title: Preclinical evaluation of (99m)Tc labeled chondroitin sulfate for monitoring of cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis.
abstract: In previous in-vitro and ex-vivo studies we proved the specific uptake of (99m)Tc radiolabeled chondroitin sulfate (CS) in human articular cartilage. As a logical next step for the clinical use for imaging osteoarthritis we investigated in-vivo uptake of (99m)TcCS in dogs.
  
  
  
  The radiolabeling of CS Condrosulf (IBSA, Lugano, Switzerland) was performed using 25mg of CS and 20-40MBq/kg body weight of (99m)Tc by means of the tin method. In-vivo uptake of (99m)TcCS was evaluated in dogs (n=12, castrated males, 4-9years, with 15-51kg body weight). 6 healthy dogs served as controls and 6 with clinical and radiological signs of osteoarthritis in the carpal, elbow, and tarsal joint were examined. The tracer was i.v. injected into the external cephalic vein. The uptake was monitored after 2, 4, 6 and 24h in healthy and osteoarthritic dogs using a planar gamma camera by regional planar or whole body ventral and dorsal acquisition. For whole body scintigraphy animals were under general anesthesia, for planar under sedation only.
  
  
  
  In healthy control dogs we did not detect any specific uptake of (99m)TcCS in the cartilage. In contrast, in the diseased dogs suffering from osteoarthritis a significant, specific, persistent uptake between 4 and 6h in tarsal, carpal and cubital joints was documented. Median target (joint) to background (mid antebrachium) ratio (T/B) in the OA joints after 4, 6, and 24h was significantly higher than in healthy controls. Target to background ratio using soft tissue as a background (T/S) a similar significantly higher than in healthy controls. In all osteoarthritic joints we found a significant positive correlation (r=0.8, n=20) between grade of disease (I-III) and T/B. When matching radiographic (X ray) changes in osteoarthritic joints (grade II and III) we found also a maximal uptake of (99m)TcCS at the specific anatomical site of highest cartilage degeneration. None of the dogs experienced any side effects.
  
  
  
  These results suggest that (99m)TcCS might become a promising diagnostic tool for imaging osteoarthritis. More extensive and detailed examinations are required, however, before extending this methodology for application in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sobal
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Kavitha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Velusamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kosik
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Menzel
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hacker
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Maximilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pagitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004285:Dogs; D006801:Humans; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D008297:Male; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D011786:Quality Control; D013667:Technetium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D013667:Technetium; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates
keywords: (99m)Tc-chondroitin sulfate; Cartilage scintigraphy; Chondrocytes; Osteoarthritis