title: Effects of phloretin on oxidative and inflammatory reaction in rat model of cecal ligation and puncture induced sepsis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sepsis is a debilitating systemic disease and described as a severe and irregular systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome (SIRS) against infection. We employed CLP (Cecal Ligation and Puncture) model in rats to investigate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of phloretin, as a natural antioxidant agent, and its protective effect on liver tissue damage caused by sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham group, CLP induced sepsis group and phloretin treated CLP group. Sepsis was induced by CLP method. 50 mmol/kg Phloretin was administered intraperitoneally in two equal doses immediately after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was observed that blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were dramatically increased in the CLP induced sepsis group (43.88 ± 1.905 mg/dl, 37.63 ± 1.92, respectively) when compared to the sham group. Moreover, tissue Glutathione (GSH) and liver nuclear factor ĸB (NF-ĸB p65) transcription factor values were higher in CLP induced sepsis group. This elevation was considerably reduced in the phloretin treated CLP group. No significant differences were observed in serum creatinine and creatinine phosphokinase levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study suggested that phloretin, as a natural protective agent, act against tissue damages introduced following the experimental sepsis induced model, likely caused by free oxygen radicals.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box, 1417614411, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aliomrani
authors.affiliation: Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box, 1417614411, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sepand
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Mirzaei
authors.affiliation: Toxicology and Poisoning Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box, 1417614411, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ali Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kazemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Saeid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nekonam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box, 1417614411, Tehran, Iran. omid@tums.ac.ir.|Drug design and discovery Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. omid@tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sabzevari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D010693:Phloretin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018805:Sepsis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D010693:Phloretin
keywords: Antioxidants; NF-ĸB; Oxidative stress; Phloretin; Sepsis; TNF- α