title: Impact of five insecticides used to control citrus pests on the parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola Longvinovskaya (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae).
abstract: The parasitoid Ageniaspis citricola Longvnovskaya is a main biological control agent of the citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, an insect pest that causes considerable damage to citrus worldwide. However, the use of pesticides to control arthropod pests can reduce the effectiveness of parasitoids and disrupt integrated pest management in citrus groves. This study evaluated the impact on A. citricola of five insecticides that are used to control arthropod pests in citrus. Our results indicated that imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin and β-cyfluthrin were harmful (mortality >89 %) to A. citricola adults; whereas abamectin did not cause significant mortality and was considered harmless to the parasitoid. In addition to causing high mortality, imidacloprid and bifenthrin were considered moderately persistent, because they caused <25 % mortality to 17 and 24 days after spraying (DAS), respectively. Chlorpyrifos and β-cyfluthrin were considered slightly persistent (mortality <25 %, 7 DAS). Although abamectin was considered harmless to A. citricola adults, had a short life (mortality <25 %, 3 DAS), and did not significantly affect the parasitism rate, the number and viability of pupae, or the longevity of A. citricola, this insecticide significantly reduced the proportion of females in the progeny compared to the control treatment. Therefore, semi-field and field studies that consider demographic parameters are needed to evaluate the impacts of these insecticides on the A. citricola parasitoid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Agronomia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, CEP 13418-900, Brazil. matheusdemorais@yahoo.com.br.
authors.forename: Matheus Rovere
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: de Morais
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Agronomia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, CEP 13418-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Odimar Zanuzo
authors.initials: OZ
authors.lastname: Zanardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Agronomia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, CEP 13418-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriel Rodrigo
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Rugno
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Agronomia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, CEP 13418-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pedro Takao
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000633:toxicity; D002957:Citrus; D006927:Hymenoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D007915:Lepidoptera / Q000502:physiology; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009570:Nitriles; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D011722:Pyrethrins; C082359:imidacloprid; C048324:abamectin; C099952:bifenthrin; D007559:Ivermectin; D004390:Chlorpyrifos; C052570:cyfluthrin
keywords: Acute toxicity; Biological control; Integrated pest management; Leafminer; Persistence; Sublethal effects