title: ASCORBIC ACID CONTROLS MYCOSPHAERELLA GRAMINICOLA IN BREAD AND DURUM WHEAT THROUGH DIRECT EFFECT ON THE PATHOGEN AND INDIRECT ACTION VIA PLANT DEFENCE.
abstract: Septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola is one of the most devastating foliar diseases on wheat. Due to the emergence of fungicide-resistant M. graminicola strains and in an effort to reduce the impact of pesticides on the environment, considerable interest has been devoted to alternative control strategies. The use of natural products, especially through a defense-activating effect on the host, could be considered. Acid ascorbic (AA) is synthesized by plants and most animal cells with antioxidant properties. This study aimed at: (i) assessing the protective effect of an AA-based product on bread (BW) and durum (DW) wheat (Triticum aestivum and T. durum, respectively) susceptible cultivars against M. graminicola and (ii) investigating the mechanisms involved in wheat protection. Therefore, the foliar application of a formulated AA-based product (50 mg L-) on 3-week-old wheat plants reduced the infection level by more than 75% for both BW and DW. In vitro experiments revealed that AA induced a strong inhibition of spore germination (at 50 mg L.(-1)) and hyphal growth (at 16 mg L.(-1)) for both M. graminicola strains, infecting either BW or DW. Used as a preventive foliar spray on wheat leaves, microscopic observations revealed that AA inhibits in planta spore germination, hyphal growth, leaf penetration, substomatal colonization and eventually sporulation. Moreover, AA treatment also decreased fungal protease and cell wall degrading enzyme activities, putative pathogenicity determinants of M. graminicola. In addition to these effects on the fungus, AA induced defence reactions in both BW and DW. Indeed, in non-inoculated context, eliciting effect was observed on (i) stimulation of enzymatic activities such as lipoxygenase, peroxydase and catalase and (ii) transcript accumulation of genes encoding for pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins (chitinase class IV, peroxidase). In inoculated condition, accumulation of H2O2 and phenolic compounds increased at the penetration site in AA-treated leaves. In addition, AA treatment impacted the phenylpropanoid pathway through the induction of phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity. These results show that, in our conditions, AA both presents an antifungal activity and triggers several plant defences in wheat and suggest its use to control M. graminicola on both DW and BW.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Somai-Jemmali
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Magnin-Robert
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Randoux
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siah
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tisserant
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Halama
authors.forename: Ph
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reignault
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hamada
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001939:Bread / Q000382:microbiology*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D014908:Triticum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D001205:Ascorbic Acid