title: Unique human immune signature of Ebola virus disease in Guinea.
abstract: Despite the magnitude of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa, there is still a fundamental lack of knowledge about the pathophysiology of EVD. In particular, very little is known about human immune responses to Ebola virus. Here we evaluate the physiology of the human T cell immune response in EVD patients at the time of admission to the Ebola Treatment Center in Guinea, and longitudinally until discharge or death. Through the use of multiparametric flow cytometry established by the European Mobile Laboratory in the field, we identify an immune signature that is unique in EVD fatalities. Fatal EVD was characterized by a high percentage of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expressing the inhibitory molecules CTLA-4 and PD-1, which correlated with elevated inflammatory markers and high virus load. Conversely, surviving individuals showed significantly lower expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 as well as lower inflammation, despite comparable overall T cell activation. Concomitant with virus clearance, survivors mounted a robust Ebola-virus-specific T cell response. Our findings suggest that dysregulation of the T cell response is a key component of EVD pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.|Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruibal
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Oestereich
authors.affiliation: Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.|Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lüdtke
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Becker-Ziaja
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wozniak
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Romy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kerber
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Miša
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korva
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cabeza-Cabrerizo
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bore
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Fara Raymond
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Koundouno
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duraffour
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Institute of Experimental Virology, Twincore, Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Romy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thorenz
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cimini
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agrati
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Repits
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK.
authors.forename: Babak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Afrough
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Public Health England, Colindale Ave, London NW9 5EQ, UK.
authors.forename: Lauren A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Cowley
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ngabo
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hinzmann
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Friedrich Loeffler Institute, 17493 Greifswald-Island of Riems, Germany.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mertens
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK.
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vitoriano
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Logue
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Boettcher
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pallasch
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sachse
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Amadou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bah
authors.affiliation: German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nitzsche
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK.
authors.forename: Eeva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kuisma
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Elsa-Gayle
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Zekeng
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: García-Dorival
authors.affiliation: German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wölfel
authors.affiliation: German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Kilian
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stoecker
authors.affiliation: German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Erna
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fleischmann
authors.affiliation: German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Institute of Virology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Strecker
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Caro
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Tatjana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Avšič-Županc
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kurth
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meschi
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Laboratoire P4-Jean Mérieux, US003 INSERM, 69365 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mély
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK.
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Laboratoire P4-Jean Mérieux, US003 INSERM, 69365 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bocquin
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|National Center for Epidemiology, Hungarian National Biosafety Laboratory, H1097 Budapest, Hungary.|European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 171 65 Solna, Sweden.
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kis
authors.affiliation: German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Institute of Virology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kelterbaum
authors.affiliation: German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Molkenthin
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carletti
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Federal Office for Civil Protection, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Jasmine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Portmann
authors.affiliation: German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Institute of Virology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Svenja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', 00149 Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Castilletti
authors.affiliation: German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Institute of Virology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gordian
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schudt
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69365 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fizet
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK.
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Ottowell
authors.affiliation: Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Herker
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: Eurice, European Research and Project Office, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Birte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kretschmer
authors.affiliation: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 171 65 Solna, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ettore
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Severi
authors.affiliation: Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Nobila
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ouedraogo
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Service, Hospital La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lago
authors.affiliation: National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health 'Carlos III', 28220 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Anabel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Negredo
authors.affiliation: National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health 'Carlos III', 28220 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health 'Carlos III', 28220 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anda
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmiedel
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Benno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kreuels
authors.affiliation: German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.affiliation: German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Marylyn M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Addo
authors.affiliation: German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ansgar W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Lohse
authors.affiliation: Médecins sans Frontières, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: De Clerck
authors.affiliation: Médecins sans Frontières, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nanclares
authors.affiliation: Médecins sans Frontières, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jonckheere
authors.affiliation: Médecins sans Frontières, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Herp
authors.affiliation: Médecins sans Frontières, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Armand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sprecher
authors.affiliation: Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.|Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Gao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xiaojiang
authors.affiliation: Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.|Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carrington
authors.affiliation: Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, 11400 Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Osvaldo
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, 11400 Havana, Cuba.
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gabriel
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Drury
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Formenty
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Boubacar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Diallo
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Santé Publique, 2101 Conakry, Guinea.
authors.forename: Lamine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Koivogui
authors.affiliation: Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, CHU Donka, 2101 Conakry, Guinea.
authors.forename: N'Faly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Magassouba
authors.affiliation: European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.|Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK.
authors.forename: Miles W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.affiliation: Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.affiliation: Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.|Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.|German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, and Marburg, Germany.|European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Fontela
mesh_terms: D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D029043:Ebolavirus / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016701:Guinea / Q000453:epidemiology; D019142:Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000276:immunology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D008297:Male; D010351:Patient Discharge; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000378:metabolism; D017741:Survivors; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor