title: Pedagogical principles underpinning undergraduate Nurse Education in the UK: A review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This review provides a contextual report of the current use of pedagogy in undergraduate nursing programmes run by Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) in the United Kingdom (UK). Pedagogy provides the framework for educators to add shape and structure to the educational process, and to support student learning and programme development. Traditionally nurse education has used a behaviourist approach focusing on learning outcomes and competency based education, although there is also increasing support for the cognitive/student learning focused pedagogic approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  The keywords andragogy, pedagogy and student centred learning were used in a systematic stepwise descriptive content analysis of the programme specifications and programme handbooks of 40 current undergraduate programme documents, leading to an undergraduate award and professional registration as a nurse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  42% (17) of documents contained reference to the words, pedagogy and student centred learning, whilst no documents used the word andragogy. Where identified, pedagogy was used in a superficial manner, with only three documents identifying a specific pedagogical philosophy: one HEI citing a value based curriculum and two HEIs referencing social constructionism. Nine HEIs made reference to student centred learning but with no additional pedagogic information. A review of teaching, learning and assessment strategies indicated no difference between the documented strategies used by HEIs when comparing those with an espoused pedagogy and those without.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although educational literature supports the use of pedagogic principles in curriculum design, this is not explicit in undergraduate nursing programme documentation, and suggests that nurse educators do not view pedagogy as important to their programmes. Instead programmes appear to be developed based on operational and functional requirements with a focus on acquisition of knowledge and skills, and the fitness to practice of graduates entering the nursing workforce.
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom. Electronic address: carolyn.mackintosh-franklin@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mackintosh-Franklin
mesh_terms: D003479:Curriculum; D004508:Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate; D005181:Faculty, Nursing; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D010687:Philosophy, Nursing; D011340:Problem Solving; D016730:Program Development; D011582:Psychological Theory; D013338:Students, Nursing; D006113:United Kingdom
keywords: Andragogy; Education; Pedagogy; Student centred learning