title: Ionic-liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for the forensic determination of methamphetamine in human urine.
abstract: Determination of methamphetamine in forensic laboratories is a major issue due to its health and social harm. In this work, a simple, sensitive, and environmentally friendly method based on ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography was established for the analysis of methamphetamine in human urine. 1-Octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate with the help of disperser solvent methanol was selected as the microextraction solvent in this process. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of methamphetamine were investigated systemically, including extraction solvent and its volume, disperser solvent and its volume, sample pH, extraction temperature, and centrifugal time. Under the optimized conditions, a good linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 10-1000 ng/mL with determination coefficient >0.99. The limit of detection calculated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 was 1.7 ng/mL and the relative standard deviations for six replicate experiments at three different concentration levels of 100, 500, and 1000 ng/mL were 6.4, 4.5, and 4.7%, respectively. Meanwhile, up to 220-fold enrichment factor of methamphetamine and acceptable extraction recovery (>80.0%) could be achieved. Furthermore, this method has been successfully employed for the sensitive detection of a urine sample from a suspected drug abuser.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China.|Public Security Bureau of Ordos, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Ruifeng
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiujuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Public Security Bureau of Ordos, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shimin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Public Security Bureau of Ordos, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Xiangyuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Youquan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D044707:Forensic Sciences; D006801:Humans; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D052578:Ionic Liquids; D008694:Methamphetamine
keywords: Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; Forensic detection; Ionic liquids; Methamphetamine