title: Simulation of non-linear acoustic field and thermal pattern of phased-array high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).
abstract: HIFU becomes an effective and non-invasive modality of solid tumour/cancer ablation. Simulation of the non-linear acoustic wave propagation using a phased-array transducer in multiple layered media using different focusing strategies and the consequent lesion formation are essential in HIFU planning in order to enhance the efficacy and efficiency of treatment.
  
  
  
  An angular spectrum approach with marching fractional steps was applied in the wave propagation from phased-array HIFU transducer, and diffraction, attenuation, and non-linearity effects were accounted for by a second-order operator splitting scheme. The simulated distributions of the first three harmonics along and transverse to the transducer axis were compared to the hydrophone measurements. The bioheat equation was used to simulate the subsequent temperature elevation using the deposited acoustic energy, and lesion formation was determined by the thermal dose.
  
  
  
  Better agreement was found between the measured harmonics distribution and simulation using the proposed algorithm than the Khokhlov-Zabozotskaya-Kuznetsov equation. Variable focusing of the phased-array transducer (geometric focusing, transverse shifting and the generation of multiple foci) can be simulated successfully. The shifting and splitting of focus was found to result in significantly less temperature elevation at the focus and the subsequently, the smaller lesion size, but the larger grating lobe grating lobe in the pre-focal region.
  
  
  
  The proposed algorithm could simulate the non-linear wave propagation from the source with arbitrary shape and distribution of excitation through multiple tissue layers in high computation accuracy. The performance of phased-array HIFU can be optimised in the treatment planning.
authors.affiliation: a School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore.
authors.forename: Mingjun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: a School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore.
authors.forename: Yufeng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000273:Adipose Tissue; D000465:Algorithms; D003198:Computer Simulation; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D014781:Viscera; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Angular spectrum approach; high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU); non-linear acoustic field; second-order operator splitting; thermal field