title: Neemazal ® as a possible alternative control tool for malaria and African trypanosomiasis?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research efforts to identify possible alternative control tools for malaria and African trypanosomiasis are needed. One promising approach relies on the use of traditional plant remedies with insecticidal activities.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, we assessed the effect of blood treated with different doses of NeemAzal ® (NA, neem seed extract) on mosquitoes (Anopheles coluzzii) and tsetse flies (Glossina palpalis gambiensis) (i) avidity to feed on the treated blood, (ii) longevity, and (iii) behavioural responses to human and calf odours in dual-choice tests. We also gauged NeemAzal ® toxicity in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In An. coluzzii, the ingestion of NA in bloodmeals offered by membrane feeding resulted in (i) primary antifeedancy; (ii) decreased longevity; and (iii) reduced response to host odours. In G. palpalis gambiensis, NA caused (i) a knock-down effect; (ii) decreased or increased longevity depending on the dose; and (iii) reduced response to host stimuli. In both cases, NA did not affect the anthropophilic rate of activated insects. Overall, the most significant effects were observed with NA treated bloodmeals at a dose of 2000 μg/ml for mosquitoes and 50 μg/ml for tsetse flies. Although no mortality in mice was observed after 14 days of follow-up at oral doses of 3.8, 5.6, 8.4 and 12.7 g/kg, behavioural alterations were noticed at doses above 8 g/kg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed promising activity of NA on A. coluzzii and G. palpalis gambiensis but additional research is needed to assess field efficacy of neem products to be possibly integrated in vector control programmes.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. yrserge@yahoo.fr.
authors.forename: R Serge
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Yerbanga
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Jean-Baptiste
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Rayaisse
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.|MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Amélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vantaux
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salou
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.|MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Karine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mouline
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.|MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hien
authors.affiliation: University of Camerino, School of Pharmacy, Piazza dei Costantini, 62032, Camerino, MC, Italy.
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Habluetzel
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Roch K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Dabiré
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Jean Bosco
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Ouédraogo
authors.affiliation: Centre International de Recherche Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.|INTERTRYP, UMR 177 IRD-CIRAD, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Solano
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. thierry.lefevre@ird.fr.|MIVEGEC (Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), UMR IRD 224-CNRS 5290-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. thierry.lefevre@ird.fr.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lefèvre
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000187:drug effects*; D031601:Azadirachta / Q000737:chemistry*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: African trypanosomes; Anopheles coluzzii; Anthropophily; Glossina palpalis gambiensis; Host-seeking behaviours; Malaria parasite; Neem; NeemAzal ®; Vector-borne diseases