title: In-shoe plantar pressure distribution and lower extremity muscle activity patterns of backward compared to forward running on a treadmill.
abstract: Backward locomotion in humans occurs during leisure, rehabilitation, and competitive sports. Little is known about its general biomechanical characteristics and how it affects lower extremity loading as well as muscle coordination. Thus, the purpose of this research was to analyze in-shoe plantar pressure patterns and lower extremity muscle activity patterns for backward compared to forward running.
  
  
  
  On a treadmill, nineteen runners performed forward running at their individually preferred speed, followed by backward running at 70% of their self-selected forward speed. In-shoe plantar pressures of nine foot regions and muscular activity of nine lower extremity muscles were recorded simultaneously over a one-minute interval. Backward and forward running variables were averaged over the accumulated steps and compared with Wilcoxon-signed rank tests (p<.05).
  
  
  
  For backward compared to forward running, in-shoe plantar pressure distribution showed a load increase under metatarsal heads I and II, as well as under the medial midfoot. This was indicated by higher maximum forces and peak pressures, and by longer contact times. Muscle activity showed significantly higher mean amplitudes during backward running in the semitendinosus, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and gluteus medius during stance, and in the rectus femoris during swing phase, while significantly lower mean amplitudes were observed in the tibialis anterior during swing phase.
  
  
  
  Observations indicate plantar foot loading and muscle activity characteristics that are specific for the running direction. Thus, backward running may be used on purpose for certain rehabilitation tasks, aiming to strengthen respective lower extremity muscles. Furthermore, the findings are relevant for sport specific backward locomotion training. Finally, results provide an initial baseline for innovative athletic footwear development aiming to increase comfort and performance during backward running.
authors.affiliation: Li Ning Sports Science Research Centre, Beijing, China; Department of Human Locomotion, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sterzing
authors.affiliation: Department Medical Affairs, Bauerfeind AG, Zeulenroda, Germany; Department of Human Locomotion, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany.
authors.forename: Clivia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frommhold
authors.affiliation: Movement Analysis Lab, Institute for Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany. Electronic address: diro@uni-muenster.de.
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D012775:Shoes
keywords: Backward locomotion; Electromyography; Gait line; Pedobarography; Plantar pressure patterns