title: Modulator effect of a polysaccharide-rich extract from Caesalpinia ferrea stem barks in rat cutaneous wound healing: Role of TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, TGF-β.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In folk medicine stem barks of Caesalpinia ferrea (Caesalpinioideae) are used to treat enterocolitis, rheumatism and wounds and in experimental procedures, its aqueous extracts demonstrated antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and healing effects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The healing mechanism of the polyssacharide-rich extract of C. ferrea stem barks (TPL-Cf) was investigated in a model of excisional cutaneous wound in Wistar rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Excisional wounds received topical treatment with TPL-Cf (0.025-0.1%) during 21 days. Hypernociception, macroscopical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters were evaluated and analyzed by ANOVA, Bonferroni and Kruskal-Wallis tests, followed by Dunn and Chi-Square tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TPL-Cf (0.1%) reduced wound area and hypernociception, and increased wound contraction. TPL-Cf reduced leukocyte infiltration and vascular permeability, and stimulated fibroblasia, angiogenesis, well formed granulation tissue, collagen deposition and epithelial layer formation. TPL-Cf reduced TNF-α expression and the levels of PGE2 (73%-day 5), IL-1 (42%-day 2), MDA (38%-day 5), total protein (53%-day 2; 73%-day 5) and MPO activity (53%-day 2), but increased the expression of i-NOS (days 5 and 7), TGF-β (day 5) and the levels of NO (3.6 fold-day 5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The polysaccharide-rich extract of C. ferra stem barks accelerates wound healing by the control of the inflammatory phase and attenuates hypernociception via modulation of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, TGF-β).
authors.affiliation: Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba 1700, 60740-000 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lívia de P
authors.initials: Lde P
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Farmácia, Odontologia e Enfermagem, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Alexandre Baraúna 949, 60430-160 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mario R L
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.affiliation: Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba 1700, 60740-000 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luiz A C
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Brizeno
authors.affiliation: Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba 1700, 60740-000 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil; Faculdade de Educação, Ciências e Letras do Sertão Central, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Rua José de Queiroz 2554, 63900-000 Quixadá-CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Francisca C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba 1700, 60740-000 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Elda G M
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba 1700, 60740-000 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil; Faculdade de Educação, Ciências e Letras do Sertão Central, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Rua José de Queiroz 2554, 63900-000 Quixadá-CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Instituto Superior de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba 1700, 60740-000 Fortaleza-CE, Brazil. Electronic address: anassreuy@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana M S
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Assreuy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029911:Caesalpinia; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D024301:Plant Bark; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000293:injuries / Q000378:metabolism; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: Medicinal plant; Polysaccharides; Wound healing