title: Limits of Versatility of Versatile Peroxidase.
abstract: Although Mn(2+) is the most abundant substrate of versatile peroxidases (VPs), repression of Pleurotus ostreatus vp1 expression occurred in Mn(2+)-sufficient medium. This seems to be a biological contradiction. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of direct oxidation by VP1 under Mn(2+)-deficient conditions, as it was found to be the predominant enzyme during fungal growth in the presence of synthetic and natural substrates. The native VP1 was purified and characterized using three substrates, Mn(2+), Orange II (OII), and Reactive Black 5 (RB5), each oxidized by a different active site in the enzyme. While the pH optimum for Mn(2+) oxidation is 5, the optimum pH for direct oxidation of both dyes was found to be 3. Indeed, effective in vivo decolorization occurred in media without addition of Mn(2+) only under acidic conditions. We have determined that Mn(2+) inhibits in vitro the direct oxidation of both OII and RB5 while RB5 stabilizes both Mn(2+) and OII oxidation. Furthermore, OII was found to inhibit the oxidation of both Mn(2+) and RB5. In addition, we could demonstrate that VP1 can cleave OII in two different modes. Under Mn(2+)-mediated oxidation conditions, VP1 was able to cleave the azo bond only in asymmetric mode, while under the optimum conditions for direct oxidation (absence of Mn(2+) at pH 3) both symmetric and asymmetric cleavages occurred. We concluded that the oxidation mechanism of aromatic compounds by VP1 is controlled by Mn(2+) and pH levels both in the growth medium and in the reaction mixture.
  
  
  
  VP1 is a member of the ligninolytic heme peroxidase gene family of the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus and plays a fundamental role in biodegradation. This enzyme exhibits a versatile nature, as it can oxidize different substrates under altered environmental conditions. VPs are highly interesting enzymes due to the fact that they contain unique active sites that are responsible for direct oxidation of various aromatic compounds, including lignin, in addition to the well-known Mn(2+) binding active site. This study demonstrates the limits of versatility of P. ostreatus VP1, which harbors multiple active sites, exhibiting a broad range of enzymatic activities, but they perform differently under distinct conditions. The versatility of P. ostreatus and its enzymes is an advantageous factor in the fungal ability to adapt to changing environments. This trait expands the possibilities for the potential utilization of P. ostreatus and other white rot fungi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
authors.forename: Doriv
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Knop
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel.
authors.forename: Arik
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Makovitzki
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel.
authors.forename: Avi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agami
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel.
authors.forename: Elad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lerer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel.
authors.forename: Avishai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mimran
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
authors.forename: Oded
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yarden
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel yitzhak.hadar@mail.huji.ac.il.
authors.forename: Yitzhak
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7510-7847
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hadar
mesh_terms: D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism*; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D020076:Pleurotus / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D009282:Naphthalenesulfonates; D008345:Manganese; D009195:Peroxidase; C063421:Remazol black B; C014722:2-naphthol orange