title: Ultrasound assisted chrome tanning: Towards a clean leather production technology.
abstract: Nowadays, there is a growing demand for a cleaner, but still effective alternative for production processes like in the leather industry. Ultrasound (US) assisted processing of leather might be promising in this sense. In the present paper, the use of US in the conventional chrome tanning process has been studied at different pH, temperature, tanning time, chrome dose and US exposure time by exposing the skin before tanning and during tanning operation. Both prior exposure of the skin to US and US during tanning improves the chrome uptake and reduces the shrinkage significantly. Prior exposure of the skin to US increase the chrome uptake by 13.8% or reduces the chrome dose from 8% to 5% (% based on skin weight) and shorten the process time by half while US during tanning increases the chrome uptake by 28.5% or reduces the chrome dose from 8% to 4% (half) and the tanning time to one third compared to the control without US. Concomitantly, the resulting leather quality (measured as skin shrinkage) improved from 5.2% to 3.2% shrinkage in the skin exposed to US prior tanning and to 1.3% in the skin exposed to US during the tanning experiment. This study confirms that US chrome tanning is an effective and eco-friendly tanning process which can produce a better quality leather product in a shorter process time with a lower chromium dose.
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: embiallemengistie.beyene@cit.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Embialle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mengistie
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: ilse.smets@cit.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Smets
authors.affiliation: KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium. Electronic address: thomas.vangerven@cit.kuleuven.be.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Van Gerven
keywords: Chrome tanning; Chrome uptake; Leather processing; Shrinkage; Ultrasound