title: Prognostication of long-term outcomes after subarachnoid hemorrhage: The FRESH score.
abstract: To create a multidimensional tool to prognosticate long-term functional, cognitive, and quality of life outcomes after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) using data up to 48 hours after admission.
  
  
  
  Data were prospectively collected for 1,619 consecutive patients enrolled in the SAH outcome project July 1996 to March 2014. Linear models (LMs) were applied to identify factors associated with outcome in 1,526 patients with complete data. Twelve-month functional, cognitive, and quality of life outcomes were measured using the modified Rankin scale (mRS), Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status, and Sickness Impact Profile. Based on the LM residuals, we constructed the FRESH score (Functional Recovery Expected after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage). Score performance, discrimination, and internal validity were tested using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Nagelkerke and Cox/Snell R(2) , and bootstrapping. For external validation, we used a control population of SAH patients from the CONSCIOUS-1 study (n = 413).
  
  
  
  The FRESH score was composed of Hunt & Hess and APACHE-II physiologic scores on admission, age, and aneurysmal rebleed within 48 hours. Separate scores to prognosticate 1-year cognition (FRESH-cog) and quality of life (FRESH-quol) were developed controlling for education and premorbid disability. Poor functional outcome (mRS = 4-6) for score levels 1 through 9 respectively was present in 3, 6, 12, 38, 61, 83, 92, 98, and 100% at 1-year follow-up. Performance of FRESH (AUC = 0.90), FRESH-cog (AUC = 0.80), and FRESH-quol (AUC = 0.78) was high. External validation of our cohort using mRS as endpoint showed satisfactory results (AUC = 0.77). To allow for convenient score calculation, we built a smartphone app available for free download.
  
  
  
  FRESH is the first clinical tool to prognosticate long-term outcome after spontaneous SAH in a multidimensional manner. Ann Neurol 2016;80:46-58.
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Witsch
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Frey
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Sweta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Soojin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Shouri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lahiri
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Falo
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Velazquez
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, St Michael's Hospital, Labatt Family Centre of Excellence in Brain Injury and Trauma Research, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Blessing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jaja
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurosurgery, St Michael's Hospital, Labatt Family Centre of Excellence in Brain Injury and Trauma Research, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: R Loch
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
authors.forename: E Sander
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Claassen
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition; D003943:Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology