title: Fracture toughness of chairside CAD/CAM materials - Alternative loading approach for compact tension test.
abstract: This in-vitro study determined plane-strain fracture toughness (KIC) of five different chairside CAD/CAM materials used for crown fabrication, following alternative innovative loading approach of compact tension test specimens.
  
  
  
  Rectangular-shaped specimens were cut from CAD/CAM blocks (n=10): Vita Mark II (Vident) (VMII); Lava-Ultimate (3M/ESPE) (LU); Vita Enamic (Vident) (VE); IPS e.max CAD (Ivoclar Vivadent); crystallized and un-crystallized (E-max and E-max-U, respectively); and Celtra Duo (Dentsply) fired and unfired (CD and CD-U, respectively). Specimens were notched with thin diamond disk prior to testing. Instead of applying tensile loading through drilled holes, a specially-made wedge-shaped steel loading-bar was used to apply compressive load at the notch area in Instron universal testing machine. The bar engaged the top ¼ of the notch before compressive load was applied at a cross-head speed of 0.5mm/min. Fracture load was recorded and KIC calculated. Data was statistically-analyzed with one-way ANOVA at 95% confidence level and Tukey's tests.
  
  
  
  Means and SDs of KIC in MPam(1/2) for VMII, LU, VE, E-max, E-max-U, CD and CD-U were: 0.73 (0.13), 0.85 (0.21), 1.02 (0.19), 1.88 (0.62), 0.81 (0.25), 2.65 (0.32) and 1.01 (0.15), respectively. ANOVA revealed significant difference among the groups (p<0.001). CD and E-max had significantly highest mean KIC values.
  
  
  
  Mean KIC values of the tested materials varied considerably, however, none of them reached mean KIC of dentin (3.08MPam(1/2)) previously reported. For E-max and CD, specimens firing significantly increased mean KIC. The modified test arrangement was found to be easy to follow and simplified specimen preparation process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez-Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. Electronic address: rania_badawy@dent.suez.edu.eg.
authors.forename: Rania
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Badawy
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada. Electronic address: oel.mowafy@utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: El-Mowafy
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada. Electronic address: Laura.tam@dentistry.utoronto.ca.
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Tam
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003442:Crowns; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing
keywords: Alternative loading; CAD/CAM blocks; Ceramic; Composite; Fracture toughness