title: Investigating the effect of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on postoperative pain intensity in adolescents undergoing surgery: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for postoperative pain management in adolescents.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing is an inexpensive, non-pharmacological intervention that has successfully been used to treat chronic pain. It holds promise in the treatment of acute, postsurgical pain based on its purported effects on the brain and nervous system.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six adolescent surgical patients aged between 12-18 years were allocated to gender-balanced Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (treatment) or non-Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (control) groups. Pain was measured using the Wong-Baker FACES(®) Pain Rating Scale (WBFS) before and after the intervention (or non-intervention for the control group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A Wilcoxon signed-rank test demonstrated that the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing group experienced a significant reduction in pain intensity after treatment intervention, whereas the control group did not. Additionally, a Mann-Whitney U-test showed that, while there was no significant difference between the two groups at time 1, there was a significant difference in pain intensity between the two groups at time 2, with the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing group experiencing lower levels of pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing may be an effective treatment modality for postoperative pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maroufi
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Shahrekord, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Shahla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zamani
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology and Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Izadikhah
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marofi
authors.affiliation: The School of Management, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: O'Connor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D059350:Chronic Pain; D057169:Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: EMDR; Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing; adolescent health; experiment; nursing; pain; surgery