title: Glycemic Control and Urinary Tract Infections in Women with Type 1 Diabetes: Results from the DCCT/EDIC.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the relationship between glycemic control and urinary tract infections in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women enrolled in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications study, the observational followup of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, were surveyed to assess the rate of physician diagnosed urinary tract infections in the preceding 12 months. The relationship between glycated hemoglobin levels and number of urinary tract infections in the previous 12 months was assessed using a multivariable Poisson regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 572 women were evaluated at year 17. Mean age was 50.7 ± 7.2 years, mean body mass index was 28.6 ± 5.9 kg/m(2), mean type 1 diabetes duration was 29.8 ± 5.0 years and mean glycated hemoglobin was 8.0% ± 0.9%. Of these women 86 (15.0%) reported at least 1 physician diagnosed urinary tract infection during the last 12 months. Higher glycated hemoglobin levels were significantly associated with number of urinary tract infections such that for every unit increase (1%) in recent glycated hemoglobin level, there was a 21% (p=0.02) increase in urinary tract infection frequency in the previous 12 months after adjusting for race, hysterectomy status, urinary incontinence, sexual activity in the last 12 months, peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, and nephropathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of urinary tract infections increases with poor glycemic control in women with type 1 diabetes. This relationship is independent of other well described predictors of urinary tract infections and suggests that factors directly related to glycemic control may influence the risk of lower urinary tract infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Sara M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lenherr
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: J Quentin
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Clemens
authors.affiliation: The Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Barbara H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Braffett
authors.affiliation: The Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cleary
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Rodney L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hotaling
authors.affiliation: Winthrop University Hospital, Research Institute, Mineola, New York.
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.affiliation: Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Sciences, Urology, and Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Jeanette S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: University of Washington School of Medicine and Harborview Medical Center, Department of Urology, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Hunter
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wessells
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Electronic address: asarma@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Aruna V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Sarma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014549:Urinary Incontinence / Q000209:etiology*; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents
keywords: diabetes mellitus; risk factors; urinary tract infections