title: The effect of anticonvulsant use on bone mineral density in non-ambulatory children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies showed that use of anticonvulsants (antiepileptic drugs) might be associated with reduced bone mineral density. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of anticonvulsants on bone mineral density in non-ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. The secondary objective was to identify their risk factors for low bone mineral density.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case series with internal comparisons was conducted in a paediatric residential rehabilitation centre in Hong Kong. Overall, 32 patients were enrolled. The study group comprised 18 patients (6 males, 12 females) aged 5.0 to 19.5 years (mean ± standard deviation, 13.8 ± 4.7 years); all were prescribed anticonvulsant therapy for more than 2 years. The comparison group comprised 14 patients (6 males, 8 females) aged 7.0 to 19.1 years (mean, 16.4 ± 3.0 years) who were concomitant non-ambulatory residents with cerebral palsy and were not prescribed any anticonvulsant therapy prior to study recruitment. Patients underwent a physical examination, blood tests, nutritional assessment, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan of the total body less head. Z-scores were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in Z-scores of total body less head between groups. Among children with low bone mineral density (Z-scores ≤-2.0) and normal bone mineral density, multivariate analysis revealed that higher weight-for-age Z-score (adjusted odds ratio=0.015) and presence of puberty (adjusted odds ratio=0.027) were independent factors for bone mineral density improvement. Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test (P=0.315) was not significant. Nagelkerke R(2) was 0.677, signifying a relatively well-fitting model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no evidence that anticonvulsant therapy has any detrimental effect on bone mineral density in non-ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. A low weight-for-age Z-score was associated with low bone mineral density. Early nutritional intervention to optimise body weight may help to increase bone mineral density.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Caritas Medical Centre, Shamshuipo, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Caritas Medical Centre, Shamshuipo, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Caritas Medical Centre, Shamshuipo, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000293:Adolescent; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants
keywords: Anticonvulsants; Bone density; Cerebral palsy; Child; Motor activity