title: UriSed - Preliminary reference intervals and optimal method for urine sediment analysis in newborns and infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to establish reference intervals for urine sediment in newborns and infants in the second month of life for the UriSed automated analyser and for bright field microscopy. We also aimed to provide an optimal protocol for UriSed analysis, which best corresponds to the results of manual microscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine sediment analyses of 75 healthy newborns and infants in the second month of life were performed by manual microscopy and UriSed automated analyser (two modes: 15 and 20 images per sample). Images were then reviewed and manually corrected by an operator when needed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed statistically significant differences between bright-field microscopy and UriSed (when manual correction was not performed) for squamous epithelial cells and red blood cells counts (P<0.0001). There were no differences based on the number of images per sample (P>0.05). Upper reference values for bright-field microscopy and UriSed analyser taking 15 images per sample with manual correction (method we recommend) were as follows: squamous epithelial cells: microscope 8.7×10(6)/l, UriSed 6.4×10(6)/l, non-squamous epithelial cells: microscope 4.3×10(6)/l, UriSed 3.9×10(6)/l; erythrocytes: microscope 5.9×10(6)/l, UriSed: 4.6×10(6)/l; leukocytes: microscope 8.6×10(6)/l, UriSed 9.9×10(6)/l; hyaline casts: microscope 0×10(6)/l, UriSed (no correction) 0.7×10(6)/l.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We established preliminary reference intervals for urine sediment analysis in newborns and infants for UriSed and bright-field microscopy. We concluded that for routine laboratory examination of non-pathological urine it is enough to use the faster mode, with 15 images per sample, followed by a manual correction.
authors.affiliation: Medical University of Warsaw, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Warsaw, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Aneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Manda-Handzlik
authors.affiliation: Jagiellonian University, College of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Krystyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sztefko
authors.affiliation: Jagiellonian University, College of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zając
authors.affiliation: Jagiellonian University, College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cracow, Poland.
authors.forename: Przemko
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kwinta
authors.affiliation: Jagiellonian University, College of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cracow, Poland. Electronic address: p.tomasik@uj.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Przemyslaw
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tomasik
mesh_terms: D057205:Automation, Laboratory / Q000379:methods*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D008853:Microscopy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology*
keywords: Infant; Newborn; Reference ranges; Urine