title: Association between gallbladder stone disease and prostate cancer: A nationwide population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic inflammation and abnormal cholesterol metabolism are involved in the pathogenesis of gallbladder stone disease (GSD) and that of prostate cancer in experimental studies. We assessed the association between GSD and prostate cancer in this population-based study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative incidence of prostate cancer (log-rank test: P <.001) and the risk of prostate cancer (1.64 vs 1.14 per 10 000 person-y, adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22-1.39) were greater in the patients with GSD than in those without GSD. Furthermore, the risk of prostate cancer increased with the time of follow-up after a diagnosis of GSD, particularly after 9 years of follow-up (aHR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.74-2.19).
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 9496 patients who were diagnosed with GSD between 1998 and 2011 from Taiwan's Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000 as the study cohort. We randomly selected 37 983 controls from the non-GSD population and used frequency matching by age, sex, and index year for the control cohort. All patient cases were followed until the end of 2011 to measure the incidence of prostate cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSD is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, and the risk increases with the time of follow-up after a diagnosis of GSD.
authors.affiliation: Digestive Disease Center, Show-Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.|Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan.|Chung Chou University of Science and Technology, Yuanlin Township, Changhua, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Hua
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.|College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Cheng-Li
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.|Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Hung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D016208:Databases, Factual; D042882:Gallstones / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: gallbladder stone disease; metabolic disorder; prostate cancer