title: Karyotype features of trematode Himasthla elongata.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trematodes have a complex life cycle with animal host changes and alternation of parthenogenetic and hermaphrodite generations. The parthenogenetic generation of the worm (rediae) from the first intermediate host Littorina littorea was used for chromosome spreads production. Karyotype description of parasitic flatworm Himasthla elongata Mehlis, 1831 (Digenea: Himasthlidae) based on fluorochrome banding and 18S rDNA mapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chromosome spreads were obtained from cercariae embryos and redial tissue suspensions with high pressure squash method.74.4 % of the analysed spreads contained 12 chromosome pairs (2n = 24). Chromosome classification was performed according to the morphometry and nomenclature published. H. elongata spread chromosomes had a rather bead-like structure. Ideograms of DAPI-banded chromosomes contained 130 individual bands. According to flow cytometry data, the H. elongata genome contains 1.25 pg of DNA, so one band contains, on average, 9.4 Mb of DNA. Image bank captures of individual high-resolution DAPI-banded chromosomes were provided. Differential DAPI- and CMA3-staining revealed the chromatin areas that differed in AT- or GC-content. Both dyes stained chromosomes all along but with varying intensities in different areas. FISH revealed that vast majority (95.0 %) of interphase nuclei contained one signal for 18S rDNA. This corresponded to the number of nucleoli per cell detected by observations in vivo. The rDNA signal was observed on one or two homologs of chromosome 10 in 72.2 % of analysed chromosome spreads, therefore chromosome 10 possessed the main rDNA cluster and minor ones on chromosomes 3 and 6, that corresponds with AgNOR results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Himasthla elongata chromosomes variations presented as image bank. Differential chromosome staining with fluorochromes and FISH used for 18S rDNA mapping let us to conclude: (1) Himasthla elongata karyotype is 2n = 24; (2) chromosome number deviates from the previously studied echinostomatids (2n = 14-22); (3). Chromosome 10 possesses the main rDNA cluster with the minor ones existing on chromosomes 3 and 6.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cytology RAS, St. Petersburg, 194064 Russia.
authors.forename: Anna I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Solovyeva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cytology RAS, St. Petersburg, 194064 Russia.
authors.forename: Vera N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Stefanova
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cytology RAS, St. Petersburg, 194064 Russia ; Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034 Russia ; Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, 690922 Russia.
authors.forename: Olga I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Podgornaya
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cytology RAS, St. Petersburg, 194064 Russia.
authors.forename: Serghei Iu
authors.initials: SIu
authors.lastname: Demin
keywords: 18S rDNA mapping; Digenea; Himasthla elongata; Karyotype