title: Preliminary evidence of differences in cadmium tolerance in metal-free stocks of the standard earthworm test species Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta).
abstract: To test whether metal-tolerant and metal-sensitive earthworm specimens could be an inherent part of metal-free earthworm populations, (i) we used DNA barcoding to identify and categorize earthworms from 8 populations of the standard test species Eisenia andrei, and (ii) the earthworms carrying three of the identified COI haplotypes (named Hap1, hap3 and Hap3) were paired up and exposed to Cd in order to assess the difference in Cd sensitivity between the breeding pairs. A total of six breeding pairs were exposed to 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg Cd/kg for 4 weeks at 20 °C. The survival of the breeding pairs, their change in biomass and cocoon production were assessed. For all of the endpoints assessed, the results indicated that couple 6 (Hap3 × Hap3) was the most sensitive breeding pair whereas couple 4 (Hap1 × Hap3) was the least sensitive one. The analysis of Cd tissue contents revealed that with increasing Cd concentration, Cp6 (Hap3 × Hap3) could accumulate significantly more Cd than any other breeding pair (p ≤ 0.01). Our findings indicate that E. andrei may harbour intrinsically Cd-tolerant and Cd-sensitive individuals and that this may be due to individual differences in Cd accumulation kinetics. In the context of ecotoxicological testing, our results underline the importance of using genetically diverse populations in laboratory testing to prevent generating flawed data from genetically homogeneous laboratory stocks. Although we do not regard the present mitochondrial haplotypes as proxy for possibly nuclear encoded traits, we discuss the necessity of a standardised earthworm barcoding protocol that could help not only to confirm the taxonomy of laboratory earthworm stocks but also to select genetically diverse stocks suitable for laboratory testing.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa. OtomoPV@ufs.ac.za.|Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Private Bag x13, Phuthaditjhaba, 9866, South Africa. OtomoPV@ufs.ac.za.
authors.forename: Patricks Voua
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Otomo
authors.affiliation: Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
authors.forename: Laetitia Voua
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Otomo
authors.affiliation: Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
authors.forename: Carlos C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Bezuidenhout
authors.affiliation: Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Maboeta
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D008670:Metals / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000502:physiology*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D008670:Metals; D012989:Soil Pollutants
keywords: DNA barcoding; Earthworm ecotoxicology; Innate tolerance; Metal toxicity