title: Metals compositions of indoor PM2.5, health risk assessment, and birth outcomes in Lanzhou, China.
abstract: The study aimed to investigate the metal compositions in indoor PM2.5 and the potential health risks they pose to residents of an urban area in China. A total of 41 and 54 households were surveyed in February and September 2013, respectively. The results showed that the indoor concentrations of metals varied depending on the types of cooking fuels used. All measured concentrations of metals were highest among households using coal for cooking. In the majority of households, non-carcinogenic risks were posed by the use of coal. The carcinogenic risks posed by chromium (VI) and arsenic were generally higher among households using coal for cooking than among those using gas or electricity. The multivariate linear regression model suggested a potential adverse effect from arsenic and cadmium on birth weight and gestational weeks. This study also found that cooking fuel was the most significant factor that contributed to the differences in concentrations of metals in indoor PM2.5 and highlighted the importance of using clean energy for cooking and heating.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.|Gansu Academy of Environmental Sciences, 225 Yanerwan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, China.|Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, LEPH 440, 60 College street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Yaqun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Pollution and Health, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, 8 Dayangfang Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, China.
authors.forename: Suzhen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, 143 North Qilihe Street, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, 143 North Qilihe Street, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Gansu Academy of Environmental Sciences, 225 Yanerwan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, China.
authors.forename: Mingxia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, LEPH 440, 60 College street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Gansu Academy of Environmental Sciences, 225 Yanerwan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, China.
authors.forename: Donghong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Gansu Academy of Environmental Sciences, 225 Yanerwan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, China.
authors.forename: Chengyuan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Gansu Academy of Environmental Sciences, 225 Yanerwan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, China.
authors.forename: Xiao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Gansu Academy of Environmental Sciences, 225 Yanerwan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730020, China.
authors.forename: Bowen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, LEPH 440, 60 College street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Huang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, LEPH 440, 60 College street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
authors.forename: Yana
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Pollution and Health, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, 8 Dayangfang Beiyuan Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoli
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-care Hospital, 143 North Qilihe Street, Qilihe District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, China. 2305470816@qq.com.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, LEPH 440, 60 College street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA. yawei.zhang@yale.edu.
authors.forename: Yawei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002681:China; D003031:Coal; D003296:Cooking; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D003031:Coal; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: Birth weight; China; Gestational week; Indoor PM2.5; Metal compositions