title: Maturation Disparity between Hand-Wrist Bones in a Chinese Sample of Normal Children: An Analysis Based on Automatic BoneXpert and Manual Greulich and Pyle Atlas Assessment.
abstract: To assess the maturation disparity of hand-wrist bones using the BoneXpert system and Greulich and Pyle (GP) atlas in a sample of normal children from China.
  
  
  
  Our study included 229 boys and 168 girls aged 2-14 years. The bones in the hand and wrist were divided into five groups: distal radius and ulna, metacarpals, proximal phalanges, middle phalanges and distal phalanges. Bone age (BA) was assessed separately using the automatic BoneXpert and GP atlas by two raters. Differences in the BA between the most advanced and retarded individual bones and bone groups were analyzed.
  
  
  
  In 75.8% of children assessed with the BoneXpert and 59.4% of children assessed with the GP atlas, the BA difference between the most advanced and most retarded individual bones exceeded 2.0 years. The BA mean differences between the most advanced and most retarded individual bones were 2.58 and 2.25 years for the BoneXpert and GP atlas methods, respectively. Furthermore, for both methods, the middle phalanges were the most advanced group. The most retarded group was metacarpals for BoneXpert, while metacarpals and the distal radius and ulna were the most retarded groups according to the GP atlas. Overall, the BAs of the proximal and distal phalanges were closer to the chronological ages than those of the other bone groups.
  
  
  
  Obvious and regular maturation disparities are common in normal children. Overall, the BAs of the proximal and distal phalanges are more useful for BA estimation than those of the other bone groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.; Department of Radiology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200040, China.
authors.forename: Fangqin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D006225:Hand / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D014953:Wrist / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: Age determination by skeleton; Child; Developmental disabilities; Pattern recognition, automated; Radiography