title: Understanding Ocular Discomfort and Dryness Using the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire.
abstract: To utilize the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ) to assess the influence of pain sensitivity on perceptions of ocular discomfort and dryness.
  
  
  
  Subjects completed a battery of questionnaires, including history of ocular and general health, contact lens wear history, the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, visual analog scale (VAS) 100-point rating scales to assess severity and frequency of average and end of day (EOD) discomfort and dryness, and the PSQ to assess pain sensitivity level. Masked subjects were then instructed to wear one inverted and one normally oriented soft contact lens contralaterally for 30 minutes to induce an inter-eye difference in comfort and dryness sensations. Subjects rated comfort and dryness in each eye on VAS every 5 minutes during contact lens wear. A slit lamp examination was performed to evaluate ocular surface health and to assess contact lens fit.
  
  
  
  One hundred and fifty-three subjects (111 females, 42 males) completed the study. In separate models, a higher PSQ score was significantly associated with higher OSDI score (p = 0.002), lower average and EOD comfort (p = 0.005 and 0.001, respectively), and greater EOD dryness (p = 0.04). The minimum (0.14) and maximum (7.14) PSQ scores observed in our subject cohort (i.e., from the subjects who were the least and most sensitive to pain, respectively) corresponded to an estimated difference of 11 points on the OSDI, 20 points on the VAS scale for average comfort, 31 points for EOD comfort and 17 points for EOD dryness. In a mixed effects model, a higher PSQ score was significantly associated with a greater inter-eye difference in comfort (p = 0.013) and dryness (p = 0.010) during CL wear.
  
  
  
  Pain sensitivity influences perceptions of ocular discomfort and dryness, and should be taken into account when evaluating subjective assessments of these symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America.|Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Wing
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: Vision Science Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America.|Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Meng C
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4301-0279
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003263:Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic / Q000009:adverse effects; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D057285:Precision Medicine; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult