title: Femtosecond structural dynamics drives the trans/cis isomerization in photoactive yellow protein.
abstract: A variety of organisms have evolved mechanisms to detect and respond to light, in which the response is mediated by protein structural changes after photon absorption. The initial step is often the photoisomerization of a conjugated chromophore. Isomerization occurs on ultrafast time scales and is substantially influenced by the chromophore environment. Here we identify structural changes associated with the earliest steps in the trans-to-cis isomerization of the chromophore in photoactive yellow protein. Femtosecond hard x-ray pulses emitted by the Linac Coherent Light Source were used to conduct time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography on photoactive yellow protein microcrystals over a time range from 100 femtoseconds to 3 picoseconds to determine the structural dynamics of the photoisomerization reaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA. Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Kanupriya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pande
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher D M
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.affiliation: Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Post Office Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Groenhof
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aquila
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Josef S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tenboer
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Shibom
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boutet
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: DePonte
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Mengning
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: White
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Nadia A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Zatsepin
authors.affiliation: Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Oleksandr
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yefanov
authors.affiliation: Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, Post Office Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morozov
authors.affiliation: Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oberthuer
authors.affiliation: Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Cornelius
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gati
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Ganesh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: James
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Jake
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koralek
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brayshaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kupitz
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Chelsie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Shatabdi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy-Chowdhury
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Jesse D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Coe
authors.affiliation: Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Metz
authors.affiliation: Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. IMPRS-UFAST, Max Planck Institute for Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Paulraj Lourdu
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Xavier
authors.affiliation: Hauptman-Woodward Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Jason E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Koglin
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Gihan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ketawala
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fromme
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Vukica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Šrajer
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Henning
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: John C H
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ourmazd
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schwander
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Weierstall
authors.affiliation: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: School of Molecular Sciences and Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fromme
authors.affiliation: Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barty
authors.affiliation: Center for Free Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. Center for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Henry N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moffat
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Jasper J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Thor
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmidt
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003461:Crystallography; D007536:Isomerism; D008027:Light; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D017785:Photons; D020283:Photoreceptors, Microbial / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011487:Protein Conformation / Q000528:radiation effects; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D020283:Photoreceptors, Microbial; C050162:photoactive yellow protein, Bacteria