title: EPI Nyquist ghost and geometric distortion correction by two-frame phase labeling.
abstract: To develop a new Nyquist ghost and geometric distortion correction method in echo planar imaging (EPI) using parallel imaging.
  
  
  
  Two frames of EPI data are acquired with normal and phase-labeled sequence. The phase label is applied by modifying the PE prephase gradient to shift the central echo by one echo spacing. GRAPPA weights are trained from both frames and used to reconstruct images from positive or negative echoes in each frame to remove Nyquist ghost. Geometric distortion is then corrected by the B0field map generated from the phase difference between positive and negative echo images. Phantom and in vivo experiments at 7 Tesla (T) and 3T were performed to evaluate the proposed method.
  
  
  
  Nyquist ghost was greatly reduced in all images even under oblique imaging and poor eddy current conditions, yielding significant improvements over the existing reference scan and image entropy minimization based methods. Image geometries were fully restored after distortion correction. Phantom results indicated that the signal-to-noise ratio efficiency was largely preserved while fMRI results showed no apparent degradation of temporal resolution.
  
  
  
  The proposed method provides robust correction of both Nyquist ghost and geometric distortion in EPI, and it is particularly suitable for dynamic EPI applications. Magn Reson Med 77:1749-1761, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.|Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Victor B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.|Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Mengye
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lyu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.|Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Ed X
authors.initials: EX
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio
keywords: EPI artifacts; Nyquist ghost correction; fMRI; geometric distortion correction; parallel imaging