title: Toxicity of copper nanoparticles to Daphnia magna under different exposure conditions.
abstract: Although the risks of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) to aquatic organisms have already been studied for >10years, our understanding of the link between the fate of particles in exposure medium and their toxicity is still in its infancy. Moreover, most of the earlier studies did not distinguish the contribution of particles and soluble ions to the toxic effects caused by suspensions of metallic NPs. In this study, the toxicity of CuNPs to Daphnia magna upon modification of the exposure conditions, achieved by aging the suspensions of CuNPs and by altering water chemistry parameters like the pH and levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), was investigated. The LC50 values for CuNPs exposure decreased by about 30% after 7days of aging. The LC50 values increased >12-fold upon addition of DOC at concentrations ranging from 0 to 10mg/L to the exposure medium. Changing the pH from 6.5 to 8.5 resulted in a 3-fold higher LC50 value. Furthermore, it was found that during 7days of aging of the exposure medium (without addition of DOC and at pH7.8), the toxicity could be mostly ascribed to the particles present in the suspension (around 70%). However, adding DOC or decreasing the pH of the exposure medium reduced the contribution of the particles to the observed toxicity. We thus found that the effective concentration regarding the toxicity was mainly driven by the contribution of the soluble ions in the presence of DOC or at pH6.5. Our results suggest that the toxicity results of CuNPs obtained from laboratory tests may overestimate the risk of the particles in polluted waters due to the common absence of DOC in laboratory test solutions. Moreover, the role of the ions shedding from CuNPs is very important in explaining the toxicity in natural waters.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P. O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. Electronic address: xiao@cml.leidenuniv.nl.
authors.forename: Yinlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P. O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Center for the Safety of Substances and Products, P. O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Willie J G M
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Peijnenburg
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P. O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Guangchao
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P. O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Martina G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Vijver
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007477:Ions / Q000378:metabolism; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002244:Carbon; D003300:Copper
keywords: Acute toxicity; Copper nanoparticles; Daphnia magna; Fate; Water chemistry