title: Flexible Inkjet-Printed Multielectrode Arrays for Neuromuscular Cartography.
abstract: Flexible Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (
  
  
  
  PSS) conductive-polymer multielectrode arrays (MEAs) are fabricated without etching or aggressive lift-off processes, only by additive solution processes. Inkjet printing technology has several advantages, such as a customized design and a rapid realization time, adaptability to different patients and to different applications. In particular, inkjet printing technology, as additive and "contactless" technology, can be easily inserted into various technological fabrication steps on different substrates at low cost. In vivo electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements show the time stability of such MEAs. An equivalent circuit model is established for such flexible cutaneous MEAs. It is shown that the charge transfer resistance remains the same, even two months after fabrication. Surface electromyography and electrocardiography measurements show that the
  
  
  
  PSS MEAs record electrophysiological activity signals that are comparable to those obtained with unitary Ag/AgCl commercial electrodes. Additionally, such MEAs offer parallel and simultaneous recordings on multiple locations at high surface density. It also proves its suitability to reconstruct an innervation zone map and opens new perspectives for a better control of amputee's myoelectric prostheses. The employment of additive technologies such as inkjet printing suggests that the integration of multifunctional sensors can improve the performances of ultraflexible brain-computer interfaces.
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, ISM UMR 7287, 163, Avenue de Luminy, CP, 910, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France.|Microvitae Technologies, Hôtel Technologique, Europarc Sainte Victoire, Bâtiment 6 Route de Valbrillant, 13590, Meyreuil, France.
authors.forename: Timothée
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, ISM UMR 7287, 163, Avenue de Luminy, CP, 910, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Jozina B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: De Graaf
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences du Mouvement, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, ISM UMR 7287, 163, Avenue de Luminy, CP, 910, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nicol
authors.affiliation: Microvitae Technologies, Hôtel Technologique, Europarc Sainte Victoire, Bâtiment 6 Route de Valbrillant, 13590, Meyreuil, France.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hervé
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, 880, route de Mimet, 13541, Gardanne, France.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fiocchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, 880, route de Mimet, 13541, Gardanne, France.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanaur
mesh_terms: D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004566:Electrodes; D004576:Electromyography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011108:Polymers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D011137:Polystyrenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D012867:Skin
chemical_list: D019086:Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; D011108:Polymers; D011137:Polystyrenes; C121383:poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene); C003321:polystyrene sulfonic acid
keywords: electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; electromyography, electrocardiography; flexible electrodes; inkjet printing