title: Investigation of the interactions between Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers extract and intestinal bacteria from human and rat.
abstract: Flos Chrysanthemi, dried flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, has drawn much attention recently owing to its potential beneficial health effects for human. Flos Chrysanthemi products are usually taken orally and metabolized by intestinal microflora. However, there has been no investigation of the comprehensive metabolic profile of the Flos Chrysanthemi extract by intestinal flora owing to its chemical complexity and the limitations of analytical methods. In this paper, a rapid, sensitive and automated analysis method, ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry including MSEtechnology and automated data processing Metabolynx™ software, was developed and successfully applied for the biotransformation and metabolic profile of flavonoids in the Flos Chrysanthemi extract by intestinal flora from human and rat. A total of 32 metabolites were detected and tentatively identified in human and rat intestinal bacterial samples. These metabolites indicated that hydrolysis, hydroxylation, acetylation, methylation, hydrogenation and deoxygenation were the major conversion pathways of flavonoids in the Flos Chrysanthemi extract in vitro. Furthermore, the effects of the Flos Chrysanthemi extract on the growth of different intestinal bacteria were detected using an Emax precision microplate reader. Certain pathogenic bacteria such as Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Clostridium and Bacteroides were significantly inhibited by Flos Chrysanthemi, while commensal probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were moderately promoted. Our observation provided further evidence for the importance of intestinal bacteria in the metabolism and potential activity of the Flos Chrysanthemi extract. The results will also be helpful for the further pharmacokinetic study of Flos Chrysanthemi and to unravel how it works in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.|School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jin-Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China. dja@njutcm.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jin-Ao
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yi-Yun
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Da-Wei
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian-Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D001711:Biotransformation; D031202:Chrysanthemum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D005419:Flavonoids
keywords: Chrysanthemum morifolium; UPLC-Q-TOF/MS; intestinal bacteria; metabolism; modulation