title: Fitness, adiposopathy, and adiposity are independent predictors of insulin sensitivity in middle-aged men without diabetes.
abstract: Adiposopathy, or sick fat, refers to adipose tissue dysfunction that can lead to several complications such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia. The relative contribution of adiposopathy in predicting insulin resistance remains unclear. We investigated the relationship between adiposopathy, as assessed as a low plasma adiponectin/leptin ratio, with anthropometry, body composition (hydrostatic weighing), insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), inflammation, and fitness level (ergocycle VO2max, mL/kgFFM/min) in 53 men (aged 34-53 years) from four groups: sedentary controls without obesity (body mass index [BMI] <25 kg/m(2)), sedentary with obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m(2)), sedentary with obesity and glucose intolerance, and endurance trained active without obesity. The adiponectin/leptin ratio was the highest in trained men (4.75 ± 0.82) and the lowest in glucose intolerant subjects with obesity (0.27 ± 0.06; ANOVA p < 0.0001) indicating increased adiposopathy in those with obesity. The ratio was negatively associated with adiposity (e.g., waist circumference, r = -0.59, p < 0.01) and positively associated with VO2max (r = 0.67, p < 0.01) and insulin sensitivity (M/I, r = 0.73, p < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis revealed fitness as the strongest independent predictor of insulin sensitivity (partial R (2) = 0.61). While adiposopathy was also an independent and significant contributor (partial R (2) = 0.10), waist circumference added little power to the model (partial R (2) = 0.024). All three variables remained significant independent predictors when trained subjects were excluded from the model. Plasma lipids were not retained in the model. We conclude that low fitness, adiposopathy, as well as adiposity (and in particular abdominal obesity) are independent contributors to insulin resistance in men without diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.|Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huth
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.|Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Étienne
authors.initials: É
authors.lastname: Pigeon
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.|Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Marie-Ève
authors.initials: MÈ
authors.lastname: Riou
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.|Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Josée
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: St-Onge
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.|Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arguin
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.|Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Erick
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Couillard
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Marie-Julie
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.|Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marette
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.|Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.|CHUL-CHU, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: S John
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Weisnagel
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.|Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lacaille
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.|Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mauriège
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada. denis.joanisse@kin.ulaval.ca.|Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (CRIUCPQ), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada. denis.joanisse@kin.ulaval.ca.|Département de kinésiologie & CRIUCPQ, Université Laval, Pavillon PEPS, bureau 0290B, 2300 rue de la Terrasse, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada. denis.joanisse@kin.ulaval.ca.
authors.forename: Denis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Joanisse
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D015434:Panniculitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010809:Physical Fitness; D057185:Sedentary Behavior; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D052242:Adiponectin; D020738:Leptin
keywords: Adiponectin; Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp; Insulin resistance; Leptin; Obesity