title: Optimal Dose and Method of Administration of Intravenous Insulin in the Management of Emergency Hyperkalemia: A Systematic Review.
abstract: Hyperkalemia is a common electrolyte disorder that can result in fatal cardiac arrhythmias. Despite the importance of insulin as a lifesaving intervention in the treatment of hyperkalemia in an emergency setting, there is no consensus on the dose or the method (bolus or infusion) of its administration. Our aim was to review data in the literature to determine the optimal dose and route of administration of insulin in the management of emergency hyperkalemia.
  
  
  
  We searched several databases from their date of inception through February 2015 for eligible articles published in any language. We included any study that reported on the use of insulin in the management of hyperkalemia.
  
  
  
  We identified eleven studies. In seven studies, 10 units of regular insulin was administered (bolus in five studies, infusion in two studies), in one study 12 units of regular insulin was infused over 30 minutes, and in three studies 20 units of regular insulin was infused over 60 minutes. The majority of included studies were biased. There was no statistically significant difference in mean decrease in serum potassium (K+) concentration at 60 minutes between studies in which insulin was administered as an infusion of 20 units over 60 minutes and studies in which 10 units of insulin was administered as a bolus (0.79±0.25 mmol/L versus 0.78±0.25 mmol/L, P = 0.98) or studies in which 10 units of insulin was administered as an infusion (0.79±0.25 mmol/L versus 0.39±0.09 mmol/L, P = 0.1). Almost one fifth of the study population experienced an episode of hypoglycemia.
  
  
  
  The limited data available in the literature shows no statistically significant difference between the different regimens of insulin used to acutely lower serum K+ concentration. Accordingly, 10 units of short acting insulin given intravenously may be used in cases of hyperkalemia. Alternatively, 20 units of short acting insulin may be given as a continuous intravenous infusion over 60 minutes in patients with severe hyperkalemia (i.e., serum K+ concentration > 6.5 mmol/L) and those with marked EKG changes related to hyperkalemia (e.g., prolonged PR interval, wide QRS complex) as an alternative to 10 units of short acting insulin. Because the risk of hypoglycemia is increased with using large insulin doses, sufficient glucose (60 grams with the administration of 20 units of insulin and 50 grams with the administration of 10 units) should be given to prevent hypoglycemia, and plasma glucose should be frequently monitored.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 2 Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.|Division of Nephrology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 2 Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.|Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Ziv
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Harel
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 2 Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.|Division of Nephrology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 2 Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.|Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Kamel S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kamel
mesh_terms: D061605:Administration, Intravenous; D005947:Glucose; D006801:Humans; D006947:Hyperkalemia / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000139:chemically induced; D061266:Insulin, Short-Acting / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D061266:Insulin, Short-Acting; D005947:Glucose; D011188:Potassium