The influence of grandmothers on breastfeeding rates: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of an infant's life has enormous potential to reduce mortality and morbidity. The older generation, particularly the infant's grandmothers, play a central role in various aspects of pregnancy and child rearing decision-making within the family unit. This is particularly true in low- and middle-income countries where older women are seen as owners of traditional knowledge. Despite this, most health programs target the individual person most directly involved in the target behaviour--usually new mothers--without a commensurate understanding of who else influences those decisions. In this systematic review we aim to quantify the impact of the grandmother on influencing a mother's breastfeeding practices.


METHODS
We conducted a systematic review using Web of Science, Scopus, and Medline databases using search terms for grandmother and breastfeeding. Eligible studies reported on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and included estimates of effect of a grandmother's influence including whether or not the grandmother lived with the infant's family, the grandmother's education, and the grandmother's attitudes towards and prior experience with breastfeeding.


RESULTS
We identified 568 articles and, after review, 13 articles were assessed as meeting the selection criteria. They were conducted in both developed and developing countries and included cross-sectional surveys, prospective cohort studies and one randomised controlled trial. Eight studies examined the effects of attitudes or experiences of older generations with respect to breastfeeding and five of the eight found a significant positive impact on breastfeeding when grandmothers of the infants had had their own breastfeeding experience or were positively inclined towards breastfeeding, resulting in effects of between 1.6 to 12.4 times more likely to exclusively breastfeed or refrain from introducing solid foods. A Chinese study however found that highly educated grandmothers were associated with decreased exclusive breastfeeding. The majority of the studies were assessed to be of weak or moderate quality.


CONCLUSIONS
This review found evidence that demonstrates that grandmothers have the capacity to influence exclusive breastfeeding. Programs that seek to influence exclusive breastfeeding should include grandmothers in their interventions to achieve maximum impact.
Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. joel.negin@sydney.edu.au.
Joel
J
Negin
Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
Jenna
J
Coffman
Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
Pavle
P
Vizintin
Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building (A27), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
Camille
C
Raynes-Greenow
D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D000066502:Grandparents / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies
Breastfeeding; Exclusive breastfeeding; Grandmother; Mother-in-law