title: Gut microbiome and kidney disease: a bidirectional relationship.
abstract: Recent technological advances and efforts, including powerful metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses, have led to a tremendous growth in our understanding of microbial communities. Changes in microbial abundance or composition of human microbial communities impact human health or disease state. However, explorations into the mechanisms underlying host-microbe interactions in health and disease are still in their infancy. Although changes in the gut microbiota have been described in patients with kidney disease, the relationships between pathogenesis, mechanisms of disease progression, and the gut microbiome are still evolving. Here, we review changes in the host-microbiome symbiotic relationship in an attempt to explore the bidirectional relationship in which alterations in the microbiome affect kidney disease progression and how kidney disease may disrupt a balanced microbiome. We also discuss potential targeted interventions that may help re-establish this symbiosis and propose more effective ways to deploy traditional treatments in patients with kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Unit, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar. salkhodor@sidra.org.
authors.forename: Souhaila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al Khodor
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, SIDRA Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar.|Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.|Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ibrahim F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Shatat
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D018450:Disease Progression; D000069467:Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007200:Indican / Q000633:toxicity; D007211:Indoles / Q000378:metabolism; D010087:Oxides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D007211:Indoles; D010087:Oxides; D002244:Carbon; C030374:indole; C040896:AST 120; D007200:Indican
keywords: Acute kidney injury; Chronic kidney disease; Dysbiosis; End-stage renal disease; Hemodialysis; Hypertension; Microbiota; Peritoneal dialysis; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Transplantation