title: Photooxidation of the Antimicrobial, Nonribosomal Peptide Bacitracin A by Singlet Oxygen under Environmentally Relevant Conditions.
abstract: Bacitracin is a mixture of nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) that is extensively used as an antibiotic in both human and veterinary medicine. Despite its widespread use over the past six decades, very few studies have addressed the environmental fate of bacitracin and zinc-bacitracin complexes. In this study, the photochemical transformation of bacitracin components (i.e., cyclic dodecapeptides) in the aquatic environment was investigated. A high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based approach enabled monitoring of the photochemical degradation kinetics of individual bacitracin components, investigation of the relative contribution of reactive oxygen species (e.g., singlet oxygen, (1)O2) in dissolved organic matter-sensitized photoreactions, and identification of oxidative modifications in bacitracin photoproducts. The results of this study support the hypothesis that indirect photochemical oxidation of the histidine (His) residue by (1)O2 is a major degradation pathway for bacitracin A, the most potent congener of the mixture. Furthermore, the photooxidation rate of bacitracin A with (1)O2 decreased upon bacitracin A coordination with Zn(2+), demonstrating that the photochemistry of metal-bound His is different from that of metal-free His. Overall, these results provide insight into the fate of bacitracin components in the aquatic environment and highlight the potential of utilizing this HRMS-based methodology to study transformations of other environmentally relevant NRPs.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lundeen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Chiheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Kristopher
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McNeill
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D001414:Bacitracin / Q000737:chemistry*; D006639:Histidine / Q000737:chemistry; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010782:Photolysis; D026082:Singlet Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001414:Bacitracin; D026082:Singlet Oxygen; D006639:Histidine; C026461:bacitracin A