title: Subcutaneously Administered Ultrafine PLGA Nanoparticles Containing Doxycycline Hydrochloride Target Lymphatic Filarial Parasites.
abstract: Systemic chemotherapeutic targeting of filarial parasites is unfocused due to their deep seated location in lymphatic vessels. This warrants a prolonged dosing regimen in high doses for an anthelmintic like doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX). In order to provide an alternative, we have constructed ultrafine PLGA nanoparticles of DOX (DPNPs), so as to exploit the peculiarity of lymphatic vasculature underneath the subcutaneous layer of skin, which preferentially allows entry of only 10-100 nm sized particles. DPNPs were constructed using a novel solvent diffusion method aided by probe sonication, which resulted in an average size 95.43 ± 0.8 nm as per DLS, PDI 0.168 ± 0.03, zeta potential -7.38 ± 0.32, entrapment efficiency 75.58 ± 1.94%, and refrigerator stability of 7 days with respect to size in the optimized batch. TEM further substantiated the spherical shape of DPNPs along with their actual nonhydrated size as being well below 100 nm. FTIR analysis of DOX, dummy nanoparticles, and freeze-dried DPNPs revealed that the formulation step did not induce prominent changes in the chemical nature of DOX. The drug release was significantly altered (p < 0.05) with 64.6 ± 1.67% release in 48 h from DPNPs and was dictated by Fickian diffusion. Pharmacokinetic studies in Wistar rats further revealed that DPNPs caused a 16-fold prolongation in attainment of plasma Tmax and a 2-fold extension of elimination half-life (28.569 ± 1.27 h) at a dose of 5 mg/kg when compared to native drug (DOX solution) of the same strength. Contrastingly the trend was reversed in regional lymph nodes where Cmax for DPNPs (820 ± 84 ng/mg) was 4-fold greater, and lymphatic Tmax was attained in one-fourth of what was required for DOX solution. This size based preferential lymphatic targeting resulted in significantly greater in vivo antifilarial activity of DPNPs when compared to DOX solution as gauged by several parameters in Brugia malayi infected Mastomys coucha. Interestingly, the magnification in efficacy was obtained despite equivalent in vitro antifilarial activity of DOX solution and DPNPs against B. malayi worms.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, India , 226031.
authors.forename: Yuvraj
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, India , 226031.
authors.forename: Adepu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.affiliation: Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, India , 226031.
authors.forename: Mamta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gangwar
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, India , 226031.
authors.forename: Jaya Gopal
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Meher
authors.affiliation: Parasitology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, India , 226031.
authors.forename: Shailja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Misra-Bhattacharya
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Lucknow, India , 226031.
authors.forename: Manish K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Chourasia
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D017178:Brugia malayi / Q000187:drug effects; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D065546:Drug Liberation; D004605:Elephantiasis, Filarial / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006207:Half-Life; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010271:Parasites / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012828:Silicones / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter; D012828:Silicones; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D004318:Doxycycline
keywords: PLGA nanoparticles; doxycyline hydrochloride; filariasis; lymphatic targeting; pharmacokinetics