title: Telomerase Inhibition by Everolimus Suppresses Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Neointima Formation Through Epigenetic Gene Silencing.
abstract: The present study sought to investigate the mechanisms underlying the mitogenic function of telomerase and to test the hypothesis that everolimus, commonly used on drug-eluting stents, suppresses smooth muscle cells (SMC) proliferation by targeting telomerase.
  
  
  
  Proliferation of SMC during neointima formation is prevented by drug-eluting stents. Although the replicative capacity of mammalian cells is enhanced by telomerase expression, the contribution of telomerase to the proliferative response underlying neointima formation and its potential role as a pharmacological target remain to be investigated.
  
  
  
  We first employed constitutive expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in cell systems to study transcriptional mechanisms by which telomerase activates a mitogenic program. Second, overexpression of telomerase in mice provided a model to study the role of telomerase as a drug target for the antiproliferative efficacy of everolimus.
  
  
  
  Inhibition of neointima formation by everolimus is lost in mice overexpressing TERT, indicating that repression of telomerase confers the antiproliferative efficacy of everolimus. Everolimus reduces TERT expression in SMC through an Ets-1-dependent inhibition of promoter activation. The inhibition of TERT-dependent SMC proliferation by everolimus occurred in the absence of telomere shortening but rather as a result of a G1→S phase arrest. Although everolimus failed to inhibit phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein as the gatekeeper of S-phase entry, it potently repressed downstream target genes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we finally demonstrate that TERT induces E2F binding to S-phase gene promoters and supports histone acetylation, effects that are inhibited by everolimus and mediate its antiproliferative activity.
  
  
  
  These results characterize telomerase as a previously unrecognized target for the antiproliferative activity of everolimus. Our studies further identify a novel mitogenic pathway in SMC, which depends on the epigenetic activation of S-phase gene promoters by TERT.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aono
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qing
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Hannes M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Findeisen
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Karrie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Elizabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Heywood
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gill Heart Institute and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruemmer
keywords: everolimus; neointima; smooth muscle cell; telomerase