title: Robust dipstick urinalysis using a low-cost, micro-volume slipping manifold and mobile phone platform.
abstract: We introduce a novel manifold and companion software for dipstick urinalysis that eliminate many of the aspects that are traditionally plagued by user error: precise sample delivery, accurate readout timing, and controlled lighting conditions. The proposed all-acrylic slipping manifold is reusable, reliable, and low in cost. A simple timing mechanism ensures results are read out at the appropriate time. Results are obtained by capturing videos using a mobile phone and by analyzing them using custom-designed software. We show that the results obtained with the proposed device are as accurate and consistent as a properly executed dip-and-wipe method, the industry gold-standard, suggesting the potential for this strategy to enable confident urinalysis testing in home environments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. audrey@ee.stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Gennifer T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. audrey@ee.stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dwork
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. audrey@ee.stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Saara A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. audrey@ee.stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Millet
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. audrey@ee.stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Kiran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Magar
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Javanmard
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. audrey@ee.stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Audrey K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Ellerbee Bowden
mesh_terms: D040421:Cell Phone; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D056656:Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; D011934:Reagent Strips / Q000737:chemistry*; D012984:Software; D013997:Time Factors; D016482:Urinalysis / Q000191:economics* / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D011934:Reagent Strips