title: Hydrogen-rich water improves neurological functional recovery in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice.
abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The high costs, inconvenient administration, and side effects of current Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs often lead to poor adherence to the long-term treatment of MS. Molecular hydrogen (H2) has been reported to exhibit anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, and anti-cancer effects. In the present study, we explored the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on the progress of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for MS. We found that prophylactic administration of both 0.36mM and 0.89mM HRW was able to delay EAE onset and reduce maximum clinical scores. Moreover, 0.89mM HRW also reduced disease severity, CNS infiltration, and demyelination when administered after the onset of disease. Furthermore, HRW treatment prevented infiltration of CD4(+) T lymphocytes into the CNS and inhibited Th17 cell development without affecting Th1 cell populations. Because HRW is non-toxic, inexpensive, easily administered, and can readily cross the blood-brain barrier, our experiments suggest that HRW may have great potential in the treatment of MS.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA 254 Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Ming-Dong
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Ying-Yan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Gai-Ci
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Qian-Qian
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Aviation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
authors.forename: Xue-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of the Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, China. Electronic address: caoli@smmu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004681:Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000276:immunology / Q000633:toxicity; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D063308:Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C445081:myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55); D014867:Water; D006859:Hydrogen
keywords: CD4(+) T lymphocytes; Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Hydrogen-rich water; Multiple sclerosis; TH17