title: Plasmodium falciparum Genetic Diversity in Bangladesh Does Not Suggest a Hypoendemic Population Structure.
abstract: Despite the recommendation for the use of merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1), merozoite surface protein 2 (msp2), and glutamate-rich protein (glurp) genes as markers in drug efficacy studies by World Health Organization and their limited use in Bangladesh, the circulating Plasmodium falciparum population genetic structure has not yet been assessed in Bangladesh. This study presents a comprehensive report on the circulating P. falciparum population structure based on msp1, msp2, and glurp polymorphic gene markers in Bangladesh. Among the 130 pretreatment (day 0) P. falciparum samples from seven malaria-endemic districts, 14 distinct genotypes were observed for msp1, 20 for msp2, and 13 for glurp Polyclonal infection was reported in 94.6% (N = 123) of the samples. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) for msp1 was the highest (1.5) among the MOIs of the markers. The heterozygosity for msp1, msp2, and glurp was 0.89, 0.93, and 0.83, respectively. Data according to different malaria-endemic areas are also presented and discussed. Bangladesh is considered as a malaria-hypoendemic country. However, the prevalence of polyclonal infection and the genetic diversity of P. falciparum do not represent hypoendemicity.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh shafiul@icddrb.org.
authors.forename: Mohammad Shafiul
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Rubayet
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elahi
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Abu Naser
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Mohon
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Hasan Mohammad
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Al-Amin
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Mohammad Golam
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kibria
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Wasif A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Hamida
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Khanum
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia; Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Parasitology Branch, Department of Zoology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: Rashidul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haque
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D001459:Bangladesh; D015415:Biomarkers; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015800:Protozoan Proteins