title: Preliminary Analysis of the 3-Dimensional Morphology of the Upper Lip Configuration at the Completion of Facial Expressions in Healthy Japanese Young Adults and Patients With Cleft Lip.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop criteria for the analysis of upper lip configuration of patients with cleft lip while they produce various facial expressions by comparing the 3-dimensional (3D) facial morphology of healthy Japanese adults and patients with cleft lip.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty healthy adult Japanese volunteers (10 men, 10 women, controls) without any observed facial abnormalities and 8 patients (4 men, 4 women) with unilateral cleft lip and palate who had undergone secondary lip and nose repair were recruited for this study. Facial expressions (resting, smiling, and blowing out a candle) were recorded with 2 Artec MHT 3D scanners, and images were superimposed by aligning the T-zone of the faces. The positions of 14 specific points were set on each face, and the positional changes of specific points and symmetry of the upper lip cross-section were analyzed. Furthermore, the configuration observed in healthy controls was compared with that in patients with cleft lip before and after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean absolute values for T-zone overlap ranged from 0.04 to 0.15 mm. Positional changes of specific points in the controls showed that the nose and lip moved backward and laterally upward when smiling and the lips moved forward and downward medially when blowing out a candle; these movements were bilaterally symmetrical in men and women. In patients with cleft lip, the positional changes of the specific points were minor compared with those of the controls while smiling and blowing out a candle. The left-versus-right symmetry of the upper lip cross-section exceeded 1.0 mm in patients with cleft lip, which was markedly higher than that in the controls (0.17 to 0.91 mm). These left-versus-right differences during facial expressions were decreased after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By comparing healthy individuals with patients with cleft lip, this study has laid the basis for determining control values for facial expressions.
authors.affiliation: Attending Staff and Postgraduate Student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouzou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan. Electronic address: nozoe@dent.kagoshima-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Etsuro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nozoe
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okawachi
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyohide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishihata
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Functional Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuhide
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishinara
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Field of Oral and Maxillofacial Rehabilitation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors.forename: Norifumi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D059925:Anatomic Landmarks; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000473:pathology*; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007564:Japan; D008046:Lip / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D008297:Male