title: In vitro skin decontamination of the organophosphorus pesticide Paraoxon with nanometric cerium oxide CeO2.
abstract: Organophosphorus compounds (OP), which mainly penetrate via the percutaneous pathway, represent a threat for both military and civilians. Body surface decontamination is vital to prevent victims poisoning. The development of a cost-effective formulation, which could be efficient and easy to handle in case of mass contamination, is therefore crucial. Metal oxides nanoparticles, due their large surface areas and the large amount of highly reactive sites, present high reactivity towards OP. First, this study aimed at evaluating the reaction of CeO2nanoparticles, synthetized by microwave path and calcined at 500 or 600 °C, with Paraoxon (POX) in aqueous solution. Results showed that both nanoparticles degraded 60%-70% of POX. CeO2calcined at 500 °C, owing to its larger specific area, was the most effective. Moreover, the degradation was significantly increased under Ultra-Violet irradiation (initial degradation rate doubled). Then, skin decontamination was studied in vitro using the Franz cell method with pig-ear skin samples. CeO2powder and an aqueous suspension of CeO2(CeO2-W) were applied 1 h after POX exposure. The efficiency of decontamination, including removal and/or degradation of POX, was compared to Fuller's earth (FE) and RSDL lotion which are, currently, the most efficient systems for skin decontamination. CeO2-W and RSDL were the most efficient to remove POX from the skin surface and decrease skin absorption by 6.4 compared to the control not decontaminated. FE reduced significantly (twice) the absorbed fraction of POX, contrarily to CeO2powder. Considering only the degradation rate of POX, the products ranged in the order CeO2> RSDL > CeO2-W > FE (no degradation). This study showed that CeO2nanoparticles are a promising material for skin decontamination of OP if formulated as a dispersion able to remove POX like CeO2-W and to degrade it as CeO2powder.
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, Université Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologique, Université de Lyon, 69373, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salerno
authors.affiliation: Interfaces Confinement Matériaux et Nanostructures, IUT de Chartres, Université d'Orléans, 28000, Chartres, France.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Devers
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, Université Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologique, Université de Lyon, 69373, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Alexandrine
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bolzinger
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, Université Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologique, Université de Lyon, 69373, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Jocelyne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.affiliation: Service de Santé et de Secours Médical, SDIS06, 06270, Villeneuve-Loubet, France.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Josse
authors.affiliation: CNRS UMR5007, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés, Université Lyon 1, 69622, Villeurbanne, France; Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologique, Université de Lyon, 69373, Lyon, France. Electronic address: stephanie.briancon@univ-lyon1.fr.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Briançon
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002563:Cerium / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003666:Decontamination / Q000379:methods*; D017616:Magnesium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010261:Paraoxon / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D010782:Photolysis / Q000528:radiation effects; D017640:Silicates / Q000494:pharmacology; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D063465:Skin Cream / Q000494:pharmacology; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D013552:Swine; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D010575:Pesticides; D017640:Silicates; D002563:Cerium; C030583:ceric oxide; C001262:Fuller's Earth; D010261:Paraoxon
keywords: Cerium oxide; Nanoparticle; Paraoxon; Skin decontamination