title: Cellular engineering of Artemisia annua and Artemisia dubia with the rol ABC genes for enhanced production of potent anti-malarial drug artemisinin.
abstract: Malaria is causing more than half of a million deaths and 214 million clinical cases annually. Despite tremendous efforts for the control of malaria, the global morbidity and mortality have not been significantly changed in the last 50 years. Artemisinin, extracted from the medicinal plant Artemisia sp. is an effective anti-malarial drug. In 2015, elucidation of the effectiveness of artemisinin as a potent anti-malarial drug was acknowledged with a Nobel prize. Owing to the tight market and low yield of artemisinin, an economical way to increase its production is to increase its content in Artemisia sp. through different biotechnological approaches including genetic transformation.
  
  
  
  Artemisia annua and Artemisia dubia were transformed with rol ABC genes through Agrobacterium tumefacienes and Agrobacterium rhizogenes methods. The artemisinin content was analysed and compared between transformed and untransformed plants with the help of LC-MS/MS. Expression of key genes [Cytochrome P450 (CYP71AV1), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), amorpha-4, 11 diene synthase (ADS)] in the biosynthetic pathway of artemisinin and gene for trichome development and sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic (TFAR1) were measured using Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Trichome density was analysed using confocal microscope.
  
  
  
  Artemisinin content was significantly increased in transformed material of both Artemisia species when compared to un-transformed plants. The artemisinin content within leaves of transformed lines was increased by a factor of nine, indicating that the plant is capable of synthesizing much higher amounts than has been achieved so far through traditional breeding. Expression of all artemisinin biosynthesis genes was significantly increased, although variation between the genes was observed. CYP71AV1 and ALDH1 expression levels were higher than that of ADS. Levels of the TFAR1 expression were also increased in all transgenic lines. Trichome density was also significantly increased in the leaves of transformed plants, but no trichomes were found in control roots or transformed roots. The detection of significantly raised levels of expression of the genes involved in artemisinin biosynthesis in transformed roots correlated with the production of significant amounts of artemisinin in these tissues. This suggests that synthesis is occurring in tissues other than the trichomes, which contradicts previous theories.
  
  
  
  Transformation of Artemisia sp. with rol ABC genes can lead to the increased production of artemisinin, which will help to meet the increasing demand of artemisinin because of its diverse pharmacological and anti-malarial importance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. bushrahafeez.kiani@gmail.com.|Department of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. bushrahafeez.kiani@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bushra Hafeez
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kiani
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suberu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Bushra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mirza
mesh_terms: D060054:Agrobacterium / Q000235:genetics; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000378:metabolism*; D019306:Artemisia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D060846:Cell Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D060847:Metabolic Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014170:Transformation, Genetic
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; C075969:rol protein, Bacteria; C031327:artemisinin
keywords: Agrobacterium rhizogenes; Agrobacterium tumefacienes; Artemisia annua; Artemisia dubia; Artemisinin; rol ABC genes