title: Differential effects in CGRPergic, nitrergic, and VIPergic myenteric innervation in diabetic rats supplemented with 2% L-glutamine.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 2% L-glutamine supplementation on myenteric innervation in the ileum of diabetic rats, grouped as follows: normoglycemic (N); normoglycemic supplemented with L-glutamine (NG); diabetic (D); and diabetic supplemented with L-glutamine (DG). The ileums were subjected to immunohistochemical techniques to localize neurons immunoreactive to HuC/D protein (HuC/D-IR) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase enzyme (nNOS-IR) and to analyze varicosities immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP-IR) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP-IR). L-Glutamine in the DG group (i) prevented the increase in the cell body area of nNOS-IR neurons, (ii) prevented the increase in the area of VIP-IR varicosities, (iii) did not prevent the loss of HuC/D-IR and nNOS-IR neurons per ganglion, and (iv) reduced the size of CGRP-IR varicosities. L-Glutamine in the NG group reduced (i) the number of HuC/D-IR and nNOS-IR neurons per ganglion, (ii) the cell body area of nNOS-IR neurons, and (iii) the size of VIP-IR and CGRP-IR varicosities. 2% L-glutamine supplementation exerted differential neuroprotective effects in experimental diabetes neuropathy that depended on the type of neurotransmitter analyzed. However, the effects of this dose of L-glutamine on normoglycemic animals suggests there are additional actions of this beyond its antioxidant capacity.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Bloco O33, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brasil, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá PR , Brazil.
authors.forename: Renata V F
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, EUA, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN , USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Linden
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Bloco O33, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brasil, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá PR , Brazil.
authors.forename: Marcílio H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Miranda-Neto
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Bloco O33, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brasil, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá PR , Brazil.
authors.forename: Jacqueline N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Zanoni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000494:pharmacology; D066146:Cell Body / Q000187:drug effects; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; D005973:Glutamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007082:Ileum / Q000294:innervation*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009197:Myenteric Plexus / Q000187:drug effects*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D026602:Nitrergic Neurons; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005973:Glutamine; D014660:Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide