title: In vitro digestion-assisted development of a β-cryptoxanthin-rich functional beverage; in vivo validation using systemic response and faecal content.
abstract: Bioavailability of carotenoids is low and significant amounts reach the colon where they may be biologically active. We aimed to optimize a previously developed beverage designed to improve cardiovascular and bone remodelling markers in post-menopausal women. By assessing different lipid emulsions (soy lecithin, milkfat globule membrane (MFGM) and olive oil) on the in vitro bioaccessibility of β-Cryptoxanthin and phytosterols, a MFGM containing beverage was selected and resulted stable over time (recovery >95%) under in vitro digestion and simulated anaerobic conditions. This beverage was tested in a randomized human trial (n=38) by evaluating systemic response and the colonic availability of β-Cryptoxanthin. Consumption for six weeks provoked an increment in serum β-Cryptoxanthin of 38.9μg/dl (CI 95%; 31.0, 46.8; p<0.001). In faeces, free β-Cryptoxanthin, tentatively identified β-Cryptoxanthin esters and the ratio cis-/trans-β-carotene approached the profile in the beverage and after in vitro digestion but it was different from serum. In conclusion, in vitro digestion-assisted approach appears adequate to develop functional foods although in vivo validation should consider both systemic response and the availability at the colon.
authors.affiliation: Grupo Metabolismo y Nutrición, IDIPHIM, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Vitaminas, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hernández-Alvarez
authors.affiliation: Grupo Metabolismo y Nutrición, IDIPHIM, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Vitaminas, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Blanco-Navarro
authors.affiliation: Grupo Metabolismo y Nutrición, IDIPHIM, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Vitaminas, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pérez-Sacristán
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Department, Hero Institute for Nutrition, Alcantarilla, 30820 Murcia, Spain.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Siles
authors.affiliation: Grupo Metabolismo y Nutrición, IDIPHIM, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Vitaminas, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: fgranado.hpth@salud.madrid.org.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Granado-Lorencio
mesh_terms: D000072743:Beta-Cryptoxanthin / Q000032:analysis*; D001628:Beverages; D001682:Biological Availability; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis*; D004063:Digestion / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000032:analysis; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000072743:Beta-Cryptoxanthin; D010840:Phytosterols; D019207:beta Carotene; D002338:Carotenoids
keywords: Faecal content; Functional foods; Human study; In vitro digestion; β-Cryptoxanthin