title: Sonolytic and sonophotolytic degradation of Carbamazepine: Kinetic and mechanisms.
abstract: An in-depth investigation on the ultrasonic decomposition of Carbamazepine (CBZ), one of the most regularly identified drugs in the environment, was conducted. The effects of diverse variables were evaluated, such as frequency, power, solution pH, initial CBZ concentration and varied inorganic anions. Reaction order was determined on the basis of analyzing reaction kinetics of CBZ degradation. The sonophotolysis and photolysis of CBZ was also examined in this contribution. The influence of water composition on the sonolytic and sonophotolytic elimination of CBZ was analyzed. Additionally, 21 intermediates were identified during sonolytic degradation of CBZ based on LC/ESI-MS/MS analysis, among which two escaped from the detection in previous studies. Possible decay pathways were proposed accordingly. The epoxidation, cleavage of double bond, hydration, hydroxylation, ring contraction and intramolecular cyclization were believed to be involved in sonochemical degradation of CBZ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China. Electronic address: yfrao@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yongfang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
authors.forename: Haisong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, PR China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China. Electronic address: majun@hit.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
mesh_terms: D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000737:chemistry*; D010782:Photolysis; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002220:Carbamazepine
keywords: Carbamazepine; Decay pathways; Hydroxyl radicals; Sonophotolysis; Ultrasound