title: A novel strategy for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) analysis in dietary supplements by speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry.
abstract: In recent years, Cr speciation in dietary supplements has become decisive in the evaluation of their health risks. Despite being an beneficial micronutrient, Cr(III) can be toxic at living organisms at high concentrations, while Cr(VI) is known to be highly toxic and carcinogenic. The main objective of this work was to optimize an analytical methodology for the extraction and accurate quantification of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in dietary supplements. The extraction of Cr species was carried out with 50mM EDTA solution on a hotplate under optimized conditions. Special attention was paid to bidirectional species transformations. No noticeable oxidation of Cr(III) into Cr(VI) was observed and the reduction to Cr(III) only occurred at very high Cr(VI) concentrations. Cr(III) as Cr(EDTA)(-) complex was chromatographically separated from Cr(VI), retained as CrO4(2-), on an anion exchange column coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS). The limit of quantification (0.08µgg(-1)) was below the limit established for Cr enriched yeasts by the European Union. Eleven dietary supplements were analyzed and Cr(III) and Cr(VI) quantification was carried out by external calibration monitoring (52)Cr isotope and by speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry (SIDMS) adding (50)Cr(III) and (53)Cr(VI) spikes. Total Cr was also quantified by ICP-MS and mass balance between total Cr and the sum of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) was achieved. In eight of the eleven tested supplements Cr(III) calculated amounts were higher than those indicated by the manufacturer, but only one of them exceeded the 250µgday(-1) recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). In contrast, it is worth noting that Cr(VI) amounts beyond the recommendations of the European Union for Cr enriched yeasts were found in five supplements. These results revealed that more accurate and rigorous quality assurance protocols should be applied to the testing of the final products, including the analysis of both Cr(III) and Cr(VI).
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Unceta
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Maider
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Astorkia
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Zuriñe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Abrego
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gómez-Caballero
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: M Aránzazu
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Goicolea
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. Electronic address: r.barrio@ehu.es.
authors.forename: Ramón J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Barrio
mesh_terms: D002857:Chromium; D002859:Chromium Isotopes; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D013058:Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D002859:Chromium Isotopes; D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion
keywords: Cr(III); Cr(VI); Dietary supplements; Isotope dilution; LC-ICP-MS