title: Gastrointestinal Bleeding.
abstract: Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is a commonly encountered chief complaint with a high morbidity and mortality. The emergency physician is challenged with prompt diagnosis, accurate risk assessment, and appropriate resuscitation of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Goals of care aim to prevent end-organ injury, manage comorbid illnesses, identify the source of bleeding, stop continued bleeding, support oxygen carrying capacity, and prevent rebleeding. This article reviews current strategies for risk stratification, diagnostic modalities, localization of bleeding, transfusion strategies, adjunct therapies, and reversal of anticoagulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3800 Reservoir Road, Northwest, G-CCC, Washington, DC 20007, USA. Electronic address: JoseVictor.L.Nable@medstar.net.
authors.forename: Jose V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Nable
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, 3800 Reservoir Road, Northwest, G-CCC, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
authors.forename: Autumn C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Graham
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000379:methods; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D019468:Disease Management; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006490:Hemostatics; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors
keywords: Gastrointestinal bleeding; Hemorrhage; Lower gastrointestinal bleeding; Transfusion; Upper gastrointestinal bleeding