title: Influence of oligomeric herbicidal ionic liquids with MCPA and Dicamba anions on the community structure of autochthonic bacteria present in agricultural soil.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of selected herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs), which exhibit high efficacy in terms of weed control and low toxicity, but may be persistent due to limited biodegradability, on the community structure of autochthonic bacteria present in agricultural soil. Four different oligomeric HILs (with two types of cations and different ratio of herbicidal anions) were synthesized and characterized by employing (1)H and (13)C NMR. The results of biodegradation assay indicated that none of the tested HILs could be classified as readily biodegradable (biodegradation rate ranged from 0 to 7%). The conducted field studies confirmed that the herbicidal efficacy of the HILs was higher compared to the reference herbicide mixture by 10 to 30%, depending on the dose and weed species. After termination of field studies, the soil treated with the tested HILs was subjected to next generation sequencing in order to investigate the potential changes in the bacterial community structure. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in all studied samples. Treatment with the studied HILs resulted in an increase of Actinobacteria compared to the reference herbicidal mixture. Differenced among the studied HILs were generally associated with a significantly higher abundance of Bacteroidetes in case of 1-HIL-Dicamba 1/3 and Firmicutes in case of 2-HIL-Dicamba 1/3.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland. Electronic address: lukasz.k.lawniczak@wp.pl.
authors.forename: Ł
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Ławniczak
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland. Electronic address: Anna.Syguda@put.poznan.pl.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Syguda
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: a.borkowski@uw.edu.pl.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borkowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, University of Life Sciences in Poznan, 60-627 Poznan, Poland. Electronic address: pcyplik@wp.pl.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cyplik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Poznan 60-318, Poland. Electronic address: k.marcinkowska@iorpib.poznan.pl.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marcinkowska
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences in Poznan, 60-632 Poznan, Poland. Electronic address: wolko@o2.pl.
authors.forename: Ł
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Wolko
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Protection - National Research Institute, Poznan 60-318, Poland. Electronic address: t.praczyk@iorpib.poznan.pl.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Praczyk
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland. Electronic address: Lukasz.Chrzanowski@put.poznan.pl.
authors.forename: Ł
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Chrzanowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland. Electronic address: Juliusz.Pernak@put.poznan.pl.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pernak
mesh_terms: D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D003996:Dicamba / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D003996:Dicamba
keywords: Biodegradation; Community structure; Herbicidal ionic liquids; Next generation sequencing; Soil microbiota