median age at follow-up was 2.5 years. During the study period, 23.4% of patients switched from spontaneous voiding to CIC. Patients managed with CIC were more likely to have UTIs at final follow-up than those managed with voiding (35.7% vs. 18.5%; P = 0.045). Patients with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) were also more likely to have UTIs (54.5% vs. 17.9%; P = 0.015). Patients who switched from spontaneous voiding to CIC over the study period were more likely to be evaluated with urodynamics (72.0% vs. 31.8%; P < 0.0001) than those managed with voiding alone. Patients who switched to CIC were also more likely to have VUR (16% vs. 0%; P = 0.09) and UTIs (24% vs. 15%; P = 0.06) than those managed with voiding alone; however, these differences were not statistically significant.


CONCLUSIONS
In the present series, infants and toddlers with spina bifida who were initially managed with spontaneous voiding had a lower risk of UTI than those managed with CIC. Patients who switched to CIC after a period of initial observation with voiding did not have a significantly different risk of UTI compared with those managed with CIC alone. These findings suggest that early initiation of CIC may not be warranted in all infants with spina bifida. Further studies are needed to more clearly define optimal indications for initiation of CIC in these patients.
University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E 17th Pl., Aurora, CO 80045, USA. Electronic address: ilan.kaye@ucdenver.edu.
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Kaye
Adult and Child Center for Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 13001 E 17th Pl., Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Payan
Department of Pediatric Urology, Children's Hospital Colorado, 13123 E. 16th Ave., B463, Aurora CO 80045, USA.
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Vemulakonda
D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D057928:Intermittent Urethral Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016135:Spinal Dysraphism / Q000150:complications*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*
Clean intermittent catheterization; Myelodysplasia; Spina bifida; Urinary tract infection