title: Anti-inflammatory and toxicological evaluation of Moussonia deppeana (Schldl. & Cham) Hanst and Verbascoside as a main active metabolite.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Moussonia deppeana, known as Tlachichinole, is a Mexican medicinal plant used for treatment of inflammatory diseases, influenza, diarrhea, gastrointestinal disorders and arthritis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this paper the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as the acute and sub-acute toxicological effects were evaluated for the ethanolic extract from aerial parts of M. deppeana, also its phytochemical analysis is described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phytochemical analysis and compound isolation were performed with thin layer chromatography. The chemical identification of the main compound was performed by (1)H NMR (COSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC) spectra. In vitro antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content for the ethanolic extract and its primary fractions was determined by DPPH and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Acute and subacute toxicity tests were evaluated on Balb/C mice. Finally acute anti-inflammatory evaluation was tested for a local (TPA) and systemic (carrageenan) murine model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main compound isolated from the ethanolic extract of M. deppeana was Verbascoside, which was isolated from F3 and was identified by (1)H NMR and COSY data. Furthermore oleanolic and ursolic acids were isolated from primary fractions F1 and F2. Ethanolic extract showed IC50 = 6.71mg/mL for DPPH test and 664.12µg QE/mL for the total phenolic content. The LD50 value was >2g/kg by i.g. route in male and female mice. Sub-acute administration (28 days) of the ethanolic extract (1g/kg) did not cause lethality or alter any hematological and biochemical parameters, in addition, histological analysis of the major organs exhibited no structural changes. Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract showed an ED50 = 1.5mg/ear and 450mg/kg for TPA and carrageenan test, respectively. Primary fractions generated moderate local and systemic anti-inflammatory activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ethanolic extract from the aerial parts of M. deppeana did not cause any lethality or adverse effect in either of the acute and sub-acute toxicity tests. This exhibited an important local and systemic anti-inflammatory activity and also moderate antioxidant capacity. Moreover, the primary fraction F2 was more active for the TPA model while the primary fraction F3 was most active in the carrageenan model in vivo. The main compound isolated from F3 was verbascoside; on the other hand also ursolic and oleanolic acids were isolated from F1 and F2.
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Deleg. Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México D.F., México.
authors.forename: Gabriel Alfonso
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Rebolledo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Esq. Con Manuel M. Stampa, Col. Planetario Lindavista, Del. GAM, 77380 México D.F., México.
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Garduño-Siciliano
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo en Resolución Analítica, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, 91190 Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
authors.forename: Rosa Virginia
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: García-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Deleg. Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México D.F., México.
authors.forename: Mariana Zuleima
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Pérez-González
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 México D.F., México.
authors.forename: María Isabel
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Chávez
authors.affiliation: Posgrado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Centro Universitario, Cerro de las Campanas, 76010 Querétaro, México.
authors.forename: Moustapha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bah
authors.affiliation: División de Histopatología, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN-SXXI, IMSS, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México D.F., México.
authors.forename: Georgina Alicia
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Siordia-Reyes
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Esq. Con Manuel M. Stampa, Col. Planetario Lindavista, Del. GAM, 77380 México D.F., México.
authors.forename: Germán Alberto
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Chamorro-Cevallos
authors.affiliation: Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, Deleg. Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México D.F., México. Electronic address: adelinajim08@prodigy.net.mx.
authors.forename: María Adelina
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Arellanes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D002351:Carrageenan; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005960:Glucosides / Q000032:analysis; D019684:Magnoliopsida; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D008800:Mexico; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009828:Oleanolic Acid / Q000032:analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis; D010703:Phorbol Esters; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000032:analysis; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000633:toxicity; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000032:analysis; D000097245:Ursolic Acid; D059808:Polyphenols
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D002351:Carrageenan; D005960:Glucosides; D009828:Oleanolic Acid; D010636:Phenols; D010703:Phorbol Esters; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014315:Triterpenes; D000097245:Ursolic Acid; C058956:acteoside; D059808:Polyphenols; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Antioxidant; Moussonia deppeana; Toxicity tests; Traditional medicine Meso and Southern America; Verbascoside