title: Anaerobic training in hypoxia: A new approach to stimulate the rating of effort perception.
abstract: This study compared subjective effort perception with objective physiological measures during high-intensive intermittent exercise performed in normoxia, moderate hypoxia (FiO2: 16.5%) and severe hypoxia (FiO2: 13.5%). Sixteen physically active subjects performed an equal training session on three different days. Training consisted of 6 "all-out" series of continuous jumps lasting for 15s each. Average power output during the jumps was similar in all three conditions (~3200W). Greater hypoxemia was observed in hypoxia as compared to normoxia. Likewise, a significantly higher value in perceived effort was observed after hypoxia training as compared to normoxia training (p<0.05). Whereas blood lactate concentrations immediately after training were not different between normoxia and hypoxia, creatine kinase increased in moderate (p=0.02) and severe (p<0.01) hypoxia compared to normoxia 24h after the training. Perceived fatigue was also significantly elevated 24h after hypoxic exercise only. Heart rate variability pre and 24h after exercise showed a tendency to sympathetic predominance in severe hypoxia as compared to moderate hypoxia and normoxia. In conclusion, a single session of anaerobic exercise can be executed at the same intensity in moderate/severe hypoxia as in normoxia. This type of hypoxic training may be considered as a method potentially to improve the ability tolerating discomfort and consequently also exercise performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Sud, Facultat de Biologia, Avinguda Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: jesusalvarez@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Álvarez-Herms
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Sud, Facultat de Biologia, Avinguda Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: soniajulia@ub.edu.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Julià-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, Innsbruck, Austria. Electronic address: Hannes.Gatterer@uibk.ac.at.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gatterer
authors.affiliation: Department for Medical Sciences and Health Systems Management, Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, UMIT, Eduard-Wallnöfer-Zentrum 1, 6060 Hall in Tirol, Austria. Electronic address: cornelia.blank@umit.at.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blank
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia, Faculty of Lleida, University of Lleida, Complex de la Caparrella, s/n, 25192, Spain. Electronic address: f@corbi.neoma.org.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Corbi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Sud, Facultat de Biologia, Avinguda Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: tpages@ub.edu.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pagès
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, Innsbruck, Austria. Electronic address: Martin.Burtscher@uibk.ac.at.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Burtscher
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal Sud, Facultat de Biologia, Avinguda Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: gviscor@ub.edu.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Viscor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anaerobic exercise; Effort perception; Heart rate variability; Hypoxia