title: Annual Report on Children's Health Care: Dental and Orthodontic Utilization and Expenditures for Children, 2010-2012.
abstract: To examine general dental and orthodontic utilization and expenditures by health insurance status, public health insurance eligibility, and sociodemographic characteristics among children aged 0 to 17 years using data from 2010-2012.
  
  
  
  Nationally representative data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2010-2012) provided data on insurance status, public health insurance eligibility, and visits to dental providers for both general dental care and orthodontic care.
  
  
  
  Overall, 41.9% of US children reported an annual dental office-based visit for general (nonorthodontic) dental care. Fewer Hispanic (34.7%) and non-Latino black children (34.8%) received dental care compared to non-Hispanic whites (47.3%) and Asians (40.3%). Children living in families with the lowest income were also the least likely to have a visit (32.9%) compared to children in the highest-income families (54.7%). Among children eligible for public coverage, Medicaid-eligible children had the lowest percentage of preventive dental visits (29.2%). Socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in use and expenditures for orthodontic care are much greater than those for general and preventive dental care. Average expenditures for orthodontic care were $1,823, of which 56% ($1,023) was paid out of pocket by families.
  
  
  
  Our findings provide a baseline assessment for examining trends in the future, especially as coverage patterns for children may change as the Affordable Care Act is implemented and the future of the State Child Health Insurance Program remains uncertain beyond 2017.
authors.affiliation: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Md. Electronic address: terceira.berdahl@ahrq.hhs.gov.
authors.forename: Terceira
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berdahl
authors.affiliation: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Md.
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hudson
authors.affiliation: AcademyHealth, Washington DC.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.
authors.forename: Marie C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: McCormick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D065326:Children's Health Insurance Program; D019140:Dental Care for Children / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003752:Dental Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D019458:Insurance Coverage; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid; D009970:Orthodontics / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D058991:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; D011203:Poverty; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: dental care; dental utilization; disparities; eligibility; expenditures; low income; public insurance; race/ethnicity