title: Characterization of foxing stains in early twentieth century photographic and paper materials.
abstract: The subject of this present work is a group of nine historical pictures shot in Palermo by the Sicilian photographer E. Interguglielmi in 1912. They are nine matte-collodion prints mounted on the original cardboard supports and all of them show foxing stains affecting the paper surface. In order to characterise the chemical composition of the supports and investigate foxing spots, non-destructive and micro-destructive analysis were carried out. X-rays fluorescence (XRF) analysis was used to characterise the elemental composition of all the mounting boards, allowing a comparison between the foxing spots and non-affected areas. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy was used to investigate the presence of lower atomic number elements, not detectable by XRF, while SEM imaging allowed the investigation of surface appearance and nature of original paper samples from the cardboards.
authors.affiliation: a Department STEBICEF , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.
authors.forename: Aurora
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Modica
authors.affiliation: a Department STEBICEF , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.affiliation: b Corso di Laurea in Conservazione e Restauro dei Beni Culturali (PFP 5) , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Bella
authors.affiliation: c Department of Physic and Chemistry , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Francesca
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Alberghina
authors.affiliation: c Department of Physic and Chemistry , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.|d Area Tecnica, Tecnico-Scientifica e Elaborazione Dati - ATeN Center , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brai
authors.affiliation: c Department of Physic and Chemistry , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.
authors.forename: Dorotea
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.affiliation: d Area Tecnica, Tecnico-Scientifica e Elaborazione Dati - ATeN Center , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tranchina
mesh_terms: D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D010209:Paper / Q000592:standards*; D010781:Photography / Q000266:history / Q000379:methods*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents
keywords:   ; LIBS; SEM; XRF; fungi