title: Reliability and Validity of EN-TreeM Dynamometer for Measurement of Shoulder Rotator Strength in Volleyball Players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Volleyball involves repeated forceful arm actions that produce a high incidence of shoulder injury. Shoulder rotator strength ratio is an important predictor of the likelihood of shoulder injury, especially, secondary shoulder impingement and instability. Therefore, assessment of muscle strength of external and internal rotators of shoulder is imperative to establish the profiles of shoulder rotator performance, strength ratios, and shoulder mobility of volleyball players.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish reliability and validity of EN-TreeM dynamometer for the measurement of shoulder rotators strength in volleyball players.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty male volleyball players aged 18-24 years, mean height 1.7m, weight 69.8 Kg and BMI 23.1 participated in the study. They performed 1RM (one repetition maximum) estimation protocols using EN-TreeM dynamometer and free weights for shoulder rotators, to investigate its concurrent validity. A retest using the same protocol was performed 48 hours later to assess test-retest reliability of the EN-TreeM dynamometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results yielded excellent test-retest reliability (ICC0.96) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha0.98) for both internal and external rotators. The concurrent validity was established using Pearson correlation coefficient (internal rotator r=0.45, p=0.01;External rotator r=0.38, p=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings establish the reliability and concurrent validity of EN-TreeM dynamometer for the quantification of shoulder rotators strength. Based on these findings in volleyball players, EN-TreeM dynamometer can be used with confidence as an instrument for assessing muscle performance (strength). Additionally, it may also be used for monitoring changes due to rehabilitation interventions in shoulder injuries.
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapist, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi, India .
authors.lastname: Kaleem
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi, India .
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi, India .
authors.forename: Jamal Ali
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Moiz
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapist, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia , New Delhi, India .
authors.forename: Mohd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Physiotherapist, Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Shalini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verma
keywords: 1RM; Concurrent validity; Reliability