title: Urinary benzophenone concentrations and their association with demographic factors in a South Korean population.
abstract: Benzophenone (BP) and its derivatives are widely used in various cosmetics, personal care products, and food packaging ink. The use of BP has raised concerns about the potential health risks associated with its endocrine-disrupting effects. This study evaluated urinary concentrations of BP derivatives in a national sample of the South Koreans population aged 6-89 years. From July to September in each 2010 and 2011, 1576 urine samples were collected. Urinary concentrations of benzophenone-1 (BP-1), benzophenone-2 (BP-2), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), benzophenone-4 (BP-4), benzophenone-8 (BP-8), and 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP) were analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The detection rate for BP-1 and 4-OH-BP were 56% [limit of detection (LOD) 0.59ng/mL] and 88% (LOD 0.04ng/mL), respectively, whereas those for BP-2, BP-3, BP-4, and BP-8 were all below 25%. The geometric means of urinary BP-1 and 4-OH-BP concentrations were 1.24ng/mL and 0.45ng/mL, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that concentrations of BP-1 in and of 4-OH-BP in adults were associated with sex and age. The BP-1 and 4-OH-BP concentration of children and adolescents was associated with sex, age, income, and current area of residence. The correlation was observed between urinary concentrations of BP derivatives, which is an important indication of exposure biomarkers and the metabolic pathways from BP-3. This is the first national study to evaluate the presence of BP derivatives in urine samples from the South Korean population, stratified by demographic factors.
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-709, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, 72-1 Naeri, Ansung, Gyunggi 456-756, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: hskang1235@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Hui-Seung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-709, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ahra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-709, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-709, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Min-Sik
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kyung
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-709, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Gui Im
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-709, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-709, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hee-Seok
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-709, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Hyang
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-709, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Mi
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-709, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Myung-Sil
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1000 Shindang-dong, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kisok
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-709, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Osong, Chungcheongbuk-do 361-709, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: In Gyun
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001577:Benzophenones / Q000652:urine*; D002648:Child; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056910:Republic of Korea; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001577:Benzophenones; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants
keywords: Benzophenone; Demographic characteristics; Human biomonitoring; Korean population; Urine