title: Rapid Microbiome Changes in Freshly Deposited Cow Feces under Field Conditions.
abstract: Although development of next generation sequencing (NGS) has substantially improved our understanding of the microbial ecology of animal feces, previous studies have mostly focused on freshly excreted feces. There is still limited understanding of the aging process dynamics of fecal microbiomes in intact cowpats exposed to natural environments. Fresh cowpats were sampled at multiple time points for 57 days under field conditions; half the samples were exposed to sunlight (unshaded) while the other half was protected from sunlight (shaded). The 16SRNA hypervariable region 4 was amplified from each sample and sequenced on an Illumina MiSeq Platform. While Clostridia, Bacteroidia, and Sphingobacteria were dominant classes of bacteria in fresh cowpats, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacilli were the dominant classes by the end of the study, indicating a general shift from anaerobic to aerobic bacterial populations. This change was most likely influenced by the shift from cattle gut (anaerobic) to pasture ground (aerobic). Reduced moisture in cowpats may also contribute to the community shift since air can penetrate the dryer cowpat more easily. Twelve genera consisting pathogenic bacteria were detected, with Mycobacterium, Bacillus, and Clostridium being the most abundant; their combined abundance accounts for 90% of the total pathogenic genera. Taxonomic richness and diversity increased throughout the study for most samples, which could be due to bacteria regrowth and colonization of bacteria from the environment. In contrast to the high taxonomic diversity, the changes of PICRUSt inferred function profile were minimal for all cowpats throughout the study, which suggest that core functions predicted by PICRUSt may be too conserved to distinguish differences between aerobe and anaerobe. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that cowpat exposure to air and sunlight can cause drastic microbiome changes soon after deposition in natural environments. Our findings offer important insights for future research characterizing the microbiome of feces collected in natural environments and the impact of cattle fecal contamination on water resources.
authors.affiliation: Ecosystems Research Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, AthensGA, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak RidgeTN, USA.
authors.forename: Kelvin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, AthensGA, USA; Department of Computational Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, MemphisTN, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: Ecosystems Research Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, AthensGA, USA; Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, AthensGA, USA.
authors.forename: Adelumola
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oladeinde
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA.
authors.forename: Travis C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Glenn
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona CA, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oakley
authors.affiliation: Ecosystems Research Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens GA, USA.
authors.forename: Marirosa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molina
keywords: cattle feces; fecal contamination; metagenomics; microbiome changes; oxygen exposure; sunlight exposure