title: Neurophysiologic markers of primary motor cortex for laryngeal muscles and premotor cortex in caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus investigated in motor speech disorder: a navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) study.
abstract: Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies have so far reported the results of mapping the primary motor cortex (M1) for hand and tongue muscles in stuttering disorder. This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of repetitive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for locating the M1 for laryngeal muscle and premotor cortical area in the caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus, corresponding to Broca's area in stuttering subjects by applying new methodology for mapping these motor speech areas. Sixteen stuttering and eleven control subjects underwent rTMS motor speech mapping using modified patterned rTMS. The subjects performed visual object naming task during rTMS applied to the (a) left M1 for laryngeal muscles for recording corticobulbar motor-evoked potentials (CoMEP) from cricothyroid muscle and (b) left premotor cortical area in the caudal opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus while recording long latency responses (LLR) from cricothyroid muscle. The latency of CoMEP in control subjects was 11.75 ± 2.07 ms and CoMEP amplitude was 294.47 ± 208.87 µV, and in stuttering subjects CoMEP latency was 12.13 ± 0.75 ms and 504.64 ± 487.93 µV CoMEP amplitude. The latency of LLR in control subjects was 52.8 ± 8.6 ms and 54.95 ± 4.86 in stuttering subjects. No significant differences were found in CoMEP latency, CoMEP amplitude, and LLR latency between stuttering and control-fluent speakers. These results indicate there are probably no differences in stuttering compared to controls in functional anatomy of the pathway used for transmission of information from premotor cortex to the M1 cortices for laryngeal muscle representation and from there via corticobulbar tract to laryngeal muscles.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia. maja.rogic@mefst.hr.
authors.forename: Maja
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8516-9718
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rogić Vidaković
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lučića 3, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jerković
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Department of Electronics, University of Split, R. Boškovića 32, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Tomislav
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jurić
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Maritime Studies, Signal Processing, Analysis and Advanced Diagnostics Research and Education Laboratory (SPAADREL), University of Split, Ruđera-Boškovića 37, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vujović
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Maritime Studies, Signal Processing, Analysis and Advanced Diagnostics Research and Education Laboratory (SPAADREL), University of Split, Ruđera-Boškovića 37, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Joško
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Šoda
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split, Put iza nove bolnice 10 C, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Nikola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Erceg
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split, Put iza nove bolnice 10 C, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Andreja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bubić
authors.affiliation: Clinical Medical Centre "Sisters of Mercy", Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Unit for Intraoperative Neurophysiologic Monitoring, Vinogradska 29 A, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zmajević Schönwald
authors.affiliation: Bio Mag Laboratory HUS Medical Imaging center, Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 340, 00029, HUS, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Pantelis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lioumis
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia.|SGM Medical Monitoring, Grge Novaka 22A, 21000, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gabelica
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Laboratory for Human and Experimental Neurophysiology (LAHEN), Department of Neuroscience, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Zoran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Đogaš
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004576:Electromyography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009275:Names; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Laryngeal muscles; Motor speech disorder; Premotor cortex; Primary motor cortex; Stuttering; Transcranial magnetic stimulation