title: Maternal exposure to a Western-style diet causes differences in intestinal microbiota composition and gene expression of suckling mouse pups.
abstract: The long-lasting consequences of nutritional programming during the early phase of life have become increasingly evident. The effects of maternal nutrition on the developing intestine are still underexplored.
  
  
  
  In this study, we observed (1) altered microbiota composition of the colonic luminal content, and (2) differential gene expression in the intestinal wall in 2-week-old mouse pups born from dams exposed to a Western-style (WS) diet during the perinatal period. A sexually dimorphic effect was found for the differentially expressed genes in the offspring of WS diet-exposed dams but no differences between male and female pups were found for the microbiota composition. Integrative analysis of the microbiota and gene expression data revealed that the maternal WS diet independently affected gene expression and microbiota composition. However, the abundance of bacterial families not affected by the WS diet (Bacteroidaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Lachnospiraceae) correlated with the expression of genes playing a key role in intestinal development and functioning (e.g. Pitx2 and Ace2).
  
  
  
  Our data reveal that maternal consumption of a WS diet during the perinatal period alters both gene expression and microbiota composition in the intestinal tract of 2-week-old offspring.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wilma T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Steegenga
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mischke
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carolien
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lute
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mark V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Boekschoten
authors.affiliation: Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lendvai
authors.affiliation: Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maurien G M
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Pruis
authors.affiliation: Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henkjan J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Verkade
authors.affiliation: Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bert J M
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: van de Heijning
authors.affiliation: NIZO food research BV, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boekhorst
authors.affiliation: NIZO food research BV, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Harro M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Timmerman
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Plösch
authors.affiliation: Nutrigenomics and Systems Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Guido J E J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hooiveld
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003106:Colon / Q000502:physiology; D066273:Diet, Western / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000502:physiology*; D007774:Lactation; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: Gut development; Maternal diet; Microbiota composition; Offspring; Transcriptomics