title: Three dimensional multi-segmental trunk kinematics and kinetics during gait: Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change.
abstract: Trunk kinematics and kinetics can contribute to more detailed information on gait impairment, however, data about reliability and measurement error of multi-segment trunk on three-dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) is lacking. The aim of this study is to investigate test-retest reliability and MDC of 3DGA kinematic and kinetic data in a sample of healthy individuals, using a two rigid segment model for the trunk.
  
  
  
  A test-retest study with a median interval of 7 days and a sample of 23 healthy individuals was conducted. Anthropometric, time-distance parameters and peak values for lower limb and trunk joint angles/moments were computed. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC3,k), standard error of measurement (SEM), minimal detectable change (MDC) and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were calculated.
  
  
  
  We found acceptable test-retest reliability for most joint angles and a SEM ≤4°. The ICCs were above 0.7 for joint moments and the SEM and MDC were ≤0.2Nm/kg and ≤0.6Nm/kg, respectively. Bland-Altman plots with 95% LOA revealed a good agreement and time-distance parameters were all highly repeatable (majority ICCs>0.90).
  
  
  
  The results of this study suggest varied reliability indices for multi-segment trunk joint angles and moments during gait and an acceptable level of error, particularly for sagittal plane parameters. Some parameters showed wide 95% CIs for ICCs and higher SEM%. However, we believe that this study provides preliminary data regarding reliability indices for multi-segment trunk during gait, which may be valuable for clinical reasoning and decision making when dealing with movement disorders.
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, LBMF, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal; Departamento de Fisioterapia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Portugal, Campus do Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Estefanilha, Edifício ESCE, 2914-503 Setúbal, Portugal. Electronic address: rita.fernandes@ess.ips.pt.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, LBMF, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal. Electronic address: parmada@fmh.ulisboa.pt.
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Armada-da-Silva
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Research Institute MOVE, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: annelies.pool@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Annelies L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Pool-Goudzwaard
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, LBMF, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal. Electronic address: veramps@fmh.ulisboa.pt.
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Moniz-Pereira
authors.affiliation: Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, LBMF, Estrada da Costa, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Dafundo, Portugal. Electronic address: apveloso@fmh.ulisboa.pt.
authors.forename: António P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Veloso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D060726:Torso / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Measurement error; Multi-segmental trunk; Reliability; Three dimensional gait analysis