title: Assessment of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in equine populations in Egypt by molecular, serological and hematological approaches.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Equine piroplasmosis (EP) caused by Theileria equi, Babesia caballi, or both, contributes to significant economic loss in the equine industry and remains uncontrolled in Egypt. This study focuses on surveying T. equi and B. caballi infections and hematological disorders in equine populations in Egypt.
  
  
  METHODS
  Theileria equi and B. caballi infections were assessed in blood from 88 horses and 51 donkeys in Egypt using light microscopy, indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT), nested PCR (nPCR), and competitive-ELISA (cELISA) assays. PCR products were examined for specificity by DNA sequencing. Hematological alterations were evaluated using a standard cell counter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microscopic analysis revealed EP infection in 11.4% and 17.8% of horses and donkeys respectively. IFAT detected 23.9% and 17.0% infection of T. equi and B. caballi, respectively, in horses, and 31.4% of T. equi and B. caballi in donkeys. T. equi cELISA detected 14.8% and 23.5% positive horses and donkeys, respectively, but the B. caballi RAP-1-based cELISA failed to detect any positives, a result hypothesized to be caused by sequence polymorphism found in the rap-1 genes. Nested-PCR analysis identified 36.4% and 43.1% positive horses and donkeys, respectively for T. equi and it also identified 19.3% and 15.7% positive horses and donkeys, respectively for B. caballi. The overall EP incidence found in the population under study was relatively high and comparable regardless of the diagnostic method used (56.8% using nPCR and 48.9% using IFAT). Hematologic analysis revealed macrocytic hypochromic anemia and thrombocytopenia in all piroplasma-infected horses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data confirm relatively high levels of EP, likely causing hematological abnormalities in equines in Egypt, and also suggest the need for an improved serological test to diagnose B. caballi infection in this region.
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mona S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mahmoud
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Nadia T Abu
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: El-Ezz
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sobhy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdel-Shafy
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Somia A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nassar
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Amira H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: El Namaky
authors.affiliation: Cell Biology Department, National Research Center, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Wagdy K B
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Khalil
authors.affiliation: Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, WSU, Pullman, WA, USA.|Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Don
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.affiliation: Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, WSU, Pullman, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Lowell
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kappmeyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA. marta@vetmed.wsu.edu.
authors.forename: Marta G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, WSU, Pullman, WA, USA.|Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Suarez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001403:Babesia / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D001404:Babesiosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D006736:Horses; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016794:Theileria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D013801:Theileriasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D004247:DNA
keywords: Babesia; Competitive ELISA; Equine; Hemogram; IFAT; Nested PCR; Theileria