title: Protective Effect of Proanthocyanidins from Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides L.) Seed against Visible Light-Induced Retinal Degeneration in Vivo.
abstract: Dietary proanthocyanidins (PACs) as health-protective agents have become an important area of human nutrition research because of their potent bioactivities. We investigated the retinoprotective effects of PACs from sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) seed against visible light-induced retinal degeneration in vivo. Pigmented rabbits were orally administered sea buckthorn seed PACs (50 and 100 mg/kg/day) for 14 consecutive days of pre-illumination and seven consecutive days of post-illumination. Retinal function was quantified via electroretinography 7 days after light exposure. Retinal damage was evaluated by measuring the thickness of the full-thickness retina and outer nuclear layer 7 days after light exposure. Sea buckthorn seed PACs significantly attenuated the destruction of electroretinograms and maintained the retinal structure. Increased retinal photooxidative damage was expressed by the depletion of glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities, the decrease of total antioxidant capacity level and the increase of malondialdehyde level. Light exposure induced a significant increase of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6) and angiogenesis (VEGF) levels in retina. Light exposure upregulated the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 and downregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. However, sea buckthorn seed PACs ameliorated these changes induced by light exposure. Sea buckthorn seed PACs mediated the protective effect against light-induced retinal degeneration via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic mechanisms.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science &amp; Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China. WangYongyffs@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science &amp; Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China. liangzhao@cau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science &amp; Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China. huoyazhen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yazhen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science &amp; Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China. bjwfyz_zf@163.com.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China. wuwei70@126.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science &amp; Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China. 18201041642@163.com.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science &amp; Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China. 13001994248@163.com.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science &amp; Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China. guoxiaoxuan083@sina.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoxuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China. 15827145056@163.com.|Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China. 15827145056@163.com.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China. chunn2@163.com.|Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Wuhan 430062, China. chunn2@163.com.
authors.forename: Qianchun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Food from Plant Resources, College of Food Science &amp; Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China. jbp330332@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Baoping
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ji
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004596:Electroretinography; D031281:Hippophae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D011897:Random Allocation; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D044945:Proanthocyanidins
keywords: RPE cells; photoreceptor; pigmented rabbit; proanthocyanidins; retinoprotection; sea buckthorn seed; visible light-induced retinal degeneration