Regeneration of the lung: Lung stem cells and the development of lung mimicking devices.
Inspired by the increasing burden of lung associated diseases in society and an growing demand to accommodate patients, great efforts by the scientific community produce an increasing stream of data that are focused on delineating the basic principles of lung development and growth, as well as understanding the biomechanical properties to build artificial lung devices. In addition, the continuing efforts to better define the disease origin, progression and pathology by basic scientists and clinicians contributes to insights in the basic principles of lung biology. However, the use of different model systems, experimental approaches and readout systems may generate somewhat conflicting or contradictory results. In an effort to summarize the latest developments in the lung epithelial stem cell biology, we provide an overview of the current status of the field. We first describe the different stem cells, or progenitor cells, residing in the homeostatic lung. Next, we focus on the plasticity of the different cell types upon several injury-induced activation or repair models, and highlight the regenerative capacity of lung cells. Lastly, we summarize the generation of lung mimics, such as air-liquid interface cultures, organoids and lung on a chip, that are required to test emerging hypotheses. Moreover, the increasing collaboration between distinct specializations will contribute to the eventual development of an artificial lung device capable of assisting reduced lung function and capacity in human patients.
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Kim A A
KA
Schilders
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Evelien
E
Eenjes
Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Sander
S
van Riet
Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, P.O Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
André A
AA
Poot
Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, University of Twente, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, P.O Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
Dimitrios
D
Stamatialis
Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Maastricht University, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Roman
R
Truckenmüller
Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Pieter S
PS
Hiemstra
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. r.rottier@erasmusmc.nl.
Robbert J
RJ
Rottier
D000818:Animals; D021522:Bioartificial Organs; D032701:Biomimetics / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development*; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000295:instrumentation; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
Lung; Lung mimics; Regeneration; Stem cells; Tissue engineering