title: Longitudinal Associations of Phospholipid and Cholesteryl Ester Fatty Acids With Disorders Underlying Diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Specific serum fatty acid (FA) profiles predict the development of incident type 2 diabetes; however, limited longitudinal data exist exploring their role in the progression of insulin sensitivity (IS) and β-cell function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the longitudinal associations of the FA composition of serum phospholipid (PL) and cholesteryl ester (CE) fractions with IS and β-cell function over 6 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Prospective Metabolism and Islet Cell Evaluation (PROMISE) cohort is a longitudinal observational study, with clinic visits occurring every 3 years. Three visits have been completed, totaling 6 years of follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals (n = 477) at risk for diabetes recruited from the general population in London and Toronto, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Values from an oral glucose tolerance test were used to compute 1/HOMA-IR and the Matsuda index for IS, the insulinogenic index over HOMA-IR, and the insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2 for β-cell function. Thin-layer chromatograph and gas chromatograph quantified FA. Generalized estimating equations were used for the analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IS and β-cell function declined by 8.3-19.4% over 6 years. In fully adjusted generalized estimating equation models, PL cis-vaccenate (18:1n-7) was positively associated with all outcomes, whereas γ-linolenate (GLA; 18:3n-6) and stearate (18:0) were negatively associated with IS. Tests for time interactions revealed that PL eicosadienoate (20:2n-6) and palmitate (16:0) and CE dihomo-γ-linolenate (20:3n-6), GLA, and palmitate had stronger associations with the outcomes after longer follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a Canadian population at risk for diabetes, we found that higher PL stearate and GLA and lower cis-vaccenic acid predicted consistently lower IS and β-cell function over 6 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences (L.W.J., Z.L., R.P.B., A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada; Centre for Studies in Family Medicine (S.B.H.), University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada; Division of Endocrinology (R.R., B.Z.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute (R.R., B.Z.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Physiology (A.G.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
authors.forename: Luke W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences (L.W.J., Z.L., R.P.B., A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada; Centre for Studies in Family Medicine (S.B.H.), University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada; Division of Endocrinology (R.R., B.Z.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute (R.R., B.Z.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Physiology (A.G.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
authors.forename: Stewart B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences (L.W.J., Z.L., R.P.B., A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada; Centre for Studies in Family Medicine (S.B.H.), University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada; Division of Endocrinology (R.R., B.Z.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute (R.R., B.Z.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Physiology (A.G.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Retnakaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences (L.W.J., Z.L., R.P.B., A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada; Centre for Studies in Family Medicine (S.B.H.), University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada; Division of Endocrinology (R.R., B.Z.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute (R.R., B.Z.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Physiology (A.G.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zinman
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences (L.W.J., Z.L., R.P.B., A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada; Centre for Studies in Family Medicine (S.B.H.), University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada; Division of Endocrinology (R.R., B.Z.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute (R.R., B.Z.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Physiology (A.G.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
authors.forename: Adria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giacca
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences (L.W.J., Z.L., R.P.B., A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada; Centre for Studies in Family Medicine (S.B.H.), University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada; Division of Endocrinology (R.R., B.Z.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute (R.R., B.Z.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Physiology (A.G.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences (L.W.J., Z.L., R.P.B., A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada; Centre for Studies in Family Medicine (S.B.H.), University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada; Division of Endocrinology (R.R., B.Z.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute (R.R., B.Z.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Physiology (A.G.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bazinet
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences (L.W.J., Z.L., R.P.B., A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada; Centre for Studies in Family Medicine (S.B.H.), University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada; Division of Endocrinology (R.R., B.Z.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute (R.R., B.Z.), Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada; Department of Physiology (A.G.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; and Dalla Lana School of Public Health (A.J.H.), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hanley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002170:Canada; D002788:Cholesterol Esters / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002788:Cholesterol Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids; D010743:Phospholipids