title: CD137 and CD137L signals are main drivers of type 1, cell-mediated immune responses.
abstract: CD137 is expressed on activated T cells and NK cells, among others, and is a potent co-stimulator of antitumor immune responses. CD137 ligand (CD137L) is expressed by antigen presenting cells (APC), and CD137L reverse signaling into APC enhances their activity. CD137-CD137L interactions as main driver of type 1, cell-mediated immune responses explains the puzzling observation that CD137 agonists which enhance antitumor immune responses also ameliorate autoimmune diseases. Upon co-stimulation by CD137, Th1 CD4+T cells together with Tc1 CD8+T cells and NK cells inhibit other T cell subsets, thereby promoting antitumor responses and mitigating non-type 1 auto-immune diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore.
authors.forename: Bhushan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dharmadhikari
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore.
authors.forename: Meihui
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore.
authors.forename: Nur Sharalyn
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore.
authors.forename: Sakthi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajendran
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore.
authors.forename: Nur Diana
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Ishak
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nickles
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Zulkarnain
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Harfuddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schwarz
keywords: CD137; T cell polarization; Tc1; Th1