title: Progress in the mechanism and drug development of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
abstract: Although prostate cancer can initially respond to androgen deprivation therapy, it will inevitably relapse and switch to a castration-resistant state. The progress in understanding the mechanism of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) has led to the evolution of novel agents, including sipuleucel-T as an immunomodulant agent, enzalutamide as an androgen receptor antagonist, docetaxel as a chemotherapeutic agent and radium-223 as a radiopharmaceutical agent. In this review, we discuss the main mechanisms of CRPC and the development of promising agents along with the novel therapies in the clinic. New therapeutic challenges remain, such as the identification of predictive biomarkers and the optimal combinations of agents. Future investigation is still needed for a better understanding of CRPC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
authors.forename: Minzan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
authors.forename: Tinghan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
authors.forename: Raoling
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhiyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000556:secondary; D019496:Cancer Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D009154:Mutation; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D013739:Testosterone
keywords: androgen receptor antagonists; castration-resistant prostate cancer; cross-resistance; predictive biomarkers; prostate-specific antigen; treatment strategies