title: Hydrolysis-controlled protein adsorption and antifouling behaviors of mixed charged self-assembled monolayer: A molecular simulation study.
abstract: Understanding the mechanism of the antimicrobial and antifouling properties of mixed charged materials is of great significance. The interactions between human gamma fibrinogen (γFg) and mixed carboxylic methyl ether-terminated (COOCH3-) and trimethylamino-terminated (N(CH3)3(+)-) SAMs and the influence of hydrolysis were studied by molecular simulations. After hydrolysis, the mixed SAMs exhibit behaviors from antimicrobial to antifouling, since the COOCH3-thiols were translated into carboxylic acid (COO(-)-) terminated thiols, which carried a net charge of -1 e. Simulation results showed that the main differences between COOCH3-/N(CH3)3(+)-SAM and COO(-)-/N(CH3)3(+)-SAM are the charged property and the hydration layer above the surface. γFg could stably adsorb on the positively-charged COOCH3-/N(CH3)3(+)-SAM. The adsorption behavior is mainly induced by the strong electrostatic attraction. There is a single hydration layer bound to the surface, which is related to the N(CH3)3(+) groups. The van der Waals repulsion between γFg and the single hydration layer are not strong enough to compensate the strong electrostatic attraction. After hydrolysis, the positively-charged SAM was transferred to a neutral mixed charged surface, the electrostatic attraction between γFg and the surface disappears. Meanwhile, the SAM surface is covered by double hydration layers, which is induced by the N(CH3)3(+) and COO(-) groups; water molecules around COO(-) groups are obviously denser than that around N(CH3)3(+) groups. With the combined contribution from double hydration layers and the vanishment of electrostatic attraction, γFg is forced to desorb from the surface. After hydrolysis, the internal structure of mixed SAM appears more ordered due to the electrostatic interactions between charged groups on the top of SAMs.
  
  
  
  The antimicrobial and antifouling materials are of great importance in many biological applications. The strong hydration property of surfaces and the interactions between proteins and surfaces play a key role in resisting protein adsorption. The mixed SAMs, constructed from a 1:1 combination of COOCH3- and N(CH3)3(+)-terminated thiols, can induce protein adsorption mainly through the electrostatic interaction. When the COOCH3-terminated thiols were hydrolyzed to negatively charged COO(-)-terminated thiols, the mixed-charged SAMs switched from antimicrobial to antifouling. Due to the strong hydration property of the mixed charged SAMs, the adsorbed γFg moved away from the surface. Understanding the interactions between protein and mixed-charged SAMs in the atomistic level is important for the practical design and development of new antimicrobial and antifouling materials.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China. Electronic address: jianzhou@scut.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation
chemical_list: D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D005340:Fibrinogen
keywords: Antifouling; Antimicrobial; Molecular simulation; Protein adsorption; Self-assembled monolayer