title: Imaging Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Modifications in Living Systems.
abstract: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) may regulate signaling, ion channels, transcription factors, and biosynthetic processes. ROS-related diseases can be due to either a shortage or an excess of ROS.
  
  
  
  Since the biological activity of ROS depends on not only concentration but also spatiotemporal distribution, real-time imaging of ROS, possibly in vivo, has become a need for scientists, with potential for clinical translation. New imaging techniques as well as new contrast agents in clinically established modalities were developed in the previous decade.
  
  
  
  An ideal imaging technique should determine ROS changes with high spatio-temporal resolution, detect physiologically relevant variations in ROS concentration, and provide specificity toward different redox couples. Furthermore, for in vivo applications, bioavailability of sensors, tissue penetration, and a high signal-to-noise ratio are additional requirements to be satisfied.
  
  
  
  None of the presented techniques fulfill all requirements for clinical translation. The obvious way forward is to incorporate anatomical and functional imaging into a common hybrid-imaging platform. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 939-958.
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Physics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Roma, Italy .
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maulucci
authors.affiliation: 2 Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia .
authors.forename: Goran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bačić
authors.affiliation: 3 Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, Sorbonne Universités and UPMC Univ Paris 06 and CNRS and INSERM , Paris, France .
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bridal
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, CARIM, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Science, Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands .
authors.forename: Harald Hhw
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: 5 Laboratoire de Recherche en Imagerie, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou , Service de Radiologie, Paris, France .
authors.forename: Bertrand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tavitian
authors.affiliation: 5 Laboratoire de Recherche en Imagerie, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou , Service de Radiologie, Paris, France .
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Viel
authors.affiliation: 6 Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University , Fukuoka, Japan .
authors.forename: Hideo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Utsumi
authors.affiliation: 7 Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Marmara University , İstanbul, Turkey .
authors.forename: A Süha
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Yalçın
authors.affiliation: 1 Institute of Physics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Roma, Italy .
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Spirito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D061848:Optical Imaging; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species