title: New markers of dietary added sugar intake.
abstract: Added sugar consumption is associated with adverse health outcomes, including weight gain and cardio-metabolic disease, yet the reliance on self-reported methods to determine added sugar intake continues to be a significant research limitation. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances in the development of two potential predictive biomarkers of added sugar intake: δC and urinary sugar excretion.
  
  
  
  The results of numerous cross-sectional investigations have indicated modest associations of the δC sugar biomarker measured in a variety of sample types (e.g., fingerstick blood, serum, red blood cells, and hair) with self-reported added sugar and sugar-sweetened beverage intake, and δC values have been reported to change over time with changes in reported sugar-sweetened beverage intake. Results from large-scale trials have suggested modest associations of urinary sugar excretion with reported sugar intake, and a dose-response relation has been demonstrated between urinary sugar excretion and actual sugar intake.
  
  
  
  Valid markers of sugar intake are urgently needed to more definitively determine the health consequences of added sugar intake. Adequately powered controlled feeding studies are needed to validate and compare these two biomarkers of sugar intake, and to determine what individual characteristics and conditions impact biomarker results.
authors.affiliation: aDepartment of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia bDepartment of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
authors.forename: Brenda
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Davy
authors.forename: Hope
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jahren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D000070601:Diet, Carbohydrate Loading / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000073417:Dietary Sugars / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D057566:Self Report
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D000073417:Dietary Sugars