title: Assessment of sleep disorders among patients with hypertension and coexisting metabolic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The coexistence of hypertension, abdominal obesity, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disturbances favors the acceleration of other disease entities - also apart from cardiovascular system disorders. This study was planned to estimate the relationship between the presence of metabolic syndrome and sleep disorders among a group of hypertensive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on unselected group of 261 patients from the Outpatient Hypertension Clinic. The standardized questionnaire was used to collect the data on medical history, prescribed drugs and lifestyle. Sleep disorders were diagnosed based on the Athens Insomnia Scale and STOP-Bang Questionnaire. According to the study protocol, anthropometric parameters (weight, height, waist and neck circumferences), blood pressure, serum lipids and fasting glucose laboratory measurements were performed. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to IDF criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep disorders were recognized in 183 participants of the study - significantly more frequently (P=0.03) among patients with diagnosed metabolic syndrome (120; 75%) in comparison with participants without this disturbance (63; 62.38%). Male gender, poor financial situation, tingling sensations before falling asleep and combination therapy of hypertension significantly increased the risk of sleep disorder occurrence in the group of patients with metabolic syndrome. Night food intake, aging, hypertension combination therapy and poor socioeconomic status were the factors increasing the risk of sleep problems among participants without metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sleep disorders often coexist with metabolic syndrome in hypertensive patients. A number of factors increase the probability of occurrence of sleep disorders, but most of them are modifiable.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Student Interest Group, First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kiełbasa
authors.affiliation: First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. Electronic address: katarzyna.stolarz-skrzypek@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stolarz-Skrzypek
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Student Interest Group, First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Artur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pawlik
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Student Interest Group, First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Łątka
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Student Interest Group, First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Drożdż
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Student Interest Group, First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olszewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Agata
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franczyk
authors.affiliation: First Department of Cardiology, Interventional Electrocardiology and Hypertension, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Czarnecka
mesh_terms: D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D008019:Life Style; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Hypertension; Metabolic syndrome; Sleep disorders