title: Surface functionalization superparamagnetic nanoparticles conjugated with thermoresponsive poly(epsilon-lysine) dendrons tethered with carboxybetaine for the mild hyperthermia-controlled delivery of VEGF.
abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the growth factor responsible for the triggering of angiogenesis, the process of blood vessel formation supporting the long-term viability of any repaired or regenerated tissue. As the growth factor is effective only when concentration gradients are generated, new shuttles need to be developed that ensure both the control of gradients at the site of tissue repair and the release of VEGF at physiological levels. Magnetic hyperthermia is the production of heat induced by magnetic materials through their exposure to an external oscillating magnetic field. In this paper, magnetic nanoparticles capable of generating controllable hyperthermia were functionalised with hyperbranched poly(epsilon-lysine) peptides integrating in their core parallel thermoresponsive elastin-like peptide sequences and presenting an uppermost branching generation tethered by the zwitterionic amino acid carboxybetaine. The results show that these functionalised magnetic nanoparticles avidly bind VEGF and release it only upon generation of mild-hyperthermic pulses generated by oscillating magnetic filed. The VEGF release occurred in a temperature range at which the elastin-like peptides collapse. It is proposed that, through the application of an external magnetic field, these magnetic carriers could generated gradients of VEGF in vivo and allow its tuned delivery in a number of clinical applications.
  
  
  
  The present paper for the first time reveals the possibility to control the delivery of VEGF through mild hyperthermia stimuli generated by a oscillating magnetic field. To this purpose, magnetic nanoparticles of high size homogeneity and coated with a thin coating of poly(acrylic acid) were functionalised with a novel class of poly(epsilon lysine) dendrimers integrating in their structure a thermoresponsive amino acid sequence mimicking elastin and exposing at high density a zwitterionic modified amino acid, the carboxybetaine, known to be able to bind macromolecules. Physicochemical and biochemical characterisation elegantly show the link between the thermal properties of the nanoparticles and of the dendrimer change of conformation and how this enable the release of VEGF at temperature values compatible with the growth factor stability.
authors.affiliation: Brighton Studies in Tissue-mimicry and Aided Regeneration, Brighton Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Meikle
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago de Compostela E15782, Spain.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Piñeiro
authors.affiliation: INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bañobre López
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physics, University of Santiago de Compostela University, Santiago de Compostela E15782, Spain; INL - International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rivas
authors.affiliation: Brighton Studies in Tissue-mimicry and Aided Regeneration, Brighton Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK. Electronic address: m.santin@brighton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santin
mesh_terms: D000873:Anthracenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001622:Betaine / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000379:methods*; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011107:Polylysine / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C501244:dendron; D011107:Polylysine; D001622:Betaine
keywords: Carboxybetaine; Dendrimers; Magnetic carriers; Mild hyperthermia; VEGF