title: Occurrence, fate and ecological risk of chlorinated paraffins in Asia: A review.
abstract: Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), complex mixtures of polychlorinated alkanes, are widely used in various industries and are thus ubiquitous in the receiving environment. The present study comprehensively reviewed the occurrence, fate and ecological risk of CPs in various environmental matrices in Asia. Releases from the production and consumption of CPs or CP-containing materials, wastewater discharge and irrigation, sewage sludge application, long-range atmospheric transport and aerial deposition have been found to be most likely sources and transport mechanisms for the dispersion of CPs in various environmental matrices, such as air, water, sediment, soil and biota. CPs can be bioaccumulated in biota and biomagnified through food webs, likely causing toxic ecological effects in organisms and posing health risks to humans. Inhalation, dust ingestion and dietary intake are strongly suggested as the major routes of human exposure. Research gaps are discussed to highlight the perspectives of future research to improve future efforts regarding the analysis of CPs, the environmental occurrence and elimination of CPs, the total environmental pressure, and the risks to organisms and populations.
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
authors.forename: Gao-Ling
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Liang
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510075, China. Electronic address: lidq@gzb.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Ding-Qiang
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
authors.forename: Mu-Ning
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Zhuo
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
authors.forename: Si-Yi
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: CEPREI Environmental Assessment and Monitoring Center, The 5th Electronics Research Institute of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Guangzhou 510610, China.
authors.forename: Qiu-Xin
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Shan
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
authors.forename: Zhen-Yue
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
authors.forename: Tai-Long
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
authors.forename: Zai-Jian
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D010232:Paraffin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; D062065:Wastewater
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010232:Paraffin; D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Chlorinated paraffins; Fate; Human exposure; Long-range atmospheric transport; Occurrence; Toxicity