title: Myofascial Trigger Points and Migraine-related Disability in Women With Episodic and Chronic Migraine.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in the presence of head and neck-shoulder trigger points (TrPs) between women with episodic or chronic migraine and their association with migraine-related disability.
  
  
  
  One hundred forty-three women, aged 18 to 60 years, with migraine were recruited to participate in this study. Migraine-related disability was evaluated with the Migraine Disability Assessment Questionnaire. TrPs were explored bilaterally within the masseter, temporalis, suboccipital, sternocleidomastoid, upper trapezius, and splenius capitis muscles.
  
  
  
  Ninety-eight women exhibited episodic migraine, whereas 45 had chronic migraine. Women with chronic migraine reported a higher related disability than those with episodic migraine (P=0.045). Women with episodic migraine had a similar number of TrPs (total number: 4.3±3.3; active TrPs: 3.0±2.9; and latent TrPs: 1.3±2.1) to those with chronic migraine (total number: 4.8±3.2; active TrPs: 3.4±2.9; and latent TrPs: 1.4±1.9). No linear association was observed between the number of TrPs and migraine-related disability in women with episodic or chronic migraine.
  
  
  
  Women with episodic and chronic migraine had a similar number of TrPs. TrPs may be considered a trigger factor that can facilitate the onset of migraine or also can potentially be a promoting factor for pain once the migraine attack has started and hence may contribute to related disability. Nevertheless, we observed that the number of TrPs in the head and neck-shoulder muscles in an interictal state was not associated with the degree of migraine-related disability, suggesting a multifactorial nature of self-perceived disability in this population.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences †Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor Apparatus, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (FMRP-USP) ‡Postgraduate Program of Rehabilitation and Functional Performance §Responsible for the Headache and Craniofacial Pain Outpatient Clinic, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University Hospital ∥Postgraduate Program of Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil ¶Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.
authors.forename: Gabriela N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Ferracini
authors.forename: Lidiane L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Florencio
authors.forename: Fabíola
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dach
authors.forename: Thais C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Chaves
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Palacios-Ceña
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernández-de-Las-Peñas
authors.forename: Débora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bevilaqua-Grossi
authors.forename: José G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Speciali
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009209:Myofascial Pain Syndromes / Q000503:physiopathology; D061028:Trigger Points / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult