title: Prospects and limitations of different registration modalities in electromagnetic ENT navigation.
abstract: The present study examined electromagnetic tracking technology for ENT navigation. Five different registration modalities were compared and navigation accuracy was assessed. Four skull models were individually fabricated with a three-dimensional printer, based on patients' computer tomography datasets. Individual silicone masks were fitted for skin and soft tissue simulation. Five registration modalities were examined: (1) invasive marker, (2) automatic, (3) surface matching (AccuMatch), (4) anatomic landmarks, and (5) oral splint registration. Overall navigation accuracy and accuracy on selected anatomic locations were assessed by targeting 26 titanium screws previously placed over the skull. Overall navigation accuracy differed significantly between all registration modalities. The target registration error was 0.94 ± 0.06 mm (quadratic mean ± standard deviation) for the invasive marker registration, 1.41 ± 0.04 mm for the automatic registration, 1.59 ± 0.14 mm for the surface matching registration, and 5.15 ± 0.66 mm (four landmarks) and 4.37 ± 0.73 mm (five landmarks) for the anatomic landmark registration. Oral splint registration proved itself to be inapplicable to this navigation system. Invasive marker registration was superior on most selected anatomic locations. However, on the ethmoid and sphenoid sinus the automatic registration process revealed significantly lower target registration error values. Only automatic and surface registration met the accuracy requirements for noninvasive registration. Particularly, the automatic image-to-world registration reaches target registration error values on the anterior skull base which are comparable with the gold standard of invasive screw registration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs-University Medical School Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Soteriou
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Albert-Ludwigs-University Medical School Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grauvogel
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs-University Medical School Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Laszig
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Albert-Ludwigs-University Medical School Freiburg, Killianstr. 5, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. tanja.grauvogel@uniklinik-freiburg.de.
authors.forename: Tanja Daniela
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Grauvogel
mesh_terms: D059925:Anatomic Landmarks / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001863:Bone Screws; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D057918:Fiducial Markers; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014025:Titanium; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium
keywords: Electromagnetic; Navigation accuracy; Registration; Skull models