title: Development and psychometric evaluation of the arterial puncture self-efficacy scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arterial puncture for arterial blood gases (ABG) analysis can be a risky, painful, difficult-to-perform procedure that is often insufficiently practised and generates stress and discomfort amongst patients and healthcare professionals. Self-efficacy is a key component in the acquisition of procedural skills. Therefore, professionals' self-efficacy in arterial puncture should be measured before attempting the procedure on real patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop and psychometrically assess a self-efficacy scale in arterial puncture.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational cross-sectional design was used in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Faculty of Education Sciences, Nursing and Physiotherapy in a higher education institution in the south of Spain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A convenience sample of 342 nursing students entered and completed the study. All participants met the following inclusion criteria: (1) ≥18years old and (2) enrolled in a nursing degree programme during the 2014/2015 academic year. Participants were 74% female (n=254) and their age ranged from 18 to 50, with a mean age of 21.74years (SD=5.14).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Arterial Puncture Self-Efficacy Scale (APSES) was developed and psychometrically tested. Reliability and content validity were studied. Predictive validity and concurrent validity assessed criterion validity. In addition, principal component analysis and known-group analysis evaluated construct validity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Principal component analysis revealed the two-subscale structure of the final 22-item version of the Arterial Puncture Self-Efficacy Scale (APSES). A total Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.97 showed its high reliability. The APSES' content validity index was excellent (S-CVI/Ave=0.95). Predictive and concurrent validity analysis demonstrated the good criterion validity of the tool. Supporting the APSES' sensitivity and specificity, known-groups analysis evidenced significant differences (p<0.001) in self-efficacy levels between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The APSES showed good psychometric properties for measuring self-efficacy in arterial puncture for ABG analysis.
authors.affiliation: Adult, Child and Midwifery Department, School of Health and Education, Middlesex University, Hendon Campus, The Burroughs, NW4 4BT, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: J.Hernandez-Padilla@mdx.ac.uk.
authors.forename: José Manuel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hernández-Padilla
authors.affiliation: Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine Department, Faculty of Education Sciences, Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Almeria, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Granero-Molina
authors.affiliation: Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine Department, Faculty of Education Sciences, Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Almeria, Spain.
authors.forename: Verónica V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Márquez-Hernández
authors.affiliation: Adult, Child and Midwifery Department, School of Health and Education, Middlesex University, Hendon Campus, The Burroughs, NW4 4BT, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Suthers
authors.affiliation: Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine Department, Faculty of Education Sciences, Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Almeria, Spain; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: Cayetano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernández-Sola
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001800:Blood Specimen Collection; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004508:Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D011677:Punctures / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D013030:Spain; D013338:Students, Nursing / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards
keywords: Blood specimen collection; Confidence; Nursing students; Psychometrics; Self-efficacy