title: Estimates of metabolic rate and major constituents of metabolic demand in fishes under field conditions: Methods, proxies, and new perspectives.
abstract: Metabolic costs are central to individual energy budgets, making estimates of metabolic rate vital to understanding how an organism interacts with its environment as well as the role of species in their ecosystem. Despite the ecological and commercial importance of fishes, there are currently no widely adopted means of measuring field metabolic rate in fishes. The lack of recognized methods is in part due to the logistical difficulties of measuring metabolic rates in free swimming fishes. However, further development and refinement of techniques applicable for field-based studies on free swimming animals would greatly enhance the capacity to study fish under environmentally relevant conditions. In an effort to foster discussion in this area, from field ecologists to biochemists alike, we review aspects of energy metabolism and give details on approaches that have been used to estimate energetic parameters in fishes. In some cases, the techniques have been applied to field conditions; while in others, the methods have been primarily used on laboratory held fishes but should be applicable, with validation, to fishes in their natural environment. Limitations, experimental considerations and caveats of these measurements and the study of metabolism in wild fishes in general are also discussed. Potential novel approaches to FMR estimates are also presented for consideration. The innovation of methods for measuring field metabolic rate in free-ranging wild fish would revolutionize the study of physiological ecology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Electronic address: Jason.Treberg@umanitoba.ca.
authors.forename: Jason R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Treberg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. Electronic address: shaun.killen@glasgow.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Shaun S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Killen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB E4L 1G8, Canada. Electronic address: tmaccormack@mta.ca.
authors.forename: Tyson J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: MacCormack
authors.affiliation: Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada. Electronic address: simon.lamarre@umoncton.ca.
authors.forename: Simon G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lamarre
authors.affiliation: Freshwater Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada. Electronic address: Eva.Enders@dfo-mpo.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Eva C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Enders
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002246:Carbon Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D017666:Deuterium Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D017753:Ecosystem; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate; D010037:Otolithic Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology; D013686:Telemetry / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D010103:Oxygen Isotopes; D017666:Deuterium Oxide; D002246:Carbon Disulfide
keywords: Ecophysiology; Energetics; Environmental change; Respirometry; Telemetry