title: Internal and External Resources as Determinants of Health and Quality of Life.
abstract: The salutogenic model has been established as a health promoting resource that is related to a strong sense of coherence (SOC), positive subjective health and quality of life (QoL). The aim of the study was to compare internal and external resources, life style factors, perceived health and QoL in Japan and Austria and to determine associations among these factors.
  
  
  
  A survey was conducted in a Japanese (N = 460) and an Austrian (N = 421) student sample using the following self-report health questionnaires: Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-13), Social and Gender Role Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ), SF-12 Health Survey, and the Cross-cultural Health Survey. Analyses of data showed that age (ß -0.12), and stress (ß -0.21) were negatively related and SOC (ß 0.47), family support are (ß -0.35) positively related to mental QoL. Significant predictors for emotional strain, were female gender (ß -0.24), older age (ß-0.14), lower SOC (ß 0.28), less traditional gender and social role patterns (ß 0.10), more restrained eating (ß -0.20), more alcohol intake (ß -0.16), and more stress (ß -0.25) explaining 42% of the variance in Austrian students. In Japan stress (ß -0.38) was negatively related and SOC (ß 0.37) positively related to mental QoL. Older age (ß -0.20), lower SOC (ß 0.29) and more stress (ß -0.33) were identified as significant predictors explaining 35% of the variance in Japanese students.
  
  
  
  SOC and stress are strongly associated with QoL and perceived health in Austria as well as in Japan. SOC seems to be a crucial predictor for stress, and emotional health independent of the cultural context. A major challenge of cross-cultural research is to understand perceived health and QoL and the extent in which it is individually, socially, or culturally determined.
authors.affiliation: Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Elfriede
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Greimel
authors.affiliation: Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: FH JOANNEUM University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller-Gartner
authors.affiliation: FH JOANNEUM University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salchinger
authors.affiliation: Karl Franzens University Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Roswith
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.affiliation: Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Freidl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001317:Austria; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D011788:Quality of Life; D060685:Sense of Coherence; D055815:Young Adult