The Effects of Fungicide, Soil Fumigant, Bio-Organic Fertilizer and Their Combined Application on Chrysanthemum Fusarium Wilt Controlling, Soil Enzyme Activities and Microbial Properties.
Sustained monoculture often leads to a decline in soil quality, in particular to the build-up of pathogen populations, a problem that is conventionally addressed by the use of either fungicide and/or soil fumigation. This practice is no longer considered to be either environmentally sustainable or safe. While the application of organic fertilizer is seen as a means of combating declining soil fertility, it has also been suggested as providing some control over certain soil-borne plant pathogens. Here, a greenhouse comparison was made of the Fusarium wilt control efficacy of various treatments given to a soil in which chrysanthemum had been produced continuously for many years. The treatments comprised the fungicide carbendazim (MBC), the soil fumigant dazomet (DAZ), the incorporation of a Paenibacillus polymyxa SQR21 (P. polymyxa SQR21, fungal antagonist) enhanced bio-organic fertilizer (BOF), and applications of BOF combined with either MBC or DAZ. Data suggest that all the treatments evaluated show good control over Fusarium wilt. The MBC and DAZ treatments were effective in suppressing the disease, but led to significant decrease in urease activity and no enhancement of catalase activity in the rhizosphere soils. BOF including treatments showed significant enhancement in soil enzyme activities and microbial communities compared to the MBC and DAZ, evidenced by differences in bacterial/fungi (B/F) ratios, Shannon-Wiener indexes and urease, catalase and sucrase activities in the rhizosphere soil of chrysanthemum. Of all the treatments evaluated, DAZ/BOF application not only greatly suppressed Fusarium wilt and enhanced soil enzyme activities and microbial communities but also promoted the quality of chrysanthemum obviously. Our findings suggest that combined BOF with DAZ could more effectively control Fusarium wilt disease of chrysanthemum.
College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210000, China. zhaoshuang@njau.edu.cn.
Shuang
S
Zhao
College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210000, China. chenxi0872@163.com.
Xi
X
Chen
Department of Plant and Soil Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA. shiping.deng@okstate.edu.
Shiping
S
Deng
College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210000, China. 2011104115@njau.edu.cn.
Xuena
X
Dong
College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210000, China. aiping_song@njau.edu.cn.
Aiping
A
Song
Shanghai Honghua Horticulture Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China. 2008203041@njau.edu.cn.
Jianjun
J
Yao
College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210000, China. fangwm@njau.edu.cn.
Weimin
W
Fang
College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210000, China. chenfd@njau.edu.cn.
Fadi
F
Chen
D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002219:Carbamates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031202:Chrysanthemum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology*; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000382:microbiology*; D005651:Fumigation / Q000379:methods; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology; D005670:Fusarium / Q000187:drug effects*; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D056507:Paenibacillus / Q000254:growth & development*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000201:enzymology; D058441:Rhizosphere; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013829:Thiadiazines / Q000494:pharmacology*
D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002219:Carbamates; D005308:Fertilizers; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D012987:Soil; D013829:Thiadiazines; C006698:carbendazim; C012864:dazomet
DGGE; Fusarium wilt; bacterial/fungi ratio; disease incidence; microbial community