title: Interventional Treatment for Post-traumatic Headache.
abstract: Post-traumatic headache (migraine) is the most common symptom of concussion and traumatic brain injury. An expert opinion-based review along with a literature review (PubMed) was conducted looking at known interventional procedures for post-traumatic headache using the keywords post-traumatic headache, post-traumatic migraine headache, concussion, mild traumatic brain injury, and traumatic brain injury and the following categories: mechanism, pathophysiology, treatment, physical therapy, neurostimulation, Botox@/Onabotulinum toxin, and surgical intervention. The results returned a total of 181 articles of which 52 were selected. None of the articles included randomized placebo-controlled studies, and most were either prospective or retrospective case analysis and/or review articles or consensus opinion papers, with most studies yielding positive results. Despite a lack of hard evidence, interventional procedures, alone or in combination, appear to be an effective treatment for post-traumatic headaches.
authors.affiliation: Florida Center for Headache and Sports Neurology, 2525 Burns Road, Palm Beach Gardens, FL, 33410, USA. fxneuro@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Francis X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Conidi
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D051298:Post-Traumatic Headache / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A
keywords: Concussion; Nerve blocks; Neurostimulation; Onabotulinumtoxin; Physical therapy; Post-traumatic headache; Surgery; Trigger point injections