title: Alcohol and Tobacco Sales to Underage Buyers in Dutch Supermarkets: Can the Use of Age Verification Systems Increase Seller's Compliance?
abstract: Age limits are effective in reducing alcohol- and tobacco-related harm, however, their effectiveness depends on the extent to which they are complied with. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of different age verification systems (AVSs) implemented by 400 Dutch supermarkets on requesting a valid age verification (ID) and on sellers' compliance.
  
  
  
  A mixed method design was used. Compliance was measured by 800 alcohol and tobacco purchase attempts by 17-year-old mystery shoppers. To analyze the effectiveness of AVSs, logistic regression analyses were performed. Insight into facilitating and hindering factors in the purchase process was obtained by 13 interviews with supermarket managers.
  
  
  
  Only a tendency toward a positive effect of the presence of the keying-on-date-of-birth AVS or ID swiper/checker was found on ID request for both alcohol and tobacco purchase attempts. The use of the keying-on-date-of-birth AVS or ID swiper/checker significantly increased the odds for compliance after an ID was requested, for both alcohol and tobacco purchase attempts. Managers indicated that ID requests and compliance could be facilitated by providing cashiers with sufficient managerial support, technical support, and regular training about the purchase process and use of the AVS.
  
  
  
  The usage of AVSs calculating and confirming whether the customer reached the legal purchase age for cashiers significantly increases the odds for cashiers to comply with age limits of alcohol and tobacco. Future research should gain insight into how usage of effective AVSs can be improved and explore the feasibility of implementation and effectiveness in other outlets.
authors.affiliation: Nuchter, Centre for Research on Age Restrictions, Research Department, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: ruud@nuchter.nl.
authors.forename: Ruud T J
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Roodbeen
authors.affiliation: Nuchter, Centre for Research on Age Restrictions, Research Department, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University/CAPHRI, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schelleman-Offermans
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Health Promotion, Maastricht University/CAPHRI, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul H H M
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Lemmens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003132:Commerce / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D035846:Law Enforcement / Q000379:methods*; D016015:Logistic Models; D033242:Minors; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D062789:Tobacco Products / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000066608:Underage Drinking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: Adolescents; Age restrictions; Age verification systems; Compliance of age limits; Mystery shopping; Underage alcohol and tobacco sales