title: Cyclic Equibiaxial Tensile Strain Alters Gene Expression of Chondrocytes via Histone Deacetylase 4 Shuttling.
abstract: This paper aims to investigate whether equibiaxial tensile strain alters chondrocyte gene expression via controlling subcellular localization of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4).
  
  
  
  Murine chondrocytes transfected with GFP-HDAC4 were subjected to 3 h cyclic equibiaxial tensile strain (CTS, 6% strain at 0.25 Hz) by a Flexcell® FX-5000™ Tension System. Fluorescence microscope and western blot were used to observe subcellular location of HDAC4. The gene expression was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The concentration of Glycosaminoglycans in culture medium was quantified by bimethylmethylene blue dye; Collagen II protein was evaluated by western blot. Cells phenotype was identified by immunohistochemistry. Cell viability was evaluated by live-dead cell detect kit. Okadaic acid, an inhibitor of HDAC4 nuclear relocation, was used to further validate whether HDAC4 nuclear relocation plays a role in gene expression in response to tension stimulation.
  
  
  
  87.5% of HDAC4 was located in the cytoplasm in chondrocytes under no loading condition, but it was relocated to the nucleus after CTS. RT-PCR analysis showed that levels of mRNA for aggrecan, collagen II, LK1 and SOX9 were all increased in chondrocytes subjected to CTS as compared to no loading control chondrocytes; in contrast, the levels of type X collagen, MMP-13, IHH and Runx2 gene expression were decreased in the chondrocytes subjected to CTS as compared to control chondrocytes. Meanwhile, CTS contributed to elevation of glycosaminoglycans and collagen II protein, but did not change collagen I production. When Okadaic acid blocked HDAC4 relocation from the cytoplasm to nucleus, the changes of the chondrocytes induced by CTS were abrogated. There was no chondrocyte dead detected in this study in response to CTS.
  
  
  
  CTS is able to induce HDAC4 relocation from cytoplasm to nucleus. Thus, CTS alters chondrocytes gene expression in association with the relocation of HDAC4 induced by CTS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Chongwei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Xiaochun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.|Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hosptal, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America.
authors.forename: Shaowei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.|Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hosptal, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jiao
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Xiaohu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
authors.forename: Yongping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University; Shanxi Key Lab of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.|Department of Orthopaedics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hosptal, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D053674:Aggrecans / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000235:genetics; D024121:Collagen Type X / Q000235:genetics; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000235:genetics; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics*; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 / Q000235:genetics; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D024043:Collagen Type II; D024121:Collagen Type X; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; C527933:Sox9 protein, mouse; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; C498618:Hdac5 protein, mouse; D006655:Histone Deacetylases