title: Prevalence of anxiety in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: Prevalence rates of anxiety disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD) vary widely, ranging from 6% up to 55%. The aim of this systematic review was to calculate the average point prevalence of anxiety disorders and clinically relevant anxiety symptoms in PD.
  
  
  
  Using PubMed, we carried out a systematic literature search for studies reporting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-defined anxiety disorders or clinically relevant anxiety symptoms assessed by an anxiety rating scale.
  
  
  
  A total of 49 articles were included and assessed for quality, and 45 articles fulfilled the quality criteria. The average point prevalence of anxiety disorders in PD was 31%, with nonepisodic anxiety being more prevalent than episodic anxiety. Generalized anxiety disorder was the most frequent in 14%, followed by social phobia (13.8%), anxiety not otherwise specified (13.3%), and specific phobia (13.0%). Panic disorder with or without phobia was present in 6.8% of PD patients. Of the patients, 31% fulfilled the criteria for current multiple anxiety disorders. Based on anxiety rating scale cutoff scores, clinically significant anxiety symptoms were present in a weighted average of 25.7%.
  
  
  
  This systematic review confirms that anxiety, although often unrecognized, is very common and highlights the need for efficient identification of anxiety in PD. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martijn P G
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Broen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nadia E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Narayen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kuijf
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.|The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Australia.|School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Nadeeka N W
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Dissanayaka
authors.affiliation: School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.|Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert F G
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Leentjens
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*
keywords: Anxiety disorders; Parkinson's disease; meta-analysis; review