title: Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Muscle Dysmorphia Among Entry-Level Military Personnel.
abstract: To determine the prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) and muscle dysmorphia (MD) in enlisted U.S. military personnel; and secondarily, to determine supplement use and relationship with BDD and MD.
  
  
  
  A survey of advanced individual training of tri-service personnel at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, was performed combining the dysmorphia concern questionnaire, the MD symptom questionnaire, a supplement questionnaire, and demographic factors.
  
  
  
  Of the 1,320 service members approached, 1,150 (87.1%) completed the survey. The majority of participants were male, 62.8% (n = 722) and Army soldiers 59.0% (n = 679). The prevalence rate of BDD was 13.0% in males and 21.7% in females. The prevalence of MD was 12.7% in males and 4.2% in females. There was a strong correlation between having BDD and using supplements to get thinner (odds ratio 5.1; 95% confidence interval 3.4-7.8; p < 0.001) and MD to get more muscular (odds ratio 5.4; 95% confidence interval 3.5-8.3; p < 0.001).
  
  
  
  Our study shows a higher than expected prevalence rate of BDD and MD in service members. This indicates a need for increased awareness of dysmorphias in mental health providers, primary care providers, and commanders and justifies further military specific BDD and MD research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Womack Army Medical Center, 2817 Reilly Road, Fort Bragg, NC 28310.
authors.forename: John D A
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Campagna
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, 3100 Schofield Road, Building 119, MCHK-PE, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bowsher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D057215:Body Dysmorphic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D001828:Body Image / Q000523:psychology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013781:Texas; D013997:Time Factors; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects