title: Nutritional habits in functional dyspepsia and its subgroups: a comparative study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Research data demonstrating nutritional habits of functional dyspepsia (FD) patients are very limited. This is the first study to evaluate nutritional habits in FD subgroups according to Rome III criteria. Our aim was to evaluate nutritional habits of FD patients and determine the food items that may provoke a dyspepsia symptom.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 168 adults with FD and 135 healthy control subjects participated in the study. FD subjects were divided into epigastric pain syndrome (EP-FD), postprandial distress syndrome (PS-FD), mixed (MX-FD) subgroups according to Rome Criteria III. Subjects completed a questionnaire that included a short-form food frequency questionnaire. Furthermore, subjects were asked to list the food items that were causing a dyspepsia symptom.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functional dyspepsia subjects had a slightly higher BMI (26.1 ± 4.97 kg/m(2)) than control subjects (24.6 ± 4.08 kg/m(2)). The most common symptom triggering foods among all the FD groups were fried and fatty foods (27.1%), hot spices (26.4%), and carbonated drinks (21.8%). In FD subgroups, carbonated drinks were more likely to cause a symptom in PS-FD group (37.3%) than MX-FD (25.7%) and EP-FD (22.1%) groups. There was no difference in frequency of main meals and snacks among any of the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fatty and spicy foods and carbonated drinks were the most common symptom triggering food items in FD group. In subgroups, carbonated drinks and legumes were more likely to cause a symptom in PS-FD. Removing these food items during the course of treatment might help alleviate the symptoms.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Göktaş
authors.affiliation: b Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Seyfettin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Köklü
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Derya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dikmen
authors.affiliation: b Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Ömer
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Öztürk
authors.affiliation: c Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine , Selçuk University , Konya , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Bülent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yılmaz
authors.affiliation: d Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine , Necmettin Erbakan University , Konya , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asıl
authors.affiliation: c Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine , Selçuk University , Konya , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Hüseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Korkmaz
authors.affiliation: e Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine , Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Yaşar
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tuna
authors.affiliation: f Department of Gastroenterology , Ankara Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kekilli
authors.affiliation: b Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Evrim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karamanoğlu Aksoy
authors.affiliation: b Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Hayretdin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Köklü
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Aslıhan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Demir
authors.affiliation: g Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Gülşah
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Köklü
authors.affiliation: b Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine , Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Serab
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arslan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004032:Diet; D004415:Dyspepsia / Q000145:classification / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Functional dyspepsia; Rome III criteria; meal frequency; nutritional habits