title: Chemical vs. biotechnological synthesis of C13-apocarotenoids: current methods, applications and perspectives.
abstract: Apocarotenoids are natural compounds derived from the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids. Particularly, C13-apocarotenoids are volatile compounds that contribute to the aromas of different flowers and fruits and are highly valued by the Flavor and Fragrance industry. So far, the chemical synthesis of these terpenoids has dominated the industry. Nonetheless, the increasing consumer demand for more natural and sustainable processes raises an interesting opportunity for bio-production alternatives. In this regard, enzymatic biocatalysis and metabolically engineered microorganisms emerge as attractive biotechnological options. The present review summarizes promising bioengineering approaches with regard to chemical production methods for the synthesis of two families of C13-apocarotenoids: ionones/dihydroionones and damascones/damascenone. We discuss each method and its applicability, with a thorough comparative analysis for ionones, focusing on the production process, regulatory aspects, and sustainability.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Vicente F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Cataldo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Javiera
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: López
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Martín
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cárcamo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile. agosin@ing.puc.cl.
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Agosin
mesh_terms: D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D060326:Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D005421:Flavoring Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005421:Flavoring Agents; D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: Apocarotenoid; Aroma; Bioflavor; Biotechnological synthesis; Chemical synthesis; Ionone; Terpenoid