title: Kirigami Nanocomposites as Wide-Angle Diffraction Gratings.
abstract: Beam steering devices represent an essential part of an advanced optics toolbox and are needed in a spectrum of technologies ranging from astronomy and agriculture to biosensing and networked vehicles. Diffraction gratings with strain-tunable periodicity simplify beam steering and can serve as a foundation for light/laser radar (LIDAR/LADAR) components of robotic systems. However, the mechanical properties of traditional materials severely limit the beam steering angle and cycle life. The large strain applied to gratings can severely impair the device performance both in respect of longevity and diffraction pattern fidelity. Here, we show that this problem can be resolved using micromanufactured kirigami patterns from thin film nanocomposites based on high-performance stiff plastics, metals, and carbon nanotubes, etc. The kirigami pattern of microscale slits reduces the stochastic concentration of strain in stiff nanocomposites including those made by layer-by-layer assembly (LBL). The slit patterning affords reduction of strain by 2 orders of magnitude for stretching deformation and consequently enables reconfigurable optical gratings with over a 100% range of period tunability. Elasticity of the stiff nanocomposites and plastics makes possible cyclic reconfigurability of the grating with variable time constant that can also be referred to as 4D kirigami. High-contrast, sophisticated diffraction patterns with as high as fifth diffraction order can be obtained. The angular range of beam steering can be as large as 6.5° for a 635 nm laser beam compared to ∼1° in surface-grooved elastomer gratings and ∼0.02° in MEMS gratings. The versatility of the kirigami patterns, the diversity of the available nanocomposite materials, and their advantageous mechanical properties of the foundational materials open the path for engineering of reconfigurable optical elements in LIDARs essential for autonomous vehicles and other optical devices with spectral range determined by the kirigami periodicity.
authors.forename: Lizhi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xinzhi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yoonseob
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Terry C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Shyu
authors.affiliation: School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lyu
authors.affiliation: Michigan Center for Integrative Research in Critical Care , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kotov
keywords: 4D kirigami; LADARs; LIDARS; adaptive optics; autonomous vehicles; kirigami materials; layer-by-layer assembly; nanocomposites; perception systems; robots; stretchable devices