title: The evolution of endovascular electroencephalography: historical perspective and future applications.
abstract: Current standard practice requires an invasive approach to the recording of electroencephalography (EEG) for epilepsy surgery, deep brain stimulation (DBS), and brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). The development of endovascular techniques offers a minimally invasive route to recording EEG from deep brain structures. This historical perspective aims to describe the technical progress in endovascular EEG by reviewing the first endovascular recordings made using a wire electrode, which was followed by the development of nanowire and catheter recordings and, finally, the most recent progress in stent-electrode recordings. The technical progress in device technology over time and the development of the ability to record chronic intravenous EEG from electrode arrays is described. Future applications for the use of endovascular EEG in the preoperative and operative management of epilepsy surgery are then discussed, followed by the possibility of the technique's future application in minimally invasive operative approaches to DBS and BMI.
authors.affiliation: Departments of 1 Medical Education and.
authors.forename: Roberta K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Sefcik
authors.affiliation: Vascular Bionics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicholas L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Opie
authors.affiliation: Vascular Bionics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Sam E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and.
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kellner
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mocco
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; and.|Vascular Bionics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Oxley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000628:therapy*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans
keywords: BMI = brain-machine interface; DBS = deep brain stimulation; EEG = electroencephalography; brain-machine interface; deep brain stimulation; electroencephalography; endovascular; epilepsy; intraarterial