title: Surface Area of Carbon Nanoparticles: A Dose Metric for a More Realistic Ecotoxicological Assessment.
abstract: Engineered nanoparticles such as graphenes, nanodiamonds, and carbon nanotubes correspond to different allotropes of carbon and are among the best candidates for applications in fast-growing nanotechnology. It is thus likely that they may get into the environment at each step of their life cycle: production, use, and disposal. The aquatic compartment concentrates pollutants and is expected to be especially impacted. The toxicity of a compound is conventionally evaluated using mass concentration as a quantitative measure of exposure. However, several studies have highlighted that such a metric is not the best descriptor at the nanoscale. Here we compare the inhibition of Xenopus laevis larvae growth after in vivo exposure to different carbon nanoparticles for 12 days using different dose metrics and clearly show that surface area is the most relevant descriptor of toxicity for different types of carbon allotropes.
authors.affiliation: ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse , CNRS, INPT, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.|ENSAT , Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mottier
authors.affiliation: ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse , CNRS, INPT, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.|ENSAT , Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mouchet
authors.affiliation: ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse , CNRS, INPT, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.|ENSAT , Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laplanche
authors.affiliation: ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse , CNRS, INPT, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.|ENSAT , Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cadarsi
authors.affiliation: ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse , CNRS, INPT, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.|ENSAT , Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lagier
authors.affiliation: CEA LIST , Diamond Sensors Laboratory, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Charles
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Arnault
authors.affiliation: CEA LIST , Diamond Sensors Laboratory, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
authors.forename: Hugues A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Girard
authors.affiliation: Departamento da Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Avda. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: León
authors.affiliation: Departamento da Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha , Avda. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Institut Carnot CIRIMAT (Centre Inter-universitaire de Recherche et d'Ingénierie des Matériaux), Université de Toulouse , INP, UPS, UMR CNRS 5085, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.|CNRS , Institut Carnot CIRIMAT, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Cyril
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sarrieu
authors.affiliation: ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse , CNRS, INPT, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.|ENSAT , Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Éric
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Pinelli
authors.affiliation: ECOLAB, Université de Toulouse , CNRS, INPT, UPS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.|ENSAT , Avenue de l'Agrobiopôle, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France.
authors.forename: Laury
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gauthier
authors.affiliation: Institut Carnot CIRIMAT (Centre Inter-universitaire de Recherche et d'Ingénierie des Matériaux), Université de Toulouse , INP, UPS, UMR CNRS 5085, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.|CNRS , Institut Carnot CIRIMAT, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flahaut
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D006801:Humans; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D036103:Nanotechnology; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D010316:Particle Size; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013499:Surface Properties; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D002244:Carbon
keywords: Carbon allotropes; carbon nanotubes; ecotoxicity; graphene; metrics comparison; nanodiamonds