title: Visual Hallucinations in First-Episode Psychosis: Association with Childhood Trauma.
abstract: Hallucinations are a core diagnostic criterion for psychotic disorders and have been investigated with regard to its association with childhood trauma in first-episode psychosis samples. Research has largely focused on auditory hallucinations, while specific investigations of visual hallucinations in first-episode psychosis remain scarce.
  
  
  
  The aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of visual hallucinations, and to explore the association between visual hallucination and childhood trauma in a first-episode psychosis sample.
  
  
  
  Subjects were included from TIPS-2, a first episode psychosis study in south Rogaland, Norway. Based on the medical journal descriptions of the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), a separate score for visual and auditory hallucinations was created (N = 204). Patients were grouped according to hallucination severity (none, mild, and psychotic hallucinations) and multinomial logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with visual hallucination group.
  
  
  
  Visual hallucinations of a psychotic nature were reported by 26.5% of patients. The experience of childhood interpersonal trauma increased the likelihood of having psychotic visual hallucinations.
  
  
  
  Visual hallucinations are common in first-episode psychosis, and are related to childhood interpersonal trauma.
authors.affiliation: TIPS-Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway.
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Solesvik
authors.affiliation: TIPS-Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway.|Network for medical sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway.
authors.forename: Inge
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Joa
authors.affiliation: TIPS-Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway.
authors.forename: Tor Ketil
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: TIPS-Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Langeveld
authors.affiliation: TIPS-Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway.|Network for medical sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway.
authors.forename: Jan Olav
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Johannessen
authors.affiliation: TIPS-Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway.
authors.forename: Jone
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bjørnestad
authors.affiliation: TIPS-Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway.
authors.forename: Liss Gøril
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Anda
authors.affiliation: TIPS-Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gisselgård
authors.affiliation: TIPS-Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway.
authors.forename: Wenche Ten Velden
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Hegelstad
authors.affiliation: TIPS-Centre for Clinical Research in Psychosis, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway.|Network for medical sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Rogaland, Norway.
authors.forename: Kolbjørn
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9156-1633
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brønnick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D054523:Adult Survivors of Child Abuse; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D000067073:Psychological Trauma; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014785:Vision, Ocular; D055815:Young Adult