title: Education-Related Parameters in High Myopia: Adults versus School Children.
abstract: Since high myopia in the younger generation may differ etiologically from high myopia in older generations, we examined whether education-related parameters differ between high myopia in today´s school children and high pathological myopia in today´s elderly generation.
  
  
  
  The investigation included the adult populations of the population-based Beijing Eye Study (BES) (3468 adults;mean age:64.6±9.8years;range:50-93years) and Central India Eye and Medical Study (CIEMS) (4711 adults;age:49.±13.2years;range:30-100years), and the children and teenager populations of the Shandong Children Eye Study (SCES) (6026 children;age:9.7±3.3years;range:4-18years;cycloplegic refractometry), Gobi Desert Children Eye Study (1565;age:11.9±3.5years;range:6-21 years;cycloplegic refractometry), Beijing Pediatric Eye Study (681 children;age:7.7±1.6years;range:5-13 years;non-cycloplegic refractometry,calculation of axial length to corneal curvature radius ratio), Beijing Children Eye Study (15066 children;age:13.2±3.4years;range:7-18years;non-cycloplegic refractometry), Beijing High School Teenager Eye Study (4677 children;age:16.9±0.7years;range:16-18years;non-cycloplegic refractometry).
  
  
  
  In the BES and CIEMS, educational level did not differ significantly between, or was significantly lower in the highly myopic group (myopic refractive error ≥6 diopters) than in the non-highly myopic group. In all non-adult study populations, higher prevalence of high myopia was significantly associated with higher degree of education related parameters such as attendance of high-level schools, and more time spent for indoors near work versus time spent outdoors.
  
  
  
  Comparing associations of old or genetic high myopia in adults with new or acquired high myopia in school children revealed that education-related parameters did not show a clear association with old or genetic high myopia, while in contrast, new high myopia showed strong associations with education. It confirms previous studies that the two forms of high myopia not only differed in age of onset, but also in associations with education as well. The data support the notion of two types of high myopia. Future studies may assess whether the risk of pathologic myopic maculopathy and high myopia associated open-angle glaucoma differs between both types of high myopia.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China.|Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jost B
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2972-5227
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Ya Xing
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.|Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Hong Sheng
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.|Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Jian Feng
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.|Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.
authors.forename: Wen Jun
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nangia
authors.affiliation: Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India.
authors.forename: Ajit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.affiliation: The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, People's Hospital, Peking University, & Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China.|Tongren Eye Care Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Qi Sheng
authors.initials: QS
authors.lastname: You
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Li Juan
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Li Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Xiu Hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohno-Matsui
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Songhomitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panda-Jonas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004493:Education; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000503:physiopathology*