title: Bioaccumulation of nutrients and metals in sediment, water, and phoomdi from Loktak Lake (Ramsar site), northeast India: phytoremediation options and risk assessment.
abstract: In order to determine the potential of phoomdi to accumulate nutrients and metals, 11 dominant species belonging to 10 different families, sediment, and water were analyzed for a period of 2 years from the largest freshwater wetland of north-east India, Loktak (Ramsar site). Results revealed nutrient (TN and TP) and metal (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) compartmentalization in the order phoomdi > sediment > water. Iron concentrations in water (0.37 ± 0.697 to 0.57 ± 1.010 mg L(-1)) and sediments (81.8 ± 0.45 to 253.1 ± 0.51 mg kg(-1)) show high metal discharge into the wetland. Metal accumulation in phoomdi ranged up to 212.3 ± 0.46-9461.4 ± 1.09 mg kg(-1) for Fe; 85.9 ± 0.31-3565.1 ± 0.87 mg kg(-1) for Mn; 9.6 ± 0.41-85.39 ± 0.58 mg kg(-1) for Zn; and 0.31 ± 0.04-9.2 ± 0.04 mg kg(-1) for Cu, respectively. High bioaccumulation factors (BAF) for metals (S. cucullata, 5.8 × 10(4) Fe, 3.9 × 10(4) Mn, and 1.7 × 10(4) Cu, and O. javanica, 4.9 × 10(3) Zn) and nutrients (S. polyrhiza, 9.7 × 10(2) TN, and Z. latifolia, 7.9 × 10(4) TP) revealed good accumulation in phoomdi compared to the wetland water column and indicate their potential to maintain a safe environment of Loktak. Further, the paper analyzed the health hazard of metals via phoomdi wild edible consumption, with the results confirming potential risk. Thus, the paper showed the need of in-depth monitoring and ample management strategies to ensure nutritional safety conditions of locals from the metals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
authors.forename: Maibam Dhanaraj
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Meitei
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India. mnvsl@uohyd.ac.in.
authors.forename: Majeti Narasimha Vara
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Prasad
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D060106:Lakes / Q000032:analysis*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010758:Phosphorus; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Heavy metals; Loktak Lake; Phoomdi; Phytoremediation; Target hazard quotient (THQ); Wetlands