title: Can milk proteins be a useful tool in the management of cardiometabolic health? An updated review of human intervention trials.
abstract: The prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases is a significant public health burden worldwide. Emerging evidence supports the inverse association between greater dairy consumption and reduced risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Dairy proteins may have an important role in the favourable impact of dairy on human health such as blood pressure (BP), blood lipid and glucose control. The purpose of this review is to update and critically evaluate the evidence on the impacts of casein and whey protein in relation to metabolic function. Evidence from short-term clinical studies assessing postprandial responses to milk protein ingestion suggests benefits on vascular function independent of BP, as well as improvement in glycaemic homeostasis. Long-term interventions have been less conclusive, with some showing benefits and others indicating a lack of improvement in vascular function. During chronic consumption BP appears to be lowered and both dyslipidaemia and hyperglacaemia seem to be controlled. Limited number of trials investigated the effects of dairy proteins on oxidative stress and inflammation. Although the underlying mechanisms of milk proteins on cardiometabolic homeostasis remains to be elucidated, the most likely mechanism is to improve insulin resistance. The incorporation of meals enriched with dairy protein in the habitual diet may result in the beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health. Nevertheless, future well-designed, controlled studies are needed to investigate the relative effects of both casein and whey protein on BP, vascular function, glucose homeostasis and inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences,Faculty of Life Sciences,Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading,Reading RG6 6AR,UK.
authors.forename: Ágnes A
authors.initials: ÁA
authors.lastname: Fekete
authors.affiliation: Food Production and Quality Research Division,School of Agriculture, Policy and Development,Faculty of Life Sciences,University of Reading,Reading RG6 6AR,UK.
authors.forename: D Ian
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Givens
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences,Faculty of Life Sciences,Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading,Reading RG6 6AR,UK.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lovegrove
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002364:Caseins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004032:Diet; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000517:prevention & control; D050356:Lipid Metabolism; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D019518:Postprandial Period; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D000067816:Whey Proteins
keywords: AA amino acids; BCAA branched-chain amino acids; BP blood pressure; Blood pressure; CRP C-reactive protein; DBP diastolic blood pressure; Dairy protein; FMD flow-mediated dilatation; GIP gastric inhibitory peptide; GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1; LTP lactotripeptides; Metabolic health; RCT randomised controlled trial; SBP systolic blood pressure; Vascular function; WPL whey protein and lycopene