title: The effects of extended public transport operating hours and venue lockout policies on drinking-related harms in Melbourne, Australia: Results from SimDrink, an agent-based simulation model.
abstract: The late-night accessibility of entertainment precincts is a contributing factor to acute drinking-related harms. Using computer simulation we test the effects of improved public transport (PT) and venue lockouts on verbal aggression, consumption-related harms and transport-related harms among a population of young adults engaging in heavy drinking in Melbourne.
  
  
  
  Using an agent-based model we implemented: a two-hour PT extension/24-hour PT; 1am/3am venue lockouts; and combinations of both. Outcomes determined for outer-urban (OU) and inner-city (IC) residents were: the number of incidents of verbal aggression inside public and private venues; the number of people ejected from public venues for being intoxicated; and the percentage of people experiencing verbal aggression, consumption-related harms and transport-related harms.
  
  
  
  All-night PT reduced verbal aggression in the model by 21% but displaced some incidents among OU residents from private to public settings. Comparatively, 1am lockouts reduced verbal aggression in the model by 19% but led to IC residents spending more time in private rather than public venues where their consumption-related harms increased. Extending PT by 2h had similar outcomes to 24-hour PT except with fewer incidents of verbal aggression displaced. Although 3am lockouts were inferior to 1am lockouts, when modelled in combination with any extension of PT both policies were similar.
  
  
  
  A two-hour extension of PT is likely to be more effective in reducing verbal aggression and consumption-related harms than venue lockouts. Modelling a further extension of PT to 24h had minimal additional benefits but the potential to displace incidents of verbal aggression among OU residents from private to public venues.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3008, Australia. Electronic address: Nick.Scott@burnet.edu.au.
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, National Drug Research Institute (Melbourne Office), Curtin University, Suite 6, 19-35 Gertrude Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, National Drug Research Institute (Melbourne Office), Curtin University, Suite 6, 19-35 Gertrude Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: Drug Policy Modelling Program, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, 22-32 King St, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Livingston
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, National Drug Research Institute (Melbourne Office), Curtin University, Suite 6, 19-35 Gertrude Street, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3008, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dietze
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003132:Commerce; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013997:Time Factors; D014186:Transportation; D014505:Urban Population; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Agent-based model; Alcohol; Drinking-related harms; Public transport; SimDrink; Venue lockouts; Verbal aggression