title: Vitamin A or E and a catechin synergize as vaccine adjuvant to enhance immune responses in mice by induction of early interleukin-15 but not interleukin-1β responses.
abstract: Vitamins A and E and select flavonoids in the family of catechins are well-defined small molecules that, if proven to possess immunomodulatory properties, hold promise as vaccine adjuvants and various therapies. In an effort to determine the in vivo immunomodulatory properties of these molecules, we found that although mucosal and systemic vaccinations with a recombinant HIV-1BaL gp120 with either a catechin, epigallo catechin gallate (EGCG) or pro-vitamin A (retinyl palmitate) alone in a vegetable-oil-in-water emulsion (OWE) suppressed antigen-specific responses, the combination of EGCG and vitamin A or E in OWE (Nutritive Immune-enhancing Delivery System, NIDS) synergistically enhanced adaptive B-cell, and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses, following induction of relatively low local and systemic innate tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-17, but relatively high levels of early systemic IL-15 responses. For induction of adaptive interferon-γ and TNF-α responses by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, the adjuvant effect of NIDS was dependent on both IL-15 and its receptor. In addition, the anti-oxidant activity of NIDS correlated positively with higher expression of the superoxide dismutase 1, an enzyme involved in reactive oxygen species elimination but negatively with secretion of IL-1β. This suggests that the mechanism of action of NIDS is dependent on anti-oxidant activity and IL-15, but independent of IL-1β and inflammasome formation. These data show that this approach in nutritive vaccine adjuvant design holds promise for the development of potentially safer effective vaccines.
authors.affiliation: EpitoGenesis Inc, Vernon, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Sapna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: EpitoGenesis Inc, Vernon, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akalkotkar
authors.affiliation: EpitoGenesis Inc, Vernon, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bivona
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Ji-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Young-Ki
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: EpitoGenesis Inc, Vernon, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Mingke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Health Center for Integrated Immunology and Vaccine Research, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Sara L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Colpitts
authors.affiliation: EpitoGenesis Inc, Vernon, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vajdy
mesh_terms: D016915:AIDS Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D002392:Catechin / Q000276:immunology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120 / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D019409:Interleukin-15 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D053647:Receptors, Interleukin-15 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D016915:AIDS Vaccines; D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D015699:HIV Envelope Protein gp120; D019409:Interleukin-15; D053647:Receptors, Interleukin-15; C514793:gp120 protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D002392:Catechin
keywords: HIV; adjuvant; flavonoid; vaccine; vegetable oil; vitamin A; vitamin E