title: Innate and adaptive immunity in self-reported nonceliac gluten sensitivity versus celiac disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Immune mechanisms have been implicated in nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), a condition characterized by intestinal and/or extraintestinal symptoms caused by the ingestion of gluten in non-celiac/non-wheat allergic individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated innate and adaptive immunity in self-reported NCGS versus celiac disease (CD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In the supernatants of ex vivo-cultured duodenal biopsies from 14 self-reported NCGS patients, 9 untreated and 10 treated CD patients, and 12 controls we detected innate cytokines - interleukin (IL)-15, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-23, IL-27, IL-32α, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IFN-α-, adaptive cytokines - interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-17A, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13-, chemokines - IL-8, CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL1, CXCL10-, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mucosal innate and adaptive cytokines, chemokines and growth factors did not differ between self-reported NCGS, treated CD and controls. On the contrary, IL-6, IL-15, IL-27, IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-23, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-8, CCL1 and CCL4 were significantly higher in untreated CD than in self-reported NCGS, treated CD and controls, while TSLP was significantly lower in untreated CD than in self-reported NCGS, treated CD and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our hands, patients with self-reported NCGS showed no abnormalities of the mucosal immune response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: a.disabatino@smatteo.pv.it.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Sabatino
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Giuffrida
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fornasa
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Salvatore
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, San Matteo Hospital, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vanoli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Samuele
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naviglio
authors.affiliation: Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Luigina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Leo
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasini
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, San Matteo Hospital, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Mara
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Amici
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Costanza
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alvisi
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Tarcisio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Not
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rescigno
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Gino Roberto
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Corazza
mesh_terms: D056704:Adaptive Immunity; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free; D004386:Duodenum / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005983:Glutens / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult; D000094632:Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D005983:Glutens; D000094632:Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin
keywords: Chemokine; Cytokine; Duodenal mucosa; Tissue transglutaminase