title: Raffinose, a plant galactoside, inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation via binding to LecA and decreasing cellular cyclic diguanylate levels.
abstract: Biofilm formation on biotic or abiotic surfaces has unwanted consequences in medical, clinical, and industrial settings. Treatments with antibiotics or biocides are often ineffective in eradicating biofilms. Promising alternatives to conventional agents are biofilm-inhibiting compounds regulating biofilm development without toxicity to growth. Here, we screened a biofilm inhibitor, raffinose, derived from ginger. Raffinose, a galactotrisaccharide, showed efficient biofilm inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa without impairing its growth. Raffinose also affected various phenotypes such as colony morphology, matrix formation, and swarming motility. Binding of raffinose to a carbohydrate-binding protein called LecA was the cause of biofilm inhibition and altered phenotypes. Furthermore, raffinose reduced the concentration of the second messenger, cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP), by increased activity of a c-di-GMP specific phosphodiesterase. The ability of raffinose to inhibit P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and its molecular mechanism opens new possibilities for pharmacological and industrial applications.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, South Korea.
authors.forename: Han-Shin
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eunji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-ro 2511, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea.
authors.forename: YunHye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-ro 2511, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
authors.forename: Betty H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong-ro 2511, Jochiwon-eup, Sejong, 339-700, South Korea.
authors.forename: Youngjoo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Byun
authors.affiliation: School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Deung
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D020939:Zingiber officinale / Q000737:chemistry; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D011887:Raffinose / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C102929:LecA protein, bacteria; C062025:bis(3',5')-cyclic diguanylic acid; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D011887:Raffinose