title: Staff Nurse Utilization of Kangaroo Care as an Intervention for Procedural Pain in Preterm Infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Skin-to-skin contact between mother and infant, commonly referred to as Kangaroo Care (KC), has demonstrated efficacy as a pain-relieving strategy for infants, yet, it remains underutilized in clinical practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate changes in neonatal intensive care unit staff nurse beliefs, utilization, and challenges related to practice change in implementing KC as an intervention for management of procedural pain in preterm infants between 2 time points.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nurses who participated in a larger clinical trial examining the sustained efficacy of KC were asked to complete a questionnaire at 2 time points: 1- and 6 month(s) following study initiation. Identified benefits, expectations, frequency of use, and challenges related to practice change uptake were described using frequencies and percentages. Data from the 2 different time points were compared using χ analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 40 nurses approached, all completed the questionnaire (19 at the 1-month and 21 at the 6-month time point). Of the sample (n = 40), 97% of participants indicated that they expected KC to provide good pain relief or better. Staff nurses reported significantly improved preconceived ideas (χ = 22.68, P < .01) and significantly fewer concerns (χ = 22.10, P = .01) related to using KC as a pain-relieving intervention between the 2 time points. No significant differences were seen in the frequency of using KC as an intervention between time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite increasingly positive preconceived ideas and reduced concerns, the frequency of using KC for procedural pain relief remained unchanged. Further research addressing ways to overcome barriers to utilizing KC as an intervention for procedural pain is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pediatric Pain Research (Ms Benoit and Drs Campbell-Yeo and Latimer), Department of Pediatrics (Drs Campbell-Yeo and Johnston), and Maternal Newborn Program (Mss Benoit, Caddell, and Orr), IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; School of Nursing, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (Ms Benoit and Drs Campbell-Yeo and Latimer); and Ingram School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Dr Johnston).
authors.forename: Britney
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Benoit
authors.forename: Marsha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Campbell-Yeo
authors.forename: Celeste
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Margot
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Latimer
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Caddell
authors.forename: Talia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Orr
mesh_terms: D002170:Canada; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D060127:Kangaroo-Mother Care Method / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017283:Neonatal Nursing; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods*; D057184:Practice Patterns, Nurses' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires