title: Ischemic Preconditioning and Repeated Sprint Swimming: A Placebo and Nocebo Study.
abstract: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been shown to improve performance of exercises lasting 10-90 s (anaerobic) and more than 90 s (aerobic). However, its effect on repeated sprint performance has been controversial, placebo effect has not been adequately controlled, and nocebo effect has not been avoided. Thus, the IPC effect on repeated sprint performance was investigated using a swimming task and controlling placebo/nocebo effects.
  
  
  
  Short-distance university swimmers were randomized to two groups. One group (n = 15, 24 ± 1 yr [mean ± SEM]) was exposed to IPC (ischemia cycles lasted 5 min) and control (CT) (no ischemia); another (n = 15, 24 ± 1 yr) to a placebo intervention (SHAM) (ischemia cycles lasted 1 min) and CT. Seven subjects crossed over groups. Subjects were informed IPC and SHAM would improve performance compared with CT and would be harmless despite circulatory occlusion sensations. The swimming task consisted of six 50-m all-out efforts repeated every 3 min.
  
  
  
  IPC, in contrast with SHAM, reduced worst sprint time (IPC, 35.21 ± 0.73 vs CT, 36.53 ± 0.72 s; P = 0.04) and total sprints time (IPC, 203.7 ± 4.60 vs CT, 206.03 ± 4.57 s; P = 0.02), moreover augmented swimming velocity (IPC, 1.45 ± 0.03 vs CT, 1.44 ± 0.03 m·s; P = 0.049). Six of seven subjects who crossed over groups reduced total sprints time with IPC versus SHAM (delta = -3.95 ± 1.49 s, P = 0.09). Both IPC and SHAM did not change blood lactate concentration (P = 0.20) and perceived effort (P = 0.22).
  
  
  
  IPC enhanced repeated sprint swimming performance in university swimmers, whereas a placebo intervention did not.
authors.affiliation: 1Graduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL; 2Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Olympic Center for Training and Research, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL; 3São Paulo Association for Medicine Development, São Paulo, BRAZIL; 4Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL; and 5Department of Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, BRAZIL.
authors.forename: Thiago N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Jeann L C
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sabino-Carvalho
authors.forename: Thiago R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Indyanara C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Jose E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Succi
authors.forename: Antonio Carlos
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: DA Silva
authors.forename: Bruno M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Silva
mesh_terms: D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D064786:Nocebo Effect; D010465:Perception; D005082:Physical Exertion; D015990:Placebo Effect; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid