title: Estimation of tissue stiffness, reflex activity, optimal muscle length and slack length in stroke patients using an electromyography driven antagonistic wrist model.
abstract: About half of all chronic stroke patients experience loss of arm function coinciding with increased stiffness, reduced range of motion and a flexed wrist due to a change in neural and/or structural tissue properties. Quantitative assessment of these changes is of clinical importance, yet not trivial. The goal of this study was to quantify the neural and structural properties contributing to wrist joint stiffness and to compare these properties between healthy subjects and stroke patients.
  
  
  
  Stroke patients (n=32) and healthy volunteers (n=14) were measured using ramp-and-hold rotations applied to the wrist joint by a haptic manipulator. Neural (reflexive torque) and structural (connective tissue stiffness and slack lengths and (contractile) optimal muscle lengths) parameters were estimated using an electromyography driven antagonistic wrist model. Kruskal-Wallis analysis with multiple comparisons was used to compare results between healthy subjects, stroke patients with modified Ashworth score of zero and stroke patients with modified Ashworth score of one or more.
  
  
  
  Stroke patients with modified Ashworth score of one or more differed from healthy controls (P<0.05) by increased tissue stiffness, increased reflexive torque, decreased optimal muscle length and decreased slack length of connective tissue of the flexor muscles.
  
  
  
  Non-invasive quantitative analysis, including estimation of optimal muscle lengths, enables to identify neural and non-neural changes in chronic stroke patients. Monitoring these changes in time is important to understand the recovery process and to optimize treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Postzone B0-Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. Electronic address: k.l.de_gooijer-van_de_groep@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: Karin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: de Gooijer-van de Groep
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Neuromuscular Control, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands. Electronic address: e.devlugt@tudelft.nl.
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Vlugt
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Postzone B0-Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. Electronic address: j.m.van_der_krogt@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: Hanneke J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: van der Krogt
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Neuromuscular Control, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, the Netherlands. Electronic address: arora07@ru.is.
authors.forename: Áróra
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Helgadóttir
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Postzone B0-Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. Electronic address: j.h.arendzen@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: J Hans
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Arendzen
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Postzone B0-Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. Electronic address: c.meskers@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Carel G M
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Meskers
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Postzone B0-Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands. Electronic address: j.h.de_groot@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: Jurriaan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: de Groot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019415:Torque; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: Assessment; Biomechanics; Neuromuscular modeling; Spasticity; Stiffness; Stroke