title: Synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester from the transesterification of high- and low-acid-content crude palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) and karanj oil (Pongamia pinnata) over a calcium-lanthanum-aluminum mixed-oxides catalyst.
abstract: The synthesis of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from the high- and low-acid-content feedstock of crude palm oil (CPO) and karanj oil (KO) was conducted over CaO-La2O3-Al2O3 mixed-oxide catalyst. Various reaction parameters were investigated using a batch reactor to identify the best reaction condition that results in the highest FAME yield for each type of oil. The transesterification of CPO resulted in a 97.81% FAME yield with the process conditions of 170°C reaction temperature, 15:1 DMC-to-CPO molar ratio, 180min reaction time, and 10wt.% catalyst loading. The transesterification of KO resulted in a 96.77% FAME yield with the conditions of 150°C reaction temperature, 9:1 DMC-to-KO molar ratio, 180min reaction time, and 5wt.% catalyst loading. The properties of both products met the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standard requirements. The above results showed that the CaO-La2O3-Al2O3 mixed-oxide catalyst was suitable for high- and low-acid-content vegetable oil.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia; Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Syamsuddin
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Murat
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. Electronic address: chbassim@usm.my.
authors.forename: B H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Hameed
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry; D028023:Arecaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D002118:Calcium / Q000737:chemistry; D002384:Catalysis; D060326:Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; D004951:Esterification; D004952:Esters / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000737:chemistry; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D000073878:Palm Oil; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D052596:Pongamia / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D004952:Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids; D010087:Oxides; D010938:Plant Oils; D000073878:Palm Oil; D007811:Lanthanum; D000535:Aluminum; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Calcium–lanthanum–aluminum catalyst; Crude palm oil; Fatty acid methyl ester; Karanj oil; Transesterification