title: Gravid Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto avoid ovipositing in Bermuda grass hay infusion and it's volatiles in two choice egg-count bioassays.
abstract: A number of mosquito species in the Culex and Aedes genera prefer to lay eggs in Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) hay infusions compared to water alone. These mosquitoes are attracted to volatile compounds from the hay infusions making the infusions effective baits in gravid traps used for monitoring vectors of arboviral and filarial pathogens. Since Bermuda grass is abundant and widespread, it is plausible to explore infusions made from it as a potential low cost bait for outdoor monitoring of the elusive malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s.
  
  
  
  This study investigated preferential egg laying of individual An. gambiae s.s. in hay infusion or in tap water treated with volatiles detected in hay infusion headspace compared to tap water alone, using two-choice egg-count bioassays. Infusions were prepared by mixing 90 g of dried Bermuda grass (hay) with 24 L of unchlorinated tap water in a bucket, and leaving it for 3 days at ambient temperature and humidity. The volatiles in the headspace of the hay infusion were sampled with Tenax TA traps for 20 h and analysed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.
  
  
  
  In total, 18 volatiles were detected in the infusion headspace. Nine of the detected compounds and nonanal were selected for bioassays. Eight of the selected compounds have previously been suggested to attract/stimulate egg laying in An. gambiae s.s. Gravid females were significantly (p < 0.05) less likely to lay eggs in hay infusion dilutions of 25, 50 and 100 % and in tap water containing any of six compounds (3-methylbutanol, phenol, 4-methylphenol, nonanal, indole, and 3-methylindole) compared to tap water alone. The oviposition response to 10 % hay infusion or any one of the remaining four volatiles (4-hepten-1-ol, phenylmethanol, 2-phenylethanol, or 4-ethylphenol) did not differ from that in tap water.
  
  
  
  Anopheles gambiae s.s. prefers to lay eggs in tap water rather than Bermuda grass hay infusion. This avoidance of the hay infusion appears to be mediated by volatile organic compounds from the infusion. It is, therefore, unlikely that Bermuda grass hay infusion as formulated and used in gravid traps for Culex and Aedes mosquitoes will be suitable baits for monitoring gravid An. gambiae s.s.
authors.affiliation: Chemical Ecology, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lynda K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Eneh
authors.affiliation: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Thomas Odhiambo Campus, Mbita, Kenya. okal.mike@gmail.com.|Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. okal.mike@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Michael N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Okal
authors.affiliation: Chemical Ecology, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna-Karin
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Borg-Karlson
authors.affiliation: International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Thomas Odhiambo Campus, Mbita, Kenya.|Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Fillinger
authors.affiliation: Chemical Ecology, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jenny M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lindh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001681:Biological Assay; D031744:Cynodon / Q000469:parasitology*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D010058:Oviposition; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D014867:Water
keywords: Anopheles gambiae; Bermuda grass; Egg-count cage bioassays; GC–MS; Hay infusions; Oviposition behaviour; Volatile detection