Stunting coexisting with overweight in 2·0-4·9-year-old Indonesian children: prevalence, trends and associated risk factors from repeated cross-sectional surveys.
The persistence of undernutrition, along with overweight and obesity, constitute the double burden of malnutrition. The present study aimed to: (i) describe the prevalence and trends of concurrent stunting and overweight in Indonesian children; (ii) identify potentially associated risk factors; and (iii) determine whether stunted children are at greater risk of overweight compared with those of healthy height.



A secondary data analysis of children aged 2·0-4·9 years in four cross-sectional studies of the Indonesian Family Life Survey. Children's height and BMI Z-scores were calculated based on the WHO Child Growth Standards (2006). We defined 'concurrent stunting and overweight' as height-for-age Z-score +1. Multivariate generalised linear latent and mixed models were used to determine associated risk factors.



Thirteen out of twenty-seven provinces in Indonesia.



Children (n 4101) from four waves of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (1993-2007).



There were inconsistent trends in the prevalence of concurrent stunting and overweight from waves 1 to 4. Children were more likely to be stunted and overweight when they were in the youngest age group (2·0-2·9 years), were weaned after the age of 6 months, had short-statured mothers or lived in rural areas. Stunted children were significantly more likely to be overweight than healthy-height children (OR>1) but did not differ significantly different across each wave (OR=1·34-2·01).



Concurrent stunting and overweight occurs in Indonesian children aged 2·0-4·9 years. Current policies and programmes need to be tailored for the management of this phenomenon.
1Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health,The Children's Hospital at Westmead (University of Sydney Clinical School),Locked Bag 4001,Westmead,NSW 2145,Australia.
Cut Novianti
CN
Rachmi
2School of Science and Health,University of Western Sydney,Penrith,NSW,Australia.
Kingsley Emwinyore
KE
Agho
3Sydney School of Public Health,The University of Sydney,Sydney,NSW,Australia.
Mu
M
Li
1Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health,The Children's Hospital at Westmead (University of Sydney Clinical School),Locked Bag 4001,Westmead,NSW 2145,Australia.
Louise Alison
LA
Baur
D001827:Body Height; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
Children; Double burden; Indonesia; Overweight/obesity; Stunting