title: Considering the Contemporary Issues and Unresolved Challenges Facing Therapeutic Communities for Clients with Alcohol and Substance Abuse.
abstract: Alcohol and substance abuse remain significant public health problems in many parts of the occidental world. Some facilities that provide treatment for such abuse often refer to themselves as "Therapeutic Communities" (TCs). However, fundamental compositional differences in TCs present unresolved issues and as such, create significant implications for research, practice, education, and substance/alcohol care policy. Accordingly, this paper examines the heterogeneity and efficacy of TCs; the treatment approaches of harm reduction and abstinence; the training of TC staff and workers; and the recommended length of stay for individuals seeking recovery.
authors.affiliation: a Wright State University , Center for Nursing Research , Springboro , Ohio , USA.|b University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Canada.|c University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.|d University of Malta, Malta; Cutcliffe Consulting , Springboro , Ohio , USA.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cutcliffe
authors.affiliation: e Baldy Hughes, British Columbia New Hope Society , Prince George , Canada.
authors.forename: Rodger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Travale
authors.affiliation: f Wright State University , Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner Program , Dayton , Ohio , USA.
authors.forename: Misty M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.affiliation: c University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal.
authors.forename: Tyler
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Green