title: Phytoremediation of chlorpyrifos in aqueous system by riverine macrophyte, Acorus calamus: toxicity and removal rate.
abstract: The potential of Acorus calamus to remove chlorpyrifos from water was assessed under laboratory conditions. Toxic effects of the insecticide in A. calamus were evaluated using pulse-amplitude modulated chlorophyll fluorescence techniques as well. At exposure concentrations above 8 mg L(-1), A. calamus showed obvious phytotoxic symptom with significant reduction in quantum efficiency of PSII (ΦPSII) and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) in 20-day test; the inhibition of maximal quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) was accompanied by a significant rise in initial chlorophyll fluorescence (Fo) within 15-day exposures. Fv/Fm and Fo recover to the normal level after 20-day exposure. The reduced removal rate to chlorpyrifos was observed with increase of initial chlorpyrifos concentrations. At application levels of 1, 2, and 4 mg L(-1), the disappearance rate of chlorpyrifos in the hydroponic system with plants was significantly greater than that without plants during the 20-day test periods. Chlorpyrifos was taken up from medium and transferred to above ground tissues by the plant and significant amounts of chlorpyrifos accumulated in plant tissues. The result indicated that A. calamus can promote the disappearance of chlorpyrifos from water and may be used for phytoremediation of water contaminated with a relatively low concentration of chlorpyrifos insecticide (<4 mg L(-1)).
authors.affiliation: Beijing Research & Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China. qinghaiw@sina.com.
authors.forename: Qinghai
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Beijing Research & Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Cui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Beijing Research & Development Center for Grass and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ruilun
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China. quexiaoe@sina.com.
authors.forename: Xiaoe
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Que
mesh_terms: D029023:Acorus / Q000378:metabolism*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D004390:Chlorpyrifos / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D018527:Hydroponics; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002734:Chlorophyll; D004390:Chlorpyrifos
keywords: Pesticide; Phytoremediation; Phytotoxicity; Riverine plant