title: Gastroduodenal Disorders.
abstract: Symptoms that can be attributed to the gastroduodenal region represent one of the main subgroups among functional gastrointestinal disorders. A slightly modified classification into the following 4 categories is proposed: (1) functional dyspepsia, characterized by 1 or more of the following: postprandial fullness, early satiation, epigastric pain, and epigastric burning, which are unexplained after a routine clinical evaluation; and includes 2 subcategories: postprandial distress syndrome that is characterized by meal-induced dyspeptic symptoms and epigastric pain syndrome that does not occur exclusively postprandially; the 2 subgroups can overlap; (2) belching disorders, defined as audible escapes of air from the esophagus or the stomach, are classified into 2 subcategories, depending on the origin of the refluxed gas as detected by intraluminal impedance measurement belching: gastric and supragastric belch; (3) nausea and vomiting disorders, which include 3 subcategories: chronic nausea and vomiting syndrome; cyclic vomiting syndrome; and cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome; and (4) rumination syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of the Digestive System, University Hospital S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Electronic address: v.stanghellini@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Stanghellini
authors.affiliation: Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Francis K L
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Hasler
authors.affiliation: Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Malagelada
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University, School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tack
authors.affiliation: University of Newcastle, New Lambton, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Talley
mesh_terms: D004378:Duodenal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans
keywords: Belching; Dyspepsia; Nausea; Rumination; Vomiting