Dietary patterns are associated with various vascular health markers and complications in type 1 diabetes.
Diet plays an important role in the management of type 1 diabetes. However, the association between dietary intake and health has not been extensively studied in this population. We studied the cross-sectional association between dietary factors, and selected vascular health markers and complications in type 1 diabetes.



Data from 874 individuals with type 1 diabetes participating in the FinnDiane Study were included. Dietary intake was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire and a diet score, expressing the extent to which individuals adhered to the dietary recommendations, was calculated. Diet questionnaire was also used to reveal dietary patterns using factor analysis.



Seven factors with high degree of inter-correlation were formed; healthy, traditional, vegetable, sweets, modern, low-fat cheese, and fish and eggs. In multivariate models, higher diet score and healthy factor score were associated with better glycaemic control. Higher diet score was associated with higher, while sweets, and fish and eggs patterns were associated with lower systolic blood pressure. Healthy, sweets, and fish and eggs factors were additionally associated with lower diastolic blood pressure.



Closer adherence to the dietary recommendations, and a diet high in fresh vegetables, fruits and berries, cooked vegetables, fish dishes, and yoghurt may be beneficial for the glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes. Moreover, a diet pattern with fish and eggs may have beneficial effects for blood pressure.
Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Aila J
AJ
Ahola
Division of Nutrition, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Riitta
R
Freese
Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
Sari
S
Mäkimattila
Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Finland.
Carol
C
Forsblom
Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Research Program Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Finland; Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: per-henrik.groop@helsinki.fi.
Per-Henrik
PH
Groop
D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D005399:Fishes; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014675:Vegetables; D015014:Yogurt
Complications; Dietary pattern; Dietary recommendations; Type 1 diabetes; Vascular health markers