title: The Iodine Content in Urine, Faeces and Selected Organs of Rats Fed Lettuce Biofortified with Iodine Through Foliar Application.
abstract: Iodine is an essential trace element for humans. Foliar application of micronutrients is successfully used in order to increase the concentration of essential elements in vegetables. The aim of this study was to evaluate the iodine absorption in the rat organism fed foliar biofortified lettuce. The presented study was consisted of the vegetative and animal experiment. In the vegetative experiment with lettuce, two combinations of foliar application were used: (1) control-without iodine application and (2) iodine application in the potassium iodide (KI) form. In the animal experiment, Wistar rats were divided to four groups, which received one of four diets: (1) C-control diet containing iodine in the KI form, (2) D-diet deficient in iodine, (3) D + BL-diet containing biofortified lettuce, and (4) D + CL-diet containing control lettuce (as the only source of iodine in diet, respectively). The diets contained 0.260, 0.060, 0.254 and 0.075 mg I/kg, respectively. In order to determine the iodine absorption in the rat organisms, the content of this trace element was measured in urine, faeces and in selected organs with the use of the ICP-OES technique. Foliar application of the KI increased the content of iodine in lettuce. The rats from the D + BL group excreted significantly less iodine in their urine and faeces and also accumulated more iodine in the organs than the rats from the C group. Iodine with biofortified lettuce was much bioavailable for rodents than iodine from control diet. Biofortified lettuce can be a source of iodine in a diet of human and can improve iodine nutrition.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Krakow, Poland. rakoczyr@agh.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Roksana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rakoczy
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kopeć
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Piątkowska
authors.affiliation: Unit of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Sylwester
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smoleń
authors.affiliation: Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Mushroom Processing, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Skoczylas
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leszczyńska
authors.affiliation: Unit of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Włodzimierz
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sady
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005243:Feces; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000652:urine*; D018545:Lactuca; D008297:Male; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000187:drug effects; D011193:Potassium Iodide / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D011193:Potassium Iodide; D007455:Iodine
keywords: Biofortification; Foliar application; Iodine; Lettuce; Rats