title: The Brain of the Domestic Bos taurus: Weight, Encephalization and Cerebellar Quotients, and Comparison with Other Domestic and Wild Cetartiodactyla.
abstract: The domestic bovine Bos taurus is raised worldwide for meat and milk production, or even for field work. However the functional anatomy of its central nervous system has received limited attention and most of the reported data in textbooks and reviews are derived from single specimens or relatively old literature. Here we report information on the brain of Bos taurus obtained by sampling 158 individuals, 150 of which at local abattoirs and 8 in the dissecting room, these latter subsequently formalin-fixed. Using body weight and fresh brain weight we calculated the Encephalization Quotient (EQ), and Cerebellar Quotient (CQ). Formalin-fixed brains sampled in the necropsy room were used to calculate the absolute and relative weight of the major components of the brain. The data that we obtained indicate that the domestic bovine Bos taurus possesses a large, convoluted brain, with a slightly lower weight than expected for an animal of its mass. Comparisons with other terrestrial and marine members of the order Cetartiodactyla suggested close similarity with other species with the same feeding adaptations, and with representative baleen whales. On the other hand differences with fish-hunting toothed whales suggest separate evolutionary pathways in brain evolution. Comparison with the other large domestic herbivore Equus caballus (belonging to the order Perissodactyla) indicates that Bos taurus underwent heavier selection of bodily traits, which is also possibly reflected in a comparatively lower EQ than in the horse. The data analyzed suggest that the brain of domestic bovine is potentially interesting for comparative neuroscience studies and may represents an alternative model to investigate neurodegeneration processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ballarin
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Povinelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Rome, Largo Gemelli 1, 20100 Milan (MI), Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Granato
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors.forename: Mattia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Panin
authors.affiliation: Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza (VI), Italy.
authors.forename: Livio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Corain
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peruffo
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cozzi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001188:Artiodactyla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001835:Body Weight; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002417:Cattle; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D008322:Mammals / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009929:Organ Size; D013045:Species Specificity; D014907:Whales / Q000033:anatomy & histology