title: Mutant swarms of a totivirus-like entities are present in the red macroalga Chondrus crispus and have been partially transferred to the nuclear genome.
abstract: Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Gigartinales) is a red seaweed found on North Atlantic rocky shores. Electrophoresis of RNA extracts showed a prominent band with a size of around 6,000 bp. Sequencing of the band revealed several sequences with similarity to totiviruses, double-stranded RNA viruses that normally infect fungi. This virus-like entity was named C. crispus virus (CcV). It should probably be regarded as an extreme viral quasispecies or a mutant swarm since low identity (<65%) was found between sequences. Totiviruses typically code for two genes: one capsid gene (gag) and one RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene (pol) with a pseudoknot structure between the genes. Both the genes and the intergenic structures were found in the CcV sequences. A nonidentical gag gene was also found in the nuclear genome of C. crispus, with associated expressed sequence tags (EST) and upstream regulatory features. The gene was presumably horizontally transferred from the virus to the alga. Similar dsRNA bands were seen in extracts from different life cycle stages of C. crispus and from all geographic locations tested. In addition, similar bands were also observed in RNA extractions from other red algae; however, the significance of this apparently widespread phenomenon is unknown. Neither phenotype caused by the infection nor any virus particles or capsid proteins were identified; thus, the presence of viral particles has not been validated. These findings increase the known host range of totiviruses to include marine red algae.
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France.|UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CS 90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rousvoal
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France.|UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CS 90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Betty
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bouyer
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France.|UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CS 90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Camilo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: López-Cristoffanini
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France.|UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CS 90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boyen
authors.affiliation: CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, CS 90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France.|UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CS 90074, 29688, Roscoff Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Collén
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D044723:Chondrus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000821:virology*; D015683:Gene Products, gag / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D010802:Phylogeny; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D019196:Totiviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D015683:Gene Products, gag; D012324:RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
keywords: Chondrus; Rhodophyta; dsRNA; mutant swarm; totivirus; virus