title: Assessing stress responses to atmospheric cold plasma exposure using Escherichia coli knock-out mutants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the effect of atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) exposure-induced stress on microbial inactivation patterns and the regulation of genes involved in the microbial stress response in conjunction with key processing parameters of exposure time and post-treatment storage time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cell suspensions of Escherichia coli BW 25113 and its isogenic knock-out mutants in rpoS, soxR, soxS, oxyR and dnaK genes were treated with high-voltage ACP in a sealed package for 1, 3 and 5 min followed by 0-, 1- and 24-h post-treatment storage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) densities and colony formation were determined. ΔrpoS strain showed higher microbial reduction and greater cell permeability than other mutants, while ΔoxyR only showed this effect after 5 min of treatment. With increased post-treatment storage time, ΔsoxS and ΔsoxR had increased sensitivity and resistance respectively. ΔdnaK cell suspensions had much higher ROS than other strains and showed increased sensitivity with 24 h post-treatment storage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RpoS and oxyR genes have both short-term and long-term regulatory effects under plasma stress. However, knocking out dnaK gene had an immediate response on ROS scavenging and long-term repairing mechanisms. ΔsoxR and ΔsoxS had different responses to ACP treatment with the increase in post-treatment time in relation to clearance of reactive species implying the different characteristics and functions as subunits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By comparing the response of mutants under ACP exposure to key processing parameters, the mechanism of microbial inactivation was partly revealed with respect to cellular regulation and repairing genes.
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Boehm
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland.|School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cullen
authors.affiliation: School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bourke
mesh_terms: D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D055786:Gene Knockout Techniques; D007700:Kinetics; D050296:Microbial Viability; D058626:Plasma Gases / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D058626:Plasma Gases; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Escherichia coli; atmospheric cold plasma treatment; knock-out mutants; long-term reactive species; reactive oxygen species; stress response