title: The Ankle Brachial Index Exhibits Better Association of Cardiovascular Prognosis Than Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Type 2 Diabetes.
abstract: The association between ankle brachial index (ABI) and outcomes in diabetic subjects is controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the ABI is more strongly associated with cardiovascular outcomes comparing with non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-c).
  
  
  
  A total of 452 type 2 diabetic subjects followed up for a mean of 5.8 years were grouped by ABI (<0.9 versus ≥0.9) and non-HDL-c (<100mg/dL versus ≥100mg/dL). Primary outcomes were composite events including all-cause mortality, hospitalization for coronary artery disease, stroke, revascularization, amputation and diabetic foot, and the secondary end point was all-cause mortality.
  
  
  
  Intergroup differences in percentage of men, duration of diabetes, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and estimated glomerular filtration rate were significant. A total of 64 composite events and 17 deaths were recorded. A higher number of composite events occurred in the group with abnormal ABI but optimal non-HDL-c than in those with suboptimal non-HDL-c but normal ABI (29% versus 11%, P < 0.05). A similar trend was observed in all-cause mortality (11% versus 1%, P < 0.05). The ABI was the dominant risk factor for both end points after adjusting other factors (for composite events, hazard ratio = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.00-0.10, P < 0.001 and for all-cause mortality, hazard ratio = 0.01, 95% CI: 0.00-0.28, P = 0.006).
  
  
  
  The ABI was more strongly associated with outcomes in diabetes than non-HDL-c. The ABI should be routinely screened in diabetes even without symptom.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taouyan Branch of Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Li-Hsin
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taouyan Branch of Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chii-Min
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hwu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Otology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Huei
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taouyan Branch of Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Justin G S
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Won
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taouyan Branch of Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ching-Fai
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hong-Da
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taouyan Branch of Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Harn-Shen
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taouyan Branch of Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yi-Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taouyan Branch of Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: linly@vghtpe.gov.tw.
authors.forename: Liang-Yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003935:Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013624:Taiwan
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Ankle brachial index; Cardiovascular outcome; Non–HDL-c; Type 2 diabetes mellitus