title: Mechano-Responsive, Thermo-Reversible, Luminescent Organogels Derived from a Long-Chained, Naturally Occurring Fatty Acid.
abstract: The gelating ability of an α-diketo derivative of oleic acid, 9,10-dioxooctadecanoic acid (DODA), is investigated. DODA can gelate aromatic liquids and many other organic liquids. By contrast, none of the liquids examined can be gelated by the methyl ester of DODA. DODA is a more efficient gelator than stearic acid and the monoketo derivative due to its more extensive intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions. Formation of organogels of DODA can be induced by both thermal and mechanical stimuli, during which the luminescent and mechanical properties can be modulated significantly. The emission from DODA in 1-octanol exhibits a large, reversible, hypsochromic shift (≈25 nm) between its thermally cycled gel and sol states. The emission changes have been exploited to probe the kinetics of the aggregation and deaggregation processes. DODA is the simplest gelator of which we are aware that exhibits a reversible shift in the emission. Although the self-assembled fibrillar networks of the DODA gels in 1-octanol, benzonitrile, or silicone oil are crystalline, isothermal mechanical cycling between the gel and the sol states is rapid and can be repeated several times (i.e., they are thixotropic). The single-crystal structure of DODA indicates that extended intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions are crucial to the thermal and mechanical formation of DODA gels and the consequential changes in emissive and mechanical properties. From analyses of structural information, gelator packing, and morphology differences, we hypothesize that the mechanical destruction and reformation of the gel networks involves interconversion between the 3D networks and 1D fiber bundles. The thermal processes allow the fibrillar 3D networks and their 0D components (i.e., isolated molecules or small aggregates of DODA) to be interconverted. These results describe a facile approach to the design of mechano-responsive, thermo-reversible gels with control over their emission wavelengths.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 & O Streets, NW, Washington DC, 20057-1227, USA.
authors.forename: Mohan
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4670-317X
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37 & O Streets, NW, Washington DC, 20057-1227, USA. weissr@georgetown.edu.|Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 37 & O Streets, NW, Washington DC, 20057-1227, USA. weissr@georgetown.edu.
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D003652:Decanoic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry*; D007651:Keto Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D007700:Kinetics; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D012212:Rheology; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
chemical_list: C000625202:9,10-dioxooctadecanoic acid; D003652:Decanoic Acids; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005782:Gels; D007651:Keto Acids; D019301:Oleic Acid
keywords: aggregation-induced blue-shifted emission; fatty acids; gels; intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions; supramolecular chemistry