title: Association of eating three meals irregularly with changes in BMI and weight among young Japanese men and women: A 2-year follow-up.
abstract: Epidemiological longitudinal investigations of the association between not eating three meals regularly and changes in BMI and weight are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not regularly eating three meals was associated with changes in BMI and weight in young Japanese men and women.
  
  
  
  Study participants were 1241 men and 897 women aged 19.0±1.2 and 18.8±0.8years, respectively, who underwent health checkups at a university in Japan in 2001 as the baseline and subsequently in 2003. Weight and height were measured at baseline and 2years later. Whether an individual ate three meals regularly was determined by a self-report questionnaire in 2001.
  
  
  
  During the 2-year follow-up, the BMI gain was 0.347 for men and 0.067 for women. In the logistic regression analysis, for men, eating three meals irregularly was significantly associated with a 4% BMI gain (OR 1.60, CI 1.11-2.30), 6% BMI gain (OR 1.72, CI 1.12-2.63), 4kg weight gain (OR 2.01, CI 1.29-3.13), 6kg weight gain (OR 1.86, CI 1.02-3.37), and incidence of obesity (BMI ≧ 25)(OR 2.96, CI 1.22-7.17). For women, eating three meals irregularly was significantly associated with a 4% BMI loss (OR 1.99, CI 1.01-3.94), 6% BMI loss (OR 2.79, CI 1.29-6.03), 4kg weight loss (OR 3.85, CI 1.62-9.12), 6kg weight loss (OR 7.65, CI 2.06-28.46), and the incidence of underweight (OR 3.95, CI 1.32-11.89).
  
  
  
  The current results suggested that eating three meals irregularly was associated with subsequent BMI and weight gains for men and subsequent BMI and weight losses for women; both groups were around 20years of age. Self-reported eating behavior in this study might be used to screen and evaluate young Japanese men and women at high risk for changes in BMI and weight in a practical clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuoh-ku Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Tsukuba Institute of Clinical Medicine, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ibe
authors.affiliation: University Health Center, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan.
authors.forename: Happei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Miyakawa
authors.affiliation: University Health Center, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fuse-Nagase
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuoh-ku Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Faculty of Human Welfare, Child Studies Department, Seigakuin University, 1-1 Tosaki, Ageo, Saitama 362-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Ayumi Sugawara
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hirose
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuoh-ku Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Department of Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Yamanashi Gakuin University, 2-4-5 Sakaori, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Reiko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hirasawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuoh-ku Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Faculty of Health Science, Chiba Prefectural University Of Health Sciences, 2-10-1 wakaba, mihama-ku, Chiba, Chiba 261-0014, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yachi
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuoh-ku Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Tsukuba Institute of Clinical Medicine, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Tsukuba Institute of Clinical Medicine, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Tsukuba Institute of Clinical Medicine, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimano
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata University Faculty of Medicine, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori Chuoh-ku Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan. Electronic address: sone@med.niigata-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hirohito
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D044466:Asian People / Q000523:psychology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D057566:Self Report; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: BMI change; Eating pattern; Eating three meals regularly; Meal frequency; University students