title: The effects of acid erosion and remineralization on enamel and three different dental materials: FT-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  FT-Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to test the hypothesis that the beverage consumption or mouthwash utilization would change the chemistry of dental materials and enamel inorganic content.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine enamel samples (n = 36) each received two cavity preparations (n = 72), each pair filled with one of three dental materials (R: nanofilled composite resin, GIC: glass-ionomer cement, RMGIC: resin-modified GIC). Furthermore, they were treated with three different solutions (S: artificial saliva, E: erosion/Pepsi Twist or EM: erosion + mouthwash/Colgate Plax).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduction of carbonate content of enamel was greater in RE than RS (P < 0.01). Increment of carbonate was greater in GICEM than in GICE and GICS (P < 0.01; P < 0.001). Significant material degradation was found in RE, REM, GICE, and GICEM than in RS and GICS (P < 0.01; P < 0.001). SEM showed clear enamel demineralization after erosion. Material degradation was greater after E and EM than S. GIC and RMGIC materials had a positive effect against acid erosion in the adjacent enamel after remineralization with mouthwash.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The beverage and mouthwash utilization would change R and GIC chemical properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A professional should periodically monitor the glass-ionomer and resin restorations, as they degrade over time under erosive challenges and mouthwash utilization. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:646-656, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Universidade Do Vale Do Paraíba, UNIVAP, Research and Development Institute, IP&D Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy, LEVB, São José Dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.|Universidade Do Vale Do Paraíba, UNIVAP, Faculty of Healt & Sciences, FCS, School of Dentistry, São José Dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luís Eduardo Silva
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Universidade Do Vale Do Paraíba, UNIVAP, Research and Development Institute, IP&D Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy, LEVB, São José Dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Lúcia Silva
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Universidade Do Vale Do Paraíba, UNIVAP, Research and Development Institute, IP&D Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy, LEVB, São José Dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Universidade Do Vale Do Paraíba, UNIVAP, Research and Development Institute, IP&D Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy, LEVB, São José Dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sidnei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nahórny
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000009:adverse effects; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent; D007180:Incisor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000473:pathology*; D014089:Tooth Remineralization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D003188:Composite Resins
keywords: FT-Raman spectroscopy; dental materials; enamel; mouthwashes; scanning electron microscopy