title: Exercise intervention as a protective modulator against metabolic disorders in cigarette smokers.
abstract: [Purpose] assess the impact of exercise intensity on desire to smoke, serum cotinine, stress hormones, total antioxidant capacity, and oxidative free radicals as potential markers of cardiopulmonary metabolic disorders were measured.in cigarette smokers. [Subjects and Methods] The participants (150 randomly selected healthy men, aged 18-55 years) were classified into 4 smoking groups: control (non-smokers; N= 30); mild (N = 33); moderate (N = 42), and heavy (N = 45). The participants were assigned to either moderate (8 weeks) or short-term (20-45 min) exercise training. The desire to smoke, Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale, and Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale scores, cotinine, stress hormones (cortisol and testosterone), free radicals (malondialdehyde, nitric oxide), and total antioxidant capacity were evaluated. [Results] Significant increases in serum cotinine, cortisol, testosterone, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde levels and a reduction in total antioxidant capacity activity were observed in all smoker groups; heavy smokers showed a higher change in metabolites. In all smoker groups, both short and moderate- intensity exercises significantly reduce cotinine, cortisol, testosterone, and malondialdehyde and increased nitric oxide levels and total antioxidant capacity activity; further, the desire to smoke, Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale, and Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale scores were reduced. This supports the ability of exercise to increase nitric oxide bioavailability, enhance of blood vessels function and ultimately decrease the incidence of cardiopulmonary disorders. [Conclusion] Exercise interventions with varying intensities may be used as nicotine replacement therapy or protective aids against smoking-related cardiopulmonary disorders.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Einas
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Al-Eisa
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmad H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Alghadir
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sami A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gabr
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Zaheen A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Iqbal
keywords: Cardiopulmonary metabolic disorders; Cigarette smoking; Physical activity