title: Fluorescent cholangiography in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the initial Canadian experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bile duct injury remains a worrisome complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Indocyanine Green (ICG) fluorescent cholangiography (FC) is a new approach that facilitates real-time intraoperative identification of biliary anatomy. This technology is hoped to improve the safety of dissection within Calot's triangle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographics, intraoperative details, and subjective surgeon data were recorded for elective cholecystectomy cases involving ICG. Goals were to identify rates of bile duct identification, and assess the perceived benefit of the device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ICG was used in 12 biliary cases in Canada. Visualization rates of the cystic and common bile ducts were 100% and 83%, respectively. Also, 83% of surgeons felt that FC incorporated smoothly into the operation. No complications have been related to the technology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FC allows noninvasive real-time visualization of the extrahepatic biliary tree. This novel technique has received positive feedback in its initial Canadian use and will likely be a durable adjunct for minimally invasive surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, UBC Faculty of Medicine, 950 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zroback
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, UBC Faculty of Medicine, 950 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, UBC Faculty of Medicine, 950 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meneghetti
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, UBC Faculty of Medicine, 950 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Garth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Warnock
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, UBC Faculty of Medicine, 950 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meloche
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, UBC Faculty of Medicine, 950 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada.
authors.forename: Chieh Jack
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, UBC Faculty of Medicine, 950 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. Electronic address: neely.panton@vch.ca.
authors.forename: Ormond Neely
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Panton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001955:British Columbia; D002170:Canada; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000379:methods*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D061214:Patient Safety; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007208:Indocyanine Green
keywords: Bile Ducts; Cholangiography; Indocyanine Green; Intraoperative Complications; Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy; Quality Improvement