title: A diatom-based biological condition gradient (BCG) approach for assessing impairment and developing nutrient criteria for streams.
abstract: Over-enrichment leading to excess algal growth is a major problem in rivers and streams. Regulations to protect streams typically incorporate nutrient criteria, concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen that should not be exceeded in order to protect biological communities. A major challenge has been to develop an approach for both categorizing streams based on their biological conditions and determining scientifically defensible nutrient criteria to protect the biotic integrity of streams in those categories. To address this challenge, we applied the Biological Condition Gradient (BCG) approach to stream diatom assemblages to develop a system for categorizing sites by level of impairment, and then examined the related nutrient concentrations to identify potential nutrient criteria. The six levels of the BCG represent a range of ecological conditions from natural (1) to highly disturbed (6). A group of diatom experts developed a set of rules and a model to assign sites to these levels based on their diatom assemblages. To identify potential numeric nutrient criteria, we explored the relation of assigned BCG levels to nutrient concentrations, other anthropogenic stressors, and possible confounding variables using data for stream sites in New Jersey (n=42) and in surrounding Mid-Atlantic states, USA (n=1443). In both data sets, BCG levels correlated most strongly with total phosphorus and the percentage of forest in the watershed, but were independent of pH. We applied Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis (TITAN) to determine change-points in the diatom assemblages along the BCG gradient. In both data sets, statistically significant diatom changes occurred between BCG levels 3 and 4. Sites with BCG levels 1 to 3 were dominated by species that grow attached to surfaces, while sites with BCG scores of 4 and above were characterized by motile diatoms. The diatom change-point corresponded with a total phosphorus concentration of about 50μg/L.
authors.affiliation: Phycology Section, Patrick Center for Environmental Research, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA. Electronic address: Sonja.Hausmann@drexel.edu.
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hausmann
authors.affiliation: Phycology Section, Patrick Center for Environmental Research, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA. Electronic address: Charles@ansp.org.
authors.forename: Donald F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Charles
authors.affiliation: Tetra Tech, Inc., Owings Mills, MD 21117, USA. Electronic address: Jeroen.Gerritsen@tetratech.com.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gerritsen
authors.affiliation: Division of Science, Research, and Environmental Health, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, NJ 08625, USA. Electronic address: Thomas.Belton@dep.nj.gov.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Belton
mesh_terms: D017377:Diatoms; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D009515:New Jersey; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Land-use; Monitoring; Nitrogen; Periphyton; Phosphorus; Water quality