title: The role of transforming growth factor beta 1 in communicating and non-communicating hydrocele.
abstract: Repair of inguinal hernia and hydrocele are one of the most common operations performed by surgeons. However, the exact biological mechanism responsible for the closure of processus vaginalis (PV) is not completely understood. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a potent fibrogenic agent and probably stimulate fibrosis and disappearing of PV.
  
  
  
  From September 2012 to December 2014, all boys from 1 to 5 years who were referred for surgery of hydrocele were divided into two groups of communicating (HC) or non-communicating hydrocele (HNC). During surgery, the fluid in the sac was aspirated and sent for biochemical evaluation including calcium, phosphorus, total protein, and TGF-β1. Finally, a biopsy of the sac was sent to the pathology. The results obtained were considered statistically significant (P < 0.05).
  
  
  
  The patients were categorized into two groups of non-communicating hydrocele, including 43 patients and communicating, including 33. The patients studied were aged 1-5 years (mean 33.6 months). Biochemical tests on hydrocele fluid showed no significant difference in the levels of calcium, phosphorus, total protein, and bilirubin between two groups. However, mean TGF-β1 in NHC was found to be 53.45-114.28 pg/ml in HC group. A statistically significant difference (P = 0.04) was obtained. Furthermore, the study showed higher amounts of muscles in NHC (P < 0.001).
  
  
  
  The amount of TGF-β1 was higher in HC fluid than in non-communicating. To investigate the role of cytokine in the closure of PV, further studies will be required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Dr.a.mosavi@gmail.com.|Department of Pediatric Surgery, Booali Sina Hospital, Pasdaran Boulevard, Sari, Mazandaran Province, Iran. Dr.a.mosavi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mousavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Larijani
authors.affiliation: Community Medicine Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mousavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, and Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kenari
authors.affiliation: Department of General surgery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darvish
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007264:Inguinal Canal / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000473:pathology; D006848:Testicular Hydrocele / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D013737:Testis / Q000473:pathology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1
keywords: Hernia; Hydrocele; Transforming growth factor beta