title: Dissolution behaviour of ferric pyrophosphate and its mixtures with soluble pyrophosphates: Potential strategy for increasing iron bioavailability.
abstract: Ferric pyrophosphate (FePP) is a widely used iron source in food fortification and in nutritional supplements, due to its white colour, that is very uncommon for insoluble Fe salts. Although its dissolution is an important determinant of Fe adsorption in human body, the solubility characteristics of FePP are complex and not well understood. This report is a study on the solubility of FePP as a function of pH and excess of pyrophosphate ions. FePP powder is sparingly soluble in the pH range of 3-6 but slightly soluble at pH<2 and pH>8. In the presence of pyrophosphate ions the solubility of FePP strongly increases at pH 5-8.5 due to formation a soluble complex between Fe(III) and pyrophosphate ions, which leads to an 8-10-fold increase in the total ionic iron concentration. This finding is beneficial for enhancing iron bioavailability, which important for the design of fortified food, beverages, and nutraceutical products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Blanco
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
authors.forename: Stoyan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Smoukov
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA.
authors.forename: Orlin D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Velev
authors.affiliation: Unilever R&D Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, 3133 AT Vlaardingen, The Netherlands; Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: krassimir.velikov@unilever.com.
authors.forename: Krassimir P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Velikov
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages; D001682:Biological Availability; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D011756:Diphosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D011756:Diphosphates; C107241:diphosphoric acid; D007501:Iron; C049051:ferric pyrophosphate
keywords: Food fortification; Iron bioavailability; Iron pyrophosphate; Iron supplementation