title: Developmental changes in electroencephalographic frontal asymmetry in young children at risk for depression.
abstract: A number of studies have reported that depression is associated with lower relative left frontal activity in the alpha band (i.e. frontal asymmetry, or FA), as measured by electroencephalogram. FA has also been hypothesized to be a vulnerability marker for depression. If this is the case, FA should be evident in offspring of depressed mothers, a group at elevated risk for depression. However, the results of previous offspring studies have been inconsistent and none of these studies has considered whether the relationship between FA and risk changes over development in children.
  
  
  
  We assessed FA twice, at ages 3 and 6, in 253 never depressed children from a community sample. Maternal history of depressive disorders was determined by a diagnostic interview completed by the mothers at the first assessment.
  
  
  
  There was a significant interaction between maternal depression and offspring age at assessment, indicating that FA exhibits different developmental trajectories depending on level of familial risk for depression. Offspring of depressed mothers exhibited a decreasing relative left FA over the course of early childhood, while offspring of nondepressed mothers exhibited relatively similar, symmetrical, levels of frontal alpha activity at both assessment points.
  
  
  
  These results suggest that changes in FA from early to middle childhood distinguish those at risk for depression and that cross-sectional assessment of FA may have limited value in understanding risk. These results highlight the importance of considering development in understanding the role of FA in depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Stewart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shankman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Autumn
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kujawa
authors.affiliation: Independent Practice, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Dana C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Torpey-Newman
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Olino
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D058256:Brain Waves / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012306:Risk
keywords: Psychophysiology; child development; developmental psychopathology; electroencephalography; maternal depression