title: Epilepsy-related sudden unexpected death: targeted molecular analysis of inherited heart disease genes using next-generation DNA sequencing.
abstract: Inherited heart disease causing electric instability in the heart has been suggested to be a risk factor for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). The purpose of this study was to reveal the correlation between epilepsy-related sudden unexpected death (SUD) and inherited heart disease. Twelve epilepsy-related SUD cases (seven males and five females, aged 11-78 years) were examined. Nine cases fulfilled the criteria of SUDEP, and three cases died by drowning. In addition to examining three major epilepsy-related genes, we used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to examine 73 inherited heart disease-related genes. We detected both known pathogenic variants and rare variants with minor allele frequencies of <0.5%. The pathogenicity of these variants was evaluated and graded by eight in silico predictive algorithms. Six known and six potential rare variants were detected. Among these, three known variants of LDB3, DSC2 and KCNE1 and three potential rare variants of MYH6, DSP and DSG2 were predicted by in silico analysis as possibly highly pathogenic in three of the nine SUDEP cases. Two of three cases with desmosome-related variants showed mild but possible significant right ventricular dysplasia-like pathology. A case with LDB3 and MYH6 variants showed hypertrabeculation of the left ventricle and severe fibrosis of the cardiac conduction system. In the three drowning death cases, one case with mild prolonged QT interval had two variants in ANK2. This study shows that inherited heart disease may be a significant risk factor for SUD in some epilepsy cases, even if pathological findings of the heart had not progressed to an advanced stage of the disease. A combination of detailed pathological examination of the heart and gene analysis using NGS may be useful for evaluating arrhythmogenic potential of epilepsy-related SUD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Toyama University Hospital, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Koshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kinoshita
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nishida
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000209:etiology*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: autopsy; drowning; epilepsy; inherited heart disease; next-generation sequencing; pathology; sudden death