Recent Advances in19Fluorine Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Perfluorocarbon Emulsions.
The research roots of19fluorine (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) date back over 35 years. Over that time span,1H imaging flourished and was adopted worldwide with an endless array of applications and imaging approaches, making magnetic resonance an indispensable pillar of biomedical diagnostic imaging. For many years during this timeframe,19F imaging research continued at a slow pace as the various attributes of the technique were explored. However, over the last decade and particularly the last several years, the pace and clinical relevance of19F imaging has exploded. In part, this is due to advances in MRI instrumentation,19F/1H coil designs, and ultrafast pulse sequence development for both preclinical and clinical scanners. These achievements, coupled with interest in the molecular imaging of anatomy and physiology, and combined with a cadre of innovative agents, have brought the concept of19F into early clinical evaluation. In this review, we attempt to provide a slice of this rich history of research and development, with a particular focus on liquid perfluorocarbon compound-based agents.
Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medical, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Anne H
AH
Schmieder
Toshiba Medical Research Institute USA, Inc., Cleveland, OH 44143, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
Shelton D
SD
Caruthers
Philips Research Hamburg, Hamburg 22335, Germany.
Jochen
J
Keupp
Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medical, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Samuel A
SA
Wickline
Division of Cardiology, Washington University School of Medical, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
Gregory M
GM
Lanza
angiogenesis; cell labeling; dual-tuned coil; fluorine; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); perfluorocarbon