title: Optimal design of active spreading systems to remediate sorbing groundwater contaminants in situ.
abstract: The effectiveness of in situ remediation to treat contaminated aquifers is limited by the degree of contact between the injected treatment chemical and the groundwater contaminant. In this study, candidate designs that actively spread the treatment chemical into the contaminant are generated using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm. Design parameters pertaining to the amount of treatment chemical and the duration and rate of its injection are optimized according to objectives established for the remediation - maximizing contaminant degradation while minimizing energy and material requirements. Because groundwater contaminants have different reaction and sorption properties that influence their ability to be degraded with in situ remediation, optimization was conducted for six different combinations of reaction rate coefficients and sorption rates constants to represent remediation of the common groundwater contaminants, trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, and toluene, using the treatment chemical, permanganate. Results indicate that active spreading for contaminants with low reaction rate coefficients should be conducted by using greater amounts of treatment chemical mass and longer injection durations relative to contaminants with high reaction rate coefficients. For contaminants with slow sorption or contaminants in heterogeneous aquifers, two different design strategies are acceptable - one that injects high concentrations of treatment chemical mass over a short duration or one that injects lower concentrations of treatment chemical mass over a long duration. Thus, decision-makers can select a strategy according to their preference for material or energy use. Finally, for scenarios with high ambient groundwater velocities, the injection rate used for active spreading should be high enough for the groundwater divide to encompass the entire contaminant plume.
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. Electronic address: amy.piscopo@colorado.edu.
authors.forename: Amy N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Piscopo
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Roseanna M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Neupauer
authors.affiliation: University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kasprzyk
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D060587:Groundwater / Q000737:chemistry*; D062070:Hydrology / Q000379:methods*; D013750:Tetrachloroethylene / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D014050:Toluene / Q000737:chemistry; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014241:Trichloroethylene; D014050:Toluene; D013750:Tetrachloroethylene
keywords: Groundwater modeling; Groundwater remediation; In situ remediation; Multi-objective optimization; Sorption