title: A coupled Bio-EF process for mineralization of the pharmaceuticals furosemide and ranitidine: Feasibility assessment.
abstract: A coupled Bio-EF treatment has been applied as a reliable process for the degradation of the pharmaceuticals furosemide (FRSM) and ranitidine (RNTD) in aqueous medium, in order to reduce the high energy consumption related to electrochemical technology. In the first stage of this study, electrochemical degradation of the drugs was assessed by the electro-Fenton process (EF) using a BDD/carbon-felt cell. Biodegradability of the drugs solutions was enhanced reaching BOD5/COD ratios close to the biodegradability threshold of 0.4, evidencing the formation of bio-compatible by-products (mainly short-chain carboxylic acids) which are suitable for biological post-treatment. Moreover, toxicity evaluation by the Microtox(®) method revealed that EF pre-treatment was able of detoxifying both, FRSM and RNTD solutions, constituting another indicator of biodegradability of EF treated solutions. In the second stage, electrolyzed solutions were treated by means of an aerobic biological process. A significant part of the short-chain carboxylic acids formed during the electrochemical phase was satisfactorily removed by the used selected microorganisms. The results obtained demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of the integrated Bio-EF process.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), EA 4508, UPEM, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France.
authors.forename: Hugo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Olvera-Vargas
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), EA 4508, UPEM, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France.
authors.forename: Nihal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oturan
authors.affiliation: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 63 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris Cedex 05, France.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Buisson
authors.affiliation: Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), EA 4508, UPEM, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France. Electronic address: Mehmet.Oturan@univ-paris-est.fr.
authors.forename: Mehmet A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oturan
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004572:Electrolysis; D005665:Furosemide / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D011899:Ranitidine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002244:Carbon; D005665:Furosemide; D011899:Ranitidine; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D007501:Iron
keywords: BDD; Bioelectro-Fenton; Electro-Fenton; Furosemide; Ranitidine; Toxicity