title: The effect of major depression on quality of life after surgery for stress urinary incontinence: a secondary analysis of the Trial of Midurethral Slings.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression has been associated with symptom amplification, functional impairment, and lower incontinence-specific quality of life in women with urinary incontinence. Although depression has been shown to impact both subjective and objective outcomes after many different surgeries, there are limited data on the effects of major depression on postoperative outcomes after antiincontinence surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether major depression affects urinary incontinence severity and quality of life after midurethral sling surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a secondary analysis of the Trial of Midurethral Slings. Participants were assigned randomly either to a retropubic or transobturator sling for stress urinary incontinence. Each was classified as having major depression or not by the validated depression screening Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Pre- and postoperative urinary incontinence severity (which was assessed by the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire), urinary incontinence-specific quality of life (which was assessed by the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire and the Urinary Distress Inventory), and sexual function (which was assessed by the Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire) was compared between groups at baseline and at 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred twenty-six patients were included: 79 patients (15%) had major depression before surgery; 447 patients (85%) did not. Baseline incontinence severity was higher in women with major depression than in those without (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire, 14.7 ± 4.1 vs 12.9 ± 4.0; P < .001). Similarly, baseline quality of life and sexual function were worse in depressed women than in nondepressed women (Incontinence Impact Questionnaire, 235.6 ± 95.8 vs 134.8 ± 89.8; P < .001; Urinary Distress Inventory, 162.7 ± 46 vs 128.6 ± 41.3; P < .001; and Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire-12, 27.2 ± 7.3 vs 33.9 ± 6.4; P < .001). After adjustment for differences between groups, baseline major depression did not negatively affect 12-month incontinence severity or quality of life. However, at 12 months after surgery, despite significant improvement in sexual function scores in depressed women, the 12-month scores were still significantly worse in the major depression group (Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire-12, 34.1 ± 7.1 vs 37.7 ± 6.1; P < .001); multivariable analysis showed independent association of baseline major depression with 12-month sexual function. At 12 months, 83% of those women (66/79) with baseline major depression were no longer depressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women with major depression who are planning surgery for stress urinary incontinence have worse quality of life than nondepressed women. However, women with major depression improve significantly more than those without major depression such that, at 12 months postoperatively, incontinence severity and quality of life are not different between groups. Sexual function is worse before and after the operation for depressed women.
authors.affiliation: Center for Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH. Electronic address: siffl@ccf.org.
authors.forename: Lauren N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Siff
authors.affiliation: Center for Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: J Eric
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jelovsek
authors.affiliation: Center for Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Barber
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019529:Sexuality; D053825:Suburethral Slings; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: depression; quality of life; urinary incontinence