title: Urothelial Cancer: Inflammatory Mediators and Implications for Immunotherapy.
abstract: Urothelial cancer (UC) represents one of the most frequent malignancies, which causes about 150,000 deaths per year worldwide. To date, only a few chemotherapeutic drugs have been approved against UC, showing poor results, and limited effective molecular markers. In the last years, several studies have evaluated the correlation between bladder cancer and phlogosis, showing that some cytokines produced by different stimuli can enhance invasion and migration of tumor cells. In more recent years, antibodies blocking immune checkpoints have exhibited oncologic efficacy, including increased overall survival, in various tumor types. To date, several studies evaluated the role of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic UC showing exiting results, compared to those of classic chemotherapeutic regimens. In this review, we summarized data on inflammatory mediators and discussed implications for treatment with new immune-related drugs in UC patients.
authors.affiliation: Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy. giuseppe.schepisi@irst.emr.it.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schepisi
authors.affiliation: Ospedali Riuniti-Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Santoni
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Massari
authors.affiliation: Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gurioli
authors.affiliation: Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy.
authors.forename: Samanta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salvi
authors.affiliation: Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy.
authors.forename: Vincenza
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Conteduca
authors.affiliation: Ospedali Riuniti-Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Montironi
authors.affiliation: Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy.
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: De Giorgi
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy / Q000379:methods; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor