title: Carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli is becoming more prevalent in Spain mainly because of the polyclonal dissemination of OXA-48.
abstract: The objective of this study was to analyse the microbiological traits and the population structure of carbapenemase-producing (CP) Escherichia coli isolates collected in Spain between 2012 and 2014.
  
  
  
  Two-hundred-and-thirty-nine E. coli isolates non-susceptible to carbapenems were studied. The carbapenemase genes and the phylogenetic groups were characterized using PCR. MLST was carried out using the typing schemes of the University of Warwick and the Institut Pasteur. The diversity of the population structure was estimated by calculating a simple diversity index (SDI).
  
  
  
  One-hundred-and-twenty-one isolates (50.6%) produced carbapenemases, of which 87 (71.9%) were OXA-48, 27 (22.3%) were VIM-1, 4 (3.3%) were KPC-2, 2 (1.7%) were NDM and 1 (0.8%) was IMP-22; 4 isolates were collected in 2012, 40 in 2013 and 77 in 2014. Ertapenem was more sensitive than imipenem or meropenem for screening for OXA-48-producing E. coli. Using the Warwick typing scheme, 59 different STs were identified, the most prevalent being ST131 (16.5%). The population diversity was higher among VIM-1-producing isolates (SDI = 81.5%) than among OXA-48-producing isolates (SDI = 44.8%). The Pasteur scheme had a higher discrimination capability (SDI = 55.4%) than the Warwick scheme (SDI = 48.8%).
  
  
  
  A progressive increase in the prevalence of CP E. coli was observed, mainly due to the dissemination of OXA-48 producers. The most sensitive method for detecting decreased susceptibility of CP E. coli to carbapenems was disc diffusion with ertapenem using the EUCAST screening cut-offs. The spread of CP E. coli was due to a polyclonal population. The Pasteur scheme showed the highest discrimination power. Surveillance is crucial for the early detection of CP E. coli.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos e Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Spain.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos e Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sáez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos e Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Spain.
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bautista
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos e Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Spain.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fernández-Romero
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos e Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Spain.
authors.forename: Noelia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos e Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Spain.
authors.forename: Belén
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aracil
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos e Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Spain.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez-Vázquez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos e Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Spain Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Referencia e Investigación en Resistencia a Antibióticos e Infecciones Relacionadas con la Asistencia Sanitaria, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI), Spain jesus.oteo@isciii.es.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oteo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052978:Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; D000077727:Ertapenem; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D047090:beta-Lactams; D001618:beta-Lactamases; C000601047:beta-lactamase OXA-48, E coli; C063912:carbapenemase; D000077727:Ertapenem