title: A systematic review of regional hyperthermia therapy in bladder cancer.
abstract: Bladder cancer therapy remains suboptimal as morbidity and mortality remain high amongst those with non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive disease. Regional hyperthermia therapy (RHT) is a promising adjunctive therapy being tested in multiple clinical contexts.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature on the efficacy and toxicity of RHT.
  
  
  
  This systematic review was registered with the PROSPERO database (Registration number: CRD42015025780) and was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We queried PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane libraries. Two reviewers reviewed abstracts independently and a third reviewer arbitrated disagreements. The last search was performed on 28 August 2015. A descriptive analysis was performed and quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for observational studies, and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for trials.
  
  
  
  We identified 859 publications in the initial search, of which 24 met inclusion criteria for full-text review. Of these, we were able to obtain data on the outcomes of interest for 15 publications.
  
  
  
  The review underscores the limited nature of the evidence; definitive conclusions are elusive. However, the promising results of RHT in the setting of intravesical chemotherapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy show a trend towards legitimate efficacy.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Urology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina ;
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.affiliation: a Division of Urology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina ;
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gopalakrishna
authors.affiliation: a Division of Urology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina ;
authors.forename: Matvey
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsivian
authors.affiliation: b Research and Education Services, Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina , USA ;
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van Noord
authors.affiliation: c Academic Medical Centre , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Coen R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Rasch
authors.affiliation: a Division of Urology , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina ;
authors.forename: Brant A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Inman
authors.affiliation: c Academic Medical Centre , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elisabeth D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Geijsen
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*
keywords: Bladder cancer; chemohyperthermia; radiohyperthermia; regional hyperthermia therapy; urothelial carcinoma