title: Evidence of temporal stability in allelic and mitochondrial haplotype diversity in populations of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) in northern Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glossina fuscipes fuscipes is a tsetse species of high economic importance in Uganda where it is responsible for transmitting animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) and both the chronic and acute forms of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). We used genotype data from 17 microsatellites and a mitochondrial DNA marker to assess temporal changes in gene frequency for samples collected between the periods ranging from 2008 to 2014 in nine localities spanning regions known to harbor the two forms of HAT in northern Uganda.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our findings suggest that the majority of the studied populations in both HAT foci are genetically stable across the time span sampled. Pairwise estimates of differentiation using standardized FST and Jost's DEST between time points sampled for each site were generally low and ranged between 0.0019 and 0.1312 for both sets of indices. We observed the highest values of FST and DEST between time points sampled from Kitgum (KT), Karuma (KR), Moyo (MY) and Pader (PD), and the possible reasons for this are discussed. Effective population size (Ne) estimates using Waple's temporal method ranged from 103 (95% CI: 73-138) in Kitgum to 962 (95% CI: 669-1309) in Oculoi (OC). Additionally, evidence of a bottleneck event was detected in only one population at one time point sampled; Aminakwach (AM-27) from December 2014 (P < 0.03889).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest general temporal stability of tsetse vectors in foci of both forms of HAT in northern Uganda. Genetic stability and the moderate effective population sizes imply that a re-emergence of vectors from local residual populations missed by control efforts is an important risk. This underscores the need for more sensitive sampling and monitoring to detect residual populations following control activities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda. opirorobert@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Opiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Norah P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Saarman
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Echodu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Opiyo
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Kirstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dion
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Alexis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Halyard
authors.affiliation: Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Serap
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aksoy
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Adalgisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caccone
mesh_terms: D063147:Animal Distribution; D000818:Animals; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D005819:Genetic Markers; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014370:Tsetse Flies / Q000235:genetics*; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers; D004247:DNA
keywords: Bottleneck; Disease foci; Effective population size; Glossina fuscipes fuscipes; Northern Uganda; Temporal stability; Trypanosomiasis; Tsetse; Vector