title: The Physiological Basis of Chinese Höömii Generation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to investigate the physiological basis of vibration mode of sound source of a variety of Mongolian höömii forms of singing in China.
  
  
  METHODS
  The participant is a Mongolian höömii performing artist who was recommended by the Chinese Medical Association of Art. He used three types of höömii, namely vibration höömii, whistle höömii, and overtone höömii, which were compared with general comfortable pronunciation of /i:/ as control. Phonation was observed during /i:/. A laryngostroboscope (Storz) was used to determine vibration source-mucosal wave in the throat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For vibration höömii, bilateral ventricular folds approximated to the midline and made contact at the midline during pronunciation. Ventricular and vocal folds oscillated together as a single unit to form a composite vibration (double oscillator) sound source. For whistle höömii, ventricular folds approximated to the midline to cover part of vocal folds, but did not contact each other. It did not produce mucosal wave. The vocal folds produced mucosal wave to form a single vibration sound source. For overtone höömii, the anterior two-thirds of ventricular folds touched each other during pronunciation. The last one-third produced the mucosal wave. The vocal folds produced mucosal wave at the same time, which was a composite vibration (double oscillator) sound source mode.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Höömii form of singing, including mixed voices and multivoice, was related to the presence of dual vibration sound sources. Its high overtone form of singing (whistle höömii) was related to stenosis at the resonance chambers' initiation site (ventricular folds level).
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China. Electronic address: ligelin151210@163.com.
authors.forename: Gelin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Hou
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002681:China; D006801:Humans; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D008297:Male; D010699:Phonation; D063346:Singing; D049489:Stroboscopy; D014732:Vibration; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D014833:Voice Quality
keywords: höömii; ventricular folds; vibration mode; vibration source; vocal folds