title: The third dimension: new developments in cell culture models for colorectal research.
abstract: Cellular models are important tools in various research areas related to colorectal biology and associated diseases. Herein, we review the most widely used cell lines and the different techniques to grow them, either as cell monolayer, polarized two-dimensional epithelia on membrane filters, or as three-dimensional spheres in scaffold-free or matrix-supported culture conditions. Moreover, recent developments, such as gut-on-chip devices or the ex vivo growth of biopsy-derived organoids, are also discussed. We provide an overview on the potential applications but also on the limitations for each of these techniques, while evaluating their contribution to provide more reliable cellular models for research, diagnostic testing, or pharmacological validation related to colon physiology and pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.|BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Joana F S
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Nikhil T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Awatade
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.|BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Cláudia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Loureiro
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal.|BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Matos
authors.affiliation: BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Margarida D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal. peter.jordan@insa.min-saude.pt.|BioISI-Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. peter.jordan@insa.min-saude.pt.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1425-9211
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jordan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002460:Cell Line; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D012007:Rectum / Q000166:cytology*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
keywords: 3D culture; Cell culture model; Cell polarization; Cell spheroids; Colon; Colorectal cancer; Cystic fibrosis; Epithelial chloride transport; Inflammatory bowel disease; Organoids; Small intestine