title: Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)-based analysis and imaging of polyethylene microplastics formation during sea surf simulation.
abstract: Plastic particles smaller than 5mm, so called microplastics have the capability to accumulate in rivers, lakes and the marine environment and therefore have begun to be considered in eco-toxicology and human health risk assessment. Environmental microplastic contaminants may originate from consumer products like body wash, tooth pastes and cosmetic products, but also from degradation of plastic waste; they represent a potential but unpredictable threat to aquatic organisms and possibly also to humans. We investigated exemplarily for polyethylene (PE), the most abundant constituent of microplastic particles in the environment, whether such fragments could be produced from larger pellets (2mm×6mm). So far only few analytical methods exist to identify microplastic particles smaller than 10μm, especially no imaging mass spectrometry technique. We used at first time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) for analysis and imaging of small PE-microplastic particles directly in the model system Ottawa sand during exposure to sea surf simulation. As a prerequisite, a method for identification of PE was established by identification of characteristic ions for PE out of an analysis of grinded polymer samples. The method was applied onto Ottawa sand in order to investigate the influence of simulated environmental conditions on particle transformation. A severe degradation of the primary PE pellet surface, associated with the transformation of larger particles into smaller ones already after 14days of sea surf simulation, was observed. Within the subsequent period of 14days to 1month of exposure the number of detected smallest-sized particles increased significantly (50%) while the second smallest fraction increased even further to 350%. Results were verified using artificially degraded PE pellets and Ottawa sand.
authors.affiliation: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: harald.jungnickel@bfr.bund.de.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jungnickel
authors.affiliation: Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Institute for Fishery Products Cuxhaven (LAVES), Schleusenstrasse 1, 27472 Cuxhaven, Germany; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pund
authors.affiliation: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tentschert
authors.affiliation: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reichardt
authors.affiliation: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Laux
authors.affiliation: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Harbach
authors.affiliation: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Luch
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D010316:Particle Size; D010969:Plastics / Q000032:analysis*; D020959:Polyethylene / Q000032:analysis*; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D018629:Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion; D014872:Water Movements; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics; D014873:Water Pollutants; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D020959:Polyethylene
keywords: Degradation; Microplastics; Particles; Polyethylene; Sea surf simulation; Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)