title: The Effect of Noseband Tightening on Horses' Behavior, Eye Temperature, and Cardiac Responses.
abstract: Restrictive nosebands are common in equestrian sport. This is concerning, as recent evidence suggests that very tight nosebands can cause a physiological stress response, and may compromise welfare. The objective of the current study was to investigate relationships that noseband tightness has with oral behavior and with physiological changes that indicate a stress response, such as increases in eye temperature (measured with infrared thermography) and heart rate and decreases in heart rate variability (HRV). Horses (n = 12) wearing a double bridle and crank noseband, as is common in dressage at elite levels, were randomly assigned to four treatments: unfastened noseband (UN), conventional area under noseband (CAUN) with two fingers of space available under the noseband, half conventional area under noseband (HCAUN) with one finger of space under the noseband, and no area under the noseband (NAUN). During the tightest treatment (NAUN), horse heart rate increased (P = 0.003), HRV decreased (P < 0.001), and eye temperature increased (P = 0.011) compared with baseline readings, indicating a physiological stress response. The behavioral results suggest some effects from bits alone but the chief findings are the physiological readings that reflect responses to the nosebands at their tightest. Chewing decreased during the HCAUN (P < 0.001) and NAUN (P < 0.001) treatments. Yawning rates were negligible in all treatments. Similarly, licking was eliminated by the NAUN treatment. Following the removal of the noseband and double bridle during the recovery session, yawning (P = 0.015), swallowing (P = 0.003), and licking (P < 0.001) significantly increased compared with baseline, indicating a post-inhibitory rebound response. This suggests a rise in motivation to perform these behaviors and implies that their inhibition may place horses in a state of deprivation. It is evident that a very tight noseband can cause physiological stress responses and inhibit the expression of oral behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Kandoo Equine, Towrang, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Kate
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0649-3278
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fenner
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Starling
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGreevy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001831:Body Temperature; D005123:Eye; D006339:Heart Rate; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000502:physiology*; D012984:Software; D013312:Stress, Physiological