title: Flutamide effects on morphology of reproductive organs and liver of Neotropical Anura, Rhinella schneideri.
abstract: Water contamination is one of the factors influencing the decline of amphibians. Flutamide is an antiandrogenic medicine that occurs as water contaminant. This compound especially affects the reproductive organs, but it can also show hepatotoxic effects. The Bufonidae family has a peculiar organ named Bidder's organ, considered by some authors as a rudimentary ovary, but capable to respond to some external stimuli. This study investigated flutamide effects on testes and Bidder's organ germ cells, liver pigmentation, and sexual hormones levels in Rhinella schneideri males. We randomly divided 15 males in three groups (N=5): two groups were injected with flutamide, at 1 and 5mg/kg, while the control group received only mineral oil, for 7days. After euthanasia, blood samples were collected and the organs were sent to histological routine. In the testes, both treatments caused an increase in spermatogonia and spermatocytes, and a decrease in spermatozoa and locular area. In the Bidder's organ, the final diplotene oocytes increased, but the initial diplotene, degrading and atresic oocytes reduced in both treatments. The lipofuscin in the Bidder's organ was not affected. In the liver, melanin and lipofuscin increased only for the 1mg/kg flutamide treatment. The 5mg/kg treatment did not affect the liver. Serum testosterone and estradiol levels did not vary compared with the control group. This compound has antiandrogenic activity, which can affect the spermatogenetic process. The decrease in degrading and atresic Bidderian oocytes indicated that flutamide could stimulate the organ, retarding the degradation processes. The increase in liver melanin, which has protective role, and lipofuscin, a sign of degradation, indicates that flutamide cause hepatotoxic effects. So we conclude that flutamide negatively affects the testes, especially by reducing the sperm area, and the liver, inducing cell degradation and producing protective responses. Furthermore, the compound encourages lower degradation rates of the Bidder's organ germ cells.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Program in Animal Biology, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Biology Department, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto (Ibilce), Brazil. Electronic address: lsg-lara@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Lara S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: de Gregorio
authors.affiliation: UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Biology Department, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto (Ibilce), Brazil.
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franco-Belussi
authors.affiliation: USP-Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, Physiology Department, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernando R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.affiliation: UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Biology Department, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto (Ibilce), Brazil.
authors.forename: Classius
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura; D005260:Female; D005485:Flutamide / Q000633:toxicity*; D005854:Germ Cells; D008062:Lipofuscin / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010053:Ovary / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D008062:Lipofuscin; D008543:Melanins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D005485:Flutamide
keywords: Bidder’s organ; Bufonidae; Endocrine disrupting; Estradiol; Hepatic pigmentation; Testis; Testosterone