title: Reporting the national antimicrobial consumption in Danish pigs: influence of assigned daily dosage values and population measurement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transparent calculation methods are crucial when investigating trends in antimicrobial consumption over time and between populations. Until 2011, one single standardized method was applied when quantifying the Danish pig antimicrobial consumption with the unit "Animal Daily Dose" (ADD). However, two new methods for assigning values for ADDs have recently emerged, one implemented by DANMAP, responsible for publishing annual reports on antimicrobial consumption, and one by the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration (DVFA), responsible for the Yellow Card initiative. In addition to new ADD assignment methods, Denmark has also experienced a shift in the production pattern, towards a larger export of live pigs. The aims of this paper were to (1) describe previous and current ADD assignment methods used by the major Danish institutions and (2) to illustrate how ADD assignment method and choice of population and population measurement affect the calculated national antimicrobial consumption in pigs (2007-2013).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The old VetStat ADD-values were based on SPCs in contrast to the new ADD-values, which were based on active compound, concentration and administration route. The new ADD-values stated by both DANMAP and DVFA were only identical for 48 % of antimicrobial products approved for use in pigs. From 2007 to 2013, the total number of ADDs per year increased by 9 % when using the new DVFA ADD-values, but decreased by 2 and 7 % when using the new DANMAP ADD-values or the old VetStat ADD-values, respectively. Through 2007 to 2013, the production of pigs increased from 26.1 million pigs per year with 18 % exported live to 28.7 million with 34 % exported live. In the same time span, the annual pig antimicrobial consumption increased by 22.2 %, when calculated using the new DVFA ADD-values and pigs slaughtered per year as population measurement (13.0 ADDs/pig/year to 15.9 ADDs/pig/year). However, when based on the old VetStat ADD values and pigs produced per year (including live export), a 10.9 % decrease was seen (10.6 ADDs/pig/year to 9.4 ADDs/pig/year).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this paper clearly highlight that calculated national antimicrobial consumption is highly affected by chosen population measurement and the applied ADD-values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark. nhd@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Nana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fertner
authors.affiliation: SEGES Pig Research Center, Vinkelvej 13, 8620, Kjellerup, Denmark.
authors.forename: Charlotte Sonne
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bülowsvej 27, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Toft
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Helle
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stege
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003718:Denmark; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012107:Research Design; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents
keywords: Animal daily dose; Antibiotics; Antimicrobials; Pigs; Surveillance