title: Coronary heart disease and household air pollution from use of solid fuel: a systematic review.
abstract: Evidence is emerging that indoor air pollution (IAP) from use of solid fuels for cooking and heating may be an important risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD).
  
  
  
  We searched the Ovid Medline, Embase Classic, Embase and Web of Science databases from inception through to June 12, 2015, to identify reports of primary epidemiological research concerning the relationship of CHD to IAP from solid fuel, the likely magnitude of any increase in risk, and potential pathogenic mechanisms.
  
  
  
  The current balance of epidemiological evidence points to an increased risk of CHD from IAP as a consequence of using solid, and especially biomass, fuels for cooking and heating. Relative risks from long-term exposure could be 2- to 4-fold.
  
  
  
  The evidence base is still limited, and although an association of CHD with such IAP from solid fuel is consistent with the known hazards from smoking, environmental tobacco smoke and ambient air pollution, and supported by evidence of effects on inflammatory processes, atherosclerosis and blood pressure, it requires confirmation by larger and more robust studies.
  
  
  
  The completion of two relatively small case-control studies on CHD and IAP from use of biomass fuel demonstrates the feasibility of such research, and is an encouragement to further, larger studies using similar methods.
  
  
  
  The need for such research is particularly pressing because the incidence of CHD in developing countries is rising, and IAP may interact synergistically with the risk factors that are driving that increase. Furthermore, relatively cheap methods are available to reduce IAP from use of solid fuels, and there are indications from intervention studies that these may impact beneficially on CHD as well as other diseases caused by such pollution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Zafar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fatmi
authors.affiliation: MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK dnc@mrc.soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coggon
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: biomass; cardiovascular disease; coronary heart disease; household air pollution; indoor air pollution; solid fuel