title: Accuracy of the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk Equation in a Large Contemporary, Multiethnic Population.
abstract: The accuracy of the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Pooled Cohort Risk Equation for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events in contemporary and ethnically diverse populations is not well understood.
  
  
  
  The goal of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the 2013 ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Risk Equation within a large, multiethnic population in clinical care.
  
  
  
  The target population for consideration of cholesterol-lowering therapy in a large, integrated health care delivery system population was identified in 2008 and followed up through 2013. The main analyses excluded those with known ASCVD, diabetes mellitus, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels <70 or ≥190 mg/dl, prior lipid-lowering therapy use, or incomplete 5-year follow-up. Patient characteristics were obtained from electronic medical records, and ASCVD events were ascertained by using validated algorithms for hospitalization databases and death certificates. We compared predicted versus observed 5-year ASCVD risk, overall and according to sex and race/ethnicity. We additionally examined predicted versus observed risk in patients with diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  
  Among 307,591 eligible adults without diabetes between 40 and 75 years of age, 22,283 were black, 52,917 were Asian/Pacific Islander, and 18,745 were Hispanic. We observed 2,061 ASCVD events during 1,515,142 person-years. In each 5-year predicted ASCVD risk category, observed 5-year ASCVD risk was substantially lower: 0.20% for predicted risk <2.50%; 0.65% for predicted risk 2.50% to <3.75%; 0.90% for predicted risk 3.75% to <5.00%; and 1.85% for predicted risk ≥5.00% (C statistic: 0.74). Similar ASCVD risk overestimation and poor calibration with moderate discrimination (C statistic: 0.68 to 0.74) were observed in sex, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic status subgroups, and in sensitivity analyses among patients receiving statins for primary prevention. Calibration among 4,242 eligible adults with diabetes was improved, but discrimination was worse (C statistic: 0.64).
  
  
  
  In a large, contemporary "real-world" population, the ACC/AHA Pooled Cohort Risk Equation substantially overestimated actual 5-year risk in adults without diabetes, overall and across sociodemographic subgroups.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Jamal S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Grace H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Tabada
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Solomon
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Division of Endocrinology, Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Joan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Division of Endocrinology, Kaiser Permanente South San Francisco Medical Center, South San Francisco, California.
authors.forename: Marc G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Jaffe
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Sue Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Christie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ballantyne
authors.affiliation: Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. Electronic address: alan.s.go@kp.org.
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Go
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011322:Primary Prevention; D044469:Racial Groups; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
keywords: cardiovascular; diabetes mellitus; prediction; race/ethnicity; risk factor