title: Systematic review of reviews of observational studies of school-level effects on sexual health, violence and substance use.
abstract: For three decades there have been reports that the quality of schools affects student health. The literature is diverse and reviews have addressed different aspects of how the school environment may affect health. This paper is the first to synthesise this evidence using a review of reviews focusing on substance-use, violence and sexual-health. Twelve databases were searched. Eleven included reviews were quality-assessed and synthesised narratively. There is strong evidence that schools' success in engaging students is associated with reduced substance use. There is little evidence that tobacco-control policies and school sexual-health clinics on their own are associated with better outcomes.
authors.affiliation: University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK. Electronic address: n.shackleton@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Nichola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shackleton
authors.affiliation: University College London Institute of Education, 20 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AL, UK. Electronic address: f.jamal@ioe.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Farah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jamal
authors.affiliation: University College London Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK. Electronic address: r.viner@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Viner
authors.affiliation: University College London Institute of Education, 20 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AL, UK. Electronic address: k.dickson@ioe.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.affiliation: University College London Institute of Education, 20 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AL, UK. Electronic address: k.hinds@ioe.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hinds
authors.affiliation: School Of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 5, 161 Barry Street, Parkville, 3010 VIC, Australia. Electronic address: gcpatton@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.affiliation: University College London Institute of Education, 20 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AL, UK. Electronic address: c.bonell@ioe.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bonell
mesh_terms: D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D012574:Schools; D000074384:Sexual Health; D013334:Students; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014754:Violence
keywords: Adolescents; Environment; Health promotion; Schools; Systematic review