title: Problems on the Evaluation of the Critical Wavelength of Sunscreens for "Broad Spectrum" Approval Brought on by Viscous Fingering During Sunscreen Application.
abstract: When a viscous liquid is applied to a solid substrate, a patterned liquid layer is usually formed by the phenomenon called viscous fingering, since the moving liquid surface is in far-from-equilibrium conditions to let the morphological fluctuation to grow. Pseudosunscreen solutions were prepared and applied on a flat quartz plate. A spatially periodic stripe pattern was formed on the pseudosunscreen layer when a block applicator was used, whereas a flat surface layer was formed when a four-sided applicator was used. UV absorbance of the patterned layer was lower than that of the flat layer having the same average thickness. In addition, a larger decrease in the UV absorbance by the pattern formation was observed at wavelengths at which the UV absorbance of the flat layer was large, which was consistent with theoretical simulations. In 2011, US FDA introduced a new rule using the term "Broad Spectrum" for labeling the sunscreens. The different decrease in the UV absorbance at each wavelength was found to change the critical wavelength, which is a criterion for sunscreens to be labeled as "Broad Spectrum" protection. The result of this study makes the problem on the evaluation of the critical wavelength come to the surface.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Misaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okano
authors.affiliation: R & D Center, Para Hermosa Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsubasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mukawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.|R & D Center, Para Hermosa Co. Ltd., Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maezawa
authors.affiliation: School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, Hachioji, Japan.
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Masaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.|Yokohama Research Center, Kuroda Consulting Inc., Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuroda
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Kouichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asakura
mesh_terms: D004655:Emulsions / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012212:Rheology; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D013473:Sunscreening Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D013473:Sunscreening Agents