title: Impact of Race and Gender on Utilization Rate of Total Shoulder Arthroplasty.
abstract: Marked underutilization rates of total joint arthroplasty in minorities compared with nonminorities exist, with a paucity of literature surrounding inequities related to total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). Using the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database, patients who underwent elective TSA in New York State (NYS) were identified and characterized by age, race, gender, medical comorbidities, and payor status. Patients were stratified into 4 separate 5-year periods from 1990 to 2009. Comorbidity severity was defined using the Elixhauser criteria. A total of 10,538 elective TSAs were identified, with half of the procedures occurring in the most recent time quartile. Whites accounted for 70% of the procedures, whereas blacks accounted for 5%. During the 20-year period, the age-adjusted incidence of TSA in white men and women increased by 417% and 421%, respectively, whereas the incidence for black men and women increased by 378% and 329%, respectively. Black men had the lowest utilization rate among all subgroups, and overall disparity between races continued to widen over time. Blacks had significantly more comorbid conditions (P<.001) than whites when undergoing TSA. Blacks were more likely to have Medicaid insurance and less participation in Medicare (P<.001). Racial and gender disparities clearly exist in TSA utilization rates in NYS and may be worsening. Although reasons for these disparities are likely multifactorial, a deeper understanding of the factors involved in patient selection and access to care is necessary to appropriately address these disparities and effect change at a system-wide patient and provider level. [Orthopedics. 2016; 39(3):e538-e544.].
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Siddharth A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mahure
authors.forename: Nisha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Branch
authors.forename: Brent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mollon
authors.forename: Joseph D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Zuckerman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000072228:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Shoulder / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015897:Comorbidity; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*