Gender inequalities in COPD decision-making in primary care.
COPD is a frequent severe illness that increasingly affects females. Gender inequalities have been reported in COPD care.



To analyze decision-making in primary care for men and women with identical COPD as a function of the gender of the family physician (FP).



Cross-sectional, multicenter study in 457 Andalusian FPs, using a self-administered vignette-based questionnaire on COPD featuring a male or female patient, with four variables on clinical reasoning: "tobacco as most important risk factor (RF)", "ordering of spirometry", "COPD as most likely diagnosis", and "referral". Multilevel logistic regression analysis.



Response rate was 67.4% (308/457). In analysis of the four FP gender-patient gender dyads, tobacco was more frequently considered as priority RF for the man than for the woman in the vignette by female (95.6%vs.67.1%) and male (79.8%vs.62.5%) FPs. COPD was more frequently the most likely diagnosis for the man versus woman by female (84.4%vs.49.9%) and male (78.5%vs.57.8%) FPs. Male FPs more frequently ordered spirometry for the man versus woman (68.1%vs.46.8%). There were no differences in referral between male and female patients. Male FPs were more likely than female FPs to consider tobacco as priority RF for the man (p = 002). Female FPs were more likely than male FPs to refer the man (22.5%vs.8%).



There may be gender inequalities in primary care for COPD in our setting. Diagnostic and therapeutic efforts appear lower in female patients. Male and female FPs only differed in care of the male patient, indicating FP gender-patient gender interaction.
Andalusian School of Public Health, Cuesta del Observatorio, 4, Granada, Spain.
Ana
A
Delgado
National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Culture and Society Research and Study Centre (CIECS), Rondeau 467, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina. Electronic address: lorenasaletti@gmail.com.
Lorena
L
Saletti-Cuesta
Andalusian School of Public Health, Cuesta del Observatorio, 4, Granada, Spain.
Luis Andrés
LA
López-Fernández
Lavapiés Healthcare Centre, Calle de Embajadores, 41, 28012 Madrid, Spain.
Natalia
N
Gil-Garrido
Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. del Hospicio, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
Juan de Dios
Jde D
Luna Del Castillo
D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making / Q000941:ethics*; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000639:trends*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D063507:Sexism / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D013147:Spirometry / Q000379:methods; D064424:Tobacco Use / Q000453:epidemiology; D000078329:Workforce; D055815:Young Adult
COPD; Gender bias; Physicians; Primary care; Primary health care; Sexism