title: Phylogenetic analysis revealed the central roles of two African countries in the evolution and worldwide spread of Zika virus.
abstract: Recent outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections in Oceania's islands and the Americas were characterized by high numbers of cases and the spread of the virus to new areas. To better understand the origin of ZIKV, its epidemic history was reviewed. Although the available records and information are limited, two major genetic lineages of ZIKV were identified in previous studies. However, in this study, three lineages were identified based on a phylogenetic analysis of all virus sequences from GenBank, including those of the envelope protein (E) and non-structural protein 5 (NS5) coding regions. The spatial and temporal distributions of the three identified ZIKV lineages and the recombination events and mechanisms underlying their divergence and evolution were further elaborated. The potential migration pathway of ZIKV was also characterized. Our findings revealed the central roles of two African countries, Senegal and Cote d'Ivoire, in ZIKV evolution and genotypic divergence. Furthermore, our results suggested that the outbreaks in Asia and the Pacific islands originated from Africa. The results provide insights into the geographic origins of ZIKV outbreaks and the spread of the virus, and also contribute to a better understanding of ZIKV evolution, which is important for the prevention and control of ZIKV infections.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
authors.forename: Shu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
authors.forename: Junming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
authors.forename: Hualin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China. df@wh.iov.cn.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D044822:Biodiversity; D005075:Biological Evolution; D007560:Cote d'Ivoire / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D016679:Genome, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D010139:Pacific Islands; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography; D012675:Senegal / Q000453:epidemiology; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000071244:Zika Virus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D000071243:Zika Virus Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*
chemical_list: C096041:NS5 protein, flavivirus; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins
keywords: Flaviviridae; Zika virus (ZIKV); lineages; migration; phylogenetic analysis; recombination