title: Photochemical degradation of hydroxy PAHs in ice: Implications for the polar areas.
abstract: Hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) are derived from hydroxylated PAHs as contaminants of emerging concern. They are ubiquitous in the aqueous and atmospheric environments and may exist in the polar snow and ice, which urges new insights into their environmental transformation, especially in ice. In present study the simulated-solar (λ > 290 nm) photodegradation kinetics, products and pathways of four OH-PAHs (9-Hydroxyfluorene, 2-Hydroxyfluorene, 1-Hydroxypyrene and 9-Hydroxyphenanthrene) in ice were investigated, and the corresponding implications for the polar areas were explored. It was found that the kinetics followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics with the photolysis quantum yields (Φs) ranging from 7.48 × 10(-3) (1-Hydroxypyrene) to 4.16 × 10(-2) (2-Hydroxyfluorene). These 4 OH-PAHs were proposed to undergo photoinduced hydroxylation, resulting in multiple hydroxylated intermediates, particularly for 9-Hydroxyfluorene. Extrapolation of the lab data to the real environment is expected to provide a reasonable estimate of OH-PAH photolytic half-lives (t1/2,E) in mid-summer of the polar areas. The estimated t1/2,E values ranged from 0.08 h for 1-OHPyr in the Arctic to 54.27 h for 9-OHFl in the Antarctic. In consideration of the lower temperature and less microorganisms in polar areas, the photodegradation can be a key factor in determining the fate of OH-PAHs in sunlit surface snow/ice. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the photodegradation of OH-PAHs in polar areas.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China.
authors.forename: Linke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: College of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China.
authors.forename: Guangshui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Na
authors.affiliation: Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Chang-Er
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China. Electronic address: pzhang@nmemc.org.cn.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas (SOA), National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China.
authors.forename: Ziwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yao
mesh_terms: D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001110:Arctic Regions; D006207:Half-Life; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000737:chemistry*; D006900:Hydroxylation; D007053:Ice / Q000032:analysis*; D007700:Kinetics; D010782:Photolysis; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D007053:Ice; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical
keywords: Arctic and Antarctic; Environmental fate; Hydroxy PAHs; Ice photochemistry; Pathways; Photodegradation kinetics