title: N-butyl cyanoacrylate in the treatment of venous insufficiency--the effect of embolisation with ablative polymerisation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary objective of this multicentre prospective observational study was to evaluate the early results of a new non-thermal embolisation method using N-butyl cyanoacrylate in venous insufficiency.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 181 patients with a varicose vein diagnosis were treated with the VariClose: Vein Sealing Systems at four different centres. The protocol included physical and colour Doppler ultrasonography examination, venous clinical severity score and quality of life assessment before and after the procedure on days 1 and 7 and at months 1, 3 and 6. Clinical recovery was evaluated by comparing the venous clinical severity score and the quality of life assessment before and after the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 215 embolisation procedures were successfully completed on 181 patients (110 female) with a mean age of 37.6 ± 13.2 years (range 18-72 years). The 215 procedures consisted of 25 bilateral applications on 206 great saphenous veins and 9 small saphenous veins. The average pre-interventional diameter of great saphenous veins was 6.5 ± 1.4 mm (4.3-14 mm), and the mean diameter of small saphenous veins was 5.2 ± 1.3 mm (3.8-8.6 mm). The average length of the sealed vein segments was 31.6 ± 6.1 cm (23-70 cm), and the average N-butyl cyanoacrylate usage for the patient was 0.9 ml (0.7-2.1 ml). The procedural occlusion rate was 100%. Post-operative pain was observed in 11 patients (6.1%), and thrombophlebitis was observed in 1 patient (0.5%). No total recanalisation was observed. Five (2.7%) partial recanalisations were observed at the 6 month follow-up. The 6 month total occlusion rate was 97.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new tumescent-free non-thermal embolisation method can be applied safely with high success rates.
authors.affiliation: 1 Erzurum Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Eyüp Serhat
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Çalık
authors.affiliation: 1 Erzurum Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ümit
authors.initials: Ü
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.affiliation: 2 Diyarbakır Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fırat
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ayaz
authors.affiliation: 1 Erzurum Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tort
authors.affiliation: 1 Erzurum Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ziya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yıldız
authors.affiliation: 3 Ardahan State Hospital, Turkey.
authors.forename: Volkan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aksu
authors.affiliation: 4 Erzincan University Medical Faculty, Turkey.
authors.forename: Oruç Alper
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Onk
authors.affiliation: 1 Erzurum Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Hüsnü Kamil
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Limandal
authors.affiliation: 5 Batman Region State Hospital, Turkey.
authors.forename: Evren
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ekingen
authors.affiliation: 1 Erzurum Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Özgür
authors.initials: Ö
authors.lastname: Dağ
authors.affiliation: 1 Erzurum Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kaygın
authors.affiliation: 1 Erzurum Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Bilgehan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Erkut
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014421:Turkey; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004659:Enbucrilate
keywords: Chronic venous insufficiency; cyanoacrylate; embolisation; treatment; varicose veins