title: Predictors of Uptake and Timeliness of Newly Introduced Pneumococcal and Rotavirus Vaccines, and of Measles Vaccine in Rural Malawi: A Population Cohort Study.
abstract: Malawi introduced pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1) in 2011 and 2012 respectively, and is planning the introduction of a second-dose measles vaccine (MV). We assessed predictors of availability, uptake and timeliness of these vaccines in a rural Malawian setting.
  
  
  
  Commencing on the first date of PCV13 eligibility we conducted a prospective population-based birth cohort study of 2,616 children under demographic surveillance in Karonga District, northern Malawi who were eligible for PCV13, or from the date of RV1 introduction both PCV13 and RV1. Potential predictors of vaccine uptake and timeliness for PCV13, RV1 and MV were analysed respectively using robust Poisson and Cox regression.
  
  
  
  Vaccine coverage was high for all vaccines, ranging from 86.9% for RV1 dose 2 to 95.4% for PCV13 dose 1. Median time delay for PCV13 dose 1 was 17 days (IQR 7-36), 19 days (IQR 8-36) for RV1 dose 1 and 20 days (IQR 3-46) for MV. Infants born to lower educated or farming mothers and those living further away from the road or clinic were at greater risk of being not fully vaccinated and being vaccinated late. Delays in vaccination were also associated with non-facility birth. Vaccine stock-outs resulted in both a delay in vaccine timeliness and in a decrease in completion of schedule.
  
  
  
  Despite high vaccination coverage in this setting, delays in vaccination were common. We identified programmatic and socio-demographic risk factors for uptake and timeliness of vaccination. Understanding who remains most vulnerable to be unvaccinated allows for focussed delivery thereby increasing population coverage and maximising the equitable benefits of universal vaccination programmes.
authors.affiliation: Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi.
authors.forename: Hazzie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mvula
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heinsbroek
authors.affiliation: Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi.
authors.forename: Menard
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chihana
authors.affiliation: Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi.|London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Amelia C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Crampin
authors.affiliation: Expanded Programme for Immunisation Office and Preventive Services Office, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Storn
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kabuluzi
authors.affiliation: Expanded Programme for Immunisation Office and Preventive Services Office, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chirwa
authors.affiliation: Chief of Health Services, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mwansambo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nigel A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Cunliffe
authors.affiliation: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.|Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.|Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Heyderman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.|Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: French
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.|Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi.
authors.forename: Naor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bar-Zeev
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012424:Rural Population
chemical_list: D008458:Measles Vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D022243:Rotavirus Vaccines