title: The inter-observer variability of breast density scoring between mammography technologists and breast radiologists and its effect on the rate of adjuvant ultrasound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study assesses the inter-observer variability of mammographic breast density scoring (BDS) between technologists and radiologists and evaluates the effect of technologist patient referral on the load of adjuvant ultrasounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this IRB approved study, a retrospective analysis of 503 prospectively acquired, random mammograms was performed between January and March 2014. Each mammogram was evaluated for BDS independently and blindly by both the performing technologist and the interpreting radiologist. Statistical calculation of the Spearman correlation coefficient and weighted kappa were obtained to evaluate the inter-observer variability between technologists and radiologists and to examine whether it relates to the technologist's seniority or women's age. The effect on the load of adjuvant ultrasounds was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  10 mammography technologists and 7 breast radiologists participated in this study. BDS agreement levels between technologists and radiologists were in the fair to moderate range (kappa values: 0.3-0.45, Spearman coefficient values: 0.59-0.65). The technologists markedly over-graded the density compared to the radiologists in all the subsets evaluated. Comparison between low and high-density groups demonstrated a similar trend of over-grading by technologists, who graded 51% of the women as having dense breasts (scores 3-4) compared to 27% of the women graded as such by the radiologists. This trend of over grading breast density by technologists was unrelated to the women's age or to the technologists' seniority.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mammography technologists over-grade breast density. Technologists' referral to an adjuvant ultrasound leads to redundant ultrasound studies, unnecessary breast biopsies, costs and increased patient anxiety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: rd.mazor@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Roei D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mazor
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Avital
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Savir
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging, Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gheorghiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Radiology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Yuliana
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Weinstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Imaging, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Ifat
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Abadi-Korek
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel; Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
authors.forename: Nogah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shabshin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy; D000071060:Breast Density; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000592:standards*; D008875:Middle Aged; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015588:Observer Variation; D000072177:Radiologists / Q000592:standards*; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016217:Ultrasonography, Mammary / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Breast cancer; Breast density; Cancer risk; Mammography; Screening