title: Development of surface stabilized candesartan cilexetil nanocrystals with enhanced dissolution rate, permeation rate across CaCo-2, and oral bioavailability.
abstract: Candesartan cilexetil (CC), an ester prodrug of candesartan, is BCS class II drug with extremely low aqueous solubility limiting its oral bioavailability. The present research aimed to develop a nanocrystalline formulation of CC with improved saturation solubility in gastrointestinal fluids and thereby, exhibiting enhanced oral bioavailability. CC nanocrystals were prepared using a low energy antisolvent precipitation methodology. A combination of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and Pluronic® F 127 (50:50 w/w) was found to be optimum for the preparation of CC nanocrystals. The particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of optimized formulation was found to be 159 ± 8.1 nm, 0.177 ± 0.043, and -23.7 ± 1.02 mV, respectively. Optimized formulation was found to possess irregular, plate-like morphology as evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and crystalline as evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). A significant increase in saturation solubility and dissolution rate of the optimized nanosuspension was observed at all the tested pH conditions. Optimized CC nanocrystals exhibited a storage stability of more than 3 months when stored under cold and room temperature conditions. In vitro Caco-2 permeability further revealed that CC nanocrystals exhibited nearly 4-fold increase in permeation rate compared to the free CC. In vivo oral bioavailability studies of optimized CC nanocrystals in murine model revealed 3.8-fold increase in the oral bioavailability and twice the C max as compared with the free CC when administered orally. In conclusion, this study has established a crystalline nanosuspension formulation of CC with improved oral bioavailability in murine model. Graphical Abstract Antisolvent precipitation methodology for the preparation of Candesartan Cilexetil nanocrystals for enhanced solubility and oral bioavailability.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab, 160062, India. sanyogjain@niper.ac.in.
authors.forename: Sanyog
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab, 160062, India.
authors.forename: Venkata Appa
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab, 160062, India.
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), Punjab, 160062, India.
authors.forename: Kamlesh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001826:Body Fluids; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D065546:Drug Liberation; D004355:Drug Stability; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010316:Particle Size; D010539:Permeability; D020442:Poloxamer / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D012995:Solubility; D013499:Surface Properties; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D013777:Tetrazoles; D020442:Poloxamer; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; C077793:candesartan cilexetil
keywords: Antisolvent precipitation; Candesartan cilexetil; Nanocrystals; Oral bioavailability; Saturation solubility