title: Determination of Rod and Cone Influence to the Early and Late Dynamic of the Pupillary Light Response.
abstract: This study aims to identify which aspects of the pupil light reflex are most influenced by rods and cones independently by analyzing pupil recordings from different mouse models of photoreceptor deficiency.
  
  
  
  One-month-old wild type (WT), rodless (Rho-/-), coneless (Cnga3-/-), or photoreceptor less (Cnga3-/-; Rho-/- or Gnat1-/-) mice were subjected to brief red and blue light stimuli of increasing intensity. To describe the initial dynamic response to light, the maximal pupillary constriction amplitudes and the derivative curve of the first 3 seconds were determined. To estimate the postillumination phase, the constriction amplitude at 9.5 seconds after light termination was related to the maximal constriction amplitude.
  
  
  
  Rho-/- mice showed decreased constriction amplitude but more prolonged pupilloconstriction to all blue and red light stimuli compared to wild type mice. Cnga3-/- mice had constriction amplitudes similar to WT however following maximal constriction, the early and rapid dilation to low intensity blue light was decreased. To high intensity blue light, the Cnga3-/- mice demonstrated marked prolongation of the pupillary constriction. Cnga3-/-; Rho-/- mice had no pupil response to red light of low and medium intensity.
  
  
  
  From specific gene defective mouse models which selectively voided the rod or cone function, we determined that mouse rod photoreceptors are highly contributing to the pupil response to blue light stimuli but also to low and medium red stimuli. We also observed that cone cells mainly drive the partial rapid dilation of the initial response to low blue light stimuli. Thus photoreceptor dysfunction can be derived from chromatic pupillometry in mouse models.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology University Lausanne, Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kostic
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology University Lausanne, Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sylvain V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Crippa
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology University Lausanne, Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa School of Medicine and Iowa City VA Center for Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa, United States.
authors.forename: Randy H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Kardon
authors.affiliation: Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich CiPS at the Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biel
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology University Lausanne, Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Yvan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arsenijevic
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology University Lausanne, Hôpital Ophtalmique Jules Gonin, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Aki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008027:Light; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*; D012025:Reflex, Pupillary / Q000502:physiology*; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000166:cytology; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D017299:Rod Opsins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017299:Rod Opsins