Ecotoxicological risk assessment of the "Acid Black 210" dye.
The "Acid Black 210" dye is one of the most used black dyes by the leather industry. This compound contains three azo groups in its chemical structure, and has been quoted as a non-regulated dye with toxicological concern, since it could generate carcinogenic aromatic amines. The objective of this study was to perform the ecotoxicological risk assessment of this dye through testing its toxicity in vitro and in vivo with the Ames test, the Comet assay, the Daphnia similis test, and the zebrafish embryo acute toxicity test. Moreover, we evaluated the presence of this dye in environmental samples related with a tannery industry. All the tests performed were negative, with the exception of the Ames test with the Salmonella typhimurium TA98 strain, which resulted in a low mutagenic potency. Due to the low concentrations of the "Acid Black 210" dye found in tannery effluents, and the high concentrations where any toxic activity is occasionally described, we concluded that this dye is safe from the ecotoxicological point of view in the areas evaluated and in the light of the current knowledge.
Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-903, Brazil. Electronic address: otavio@fcfrp.usp.br.
Otávio Pelegrino
OP
Rocha
Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-903, Brazil.
Cibele Aparecida
CA
Cesila
Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara-SP 14800-060, Brazil.
Elisa Maria
EM
Christovam
Laboratory of Skin Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo-SP 05508-000, Brazil.
Sílvia Berlanga de Moraes
SB
Barros
Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara-SP 14800-060, Brazil.
Maria Valnice Boldrin
MV
Zanoni
Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14040-903, Brazil. Electronic address: dpalma@usp.br.
Danielle Palma
DP
de Oliveira
D000818:Animals; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020552:Comet Assay / Q000379:methods; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015027:Zebrafish
D001391:Azo Compounds; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C525122:acid black 210
Acid Black 210; Dye; Ecotoxicological risk assessment