title: Emergency Department Utilization for Mental Health in American Indian Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine emergency department (ED) visits for mental health concerns by American Indian children in a multicenter cohort. To analyze demographic and clinical factors, the types of mental health concerns, and repeat mental health visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of children 5-18 years old who visited 1 of 6 EDs in the Upper Midwest from June 2011 to May 2012 and self-identified as white or American Indian. Mental health visits were identified by primary diagnosis and reasons for visit and were categorized into diagnostic groups. We explored racial differences in ED visits for mental health, diagnostic groups, and repeat mental health visits. Analysis involved χ(2) tests, Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests, and regression models including age, triage, timing, and insurance, and their interactions with race.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 26 004 visits of which 1545 (5.4%) were for a mental health concern. The proportion of visits for mental health differed by race and age. American Indian children had lower odds of a mental health visit for 5-10 year olds (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.26-0.60), but higher odds for 11-17 year olds (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.34-1.95). In the older age group, American Indian children were seen primarily for depression and trauma- and stressor-related disorders, whereas white children were seen primarily for depression and disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders. Repeat visits were not different by race.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences were noted in mental health visits between American Indian and white children and were influenced by age. These findings warrant further investigation into care-seeking patterns and treatment for mental health in American Indian children.
authors.affiliation: Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD.
authors.forename: Wyatt J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Pickner
authors.affiliation: Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD; Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Puumala
authors.affiliation: Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD.
authors.forename: Kaushal R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.affiliation: Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD; Colorado School of Public Health at the University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Burgess
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Nathaniel R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Electronic address: anupam.kharbanda@childrensmn.org.
authors.forename: Anupam B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kharbanda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000208:ethnology*; D015146:Midwestern United States; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014218:Triage; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: access; health disparities; pediatrics; repeat visits