title: Ten-year experience in the management of distal ureteral stones greater than 10 mm in size.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and semirigid ureteroscopy lithotripsy (URSL) have become standards of treatment for ureteral calculi. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare ESWL vs. URSL in terms of safety and efficacy for treatment of large distal ureteral stones ≥ 1cm.
  
  
  METHODS
  This investigation assessed 637 patients with distal ureteral stones (10 to 15mm in size). 313 in the ESWL group were treated on an outpatient basis using the LithoDiamond machine without anaesthesia. URSL was performed in 324 patients with a 6-8 Fr semirigid ureterorenoscope and YAG laser under spinal anaesthesia. A successful outcome was defined as the patient being stone free 1 month after treatment. For all patients the parameters, including stone-free rate, operation time, complications, were inserted retrospectively in this study after review of medical records and operating room logs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stone-free rate after URSL was 77.5% and 45.4% after ESWL treatment (p<0.001). The mean operative time between two groups was 74.7±9.8 for URSL group and 38.3±7.6 for ESWL group. The average number of office visits was 4.2 and 2.6 in patients treated with ESWL and URSL, respectively. Double j stents were inserted in 28.7% of patients. Twenty-one patients needed rehospitalisations for major complications. However, the differences in the overall complication rate were not statistically significant, with a rate of 16.3% for URSL and 14.4% for ESWL (p=0.246).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that URSL has enough safety and efficacy for the treatment of distal ureteral stones ≥ 1cm. URSL is associated with higher stone clearance rate as compared with ESWL.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dell'Atti
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal; D005260:Female; D006417:Hematuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017602:Lithotripsy, Laser; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010359:Patient Readmission; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D056844:Renal Colic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018805:Sepsis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D015607:Stents; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D018666:Ureteroscopy