title: Temporomandibular disorders symptoms in Asian adolescents and their association with sleep quality and psychological distress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) symptoms and their association with sleep quality and psychological distress in Chinese adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred seventy-eight adolescents were enrolled in the study and completed a self-reported TMD symptom questionnaire and socio-demographics survey. Sleep quality and psychological distress were assessed. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were performed with TMD symptoms as the outcome variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of adolescents with at least one TMD symptom was 61.4%. One-third of subjects experienced disturbed sleep, depression, and stress; 65.2% experienced anxiety. Subjects with TMD symptoms had greater psychological distress and disturbed sleep than those who were symptom-free. Logistic regression analysis showed that sleep disturbance and daytime dysfunction and anxiety were significantly related to TMD symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of TMD symptoms in Asian adolescents is high. Disturbed sleep and psychological distress are correlated with TMD; thus, a further longitudinal research of the causality is warranted.
authors.affiliation: a Center for TMD and Orofacial Pain , Peking University School, Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing , China.|b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology , Peking University School, Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.affiliation: c Eleanor Roosevelt College , University of San Diego , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Jiayu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: d Department of Dentistry , Alexandra Hospital, Ng Teng Fong Hospital General and Jurong Medical Centre, Jurong Health Services , Singapore.|e School of Science and Technology , SIM University, Singapore.|f Faculty of Dentistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore.
authors.forename: Adrian U J
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.affiliation: a Center for TMD and Orofacial Pain , Peking University School, Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing , China.|b Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology , Peking University School, Hospital of Stomatology , Beijing , China.
authors.forename: Kai-Yuan
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Anxiety; Cross-sectional study; Depression; Risk factor; Sleep disturbance; Stress