title: The gait standard deviation, a single measure of kinematic variability.
abstract: Measurement of gait kinematic variability provides relevant clinical information in certain conditions affecting the neuromotor control of movement. In this article, we present a measure of overall gait kinematic variability, GaitSD, based on combination of waveforms' standard deviation. The waveform standard deviation is the common numerator in established indices of variability such as Kadaba's coefficient of multiple correlation or Winter's waveform coefficient of variation. Gait data were collected on typically developing children aged 6-17 years. Large number of strides was captured for each child, average 45 (SD: 11) for kinematics and 19 (SD: 5) for kinetics. We used a bootstrap procedure to determine the precision of GaitSD as a function of the number of strides processed. We compared the within-subject, stride-to-stride, variability with the, between-subject, variability of the normative pattern. Finally, we investigated the correlation between age and gait kinematic, kinetic and spatio-temporal variability. In typically developing children, the relative precision of GaitSD was 10% as soon as 6 strides were captured. As a comparison, spatio-temporal parameters required 30 strides to reach the same relative precision. The ratio stride-to-stride divided by normative pattern variability was smaller in kinematic variables (the smallest for pelvic tilt, 28%) than in kinetic and spatio-temporal variables (the largest for normalised stride length, 95%). GaitSD had a strong, negative correlation with age. We show that gait consistency may stabilise only at, or after, skeletal maturity.
authors.affiliation: The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; The Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Australia; The University of Melbourne, School of Engineering, Australia. Electronic address: morgan.sangeux@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sangeux
authors.affiliation: The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; The Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Australia; The University of Melbourne, School of Engineering, Australia.
authors.forename: Elyse
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Passmore
authors.affiliation: The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; The Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Paediatrics, Australia.
authors.forename: H Kerr
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.affiliation: The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Oren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tirosh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D020233:Gait Disorders, Neurologic / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Gait; Typically developing; Variability