title: Impacts of supplementing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers manufactured using pig manure as a substrate on the spread of tetracycline resistance genes in soil.
abstract: Using pig manure (PM) compost as a partial substitute for the conventional chemical fertilizers (CFs) is considered an effective approach in sustainable agricultural systems. This study aimed to analyze the impacts of supplementing CF with organic fertilizers (OFs) manufactured using pig manure as a substrate on the spread of tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs) as well as the community structures and diversities of tetracycline-resistant bacteria (TRB) in bulk and cucumber rhizosphere soils. In this study, three organic fertilizers manufactured using the PM as a substrate, namely fresh PM, common OF, and bio-organic fertilizer (BF), were supplemented with a CF. Composted manures combined with a CF did not significantly increase TRB compared with the CF alone, but PM treatment resulted in the long-term survival of TRB in soil. The use of CF+PM also increased the risk of spreading TRGs in soil. As beneficial microorganisms in BF may function as reservoirs for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, care should be taken when adding them to the OF matrix. The PM treatment significantly altered the community structures and increased the species diversity of TRB, especially in the rhizosphere soil. BF treatment caused insignificant changes in the community structure of TRB compared with CF treatment, yet it reduced the species diversities of TRB in soil. Thus, the partial use of fresh PM as a substitute for CF could increase the risk of spread of TRGs. Apart from plant growth promotion, BF was a promising fertilizer owing to its potential ability to control TRGs.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science & Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; College of Marine and Bio-engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Yijun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science & Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Yangyang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.affiliation: College of Marine and Bio-engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: College of Marine and Bio-engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Qingxin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science & Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Environmental Science & Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China. Electronic address: huj@yzu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018553:Cucumis sativus; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000382:microbiology*; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D058441:Rhizosphere; D012987:Soil; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013552:Swine; D013752:Tetracycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D013753:Tetracycline Resistance / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005308:Fertilizers; D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil; D013752:Tetracycline
keywords: Bio-organic fertilizer; Organic fertilizer; Pig manure; Tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs); Tetracycline-resistant bacteria (TRB)