title: An assessment of population-based screening guidelines versus clinical prediction rules for chlamydia and gonorrhea case finding.
abstract: Much remains to be learned regarding the epistemology and utility of guidelines and clinical prediction rules (CPR), as well as the extent to which knowledge about risk at a population level might be pertinent to any given patient in terms of case finding accuracy. In the current paper, we offer an empirical examination that juxtaposes population-based guidelines and CPR for sexual health decision-making.
  
  
  
  We analyzed electronic medical records from asymptomatic patient visits involving tests for chlamydia or gonorrhea between 2000 and 2012 at nine publicly funded STI clinics in British Columbia to compare the case-finding accuracy for infection risk under two scenarios: (1) if the population had been screened using the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) screening guidelines for chlamydia and gonorrhea; or (2) if the population has been screened using a CPR. Performance metrics evaluated included the area under the ROC curve (AUC).
  
  
  
  In total, 35,818 individuals met the study inclusion criteria. The overall infection rate was 3.0%. Using the PHAC guidelines, the discriminatory performance of using any versus no risk factors and counts of risk factors were: AUC=0.55, 95% CI: 0.54-0.56 and AUC=0.64, 95% CI: 0.63-0.66, respectively. The model used to derive the CPR demonstrated good discrimination (AUC=0.73, 95% CI: 0.71-0.74).
  
  
  
  The current paper provides empirical evidence that demonstrates that population-based guidelines may not necessarily be a perfect fit for application at the individual level. Thus, we recommend risk estimation algorithms for use in sexual health services and programs.
authors.affiliation: The School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. Electronic address: lola.falasinnu@ubc.ca.
authors.forename: Titilola
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Falasinnu
authors.affiliation: British Columbia Center for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada; Applied Epidemiology Unit, Ontario HIV Treatment Network, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: The Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gustafson
authors.affiliation: The School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shoveller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001955:British Columbia; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment
keywords: Chlamydia; Clinical guidelines; Clinical prediction rules; Gonorrhea; Personalized medicine; Predictors; Risk assessment; Risk factors; Screening recommendations; Selective testing