title: Underestimation of Pupil Size by Critical Care and Neurosurgical Nurses.
abstract: Early detection of pupillary changes in patients with head injuries can alert the care team to increasing intracranial pressure. Previous research has shown inconsistencies in pupil measurement that are most likely due to the subjective nature of measuring pupils without the assistance of technology.
  
  
  
  To evaluate nurses' abilities to assess pupil diameter accurately and detect unequal pupils.
  
  
  
  In a 3-part study, the accuracy of critical care and neurosurgical nurses' assessments of pupils was determined. The study included assessment of drawings of eyes with an iris and pupil, examination of photographs of human eyes, and bedside examination of patients with a head injury.
  
  
  
  Subjective assessments of pupil diameter and symmetry were not accurate. Across all phases of the study, pupil diameters were underestimated and the rate of error increased as pupil size increased. Nurses also failed to detect anisocoria and misidentified pupil reactivity. In addition, nearly all nurses relied on subjective estimation, even when tools were available.
  
  
  
  Critical care and neurosurgical nurses underestimated pupil size, were unable to detect anisocoria, and incorrectly assessed pupil reactivity. Standardized use of pupil assessment tools such as a pupillometer is necessary to increase accuracy and consistency in pupil measurement and to potentially contribute to earlier detection of subtle changes in pupils. If pupillary changes are identified early, diagnostic and treatment intervention can be delivered in a more timely and effective manner.
authors.affiliation: Robert G. Kerr is a neurosurgeon at Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Huntington, New York. Andrea M. Bacon is a critical care nurse, Laura L. Baker is a nurse practitioner, Janelle S. Gehrke is a clinical research coordinator, K. Danielle Hahn is a clinical research associate, Cheryl L. Lillegraven is a clinical nurse specialist, Catherine Hackett Renner is director of research, and Sarah K. Spilman is a research data analyst at UnityPoint Health, Des Moines, Iowa.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.affiliation: Robert G. Kerr is a neurosurgeon at Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Huntington, New York. Andrea M. Bacon is a critical care nurse, Laura L. Baker is a nurse practitioner, Janelle S. Gehrke is a clinical research coordinator, K. Danielle Hahn is a clinical research associate, Cheryl L. Lillegraven is a clinical nurse specialist, Catherine Hackett Renner is director of research, and Sarah K. Spilman is a research data analyst at UnityPoint Health, Des Moines, Iowa.
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bacon
authors.affiliation: Robert G. Kerr is a neurosurgeon at Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Huntington, New York. Andrea M. Bacon is a critical care nurse, Laura L. Baker is a nurse practitioner, Janelle S. Gehrke is a clinical research coordinator, K. Danielle Hahn is a clinical research associate, Cheryl L. Lillegraven is a clinical nurse specialist, Catherine Hackett Renner is director of research, and Sarah K. Spilman is a research data analyst at UnityPoint Health, Des Moines, Iowa.
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Robert G. Kerr is a neurosurgeon at Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Huntington, New York. Andrea M. Bacon is a critical care nurse, Laura L. Baker is a nurse practitioner, Janelle S. Gehrke is a clinical research coordinator, K. Danielle Hahn is a clinical research associate, Cheryl L. Lillegraven is a clinical nurse specialist, Catherine Hackett Renner is director of research, and Sarah K. Spilman is a research data analyst at UnityPoint Health, Des Moines, Iowa.
authors.forename: Janelle S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gehrke
authors.affiliation: Robert G. Kerr is a neurosurgeon at Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Huntington, New York. Andrea M. Bacon is a critical care nurse, Laura L. Baker is a nurse practitioner, Janelle S. Gehrke is a clinical research coordinator, K. Danielle Hahn is a clinical research associate, Cheryl L. Lillegraven is a clinical nurse specialist, Catherine Hackett Renner is director of research, and Sarah K. Spilman is a research data analyst at UnityPoint Health, Des Moines, Iowa.
authors.forename: K Danielle
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Robert G. Kerr is a neurosurgeon at Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Huntington, New York. Andrea M. Bacon is a critical care nurse, Laura L. Baker is a nurse practitioner, Janelle S. Gehrke is a clinical research coordinator, K. Danielle Hahn is a clinical research associate, Cheryl L. Lillegraven is a clinical nurse specialist, Catherine Hackett Renner is director of research, and Sarah K. Spilman is a research data analyst at UnityPoint Health, Des Moines, Iowa.
authors.forename: Cheryl L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lillegraven
authors.affiliation: Robert G. Kerr is a neurosurgeon at Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Huntington, New York. Andrea M. Bacon is a critical care nurse, Laura L. Baker is a nurse practitioner, Janelle S. Gehrke is a clinical research coordinator, K. Danielle Hahn is a clinical research associate, Cheryl L. Lillegraven is a clinical nurse specialist, Catherine Hackett Renner is director of research, and Sarah K. Spilman is a research data analyst at UnityPoint Health, Des Moines, Iowa.
authors.forename: Catherine Hackett
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.affiliation: Robert G. Kerr is a neurosurgeon at Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Huntington, New York. Andrea M. Bacon is a critical care nurse, Laura L. Baker is a nurse practitioner, Janelle S. Gehrke is a clinical research coordinator, K. Danielle Hahn is a clinical research associate, Cheryl L. Lillegraven is a clinical nurse specialist, Catherine Hackett Renner is director of research, and Sarah K. Spilman is a research data analyst at UnityPoint Health, Des Moines, Iowa. sarah.spilman@unitypoint.org.
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Spilman
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000451:nursing*; D064648:Critical Care Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055986:Vital Signs / Q000502:physiology*