title: Disinfecting Effects of Rotary Instrumentation with Either 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite or 2% Chlorhexidine as the Main Irrigant: A Randomized Clinical Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This randomized clinical study compared the antibacterial effects of irrigation with either 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) during the preparation of infected root canals with rotary nickel-titanium instruments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The root canals of 50 single-rooted teeth with apical periodontitis were prepared by using BioRaCe rotary instruments (FKG Dentaire, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) and irrigation with either 2.5% NaOCl (n = 25) or 2% CHX (n = 25). Samples were taken from the canal at baseline (S1) and after (S2) chemomechanical preparation. DNA was extracted from the clinical samples, and the reduction of the levels of total bacteria and streptococci was evaluated by means of a 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All S1 samples were positive for the presence of bacteria. After chemomechanical preparation using either 2.5% NaOCl or 2% CHX, 44% and 40% of the root canals still had detectable bacteria, respectively. As for total bacterial counts, a mean number of 3.7 × 10(5) bacterial cell equivalents was present in S1 samples from the NaOCl group, with a substantial reduction in S2 to a mean of 5.49 × 10(2) cell equivalents (P < .001). In the CHX group, a mean bacterial load of 8.77 × 10(4) cell equivalents occurred in S1, with a significant reduction in S2 to a mean of 2.81 × 10(3) cells (P < .001). The differences in both the presence/absence and quantitative data were not statistically significant (P > .05). Both irrigation protocols were highly effective in reducing the levels of Streptococcus species (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No significant difference was observed for the clinical antibacterial effectiveness of rotary preparation using either 2.5% NaOCl or 2% CHX as the main irrigant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabela N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Rôças
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: odontojcp@gmail.com.
authors.forename: José Claudio
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Provenzano
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mônica A S
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Estácio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: José F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Siqueira
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D058491:Bacterial Load / Q000187:drug effects; D001938:Brazil; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004203:Disinfection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D009532:Nickel / Q000737:chemistry; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012390:Root Canal Therapy / Q000379:methods; D012399:Rotation; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002710:Chlorhexidine; D003722:Dental Alloys; D004202:Disinfectants; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D009532:Nickel; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D014025:Titanium; C040654:titanium nickelide
keywords: Apical periodontitis; chlorhexidine; endodontic treatment; root canal irrigation; sodium hypochlorite