title: DETAILED CLINICAL PHENOTYPING OF OXALATE MACULOPATHY IN PRIMARY HYPEROXALURIA TYPE 1 AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the structural and functional characteristics of oxalate retinopathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients with molecularly confirmed primary hyperoxaluria (PH) Type 1 underwent multimodal retinal imaging (spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, white light, and HRA multispectral imaging) and functional testing, including color vision testing, Goldmann perimetry, and International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision standard electrophysiological testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four distinct retinal phenotypes are presented. One patient with a c.[33dupC]; c.[731T>C] mutation showed bilateral perifoveal retinal pigment epithelium hyperplasia. The fundus in the four other patients, all of whom share an identical homozygous c.[33dupC] mutation, ranged from normal to bilateral widespread distribution of retinal crystals and confluent macular retinal pigment epithelium hyperplasia with subfoveal fibrosis. All patients who had developed end-stage renal disease showed some sign of retinopathy, more severe with earlier onset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retinopathy in PH Type 1 shows considerable interindividual variation. No correlation between genotype and retinal phenotype was detected. Oxalate crystals at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium seem to be irreversible. A proposed clinical grading system of oxalate maculopathy, based on a literature review, may provide clinicians with a tool to better predict visual function and prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Ophthalmology, †Pediatric Nephrology, and ‡Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; §Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; and ¶Division of Ophthalmology and Center for Cellular & Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Derveaux
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delbeke
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walraedt
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raes
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Laecke
authors.forename: Bart P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Leroy
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Zaeytijd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003119:Color Perception Tests; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D006960:Hyperoxaluria, Primary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007223:Infant; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis; D008297:Male; D064847:Multimodal Imaging; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000473:pathology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D000637:Transaminases / Q000235:genetics; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000637:Transaminases; C019635:Alanine-glyoxylate transaminase