title: Adverse Associations of both Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure to Organophosphorous Pesticides with Infant Neurodevelopment in an Agricultural Area of Jiangsu Province, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prenatal exposure to organophosphorous (OP) pesticides has been found to be associated with adverse effects on child neurodevelopment, but evidence on potential effects induced by both prenatal and postnatal OP exposure in infants is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to investigate the associations of both prenatal and postnatal OP exposure with birth outcomes and infant neurodevelopment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Exposure to OP in 310 mother-infant pairs was assessed by measuring dimethylphosphate (DM), diethylphosphate (DE), and total dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites in urines from pregnant women and their children at 2 years of age. The Gesell Developmental Schedules was administered to examine neurodevelopment of 2-year-old children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on the Gesell Developmental Schedules, the proportions of children with developmental delays were < 6%. Adverse associations between head circumference at birth and prenatal OP exposure were demonstrated. Both prenatal and postnatal OP exposure was significantly associated with increased risk of being developmentally delayed. Specifically, odds ratio (OR) value for prenatal DEs was 9.75 (95% CI: 1.28, 73.98, p = 0.028) in the adaptive area, whereas in the social area, OR values for postnatal DEs and DAPs were 9.56 (95% CI: 1.59, 57.57, p = 0.014) and 12.00 (95% CI: 1.23, 117.37, p = 0.033), respectively. Adverse associations were observed only in boys, not in girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both prenatal and postnatal OP exposure may adversely affect the neurodevelopment of infants living in the agricultural area. The present study adds to the accumulating evidence on associations of prenatal and postnatal OP exposure with infant neurodevelopment.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Liu P, Wu C, Chang X, Qi X, Zheng M, Zhou Z. 2016. Adverse associations of both prenatal and postnatal exposure to organophosphorous pesticides with infant neurodevelopment in an agricultural area of Jiangsu Province, China. Environ Health Perspect 124:1637-1643; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP196.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety/WHO Collaborating Centre for Occupational Health (Shanghai), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chunhua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xiuli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Xiaojuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Minglan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhou