Dynamic formation of a solid-liquid electrolyte interphase and its consequences for hybrid-battery concepts.
The discharging and charging of batteries require ion transfer across phase boundaries. In conventional lithium-ion batteries, Li(+) ions have to cross the liquid electrolyte and only need to pass the electrode interfaces. Future high-energy batteries may need to work as hybrids, and so serially combine a liquid electrolyte and a solid electrolyte to suppress unwanted redox shuttles. This adds new interfaces that might significantly decrease the cycling-rate capability. Here we show that the interface between a typical fast-ion-conducting solid electrolyte and a conventional liquid electrolyte is chemically unstable and forms a resistive solid-liquid electrolyte interphase (SLEI). Insights into the kinetics of this new type of interphase are obtained by impedance studies of a two-chamber cell. The chemistry of the SLEI, its growth with time and the influence of water impurities are examined by state-of-the-art surface analysis and depth profiling.
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
Martin R
MR
Busche
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
Thomas
T
Drossel
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
Thomas
T
Leichtweiss
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
Dominik A
DA
Weber
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
Mareike
M
Falk
SCHOTT AG, Corporate Research and Technology Development, Hattenbergstraße 10, D-55014 Mainz, Germany.
Meike
M
Schneider
SCHOTT AG, Corporate Research and Technology Development, Hattenbergstraße 10, D-55014 Mainz, Germany.
Maria-Louisa
ML
Reich
BASF SE, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.|BELLA - Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
Heino
H
Sommer
Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC Jena) Philosophenweg 7a, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
Philipp
P
Adelhelm
Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.|BELLA - Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
Jürgen
J
Janek