title: A novel major facilitator superfamily transporter in Penicillium digitatum (PdMFS2) is required for prochloraz resistance, conidiation and full virulence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To clone a novel major facilitator superfamily (MFS, a large protein family with diverse physiological functions in all kingdoms) transporter gene, Pdmfs2, and characterize its function in Penicillium digitatum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A novel MFS transporter gene, Pdmfs2, was isolated from P. digitatum. The full-length DNA of Pdmfs2 had a 1590 bp ORF encoding a full-size MFS transporter with 529 amino acids. In a prochloraz-resistant strain (PdHS-F6), Pdmfs2 transcript level was up-regulated compared with the prochloraz-sensitive strain (PdHS-E3) and could be induced by 7 μg prochloraz/ml. The deletion of Pdmfs2 (ΔPdmfs2) in PdHS-F6 led to increased susceptibility to prochloraz and lower EC50 value (the concentration of prochloraz producing 50 % growth inhibition) compared with the PdHS-F6 or complementation strain (COPdmfs2). The ΔPdmfs2 strain was defective in conidia yield and virulence towards citrus fruits, while the complementation of Pdmfs2 could restore the phenotypic features to a large extent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pdmfs2 is the second MFS transporter gene in P. digitatum and is required for prochloraz resistance, conidiation and full virulence.
authors.affiliation: Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shengqiang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yongze
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.affiliation: Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tingfu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Science, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei, People's Republic of China. deliliu2013@163.com.
authors.forename: Deli
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000235:genetics; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014774:Virulence / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005656:Fungal Proteins; D007093:Imidazoles; C045362:prochloraz
keywords: Conidiation; Fungicidal resistance; Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters; Penicillium digitatum; Prochloraz resistance; Virulence