title: Factors influencing soft tissue profile changes following orthodontic treatment in patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have shown soft tissue profile changes after orthodontic treatment in Class II Division 1 patients. However, a few studies have described factors influencing the soft tissue changes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the soft tissue profile changes following orthodontic treatment in Class II Division 1 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects comprised 104 Thai patients age 8-16 years who presented Class II Division 1 malocclusions and were treated with different orthodontic modalities comprising cervical headgear, Class II traction and extraction of the four first premolars. The profile changes were evaluated from the lateral cephalograms before and after treatment by means of the X-Y coordinate system. Significant soft tissue profile changes were evaluated by paired t test at a 0.05 significance level. The correlations among significant soft tissue changes and independent variables comprising treatment modality, age, sex, pretreatment skeletal, dental and soft tissue morphology were evaluated by stepwise multiple regression analysis at a 0.05 significance level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multiple regression analysis indicated that different treatment modalities, age, sex, pretreatment skeletal, dental and soft tissue morphology were related to the profile changes. The predictive power of these variables on the soft tissue profile changes ranged from 9.9 to 40.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prediction of the soft tissue profile changes following treatment of Class II Division 1 malocclusion from initial patient morphology, age, sex and types of treatment was complicated and required several variables to explain their variations. Upper lip change in horizontal direction could be found only at the stomion superius and was less predictable than those of the lower lip. Variations in upper lip retraction at the stomion superius were explained by types of treatment (R(2) = 0.099), whereas protrusion of the lower lip at the labrale inferius was correlated with initial inclination of the lower incisor (L1 to NB), jaw relation (ANB angle), lower lip thickness and sex (R(2) = 0.403). Prediction of chin protrusion at the soft tissue pogonion was also low predictable (R(2) = 0.190) depending upon sex, age and initial mandibular plane angle (SN-GoGn). Additionally, age and sex also had mainly effect on change of the soft tissue profile in the vertical direction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
authors.forename: Suhatcha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maetevorakul
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Henri Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. smorntree@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Smorntree
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Viteporn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D002680:Chin; D005145:Face; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Class II Division 1 malocclusion; Factors; Orthodontic treatment; Soft tissue profile changes