title: Body Mass Index in Pregnancy Does Not Affect Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Gamma Promoter Region (-359 to -260) Methylation in the Neonate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity in pregnancy can contribute to epigenetic changes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether body mass index (BMI) in pregnancy is associated with changes in the methylation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR) promoter region (-359 to - 260) in maternal and neonatal leukocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this matched, cohort study 41 pregnant women were allocated into two groups: (a) Normal weight (n = 21) and (b) overweight (n = 20). DNA was extracted from maternal and neonatal leukocytes (4000-10,000 cells) in MagNA Pure (Roche) using MagNA Pure LC DNA Isolation Kit 1 (Roche, Germany). Treatment of DNA (2 μg) was performed with sodium bisulfite (EZ DNA Methylation-Direct™ Kit; Zymo Research). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed in a LightCycler 2.0 (Roche) using the SYBR(®) Advantage(®) qPCR Premix Kit (Clontech). The primers used for PPARγ coactivator (PPARG) M3 were 5'- aagacggtttggtcgatc-3' (forward), and5'- cgaaaaaaaatccgaaatttaa-3' (reverse) and those for PPARG unmethylated were: 5'-gggaagatggtttggttgatt-3' (forward) and 5'- ttccaaaaaaaaatccaaaatttaa-3' (reverse). Intergroup differences were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U-test, and intragroup differences, with the Wilcoxon test (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 19.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant differences were found in BMI, pregestational weight, and postdelivery weight between groups but not in the methylation status of the PPARγ promoter region (-359 to - 260).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PPARγ promoter region (-359 to - 260) in peripheral leukocytes is unlikely to get an obesity-induced methylation in pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), "Mónica Pretelini Sáenz" Maternal-Perinatal Hospital (HMPMPS), Toluca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Vre
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Casamadrid
authors.affiliation: Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), "Mónica Pretelini Sáenz" Maternal-Perinatal Hospital (HMPMPS), Toluca, Mexico.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Amaya
authors.affiliation: Academy of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), "Mónica Pretelini Sáenz" Maternal-Perinatal Hospital (HMPMPS), Toluca, Mexico.
authors.forename: Z H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Mendieta
keywords: Body mass index; Methylation; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; Pregnancy