title: Cytoplasmic, full length and novel cleaved variant, TBLR1 reduces apoptosis in prostate cancer under androgen deprivation.
abstract: TBLR1/TBL1XR1, a core component of the nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) complex critical for the regulation of multiple nuclear receptors, is a transcriptional coactivator of androgen receptor (AR) and functions as a tumor suppressor when expressed in the nucleus in prostate. Subcellular localization of a protein is critical for its function, and although TBLR1, as a transcriptional cofactor, has been primarily viewed as a nuclear protein, many cells also express variable levels of cytoplasmic TBLR1 and its cytoplasmic specific functions have not been studied. Prostate cancer (PCa) cells express moderately higher level of cytoplasmic TBLR1 compared to benign prostate cells. When comparing androgen-dependent (AD) to androgen-independent (AI) PCa, AI cells contain very high levels of TBLR1 cytoplasmic expression and low levels of nuclear expression. Overexpression of cytoplasmic TBLR1 in AD cells inhibits apoptosis induced by androgen deprivation therapy, either in an androgen free condition or in the presence of bicalutamide. Additionally, we identified a cytoplasmic specific isoform of TBLR1 (cvTBLR1) approximately 5 kDa lower in molecular weight, that is expressed at higher levels in AI PCa cells. By immunoprecipitation, we purified cvTBLR1 and using mass spectrometry analysis combined with N-terminal TMPP labeling and Edman degradation, we identified the cleavage site of cvTBLR1 at amino acid 89, truncating the first 88 amino acids of the N-terminus of the full length protein. Functionally, cvTBLR1 expressed in the cytoplasm reduced apoptosis in PCa cells and promoted growth, migration, and invasion. Finally, we identified a nuclear export signal sequence for TBLR1 cellular localization by deletion and site-directed mutagenesis. The roles of TBLR1 and cvTBLR1 provide novel insights into the mechanism of castration resistance and new strategies for PCa therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Garrett
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Xinmin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Xuelin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Larion
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Santiago
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ling Hang
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Xinyu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Jack Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Fengxia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Neubert
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
authors.forename: Laurey
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steinke
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Basch
authors.affiliation: Microbiology and Molecular Pathogenesis, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.|Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.|NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.|New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D000072417:Protein Domains; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C410798:AR protein, human; D000728:Androgens; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C473691:TBL1XR1 protein, human
keywords: TBLR1; castration resistance; cvTBLR1; prostate cancer; subcellular localization