title: Brain Neuromodulation Techniques: A Review.
abstract: The modulation of brain function via the application of weak direct current was first observed directly in the early 19th century. In the past 3 decades, transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep brain stimulation have undergone clinical translation, offering alternatives to pharmacological treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Further development of novel neuromodulation techniques employing ultrasound, micro-scale magnetic fields and optogenetics is being propelled by a rapidly improving understanding of the clinical and experimental applications of artificially stimulating or depressing brain activity in human health and disease. With the current rapid growth in neuromodulation technologies and applications, it is timely to review the genesis of the field and the current state of the art in this area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia philip.lewis@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Department of Surgery, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.affiliation: Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000266:history; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D062308:Optogenetics; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D014464:Ultrasonic Therapy
keywords: bionics; brain; cognitive; implant; neuromodulation; neuropsychiatry