A Longitudinal Study of Adolescents' Optimistic Bias about Risks and Benefits of Cigarette Smoking.
OBJECTIVE
Optimistic bias, a perception that one's own risks are lower than others', can help explain why adolescents smoke cigarettes despite knowing their risks. We examined the extent and changes over time of adolescents' optimistic bias for various smoking-related perceptions of risks and benefits on the aggregate and individual level.


METHODS
Longitudinal study (6 measurements over 3 years) of 395 adolescents (mean age 14 years, SD=0.4, at baseline) who rated the chance of occurrence of 19 short- and long-term heath risks, social risks, addiction, and benefits related to cigarette smoking for self and comparable others.


RESULTS
Optimistic bias was consistently found only for addiction (83% of comparisons; 37%- 60% of adolescents). Addiction-related optimistic bias decreased significantly with time for "still be smoking in 5 years" (β = -2.44, p < .001) and for "become addicted" (β = -1.71, p < .001). This reduction resulted from a greater decrease in perceived risks for others rather than an increase in the adolescent's own perceived risk. For other risks and benefits, adolescents were either realistic or pessimistically biased.


CONCLUSIONS
Smoking-related optimistic bias in adolescents was not as prevalent as past studies showed. Anti-smoking interventions targeting adolescents should emphasize the risk of addiction and personal relevance of addiction.
Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Lucy
L
Popova
Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. bonnie.halpernfelsher@stanford.edu.
Bonnie L
BL
Halpern-Felsher
D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*