title: Intermittent Feedback-Control Strategy for Stabilizing Inverted Pendulum on Manually Controlled Cart as Analogy to Human Stick Balancing.
abstract: The stabilization of an inverted pendulum on a manually controlled cart (cart-inverted-pendulum; CIP) in an upright position, which is analogous to balancing a stick on a fingertip, is considered in order to investigate how the human central nervous system (CNS) stabilizes unstable dynamics due to mechanical instability and time delays in neural feedback control. We explore the possibility that a type of intermittent time-delayed feedback control, which has been proposed for human postural control during quiet standing, is also a promising strategy for the CIP task and stick balancing on a fingertip. Such a strategy hypothesizes that the CNS exploits transient contracting dynamics along a stable manifold of a saddle-type unstable upright equilibrium of the inverted pendulum in the absence of control by inactivating neural feedback control intermittently for compensating delay-induced instability. To this end, the motions of a CIP stabilized by human subjects were experimentally acquired, and computational models of the system were employed to characterize the experimental behaviors. We first confirmed fat-tailed non-Gaussian temporal fluctuation in the acceleration distribution of the pendulum, as well as the power-law distributions of corrective cart movements for skilled subjects, which was previously reported for stick balancing. We then showed that the experimental behaviors could be better described by the models with an intermittent delayed feedback controller than by those with the conventional continuous delayed feedback controller, suggesting that the human CNS stabilizes the upright posture of the pendulum by utilizing the intermittent delayed feedback-control strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kiyono
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Science and Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Taishin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nomura
keywords: intermittency; non-Gaussianity; posture control; stable manifold; stick balancing