title: Developmental response of Spodoptera litura Fab. to treatments of crude volatile oil from Piper betle L. and evaluation of toxicity to earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae Kinb.
abstract: Evaluations of biological effects of (Pb-CVO) the crude volatile oil of Piper betle leaves on the tobacco cutworm Spodoptera litura were conducted. Pb-CVO was subjected to GC-MS analysis and twenty vital compounds were isolated from the betel leaf oil. Pb-CVO was tested at four different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) against S. litura. The treated insects exhibited dose depended mortality. The mortality rate was significantly higher at the 1.0 and 1.5% Pb-CVO. The LC50 (Lethal concentration) were observed at 0.48% Pb-CVO. Larval and pupal durations increased in all treatment concentrations (0.25, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5%) whereas, pupal weight decreased compared to control. Adult longevity of S. litura was reduced in all treatments but predominantly in the 0.4 and 0.5% Pb-CVO. Correspondingly, mean fecundity rate was reduced at all concentrations compared to control. Histological studies of larvae mid-gut profiles of S. litura were severely damaged in 1.0 and 1.5% and showed abnormalities in mid-gut cells with 0.25 and 0.5% Pb-CVO treatments. Earthworm toxicity illustrated that 0.1% of chemical insecticides (monocrotophos and cypermethrin) varied widely in their contact toxicities compared to 0.5 and 1.0% Pb-CVO and control in both contact filter paper and artificial soil test. These findings suggest that twenty essential compounds of betel leaf oil were significant inhibitors of the development and caused behavioral changes of S. litura. Treatment with betel leaf oil at these concentrations had no adverse effect on earthworm populations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Prabhakaran
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vasantha-Srinivasan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: senthil@msuniv.ac.in.
authors.forename: Sengottayan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senthil-Nathan
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Annamalai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thanigaivel
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Edward-Sam
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Edwin
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Athirstam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ponsankar
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Selvaraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Selin-Rani
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Venkatraman
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pradeepa
authors.affiliation: Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, Tirunelveli 627 412, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Muthiah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakthi-Bhagavathy
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Parasakthi College for Women, Courtrallam, Tirunelveli 627 802, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Kandaswamy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalaivani
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, 2001 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
authors.forename: Wayne B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriya Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Veeramuthu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Duraipandiyan
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriya Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Naif Abdullah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Dhabi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000187:drug effects; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008136:Longevity / Q000187:drug effects; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010578:Petroleum; D031721:Piper betle; D011679:Pupa / Q000187:drug effects; D011722:Pyrethrins; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010578:Petroleum; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017160:cypermethrin
keywords: Botanicals; Earthworm; Essential oil; GC-MS; Histology; Insect; Mortality; Toxicity