title: Breastfeeding and postpartum depression: Assessing the influence of breastfeeding intention and other risk factors.
abstract: Risk and protective factors for postpartum depression have been extensively studied, and in recent studies an association between breastfeeding and maternal mood has been reported. The present retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the association between breastfeeding-related variables and postpartum depression (based on Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale threshold criteria) within the context of other known risk factors.
  
  
  
  Breastfeeding information, demographic information, and scores on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were examined from the Canadian Maternity Experience Survey. This survey contains data collected from 6421 Canadian mothers between October 2006 and January 2007, and 2848 women between five and seven months postpartum were included in the current analyses.
  
  
  
  In contrast to previous research, logistic regression analyses revealed that when considered within the context of other risk factors, breastfeeding attempt and duration were not associated with postpartum depression at five to seven months postpartum. Although a relationship between the prenatal intention to combination feed and postpartum depression was observed, these variables were no longer related once other potential risk factors were controlled for. Factors that were associated with postpartum depression included lower income, higher perceived stress, lower perceived social support, no history of depression, or no recent history of abuse.
  
  
  
  A clinical diagnostic instrument was not used and variable selection was restricted to data collected as part of this survey.
  
  
  
  These findings suggest that the association between breastfeeding and postpartum depression reported by previous researchers may in fact be due to alternative risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: cpope@lakeheadu.ca.
authors.forename: Carley J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pope
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Dwight
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mazmanian
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bédard
authors.affiliation: Mood & Anxiety Program, Regional Mental Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada; Psychiatry and Obstetrics & Gynecology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Verinder
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sharma
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000523:psychology*; D002170:Canada; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Breastfeeding; Household income; Postpartum depression; Risk factors; Social support; Stress