Vascular sphingolipids in physiological and pathological adaptation.
Sphingolipids (SLs) are compounds containing a long-chain fatty alcohol amine called sphingosine which exists in cellular membranes, cytoplasm, nucleus, interstitial fluid, blood and lymphatic circulation. SLs act as essential constituents of membranes of eukaryotic cells, so the seesaw of SLs will lead to structural alteration of membranes instigating cellular functional change. SLs also act as crucial signaling molecules taking effect intracellularly or extracellularly which regulates activity of downstream molecules determining cellular adaptation to numerous stimulus. This review aims to highlight the contribution of SLs to physiological and pathophysiological remodeling of vasculature. We will first provide a short overview on metabolism, trafficking and compartmentalization of SLs. Then the regulation of SLs on reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, vascular tone modulation, endothelial barrier integrity, apoptosis and autophagy are summarized. Finally, we will discuss how the SLs are modulated contributing to vascular development, angiogenesis and vascular remodeling in pathological situations as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and aging. The compellingly regulative actions of SLs bring about copious therapeutic targets for potential pharmacological intervention on the diseases involving vascular maladaptation.
Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China.
Jun-Xiang
JX
Bao
Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China.
Yu-Ting
YT
Su
Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China.
Yao-Ping
YP
Cheng
Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China.
Hai-Jun
HJ
Zhang
Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China.
Xiao-Ping
XP
Xie
Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China, changzhuren@126.com.
Yao-Ming
YM
Chang
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency / Q000503:physiopathology; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013107:Sphingolipids / Q000502:physiology*
D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013107:Sphingolipids