title: Impact of direct and indirect application of rising furfural concentrations on viability, infectivity and reproduction of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita in Pisum sativum.
abstract: The gradual withdraw of several broadly used nematicides from market has enhanced the need to develop sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives with nematicidal properties. Furfural is one of the promising alternatives to fill this need. Baseline information about the impact of furfural on egg hatch, penetration potential and ultrastructure of nematode is lacking. In this study, the reagent-grade (purity ≥ 99.0%) of furfural was applied against Meloidogyne incognita. In vitro tests showed gradual reduction in either the rate of egg hatch or second stage juvenile (J2) viability of M. incognita when immersed in concentrations ranging from 0 to 10.0 μl/ml furfural. The mean EC50 for J2 and egg hatch was 0.37 and 0.27 μl/ml furfural, respectively. Furfural, even at low concentrations, resulted in a considerable suppression in egg hatch. Hatch was <5% after 8 days at 0.63 μl/ml furfural. The same furfural concentrations after 12 h caused 57.25% loss of viability in J2. Moreover, the penetration rate of juveniles to pea roots was suppressed when furfural was even applied at low rates. In pot experiments, furfural was applied as liquid (direct) or vapor (indirect) treatments at rates of 0-1.5 ml/kg soil. Significant reduction in galling, egg production and population density of M. incognita observed when furfural was applied at rates >0.2 ml/kg soil. No adverse effect was detected on plants or free-living nematodes as a result of furfural application. Liquid furfural proved to have superior juvenile-suppressive effect whereas its vapor has such superiority against eggs. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) study showed irregular appearance of the body surface accompanied with some cuticle disfigurement of furfural-treated juveniles. These results indicated that furfural can adversely affect egg hatch, juvenile viability, penetration potential and ultrastructure of M. incognita. Furfural may therefore be of a considerable potential as an appropriate alternative for class I nematicides.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Qaliubia 13736, Egypt. Electronic address: hazem.abdelnabi@fagr.bu.edu.eg.
authors.forename: Hazem
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdelnabby
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
authors.forename: Yunhe
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
authors.forename: Xueqiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
authors.forename: Gaofeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450002, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China. Electronic address: xiaoyannong@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yannong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005662:Furaldehyde / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D018532:Pisum sativum / Q000469:parasitology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000469:parasitology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014431:Tylenchoidea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D005662:Furaldehyde
keywords: Egg hatch; Meloidogyne incognita; Pea; Penetration rate; Reagent-grade furfural; Scanning electron-microscopy (SEM)