title: Simulation-trained junior residents perform better than general surgeons on advanced laparoscopic cases.
abstract: Multiple simulation training programs have demonstrated that effective transfer of skills can be attained and applied into a more complex scenario, but evidence regarding transfer to the operating room is limited.
  
  
  
  To assess junior residents trained with simulation performing an advanced laparoscopic procedure in the OR and compare results to those of general surgeons without simulation training and expert laparoscopic surgeons.
  
  
  
  Experimental study: After a validated 16-session advanced laparoscopy simulation training program, junior trainees were compared to general surgeons (GS) with no simulation training and expert bariatric surgeons (BS) in performing a stapled jejuno-jejunostomy (JJO) in the OR. Global rating scale (GRS) and specific rating scale scores, operative time and the distance traveled by both hands measured with a tracking device, were assessed. In addition, all perioperative and immediate postoperative morbidities were registered.
  
  
  
  Ten junior trainees, 12 GS and 5 BS experts were assessed performing a JJO in the OR. All trainees completed the entire JJO in the OR without any takeovers by the BS. Six (50 %) BS takeovers took place in the GS group. Trainees had significantly better results in all measured outcomes when compared to GS with considerable higher GRS median [19.5 (18.8-23.5) vs. 12 (9-13.8) p < 0.001] and lower operative time. One morbidity was registered; a patient in the trainees group was readmitted at postoperative day 10 for mechanical ileus that resolved with medical treatment.
  
  
  
  This study demonstrated transfer of advanced laparoscopic skills acquired through a simulated training program in novice surgical residents to the OR.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Surgery and Simulation Center, Department of Digestive Surgery, Clinic Hospital, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Camilo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boza
authors.affiliation: Experimental Surgery and Simulation Center, Department of Digestive Surgery, Clinic Hospital, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: León
authors.affiliation: Experimental Surgery and Simulation Center, Department of Digestive Surgery, Clinic Hospital, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buckel
authors.affiliation: Experimental Surgery and Simulation Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Clinic Hospital, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Arnoldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Riquelme
authors.affiliation: Experimental Surgery and Simulation Center, Department of Digestive Surgery, Clinic Hospital, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Crovari
authors.affiliation: Experimental Surgery and Simulation Center, Department of Digestive Surgery, Clinic Hospital, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.|Steinberg Centre for Simulation and Interactive Learning, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Teodor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grantcharov
authors.affiliation: Experimental Surgery and Simulation Center, Department of Digestive Surgery, Clinic Hospital, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Nicolás
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jarufe
authors.affiliation: Experimental Surgery and Simulation Center, Department of Digestive Surgery, Clinic Hospital, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 377, Santiago, Chile. jevaras@uc.cl.
authors.forename: Julián
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Varas
mesh_terms: D050110:Bariatric Surgery; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D007582:Jejunostomy / Q000193:education; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education*; D061646:Operative Time; D000066908:Simulation Training; D066231:Surgeons
keywords: Advanced laparoscopy; Laparoscopic training; Simulation; Surgical simulation; Surgical training