title: A bladder diverticulum model in rabbits.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Shuttling of some of the bladder volume into the bladder diverticulum (BD) can cause urinary retention, lower urinary tract dysfunction, infection, and stone formation. This experimental study is the first to create a rabbit BD to study micturition physiology (urodynamics and pathology) that mimics clinical findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 16 New Zealand adult male rabbits in the BD group and 16 sham-operated controls. BD creation consisted of a lower midline laparotomy and bladder entry via the spacing between the detrusor muscle fibers and the mucosa, posterolaterally from the bladder wall. The detrusor was excised to provide a mucosal prolapsus, creating a narrow BD neck (Figure). The sham group underwent bladder exposure with a midline incision. All rabbits underwent urodynamic study preoperatively and postoperatively, consisting of postmicturition residue (PMR), maximum bladder capacity (MBC), voiding detrusor pressure (VPdet), filling detrusor pressure (FPdet), compliance, and urine flow (Qflow). The animals were then sacrificed and their bladders assessed for pathology and stone formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperative MBC, Pdet, and Qmax were within reference ranges. No animals had PMR or urinary tract infections (UTIs). The BD group showed urodynamic and pathologic bladder changes, including decreased (28%) cystometric bladder capacity and compliance (Sham: 26.8 ± 0.4; BD: 4.46 ± 1.08, p = 0.0001) and increased post-void residual PMR (8.3 ± 2.4 mL). Pathology revealed increased bladder detrusor thickness correlated with urodynamic findings of increased filling detrusor pressures (Sham: 1.58 ± 0.2; BD: 4.89 ± 0.93, p = 0.0001). Urodynamics revealed intermittent BD bladder contraction during the filling phases. Eight BD group rabbits had UTIs; five had stone formation (4-9 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the literature, it has not been determined whether lower urinary tract disorders (LUTD) could cause diverticula, or if a congenital diverticula could be reason for LUTD. Anatomical or neurological reasons for a low-compliance bladder can cause diverticulosis. As demonstrated in our study with rabbits, the congenital diverticulum could further reduce the compliance of the bladder. Further, a decrease in compliance logically correlates with the progressive decompensation of the bladder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The nature of diverticula remains undetermined. All the information presented for this model is relevant to our clinical observations. We conclude that the rabbit bladder can be used for research into experimental diverticulum-induced changes in the activity of the bladder and for experimental detrusor research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: celebisuleyman@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Süleyman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Çelebi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Özgür
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Kuzdan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Seyithan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Özaydın
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cemile Beşik
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Başdaş
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: İpek
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Özaydın
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cankat
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erdoğan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Urology, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Serdar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sander
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004240:Diverticulum / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics
keywords: Bladder diverticulum; Rabbit model; Urodynamics