title: Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 4G/5G Polymorphism is Associated with Reproductive Failure: Metabolic, Hormonal, and Immune Profiles.
abstract: Association between PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism and reproductive failures has been postulated. We aimed to investigate its impact on metabolic, hormonal, and immune profiles of women with reproductive failures.
  
  
  
  A retrospective study was carried out in 208 women with a history of reproductive failure. Study patients were divided into three groups: women with repeated implantation failure (RIF, n = 40), recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL, n = 113), and both RIF and RPL (n = 55). Fertile controls were 92.
  
  
  
  PAI-1 4G/4G was prevalent in RPL, RIF, and RIF/RPL groups when compared with controls (P = 0.003) and associated with increased risks of RIF, RPL, and RIF with RPL (OR = 4.5, 2.2 and 2.7). Women with PAI-1 4G/4G have significantly higher BMI, glucose, and PAI-1 levels and lower NK cytotoxicity when compared with women without PAI-1 4G/4G.
  
  
  
  PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism plays a major role in the pathogenesis of RPL and RIF by altering metabolic and immunological profiles.
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Maria D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Salazar Garcia
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Nayoung
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Mullenix
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Svetlana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dambaeva
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beaman
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gilman-Sachs
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, IL, USA.|Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kwak-Kim
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000276:immunology*; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006728:Hormones; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human
keywords: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; recurrent pregnancy loss; repeated implantation failure