title: Viral co-infections in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., displaying myocarditis.
abstract: Several different viruses have been associated with myocarditis-related diseases in the Atlantic salmon aquaculture industry. In this study, we investigated the presence of PMCV, SAV, PRV and the recently identified Atlantic salmon calicivirus (ASCV), alone and as co-infections in farmed Atlantic salmon displaying myocarditis. The analyses were performed at the individual level and comprised qPCR and histopathological examination of 397 salmon from 25 farms along the Norwegian coast. The samples were collected in 2009 and 2010, 5-22 months post-sea transfer. The study documented multiple causes of myocarditis and revealed co-infections including individual fish infected with all four viruses. There was an overall correlation between lesions characteristic of CMS and PD and the presence of PMCV and SAV, respectively. Although PRV was ubiquitously present, high viral loads were with a few exceptions, correlated with lesions characteristic of HSMI. ASCV did not seem to have any impact on myocardial infection by PMCV, SAV or PRV. qPCR indicated a negative correlation between PMCV and SAV viral loads. Co-infections result in mixed and atypical pathological changes which pose a challenge for disease diagnostic work.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway. jannicke.wiik@vetinst.no.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wiik-Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alarcón
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: B Bang
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ø
authors.initials: Ø
authors.lastname: Haugland
authors.affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: A B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Mikalsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D060085:Coinfection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D009205:Myocarditis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D020317:Salmo salar; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology
keywords: Atlantic salmon calicivirus; cardiomyopathy syndrome; heart and skeletal muscle inflammation; pancreas disease; screening