title: Potential Impact of Sexual Transmission on Ebola Virus Epidemiology: Sierra Leone as a Case Study.
abstract: Sexual transmission of Ebola virus disease (EVD) 6 months after onset of symptoms has been recently documented, and Ebola virus RNA has been detected in semen of survivors up to 9 months after onset of symptoms. As countries affected by the 2013-2015 epidemic in West Africa, by far the largest to date, are declared free of Ebola virus disease (EVD), it remains unclear what threat is posed by rare sexual transmission events that could arise from survivors.
  
  
  
  We devised a compartmental mathematical model that includes sexual transmission from convalescent survivors: a SEICR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-convalescent-recovered) transmission model. We fitted the model to weekly incidence of EVD cases from the 2014-2015 epidemic in Sierra Leone. Sensitivity analyses and Monte Carlo simulations showed that a 0.1% per sex act transmission probability and a 3-month convalescent period (the two key unknown parameters of sexual transmission) create very few additional cases, but would extend the epidemic by 83 days [95% CI: 68-98 days] (p < 0.0001) on average. Strikingly, a 6-month convalescent period extended the average epidemic by 540 days (95% CI: 508-572 days), doubling the current length, despite an insignificant rise in the number of new cases generated.
  
  
  
  Our results show that reductions in the per sex act transmission probability via abstinence and condom use should reduce the number of sporadic sexual transmission events, but will not significantly reduce the epidemic size and may only minimally shorten the length of time the public health community must maintain response preparedness. While the number of infectious survivors is expected to greatly decline over the coming months, our results show that transmission events may still be expected for quite some time as each event results in a new potential cluster of non-sexual transmission. Precise measurement of the convalescent period is thus important for planning ongoing surveillance efforts.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.|UMR MIVEGEC (UMR CNRS 5290, IRD 224, UM), Institute for Research of Development (IRD), Montpellier, France.|UMR UMMISCO (UMI 209 IRD-UPMC), Bondy, France.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2485-3334
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Abbate
authors.affiliation: Max-Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Gottingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Carmen Lia
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Murall
authors.affiliation: Institute for Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Richner
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christian L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Althaus
mesh_terms: D000354:Africa, Western / Q000453:epidemiology; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000821:virology*; D003289:Convalescence; D029043:Ebolavirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D058872:Epidemics; D019142:Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012661:Semen / Q000821:virology*; D015229:Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012807:Sierra Leone / Q000453:epidemiology; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral