title: Technical Note: Impact of the geometry dependence of the ion chamber detector response function on a convolution-based method to address the volume averaging effect.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the geometry dependence of the detector response function (DRF) of three commonly used scanning ionization chambers and its impact on a convolution-based method to address the volume averaging effect (VAE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A convolution-based approach has been proposed recently to address the ionization chamber VAE. It simulates the VAE in the treatment planning system (TPS) by iteratively convolving the calculated beam profiles with the DRF while optimizing the beam model. Since the convolved and the measured profiles are subject to the same VAE, the calculated profiles match the implicit "real" ones when the optimization converges. Three DRFs (Gaussian, Lorentzian, and parabolic function) were used for three ionization chambers (CC04, CC13, and SNC125c) in this study. Geometry dependent/independent DRFs were obtained by minimizing the difference between the ionization chamber-measured profiles and the diode-measured profiles convolved with the DRFs. These DRFs were used to obtain eighteen beam models for a commercial TPS. Accuracy of the beam models were evaluated by assessing the 20%-80% penumbra width difference (PWD) between the computed and diode-measured beam profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The convolution-based approach was found to be effective for all three ionization chambers with significant improvement for all beam models. Up to 17% geometry dependence of the three DRFs was observed for the studied ionization chambers. With geometry dependent DRFs, the PWD was within 0.80 mm for the parabolic function and CC04 combination and within 0.50 mm for other combinations; with geometry independent DRFs, the PWD was within 1.00 mm for all cases. When using the Gaussian function as the DRF, accounting for geometry dependence led to marginal improvement (PWD < 0.20 mm) for CC04; the improvement ranged from 0.38 to 0.65 mm for CC13; for SNC125c, the improvement was slightly above 0.50 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although all three DRFs were found adequate to represent the response of the studied ionization chambers, the Gaussian function was favored due to its superior overall performance. The geometry dependence of the DRFs can be significant for clinical applications involving small fields such as stereotactic radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608 and J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611.
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Barraclough
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608.
authors.forename: Jonathan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608 and J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lebron
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608.
authors.forename: Qiyong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608.
authors.forename: Chihray
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608.
authors.forename: Guanghua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010315:Particle Accelerators / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011829:Radiation Dosage