title: Nano carriers for drug transport across the blood-brain barrier.
abstract: Effective therapy lies in achieving a therapeutic amount of drug to the proper site in the body and then maintaining the desired drug concentration for a sufficient time interval to be clinically effective for treatment. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) hinders most drugs from entering the central nervous system (CNS) from the blood stream, leading to the difficulty of delivering drugs to the brain via the circulatory system for the treatment, diagnosis and prevention of brain diseases. Several brain drug delivery approaches have been developed, such as intracerebral and intracerebroventricular administration, intranasal delivery and blood-to-brain delivery, as a result of transient BBB disruption induced by biological, chemical or physical stimuli such as zonula occludens toxin, mannitol, magnetic heating and ultrasound, but these approaches showed disadvantages of being dangerous, high cost and unsuitability for most brain diseases and drugs. The strategy of vector-mediated blood-to-brain delivery, which involves improving BBB permeability of the drug-carrier conjugate, can minimize side effects, such as being submicrometre objects that behave as a whole unit in terms of their transport and properties, nanomaterials, are promising carrier vehicles for direct drug transport across the intact BBB as a result of their potential to enter the brain capillary endothelial cells by means of normal endocytosis and transcytosis due to their small size, as well as their possibility of being functionalized with multiple copies of the drug molecule of interest. This review provids a concise discussion of nano carriers for drug transport across the intact BBB, various forms of nanomaterials including inorganic/solid lipid/polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, quantum dots, nanogels, liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, polymersomes and exosomes are critically evaluated, their mechanisms for drug transport across the BBB are reviewed, and the future directions of this area are fully discussed.
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering , Guangzhou , PR China.|b School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK.
authors.forename: Xinming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: b School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tsibouklis
authors.affiliation: c Department of Chemical Engineering , Guangdong Petroleum and Chemical Technology Institute , Foshan , China.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering , Guangzhou , PR China.
authors.forename: Buning
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering , Guangzhou , PR China.
authors.forename: Guoqiang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering , Guangzhou , PR China.
authors.forename: Guangzhu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering , Guangzhou , PR China.
authors.forename: Yingde
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: d School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science , University of Brighton , Brighton , UK.
authors.forename: Irina N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Savina
authors.affiliation: d School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science , University of Brighton , Brighton , UK.
authors.forename: Lyuba I
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Mikhalovska
authors.affiliation: d School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science , University of Brighton , Brighton , UK.
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sandeman
authors.affiliation: d School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science , University of Brighton , Brighton , UK.
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Howel
authors.affiliation: d School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science , University of Brighton , Brighton , UK.|e School of Engineering , Nazarbayev Uiversity , Astana , Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Sergey V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Mikhalovsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000378:metabolism*; D050091:Dendrimers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004655:Emulsions; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes; D008823:Micelles; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D010539:Permeability; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050091:Dendrimers; D004337:Drug Carriers; D004655:Emulsions; D005782:Gels; D008081:Liposomes; D008823:Micelles; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: Blood–brain barrier; drug delivery; nanomaterials