title: Neural activity related to discrimination and vocal production of consonant and dissonant musical intervals.
abstract: Relationships between musical pitches are described as either consonant, when associated with a pleasant and harmonious sensation, or dissonant, when associated with an inharmonious feeling. The accurate singing of musical intervals requires communication between auditory feedback processing and vocal motor control (i.e. audio-vocal integration) to ensure that each note is produced correctly. The objective of this study is to investigate the neural mechanisms through which trained musicians produce consonant and dissonant intervals.
  
  
  
  We utilized 4 musical intervals (specifically, an octave, a major seventh, a fifth, and a tritone) as the main stimuli for auditory discrimination testing, and we used the same interval tasks to assess vocal accuracy in a group of musicians (11 subjects, all female vocal students at conservatory level). The intervals were chosen so as to test for differences in recognition and production of consonant and dissonant intervals, as well as narrow and wide intervals. The subjects were studied using fMRI during performance of the interval tasks; the control condition consisted of passive listening.
  
  
  
  Singing dissonant intervals as opposed to singing consonant intervals led to an increase in activation in several regions, most notably the primary auditory cortex, the primary somatosensory cortex, the amygdala, the left putamen, and the right insula. Singing wide intervals as opposed to singing narrow intervals resulted in the activation of the right anterior insula. Moreover, we also observed a correlation between singing in tune and brain activity in the premotor cortex, and a positive correlation between training and activation of primary somatosensory cortex, primary motor cortex, and premotor cortex during singing. When singing dissonant intervals, a higher degree of training correlated with the right thalamus and the left putamen.
  
  
  
  Our results indicate that singing dissonant intervals requires greater involvement of neural mechanisms associated with integrating external feedback from auditory and sensorimotor systems than singing consonant intervals, and it would then seem likely that dissonant intervals are intoned by adjusting the neural mechanisms used for the production of consonant intervals. Singing wide intervals requires a greater degree of control than singing narrow intervals, as it involves neural mechanisms which again involve the integration of internal and external feedback.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Dr. Márquez 162, México, D.F. 06720, Mexico.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: González-García
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 70-186, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico.
authors.forename: Martha A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, A.P. 70-186, México, D.F. 04510, Mexico. Electronic address: pablo.rendon@ccadet.unam.mx.
authors.forename: Pablo L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Rendón
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000679:Amygdala / Q000502:physiology; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D056228:Feedback, Sensory; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D009146:Music; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011699:Putamen / Q000502:physiology; D063346:Singing; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Audio-vocal integration; Consonance and dissonance; FMRI; Neural correlates of music; Singing; Somatosensory