title: Trial Watch: Immunostimulation with Toll-like receptor agonists in cancer therapy.
abstract: Accumulating preclinical evidence indicates that Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists efficiently boost tumor-targeting immune responses (re)initiated by most, if not all, paradigms of anticancer immunotherapy. Moreover, TLR agonists have been successfully employed to ameliorate the efficacy of various chemotherapeutics and targeted anticancer agents, at least in rodent tumor models. So far, only three TLR agonists have been approved by regulatory agencies for use in cancer patients. Moreover, over the past decade, the interest of scientists and clinicians in these immunostimulatory agents has been fluctuating. Here, we summarize recent advances in the preclinical and clinical development of TLR agonists for cancer therapy.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iribarren
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bloy
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Aitziber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buqué
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cremer
authors.affiliation: Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus , Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eggermont
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Equipe 13, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Wolf Hervé
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Fridman
authors.affiliation: Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jitka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fucikova
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Galon
authors.affiliation: Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic; Dept. of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Radek
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Špíšek
authors.affiliation: Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1015, CICBT507, Villejuif, France.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zitvogel
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kroemer
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U1138, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Center de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Galluzzi
keywords: Ampligen™; G100; Hiltonol™; bacillus Calmette-Guérin; imiquimod; motolimod