Anatomical patterns of infantile hemangioma (IH) of the extremities (IHE).
BACKGROUND
From 18% to 30% of infantile hemangiomas (IH) are located on the extremities (IHE). They can be divided into localized, segmental, and minimal or arrested growth (IH-MAG) subtypes.


OBJECTIVE
We sought to correlate localization of IHE with the anatomy of the arterial vascular supply.


METHODS
All children with segmental IHE and IH-MAG presenting to our department of pediatric dermatology from 2002 to 2015 were evaluated. Hemangiomas were mapped and their patterns were analyzed.


RESULTS
Most IHE were unilateral (105/109). Two thirds (68/109) were located on the upper, and one third (41/109) on the lower extremities. Distal locations were more frequently affected. Segmental IHE were more common (upper extremities 83.8%; lower extremities 56.1%) than IH-MAG (16.2% and 43.9%, respectively). Ulceration occurred in 5.5%. Localization of IHE was found to correspond to supply areas of embryonic arterial variants.


CONCLUSIONS
This was a retrospective study. Only segmental IHE and IH-MAG were evaluated. Angiographic studies were not performed.


CONCLUSIONS
The location of IHE may be related to variant anatomy of arterial supply during embryo fetal development. We hypothesize that this contributes to temporary regional tissue hypoxia during early fetal development, which is a known stimulus for the proliferation of hemangioma stem cells.
Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany.
Antonia
A
Reimer
Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany.
Maren
M
Fliesser
Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address: hoeger@kkh-wilhelmstift.de.
Peter H
PH
Hoeger
D000367:Age Factors; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D018324:Hemangioma, Capillary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000175:diagnosis*
arterial variants; hemangioma; infantile; infantile hemangioma with minimal or arrested growth; regional hypoxia; segmental