title: Orthostatic Hypotension and Elevated Resting Heart Rate Predict Low-Energy Fractures in the Population: The Malmö Preventive Project.
abstract: Autonomic disorders of the cardiovascular system, such as orthostatic hypotension and elevated resting heart rate, predict mortality and cardiovascular events in the population. Low-energy-fractures constitute a substantial clinical problem that may represent an additional risk related to such autonomic dysfunction.
  
  
  
  To test the association between orthostatic hypotension, resting heart rate and incidence of low-energy-fractures in the general population.
  
  
  
  Using multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models we investigated the association between orthostatic blood pressure response, resting heart rate and first incident low-energy-fracture in a population-based, middle-aged cohort of 33 000 individuals over 25 years follow-up. The median follow-up time from baseline to first incident fracture among the subjects that experienced a low energy fracture was 15.0 years. A 10 mmHg orthostatic decrease in systolic blood pressure at baseline was associated with 5% increased risk of low-energy-fractures (95% confidence interval 1.01-1.10) during follow-up, whereas the resting heart rate predicted low-energy-fractures with an effect size of 8% increased risk per 10 beats-per-minute (1.05-1.12), independently of the orthostatic response. Subjects with a resting heart rate exceeding 68 beats-per-minute had 18% (1.10-1.26) increased risk of low-energy-fractures during follow-up compared with subjects with a resting heart rate below 68 beats-per-minute. When combining the orthostatic response and resting heart rate, there was a 30% risk increase (1.08-1.57) of low-energy-fractures between the extremes, i.e. between subjects in the fourth compared with the first quartiles of both resting heart rate and systolic blood pressure-decrease.
  
  
  
  Orthostatic blood pressure decline and elevated resting heart rate independently predict low-energy fractures in a middle-aged population. These two measures of subclinical cardiovascular dysautonomia may herald increased risks many years in advance, even if symptoms may not be detectable. Although the effect sizes are moderate, the easily accessible clinical parameters of orthostatic blood pressure response and resting heart rate deserve consideration as new risk predictors to yield more accurate decisions on primary prevention of low-energy fractures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.|Department of Medical Imaging and Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Viktor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hamrefors
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Härstedt
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rogmark
authors.affiliation: National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, St Mary's Hospital Campus, London, UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.|Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Melander
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.|Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fedorowski
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007024:Hypotension, Orthostatic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011187:Posture; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012146:Rest; D012307:Risk Factors; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control