title: Lactate dehydrogenase as a biomarker in oral cancer and oral submucous fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral cancer is the commonest cause of death in the Indian population, with a mortality rate of 0.3 million deaths per year. Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder that has a high prevalence rate in India. It has been found that serum lactate dehydrogenase levels are increased in potentially malignant and malignant disorders. There are very few data on the application of salivary LDH in the detection of such disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The estimation of LDH levels in saliva as diagnostic markers, using a noninvasive method in patients with OSMF, oral cancer, and in the controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 subjects with the age range of 20-70 years were selected from the Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology and were grouped into three groups. Twenty-five subjects with clinically diagnosed OSMF (Group I), 25 subjects with histopathologically diagnosed oral cancer (Group II), and 10 subjects as control (Group III). Five milliliters of unstimulated whole saliva was aseptically collected. Following which, the collected saliva was centrifuged and then analyzed by ERBA-CHEM 5 semi auto-analyzer. The values obtained were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t-test using the SPSS software version 22. P-value < 0.05- was taken as significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean LDH levels were Group I 608.28 ± 30.22, Group II 630.96 ± 39.80, and Group III 182.21 ± 34.85. The P-value obtained was 0.0009 for both Group I and Group II which was highly significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salivary LDH levels were consistently higher in OSMF and oral cancer; hence, it could be a future biomarker.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College & Hospital, Visnagar, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Basavaraj N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Kallalli
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College & Hospital, Visnagar, Gujarat, India. kamalarawson@yahoo.com, oraldiagnostician@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kamala
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rawson
authors.affiliation: Division of Periodontic, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Buraydah College of Pharmacy & Dentistry, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.lastname: Muzammil
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College & Hospital, Visnagar, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Ankur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College & Hospital, Visnagar, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Mohammed Arif
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Awati
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Narsinhbhai Patel Dental College & Hospital, Visnagar, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Peeyush
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shivhare
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009914:Oral Submucous Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase
keywords: biomarker; lactate dehydrogenase; oral squamous cell carcinoma; oral submucous fibrosis; potentially malignant disorder; saliva