Perillyl Alcohol (Monoterpene Alcohol), Limonene.
Natural products have a long history of use in traditional medicines and their activities against different diseases have been the focus of many basic and clinical researches in past few decades. The essential oils, volatile liquid containing aroma compound from plants, are known as active ingredients in the herbal medicine. Perillyl alcohol (POH) is usually available through dietary sources and is being explored for its cancer chemoprevention, tumor growth suppression, and regression. Citrus peels are the waste product of juice manufacturing industries and have been considered as a critical problem for environmental green ecology policies for years. One of the most well-known approaches to overcome this problem is transformation of these monoterpene by the use of specific strains of bacteria or yeasts. Limonene (1-methyl-4-isopropyl-cyclohexene) is a monoterpene, as other monoterpenes consists of two isoprene units, that comprises more than 90% of citrus essential oil and it exists in many fruits and vegetables. Although, the anticancer activity of d-limonene has identified nearly two decades ago, it has recently attracted much more attention in translational medicine. In this chapter, we will overview the anticancer effects of POH and d-limonene. Later, we will address the pharmacokinetics of these compounds, highlight the signaling pathways which are targeted by these proteins, review the clinical trials which have been done for these compounds in different cancer models, and finally discuss the future directions of the research in this field that might be more applicable in future cancer therapy strategies.
Department of Biochemistry, Recombinant Protein Laboratory, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Shahla
S
Shojaei
Chang School of Continuing Education, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Amir
A
Kiumarsi
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
Adel Rezaei
AR
Moghadam
Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Javad
J
Alizadeh
Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Hassan
H
Marzban
Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Health Policy Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran. Electronic address: saeid.ghavami@med.umanitoba.ca.
Saeid
S
Ghavami
Apoptosis; Breast cancer; Clinical trial; Glioblastoma; Mevalonate pathway; Prenylation; Small Rho-GTPase