title: Bisphenol Analogues Other Than BPA: Environmental Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Toxicity-A Review.
abstract: Numerous studies have investigated the environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity of bisphenol A (BPA). Following stringent regulations on the production and usage of BPA, several bisphenol analogues have been produced as a replacement for BPA in various applications. The present review outlines the current state of knowledge on the occurrence of bisphenol analogues (other than BPA) in the environment, consumer products and foodstuffs, human exposure and biomonitoring, and toxicity. Whereas BPA was still the major bisphenol analogue found in most environmental monitoring studies, BPF and BPS were also frequently detected. Elevated concentrations of BPAF, BPF, and BPS (i.e., similar to or greater than that of BPA) have been reported in the abiotic environment and human urine from some regions. Many analogues exhibit endocrine disrupting effects, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, dioxin-like effects, and neurotoxicity in laboratory studies. BPAF, BPB, BPF, and BPS have been shown to exhibit estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic activities similar to or even greater than that of BPA. Knowledge gaps and research needs have been identified, which include the elucidation of environmental occurrences, persistence, and fate of bisphenol analogues (other than BPA), sources and pathways for human exposure, effects on reproductive systems and the mammary gland, mechanisms of toxicity from coexposure to multiple analogues, metabolic pathways and products, and the impact of metabolic modification on toxicity.
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China.|Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States.
authors.forename: Da
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12201, United States.
authors.forename: Kurunthachalam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.affiliation: School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China.
authors.forename: Hongli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States.
authors.forename: Zhengui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Health Canada , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0L2, Canada.
authors.forename: Yong-Lai
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University , Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States.
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Widelka
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004777:Environment; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D010636:Phenols
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D010636:Phenols