title: A Multimodal Approach to Rejuvenation of the Lower Face.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Facial aging is multifactorial, including changes in all the anatomical layers of the face including bone, fat, connective tissues and skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  An evaluation of the multifactorial causation of facial aging pointed to the need for a multifactorial approach to restoration and rejuvenation of the aging human face.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The varied aetiologies of the expressions of facial aging require more interventions than a unipolar approach. Combinations of neuromodulators, three and two-dimensional fillers and energy based devices were discussed. Surgical interventions were also discussed but were not addressed in this paper.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A multimodal approach to lower facial rejuvenation and restoration is discussed as the most effective and appropriate method to achieve noninvasive aesthetic treatment success.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and †Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carruthers
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carruthers
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003094:Collagen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D000067548:Dermal Fillers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D057086:High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation; D006801:Humans; D062325:Intense Pulsed Light Therapy; D007911:Lentigo / Q000628:therapy; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000078702:Radiofrequency Therapy; D012060:Rejuvenation; D015595:Skin Aging; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000628:therapy; D013684:Telangiectasis / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000067548:Dermal Fillers; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D003094:Collagen; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; C545476:incobotulinumtoxinA