title: Reliability of Instruments Measuring At-Risk and Problem Gambling Among Young Individuals: A Systematic Review Covering Years 2009-2015.
abstract: This review aims to clarify which instruments measuring at-risk and problem gambling (ARPG) among youth are reliable and valid in light of reported estimates of internal consistency, classification accuracy, and psychometric properties. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Medline, and PsycInfo covering the years 2009-2015. In total, 50 original research articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria: target age under 29 years, using an instrument designed for youth, and reporting a reliability estimate. Articles were evaluated with the revised Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool. Reliability estimates were reported for five ARPG instruments. Most studies (66%) evaluated the South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised for Adolescents. The Gambling Addictive Behavior Scale for Adolescents was the only novel instrument. In general, the evaluation of instrument reliability was superficial. Despite its rare use, the Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory (CAGI) had a strong theoretical and methodological base. The Gambling Addictive Behavior Scale for Adolescents and the CAGI were the only instruments originally developed for youth. All studies, except the CAGI study, were population based. ARPG instruments for youth have not been rigorously evaluated yet. Further research is needed especially concerning instruments designed for clinical use.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Tobacco, Gambling and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: robert.edgren@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Edgren
authors.affiliation: Department of Tobacco, Gambling and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Castrén
authors.affiliation: Finnish Office for HTA (FINOHTA) at National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of General Practice, Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marjukka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pörtfors
authors.affiliation: Department of Tobacco, Gambling and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alho
authors.affiliation: Department of Tobacco, Gambling and Addiction, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Anne H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Salonen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescence; Gambling; Measurement; Reliability; Systematic review; Validity