title: Prevention of NAFLD development in rats with obesity via the improvement of pro/antioxidant state by cerium dioxide nanoparticles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the pathogenic mechanisms of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn aggravates the disease progress. We have investigated novel cerium dioxide nanoparticles (nCeO2) due to their promising antioxidant auto-regenerative ability and low toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  30 white male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups: control, monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obesity and MSG treated with nCeO2 (MSG+nCeO2) groups. Newborn rats of control group were injected with saline (control). MSG- and MSG+nCeO2 groups were injected with MSG (4 mg/g concentration, 8 μl/g volume) between the 2nd and the 10th days of life subcutaneously [13]. At the age of 1 month, rats of group II were administered water 2.9 ml/kg orally, MSG+nCeO2 group received 1 mM solution of nCeO2 1 mg/kg orally. 4-months rats were sacrificed and the liver was harvested for histological and biochemical analysis. To assess the morphological changes in the liver we used NAS (NAFLD activity score). The content of lipid peroxidation products and enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in the liver were studied by standard biochemical methods [Refs].
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 4-month rats we found significantly lower total score (1.3±0.26 vs 3.6±0.34, p<0.001), degree of steatosis (1.1±0.18 vs 2.1±0.18, p<0.001), manifestation of lobular inflammation (0.2±0.13 vs 1.2±0.2, p<0.001) and ballooning degeneration (0.0±0.0 vs 0.3±0.15, p=0.034) due to NAS in the nCeO2 group compared to the MSG-group. nCeO2 significantly decreased lipid peroxidation in the liver tissue, namely it reduced the conjugated dienes content by 27% (p<0.05), TBA-products - by 43% (p<0.05) and Schiff bases - by 21% (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Due to its antioxidant properties nCeO2 significantly reduces the incidence of NASH and improves the main NAFLD histological features.
authors.affiliation: Bogomolets National Medical University, Kiev, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Nazarii
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kobyliak
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Italy.
authors.forename: Ludovico
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Abenavoli
authors.affiliation: Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Tetyana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Falalyeyeva
authors.affiliation: Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Oleksandr
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Virchenko
authors.affiliation: Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Belemets
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Natalia
authors.affiliation: Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Tetyana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Beregova
authors.affiliation: Bogomolets National Medical University, Kiev, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Petro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bodnar
authors.affiliation: Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine.
authors.forename: Mykola
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spivak
keywords: Wistar rats; lipid peroxidation; nanoparticles; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; reactive oxygen species