title: Application of porous membrane-protected chitosan microspheres to determine benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes and styrene in water.
abstract: Chitosan (CS) microspheres were synthesized by the precipitation method and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. The cross-linked CS microspheres (20mg) were used as sorbents for the micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes and styrene (BTEX-S) from water. The μ-SPE device consisted of a sealed polypropylene envelope housing the microspheres for the evaluation of the extraction efficiency. Analysis was by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Under the optimized conditions, the method provided linearity range of between 0.5 and 50μgL(-1) with good correlation coefficients of between 0.985 and 0.998. The relative standard deviations of μ-SPE coupled with GC-MS were found to be between 2 and 3%. Method detection limits for BTEX-S were in the range of between 0.01 and 0.04μgL(-1) while the relative recoveries were in the range of between 59 and 97%. The proposed method is a cost effective, fast and environmentally friendly extraction technique with ease of operation and minimal usage of organic solvent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building # 02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
authors.forename: Nyi Nyi
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Naing
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building # 02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
authors.forename: Sam Fong Yau
authors.initials: SFY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore; National University of Singapore Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, T-Lab Building # 02-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, S2S, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore. Electronic address: chmleehk@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Hian Kee
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D001554:Benzene / Q000032:analysis; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000032:analysis*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D005976:Glutaral / Q000737:chemistry; D008863:Microspheres; D016062:Porosity; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D020058:Styrene / Q000032:analysis; D014050:Toluene / Q000032:analysis; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014992:Xylenes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014992:Xylenes; D014867:Water; D014050:Toluene; D020058:Styrene; D048271:Chitosan; D001554:Benzene; C004912:ethylbenzene; D005976:Glutaral
keywords: BTEX-S; Cross-linked microspheres; Extraction efficiency; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; Micro-solid phase extraction