title: Metabolomics for the Authentication of Natural Extracts Used in Flavors and Fragrances: the Case Study of Violet Leaf Absolutes from Viola odorata.
abstract: Natural extracts used in fine fragrances (alcoholic perfumes) are rare and precious. As such, they represent an interesting target for fraudulent practices called adulterations. Absolutes, important materials used in the creation of perfumes, are obtained by organic solvent extraction of raw plant materials. Because the nonvolatile part of these natural extracts is not normalized and scarcely reported, highlighting potential adulterations present in this fraction appears highly challenging. For the first time, we investigated the use of nontargeted UHPLC-ToFMS metabolomics for this purpose, considering Viola odorata l., a plant largely used in the perfume industry, as a model. Significant differences in the metabolic fingerprints of the violet leaf absolutes were evidenced according to geographical locations, and/or adulterations. Additionally, markers of the geographical origin were detected through their molecular weight/most probable molecular formula and retention time, while adulterations were statistically validated. In this study, we thus clearly demonstrated the efficiency of UHPLC-ToFMS-based metabolomics in accelerating both the identification of the origin of raw materials as well as the search for potential adulterations in absolutes, natural products of high added value.
authors.affiliation: UMR CNRS 7272, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Parc Valrose, FR-06108, Nice Cedex 2.|PAYAN BERTRAND, 28, Av. Jean XXIII, FR-06130, Grasse.|European Research Institute on Natural Ingredients (ERINI), Espace Jacques-Louis Lions, 4 Traverse Dupont, FR-06130, Grasse.
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saint-Lary
authors.affiliation: European Research Institute on Natural Ingredients (ERINI), Espace Jacques-Louis Lions, 4 Traverse Dupont, FR-06130, Grasse.
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: PAYAN BERTRAND, 28, Av. Jean XXIII, FR-06130, Grasse.
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Paris
authors.affiliation: UMR 1331, INRA ToxAlim, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, FR-31300, Toulouse.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: UMR CNRS 7272, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Parc Valrose, FR-06108, Nice Cedex 2.|Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), UMR CNRS - IRD - Aix-Marseille Université - Avignon Université, Station Marine d'Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, FR-13007, Marseille.
authors.forename: Olivier P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: UMR CNRS 7272, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Parc Valrose, FR-06108, Nice Cedex 2.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fernandez
mesh_terms: D001688:Biological Products / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D055432:Metabolomics; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D010476:Perfume / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D018724:Spinacia oleracea / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D032413:Viola / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D005421:Flavoring Agents; D010476:Perfume; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Absolutes; Metabolomics; UHPLC-ToFMS; Viola odorata