title: Fumigant and Repellent Activity of Limonene Enantiomers Against Tribolium confusum du Val.
abstract: The use of pesticides, as carried out in the last 50 years, caused several negative environmental and human health consequences, leading to the development of alternative techniques to control pests, such as the use of compounds of plant origin. In this study, we assessed the fumigant and repellent activity of both the enantiomers of limonene, a monoterpene usually found in many plant species, against Tribolium confusum du Val. We tested both molecules at different doses, air temperatures, and in absence and presence of flour. R-(+)-limonene resulted more effective than S-(-)-limonene; indeed, it was able to reach 100% of efficacy at a concentration of 85 mg/L air when tested at different temperatures without flour. Data showed a positive relationship between efficacy and temperature, and a negative effect of the presence of debris on the bioactivity of limonene. Furthermore, repellency trials reported a higher activity of R-(+)-limonene compared to the other enantiomer.
authors.affiliation: Dipto di AGRARIA, Univ "Mediterranea" of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, 89124, Reggio, Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malacrinò
authors.affiliation: Dipto di AGRARIA, Univ "Mediterranea" of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, 89124, Reggio, Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Campolo
authors.affiliation: Dipto di AGRARIA, Univ "Mediterranea" of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, 89124, Reggio, Calabria, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laudani
authors.affiliation: Dipto di AGRARIA, Univ "Mediterranea" of Reggio Calabria, Loc. Feo di Vito, 89124, Reggio, Calabria, Italy. vpalmeri@unirc.it.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Palmeri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077222:Limonene; D010571:Pest Control; D013696:Temperature; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014231:Tribolium
chemical_list: D053138:Cyclohexenes; D007306:Insecticides; D013729:Terpenes; D000077222:Limonene
keywords: Confused flour beetle; R-(+)-limonene; S-(−)-limonene; fumigation; wheat flour