title: Improved tissue assignment using dual-energy computed tomography in low-dose rate prostate brachytherapy for Monte Carlo dose calculation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An improvement in tissue assignment for low-dose rate brachytherapy (LDRB) patients using more accurate Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation was accomplished with a metallic artifact reduction (MAR) method specific to dual-energy computed tomography (DECT).
  
  
  METHODS
  The proposed MAR algorithm followed a four-step procedure. The first step involved applying a weighted blend of both DECT scans (I H/L) to generate a new image (I Mix). This action minimized Hounsfield unit (HU) variations surrounding the brachytherapy seeds. In the second step, the mean HU of the prostate in I Mix was calculated and shifted toward the mean HU of the two original DECT images (I H/L). The third step involved smoothing the newly shifted I Mix and the two original I H/L, followed by a subtraction of both, generating an image that represented the metallic artifact (I A,(H/L)) of reduced noise levels. The final step consisted of subtracting the original I H/L from the newly generated I A,(H/L) and obtaining a final image corrected for metallic artifacts. Following the completion of the algorithm, a DECT stoichiometric method was used to extract the relative electronic density (ρe) and effective atomic number (Z eff) at each voxel of the corrected scans. Tissue assignment could then be determined with these two newly acquired physical parameters. Each voxel was assigned the tissue bearing the closest resemblance in terms of ρe and Z eff, comparing with values from the ICRU 42 database. A MC study was then performed to compare the dosimetric impacts of alternative MAR algorithms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An improvement in tissue assignment was observed with the DECT MAR algorithm, compared to the single-energy computed tomography (SECT) approach. In a phantom study, tissue misassignment was found to reach 0.05% of voxels using the DECT approach, compared with 0.40% using the SECT method. Comparison of the DECT and SECT D 90 dose parameter (volume receiving 90% of the dose) indicated that D 90 could be underestimated by up to 2.3% using the SECT method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DECT MAR approach is a simple alternative to reduce metallic artifacts found in LDRB patient scans. Images can be processed quickly and do not require the determination of x-ray spectra. Substantial information on density and atomic number can also be obtained. Furthermore, calcifications within the prostate are detected by the tissue assignment algorithm. This enables more accurate, patient-specific MC dose calculations.
authors.affiliation: Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry (D-428), 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Côté
authors.affiliation: Département de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), 1560 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Québec H2L 4M1, Canada.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bedwani
authors.affiliation: Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry (D-428), 2900 Boulevard Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada and Département de Radio-Oncologie, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), 1560 Rue Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Québec H2L 4M1, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Carrier
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016477:Artifacts; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011467:Prostate / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011874:Radiometry; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008670:Metals