title: Detection and qualitative analysis of fatty acid amides in the urine of alcoholics using HPLC-QTOF-MS.
abstract: Fatty acid amides (FAAs) in alcoholism lead to liver diseases. These amides have been reported in plasma and in other organs of the body, while their detection or presence in the urine is still unknown. Therefore, the focus of the current study was to detect and analyze FAAs qualitatively in urine samples of alcoholics. Furthermore, the effects of Tinospora cordifolia (hepatoprotective medicinal plant) intervention on FAA levels in moderate alcoholics were also analyzed. In the study, asymptomatic chronic alcoholics (n = 22) without chronic liver disease and nonalcoholic healthy volunteers (n = 24) with a mean age of 39 ± 2.0 years were selected. The first-pass urine and fasting blood samples were collected in the morning on day 0 and day 14 after T. cordifolia water extract (TCE) treatment and analyzed using automated biochemistry analyzer and HPLC-QTOF-MS. Results indicated the increased levels of serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and liver function enzymes in alcoholic subjects, which were significantly down-regulated by TCE intervention. Multivariate discrimination analysis of QTOF-MS data showed increased urinary levels of oleoamide (2.55-fold), palmitamide (5.6-fold), and erucamide (1.6-fold) in alcoholics as compared to control subjects. Levels of oleamide (1.8-fold), palmitamide (1.7-fold), and linoleamide (1.5-fold) were found to be increased in plasma. Treatment with TCE in alcoholics (3.0 g lyophilized water extract/day) significantly decreased the plasma and urinary levels of all FAAs except linoleamide. The HPLC-QTOF-MS approach for FAAs analysis in both urinary and plasma samples of alcoholics worked very well. Moreover, findings (i.e., increased levels of FAAs in urine and in plasma) further support other findings that these amides play a very important role in alcoholism. Further, like our previous findings, TCE proved its hepatoprotective effect against alcoholism not only by lowering the levels of these detected FAAs, but also by decreasing the level of liver-specific enzymes and lipids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India. Electronic address: rajeshdabur@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dabur
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University College, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India.
authors.forename: Ashwani
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mittal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D057229:Alcoholics; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000652:urine*; D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D031610:Tinospora; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases
chemical_list: D000581:Amidohydrolases; D015415:Biomarkers; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases
keywords: Alcoholism; Erucamide; Fatty acid amides; Oleoamide; Tinospora cordifolia