Assessing environmental conditions of Antarctic footpaths to support management decisions.
Thousands of tourists visit certain Antarctic sites each year, generating a wide variety of environmental impacts. Scientific knowledge of human activities and their impacts can help in the effective design of management measures and impact mitigation. We present a case study from Barrientos Island in which a management measure was originally put in place with the goal of minimizing environmental impacts but resulted in new undesired impacts. Two alternative footpaths used by tourist groups were compared. Both affected extensive moss carpets that cover the middle part of the island and that are very vulnerable to trampling. The first path has been used by tourists and scientists since over a decade and is a marked route that is clearly visible. The second one was created more recently. Several physical and biological indicators were measured in order to assess the environmental conditions for both paths. Some physical variables related to human impact were lower for the first path (e.g. soil penetration resistance and secondary treads), while other biochemical and microbiological variables were higher for the second path (e.g. β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities, soil respiration). Moss communities located along the new path were also more diverse and sensitive to trampling. Soil biota (Collembola) was also more abundant and richer. These data indicate that the decision to adopt the second path did not lead to the reduction of environmental impacts as this path runs over a more vulnerable area with more outstanding biological features (e.g. microbiota activity, flora and soil fauna diversity). In addition, the adoption of a new route effectively doubles the human footprint on the island. We propose using only the original path that is less vulnerable to the impacts of trampling. Finally from this process, we identify several key issues that may be taken into account when carrying out impact assessment and environmental management decision-making in the Antarctic area.
Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: pablo.tejedo@uam.es.
Pablo
P
Tejedo
Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: javier.benayas@uam.es.
Javier
J
Benayas
Instituto de Ecología Aplicada ECOLAP-USFQ, Universidad de San Francisco de Quito, P.O. Box 1712841, Quito, Ecuador. Electronic address: danicajiao@gmail.com.
Daniela
D
Cajiao
Departamento de Botánica, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, ES-46100 Burjassot, Spain. Electronic address: belen.albertos@uv.es.
Belén
B
Albertos
Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: francisco.lara@uam.es.
Francisco
F
Lara
Departamento de Ecología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: luis.pertierra@gmail.com.
Luis R
LR
Pertierra
Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. España s/n, ES-02071 Albacete, Spain. Electronic address: manuela.andres@uclm.es.
Manuela
M
Andrés-Abellán
Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. España s/n, ES-02071 Albacete, Spain. Electronic address: consuelowic@gmail.com.
Consuelo
C
Wic
Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: mjose.luciannez@uam.es.
Maria José
MJ
Luciáñez
Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Darwin 2, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: natalia.enriquez@estudiante.uam.es.
Natalia
N
Enríquez
Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 5, ES-28049 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: ana.justel@uam.es.
Ana
A
Justel
Instituto de Ecología Aplicada ECOLAP-USFQ, Universidad de San Francisco de Quito, P.O. Box 1712841, Quito, Ecuador. Electronic address: greck@usfq.edu.ec.
Günther K
GK
Reck
D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001181:Arthropods; D058448:Biota; D044002:Bryophyta; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources / Q000379:methods*; D004777:Environment; D006802:Human Activities; D006801:Humans; D058865:Introduced Species; D062312:Islands; D011998:Recreation; D012987:Soil
D012987:Soil
Barrientos Island; Collembola; Microbial activity; Moss communities; Precautionary Principle; Trampling impact