title: Environment and genotype effects on antioxidant properties of organically grown wheat varieties: a 3-year study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wheat grain (Triticum aestivum L.) possesses significant amounts of antioxidants that contribute to the dietary antiradical protection against a number of chronic diseases. Despite the increasing interest in organic food among both consumers and scientists, the availability of literature studies concerning the environment effect under organic management is still scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of wheat varieties by considering the genotype response to different environmental factors under biodynamic management.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The soluble fraction of phenolic compounds was mainly determined by the environment, whereas a major genotypic effect was observed for the bound forms, which were present at higher amounts in red grain varieties. Moreover, a predominant effect of genotype was observed for yellow pigment content and antioxidant activity determined by the FRAP method. Despite some changes induced by environment, most genotypes had stable antioxidant properties and different phenolic profiles as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, except for the old variety Inallettabile, which was the most sensitive to environmental fluctuations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The red grain varieties Andriolo, Gentil rosso and Verna were identified as the most promising breeding material for the development of varieties with high nutraceutical value under low-input management. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127, Bologna, Italy.|Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Di Silvestro
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Loreto
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bosi
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bregola
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, 50144, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benedettelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.|Research and Development of Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), 18016, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Segura-Carretero
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dinelli
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D058870:Food, Organic / Q000032:analysis*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009753:Nutritive Value; D058871:Organic Agriculture; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D013045:Species Specificity; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010860:Pigments, Biological; D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: HPLC-MS; antioxidant activity; carotenoids; organic farming; polyphenols; wheat