title: Rain pH estimation based on the particulate matter pollutants and wet deposition study.
abstract: In forecasting of rain pH, the changes caused by particulate matter (PM) are generally neglected. In regions of high PM concentration like Dhanbad, the role of PM in deciding the rain pH becomes important. Present work takes into account theoretical prediction of rain pH by two methods. First method considers only acid causing gases (ACG) like CO2, SO2 and NOx in pH estimation, whereas, second method additionally accounts for effect of PM (ACG-PM). In order to predict the rain pH, site specific deposited dust that represents local PM was studied experimentally for its impact on pH of neutral water. After incorporation of PM correction factor, it was found that, rain pH values estimated were more representative of the observed ones. Fractional bias (FB) for the ACG-PM method reduced to values of the order of 10(-2) from those with order of 10(-1) for the ACG method. The study confirms neutralization of rain acidity by PM. On account of this, rain pH was found in the slightly acidic to near neutral range, despite of the high sulfate flux found in rain water. Although, the safer range of rain pH blurs the severity of acid rain from the picture, yet huge flux of acidic and other ions get transferred to water bodies, soil and ultimately to the ground water system. Simple use of rain pH for rain water quality fails to address the issues of its increased ionic composition due to the interfering pollutants and thus undermines severity of pollutants transferred from air to rain water and then to water bodies and soil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826004, India. Electronic address: shweta7087@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shweta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826004, India. Electronic address: suresh.pe.ese@ismdhanbad.ac.in.
authors.forename: Suresh Pandian
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Elumalai
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826004, India. Electronic address: palasim2003@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: Asim Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Pal
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007194:India; D007477:Ions / Q000032:analysis; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011891:Rain / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D005740:Gases; D007477:Ions; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Acid rain; Buffering of rain pH by PM; Ionic flux; Rain pH; Sulfates