title: Ellagic Acid Increases Osteocalcin and Alkaline Phosphatase After Tooth Extraction in Nicotinic-Treated Rats.
abstract: -To examine the effect of nicotine (Ni) on bone socket healing treated with Ellagic acid (EA) after tooth extraction in rat.
  
  
  
  Thirty-Two Sprague Dawley (SD) male rats were divided into four groups. The group 1 was administrated with distilled water intragastrically and injected sterile saline subcutaneously. The group 2 was administrated with EA orally and injected with sterile saline subcutaneously. The groups 3 & 4 were subcutaneously exposed to Ni for 4 weeks twice daily before tooth extraction procedure, and maintained Ni injection until the animals were sacrificed. After one month Ni exposure, the group 4 was fed with EA while continuing Ni injection. All the groups were anesthetized, and the upper left incisor was extracted. Four rats from each group were sacrificed on 14(th) and 28(th) days. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were applied to assess in serum rat at 14th and 28(th) days. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBRAS) levels were assessed to evaluate the antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation accordingly after tooth extraction in homogenized gingival maxilla tissue of rat at 14(th) and 28(th) days. The socket hard tissue was stained by eosin and hematoxylin (H&E); immunohistochemical technique was used to assess the healing process by Osteocalcin (OCN) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) biomarkers.
  
  
  
  Ni-induced rats administered with EA compound (Group 4) dropped the elevated concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines significantly when compared to Ni-induced rats (Group 3) (p<0.05). Ni-induced rats administrated with EA compound (Group 4) showed significant production of SOD and recession in TBRAS level when compared to Ni-induced rats (Group 3) (p<0.05). The immunohistochemistry analysis has revealed that OCN and ALP have presented stronger expression in Ni-induced rats treated with EA (Group 4), as against Ni-induced rats (Group 3).
  
  
  
  We have concluded that, Ni-induced rats, treated with EA have exerted positive effect on the trabecular bone formation after tooth extraction in nicotinic rats could be due to the antioxidant activity of EA which lead to upregulate of OCN and ALP proteins which are responsible for osteogenesis.
authors.forename: Mazen M Jamil
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Al-Obaidi
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Malaysia. fouad@salam.uitm.edu.my.
authors.forename: Fouad Hussain
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Al-Bayaty
authors.forename: Rami
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al Batran
authors.forename: Omar Emad
authors.initials: OE
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Aqil M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Daher
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000601:surgery; D004610:Ellagic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D015675:Osteocalcin; D004610:Ellagic Acid; D009538:Nicotine; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase