title: Butanol-Partitioned Extraction from Aqueous Extract of Gracilaria tenuistipitata Inhibits Cell Proliferation of Oral Cancer Cells Involving Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress.
abstract: We have previously found that the aqueous extract of Gracilaria tenuistipitata (AEGT) and its partitioned fractions had antioxidant properties in biochemical assays. Although the butanol-partitioned fraction of AEGT (AEGT-pBuOH) had a stronger antioxidant performance than AEGT, its biological effects are still unknown. In this study, the cellular responses of oral cancer cells to AEGT-pBuOH were monitored in terms of cell viability, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and oxidative stress responses. In an ATP content assay, the cell viability of oral cancer cells treated with AEGT-pBuOH was dose responsively inhibited (p < 0.005). For flow cytometry, AEGT-pBuOH was also found to dose responsively induce cell cycle disturbance by propidium iodide (PI) staining and to induce apoptosis by annexin V/PI and pan-caspase staining (p < 0.005). In AEGT-pBuOH-treated oral cancer cells, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) was increased and mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased in a dose-response manner (p < 0.005). These results suggest that AEGT-pBuOH inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis of oral cancer cells involving the ROS generation and mitochondrial depolarization.
authors.affiliation: 1 School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Chi-Chen
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Kun-Tzu
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .|4 Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .|5 Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Jen-Yang
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Hui-Ru
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Jing-Ru
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 6 Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Hurng-Wern
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: 7 Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .|8 Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .|9 Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Fang-Rong
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Cheng-En
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.affiliation: 7 Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .|8 Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .|9 Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .
authors.forename: I-Wen
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .|4 Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Ming-Yii
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .|8 Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .|10 Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Hsueh-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D044724:Gracilaria / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects*; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species