title: Mitochondrial Genome and Nuclear Markers Provide New Insight into the Evolutionary History of Macaques.
abstract: The evolutionary history of macaques, genus Macaca, has been under debate due to the short times of divergence. In this study, maternal, paternal, and biparental genetic systems were applied to infer phylogenetic relationships among macaques and to trace ancient hybridization events in their evolutionary history. Using a PCR display method, 17 newly phylogenetically informative Alu insertions were identified from M. assamensis. We combined presence/absence analysis of 84 Alu elements with mitochondrial genomes as well as nuclear sequences (five autosomal genes, two Y chromosomal genes, and one X chromosomal fragment) to reconstruct a robust macaque phylogeny. Topologies generated from different inherited markers were similar supporting six well defined species groups and a close relationship of M. assamensis and M. thibetana, but differed in the placing of M. arctoides. Both Alu elements and nuclear genes supported that M. arctoides was close to the sinica group, whereas the mitochondrial data clustered it into the fascicularis/mulatta lineage. Our results reveal that a sex-biased hybridization most likely occurred in the evolutionary history of M. arctoides, and suggest an introgressive pattern of male-mediated gene flow from the ancestors of M. arctoides to the M. mulatta population followed by nuclear swamping. According to the estimation of divergence dates, the hybridization occurred around 0.88~1.77 mya (nuclear data) or 1.38~2.56 mya (mitochondrial data). In general, our study indicates that a combination of various molecular markers could help explain complicated evolutionary relationships. Our results have provided new insights into the evolutionary history of macaques and emphasize that hybridization might play an important role in macaque evolution.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Chengdu Zoo, Institute of Chengdu Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China.
authors.forename: Jianqiu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Zhenxin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Chengdu Zoo, Institute of Chengdu Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.affiliation: Chengdu Zoo, Institute of Chengdu Wildlife, Chengdu 610081, China.
authors.forename: Jiabo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
authors.forename: Bisong
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064 Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D005843:Geography; D008251:Macaca / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial