The Impact of Automated Brief Messages Promoting Lifestyle Changes Delivered Via Mobile Devices to People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials.
BACKGROUND
Brief automated messages have the potential to support self-management in people with type 2 diabetes, but their effect compared with usual care is unclear.


OBJECTIVE
To examine the effectiveness of interventions to change lifestyle behavior delivered via automated brief messaging in patients with type 2 diabetes.


METHODS
A systematic literature review of controlled trials examined the impact of interventions, delivered by brief messaging, and intended to promote lifestyle change in people with type 2 diabetes, on behavioral and clinical outcomes. Bibliographic databases searched included Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and ISI WoK. Two reviewers independently screened citations. We extracted information on study risk of bias, setting (high versus low- and middle-income countries) and intervention characteristics (including use of theory and behavior-change techniques). Outcome measures included acceptability of the interventions and their impact on 1) determinants of lifestyle behavior (knowledge about diabetes, self-efficacy, attitudes towards self-management), 2) lifestyle behavior (diet, physical activity), and 3) clinical and patient-reported outcomes. Where possible, we pooled data using random-effects meta-analyses to obtain estimates of effect size of intervention compared to usual care.


RESULTS
We identified 15 trials (15 interventions) meeting our inclusion criteria. Most interventions were delivered via short message service text messaging (n=12) and simultaneously targeted diet and physical activity (n=11). Nine interventions consisted of unidirectional messages, whereas six consisted of bidirectional messages, with patients receiving automated tailored feedback based on self-reported data. The acceptability of the interventions, and their impact on lifestyle behavior and its determinants, were examined in a low proportion of trials, with heterogeneous results being observed. In 13 trials (1155 patients) where data were available, there was a difference in glycated hemoglobin of -0.53% (95% CI -0.59% to -0.47%) between intervention groups compared to usual care. In five trials (406 patients) there was a non-significant difference in body mass index of -0.25 kg/m2 (95% CI -1.02 to 0.52). Interventions based on unidirectional messages produced similar effects in the outcomes examined, compared to those based on bidirectional messages. Interventions conducted in low- and middle-income countries showed a greater impact than those conducted in high-income countries. In general, trials were not free of bias and did not use explicit theory.


CONCLUSIONS
Automated brief messages strategies can improve health outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes. Larger, methodologically robust trials are needed to confirm these positive results.
University of Colombo, Faculty of Medicine, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Carukshi
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2981-349X
C
Arambepola
Ignacio
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4725-8274
I
Ricci-Cabello
Pavithra
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0133-9527
P
Manikavasagam
Nia
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1142-6440
N
Roberts
David P
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-7804
DP
French
Andrew
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-4402
A
Farmer
D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D012648:Self Care; D060145:Text Messaging
Diabetes mellitus, type 2; diet; mobile health; physical activity; self-care; systematic review; text messaging