title: Antimicrobial Activity of Marine Bacterial Symbionts Retrieved from Shallow Water Hydrothermal Vents.
abstract: Marine sponges and other sessile macro-organisms were collected at a shallow water hydrothermal site in Eyjafjörður, Iceland. Bacteria were isolated from the organisms using selective media for actinomycetes, and the isolates were screened for antimicrobial activity. A total of 111 isolates revealed antimicrobial activity displaying different antimicrobial patterns which indicates production of various compounds. Known test strains were grown in the presence of ethyl acetate extracts from one selected isolate, and a clear growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus was observed down to 0.1 % extract concentration in the medium. Identification of isolates shows different species of Actinobacteria with Streptomyces sp. playing the largest role, but also members of Bacilli, Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. Sponges have an excellent record regarding production of bioactive compounds, often involving microbial symbionts. At the hydrothermal vents, however, the majority of active isolates originated from other invertebrates such as sea anemones or algae. The results indicate that antimicrobial assays involving isolates in full growth can detect activity not visible by other methods. The macro-organisms inhabiting the Eyjafjörður hydrothermal vent area host diverse microbial species in the phylum Actinobacteria with antimicrobial activity, and the compounds responsible for the activity will be subject to further research.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Akureyri, Borgum, Nordurslod 4, 600, Akureyri, Iceland.|Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Haga, Hofsvallagotu 53, 107, Reykjavík, Iceland.
authors.forename: Arnheidur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eythorsdottir
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Haga, Hofsvallagotu 53, 107, Reykjavík, Iceland.
authors.forename: Sesselja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Omarsdottir
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Natural Resource Sciences, University of Akureyri, Borgum, Nordurslod 4, 600, Akureyri, Iceland. hei@unak.is.
authors.forename: Hjorleifur
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Einarsson
mesh_terms: D039903:Actinobacteria / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology; D020561:Alphaproteobacteria / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology; D020563:Gammaproteobacteria / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology; D060086:Hydrothermal Vents / Q000382:microbiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D000459:Phaeophyceae / Q000382:microbiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D011161:Porifera / Q000382:microbiology; D012615:Sea Anemones / Q000382:microbiology; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents
keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Hydrothermal vents; Marine bacteria; Symbionts