title: Induction of long term mucosal immunological memory in humans by an oral inactivated multivalent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli vaccine.
abstract: We have evaluated the capacity of an oral multivalent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccine (MEV) to induce mucosal immunological memory. MEV consists of four inactivated E. coli strains over-expressing the major colonization factors (CFs) CFA/I, CS3, CS5 and CS6 and the LTB-related toxoid LCTBA. Memory responses were analyzed by comparing the magnitudes and kinetics of intestine-derived antibody-secreting cell responses to a single dose of MEV in three groups of adult Swedish volunteers (n=16-19 subjects per group) in a Phase I trial: non-immunized controls (I) and subjects who in a previous Phase I trial 13-23 months earlier had received two biweekly doses of MEV (II) or MEV+double mutant LT (dmLT) adjuvant (III). Responses against CFs and LTB were analyzed in antibodies in lymphocyte secretions (ALS) of blood mononuclear cells collected before (day 0) and 4/5 and 7 days after immunization. Specific circulating memory B cells present at the time of the single dose vaccination were also studied to determine if such cells may reflect mucosal memory. Considerably higher and significantly more frequent IgA ALS responses against all CFs and LTB were induced by the single vaccine dose in the previously immunized than in non-immunized volunteers. Furthermore, peak IgA ALS responses against all antigens were observed on days 4/5 in most of the previously immunized subjects whereas only a few previously non-vaccinated individuals responded before day 7. Priming with adjuvant did not influence memory responses. Circulating vaccine specific IgA memory B cells were not detected, whereas anti-toxin IgG memory B cells were identified 13-23 months after priming vaccination. We conclude that MEV induces functional mucosal immunological memory which remains at least 1-2 years. Furthermore, our results support that analysis of antibody-secreting cell responses after booster vaccination may be a useful approach to evaluate longstanding mucosal immunological memory in humans.
  
  
  
  ISRCTN27096290.
authors.affiliation: University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: anna.lundgren@microbio.gu.se.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lundgren
authors.affiliation: University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: marianne.jertborn@microbio.gu.se.
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jertborn
authors.affiliation: University of Gothenburg Vaccine Research Institute (GUVAX), Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Box 435, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: ann-mari.svennerholm@microbio.gu.se.
authors.forename: Ann-Mari
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Svennerholm
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D000921:Antibody-Producing Cells / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D054307:Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022361:Escherichia coli Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000097:blood; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D008297:Male; D013548:Sweden; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D022361:Escherichia coli Vaccines; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated
keywords: ETEC; IgA; Immunological memory; Mucosal immunity; Oral vaccine