title: Antioxidant defences and haemocyte internalization in Limnoperna fortunei exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles.
abstract: TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-NP) have been incorporated into a large range of materials for different applications in the last decades and are very likely to appear in wastewater and effluents, eventually reaching the aquatic environment. Therefore, the assessment of the biological impact of TiO2-NP on aquatic ecosystem is of a major concern. The mussels represent a target group for TiO2-NP toxicity, as they are filter feeders and are capable of bioaccumulating toxic compounds. Furthermore, the exotic organism Limnoperna fortunei, golden mussel, is a freshwater bivalve that has been used in biomonitoring environmental conditions. In this work, the TiO2-NP's ability to interact with haemocytes of golden mussel was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. The enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses were evaluated by superoxide dismutase (Sod) and catalase (Cat) activities and protein sulfhydryl content, which were measured after the golden mussel was exposed to TiO2-NP (1, 5, 10 and 50μgmL(-1)). Results demonstrate that TiO2-NP was internalized by cells, causing alterations in haemocytes membrane. Antioxidant activity of Sod and Cat decreased after 2h TiO2-NP exposure. After 4h exposure, the enzymatic antioxidant activity was restored. Notably, the protein sulfhydryl content decreased after 2h to all the TiO2-NP concentrations and no alterations were observed after 4h of TiO2-NP exposure. These results demonstrate the potential of golden mussel as sentinel organism to TiO2-NP exposure.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. Electronic address: fgirardello@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Girardello
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Camila Custódio
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Catia Santos
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Branco
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roesch-Ely
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, P.O. Box 15003, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Andreia Neves
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mirian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salvador
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil; Department of Biophysics/Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Campus do Vale Setor 4, Box 43422, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; InnVitro Research and Development, Rua Mariante 180, Sala 902, 90430-180 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: João Antonio Pêgas
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Henriques
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D049879:Mytilidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014025:Titanium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Catalase; Limnoperna fortune; Protein sulfhydryl; Superoxide dismutase; Titanium dioxide nanoparticles; Transmission electron microscopy