title: Adult-onset offenders: Is a tailored theory warranted?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe official adult-onset offenders, investigate their antisocial histories and test hypotheses about their origins.
  
  
  METHODS
  We defined adult-onset offenders among 931 Dunedin Study members followed to age 38, using criminal-court conviction records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Official adult-onset offenders were 14% of men, and 32% of convicted men, but accounted for only 15% of convictions. As anticipated by developmental theories emphasizing early-life influences on crime, adult-onset offenders' histories of antisocial behavior spanned back to childhood. Relative to juvenile-offenders, during adolescence they had fewer delinquent peers and were more socially inhibited, which may have protected them from conviction. As anticipated by theories emphasizing the importance of situational influences on offending, adult-onset offenders, relative to non-offenders, during adulthood more often had schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and alcohol-dependence, had weaker social bonds, anticipated fewer informal sanctions, and self-reported more offenses. Contrary to some expectations, adult-onset offenders did not have high IQ or high socioeconomic-status families protecting them from juvenile conviction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A tailored theory for adult-onset offenders is unwarranted because few people begin crimede novoas adults. Official adult-onset offenders fall on a continuum of crime and its correlates, between official non-offenders and official juvenile-onset offenders. Existing theories can accommodate adult-onset offenders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, USA; Demography Unit, Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, Sweden.
authors.forename: Amber L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Beckley
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, USA; Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, England.
authors.forename: Avshalom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caspi
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, USA.
authors.forename: Honalee
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, USA.
authors.forename: Renate M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Houts
authors.affiliation: School of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Austrailia.
authors.forename: Tara Renae
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Mcgee
authors.affiliation: Home Office Science, UK.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, USA.
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.affiliation: Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Sandhya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramrakha
authors.affiliation: Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Richie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Poulton
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, USA; Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, England.
authors.forename: Terrie E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Moffitt
keywords: Dunedin; adult-onset offending; life-course criminology; longitudinal; theory