title: Perceptions and practices related to diabetes reported by persons with diabetes attending diabetic care clinics: The India 11-city 9-state study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  India has the second largest population of persons with diabetes and a significant proportion has poor glycemic control and inadequate awareness of management of diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine the level of awareness regarding management of diabetes and its complications and diabetic care practices in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cross-sectional, hospital-based survey was conducted in 11 cities where public and private providers of diabetic care were identified. At each diabetic care facility, 4-6 persons with diabetes were administered a structured questionnaire in the local language.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and eighty-five persons with diabetes were interviewed. The mean duration since diagnosis of diabetes was 8.1 years (standard deviation ± 7.3). Half of the participants reported a family history of diabetes and 41.7% were hypertensive. Almost 62.1% stated that they received information on diabetes and its management through interpersonal channels. Family history (36.1%), increasing age (25.3%), and stress (22.8%) were the commonest causes of diabetes reported. Only 29.1% stated that they monitored their blood sugar levels at home using a glucometer. The commonest challenges reported in managing diabetes were dietary modifications (67.4%), compliance with medicines (20.5%), and cost of medicines (17.9%). Around 76.5% were aware of complications of diabetes. Kidney failure (79.8%), blindness/vision loss (79.3%), and heart attack (56.4%) were the commonest complications mentioned. Almost 67.7% of the respondents stated that they had had an eye examination earlier.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings have significant implications for the organization of diabetes services in India for early detection and management of complications, including eye complications.
authors.affiliation: South Asia Centre for Disability Inclusive Development Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, ANV Arcade, 1 Amar Cooperative Society, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; International Centre for Eye Health, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Murthy V S
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Gudlavalleti
authors.affiliation: South Asia Centre for Disability Inclusive Development Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, ANV Arcade, 1 Amar Cooperative Society, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Raghupathy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anchala
authors.affiliation: South Asia Centre for Disability Inclusive Development Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, ANV Arcade, 1 Amar Cooperative Society, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Aashrai Sai Venkat
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Gudlavalleti
authors.affiliation: South Asia Centre for Disability Inclusive Development Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, ANV Arcade, 1 Amar Cooperative Society, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Srikrishna S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ramachandra
authors.affiliation: South Asia Centre for Disability Inclusive Development Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, ANV Arcade, 1 Amar Cooperative Society, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Rajan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.affiliation: South Asia Centre for Disability Inclusive Development Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, ANV Arcade, 1 Amar Cooperative Society, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Jotheeswaran
authors.affiliation: South Asia Centre for Disability Inclusive Development Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, ANV Arcade, 1 Amar Cooperative Society, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: R Giridhara
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Babu
authors.affiliation: South Asia Centre for Disability Inclusive Development Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, ANV Arcade, 1 Amar Cooperative Society, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: South Asia Centre for Disability Inclusive Development Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, ANV Arcade, 1 Amar Cooperative Society, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Komal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Allagh
authors.affiliation: South Asia Centre for Disability Inclusive Development Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, ANV Arcade, 1 Amar Cooperative Society, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Jayanti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sagar
authors.affiliation: South Asia Centre for Disability Inclusive Development Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Public Health Foundation of India, ANV Arcade, 1 Amar Cooperative Society, Kavuri Hills, Madhapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
authors.forename: Souvik
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Eye Health, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Clare E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Gilbert
keywords: Awareness; India; diabetes; healthcare utilization; perceptions