title: Prevalence and determinants of chronic kidney disease in the Swiss population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide, corresponding to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The latest study on prevalence of CKD involving the three linguistic regions of Switzerland dates back to 2002-2003 and definitions have changed since then. We aimed to assess the current prevalence and determinants of CKD in the Swiss general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed the data of 1353 participants from a cross-sectional population-based survey performed in 2010-2012 in the three linguistic regions of Switzerland. The prevalence of CKD and the derived cardiovascular risk categories were assessed according to the Kidney Disease - Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2012 classification, using estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR; CKD-Epidemiological Collaboration equation) and albuminuria level. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse factors associated with CKD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included 660 men and 693 women, equally distributed in four age categories (15-29, 30-44, 45-59 and over 60 years). The overall prevalence of CKD was 10.4%. The prevalence in the low, moderate, high and very high risk KDIGO categories were 89.6%, 8.4%, 1.6% and 0.5%, respectively. The prevalence of CKD was similar in all linguistic regions. In multivariate analysis, female gender, older age, diabetes and uric acid were independently associated with CKD in persons ≥45 y. In younger participants, diabetes and lower educational level were associated with CKD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the general Swiss population, CKD affects one in ten adults. Subjects older than 60 years, as well as patients with diabetes and hypertension, show a high prevalence of CKD. Systematic screening may be recommended in this population.
authors.affiliation: Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Forni Ogna
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Ospedale La Carità, Locarno, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ogna
authors.affiliation: Division of Chronic Disease, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Service of Nephrology, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Belen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ponte
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Ospedale La Carità, Locarno, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gabutti
authors.affiliation: Service of Nephrology/Transplantation Medicine, Kantonsspital, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Binet
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Conen
authors.affiliation: Hypertension Centre, Luzern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Erne
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Ospedale San Giovanni, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Augusto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gallino
authors.affiliation: Division of Chronic Disease, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Department of Community Medicine, Primary Care and Emergency Medicine.
authors.forename: Idris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guessous
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Angiology, Hôpital Cantonal, Fribourg, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hayoz
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine Praxis, Vezia, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Muggli
authors.affiliation: Division of Chronic Disease, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paccaud
authors.affiliation: Unit of Hypertension, Departments of Specialties of Medicine and Community Medicine and Primary Care and Emergency Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Antoinette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Péchère-Bertschi
authors.affiliation: Clinic and Policlinic of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Paolo M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Suter
authors.affiliation: Division of Chronic Disease, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Murielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bochud
authors.affiliation: Service of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burnier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology