title: Is it gluten-free? Relationship between self-reported gluten-free diet adherence and knowledge of gluten content of foods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the relationship between self-reported adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) and the ability to determine correctly the appropriateness of particular foods in a GFD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Persons with celiac disease were recruited through clinics and support groups. Participants completed a questionnaire with items related to GFD information sources, gluten content of 17 common foods (food to avoid, food allowed, and food to question), GFD adherence, and demographic characteristics. Diagnosis was self-reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 82 respondents (88% female) had a median of 6 y GFD experience. Most (55%) reported strict adherence, 18% reported intentional gluten consumption and 21% acknowledged rare unintentional gluten consumption. Cookbooks, advocacy groups, and print media were the most commonly used GFD information sources (85-92%). No participant identified correctly the gluten content of all 17 foods; only 30% identified at least 14 foods correctly. The median score on the Gluten-Free Diet Knowledge Scale (GFD-KS) was 11.5 (interquartile ratio, 10-13). One in five incorrect responses put the respondent at risk of consuming gluten. GFD-KS scores did not correlate with self-reported adherence or GFD duration. Patient advocacy group members scored significantly higher on the GFD-KS than non-members (12.3 versus 10.6; P < 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-report measures which do not account for the possibility of unintentional gluten ingestion overestimate GFD adherence. Individuals who believe they are following a GFD are not readily able to correctly identify foods that are GF, which suggests ongoing gluten consumption may be occurring, even among patients who believe they are "strictly" adherent. The role of patient advocacy groups and education to improve outcomes through improved adherence to a GFD requires further research.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Celiac Research Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jocelyn A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Silvester
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Services, Grace General Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Dayna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weiten
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: Lesley A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Graff
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Clinical Health Psychology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Electronic address: dduerkse@sbgh.mb.ca.
authors.forename: Donald R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Duerksen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000178:diet therapy*; D055050:Diet, Gluten-Free / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005983:Glutens; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D057566:Self Report
chemical_list: D005983:Glutens
keywords: Celiac disease; Diet; Gluten-free; Health knowledge; Health literacy; Information-seeking behavior; Patient compliance; Self-assessment