title: Antihypertensive activity of 80% methanol seed extract of Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth. subsp. aurea (Fabaceae) is mediated through calcium antagonism induced vasodilation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth. subsp. aurea (CASA) (Fabaceae) seeds are used to treat hypertension in Ethiopian folklore medicine, particularly by Shinasha, Agew-awi and Amhara people in northwest Ethiopia. However, the claim has so far not been substantiated scientifically.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The study was conducted to evaluate the antihypertensive activity of 80% methanol extract of CASA in animal model of hypertension as well as its vasorelaxant effect and possible underlying mechanisms in isolated guinea pig aorta.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypotensive and antihypertensive effect of CASA extract was determined in vivo through the intravenous (iv) route in normotensive and hypertensive anesthetized rats using 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C) rat model. Ex vivo, guinea pig thoracic aortic rings were isolated and suspended in organ bath, and the vasodepressor effects as well as the mechanism of action of the extract were studied by means of isometric tension recording experiments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The blood pressure fell dose-dependently and significantly in renal hypertensive and normotensive rats following i.v. administration, suggesting that the hydroalcoholic extract possesses hypotensive and antihypertensive effects. The extract also caused a dose-dependent relaxation of aorta pre-contracted with KCl at a concentration of 5-250mg/L, with a maximum relaxation of 92.1% achieved at 250mg/L. The relaxation mechanism was found to be independent of the muscarinic receptors, histamine receptors, ATP dependent K(+) channels, cyclooxygenase enzymes, cGMP/NO pathway and the endothelium system. The extract caused rightward shift of the Ca(++) dose-response curves, similar to that caused by verapamil, indicating that it produced vasorelaxation by inhibiting extracellular Ca(2+) influx.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings demonstrate that the plant is endowed with antihypertensive effect, providing evidence for its traditional use. The effect may be, at least in part, due to dilation of blood vessels through blockage of Ca(2+) channels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Electronic address: yohannes.getiye@aau.edu.et.
authors.forename: Yohannes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Getiye
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 9086, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Electronic address: tesfayet2002@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Tesfaye
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tolessa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Electronic address: ephrem.engidawork@aau.edu.et.
authors.forename: Ephrem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Engidawork
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000187:drug effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007887:Fabaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006978:Hypertension, Renovascular / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry*; D010477:Perfusion; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D014700:Verapamil; D000432:Methanol
keywords: 2-kidney-1-clip rat model; Antihypertensive activity; Calcium channel blockade; Calpurnia aurea; Vasorelaxation