title: Photosensitized singlet oxygen generation and detection: Recent advances and future perspectives in cancer photodynamic therapy.
abstract: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses photosensitizers and visible light in combination with molecular oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that kill malignant cells by apoptosis and/or necrosis, shut down the tumor microvasculature and stimulate the host immune system. The excited singlet state of oxygen (1O2) is recognized to be the main cytotoxic ROS generated during PDT for the majority of photosensitizers used clinically and for many investigational new agents, so that maximizing its production within tumor cells and tissues can improve the therapeutic response, and several emerging and novel approaches for this are summarized. Quantitative techniques for1O2production measurement during photosensitization are also of immense importance of value for both preclinical research and future clinical practice. In this review, emerging strategies for enhanced photosensitized1O2generation are introduced, while recent advances in direct detection and imaging of1O2luminescence are summarized. In addition, the correlation between cumulative1O2luminescence and PDT efficiency will be highlighted. Meanwhile, the validation of1O2luminescence dosimetry for PDT application is also considered. This review concludes with a discussion on future demands of1O2luminescence detection for PDT dosimetry, with particular emphasis on clinical translation. Eye-catching color image for graphical abstract.
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China.
authors.forename: Buhong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China.
authors.forename: Lisheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: MOE Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China.
authors.forename: Huiyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto/University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.
authors.forename: Brian C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D026082:Singlet Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D026082:Singlet Oxygen
keywords: dosimetry; enhancement; luminescence; photodynamic therapy; singlet oxygen