title: Ankle-brachial index predicts change over time in functional status in the San Diego Population Study.
abstract: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects millions of people, both in the U.S. and worldwide. Even when asymptomatic, PAD and the ankle-brachial index (ABI), the major clinical diagnostic criterion for PAD, are associated with decreased functional status and quality of life, as well as mobility impairment. Whether the ABI or change in the ABI predicts decline in functional status over time has not been previously assessed in a population-based setting.
  
  
  
  Participants were 812 non-Hispanic white, African American, Hispanic, and Asian men and women from the San Diego Population Study (SDPS) who attended a baseline examination (1994-1998), and follow-up clinic examination approximately 11 years later. The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) was obtained at both the baseline and follow-up examinations, and the summary performance score (SPS) at the follow-up examination. Associations of the baseline ABI and clinically relevant change in the ABI (<-0.15 vs ≥-0.15) with change in SF-36 scores over time were assessed using growth curve models, a type of mixed model that accounts for within participant correlation of measurements over time, and using linear regression for SPS. Models were adjusted for baseline age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, ever smoking, physical activity, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
  
  
  
  Mean ± standard deviation (SD) for the baseline ABI was 1.11 ± 0.10, and 50.8 ± 9.0 for the baseline Physical Component Score (PCS), 50.1 ± 9.5 for the baseline Mental Component Score (MCS), and 11.2 ± 1.9 for the SPS at the follow-up examination. In fully adjusted models, each SD lower of the baseline ABI was significantly associated with an average decrease over time of 0.6 (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.1 to -0.1; P = .02) units on SF-36 PCS. Each SD lower of the baseline ABI was also significantly associated with an average decrease over time of 1.2 units (95% CI, -2.3 to -0.2; P = .02) on the SF-36 physical functioning subscale, and a decrease of 1.3 units (95% CI, -2.3 to -0.3; P = .01) on the SF-36 energy/vitality subscale in fully adjusted models. Baseline ABI was not significantly associated with change in the SF-36 MCS over time, or the SPS at the follow-up examination. Change in the ABI was not associated with SF-36 PCS, MCS, or the SPS.
  
  
  
  In this multiethnic population of healthy middle-aged community-living men and women, we showed that participants with a lower baseline ABI had declines in functional status over 11 years. Findings suggest that small differences in the ABI, even within the normal range, may identify subclinical lower extremity PAD, which in turn may help to identify individuals at risk for declining functional status with age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt. Electronic address: cwassel@med.uvm.edu.
authors.forename: Christina L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wassel
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
authors.forename: Matthew A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, Calif; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
authors.forename: Joachim H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Ix
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, Calif; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
authors.forename: Dena E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Rifkin
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
authors.forename: Nketi I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Forbang
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
authors.forename: Julie O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Denenberg
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Criqui
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D001213:Asian; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D044465:White People