title: Management of acute traumatic intracranial haematoma in rural and remote areas of Australia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Outcomes are reviewed with traumatic brain injury (TBI) involving intracranial haematomata (ICH) with patients in rural and remote areas of South Australia and adjacent states. Patients were referred to the Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH), a level 1 trauma centre with a major neurosurgical service.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2000 to 2013, 1107 multiple trauma cases included 162 with severe TBI. Local medical officers (LMOs) phoned a specific number to access resuscitative and neurosurgical advice. Onsite neurosurgical support was provided when requested. Specialist teams later retrieved these patients to RAH. Locations were coded according to the Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA+). Injuries were coded using ICD 9 and 10.
  
  
  RESULTS
  General surgeon LMOs drained nine clinically progressive ICHs. Neurosurgical attendance was provided in four instances. Eight patients survived. The remaining 153 patients had other injuries involving thoraco-abdominal organs, spine, pelvis and limbs. The overall mortality was 30%. Twenty-six had ICHs requiring surgical drainage later at the RAH, with 46% mortality. Average Injury Severity Score was 30 (range 9-66). Male/female ratio was 76/24. Motor vehicular accidents predominated (60%), followed by falls (26%) and assaults (10%). Those under 30 years were overrepresented. Patients were transported a mean distance of 283 km (maximum distance 2600 km).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LMOs in remote locations may consider immediate drainage of deteriorating traumatic ICH. Adequate support from a distant major trauma centre can help achieve acceptable outcomes. Effective communications are vital. The Royal Australasian College of Surgeons and Neurosurgical Society of Australasia guidelines based on the Early Management of Severe Trauma protocols can assist LMOs in making the decision to undertake emergency craniotomy.
authors.affiliation: Health Advisory Committee, Royal Flying Doctor Service Central Operations, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gilligan
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.affiliation: ED/Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.|MedSTAR, SA Ambulance Service, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.affiliation: Australian Population and Migration Research Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D020198:Intracranial Hemorrhage, Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D013021:South Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015996:Survival Rate; D014193:Trauma Centers; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: aircraft transport; craniocerebral trauma; emergency burr hole; epidural haematoma; rural location; subdural