title: Noninvasive Measurement of Electrical Events Associated with a Single Chlorovirus Infection of a Microalgal Cell.
abstract: Chlorovirus Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus 1 (PBCV-1) contains a viral-encoded K(+) channel imbedded in its internal membrane, which triggers host plasma membrane depolarization during virus infection. This early stage of infection was monitored at high resolution by recording the cell membrane depolarization of a single Chlorella cell during infection by a single PBCV-1 particle. The measurement was achieved by depositing the cells onto a network of one-dimensional necklaces of Au nanoparticles, which spanned two electrodes 70 μm apart. The nanoparticle necklace array has been shown to behave as a single-electron device at room temperature. The resulting electrochemical field-effect transistor (eFET) was gated by the cell membrane potential, which allowed a quantitative measurement of the electrophysiological changes across the rigid cell wall of the microalgae due to a single viral attack at high sensitivity. The single viral infection signature was quantitatively confirmed by coupling the eFET measurement with a method in which a single viral particle was delivered for infection by a scanning probe microscope cantilever.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States.|Post-Silicon Semiconductor Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States.|Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University , Ewhayeodae-gil 52, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Hee
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Technische Universität-Darmstadt , Schnittspahnstrasse 3, Darmstadt 64287, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thiel
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, United States.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Van Etten
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States.|Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanosciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States.
authors.forename: Ravi F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Saraf
mesh_terms: D002473:Cell Wall; D002708:Chlorella; D004560:Electricity; D058086:Microalgae / Q000821:virology*; D017862:Phycodnaviridae; D014771:Virion
keywords: cell membrane potential; depolarization; electrochemical analysis; field-effect transistor; viral infection