title: Difference among shock-absorbing capabilities of mouthguard materials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the shock absorption capability of commercial thermoforming mouthguard sheet materials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve commercial thermoforming mouthguard sheet materials were selected as test materials. The impact test was applied by a free-falling steel ball. When impact forces of approximately 660 N were applied on the commercial thermoforming mouthguard materials, the peak intensities were measured using the load cell sensor. The peak intensity and the time to peak intensity from the onset of the transmitted force were statistically analyzed using one-way anova and Tukey's honest significant difference post hoc test (P < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis for the peak intensity and the time to peak intensity from the onset of the transmitted force revealed significant differences among the thirteen groups including the control. The peak intensity of the polystyrene-polyolefin copolymer-based material was lower than the peak intensity of the EVA-, polyolefin-based material. Polyolefin-based materials had a tendency of a long duration to reach peak intensity from the onset of the transmitted force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that all of the commercially available mouthguard sheet materials had high shock-absorbing capabilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukasawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Churei
authors.affiliation: Dental Unit, Kumudini Women's Medical College, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Ruman Uddin
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shirako
authors.affiliation: Dental Unit, Kumudini Women's Medical College, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Sharika
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahrin
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Abhishekhi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shrestha
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wada
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Motohiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uo
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biomaterials Development Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Sports Medicine/Dentistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueno
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D008422:Materials Testing; D009064:Mouth Protectors; D011145:Polyvinyls; D013232:Steel
chemical_list: D011145:Polyvinyls; D013232:Steel
keywords: ethylene vinyl acetate; mouthguard; polyolefin; polystyrene-polyolefin copolymer; shock-absorbing capability