title: Revisiting self-regulatory techniques to promote physical activity in older adults: null-findings from a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A randomised controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to evaluate a three-hour face-to-face physical activity (PA) intervention in community-dwelling older German adults with four groups: The intervention group (IG) received behaviour change techniques (BCTs) based on the health action process approach plus a views-on-ageing component to increase PA. The second intervention group 'planning' (IGpl) contained the same BCTs, only substituted the views-on-ageing component against an additional planning task. An active control group received the same BCTs, however, targeting volunteering instead of PA. A passive control group (PCG) received no intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  The RCT comprised 5 time-points over 14 months in N = 310 participants aged 64+.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-reported as well as accelerometer-assessed PA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither PA measure increased in the IG as compared to the other groups at any point in time. Bayes analyses supported these null-effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A possible explanation for this null-finding in line with a recent meta-analysis is that some self-regulatory BCTs may be ineffective or even negatively associated with PA in interventions for older adults as they are assumed to be less acceptable for older adults. This interpretation was supported by observed reluctance to participate in self-regulatory BCTs in the current study.
authors.affiliation: a Health Psychology , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Warner
authors.affiliation: b German Centre of Gerontology , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Julia K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.affiliation: b German Centre of Gerontology , Berlin , Germany.
authors.forename: Jochen P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ziegelmann
authors.affiliation: a Health Psychology , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany.|c Institute for Positive Psychology and Education, Australian Catholic University , Sydney , Australia.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schwarzer
authors.affiliation: d Institute of Psychogerontology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) , Nürnberg , Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wurm
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000068356:Self-Control
keywords: behaviour change techniques; health action process approach; intervention; planning; self-monitoring; self-regulation