title: Molecular, Functional, and Structural Imaging of Major Depressive Disorder.
abstract: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, correlating with genetic susceptibility and environmental risk factors. Molecular, functional, and structural imaging approaches have been increasingly used to detect neurobiological changes, analyze neurochemical correlates, and parse pathophysiological mechanisms underlying MDD. We reviewed recent neuroimaging publications on MDD in terms of molecular, functional, and structural alterations as detected mainly by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography. Altered structure and function of brain regions involved in the cognitive control of affective state have been demonstrated. An abnormal default mode network, as revealed by resting-state functional MRI, is likely associated with aberrant metabolic and serotonergic function revealed by radionuclide imaging. Further multi-modal investigations are essential to clarify the characteristics of the cortical network and serotonergic system associated with behavioral and genetic variations in MDD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
authors.forename: Yunqi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
authors.forename: Yuankai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
authors.forename: Caiyun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.|Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Functional Architecture Imaging Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan. takuya.hayashi@riken.jp.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China. meitian@gmail.com.|Zhejiang University Medical PET Center, Hangzhou, 310009, China. meitian@gmail.com.|Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China. meitian@gmail.com.|Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China. meitian@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D059906:Neuroimaging
keywords: Functional connectivity; Magnetic resonance imaging; Major depressive disorder; Molecular imaging; Positron emission tomography; Serotonin