title: Application of objective clinical human reliability analysis (OCHRA) in assessment of technical performance in laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic rectal resection is technically challenging, with outcomes dependent upon technical performance. No robust objective assessment tool exists for laparoscopic rectal resection surgery. This study aimed to investigate the application of the objective clinical human reliability analysis (OCHRA) technique for assessing technical performance of laparoscopic rectal surgery and explore the validity and reliability of this technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Laparoscopic rectal cancer resection operations were described in the format of a hierarchical task analysis. Potential technical errors were defined. The OCHRA technique was used to identify technical errors enacted in videos of twenty consecutive laparoscopic rectal cancer resection operations from a single site. The procedural task, spatial location, and circumstances of all identified errors were logged. Clinical validity was assessed through correlation with clinical outcomes; reliability was assessed by test-retest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 335 execution errors identified, with a median 15 per operation. More errors were observed during pelvic tasks compared with abdominal tasks (p < 0.001). Within the pelvis, more errors were observed during dissection on the right side than the left (p = 0.03). Test-retest confirmed reliability (r = 0.97, p < 0.001). A significant correlation was observed between error frequency and mesorectal specimen quality (r s = 0.52, p = 0.02) and with blood loss (r s = 0.609, p = 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OCHRA offers a valid and reliable method for evaluating technical performance of laparoscopic rectal surgery.
authors.affiliation: Yeovil District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Higher Kingston, Yeovil, Somerset, BA21 2RH, UK.|Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.affiliation: John Goligher Department of Colorectal Surgery, St. James University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Miskovic
authors.affiliation: Yeovil District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Higher Kingston, Yeovil, Somerset, BA21 2RH, UK.
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.affiliation: Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.affiliation: Yeovil District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Higher Kingston, Yeovil, Somerset, BA21 2RH, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ockrim
authors.affiliation: Yeovil District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Higher Kingston, Yeovil, Somerset, BA21 2RH, UK.
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.affiliation: Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Hanna
authors.affiliation: Yeovil District Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Higher Kingston, Yeovil, Somerset, BA21 2RH, UK. nader.francis@ydh.nhs.uk.
authors.forename: N K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Francis
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010388:Pelvis / Q000601:surgery; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D012007:Rectum / Q000601:surgery; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Assessment; Laparoscopy; OCHRA; Rectum; Surgery