title: The use of a photoionization detector to detect harmful volatile chemicals by emergency personnel.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this investigation was to determine if a photoionization detector (PID) could be used to detect the presence of a simulated harmful chemical on simulated casualties of a chemical release.
  
  
  METHODS
  A screening protocol, based on existing radiation screening protocols, was developed for the purposes of the investigation. Three simulated casualties were contaminated with a simulated chemical agent and two groups of emergency responders were involved in the trials. The success-failure ratio of the participants was used to judge the performance of the PID in this application.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high success rate was observed when the screening protocol was properly adhered to (97.67%). Conversely, the success rate suffered when participants deviated from the protocol (86.31%). With one exception, all failures were noted to have been the result of a failure to correctly observe the established screening protocol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this investigation indicate that the PID may be an effective screening tool for emergency responders. However, additional study is necessary to both confirm the effectiveness of the PID and refine the screening protocol if necessary.
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Neil D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, Kalamazoo, MI, USA.
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Fales
authors.affiliation: Michigan State University Kalamazoo Center for Medical Studies, Kalamazoo, MI, USA; Portage Fire Department, Portage, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Farrell
keywords: device; photoionization detectors; prehospital; protocol