title: The Effect of Glycemic Status on Kidney Stone Disease in Patients with Prediabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While the evidence supporting a positive association between diabetes mellitus and kidney stone disease (KSD) is solid, studies examining the association between impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and KSD show inconsistent results. Currently, there are no studies examining the relationship between impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and KSD. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of different glycemic statuses on KSD. The results may help to motivate patients with diabetes to conform to treatment regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross sectional study of a population that underwent health check-ups between January 2000 and August 2009 at the Health Evaluation Center of National Cheng Kung University Hospital. A total of 14,186 subjects were enrolled. The following categories of glycemic status were used according to the criteria of the 2009 American Diabetes Association: normal glucose tolerance, isolated IGT, isolated IFG, combined IFG/IGT, and diabetes. The existence of KSD was evaluated using renal ultrasonography, and the presence of any hyperechoic structures causing acoustic shadowing was considered to be indicative of KSD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of KSD was 7.4% (712/9,621), 9.3% (163/1,755), 10.8% (78/719), 12.0% (66/548), and 11.3% (174/1,543) in subjects with NGT, isolated IGT, isolated IFG, combined IFG/IGT, and diabetes, respectively. Isolated IFG, combined IFG/IGT, and diabetes were associated with KSD after adjusting for other clinical variables, but isolated IGT was not. Age (41 to 64 years vs. ≤40 years, ≥65 years vs. ≤40 years), male gender, hypertension, and hyperuricemia were also independently associated with KSD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Isolated IFG, combined IFG/IGT, and diabetes, but not isolated IGT, were associated with a higher risk of KSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzu Hsien
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lien
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.|Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jin Shang
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.|Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan. yiching@mail.ncku.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yi Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.|Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Dou-Liou Branch, Douliu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Zih Jie
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.|Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan. em75210@email.ncku.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chih Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chang
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Glucose intolerance; Kidney calculi