title: Usefulness of oxidative stress biomarkers evaluated in the snout scraping, serum and Peripheral Blood Cells of Crocodylus moreletii from Southeast Campeche for assessment of the toxic impact of PAHs, metals and total phenols.
abstract: In this study, we assessed the effects of inorganic and organic pollutants [As, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, PAHs (11 compounds) and total phenols] from a panel of biomarkers [O2, H2O2, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), carbonyl proteins (RCO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and total cytochrome P450 activities] evaluated in the Snout Scraping (SS), Serum (S) and Peripheral Blood Cells (PBC) of the Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) inhabiting the reference locality (Lake Mocu) and polluted locality (Champoton River) using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In male crocodiles from the reference site, only H2O2 in PBC was related to levels of fluoranthene on the Keel of Caudal Scales (KCS), but, in females, no association was detected. In contrast, a sex-linked response was detected in specimens from the polluted locality. Levels of benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, pyrene, phenanthrene, acenaphthene, Zn, Cu, and Pb in KCS of the female crocodil were related to the oxidative stress biomarkers on PBC, incluing the total CYP450 activity and levels of O2, H2O2 in serum. However, in male crocodiles, the oxidative stress in SS and in the serum (TBARS, RCO, CAT, GPx), and SOD in PBC was related to As, Pb, Cu, Fe, and benzo[a]pyrene water concentrations and to the burdens of As, Fe, Mn, indeno[1,2,3cd]pyrene in KCS. These results confirm the usefulness of minimal or non-invasive methods of evaluating the oxidative stress response for the environmental monitoring program on the wild Morelet's crocodile that is subject to special protection in Mexican guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, CP 07738 Distrito Federal, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dzul-Caamal
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, CP 07738 Distrito Federal, Mexico.
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hernández-López
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec No. 351, Col. El Haya, C.P. 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Jáuregui
authors.affiliation: Centro de Estudios de Desarrollo Sustentable y Aprovechamiento de la Vida Silvestre, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av. Héroes de Nacozari s/n, C.P. 24072, San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico.
authors.forename: Sergio E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado. Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
authors.forename: Manuel Ivan
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Girón-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado. Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico. Electronic address: avegadv@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vega-López
mesh_terms: D000489:Alligators and Crocodiles / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D008800:Mexico; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D045483:Rivers; D012737:Sex Factors; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008670:Metals; D010636:Phenols; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: CAT; Carbonyl proteins; GPx; ROS; SOD; TBARS