title: Do commonly used frailty models predict mortality, loss of autonomy and mental decline in older adults in northwestern Russia? A prospective cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Frailty prevalence differs across countries depending on the models used to assess it that are based on various conceptual and operational definitions. This study aims to assess the clinical validity of three frailty models among community-dwelling older adults in north-western Russia where there is a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease and lower life expectancy than in European countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Crystal study is a population-based prospective cohort study in Kolpino, St. Petersburg, Russia. A random sample of the population living in the district was stratified into two age groups: 65-75 (n = 305) and 75+ (n = 306) and had a baseline comprehensive health assessment followed by a second one after 33.4 +/-3 months. The total observation time was 47 +/-14.6 months. Frailty was assessed according to the models of Fried, Puts and Steverink-Slaets. Its association with mortality at 5 years follow-up as well as dependency, mental and physical decline at around 2.5 years follow up was explored by multivariable and time-to-event analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mortality was predicted independently from age, sex and comorbidities only by the frail status of the Fried model in those over 75 years old [HR (95 % CI) = 2.50 (1.20-5.20)]. Mental decline was independently predicted only by pre-frail [OR (95 % CI) = 0.24 (0.10-0.55)] and frail [OR (95 % CI) = 0.196 (0.06-0.67)] status of Fried model in those 65-75 years old. The prediction of dependency and physical decline by pre-frail and frail status of any the three frailty models was not statistically significant in this cohort of older adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  None of the three frailty models was valid at predicting 5 years mortality and disability, mental and physical decline at 2.5 years in a cohort of older adults in north-west Russia. Frailty by the Fried model had only limited value for mortality in those 75 years old and mental decline in those 65-75 years old. Further research is needed to identify valid frailty markers for older adults in this population.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche Santé et Société, Université Catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs, 30 bte 30.05, 1200, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turusheva
authors.affiliation: The North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frolova
authors.affiliation: The North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Korystina
authors.affiliation: The North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zelenukha
authors.affiliation: The North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Pulodjon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tadjibaev
authors.affiliation: The North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gurina
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche Santé et Société, Université Catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs, 30 bte 30.05, 1200, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Eralda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Turkeshi
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche Santé et Société, Université Catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs, 30 bte 30.05, 1200, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Brussels, Belgium. jean-marie.degryse@uclouvain.be.|Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. jean-marie.degryse@uclouvain.be.
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Degryse
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology*; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Dependency; Disability; Frailty; Mortality; Russia