Should botulinum toxin A injections be repeated in children with cerebral palsy? A systematic review.
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of repeat botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injections in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) on the basis of a best evidence synthesis.



This study included 13 original articles after searching the literature to retrieve information. We used the critical review form produced by McMaster University to determine the methodological quality of the studies, and then confirmed the levels of evidence from Sackett. The studies were also evaluated using the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health - Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY).



A total of 893 children with spastic CP who had been administered repeat BoNT-A injections were evaluated. The evidence level was II in four of the thirteen studies, III in four studies, and IV in five studies. The McMaster review form score was 14 in two studies, 13 in four studies, and 12 in seven studies. The results showed that repeat BoNT-A may be a safe and an effective approach. The first two injections/one repeat especially relieve spasticity and improve fine and gross motor activities.



Future studies to investigate the effectiveness of repeat BoNT-A in children with spastic CP may be planned within the framework of the ICF-CY to include well-designed randomized controlled trials and those conducted on larger homogenous groups.
Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Samanpazari, Ankara, Turkey.
Aysu
A
Kahraman
Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Samanpazari, Ankara, Turkey.
Kübra
K
Seyhan
Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
Ünal
Ü
Değer
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Seval
S
Kutlutürk
Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Samanpazari, Ankara, Turkey.
Akmer
A
Mutlu
D000293:Adolescent; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A