title: EFFICACY OF FUNGICIDES AGAINST CALONECTRIA PAUCIRAMOSA IN POT AZALEA.
abstract: Calonectria (formerly Cylindrocladium) infection of pot azalea (Rhododendron simsii Planch) is an important disease problem in which usually one or two of the four plants per pot show progressing leaf and especially stem lesions, leading to mortality of the respective plant and rendering the pot unmarketable. This may occur in a later stage of the growing season, leading to significant commercial losses. The main objective of this study was to test a range of fungicides for their efficacy against this pathogen. To test the fungicides, a bioassay was first developed in which mycelium and conidiospores of the pathogen were produced on Potato Dextrose Agar, blended in water, and dilutions of the resulting suspension inoculated at the base of 11-week-old cuttings three weeks after they had been trimmed. Disease progression was monitored up to 7 weeks post inoculation and a disease index on a scale of 0 to 3 was established. In the actual efficacy trial, the following fungicides (with corresponding active ingredient(s)) were tested as preventive treatments: Topsin M 70 WG (thiophanate-methyl), Sporgon (prochloraz), Signum (boscalid+pyraclostrobin), Switch (cyprodinyl+fludioxonil), Flint 50WG (trifloxystrobin), Ortiva Top (azoxystrobin+difenoconazole) and Fungaflor (imazalil). Disease expression started after about 2 weeks, increased approximately 1 index level, and leveled off 5 weeks after inoculation. The best control was observed with Sporgon, Ortiva Top and Signum. Switch produced intermediate effects and insufficient control was observed with Topsin, Flint and Fungaflor. These results explain why specific standard fungicide treatments, such as those with Topsin, fail to control the disease, while they can be effective against a different Calonectria species such as C. pseudonaviculata, the cause of boxwood blight.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Heungens
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pauwels
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002219:Carbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D004148:Dioxolanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006999:Hypocreales / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007097:Imines / Q000494:pharmacology; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000494:pharmacology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000494:pharmacology; D029793:Rhododendron / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D000073739:Strobilurins; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D002219:Carbamates; D004148:Dioxolanes; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D007093:Imidazoles; D007097:Imines; D008689:Methacrylates; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011743:Pyrimidines; D000073739:Strobilurins; D014230:Triazoles; C017435:enilconazole; C115058:difenoconazole; C513428:pyrachlostrobin; C467051:trifloxystrobin; C087670:azoxystrobin