title: Development of Multidimensional Nil Hallux Valgus Scale: a reliability and validity study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop a disease-specific multidimensional hallux valgus (HV) scale, as well as to establish the validity and reliability thereof.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 14-item Multidimensional Nil Hallux Valgus Scale was developed. The scale has a score range of 0-60, with higher score indicating increased HV symptoms, complaints, and functional disorder. Among the patients referred to our clinic with HV diagnosis based on anterior-posterior non-weight-bearing radiography of the affected foot, 129 feet of 66 patients (63 bilateral, 3 unilateral) were included in the study. In clinical evaluations of these HV patients, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Hallux Metatarsophalangeal Interphalangeal Joints Scale (AOFAS-MTF-IF), Manchester Scale, and Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) were used to test the validity and reliability of the new scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From factor analyses, it was observed that the items clustered in 5 factors, which explained 73.2% of the variance. Floor and ceiling effects were observed to be within normal limits (floor effect: 3.1%; ceiling effect: 0.8%). The Cronbach's alpha level related with the overall internal consistency of the scale was estimated as 83.3%, and the Cronbach's alpha for the subheadings of the scale varied between 33.9% and 74.2%. High correlation was observed regarding test-retest reliability of the scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This newly developed scale allows for the holistic evaluation of HV including the condition-specific parameters and is a valid and reliable scale that can be conveniently used by health care professionals.
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey. nilgunbek@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Nilgün
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bek
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gürsoy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coşkun
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gizem İrem
authors.initials: Gİ
authors.lastname: Kınıklı
authors.affiliation: Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sevilay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karahan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006215:Hallux Valgus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009985:Orthopedics; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012955:Societies, Medical; D014421:Turkey; D055815:Young Adult