title: Determinants of mortality risk following osteoporotic fractures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Increased mortality risk is accepted for hip and vertebral fracture. Recent data suggest that other fracture types have also been linked to excess mortality. This article reviews the existing evidence on the pattern and determinants of postfracture mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pattern of mortality over time following hip and vertebral fractures has recently been clarified. Nonhip nonvertebral fractures at major, and even minor sites in older individuals have also been associated with excess mortality. Studies have revealed the higher excess mortality in men and in younger age groups for all fracture types. Despite the increasing knowledge on the fracture-mortality association, little is known about its cause. The role of co-morbidities is inconsistent across studies. Recent findings suggest low bone mass, bone loss and muscle weakness are linked to both fracture and mortality risk, and thus may play a role in postfracture mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonhip nonvertebral fractures have recently been associated with mortality risk. Larger studies are needed to better understand which specific fractures and factors contribute to fracture-associated mortality risk. The role of bone loss in postfracture mortality needs to be validated in more studies, because of its potential reversibility with antifracture therapies.
authors.affiliation: aOsteoporosis and Bone Biology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research bClinical School, St Vincent's Hospital cFaculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bliuc
authors.forename: Jacqueline R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Center
mesh_terms: D015897:Comorbidity; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D053580:Muscle Strength; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality; D058866:Osteoporotic Fractures / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality