title: Development of the safety control framework for shield tunneling in close proximity to the operational subway tunnels: case studies in mainland China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  China's largest cities like Beijing and Shanghai have seen a sharp increase in subway network development as a result of the rapid urbanization in the last decade. The cities are still expanding their subway networks now, and many shield tunnels are being or will be constructed in close proximity to the existing operational subway tunnels. The execution plans for the new nearby shield tunnel construction calls for the development of a safety control framework-a set of control standards and best practices to help organizations manage the risks involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Typical case studies and relevant key technical parameters are presented with a view to presenting the resulting safety control framework. The framework, created through collaboration among the relevant parties, addresses and manages the risks in a systematic way based on actual conditions of each tunnel crossing construction. The framework consists of six parts: (1) inspecting the operational subway tunnels; (2) deciding allowed movements of the existing tunnels and tracks; (3) simulating effects of the shield tunneling on the existing tunnels; (4) doing preparation work; (5) monitoring design and information management; and (6) measures and activation mechanism of the countermeasures. The six components are explained and demonstrated in detail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the end, discussions made involve construction and post-construction settlement of the operational tunnel, application of the remedial grouting to rectify excessive settlements of the operational tunnel, and use of the innovative tool of the optical fiber measurement for tunnel movement monitoring.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that the construction movement of the tunnel can be controlled within 15 mm when the shield machine is <7 m in excavation diameter. The post-construction settlement of the tunnel buried in the very soft ground is much greater than its construction settlement, and last several years until reaching a final stable state. Two cases are outlined to demonstrate the feasibility of using the remedial grouting to reduce the long-term settlement of the operational tunnels. The more and more segmental tunnels being constructed, there is an increasing need of the optical fiber measurement for tunnel movement monitoring in the near future.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044 China.
authors.forename: Xinggao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044 China.
authors.forename: Dajun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yuan
keywords: Construction and post-construction settlement of tunnel; Key elements of safety control framework for shield tunnel close crossing construction; Operational subway tunnel; Optical fiber measurement; Remedial grouting; Shield tunneling