title: Role of human papilloma virus in oral leukoplakia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Controversy surrounds regarding the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral precancerous and cancerous lesions in India where smokeless, tobacco consumption is rampant.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study was carried out with an aim to investigate the presence and type of HPV infection in oropharyngeal leukoplakia and to determine the association of HPV positivity with various patient and lesion characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of fifty confirmed cases of oral leukoplakia (OL), aged 18-55 years were enrolled in the study. Specimens were obtained from the site of lesion. All the specimens were subjected to histopathological analysis and HPV-16, 18 detection was done using real-time polymerase chain reaction technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age of patients was 34.00 ± 8.85. Majority were males (62%), from middle social class (78%) and were educated up to graduation or above (54%). All the patients had one or more adverse habits (betel, chewing tobacco, smoking and alcohol) with mean duration of disease was 3.53 ± 3.05 years. Five patients (10%) had diabetes. Burning sensation (86%) and trismus (36%) were the reported complaints. Maximum were Stage II (50%), sized 2-4 cm2 (60%), homogenous (70%). Floor of mouth and tongue were most commonly involved sites (50%). Majority had mild dysplasia (58%). Acanthosis (66%), hyperplasia (62%), koliocytosis (40%), and keratosis (98%) were quite common. HPV (16/18) could not be detected in any specimen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study highlighted the fact that association of HPV with oral leukoplakia seems to be overestimated and needs to be reexamined with consensus Human papilloma virus (HPV) primers to detect HPV types with more valid empirical relationships.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Anuja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhargava
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shakeel
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Tasleem S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: Saliha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rizvi
authors.forename: Prasoon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Varshney
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007972:Leukoplakia, Oral / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology*; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000821:virology; D055815:Young Adult