title: Spontaneous Aerosol Ejection: Origin of Inorganic Particles in Biomass Pyrolysis.
abstract: At high thermal flux and temperatures of approximately 500 °C, lignocellulosic biomass transforms to a reactive liquid intermediate before evaporating to condensable bio-oil for downstream upgrading to renewable fuels and chemicals. However, the existence of a fraction of nonvolatile compounds in condensed bio-oil diminishes the product quality and, in the case of inorganic materials, catalyzes undesirable aging reactions within bio-oil. In this study, ablative pyrolysis of crystalline cellulose was evaluated, with and without doped calcium, for the generation of inorganic-transporting aerosols by reactive boiling ejection from liquid intermediate cellulose. Aerosols were characterized by laser diffraction light scattering, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, and high-speed photography. Pyrolysis product fractionation revealed that approximately 3 % of the initial feed (both organic and inorganic) was transported to the gas phase as aerosols. Large bubble-to-aerosol size ratios and visualization of significant late-time ejections in the pyrolyzing cellulose suggest the formation of film bubbles in addition to the previously discovered jet formation mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gantt
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.|Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA.
authors.forename: Kristeen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.|Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA.
authors.forename: Saurabh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maduskar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.|Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA.
authors.forename: Alex D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.|Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA.
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Krumm
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.|Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA. hauer@umn.edu.|Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA. hauer@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Dauenhauer
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D018533:Biomass; D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry; D007287:Inorganic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D013696:Temperature; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D007287:Inorganic Chemicals; D002482:Cellulose
keywords: aerosols; biomass; calcium; cellulose; pyrolysis