title: Multiscale imaging and characterization of the effect of mixing temperature on asphalt concrete containing recycled components.
abstract: When producing asphalt concrete mixture with high amounts of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), the mixing temperature plays a significant role in the resulting spatial distribution of the components as well as on the quality of the resulting mixture, in terms of workability during mixing and compaction as well as in service mechanical properties. Asphalt concrete containing 50% RAP was investigated at mixing temperatures of 140, 160 and 180°C, using a multiscale approach. At the microscale, using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy the RAP binder film thickness was visualized and measured. It was shown that at higher mixing temperatures this film thickness was reduced. The reduction in film thickness can be attributed to the loss of volatiles as well as the mixing of RAP binder with virgin binder at higher temperatures. X-ray computer tomography was used to characterize statistically the distribution of the RAP and virgin aggregates geometric features: volume, width and shape anisotropy. In addition using X-ray computer tomography, the packing and spatial distribution of the RAP and virgin aggregates was characterized using the nearest neighbour metric. It was shown that mixing temperature may have a positive effect on the spatial distribution of the aggregates but did not affect the packing. The study shows a tendency for the RAP aggregates to be more likely distributed in clusters at lower mixing temperatures. At higher temperatures, they were more homogeneously distributed. This indicates a higher degree of blending both at microscale (binder film) and macroscale (spatial distribution) between RAP and virgin aggregates as a result of increasing mixing temperatures and the ability to quantify this using various imaging techniques.
authors.affiliation: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cavalli
authors.affiliation: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Griffa
authors.affiliation: École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bressi
authors.affiliation: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Partl
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.|Department of Civil & Coastal Engineering, University of Florida - E.S.S.I.E, Florida, U.S.A.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tebaldi
authors.affiliation: Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland. lily.poulikakos@empa.ch.
authors.forename: L D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Poulikakos
keywords: Composites; Image analysis; X-ray tomography; electron microscopy; porous building materials; recycled asphalt concrete