title: Forensic aspects of starvation.
abstract: Fatal starvation is a rare cause of death in industrialized countries. However, it may have major medicolegal importance if death results from the deliberate withholding of food, especially from infants. In such cases, the task of the forensic pathologist and the medical examiner, respectively, is to clarify the cause of death and give an expert opinion on the degree and duration of starvation. Several classification systems have been developed to estimate protein-energy malnutrition in developing countries. Simpler classifications, such as the Gomez classification, use the weight expected for the respective age group as the standard. However, smaller infants will be lighter, and therefore the classification may not be accurate in this case. Following the Waterlow classification, the extent of stunted growth (referring to growth retardation in cases of chronic malnutrition) is calculated using the ratio of the measured body height to that expected for the age. Using such classification systems, grading of stunting and wasting can be achieved and may greatly help in the assessment of a given child's nutritional status in legal cases. The application of the Waterlow classification to the authors' case material and previously published cases in the literature is herein demonstrated. The Waterlow classification is not only of importance for grading the final stage of fatal starvation, but also for the chronological development of the nutritional status if anthropometrical data have been repeatedly recorded from the affected individual in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111, Bonn, Germany. b.madea@uni-bonn.de.
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Madea
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ortmann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Elke
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Doberentz
mesh_terms: D002100:Cachexia / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D015362:Child Nutrition Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis; D003681:Dehydration / Q000175:diagnosis; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005183:Failure to Thrive / Q000209:etiology; D005554:Forensic Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008487:Medical History Taking; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology; D010808:Physical Examination; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis; D013217:Starvation / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology
keywords: Autopsy findings; Protein–energy malnutrition; Starvation; Stunting; Wasting; Waterlow classification