title: Repurposing drugs for treatment of tuberculosis: a role for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
abstract: The number of cases of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), has risen rapidly in recent years. This has led to the resurgence in repurposing existing drugs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), for anti-TB treatment.
  
  
  
  Evidence from novel drug screening in vitro, in vivo, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics analyses and clinical trials has been used for the preparation of this systematic review of the potential of NSAIDs for use as an adjunct in new TB chemotherapies.
  
  
  
  Certain NSAIDs have demonstrated inhibitory properties towards actively replicating, dormant and drug-resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis cells.
  
  
  
  NSAIDs are a diverse class of drugs, which have reported off-target activities, and their endogenous antimicrobial mechanism(s) of action is still unclear.
  
  
  
  It is essential that clinical trials of NSAIDs continue, in order to assess their suitability for addition to the current TB treatment regimen. Repurposing molecules such as NSAIDs is a vital, low-risk strategy to combat the trend of rapidly increasing antibiotic resistance.
authors.affiliation: Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences,  Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
authors.forename: Arundhati
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maitra
authors.affiliation: Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences,  Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
authors.forename: Sadé
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.affiliation: Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences,  Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK.
authors.forename: Monisha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shaik
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Evangelopoulos
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abubakar
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.affiliation: Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, and University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lipman
authors.affiliation: Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences,  Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London WC1E 7HX, UK s.bhakta@bbk.ac.uk sanjib.bhakta@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sanjib
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhakta
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058492:Drug Repositioning; D006801:Humans; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000995:Antitubercular Agents
keywords: Mycobacterium; NSAIDs; antimicrobial resistance; carprofen; drug repurposing; tuberculosis