title: Palladium nanoparticles exposure: Evaluation of permeation through damaged and intact human skin.
abstract: The intensified use of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) in many chemical reactions, jewellery, electronic devices, in car catalytic converters and in biomedical applications lead to a significant increase in palladium exposure. Pd can cause allergic contact dermatitis when in contact with the skin. However, there is still a lack of toxicological data related to nano-structured palladium and information on human cutaneous absorption. In fact, PdNPs, can be absorbed through the skin in higher amounts than bulk Pd because NPs can release more ions. In our study, we evaluated the absorption of PdNPs, with a size of 10.7 ± 2.8 nm, using intact and damaged human skin in Franz cells. 0.60 mg cm(-2) of PdNPs were applied on skin surface for 24 h. Pd concentrations in the receiving solutions at the end of experiments were 0.098 ± 0.067 μg cm(-2) and 1.06 ± 0.44 μg cm(-2) in intact skin and damaged skin, respectively. Pd flux permeation after 24 h was 0.005 ± 0.003 μg cm(-2) h(-1) and 0.057 ± 0.030 μg cm(-2) h(-1) and lag time 4.8 ± 1.7 and 4.2 ± 3.6 h, for intact and damaged skin respectively. This study indicates that Pd can penetrate human skin.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via della Pietà 19, 34129 Trieste, Italy. Electronic address: larese@units.it.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Larese Filon
authors.affiliation: Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via della Pietà 19, 34129 Trieste, Italy; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crosera
authors.affiliation: Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via della Pietà 19, 34129 Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Marcella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mauro
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Baracchini
authors.affiliation: Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via della Pietà 19, 34129 Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bovenzi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit and INSTM Trieste Research Unit, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Montini
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; ICCOM-CNR Trieste Research Unit and INSTM Trieste Research Unit, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fornasiero
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgeri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianpiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adami
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D008875:Middle Aged; D010165:Palladium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption
chemical_list: D010165:Palladium
keywords: Franz cells; Nanoparticles; Palladium; Skin permeation