title: The surgical management of cephalalgia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Management of headache disorders is not part of most craniomaxillofacial surgery practices; however there are certain indications for surgical management of headaches by the craniomaxillofacial surgeon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Migraine headaches are the most amenable to surgical management and while the exact mechanism of migraine is unknown, a central or peripheral trigger such as compressive neuropathy of trigeminal nerve branches leading to neurogenic inflammation has been suggested. The primary management for episodic migraine headache should be lifestyle modification and medication, whereas for chronic migraine (>15 headache days/month) use of medication and botulinum neurotoxin is effective, whereas some patients may choose to explore surgical options. Trigger site decompression for chronic migraine surgically relieves anatomic impingement at various sites and has been shown to reduce by at least 50% the frequency, intensity, and duration of headaches in over 85% and elimination of headaches in almost 60%. Trigger points may also lead to exacerbation of cluster headaches and treatment with botulinum neurotoxin may reduce attacks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trigger site decompression is an effective treatment for chronic migraine, as are botulinum neurotoxin injections in reducing attacks in cluster headaches. The craniomaxillofacial surgeon is uniquely qualified to treat these primary headache disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Boston Medical Center and Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Osborn
mesh_terms: D003027:Cluster Headache / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*