title: Effect of anisomycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor, on the in vitro developmental potential, ploidy and embryo quality of bovine ICSI embryos.
abstract: Increasing the efficiency of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in domestic animals has been attempted by many researchers, however embryonic development to the blastocyst stage remains low compared with that of in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos. One of the main problems observed in cattle is inadequate oocyte activation after ICSI. The present study compared the effect of cycloheximide (CHX), 6-dimethylaminopurine (DMAP), and anisomycin (ANY) on the fertilization rate, development, ploidy and quality of bovine embryos generated by ICSI. Although no differences were observed between treatments in terms of cleavage, higher blastocyst rates were observed for ANY (37.3%) compared with CHX (21.8%, P 0.05) treatments. No differences were observed in the quality of embryos as assessed by the total number of cells, their distribution to the different embryo compartments [inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE)], the proportion of ICM cells to the total cell numbers and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL)-positive cells. Similarly, no differences were observed in the normal ploidy of embryos (56, 67, and 55%) for ANY, CHX and DMAP, respectively. However, higher fertilization rates were observed for ANY (75%) and CHX (87%) treatments compared with DMAP (35%). In conclusion, ANY showed a superior developmental rate compared with CHX treatment. Although no significant differences were observed compared with an improved protocol of DMAP (2Io-DMAP), the lower fertilization rate recorded with DMAP strongly suggests that ANY could be a better alternative for oocyte activation than traditional chemical compounds used currently in ICSI.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Reproduction,Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR-BIOREN),Universidad de La Frontera,Temuco,Chile.
authors.forename: María Elena
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Arias
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Reproduction,Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR-BIOREN),Universidad de La Frontera,Temuco,Chile.
authors.forename: Raúl
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Reproduction,Centre of Reproductive Biotechnology (CEBIOR-BIOREN),Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources,Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry,Universidad de La Frontera,Montevideo 0870,P.O. Box 54-D,Temuco,Chile.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Felmer
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000841:Anisomycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D011003:Ploidies; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; C001020:N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenine; D000841:Anisomycin; D003513:Cycloheximide; D000225:Adenine
keywords: Activation; Anisomycin; Cycloheximide; Dimethylaminopurine; ICSI