title: Instantaneous progression reference frame for calculating pelvis rotations: Reliable and anatomically-meaningful results independent of the direction of movement.
abstract: In motion analysis, pelvis angles are conventionally calculated as the rotations between the pelvis and laboratory reference frame. This approach assumes that the participant's motion is along the anterior-posterior laboratory reference frame axis. When this assumption is violated interpretation of pelvis angels become problematic. In this paper a new approach for calculating pelvis angles based on the rotations between the pelvis and an instantaneous progression reference frame was introduced. At every time-point, the tangent to the trajectory of the midpoint of the pelvis projected into the horizontal plane of the laboratory reference frame was used to define the anterior-posterior axis of the instantaneous progression reference frame. This new approach combined with the rotation-obliquity-tilt rotation sequence was compared to the conventional approach using the rotation-obliquity-tilt and tilt-obliquity-rotation sequences. Four different movement tasks performed by eight healthy adults were analysed. The instantaneous progression reference frame approach was the only approach that showed reliable and anatomically meaningful results for all analysed movement tasks (mean root-mean-square-differences below 5°, differences in pelvis angles at pre-defined gait events below 10°). Both rotation sequences combined with the conventional approach led to unreliable results as soon as the participant's motion was not along the anterior-posterior laboratory axis (mean root-mean-square-differences up to 30°, differences in pelvis angles at pre-defined gait events up to 45°). The instantaneous progression reference frame approach enables the gait analysis community to analysis pelvis angles for movements that do not follow the anterior-posterior axis of the laboratory reference frame.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; Queensland Children's Gait Laboratory, Queensland Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, Australia. Electronic address: hans.kainz@griffithuni.edu.au.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kainz
authors.affiliation: Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia. Electronic address: david.lloyd@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Lloyd
authors.affiliation: Queensland Children's Gait Laboratory, Queensland Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, Australia. Electronic address: john.walsh@mater.org.au.
authors.forename: Henry P J
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia; Queensland Children's Gait Laboratory, Queensland Paediatric Rehabilitation Service, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Services, Brisbane, Australia. Electronic address: c.carty@griffith.edu.au.
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Carty
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D010388:Pelvis / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Gait; Motion analysis; Pelvis angles; Progression reference frame; Walking