title: Optimal nutrition in lactating women and its effect on later health of offspring: A systematic review of current evidence and recommendations (EarlyNutrition project).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  EarlyNutrition ( www.project-earlynutrition.eu ) is an international research consortium investigating the effects of early nutrition on metabolic programming.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To summarize current evidence and standards, recommendations, guidelines, and regulations on nutrition or supplements in lactating women with emphasis placed on long-term health effects in offspring, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, overweight/obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, or glucose intolerance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Embase, selected databases and websites were searched for documents published between 2010 and 2015.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen documents met the inclusion criteria. Effects of maternal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) supplementation on overweight/obesity or hypertension in offspring were assessed in 10 studies. One study described the effect of maternal vitamin D supplementation on overweight/obesity, and the remaining 2 studies assessed the effects of maternal probiotic/synbiotic supplementation during lactation on overweight/obesity or metabolic syndrome in their infants. Forty-one documents contained dietary recommendations on various macro- and micronutrients for lactating women, but without consideration of our long-term health outcomes in infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Literature on nutrition of lactating women and its effect on their infants' later health with respect to metabolic programming outcomes appeared to be scarce, and focused mostly on supplementation of LC-PUFA's. No recent guidelines or recommendations were available, highlighting the significant research gaps regarding this topic.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pediatrics , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Waard
authors.affiliation: b Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine , Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich , Munich , Germany.
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brands
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pediatrics , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stefanie M P
authors.initials: SMP
authors.lastname: Kouwenhoven
authors.affiliation: c Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology , La Fe University Hospital , Valencia , Spain.
authors.forename: Joaquim Calvo
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lerma
authors.affiliation: c Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology , La Fe University Hospital , Valencia , Spain.
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crespo-Escobar
authors.affiliation: b Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine , Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich , Munich , Germany.
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koletzko
authors.affiliation: d Department of Paediatrics , The Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Bartlomiej M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Zalewski
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pediatrics , VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.|e Department of Pediatrics , Emma Children's Hospital-Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: van Goudoever
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000517:prevention & control; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000592:standards*; D007774:Lactation; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: Infant; LC-PUFA; Vitamin D; metabolic programming; probiotics