title: The cardiac patient in Ramadan.
abstract: Ramadan is one of the five fundamental pillars of Islam. During this month, the majority of the 1.6 billion Muslims worldwide observe an absolute fast from dawn to sunset without any drink or food. Our review shows that the impact of fasting during Ramadan on patients with stable cardiac disease is minimal and does not lead to any increase in acute events. Most patients with the stable cardiac disease can fast safely. Most of the drug doses and their regimen are easily manageable during this month and may need not to be changed. Ramadan fasting is a healthy nonpharmacological means for improving cardiovascular risk factors. Most of the Muslims, who suffer from chronic diseases, insist on fasting Ramadan despite being exempted by religion. The Holy Quran specifically exempts the sick from fasting. This is particularly relevant if fasting worsens one's illness or delays recovery. Patients with unstable angina, recent myocardial infarction, uncontrolled hypertension, decompensated heart failure, recent cardiac intervention or cardiac surgery or any debilitating diseases should avoid fasting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Majed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chamsi-Pasha
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chamsi-Pasha
keywords: Cardiac; Ramadan; coronary artery disease; fasting; hypertension