title: Optimal combination of FLAIR and T2-weighted MRI for improved lesion contrast in multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Postacquisition combination of three-dimensional T2-weighted (T2w) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images can improve the visualization of brain lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS). However, an optimal way to combine these images has not been described so far. The main objective of this study is to investigate an optimal combination of T2w and FLAIR to improve the conspicuity of MS lesions.
  
  
  
  We determined the parameters for a generalized multiplicative image combination which maximize the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between lesions and normal-appearing brain tissue through simulations and verified experimentally. MRI data from 11 MS patients acquired at 3 Tesla were retrospectively analyzed using the proposed approach and compared with conventional FLAIR, and to images obtained by direct multiplication of T2w and FLAIR (FLAIR2). Image quality was assessed by region-of-interest analysis. In addition, to evaluate the degree of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suppression, CSF-to-gray matter (CSF/GM) ratio was calculated. Reduction in global image contrast was assessed by computing the reduction in the contrast of mid-level intensity values.
  
  
  
  An optimal combination was found to be the third order expression: FLAIR3= FLAIR1.55× T2w1.45. Compared with FLAIR, the lesion CNR was significantly increased by 1.9× (P < 0.005) and 2.5× (P < 0.001) using FLAIR2and FLAIR3, respectively. CSF/GM ratio was increased by 1.7× in FLAIR2(P < 0.001) compared with FLAIR, while it was reduced to 0.7× on FLAIR3(P < 0.05). The mid-intensity contrast was preserved on FLAIR2(P = 0.2), and decreased by 29% on FLAIR3(P < 0.001).
  
  
  
  These results show that the optimized combination of FLAIR and T2w can improve MS lesion conspicuity. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1293-1300.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA. refaat.e.gabr@uth.tmc.edu.
authors.forename: Refaat E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Gabr
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Khader M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hasan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Muhammad E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Flavia M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wolinsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Ponnada A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Narayana
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D056324:Diffusion Tensor Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D066127:White Matter / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology
keywords: MS lesions; cortical lesions; fluid suppression; image contrast; inversion recovery