title: Chronic anemia and non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome - double jeopardy.
abstract: This review outlines the priorities from cardiology and gastroenterology perspectives, resolves some of the misconceptions, and uses the evidence available to suggest strategies for optimizing management of these patients. The dual presentation of acute active gastrointestinal (GI) blood loss together with an acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS or STEMI) is outside the remit of this review but has been previously reviewed by our group. The review covers NSTEACS together with chronic or sub-acute anemia, anemia that cannot be accounted for by chronic kidney disease, heart failure, or inflammatory disorders. Identification of a potential GI etiology of anemia is important as it allows adjustment to both GI and CV investigations and treatments that can reduce the likelihood and impact of bleeding complications.
authors.affiliation: a Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Heath Park , Cardiff , UK ;
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.affiliation: b University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park , Cardiff , UK ;
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Berrill
authors.affiliation: c Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cochrane Medical Education Centre , Heath Park , Cardiff , UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: b University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park , Cardiff , UK ;
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; D006801:Humans
keywords: Acute coronary syndromes; Anemia; Investigation; Treatment