title: Risks and safety of combination therapy for hypothyroidism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypothyroidism is currently a condition that can be treated, but not cured. Although levothyroxine reverses stigmata of hypothyroidism in most individuals, some patients feel dissatisfied with 'monotherapy', and this has stimulated interest in 'combination therapy' with both levothyroxine and liothyronine.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search of PubMed was conducted using terms including hypothyroidism, treatment, benefits, risks, and safety. Based on the articles identified, the body of evidence regarding the efficacy of traditional levothyroxine is reviewed. Concerns with levothyroxine therapy including impaired quality of life in treated patients, thyroxine-predominant hormone ratios, and inadvertent iatrogenic thyroid disease are discussed. The trials of combination therapy performed since 1999 were reviewed. The heterogeneity of these trials, both in terms of design and results, is discussed. The potential for new trials to determine whether combination therapy can reverse the dissatisfaction associated with monotherapy, while avoiding non-physiologic hormone ratios, inadvertent thyrotoxicosis, and unacceptable side effects is discussed. Expert commentary: Research regarding which therapy fully reverses hypothyroidism at a tissue and cellular level is ongoing. The field would be advanced by the development of an extended release preparation of liothyronine. In the future regeneration of functional thyroid follicles from stem cells may offer hope for curing hypothyroidism.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Endocrinology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jonklaas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011788:Quality of Life; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D014284:Triiodothyronine; D013974:Thyroxine
keywords: Hypothyroidism; combination therapy; iatrogenic hyperthyroidism; levothyroxine; liothyronine; regenerating thyroid follicles; risks; safety; sustained release liothyronine