title: Dynamics of hydrated proteins and bio-protectants: Caged dynamics, β-relaxation, and α-relaxation.
abstract: The properties of the three dynamic processes, α-relaxation, ν-relaxation, and caged dynamics in aqueous mixtures and hydrated proteins are analogous to corresponding processes found in van der Waals and polymeric glass-formers apart from minor differences.
  
  
  
  Collection of various experimental data enables us to characterize the structural α-relaxation of the protein coupled to hydration water (HW), the secondary or ν-relaxation of HW, and the caged HW process.
  
  
  
  From the T-dependence of the ν-relaxation time of hydrated myoglobin, lysozyme, and bovine serum albumin, we obtain Ton at which it enters the experimental time windows of Mössbauer and neutron scattering spectroscopies, coinciding with protein dynamical transition (PDT) temperature Td. However, for all systems considered, the α-relaxation time at Ton or Td is many orders of magnitude longer. The other step change of the mean-square-displacement (MSD) at Tg_alpha originates from the coupling of the nearly constant loss (NCL) of caged HW to density. The coupling of the NCL to density is further demonstrated by another step change at the secondary glass temperature Tg_beta in two bio-protectants, trehalose and sucrose.
  
  
  
  The structural α-relaxation plays no role in PDT. Since PDT is simply due to the ν-relaxation of HW, the term PDT is a misnomer. NCL of caged dynamics is coupled to density and show transitions at lower temperature, Tg_beta and Tg_alpha.
  
  
  
  The so-called protein dynamical transition (PDT) of hydrated proteins is not caused by the structural α-relaxation of the protein but by the secondary ν-relaxation of hydration water. "This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Science for Life" Guest Editor: Dr. Austen Angell, Dr. Salvatore Magazù and Dr. Federica Migliardo".
authors.affiliation: CNR-IPCF, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy. Electronic address: kia.ngai@pi.ipcf.cnr.it.
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ngai
authors.affiliation: CNR-IPCF, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Capaccioli
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via A Pascoli 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paciaroni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004548:Elasticity; D009113:Muramidase / Q000737:chemistry; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000737:chemistry; D033363:Neutron Diffraction; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014199:Trehalose / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D009211:Myoglobin; D011506:Proteins; D014867:Water; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D014199:Trehalose; D009113:Muramidase
keywords: Bio-protectants; Bovine serum albumin; Hydrated protein dynamics; Lysozyme; Myoglobin; Neutron scattering; Protein dynamical transition; Secondary relaxation of hydration water