title: Leaf-based physiological, metabolic, and ultrastructural changes in cultivated cotton cultivars under cadmium stress mediated by glutathione.
abstract: Cadmium (Cd) pollution is present in the world over especially in the industrialized parts of the world. To reduce Cd accumulation in various crops especially food crops, alleviating agents such as reduced glutathione (GSH) can be applied, which are capable either to exclude or to sequester Cd contamination. This study investigated the leaf-based spatial distribution of physiological, metabolic, and microstructural changes in two cotton cultivars (Coker 312 and TM-1) under GSH-mediated Cd stress using single levels of Cd (50 μM) and GSH (50 μM) both separately and in mix along with control. Results showed that GSH revived the morphology and physiology of both cotton cultivars alone or in mix with Cd. Cd uptake was enhanced in all segments of leaf and whole leaf upon the addition of GSH. GSH alleviated Cd-induced reduction in the photosynthetic pigment compositions and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. Mean data of biomarkers (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium (TTC), total soluble protein (TSP), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)) revealed the adverse effects of Cd stress on leaf segments of both cultivars, which were revived by GSH. The oxidative metabolism induced by Cd stress was profoundly influenced by exogenous GSH application. The microstructural alterations were mainly confined to chloroplastic regions of leaves under Cd-stressed conditions, which were greatly revived upon the GSH addition. As a whole, Cd stress greatly affected TM-1 as compared to Coker 312. These results suggest a positive role of GSH in alleviating Cd-mediated changes in different leaf sections of cotton cultivars.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China. mkdaud@yahoo.com.|Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan. mkdaud@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Daud
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.|Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mei
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Azizullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azizullah
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.|Department of Environmental Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dawood
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.|Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Imran
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Qaisar
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Waheed
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ullah
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, 26000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jamil
authors.affiliation: Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China. shjzhu@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D002104:Cadmium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D003368:Gossypium / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010788:Photosynthesis; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002104:Cadmium; D002734:Chlorophyll; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Cadmium stress; Cotton plant; Microstructural alterations; Oxidative metabolism; Reduced glutathione