title: Unique Boron Carbide Nanoparticle Nanobio Interface: Effects on Protein-RNA Interactions and 3-D Spheroid Metastatic Phenotype.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effect of boron carbide (B4C) nanoparticles (NP) on protein-RNA complexes and metastatic phenotype of 3-D tumor spheroids was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Characterization was performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential (ZP), 2-dimensional fluorescence difference spectroscopy (2-D FDS), gel electrophoresis, MTT, haemolysis and 3-D tumor spheroid assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TEM showed NP were homogenous (≤50 nm) and spherical in shape. Zeta potential (ζ) of NP (-43.3) shifted upon protein:RNA interaction (+26.9). Protein:RNA complex interaction with NP was confirmed by 2-D FDS, demonstrating excitation/emission blue shift and lowered fluorescence intensity, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), where presence of B4C ablated visualization of the complex. B4C NP cytotoxicity was less than zinc oxide by MTT assay, protected haemolysis and effected 3-D tumor spheroid metastatic phenotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nanobio interface of B4C nanoparticles is unique and its anticancer potential may be mediated by altering protein and RNA interactions.
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State (NICKS), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A. robertdelong@ksu.edu.
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Delong
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State (NICKS), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Miranda N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Hurst
authors.affiliation: Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State (NICKS), Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aryal
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, LA, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Nantipoor K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Inchun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001896:Boron Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D006801:Humans; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011485:Protein Binding; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012313:RNA / Q000378:metabolism*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular
chemical_list: D001896:Boron Compounds; D011506:Proteins; D012313:RNA
keywords: 2-dimensional fluorescence difference spectroscopy (2-D FDS); Tumor spheroid; boron carbide nanoparticle (B4C NP); polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly IC); zeta potential (ZP)