title: Self-compassion enhances the efficacy of explicit cognitive reappraisal as an emotion regulation strategy in individuals with major depressive disorder.
abstract: Cognitive reappraisal has been shown to be an effective strategy to regulate depressed mood in healthy and remitted depressed individuals. However, individuals currently suffering from a clinical depression often experience difficulties in utilizing this strategy. Therefore, the goal of this study was to examine whether the efficacy of explicit cognitive reappraisal in major depressive disorder can be enhanced through the use of self-compassion and emotion-focused acceptance as preparatory strategies. Thereby, explicit cognitive reappraisal refers to purposefully identifying, challenging, and modifying depressiogenic cognitions to reduce depressed mood. To test our hypotheses, we induced depressed mood at four points in time in 54 participants (64.8% female; age M = 35.59, SD = 11.49 years) meeting criteria for major depressive disorder. After each mood induction, participants were instructed to either wait, or employ self-compassion, acceptance, or reappraisal to regulate their depressed mood. Depressed mood was assessed before and after each mood induction and regulation period on a visual analog scale. Results indicated that participants who had utilized self-compassion as a preparatory strategy experienced a significantly greater reduction of depressed mood during reappraisal than did those who had been instructed to wait prior to reappraisal. Participants who had used acceptance as a preparatory strategy did not experience a significantly greater reduction of depressed mood during subsequent reappraisal than those in the waiting condition. These findings provide preliminary evidence that the efficacy of explicit cognitive reappraisal is moderated by the precursory use of other emotion regulation strategies. In particular, they suggest that depressed individuals might benefit from using self-compassion to facilitate the subsequent use of explicit cognitive reappraisal.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Nußbaumstr. 7, 80336 Munich, Germany. Electronic address: alice.diedrich@med.uni-muenchen.de.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diedrich
authors.affiliation: Boston University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 648 Beacon Street, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Electronic address: shofmann@bu.edu.
authors.forename: Stefan G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.affiliation: VU University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical and Developmental Psychopathology, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 Amsterdam, BT, The Netherlands. Electronic address: p.cuijpers@vu.nl.
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cuijpers
authors.affiliation: Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Nägelsbachstraße 25a, 91052 Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany. Electronic address: matthias.berking@fau.de.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berking
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003071:Cognition; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D004644:Emotions; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012649:Self Concept; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cognitive reappraisal; Depression; Emotion regulation; Emotion-focused acceptance; Mood; Self-compassion