title: Automatic coronary artery calcium scoring in cardiac CT angiography using paired convolutional neural networks.
abstract: The amount of coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a strong and independent predictor of cardiovascular events. CAC is clinically quantified in cardiac calcium scoring CT (CSCT), but it has been shown that cardiac CT angiography (CCTA) may also be used for this purpose. We present a method for automatic CAC quantification in CCTA. This method uses supervised learning to directly identify and quantify CAC without a need for coronary artery extraction commonly used in existing methods. The study included cardiac CT exams of 250 patients for whom both a CCTA and a CSCT scan were available. To restrict the volume-of-interest for analysis, a bounding box around the heart is automatically determined. The bounding box detection algorithm employs a combination of three ConvNets, where each detects the heart in a different orthogonal plane (axial, sagittal, coronal). These ConvNets were trained using 50 cardiac CT exams. In the remaining 200 exams, a reference standard for CAC was defined in CSCT and CCTA. Out of these, 100 CCTA scans were used for training, and the remaining 100 for evaluation of a voxel classification method for CAC identification. The method uses ConvPairs, pairs of convolutional neural networks (ConvNets). The first ConvNet in a pair identifies voxels likely to be CAC, thereby discarding the majority of non-CAC-like voxels such as lung and fatty tissue. The identified CAC-like voxels are further classified by the second ConvNet in the pair, which distinguishes between CAC and CAC-like negatives. Given the different task of each ConvNet, they share their architecture, but not their weights. Input patches are either 2.5D or 3D. The ConvNets are purely convolutional, i.e. no pooling layers are present and fully connected layers are implemented as convolutions, thereby allowing efficient voxel classification. The performance of individual 2.5D and 3D ConvPairs with input sizes of 15 and 25 voxels, as well as the performance of ensembles of these ConvPairs, were evaluated by a comparison with reference annotations in CCTA and CSCT. In all cases, ensembles of ConvPairs outperformed their individual members. The best performing individual ConvPair detected 72% of lesions in the test set, with on average 0.85 false positive (FP) errors per scan. The best performing ensemble combined all ConvPairs and obtained a sensitivity of 71% at 0.48 FP errors per scan. For this ensemble, agreement with the reference mass score in CSCT was excellent (ICC 0.944 [0.918-0.962]). Aditionally, based on the Agatston score in CCTA, this ensemble assigned 83% of patients to the same cardiovascular risk category as reference CSCT. In conclusion, CAC can be accurately automatically identified and quantified in CCTA using the proposed pattern recognition method. This might obviate the need to acquire a dedicated CSCT scan for CAC scoring, which is regularly acquired prior to a CCTA, and thus reduce the CT radiation dose received by patients.
authors.affiliation: Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Q.02.4.45, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.m.wolterink@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Jelmer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wolterink
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, E.01.132, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: t.leiner@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leiner
authors.affiliation: Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Q.02.4.45, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: b.d.devos-2@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Bob D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: de Vos
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, E.01.132, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: r.w.vanhamersvelt-3@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Robbert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: van Hamersvelt
authors.affiliation: Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Q.02.4.45, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: m.viergever@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Max A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Viergever
authors.affiliation: Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Q.02.4.45, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: i.isgum@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Išgum
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072226:Computed Tomography Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium
keywords: Automatic calcium scoring; Cardiac CT angiography; Convolutional neural network; Coronary artery calcifications