title: A Comparison of Refraction Defects in Childhood Measured Using Plusoptix S09, 2WIN Photorefractometer, Benchtop Autorefractometer, and Cycloplegic Retinoscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare Plusoptix (Gmbh, Nuremberg, Germany), 2WIN (Adaptica, Padua, Italy), the benchtop refractometer (Auto-Kerato-Refractometer KR-8900; Topcon Co, Tokyo, Japan), and retinoscopy with regard to the consistencies.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our prospective study, 200 eyes of 100 patients were included. We analyzed the demographics and characteristics of the patients, the percentage of patients from whom measurements could not be obtained, the measurements from both patients' eyes of pupil diameter, spherical, cylindrical, axis, and spherical equivalence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age ± SD was 7.8±4.5 years (range, 1-18 years). Pupil diameter measurements were found to be consistent (Cronbach's alpha value >0.8). The sphere and spherical equivalence measurements for both eyes were found to be consistent with each other in all apparatus (Cronbach's alpha value >0.8). However, consistency was found to be lower in cylindrical values and the Jackson cross-cylinder measurements at 0° and 45° axis were found to be inconsistent with each other (Cronbach's alpha value <0.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While consistency was observed in all methods in terms of sphere and spherical equivalence, consistency dropped in cylindrical values and no consistency was observed in axis values. It is important to take this point into consideration, especially in axis measurements.
authors.affiliation: a Dunya Eye Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Elvan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yalcın
authors.affiliation: b Istanbul Training and Research Hospital , Ophthalmology Department , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Pinar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sultan
authors.affiliation: a Dunya Eye Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Senay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yılmaz
authors.affiliation: a Dunya Eye Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey.
authors.forename: Ioannis G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Pallikaris
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009184:Mydriatics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012029:Refraction, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D012030:Refractive Errors / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012031:Refractometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012160:Retina / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D042262:Retinoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D015351:Vision Screening / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D009184:Mydriatics
keywords: Autorefraction; pediatric vision screening; photorefraction; refraction measurement; retinoscopy