title: Immobilization of antibacterial chlorhexidine on stainless steel using crosslinking polydopamine film: Towards infection resistant medical devices.
abstract: Chlorhexidine (CHX) is known for its high antibacterial substantivity and is suitable for use to bio-inert medical devices due to its long-term antibacterial efficacy. However, CHX molecules require a crosslinking film to be stably immobilized on bio-inert metal surfaces. Therefore, polydopamine (PDA) was utilized in this study to immobilize CHX on the surface of 316L type stainless steel (SS316L). The SS316L disks were pre-treated, modified with PDA film and immobilized with different concentrations of CHX (10mM-50mM). The disks were then subjected to various surface characterization analyses (ATR-FTIR, XPS, ToF-SIMS, SEM and contact angle measurement) and tested for their cytocompatibility with human skin fibroblast (HSF) cells and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The results demonstrated the formation of a thin PDA film on the SS316L surface, which acted as a crosslinking medium between the metal and CHX. CHX was immobilized via a reduction process that covalently linked the CHX molecules with the functional group of PDA. The immobilization of CHX increased the hydrophobicity of the disk surfaces. Despite this property, a low concentration of CHX optimized the viability of HSF cells without disrupting the morphology of adherent cells. The immobilized disks also demonstrated high antibacterial efficacy against both bacteria, even at a low concentration of CHX. This study demonstrates a strong beneficial effect of the crosslinked PDA film in immobilizing CHX on bio-inert metal, and these materials are applicable in medical devices. Specifically, the coating will restrain bacterial proliferation without suffocating nearby tissues.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Science Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nurizzati
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohd Daud
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Science Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ihda Fithriyana
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Saeful Bahri
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Nik Ahmad Nizam
authors.initials: NAN
authors.lastname: Nik Malek
authors.affiliation: Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering & CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, G1V 0A6, Canada.
authors.forename: Hendra
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hermawan
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Science Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Faculty of Biosciences and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. Electronic address: syafiqahsaidin@biomedical.utm.my.
authors.forename: Syafiqah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saidin
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D007211:Indoles; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011108:Polymers; C568283:polydopamine; D013193:Stainless Steel; D002710:Chlorhexidine
keywords: Antibacterial; Biocompatible; Biomaterial; Chlorhexidine; Crosslinking; Polydopamine