title: Decision making under uncertainty, therapeutic inertia, and physicians' risk preferences in the management of multiple sclerosis (DIScUTIR MS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of multiple sclerosis (MS) is rapidly changing by the introduction of new and more effective disease-modifying agents. The importance of risk stratification was confirmed by results on disease progression predicted by different risk score systems. Despite these advances, we know very little about medical decisions under uncertainty in the management of MS. The goal of this study is to i) identify whether overconfidence, tolerance to risk/uncertainty, herding influence medical decisions, and ii) to evaluate the frequency of therapeutic inertia (defined as lack of treatment initiation or intensification in patients not at goals of care) and its predisposing factors in the management of MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective study comprising a combination of case-vignettes and surveys and experiments from Neuroeconomics/behavioral economics to identify cognitive distortions associated with medical decisions and therapeutic inertia. Participants include MS fellows and MS experts from across Spain. Each participant will receive an individual link using Qualtrics platform(©) that includes 20 case-vignettes, 3 surveys, and 4 behavioral experiments. The total time for completing the study is approximately 30-35 min. Case vignettes were selected to be representative of common clinical encounters in MS practice. Surveys and experiments include standardized test to measure overconfidence, aversion to risk and ambiguity, herding (following colleague's suggestions even when not supported by the evidence), physicians' reactions to uncertainty, and questions from the Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) related to risk preferences in different domains. By applying three different MS score criteria (modified Rio, EMA, Prosperini's scheme) we take into account physicians' differences in escalating therapy when evaluating medical decisions across case-vignettes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study applies an innovative approach by combining tools to assess medical decisions with experiments from Neuroeconomics that applies to common scenarios in MS care. Our results will help advance the field by providing a better understanding on the influence of cognitive factors (e.g., overconfidence, aversion to risk and uncertainty, herding) on medical decisions and therapeutic inertia in the management of MS which could lead to better outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 55 Queen St E, Toronto, ON, M5C 1R6, Canada. Gustavo.saposnik@econ.uzh.ch.|Neuroeconomics and Decision Neuroscience, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Gustavo.saposnik@econ.uzh.ch.
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Saposnik
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Angel Perez
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sempere
authors.affiliation: Applied Health Research Center, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Roula
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Raptis
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Area, Medical Department, Roche Farma, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prefasi
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 55 Queen St E, Toronto, ON, M5C 1R6, Canada.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Selchen
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Area, Medical Department, Roche Farma, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maurino
mesh_terms: D000066491:Clinical Decision-Making; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000628:therapy*; D000072141:Neurologists / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012309:Risk-Taking; D035501:Uncertainty