title: Prospective Validation of Optimal Drain Management "The 3 × 3 Rule" after Liver Resection.
abstract: We previously established an optimal postoperative drain management rule after liver resection (i.e., drain removal on postoperative day 3 if the drain fluid bilirubin concentration is <3 mg/dl) from the results of 514 drains of 316 consecutive patients. This test set predicts that 274 of 316 patients (87.0 %) will be safely managed without adverse events when drain management is performed without deviation from the rule.
  
  
  
  To validate the feasibility of our rule in recent time period.
  
  
  
  The data from 493 drains of 274 consecutive patients were prospectively collected. Drain fluid volumes, bilirubin levels, and bacteriological cultures were measured on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, 5, and 7. The drains were removed according to the management rule. The achievement rate of the rule, postoperative adverse events, hospital stay, medical costs, and predictive value for reoperation according to the rule were validated.
  
  
  
  The rule was achieved in 255 of 274 (93.1 %) patients. The drain removal time was significantly shorter [3 days (1-30) vs. 7 (2-105), p < 0.01], drain fluid infection was less frequent [4 patients (1.5 %) vs. 58 (18.4 %), p < 0.01], postoperative hospital stay was shorter [11 days (6-73) vs. 16 (9-59), p = 0.04], and medical costs were decreased [1453 USD (968-6859) vs. 1847 (4667-9498), p < 0.01] in the validation set compared with the test set. Five patients who required reoperation were predicted by the drain-based information and treated within 2 days after operation.
  
  
  
  Our 3 × 3 rule is clinically feasible and allows for the early removal of the drain tube with minimum infection risk after liver resection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Mitsuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan. yamazaki-nmed@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
authors.forename: Nao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
authors.forename: Moriguchi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Masamichi
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
authors.forename: Tokio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Digestive Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikami-machi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadatoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takayama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000032:analysis*; D020878:Device Removal; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001663:Bilirubin