title: Devices for Self-Monitoring Sedentary Time or Physical Activity: A Scoping Review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is well documented that meeting the guideline levels (150 minutes per week) of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (PA) is protective against chronic disease. Conversely, emerging evidence indicates the deleterious effects of prolonged sitting. Therefore, there is a need to change both behaviors. Self-monitoring of behavior is one of the most robust behavior-change techniques available. The growing number of technologies in the consumer electronics sector provides a unique opportunity for individuals to self-monitor their behavior.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to review the characteristics and measurement properties of currently available self-monitoring devices for sedentary time and/or PA.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify technologies, four scientific databases were systematically searched using key terms related to behavior, measurement, and population. Articles published through October 2015 were identified. To identify technologies from the consumer electronic sector, systematic searches of three Internet search engines were also performed through to October 1, 2015.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial database searches identified 46 devices and the Internet search engines identified 100 devices yielding a total of 146 technologies. Of these, 64 were further removed because they were currently unavailable for purchase or there was no evidence that they were designed for, had been used in, or could readily be modified for self-monitoring purposes. The remaining 82 technologies were included in this review (73 devices self-monitored PA, 9 devices self-monitored sedentary time). Of the 82 devices included, this review identified no published articles in which these devices were used for the purpose of self-monitoring PA and/or sedentary behavior; however, a number of technologies were found via Internet searches that matched the criteria for self-monitoring and provided immediate feedback on PA (ActiGraph Link, Microsoft Band, and Garmin Vivofit) and sedentary time (activPAL VT, the Lumo Back, and Darma).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are a large number of devices that self-monitor PA; however, there is a greater need for the development of tools to self-monitor sedentary time. The novelty of these devices means they have yet to be used in behavior change interventions, although the growing field of wearable technology may facilitate this to change.
authors.affiliation: Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom. J.Sanders2@lboro.ac.uk.
authors.forename: James P
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2103-0631
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Adam
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5440-4305
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loveday
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2060-5966
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6485-9330
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Edwardson
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5724-5178
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yates
authors.forename: Stuart J H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-6895
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Biddle
authors.forename: Dale W
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1236-6419
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Esliger
mesh_terms: D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation; D004581:Electronics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D012648:Self Care / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: activity monitor; feedback; measurement; physical activity; scoping review; sitting time