title: Evaluation of acute effects of four pharmaceuticals and their mixtures on the copepod Tisbe battagliai.
abstract: The individual and combined toxicities of acetaminophen, carbamazepine, diclofenac and ibuprofen have been examined in neonate nauplii (<24 h-old) of the harpacticoid copepod Tisbe battagliai. Based on acute toxicity data (LC50) obtained, diclofenac was the most toxic compound with an LC50 value of 9.5 mg·L(-1); this is between 5 and 7 times lower than the LC50 value for acetaminophen, carbamazepine and ibuprofen (67.8 mg·L(-1), 59 mg·L(-1) and 49.7 mg·L(-1) respectively). The environmental risk posed by the selected pharmaceuticals was assessed by calculating risk quotients (RQs) based on MEC (the highest exposure concentration of the compound in the medium)/PNEC (predicted no effect concentration) ratios. Results suggest that, at environmental concentrations, none of the compounds is harmful for the aquatic environment (low or no risk). Toxicity data obtained for mixtures were compared with predictions derived from three different models: Concentration Addition (CA), Independent Action (IA) and Combination Index (CI). The classical modeling approaches CA and IA failed to predict the observed mixture toxicity, thus indicating that single compound toxicity data are not sufficient to predict toxicity of drug mixtures on Tisbe species. However, the use of the CI seems to provide better predictions of pharmaceutical toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Rio San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain. Electronic address: chiara.trombini@icman.csic.es.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trombini
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Rio San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Centro Andaluz de Ciencias y Tecnologías Marinas (CACYTMAR), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain. Electronic address: miriam.hampel@uca.es.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hampel
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Rio San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain. Electronic address: julian.blasco@csic.es.
authors.forename: Julián
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blasco
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000633:toxicity; D033342:Copepoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000633:toxicity; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000633:toxicity; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004008:Diclofenac; D002220:Carbamazepine; D000082:Acetaminophen; D007052:Ibuprofen
keywords: Acute toxicity; Copepods; Environmental risk; Mixture toxicity; Pharmaceuticals