title: Post-adoption depression: Parental classes of depressive symptoms across time.
abstract: Approximately 10-15% of birth mothers and fathers experience postpartum depression, but reports of depressive symptoms in adoptive parents are more variable. Findings from investigators range from 10% to 32%, which may mask the experiences of distinct groups of adoptive parents from pre-to post-placement of a child.
  
  
  
  We performed latent class growth analysis using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scores of 129 primarily heterosexual, adoptive parents (50% females) for three time points: 4-6 weeks pre-placement of the child, 4-6 weeks post-placement, and 5-6 months post-placement. Mixed effects models by parent depressive trajectories were also conducted for three types of variables: interpersonal, psychological symptoms, and life orientation.
  
  
  
  Five classes of depressive symptom trajectories were found. The majority of parents (71%) belonged to a class with low levels of depressive symptoms across time. However, two classes of parents were above the threshold for depressive symptoms at placement, and three classes of parents were above the threshold at 6 months post-placement. The majority of interpersonal, psychological symptom, and life orientation variables were significant across classes and by time.
  
  
  
  The homogeneity of the sample calls for replication of study findings.
  
  
  
  An explanation for inconsistencies in the range of adoptive parent depressive symptoms may be explained by different subgroups of parents who vary by their trajectory of depressive symptoms before and after placement of the child. Adoption and mental health professionals should be aware that select adoptive parents may struggle pre-and post-placement of a child.
authors.affiliation: Purdue University School of Nursing, United States. Electronic address: kfoli@purdue.edu.
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Foli
authors.affiliation: Purdue University Department of Psychological Sciences, United States.
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: South
authors.affiliation: Office of Biostatistics and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, United States.
authors.forename: Eunjung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Purdue University Department of Psychological Sciences, United States.
authors.forename: Amber M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jarnecke
mesh_terms: D000300:Adoption / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003863:Depression / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D063189:Symptom Assessment
keywords: Adoption; Depression; Longitudinal; Post-adoption depression