title: [Th9 cells: a new population of helper T cells].
abstract: Th9 cells are CD4 T helper cells characterized by their ability to produce IL-9 and IL-21. These cells are obtained from naive CD4(+) T cells cultured in the presence of TGF-β and IL-4. Thus their differentiation results from the balance between the signaling pathways induced by IL-4 in one hand and the one induced by TGF-β in the other hand. These cells are inflammatory cells and were first described in the context of atopic and autoimmune diseases in which they have a pathogenic role. They are also involved in the defense against parasite infections. Recently, some reports defined Th9 anticancer properties through their cytokine secretion. Indeed, their high secretion of IL-9 and IL-21 in the tumor bed contributes to their anticancer functions. These cytokines trigger the activation of dendritic cells, mast cells, natural killer cells, and CD8 T cells to mount an antitumor immune response.
authors.affiliation: Centre Georges François Leclerc, 1, rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon, France - Inserm, U866, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, 7, boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France - Université de Bourgogne, faculté de médecine, 7, boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Frédérique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vegran
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U866, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, 7, boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Centre Georges François Leclerc, 1, rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon, France - Inserm, U866, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, 7, boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France - Université de Bourgogne, faculté de médecine, 7, boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Apetoh
authors.affiliation: Centre Georges François Leclerc, 1, rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon, France - Inserm, U866, faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, 7, boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France - Université de Bourgogne, faculté de médecine, 7, boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21079 Dijon, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghiringhelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D016219:Immunotherapy, Adoptive; D016906:Interleukin-9 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016246:Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016906:Interleukin-9