title: Development of a novel naphthoic acid ionic liquid and its application in "no-organic solvent microextraction" for determination of triclosan and methyltriclosan in human fluids and the method optimization by central composite design.
abstract: In traditional ionic liquids (ILs)-based microextraction, the hydrophobic and hydrophilic ILs are often used as extractant and disperser, respectively. However, the functional effects of ILs are not utilized in microextraction procedures. Herein, we introduced 1-naphthoic acid into imidazolium ring to synthesize a novel ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium naphthoic acid salt ([C4MIM][NPA]), and its structure was characterized by IR, (1)H NMR and MS. On the basis of its acidic property and lower solubility than common [CnMIM][BF4], it was used as a mixing dispersive solvent with [C4MIM][BF4] in "functionalized ionic liquid-based no organic solvent microextraction (FIL-NOSM)". Utilization of [C4MIM][NPA] in FIL-NOSM procedures has two obvious advantages: (1) it promoted the non-polar environment, increased volume of the sedimented phase, and thus could enhance the extraction recoveries of triclosan (TCS) and methyltriclosan (MTCS) by more than 10%; and (2) because of the acidic property, it can act as a pH modifier, avoiding extra pH adjustment step. By combining single factor optimization and central composite design, the main factors in the FIL-NOSM method were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, the relative recoveries of TCS and MTCS reached up to 98.60-106.09%, and the LODs of them were as low as 0.12-0.15µgL(-1) in plasma and urine samples. In total, this [C4MIM][NPA]-based FIL-NOSM method provided high extraction efficiency, and required less pretreatment time and unutilized any organic solvent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first application of [C4mim][NPA]-based microextraction method for the simultaneous quantification of trace TCS and MTCS in human fluids.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
authors.forename: Jiajia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
authors.forename: Nana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
authors.forename: Jingang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China. Electronic address: zjuwxd@163.com.
authors.forename: Huili
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Watershed Sciences and Health of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China. Electronic address: zjuwxd@163.com.
authors.forename: Xuedong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006801:Humans; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000032:analysis*; D012997:Solvents; D014260:Triclosan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D009281:Naphthalenes; D012997:Solvents; C085312:1-naphthoic acid; D014260:Triclosan; C502486:methyl triclosan
keywords: Common ionic liquids; Functionalized ionic liquid-based no organic solvent microextraction (FIL-NOSM); Human fluids; Ionic liquid [C(4)MIM][NPA]; Methyltriclosan; Triclosan