title: Narrow Absorption NIR Wavelength Organic Nanoparticles Enable Multiplexed Photoacoustic Imaging.
abstract: Photoacoustic (PA) imaging is an emerging hybrid optical-ultrasound based imaging technique that can be used to visualize optical absorbers in deep tissue. Free organic dyes can be used as PA contrast agents to concurrently provide additional physiological and molecular information during imaging, but their use in vivo is generally limited by rapid renal clearance for soluble dyes and by the difficulty of delivery for hydrophobic dyes. We here report the use of the block copolymer directed self-assembly process, Flash NanoPrecipitation (FNP), to form series of highly hydrophobic optical dyes into stable, biocompatible, and water-dispersible nanoparticles (NPs) with sizes from 38 to 88 nm and with polyethylene glycol (PEG) surface coatings suitable for in vivo use. The incorporation of dyes with absorption profiles within the infrared range, that is optimal for PA imaging, produces the PA activity of the particles. The hydrophobicity of the dyes allows their sequestration in the NP cores, so that they do not interfere with targeting, and high loadings of >75 wt % dye are achieved. The optical extinction coefficients (ε (mL mg(-1) cm(-1))) were essentially invariant to the loading of the dye in NP core. Co-encapsulation of dye with vitamin E or polystyrene demonstrates the ability to simultaneously image and deliver a second agent. The PEG chains on the NP surface were functionalized with folate to demonstrate folate-dependent targeting. The spectral separation of different dyes among different sets of particles enables multiplexed imaging, such as the simultaneous imaging of two sets of particles within the same animal. We provide the first demonstration of this capability with PA imaging, by simultaneously imaging nontargeted and folate-targeted nanoparticles within the same animal. These results highlight Flash NanoPrecipitation as a platform to develop photoacoustic tools with new diagnostic capabilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.
authors.forename: Hoang D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: FUJIFILM VisualSonics , Toronto, Ontario Canada.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heinmiller
authors.affiliation: Persis Science , Andreas, Pennsylvania 18211, United States.
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Faenza
authors.affiliation: Optimeos Life Sciences LLC , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hejazi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Prud'homme
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D007259:Infrared Rays; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D061088:Photoacoustic Techniques; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D011108:Polymers; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols
keywords: Nanoparticle; folate; imaging; optoacoustic; photoacoustic; tumor