title: Ocular and orbital side-effects of checkpoint inhibitors: a review article.
abstract: Checkpoint inhibitors have been increasingly considered as new targets for cancer therapies. Patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors develop many immune-related adverse events (IRAEs). However, ophthalmic IRAEs are rare and have been reported in less than 1% of patients. To date, few case reports evaluating the ophthalmological side-effects of checkpoint inhibitors have been published. In this review, we plan to report the different ocular and orbital side-effects of the checkpoint inhibitors, and to help guide ophthalmologists and oncologists in their management.
  
  
  
  Ocular side-effects of checkpoint inhibitors include peripheral ulcerative keratitis, uveitis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, choroidal neovascularization and melanoma-associated retinopathy. Both thyroid-associated orbitopathy and idiopathic orbital inflammation have also been reported in association with checkpoint inhibitors. Mild IRAE can be treated with topical steroids, whereas systemic corticosteroids and discontinuation of checkpoint inhibitors are indicated in more severe ocular and orbital inflammation.
  
  
  
  Physicians involved in the care of oncologic patients should be aware of the ocular and orbital IRAEs that may develop with checkpoint inhibitors. A strong cooperation between oncologists and ophthalmologists is required in the diagnosis and prompt management of these IRAEs.
authors.affiliation: aSaint Joseph University, Faculty of Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon bFondation ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild cHôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Faculté de Médecine Diderot Paris 7, France.
authors.forename: Joëlle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Antoun
authors.forename: Cherif
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Titah
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cochereau
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor