title: Docosahexaenoic diet supplementation, exercise and temperature affect cytokine production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mononuclear cells.
abstract: Acute exercise induces changes in peripheral mononuclear cells' (PBMCs) capabilities to produce cytokines. The aim was to investigate the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) diet supplementation on cytokine production, by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated PBMCs after exercise, and the in vitro influence of temperature. Fifteen male soccer players were randomly assigned to a placebo or an experimental group. The experimental group consumed an almond-based beverage enriched with DHA (1.16 g DHA/day) for 8 weeks, whereas the placebo group consumed a similar non-enriched beverage. Blood samples were taken before and after the nutritional intervention in basal conditions and 2 h after acute exercise. Nutritional intervention significantly increased the DHA content in erythrocytes only in experimental group (from 34 ± 3.6 to 43 ± 3.6 nmols DHA/10(9) erythrocytes). Exercise significantly increased Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in PBMCs but only in the placebo group (203 %). Exercise also significantly increased IL6, IL8, VEGF, INFγ, TNFα, IL1α, IL1β, MCP1, and EGG production rates by LPS-stimulated PBMCs, and this response was attenuated by DHA supplementation. Temperature but not DHA also affected the pattern of cytokine production increasing IL6, IL8, IL1β, and MCP1 synthesis. The higher change was evidenced in IL1β increasing the production rate at 39.5 °C from 3.19 ± 0.77 to 22.4 ± 6.1 pg/h 10(6) PBMC in placebo and from 2.36 ± 0.11 to 10.6 ± 0.38 pg/h 10(6) PBMC in the supplemented group. The profile of affected cytokines differs between temperature and exercise, suggesting a different PBMC activation pathway. DHA diet supplementation only attenuated cytokine production after exercise and not that induced by temperature.
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.|CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Capó
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.|Nutrition and Dietetics Department, School of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, 4070386, Concepción, Bio Bio Region, Chile.
authors.forename: Miquel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martorell
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.|CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sureda
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.|CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Miguel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Batle
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.|CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Josep Antoni
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Tur
authors.affiliation: Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Science Laboratory of Physical Activity, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, University of Balearic Islands, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. antonipons@uib.es.|CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. antonipons@uib.es.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pons
mesh_terms: D056352:Athletes; D001628:Beverages; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D015444:Exercise; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D059012:Lost to Follow-Up; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010352:Patient Dropouts; D012916:Soccer; D013030:Spain; D064133:Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids
keywords: Cytokine; Docosahexaenoic acid; Exercise; Inflammation; Temperature