title: A Staging System for Revision Rhinoplasty: A Review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rhinoplasty is known to be one of the more technically challenging cosmetic procedures, with a revision rate of 5% to 15%. Reasons for revisions may range from minor deformities that can be treated in the office to major cosmetic and functional defects that require multiple surgical procedures to correct. The literature lacks a uniform scale that systematically evaluates the patient presenting for revision rhinoplasty. The TNM staging system for classifying malignant tumors was developed to aid the physician in planning treatment, providing some information about prognosis, assisting in evaluating the results of treatment, and facilitating the exchange of information. Although the patient presenting for a revision rhinoplasty does not have a potentially lethal disease, a classification system for such patients resembling that used for malignant tumors may provide similar benefits.
  
  
  METHODS
  As in TNM staging, we describe 3 major components that determine the overall difficulty of surgery for revision rhinoplasty. In our PGS system, "P" represents "problem," consisting of the specific anatomic anomaly with which the patient presents. The second component in our system is "G" for "graft," based on the number of grafts required. The third component of this system is "S," for "number of previous surgical procedures." In addition, we have included a category "E," for "patient expectations," which is added after the stage of the patient's condition has been determined through the PGS classification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rather than being measured in terms of survival, as with the TNM system for malignant tumors, the prognosis in revision rhinoplasty is measured in terms of what can be achieved with surgery as opposed to what cannot. This preoperative staging system may help the patient understand the complexity of the repair required and help manage expectations. The PGS system will facilitate exchange of information between surgeons who perform revision rhinoplasty. A standardized evaluation system will allow meaningful comparisons of surgical techniques and evaluations of outcomes of rhinoplasty procedures.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodman
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston 2Facial Plastic Surgery Associates, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kridel
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D012086:Reoperation / Q000145:classification*; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000145:classification*