title: Multisensory aversive stimuli differentially modulate negative feelings in near and far space.
abstract: Affect, space, and multisensory integration are processes that are closely linked. However, it is unclear whether the spatial location of emotional stimuli interacts with multisensory presentation to influence the emotional experience they induce in the perceiver. In this study, we used the unique advantages of virtual reality techniques to present potentially aversive crowd stimuli embedded in a natural context and to control their display in terms of sensory and spatial presentation. Individuals high in crowdphobic fear navigated in an auditory-visual virtual environment, in which they encountered virtual crowds presented through the visual channel, the auditory channel, or both. They reported the intensity of their negative emotional experience at a far distance and at a close distance from the crowd stimuli. Whereas auditory-visual presentation of close feared stimuli amplified negative feelings, auditory-visual presentation of distant feared stimuli did not amplify negative feelings. This suggests that spatial closeness allows multisensory processes to modulate the intensity of the emotional experience induced by aversive stimuli. Nevertheless, the specific role of auditory stimulation must be investigated to better understand this interaction between multisensory, affective, and spatial representation processes. This phenomenon may serve the implementation of defensive behaviors in response to aversive stimuli that are in position to threaten an individual's feeling of security.
authors.affiliation: Sciences et Technologies de la Musique et du Son, CNRS UMR 9912, IRCAM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 1 place Igor Stravinsky, 75004, Paris, France. marine.taffou@ircam.fr.|Social and Affective Neuroscience (SAN) Laboratory, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013, Paris, France. marine.taffou@ircam.fr.
authors.forename: Marine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taffou
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ondřej
authors.affiliation: School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.affiliation: Sciences et Technologies de la Musique et du Son, CNRS UMR 9912, IRCAM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 1 place Igor Stravinsky, 75004, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Warusfel
authors.affiliation: Social and Affective Neuroscience (SAN) Laboratory, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Inserm, U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, 47 boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dubal
authors.affiliation: Sciences et Technologies de la Musique et du Son, CNRS UMR 9912, IRCAM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 1 place Igor Stravinsky, 75004, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Viaud-Delmon
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*