title: Detection of 23SrRNA Mutations Strongly Related to Clarithromycin Resistance in Helicobacter pylori Strains Isolated From Patients in the North of Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Helicobacter pylori is curved Gram negative and microaerophilic bacilli that have infected half of the world's population. It is recognized as the causative agent of duodenal ulcer, gastritis peptic ulcer, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma and is associated with gastric adenocarcinoma. Resistance to clarithromycin is related to point mutations in 23SrRNA gene on nt 2143 and 2144, when A turns to G, and A2143G is the most important type. These mutations lead to reduced affinity of antibiotics to their ribosomal target and are considered as the main cause of treatment failure.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of A2143G point mutation in 23SrRNA of H. pylori strains isolated from gastric biopsies of patients in Rasht, north of Iran, by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP).
  
  
  METHODS
  A descriptive study was performed on 89 H. pylori strains, which were isolated from gastric biopsies of patients with gastric disorders such as gastritis, peptic ulcer, duodenal ulcer, non-ulcer dyspepsia and gastric adenocarcinoma. Isolated strains were tested for clarithromycin resistance using as breakpoint a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≥ 1 mg/L by the E-test. The presence of H. pylori DNA was confirmed by amplifying the ureC (glmM) gene by PCR. Also, point mutation on 23SrRNA gene (A2142G and A2143G) was detected by PCR-RFLP using MboII and BsaI restriction endonucleases in all extracted DNA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 89 H. pylori isolates, eighty-four were susceptible to clarithromycin, while five (5.6%) were resistant. All DNA samples of resistant strains, which were treated with BsaI had A2143G mutation. There was no point mutation in the sensitive strains of H. pylori. Also, we detected no mutation on nt A2142G of resistant strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the present study, the frequency of clarithromycin resistance was lower than the other studies conducted in Iran. Resistance frequency in samples isolated from gastric ulcer was higher than other gastric disorders. Women and patients aged more than 60 years old showed the most resistance frequency in this study. All resistant strains had the A2143G genotype.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Eghbali
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mojtahedi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Malek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moien Ansar
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Gastric and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Saba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fakhrieh Asl
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Gastric and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Keyvan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aminian
keywords: Clarithromycin Resistance; Helicobacter pylori; PCR-RFLP