title: The Independence and Interdependence of Coacting Observers in Regard to Performance Efficiency, Workload, and Stress in a Vigilance Task.
abstract: We investigated performance, workload, and stress in groups of paired observers who performed a vigilance task in a coactive (independent) manner.
  
  
  
  Previous studies have demonstrated that groups of coactive observers detect more signals in a vigilance task than observers working alone. Therefore, the use of such groups might be effective in enhancing signal detection in operational situations. However, concern over appearing less competent than one's cohort might induce elevated levels of workload and stress in coactive group members and thereby undermine group performance benefits. Accordingly, we performed the initial experiment comparing workload and stress in observers who performed a vigilance task coactively with those of observers who performed the vigilance task alone.
  
  
  
  Observers monitored a video display for collision flight paths in a simulated unmanned aerial vehicle control task. Self-reports of workload and stress were secured via the NASA-Task Load Index and the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire, respectively.
  
  
  
  Groups of coactive observers detected significantly more signals than did single observers. Coacting observers did not differ significantly from those operating by themselves in terms of workload but did in regard to stress; posttask distress was significantly lower for coacting than for single observers.
  
  
  
  Performing a visual vigilance task in a coactive manner with another observer does not elevate workload above that of observers working alone and serves to attenuate the stress associated with vigilance task performance.
  
  
  
  The use of coacting observers could be an effective vehicle for enhancing performance efficiency in operational vigilance.
authors.affiliation: Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OhioGeorge Mason University, Fairfax, VirginiaNorthrop Grumman Corporation, Melbourne, FloridaNaval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OhioHoneywell International, Inc., Golden Valley, MinnesotaUnited States Air Force Academy, ColoradoUniversity of Central Florida, OrlandoNational Research Council, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio Gregory.Funke.1@us.af.mil.
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Funke
authors.affiliation: Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Warm
authors.affiliation: George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
authors.forename: Carryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.affiliation: Northrop Grumman Corporation, Melbourne, Florida.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.affiliation: Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Funke
authors.affiliation: Honeywell International, Inc., Golden Valley, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dillard
authors.affiliation: United States Air Force Academy, Colorado.
authors.forename: Victor S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Finomore
authors.affiliation: University of Central Florida, Orlando.
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: National Research Council, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
authors.forename: Eric T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Greenlee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D006801:Humans; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016526:Workload
keywords: coacting groups; evaluation apprehension; multiobserver independence/dependence; stress; vigilance; workload