title: Temporal and spatial variations on accumulation of nomilin and limonin in the pummelos.
abstract: Limonoids are the important secondary metabolites in the citrus. In this study, the accumulation of limonoids at different fruit developmental stages and distribution among different genotypes, tissues and developmental stages were investigated in 12 pummelo varieties. The large variations on limonoids concentration were found among different varieties, which ranged from 233.78 mg/kg FW to 4090.41 mg/kg FW in the seeds at full color stage of the fruit. Classification of pummelos based on the limonoids content divided 12 varieties into three groups. It was matched well with the geographic origination of the pummelo varieties, suggesting that the accumulation of limonoids was mainly determined by the genotype of the pummelo. Accumulation of the limonoids in different tissues was highly variable, and in a tissue specific fashion. The trend of the change on the levels of nomilin and limonin in the seeds and segment membrane were corresponded to the physiological development of the fruit. The rapid accumulation of nomilin and limonoids was observed from the physiological ripening of the seeds. It suggested that physiological maturation of the seeds is a key point that the seeds accelerate the accumulation of nomilin and limonin. In most of pummelo varieties, 10% color break of the fruit was a phenotypic landmark associated with the maximum level of nomilin accumulated in the seeds.
authors.affiliation: College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China.
authors.forename: Fusheng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China.
authors.forename: Xiaona
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China.
authors.forename: Wanxia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China.
authors.forename: Shiping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Citrus Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China. Electronic address: zhaoxiaochun@cric.cn.
authors.forename: Xiaochun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001584:Benzoxepins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002957:Citrus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D036701:Limonins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D010858:Pigmentation; D012639:Seeds / Q000378:metabolism; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001584:Benzoxepins; D036701:Limonins; C059405:nomilin; C001546:limonin
keywords: Limonin; Nomilin; Pummelo genotype; Seeds development