title: Determination of trace zinc in seawater by coupling solid phase extraction and fluorescence detection in the Lab-On-Valve format.
abstract: By virtue of their compactness, long-term stability, minimal reagent consumption and robustness, miniaturized sequential injection instruments are well suited for automation of assays onboard research ships. However, in order to reach the sensitivity and limit of detection required for open-ocean determinations of trace elements, it is necessary to preconcentrate the analyte prior its derivatization and subsequent detection by fluorescence. In this work, a novel method for the determination of dissolved zinc (Zn) at subnanomolar levels in seawater is described. The proposed method combines, for the first time, automated matrix removal, extraction of the target element, and fluorescence detection within a miniaturized flow manifold, based on the Lab-On-Valve (LOV) concept. The key feature of the microfluidic manipulation of the sample is flow programming, designed to pass sample through a mini-column where the target analyte and other complexable cations are retained, while the seawater matrix is washed out. Next, zinc is eluted and merged with a Zn selective fluorescent probe (FluoZin-3) at the confluence point of the LOV central channel using two high-precision stepper motor driven pumps that are operated in concert. Finally, the thus formed Zn complex is transported to the LOV flow cell for selective fluorescence measurement. This work describes the characterization and optimization of the method including Solid Phase Extraction using the Toyopearl AF-Chelate-650M resin, and detailed assay protocol controlled by a commercially available software and instrument. The proposed method features a LOD of 0.02 nM, high precision (<3% at 0.1 and 2 nM Zn levels), an assay cycle of 13 min and a reagent consumption of 150 μL FluoZin-3 per sample, which makes the method highly suitable for oceanographic shipboard analysis. The accuracy of the method has been validated through the analysis of seawater reference standards and comparison with ICP-MS determinations on seawater samples collected in the upper 1300 m of the subtropical south Indian Ocean. This work confirms that integration of sample pretreatment with optical detection in the LOV format offers a widely applicable approach to trace analysis of seawater.
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii, Department of Oceanography, Honolulu, HI, USA. Electronic address: M.Grand@noc.soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Maxime M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Grand
authors.affiliation: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chocholouš
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii, Department of Oceanography, Honolulu, HI, USA.
authors.forename: Jarda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Růžička
authors.affiliation: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Solich
authors.affiliation: University of Hawaii, Department of Oceanography, Honolulu, HI, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Measures
mesh_terms: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D057230:Limit of Detection; D008904:Miniaturization; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D012015:Reference Standards; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: C451182:FluoZin-3; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011083:Polycyclic Compounds; D014131:Trace Elements; D015032:Zinc
keywords: FluoZin-3; GEOTRACES; Lab-On-Valve; Oceanography; Trace analysis; Zn