title: Effects of Age and Sex on Values Obtained by RAPDx®Pupillometer, and Determined the Standard Values for Detecting Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of age and sex on the amplitude and latency scores obtained by the RAPDx®pupillometer, and to determine the standard values for detecting relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) in healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on 84 healthy subjects (52 males, 32 females), who had no ophthalmic diseases other than refractive errors with a mean age of 32 years. The amplitude and latency scores of the males were compared to that of females and also among the different age groups. The correlations between the amplitude and latency scores and age were determined. The standard values with the 90%, 95%, and 99% prediction intervals of the measured values were also calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The differences in the amplitude and latency scores between the sexes were not significant. In addition, both scores were not significantly related with age. The mean amplitude score for all subjects with prediction intervals of 90%, 95%, and 99% was 0.02 (-0.26 to 0.30, -0.32 to 0.35, and -0.42 to 0.46, respectively); the latency score was -0.02 (-0.24 to 0.20, -0.28 to 0.25, and -0.37 to 0.33, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RAPD is not present when the absolute values of the amplitude score and latency scores, measured by the RAPDx®pupillometer, are ≤ 0.2 log units. RAPD is present when either of the values are ≥ 0.5 log units.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study can be used for detection of RAPD in the clinic and it will be the basic data of RAPDx®pupillometer for future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsukasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Satou
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goseki
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan ; Department of Orthoptics and Visual Science, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kimiya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimizu
keywords: age; gender; relative afferent pupillary defect; standard values