title: Range of Motion of the Ankle According to Pushing Force, Gender and Knee Position.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the difference of range of motion (ROM) of ankle according to pushing force, gender and knee position.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty-eight healthy adults (55 men, 73 women) between the ages of 20 and 51, were included in the study. One examiner measured the passive range of motion (PROM) of ankle by Dualer IQ Inclinometers and Commander Muscle Testing. ROM of ankle dorsiflexion (DF) and plantarflexion (PF) according to change of pushing force and knee position were measured at prone position.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was significant correlation between ROM and pushing force, the more pushing force leads the more ROM at ankle DF and ankle PF. Knee flexion of 90° position showed low PF angle and high ankle DF angle, as compared to the at neutral position of knee joint. ROM of ankle DF for female was greater than for male, with no significant difference. ROM of ankle PF for female was greater than male regardless of the pushing force.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the relationship between pushing force and ROM of ankle joint. There was significant correlation between ROM of ankle and pushing force. ROM of ankle PF for female estimated greater than male regardless of the pushing force and the number of measurement. The ROM of the ankle is measured differently according to the knee joint position. Pushing force, gender and knee joint position are required to be considered when measuring the ROM of ankle joint.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Kang Hee
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyunkeun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Articular range of motion; Patient positioning; Physical examination; Sex characteristics