title: Endodontic Considerations in Three-canalled Premolars: A Practical Update.
abstract: The most difficult clinical considertions in orthograde root canal treatment are generally related to the anatomy of the teeth. Three-canalled maxillary and mandibular premolars (mini-molars) have been reported in several studies. The purpose of this paper was to review various aspects of three-canalled premolars including incidence, clinical and radiographic diagnosis, racial predisposition, access cavity preparation, instrumentation and obturation.
authors.affiliation: Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; ; Iranian National Elites Foundation, Tehran, Iran;
authors.forename: Zahed
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mohammadi
authors.affiliation: Private Practitioner, Hamedan, Iran;
authors.forename: Sousan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shalavi
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Endodontology, Pharmacology and Microbiology, Dental School, University of Brescia, Italy.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giardino
authors.affiliation: Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
authors.forename: Saeed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asgary
keywords: Mandibular Premolars; Maxillary Premolars; Mini-Molars; Root Canal Anatomy; Three-Canalled Premolars