title: Evaluation of Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater in a Modified Packed Bed Biofilm Reactor.
abstract: For the effective application of a modified packed bed biofilm reactor (PBBR) in wastewater industrial practice, it is essential to distinguish the tolerance of the system for heavy metals removal. The industrial contamination of wastewater from various sources (e.g. Zn, Cu, Cd and Ni) was studied to assess the impacts on a PBBR. This biological system was examined by evaluating the tolerance of different strengths of composite heavy metals at the optimum hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 hours. The heavy metal content of the wastewater outlet stream was then compared to the source material. Different biomass concentrations in the reactor were assessed. The results show that the system can efficiently treat 20 (mg/l) concentrations of combined heavy metals at an optimum HRT condition (2 hours), while above this strength there should be a substantially negative impact on treatment efficiency. Average organic reduction, in terms of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the system, is reduced above the tolerance limits for heavy metals as mentioned above. The PBBR biological system, in the presence of high surface area carrier media and a high microbial population to the tune of 10 000 (mg/l), is capable of removing the industrial contamination in wastewater.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, P. O. Box 392, Florida, 1710, South Africa.
authors.forename: Shohreh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Azizi
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, P. O. Box 392, Florida, 1710, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ilunga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kamika
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, P. O. Box 392, Florida, 1710, South Africa.
authors.forename: Memory
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tekere
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D018533:Biomass; D019149:Bioreactors; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D064307:Microbiota; D011786:Quality Control; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical