title: The impact of delays on maternal and neonatal outcomes in Ugandan public health facilities: the role of absenteeism.
abstract: Maternal mortality in low- and middle-income countries continues to remain high. The Ugandan Ministry of Health's Strategic Plan suggests that little, if any, progress has been made in Uganda in terms of improvements in Maternal Health [Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5] and, more specifically, in reducing maternal mortality. Furthermore, the UNDP report on the MDGs describes Uganda's progress as 'stagnant'. The importance of understanding the impact of delays on maternal and neonatal outcomes in low resource settings has been established for some time. Indeed, the '3-delays' model has exposed the need for holistic multi-disciplinary approaches focused on systems change as much as clinical input. The model exposes the contribution of social factors shaping individual agency and care-seeking behaviour. It also identifies complex access issues which, when combined with the lack of timely and adequate care at referral facilities, contributes to extensive and damaging delays. It would be hard to find a piece of research on this topic that does not reference human resource factors or 'staff shortages' as a key component of this 'puzzle'. Having said that, it is rare indeed to see these human resource factors explored in any detail. In the absence of detailed critique (implicit) 'common sense' presumptions prevail: namely that the economic conditions at national level lead to inadequacies in the supply of suitably qualified health professionals exacerbated by losses to international emigration. Eight years' experience of action-research interventions in Uganda combining a range of methods has lead us to a rather stark conclusion: the single most important factor contributing to delays and associated adverse outcomes for mothers and babies in Uganda is the failure of doctors to be present at work during contracted hours. Failure to acknowledge and respond to this sensitive problem will ultimately undermine all other interventions including professional voluntarism which relies on local 'co-presence' to be effective. Important steps forward could be achieved within the current resource framework, if the political will existed. International NGOs have exacerbated this problem encouraging forms of internal 'brain drain' particularly among doctors. Arguably the system as it is rewards doctors for non-compliance resulting in massive resource inefficiencies.
authors.affiliation: Allerton Building, School of Nursing, Midwifery, Social Work and Social Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M6 6PU, UK h.l.ackers@salford.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ackers
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Homerton Hospital, Homerton Row, London E9 6SR.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ioannou
authors.affiliation: Allerton Building, School of Nursing, Midwifery, Social Work and Social Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M6 6PU, UK.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ackers-Johnson
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006268:Health Facilities; D006296:Health Services / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000068101:Maternal-Child Health Services / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010820:Physicians; D014454:Uganda; D000078329:Workforce
keywords: Absenteeism; Uganda; human resource management; low resource setting; maternal delays; maternal health