title: Rapid Curtailing of the Stringent Response by Toxin-Antitoxin Module-Encoded mRNases.
abstract: Escherichia coli regulates its metabolism to adapt to changes in the environment, in particular to stressful downshifts in nutrient quality. Such shifts elicit the so-called stringent response, coordinated by the alarmone guanosine tetra- and pentaphosphate [(p)ppGpp]. On sudden amino acid (aa) starvation, RelA [(p)ppGpp synthetase I] activity is stimulated by binding of uncharged tRNAs to a vacant ribosomal site; the (p)ppGpp level increases dramatically and peaks within the time scale of a few minutes. The decrease of the (p)ppGpp level after the peak is mediated by the decreased production of mRNA by (p)ppGpp-associated transcriptional regulation, which reduces the vacant ribosomal A site and thus constitutes negative feedback to the RelA-dependent (p)ppGpp synthesis. Here we showed that on sudden isoleucine starvation, this peak was higher in an E. coli strain that lacks the 10 known mRNase-encoding toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules present in the wild-type (wt) strain. This observation suggested that toxins are part of the negative-feedback mechanism to control the (p)ppGpp level during the early stringent response. We built a ribosome trafficking model to evaluate the fold increase in RelA activity just after the onset of aa starvation. Combining this with a feedback model between the (p)ppGpp level and the mRNA level, we obtained reasonable fits to the experimental data for both strains. The analysis revealed that toxins are activated rapidly, within a minute after the onset of starvation, reducing the mRNA half-life by ∼30%.
  
  
  
  The early stringent response elicited by amino acid starvation is controlled by a sharp increase of the cellular (p)ppGpp level. Toxin-antitoxin module-encoded mRNases are activated by (p)ppGpp through enhanced degradation of antitoxins. The present work shows that this activation happens over a very short time scale and that the activated mRNases negatively affect the (p)ppGpp level. The proposed mathematical model of (p)ppGpp regulation through the mRNA level highlights the importance of several feedback loops in early (p)ppGpp regulation.
authors.affiliation: Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Chengzhe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roghanian
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Mikkel Girke
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.affiliation: Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sneppen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Michael Askvad
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kenn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gerdes
authors.affiliation: Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark mitarai@nbi.dk.
authors.forename: Namiko
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0116-7606
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mitarai
mesh_terms: D000992:Antitoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006159:Guanosine Tetraphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012260:Ribonucleases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051841:Transcription Factor RelB
chemical_list: D000992:Antitoxins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; D006159:Guanosine Tetraphosphate; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012343:RNA, Transfer; D012260:Ribonucleases; C465567:RelB protein, E coli; D051841:Transcription Factor RelB; C465566:RelE protein, E coli