title: The use of Midazolam as an Intranasal Sedative in Dentistry.
abstract: The administration of midazolam intranasally exploits the unique structure of the nasopharynx thus ensuring rapid delivery to the systemic circulation (The Nose - Brain Pathway). The absorption of midazolam nasally is influenced by the volume and concentration of midazolam, its physicochemical properties and the characteristics of the nasal mucosa. Delivering midazolam intranasally is non-titratable. The level of conscious sedation may be equivalent to that achieved by intravenous routes but is approached in a less controlled manner. Randomised Control trials using intranasal sedation in children have shown the technique to be safe and effective in secondary care for dental procedures at concentrations varying from 0.2 mg/kg to 0.5 mg/kg. A combined technique of intranasal midazolam (to facilitate cannulation) and intravenous midazolam is used for adults with moderate to severe learning disabilities. This has revolutionised dental treatment for this group of patients as treatment under General Anaesthesia (GA) may be avoided. Intranasal delivery of midazolam is emerging as a significant tool in our dental armamentarium for the treatment of anxious children, phobic adult patients and patients with learning disabilities.
authors.forename: Anwen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greaves
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D000336:Aerosols; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002648:Child; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D065588:Nasal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam