title: Predictive Factors for Differentiating Between Septic Arthritis and Lyme Disease of the Knee in Children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differentiating between septic arthritis and Lyme disease of the knee in endemic areas can be challenging and has major implications for patient management. The purpose of this study was to identify a prediction rule to differentiate septic arthritis from Lyme disease in children presenting with knee pain and effusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients younger than 18 years of age with knee effusions who underwent arthrocentesis at our institution from 2005 to 2013. Patients with either septic arthritis (positive joint fluid culture or synovial white blood-cell count of >60,000 white blood cells/mm(3) with negative Lyme titer) or Lyme disease (positive Lyme immunoglobulin G on Western blot analysis) were included. To avoid misclassification bias, undiagnosed knee effusions and joints with both a positive culture and positive Lyme titers were excluded. Historical, clinical, and laboratory data were compared between groups to identify variables for comparison. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictive variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and eighty-nine patients were studied: 23 with culture-positive septic arthritis, 26 with culture-negative septic arthritis, and 140 with Lyme disease. Multivariate binary logistic regression identified pain with short arc motion, history of fever reported by the patient or a family member, C-reactive protein of >4 mg/L, and age younger than 2 years as independent predictive factors for septic arthritis. A simpler model was developed that showed that the risk of septic arthritis with none of these factors was 2%, with 1 of these factors was 18%, with 2 of these factors was 45%, with 3 of these factors was 84%, or with all 4 of these factors was 100%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although septic arthritis of the knee and Lyme monoarthritis share common features that can make them difficult to distinguish clinically, the presence of pain with short arc motion, C-reactive protein of >4.0 mg/L, patient-reported history of fever, and age younger than 2 years were independent predictive factors of septic arthritis in pediatric patients. The more factors that are present, the higher the risk of having septic arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Brusalis
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Afamefuna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nduaguba
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania sankarw@email.chop.edu.
authors.forename: Wudbhav N
authors.initials: WN
authors.lastname: Sankar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001170:Arthritis, Infectious / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008193:Lyme Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein