title: Associations of Sedentary Behavior, Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Body Fat Content With Pain Conditions in Children: The Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children Study.
abstract: We investigated the cross-sectional associations of sedentary behavior, physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body fat content with pain conditions in prepubertal children. The participants were a population sample of 439 children aged 6 to 8 years. Sedentary behavior, physical activity, and pain conditions were assessed using questionnaires, cardiorespiratory fitness using maximal cycle ergometer test, and body fat percentage using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The associations of sedentary behavior, physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body fat percentage with the risk of pain conditions were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Children in the highest sex-specific third of sedentary behavior had 1.95 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-3.17; P = .007 for trend across thirds) times higher odds of any pain than children in the lowest third. Children in the highest sex-specific third of cardiorespiratory fitness had 46% (odds ratio [OR] = .54; 95% CI, .32-.91; P = .019) lower odds of any pain and 50% (OR = .50; 95% CI, .28-.87; P = .015) lower odds of headache than children in the lowest third. Children in the highest sex-specific third of body fat percentage had 44% (OR = .56; 95% CI, .34-.93; P = .023) lower odds of any pain, 49% (OR = .51; 95% CI, .30-.86; P = .011) lower risk of multiple pain, and 48% (OR = .52; 95% CI, .31-.86; P = .010) lower odds of lower limb pain than children in the lowest third. Physical activity was not associated with pain conditions. These findings suggest that prepubertal children with high levels of sedentary behavior, low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, and low body fat content have increased likelihood of various pain conditions. This information could be used to develop strategies to prevent chronic pain in childhood.
  
  
  
  Our findings suggest that low cardiorespiratory fitness, high levels of sedentary behavior, and low body fat content are associated with increased likelihood of various pain conditions among prepubertal children. This information could be used to develop strategies to prevent chronic pain in childhood.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: anu.vierola@pp.inet.fi.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vierola
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Anna Liisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Suominen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Virpi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lindi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viitasalo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ikävalko
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Niina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lintu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Juuso
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Väistö
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kellokoski
authors.affiliation: Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Närhi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Kuopio, Finland; Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Timo A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lakka
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology*; D049628:Body Size; D000072599:Cardiorespiratory Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Children; adiposity; cardiorespiratory fitness; pain; physical activity; sedentary behavior