title: Effects of ketamine and lidocaine in combination on the sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in alpacas.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of ketamine and lidocaine in combination on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane (MACSEVO) in alpacas. Eight healthy, intact male, adult alpacas were studied on 2 separate occasions. Anesthesia was induced with SEVO, and baseline MAC (MACB) determination began 45 min after induction. After MACB determination, alpacas were randomly given either an intravenous (IV) loading dose (LD) and infusion of saline or a loading dose [ketamine = 0.5 mg/kg body weight (BW); lidocaine = 2 mg/kg BW] and an infusion of ketamine (25 μg/kg BW per minute) in combination with lidocaine (50 μg/kg BW per minute), and MACSEVO was re-determined (MACT). Quality of recovery, time-to-extubation, and time-to-standing, were also evaluated. Mean MACB was 1.88% ± 0.13% and 1.89% ± 0.14% for the saline and ketamine + lidocaine groups, respectively. Ketamine and lidocaine administration decreased (P < 0.05) MACB by 57% and mean MACT was 0.83% ± 0.10%. Saline administration did not change MACB. Time to determine MACB and MACT was not significantly different between the treatments. The quality of recovery, time-to-extubation, and time-to-standing, were not different between groups. The infusion of ketamine combined with lidocaine significantly decreased MACSEVO by 57% and did not adversely affect time-to-standing or quality of recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA (Queiroz-Williams, da Cunha); Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine School, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA (Doherty); and the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA (Leonardi).
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Queiroz-Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA (Queiroz-Williams, da Cunha); Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine School, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA (Doherty); and the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA (Leonardi).
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA (Queiroz-Williams, da Cunha); Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine School, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA (Doherty); and the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA (Leonardi).
authors.forename: Anderson F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: da Cunha
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA (Queiroz-Williams, da Cunha); Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Medicine School, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA (Doherty); and the Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA (Leonardi).
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leonardi
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000662:veterinary*; D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002161:Camelids, New World; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004347:Drug Interactions; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077149:Sevoflurane
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D007649:Ketamine; D008012:Lidocaine