Identification and quantification of soundscape components in the Marginal Ice Zone.
Acoustic experiments using an integrated ice station were carried out during August 2012 and September 2013 in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ) of Fram Strait. The two experiments lasted four days each and collected under-ice acoustic recordings together with wave-in-ice and meteorological data. Synthetic aperture radar satellite data provided information on regional ice conditions. Four major components of the under-ice soundscape were identified: ship cavitation noise, seismic airgun noise, marine mammal vocalizations, and natural background noise. Ship cavitation noise was connected to heavy icebreaking. It dominated the soundscape at times, with noise levels (NLs) 100 km from the icebreaker increased by 10-28 dB. Seismic airgun noise that originated from seismic surveys more than 800 km away was present during 117 out of 188 observation hours. It increased NLs at 20-120 Hz by 2-6 dB. Marine mammal vocalizations were a minor influence on measured NLs, but their prevalence shows the biological importance of the MIZ. The 10th percentile of the noise distributions was used to identify the ambient background noise. Background NLs above 100 Hz differed by 12 dB between the two experiments, presumably due to variations in natural noise sources.
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway.
Florian
F
Geyer
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway.
Hanne
H
Sagen
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway.
Gaute
G
Hope
Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway.
Mohamed
M
Babiker
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0225, California, USA.
Peter F
PF
Worcester