title: Atmospheric residence time of (210)Pb determined from the activity ratios with its daughter radionuclides (210)Bi and (210)Po.
abstract: The residence time of (210)Pb created in the atmosphere by the decay of gaseous (222)Rn is a key parameter controlling its distribution and fallout onto the landscape. These in turn are key parameters governing the use of this natural radionuclide for dating and interpreting environmental records stored in natural archives such as lake sediments. One of the principal methods for estimating the atmospheric residence time is through measurements of the activities of the daughter radionuclides (210)Bi and (210)Po, and in particular the (210)Bi/(210)Pb and (210)Po/(210)Pb activity ratios. Calculations used in early empirical studies assumed that these were governed by a simple series of equilibrium equations. This approach does however have two failings; it takes no account of the effect of global circulation on spatial variations in the activity ratios, and no allowance is made for the impact of transport processes across the tropopause. This paper presents a simple model for calculating the distributions of (210)Pb, (210)Bi and (210)Po at northern mid-latitudes (30°-65°N), a region containing almost all the available empirical data. By comparing modelled (210)Bi/(210)Pb activity ratios with empirical data a best estimate for the tropospheric residence time of around 10 days is obtained. This is significantly longer than earlier estimates of between 4 and 7 days. The process whereby (210)Pb is transported into the stratosphere when tropospheric concentrations are high and returned from it when they are low, significantly increases the effective residence time in the atmosphere as a whole. The effect of this is to significantly enhance the long range transport of (210)Pb from its source locations. The impact is illustrated by calculations showing the distribution of (210)Pb fallout versus longitude at northern mid-latitudes.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Radioactivity Research Centre, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK. Electronic address: semergt@liv.ac.uk.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Semertzidou
authors.affiliation: Environmental Radioactivity Research Centre, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Piliposian
authors.affiliation: Environmental Radioactivity Research Centre, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Appleby
mesh_terms: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D001272:Atmosphere; D001729:Bismuth / Q000032:analysis*; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011059:Polonium / Q000032:analysis*; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000396:Air Pollutants, Radioactive; D011868:Radioisotopes; D007854:Lead; D011059:Polonium; D001729:Bismuth
keywords: (210)Bi/(210)Pb activity ratio; (210)Pb; (210)Po/(210)Pb activity ratio; Atmospheric residence time; Reservoir effect of the stratosphere