title: Aerosol emissions of a ship diesel engine operated with diesel fuel or heavy fuel oil.
abstract: Gaseous and particulate emissions from a ship diesel research engine were elaborately analysed by a large assembly of measurement techniques. Applied methods comprised of offline and online approaches, yielding averaged chemical and physical data as well as time-resolved trends of combustion by-products. The engine was driven by two different fuels, a commonly used heavy fuel oil (HFO) and a standardised diesel fuel (DF). It was operated in a standardised cycle with a duration of 2 h. Chemical characterisation of organic species and elements revealed higher concentrations as well as a larger number of detected compounds for HFO operation for both gas phase and particulate matter. A noteworthy exception was the concentration of elemental carbon, which was higher in DF exhaust aerosol. This may prove crucial for the assessment and interpretation of biological response and impact via the exposure of human lung cell cultures, which was carried out in parallel to this study. Offline and online data hinted at the fact that most organic species in the aerosol are transferred from the fuel as unburned material. This is especially distinctive at low power operation of HFO, where low volatility structures are converted to the particulate phase. The results of this study give rise to the conclusion that a mere switching to sulphur-free fuel is not sufficient as remediation measure to reduce health and environmental effects of ship emissions.
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany.|Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Streibel
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schnelle-Kreis
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Hendryk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Czech
authors.affiliation: Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Harndorf
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jakobi
authors.affiliation: Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jokiniemi
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karg
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lintelmann
authors.affiliation: Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matuschek
authors.affiliation: Research Unit Medical Radiation Physics and Diagnostics (AMSD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Michalke
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Laarnie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Orasche
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Passig
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Radischat
authors.affiliation: Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Rom
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rabe
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reda
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rüger
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schwemer
authors.affiliation: Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sippula
authors.affiliation: Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stengel
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sklorz
authors.affiliation: Fine Particle and Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Tiina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Torvela
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Benedikt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weggler
authors.affiliation: Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany. ralf.zimmermann@uni-rostock.de.|Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, CMA-Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany. ralf.zimmermann@uni-rostock.de.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005648:Fuel Oils; D005742:Gasoline; D006801:Humans; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012767:Ships; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000393:Air Pollutants; D005648:Fuel Oils; D005742:Gasoline; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
keywords: Elemental carbon; Emission aerosol; Heavy fuel oil; Heavy metals; Online measurement; Organic trace compounds; Particulate matter; Ship diesel engine