title: The Evolution of Autonomy.
abstract: There can be little doubt, at least in the Western world, that autonomy is theruling principle in contemporary bioethics. In spite of its 'triumph' however,the dominance of the utilitarian concept of autonomy is being increasinglyquestioned. In this paper, I explore the nature of autonomy, how it came todisplace the Hippocratic tradition in medicine and how different conceptsof autonomy have evolved. I argue that the reduction of autonomy to'the exercise of personal choice' in medicine has led to a 'tyranny of autonomy' which can be inimical to ethical medical practice rather than conducive to it.I take the case of Kerrie Wooltorton as an illustration of how misplacedadherence to respect for patient autonomy can lead to tragic consequences.An analysis of autonomy based on the work of Rachel Haliburton isdescribed and applied to the role of autonomy in a recent bioethicaldebate--that arising from Savulescu's proposal that conscientious objection by health-care professionals should not be permitted in the NHS. Inconclusion, I suggest Kukla's concept of conscientious autonomy as onepromising pathway to circumvent both the limitations and adverse effectsof the dominance of current (mis)understandings of autonomy in biomedical ethics.
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stammers
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition; D003242:Conscience; D034462:Dissent and Disputes; D026689:Ethical Analysis; D028663:Ethical Theory; D006801:Humans; D009014:Morals; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D013850:Thinking; D016312:Treatment Refusal; D006113:United Kingdom; D019366:Western World