title: A Systematic Review of the Prevention and Treatment of Prescription Drug Misuse.
abstract: This is a review and evaluation of the current clinical guidelines and empirical literature in relation to the Department of Defense (DoD) policies and directives regarding prescription drug misuse (PDM).
  
  
  
  Sources were 11 clinical guidelines and consensus statements, 20 DoD Directives and the published literature from 2000 to 2012. Articles were included if they specifically focused on the prevention or treatment of PDM.
  
  
  
  DoD directives were evaluated in relation to the clinical guidelines and the relevant research literature. Empirical evidence supporting the directives was limited.
  
  
  
  There is little empirical evidence for the prevention and treatment of PDM and the majority of published guidelines and studies focus on prescription opioids. Important limitations include the lack of information about appropriately identifying and managing persons at risk for PDM. More research is needed to identify and recommend effective mechanisms for the prevention and treatment of PDM.
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation,1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202.
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401.
authors.forename: Sarah B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401.
authors.forename: Karen Chan
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Osilla
authors.affiliation: CJTF-OIR, APO AE 09306.
authors.forename: Warren
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: 210 5th Street South Apt 3, Columbus, MS 39701.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, Santa Monica, CA 90401.
authors.forename: Rosalie Liccardo
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Pacula
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006291:Health Policy / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D009294:Narcotics; D055553:Prescription Drugs