title: Unraveling the effect of structurally different classes of insecticide on germination and early plant growth of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr].
abstract: Although a considerable number of studies about the effect of different insecticides on plant physiology and metabolism have been carried out, research work about the comparative action of structurally different classes of insecticide on physiological and biochemical properties of soybean seed germination and early growth has not been found. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different classes of insecticides on soybean seed germination and early plant growth. Soybean seeds of Bosuk cultivar were soaked for 24h in distilled water or recommended dose (2mLL(-1), 1mLL(-1), 0.5gL(-1), and 0.5gL(-1) water for insecticides Mepthion, Myungtaja, Actara, and Stonate, respectively) of pesticide solutions of four structurally different classes of insecticides - Mepthion (fenitrothion; organophosphate), Myungtaja (etofenprox; pyrethroid), Actara (thiamethoxam; neonicotinoid), and Stonate (lambda-cyhalothrin cum thiamethoxam; pyrethroid cum neonicotinoid) - which are used for controlling stink bugs in soybean crop. Insecticides containing thiamethoxam and lamda-cyhalothrin cum thiamethoxam showed positive effects on seedling biomass and content of polyphenol and flavonoid, however fenitrothion insecticide reduced the seed germination, seed and seedling vigor, and polyphenol and flavonoid contents in soybean. Results of this study reveal that different classes of insecticide have differential influence on physiologic and metabolic actions like germination, early growth, and antioxidant activities of soybean and this implies that yield and nutrient content also might be affected with the application of different types of insecticide.
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sanjeev Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Dhungana
authors.affiliation: International Institute of Agricultural Research & Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Il-Doo
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hwa-Sook
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: dhshin@knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Dong-Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D005278:Fenitrothion / Q000494:pharmacology; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D010078:Oxazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D013025:Glycine max / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D011722:Pyrethrins; D013844:Thiazoles; C076840:ethofenprox; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; C037304:cyhalothrin; D005278:Fenitrothion
keywords: Early plant growth; Germination; Insecticide; Soybean