title: Proposal for a unified nomenclature for target-site mutations associated with resistance to fungicides.
abstract: Evolved resistance to fungicides is a major problem limiting our ability to control agricultural, medical and veterinary pathogens and is frequently associated with substitutions in the amino acid sequence of the target protein. The convention for describing amino acid substitutions is to cite the wild-type amino acid, the codon number and the new amino acid, using the one-letter amino acid code. It has frequently been observed that orthologous amino acid mutations have been selected in different species by fungicides from the same mode of action class, but the amino acids have different numbers. These differences in numbering arise from the different lengths of the proteins in each species. The purpose of the present paper is to propose a system for unifying the labelling of amino acids in fungicide target proteins. To do this we have produced alignments between fungicide target proteins of relevant species fitted to a well-studied 'archetype' species. Orthologous amino acids in all species are then assigned numerical 'labels' based on the position of the amino acid in the archetype protein. © 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Crop Disease Management, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Wesley
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mair
authors.affiliation: Centre for Crop Disease Management, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lopez-Ruiz
authors.affiliation: BASF SE, Agricultural Centre, Fungicide Resistance Research, Limburgerhof, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stammler
authors.affiliation: NIAB, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: SRUC, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Burnett
authors.affiliation: Orchard House, Bristol Road, Chew Stoke, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hollomon
authors.affiliation: School of Agricultural Regional Vitalisation, Kibi International University, Minami-awaji, Hyogo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.affiliation: Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.
authors.forename: Tarlochan S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Thind
authors.affiliation: John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: James Km
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fraaije
authors.affiliation: Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cools
authors.affiliation: University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, UK.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shaw
authors.affiliation: INRA, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fillinger
authors.affiliation: INRA, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
authors.forename: Anne-Sophie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Centro National de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mellado
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schnabel
authors.affiliation: Bayer CropScience AG, Research Disease Control, Monheim, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mehl
authors.affiliation: Centre for Crop Disease Management, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Oliver
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009154:Mutation; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial
keywords: Cyp51; SDHI; fungicide; mutation; target site