title: The effect of heightened awareness of observation on consumption of a multi-item laboratory test meal in females.
abstract: Human eating behaviour is often studied in the laboratory, but whether the extent to which a participant believes that their food intake is being measured influences consumption of different meal items is unclear. Our main objective was to examine whether heightened awareness of observation of food intake affects consumption of different food items during a lunchtime meal. One hundred and fourteen female participants were randomly assigned to an experimental condition designed to heighten participant awareness of observation or a condition in which awareness of observation was lower, before consuming an ad libitum multi-item lunchtime meal in a single session study. Under conditions of heightened awareness, participants tended to eat less of an energy dense snack food (cookies) in comparison to the less aware condition. Consumption of other meal items and total energy intake were similar in the heightened awareness vs. less aware condition. Exploratory secondary analyses suggested that the effect heightened awareness had on reduced cookie consumption was dependent on weight status, as well as trait measures of dietary restraint and disinhibition, whereby only participants with overweight/obesity, high disinhibition or low restraint reduced their cookie consumption. Heightened awareness of observation may cause females to reduce their consumption of an energy dense snack food during a test meal in the laboratory and this effect may be moderated by participant individual differences.
authors.affiliation: University of Liverpool, UK. Electronic address: eric.robinson@liv.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: University of Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Proctor
authors.affiliation: University of Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oldham
authors.affiliation: University of Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: Una
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Masic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D004435:Eating / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D062409:Lunch; D062410:Snacks; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Awareness; Demand characteristics; Eating behaviour; Energy intake; Experimenter effects; Laboratory methods; Observer effect