title: Biotransformation Capacity of Carboxylesterase in Skin and Keratinocytes for the Penta-Ethyl Ester Prodrug of DTPA.
abstract: The penta-ethyl ester prodrug of the chelating agent diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), referred to as C2E5, effectively accelerated clearance of americium after transdermal delivery. Carboxylesterases (CESs) play important roles in facilitating C2E5 hydrolysis. However, whether CESs in human skin hydrolyze C2E5 remains unknown. We evaluated the gene and protein expression of CESs in distinctive human epidermal cell lines: HEKa, HEKn, HaCaT, and A431. The substrates p-nitrophenyl acetate (pNPA) and 4-nitrophenyl valerate (4-NPV) were used to access esterase and CES activity. C2E5 hydrolysis was measured by radiometric high-performance liquid chromatography after incubation of [(14)C]C2E5 with supernatant fractions after centrifugation at 9000g (S9) prepared from skin cell lines. CES-specific inhibitors were used to access metabolism in human skin S9 fractions with analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We identified the human carboxylesterase 1 and 2 (CES1 and CES2) bands in a Western blot. The gene expression of these enzymes was supported by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). pNPA and 4-NPV assays demonstrated esterase and CES activity in all the cell lines that were comparable to human skin S9 fractions. The prodrug C2E5 was hydrolyzed by skin S9 fractions, resulting in a primary metabolite, C2E4. In human skin S9 fractions, inhibition of C2E5 hydrolysis was greatest with a pan-CES inhibitor (benzil). CES1 inhibition (troglitazone) was greater than CES2 (loperamide), suggesting a primary metabolic role for CES1. These results indicate that human keratinocyte cell lines are useful for the evaluation of human cutaneous metabolism and absorption of ester-based prodrugs. However, keratinocytes from skin provide a small contribution to the overall metabolism of C2E5.
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadgrove
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marson
authors.affiliation: Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina mjay@email.unc.edu.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jay
mesh_terms: D001711:Biotransformation; D043182:Carboxylesterase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004817:Epidermis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D008139:Loperamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D004369:Pentetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D010658:Phenylglyoxal / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000378:metabolism*; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077288:Troglitazone
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D002839:Chromans; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011355:Prodrugs; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; C583865:diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid penta-ethyl ester; D008139:Loperamide; D004369:Pentetic Acid; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; C474609:CES1 protein, human; C517204:CES2 protein, human; D043182:Carboxylesterase; D000077288:Troglitazone; D010658:Phenylglyoxal; C006697:benzil