title: Effects of Ge-132 and GeO2on seed germination and seedling growth of Oenothera biennis L. under NaCl stress.
abstract: To investigate the effects of β-carboxyethyl germanium sequioxide (Ge-132) and germanium dioxide (GeO2) on improving salt tolerance of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.), seed germination, seedling growth, antioxidase and malondialdehyde (MDA) were observed under treatments of various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 30 μM) of Ge in normal condition and in 50 mM NaCl solution. The results showed that both Ge-132 and GeO2treatments significantly increased seed germination percentage and shoot length in dose-dependent concentrations but inhibited early root elongation growth. 5-30 μM Ge-132 and 10, 20 μM GeO2treatments could significantly mitigate even eliminate harmful influence of salt, representing increased percentage of seed germination, root length, ratio between length of root and shoot, and decreased shoot length. These treatments also significantly decreased peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities and MDA content. The mechanism is likely that Ge scavenges reactive oxygen species - especially hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) - by its electron configuration 4S24P2so as to reduce lipid peroxidation. This is the first report about the comparison of bioactivity effect of Ge-132 and GeO2on seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress. We conclude that Ge-132 is better than GeO2on promoting salt tolerance of seed and seedling.
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation , Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: b Grassland Science Department , China Agricultural University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Long-Yu
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation , Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qing-Mei
authors.initials: QM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation , Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ze-Ping
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation , Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wei-Dong
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation , Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: a Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation , Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Beijing , People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hai-Bo
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D005857:Germanium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018525:Germination / Q000187:drug effects; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D031665:Oenothera biennis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D011422:Propionates; D012639:Seeds / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011422:Propionates; D005857:Germanium; C066750:propagermanium; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D008315:Malondialdehyde; C040516:germanium oxide; D002374:Catalase; D009195:Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Ge-132; GeO2; NaCl stress; Oenothera biennis L; antioxidant; germination and growth