title: Early Discontinuation of Metformin in Individuals Treated with Inhibitors of Transporters of Metformin.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the risk of early discontinuation of metformin as a proxy for intolerance, associated with use of drugs known to inhibit transporters involved in metformin distribution. We analysed all incident users of metformin in Denmark between 2000 and 2012 (n = 132,221) and in a cohort of US patients (n = 296,903). Risk of early discontinuation of metformin was assessed using adjusted logistic regression for 28 drugs putatively inhibiting metformin transporters and four negative controls. Increased odds ratio of early discontinuation of metformin was only associated with codeine, an inhibitor of organic cation transporter 1 in both cohorts [adjusted odds ratio (OR) in Danish cohort (95% CI): 1.13 (1.02-1.26), adjusted OR in American cohort (95% CI): 1.32 (1.19-1.47)]. The remaining drugs were not associated with increased odds ratio of early discontinuation and, surprisingly, four drugs were associated with a decreased risk. These findings indicate that codeine use may be associated with risk of early discontinuation of metformin and could be used as a basis for further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.|Pharmacometrics Group, Department of Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Tore Bjerregaard
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Stage
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Moa P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jesper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallas
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mette Marie Hougaard
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brøsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kaare
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gagne
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pottegård
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003061:Codeine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D027702:Organic Cation Transporter 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States; D028761:Withholding Treatment
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D027702:Organic Cation Transporter 1; D008687:Metformin; D003061:Codeine