title: Structural and immunological feature of rhamnogalacturonan I-rich polysaccharide from Korean persimmon vinegar.
abstract: The crude polysaccharide (KPV-0) isolated from Korean persimmon vinegar was fractionated using gel filtration chromatography to enhance the immunostimulatory activity and to identify the structural features of active fraction. Among three fractions, KPV-I obtained in a void volume, demonstrated the potent production of macrophage-stimulating mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and nitric oxide. KPV-I showed a combined single peak with high molecular weight of 55,000Da by high performance size exclusion chromatography. Component sugar analysis revealed that KPV-I contained mainly of arabinose, mannose, galactose, rhamnose and galacturonic acid. Single radial gel diffusion assay using β-glucosyl Yariv reagent showed that KPV-I contained arabinogalactan protein with 13.7%. Methylation analysis indicated that KPV-I contained 21 kinds of neutral glycosidic linkages, which seemed to be composed three kinds of polysaccharide; that is a rhamnogalacturonan-I (65-70%) derived from persimmon as a raw material, a mannan (20-25%) derived from fermentation-associated microorganisms, and a linear glucans (less than 10%). In conclusion, polysaccharide isolated from persimmon vinegar could augment the macrophage stimulation, and a large amounts of RG-I polysaccharide derived from persimmon is likely a crucial role in expression of the activity in persimmon vinegar.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, San 94-6, Ieu-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-760, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hoon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Korea Food Research Institute, Sungnam, Gyeonggi-do 462-746, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Do
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: suh1960@korea.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Hyung-Joo
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, San 94-6, Ieu-dong, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 443-760, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ksshin@kyonggi.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Kwang-Soon
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D002850:Chromatography, Gel; D029788:Diospyros / Q000737:chemistry*; D006601:Hexoses / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000819:agonists / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010368:Pectins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D056910:Republic of Korea; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006601:Hexoses; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C577686:interleukin-6, mouse; C042491:rhamnogalacturonan I; D018664:Interleukin-12; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C007819:galacturonic acid; D010368:Pectins; D019342:Acetic Acid
keywords: Macrophage stimulation; Mannan; Persimmon vinegar; Polysaccharide; Rhamnogalacturonan I