title: Visual dysfunction and its correlation with retinal changes in patients with Parkinson's disease: an observational cross-sectional study.
abstract: To evaluate visual dysfunction and its correlation with structural changes in the retina in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).
  
  
  
  Patients with PD (n=37) and controls (n=37) were included in an observational cross-sectional study, and underwent visual acuity (VA), colour vision (using the Farnsworth and Lanthony desaturated D15 colour tests) and contrast sensitivity vision (CSV; using the Pelli-Robson chart and CSV 1000E test) evaluation to measure visual dysfunction. Structural measurements of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), and macular and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thicknesses, were obtained using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Comparison of obtained data, and correlation analysis between functional and structural results were performed.
  
  
  
  VA (in all different contrast levels) and all CSV spatial frequencies were significantly worse in patients with PD than in controls. Colour vision was significantly affected based on the Lanthony colour test. Significant GCL loss was observed in the minimum GCL+inner plexiform layer. A clear tendency towards a reduction in several macular sectors (central, outer inferior, outer temporal and superior (inner and outer)) and in the temporal quadrant of the RNFL thickness was observed, although the difference was not significant. CSV was the functional parameter most strongly correlated with structural measurements in PD. Colour vision was associated with most GCL measurements. Macular thickness was strongly correlated with macular volume and functional parameters (r>0.70, p<0.05).
  
  
  
  Patients with PD had visual dysfunction that correlated with structural changes evaluated by SD-OCT. GCL measurements may be reliable indicators of visual impairment in patients with PD.
authors.affiliation: IIS Aragon, Institute for Health Sciences of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Polo
authors.affiliation: IIS Aragon, Institute for Health Sciences of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Satue
authors.affiliation: IIS Aragon, Institute for Health Sciences of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
authors.affiliation: IIS Aragon, Institute for Health Sciences of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Otin
authors.affiliation: IIS Aragon, Institute for Health Sciences of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain Neurology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alarcia
authors.affiliation: IIS Aragon, Institute for Health Sciences of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bambo
authors.affiliation: IIS Aragon, Institute for Health Sciences of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Fuertes
authors.affiliation: IIS Aragon, Institute for Health Sciences of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Larrosa
authors.affiliation: IIS Aragon, Institute for Health Sciences of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Pablo
authors.affiliation: IIS Aragon, Institute for Health Sciences of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garcia-Martin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000473:pathology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012160:Retina / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D014792:Visual Acuity