title: The Influence of Race on Short-term Outcomes After Laminectomy and/or Fusion Spine Surgery.
abstract: METHODS
  A retrospective cohort analysis of prospectively collected clinical data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the effect of race on outcomes in patients undergoing elective laminectomy and/or fusion spine surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Studies that have looked at the effect of race on spine surgery outcomes have failed to take into account baseline risk factors that may influence peri-operative outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 48,493 adult patients who underwent elective spine surgery consisting of elective laminectomy and/or fusion, from 2006 to 2012, at hospitals participating in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP), a prospectively collected, national clinical database with established reproducibility and validity. Pre- and intraoperative characteristics and 30-day outcomes were stratified by race. We used propensity scores to match African-American and Caucasian patients on all pre- and intraoperative factors, including by principal diagnosis leading to surgery as well as surgery performed. We used regular and conditional logistic regression to predict the effect of race on adverse postoperative outcomes in the full sample and matched sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caucasians comprised 82% of our sample. We found no differences in the incidence of pre- and intraoperative factors when comparing Caucasian patients with all minority patients, and only minimal increased odds for prolonged length of length of hospitalization (LOS) and discharge with continued care. However, African-American patients, who comprised 39% of our minority sample, had more preoperative comorbidities than Caucasian patients. Even after eliminating all differences between pre- and intraoperative factors between Caucasian and African-American patients, African-American patients continued to have LOS that was, on average, one day longer than Caucasian patients. African-American patients also had higher odds for major complications [odds ratio (OR) = 1.3; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.1-1.6], and to be discharged requiring continued care (OR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.8-2.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  African-American race is independently associated with prolonged LOS, major complications, and a need to be discharged with continued care in patients undergoing elective spine surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  3.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Andreea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Seicean
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH.|Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Sinziana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seicean
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Neuhauser
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Benzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Weil
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007796:Laminectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013131:Spine / Q000601:surgery*; D044465:White People