title: Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect of Calea urticifolia lyophilized aqueous extract on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Calea urticifolia leaves are traditionally used as a remedy to treat gastric ulcers, diabetes, and inflammation by the Xi'uy ancient native community of San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to assess the effects of the aqueous extract of the Mexican plant C. urticifolia as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and to provide evidence on the phenolic compounds.
  
  
  METHODS
  RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with 1µg/mL of LPS and treated with 10, 25 50, 75 y 100µg/mL of Calea urticifolia lyophilized aqueous extract (CuAqE). Nitric oxide (NO) release, tumor necrosis factor alpha, prostaglandin E2 production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, NF-κB p50 expression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured; other pro-inflammatory proteins were measured with membrane antibody array. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by LC-ESI-MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inflammation was inhibited by suppressing iNOS/NO pathway through inhibiting nucleus translocation of NF-κB p65 and p50 sub-units. ROS production was significantly (P<0.05) inhibited in a dose-dependent manner in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, the expression of inflammatory markers was suppressed (34.5-88.3%) by CuAqE. A mix of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoid-glycosides were found in CuAqE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phenolic compounds in CuAqE such as caffeoylquinic acid derivatives and flavonoid glycosides could be responsible for inhibiting LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress by iNOS/NO pathway through suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway and by inhibition of ROS production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Therefore, these results support the traditional knowledge of C. urticifolia tea such as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent.
authors.affiliation: Programas Multidisciplinarios de Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales (PMPCA) de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, S. L. P., México; Department Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA.
authors.forename: María Lucina
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Torres-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Programas Multidisciplinarios de Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales (PMPCA) de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, S. L. P., México; Instituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas (IIZD) de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, S. L. P., México.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García-Chávez
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berhow
authors.affiliation: Department Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA. Electronic address: edemejia@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Elvira Gonzalez
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: de Mejia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D006027:Glycosides / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011801:Quinic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D005419:Flavonoids; D006027:Glycosides; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; C472707:caffeoylquinic acid; D011801:Quinic Acid; D014867:Water; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse
keywords: Calea urticifolia; Inflammation; NF-κB; Nitric oxide; Phenolic compounds; Reactive oxygen species