title: Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula as a cause for symptomatic superficial siderosis: A report of two cases and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Superficial siderosis (SS) is the occult deposition of hemosiderin within the cerebral cortex due to repeat microhemorrhages within the central nervous system. The collection of hemosiderin within the pia and superficial cortical surface can lead to injury to the nervous tissue. The most common presentation is occult sensorineural hearing loss although many patients have been misdiagnosed with diseases such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis before being diagnosed with SS. Only one case report exists in the literature describing an intracranial dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) as the putative cause for SS.
  
  
  METHODS
  We describe two cases of SS caused by a dAVF. Both patients had a supratentorial, cortical lesion supplied by the middle meningeal artery with venous drainage into the superior sagittal sinus. In both patients, symptoms improved after endovascular embolization. The similar anatomic relationship of both dAVFs reported presents an interesting question about the pathogenesis of SS. Similar to the pathologic changes seen in the formation of intracranial arterial aneurysms; it would be possible that changes in the blood vessel lining and wall might predispose a patient to chronic, microhemorrhage resulting in SS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We describe the second and third cases of a dAVF as the cause of SS, and the first cases of successful treatment of SS-associated dAVF with endovascular embolization. As noninvasive imaging techniques become more sensitive and easily obtained, one must consider their limitations in detecting occult intracranial vascular malformations such as dAVF as a possible etiology for SS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Griffin R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Baum
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Nefize
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Turan
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ferdinando S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Buonanno
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pradilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Raul G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Nogueira
keywords: Dural arteriovenous fistula; embolization; superficial siderosis