title: The effects of Arnebia euchroma ointment on second-degree burn wounds: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Burn injuries can cause detrimental long-term consequences and call for immediate management. Avicenna's Canon of Medicine, describing the use of Abu-Khalsa (Arnebia euchroma) (AE) as being effective for burn healing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the healing effects of AE ointment (AEO) on patients with a second-degree burn wound and compare its results with silver sulfadiazine cream (SSD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective, single-blind clinical trial, 45 patients with similar types of second-degree burns at two different sites of the body were randomly assigned to the two treatment groups. One burn wound site of the patient was treated with SSD and another similar burn wound site with AEO once a day until complete healing was achieved. Wound size and percentage of wound healing were evaluated at 15 days. Satisfaction, clinical adverse events such as pain, burning, warming, erythema, edema, infection, inflammation, and general wound area were assessed on a visual analogue scales, and 6-point scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The healing time was significantly shorter in the site treated with AEO than SSD (13.9±5.3 vs. 17.5±6.9 days, respectively). The severity of pain and burning were reduced in the AEO site compared with SSD site at the time of dressing change, while the warming score was significantly higher in the AEO wound area. Side-effects were lower in the site treated with AEO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this clinical study, we demonstrated that AEO has benefits over SSD in the treatment of second-degree burn wounds and wound healing and is a viable medication for the management of second-degree burns.
authors.affiliation: Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Ebrahim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nasiri
authors.affiliation: Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Electronic address: sjhosseinim@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Seyed Jalal
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hosseinimehr
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaghi Hosseinzadeh
authors.affiliation: Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azadbakht
authors.affiliation: Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Jafar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Akbari
authors.affiliation: Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azadbakht
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D001458:Bandages; D028082:Boraginaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D002056:Burns / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009824:Ointments; D010147:Pain Measurement; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012837:Silver Sulfadiazine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D009824:Ointments; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012837:Silver Sulfadiazine
keywords: Arnebia euchroma; Burns; Pain; Silver sulfadiazine; Wound healing