title: Wild and Domestic Pig Interactions at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface of Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda, and the Potential Association with African Swine Fever Outbreaks.
abstract: Bushpigs (BPs) (Potamochoerus larvatus) and warthogs (WHs) (Phacochoerus africanus), which are widely distributed in Eastern Africa, are likely to cohabitate in the same environment with domestic pigs (DPs), facilitating the transmission of shared pathogens. However, potential interactions between BP, WH, and DP, and the resulting potential circulation of infectious diseases have rarely been investigated in Africa to date. In order to understand the dynamics of such interactions and the potential influence of human behavior and husbandry practices on them, individual interviews (n = 233) and participatory rural appraisals (n = 11) were carried out among Ugandan pig farmers at the edge of Murchison Falls National Park, northern Uganda. In addition, as an example of possible implications of wild and DP interactions, non-linear multivariate analysis (multiple correspondence analyses) was used to investigate the potential association between the aforementioned factors (interactions and human behavior and practices) and farmer reported African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks. No direct interactions between wild pigs (WPs) and DP were reported in our study area. However, indirect interactions were described by 83 (35.6%) of the participants and were identified to be more common at water sources during the dry season. Equally, eight (3.4%) farmers declared exposing their DP to raw hunting leftovers of WPs. The exploratory analysis performed suggested possible associations between the farmer reported ASF outbreaks and indirect interactions, free-range housing systems, dry season, and having a WH burrow less than 3 km from the household. Our study was useful to gather local knowledge and to identify knowledge gaps about potential interactions between wild and DP in this area. This information could be useful to facilitate the design of future observational studies to better understand the potential transmission of pathogens between wild and DPs.
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), VM: Medicine & Epidemiology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA.
authors.forename: Esther A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kukielka
authors.affiliation: Integrated Animal Risk Management (AGIRs), CIRAD Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France; Department of Animal Science and Production, Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gaborone, Botswana.
authors.forename: Ferran
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jori
authors.affiliation: Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), VM: Medicine & Epidemiology, University of California Davis , Davis, CA , USA.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Martínez-López
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chenais
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Makerere University , Kampala , Uganda.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Masembe
authors.affiliation: Control of Exotic and Emerging Animal Diseases (CMAEE), CIRAD Campus International de Baillarguet , Montpellier , France.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chavernac
authors.affiliation: Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ståhl
keywords: African swine fever; Uganda; bushpig; interactions; interface; warthog