title: Nonencapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae as a cause of chronic adenoiditis.
abstract: Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important human pathogen. To cause disease, it must first colonize the nasopharynx. The widespread use of pneumococcal-conjugate vaccines which target the capsular polysaccharide has led to decreased nasopharyngeal carriage of vaccine serotypes, but a concomitant increase in carriage of non-vaccine serotypes and nonencapsulated S. pneumoniae (NESp). Some NESp express pneumococcal surface protein K (PspK), a virulence factor shown to contribute to nasopharyngeal colonization. We present the case of a child with chronic adenoiditis caused by a PspK(+) NESp. We tested the pneumococcal isolate, designated C144.66, for antimicrobial resistance, the presence of the pspK gene and the expression of PspK. Sequence typing and genome sequencing were performed. C144.66 was found to be resistant to erythromycin and displayed intermediate resistance to penicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. C144.66 has the pspK gene in place of the capsule locus. Additionally, PspK expression was confirmed by flow cytometry. NESp are a growing concern as an emerging human pathogen, as current pneumococcal vaccines do not confer immunity against them. An inability to vaccinate against NESp may result in increased carriage and associated pathology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, United States.
authors.forename: Cheshil
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dixit
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, United States.
authors.forename: Lance E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, United States.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, United States.
authors.forename: D Ashley
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, United States.
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Swiatlo
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, United States.
authors.forename: Larry S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: McDaniel
keywords: Chronic adenoiditis; Nonencapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae (NESp); Pneumococcal surface protein K; Streptococcus pneumoniae