title: Vitamin D deficiency associates with susceptibility to tuberculosis in Pakistan, but polymorphisms in VDR, DBP and CYP2R1 do not.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and the vitamin D binding protein (DBP) have been reported to modify the influence of vitamin D deficiency on susceptibility to active tuberculosis (TB) in the UK, but this phenomenon has not been investigated in settings with a high TB burden. SNPs in CYP2R1, which encodes a vitamin D 25-hydroxylase enzyme, are known to influence vitamin D status, but their potential role in determining susceptibility to TB has not previously been investigated in any setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study in 260 pulmonary TB patients and 112 controls recruited in Lahore, Pakistan. Analyses were conducted to test for main effects of vitamin D status and SNPs in VDR (rs731236, rs2228570 and rs1544410), DBP (rs7041 and rs4588) and CYP2R1 (rs2060793, rs10500804 and rs10766197) on susceptibility to TB, and to investigate whether these SNPs modify the association between vitamin D status and disease susceptibility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Profound vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration ≤ 20 nmol/L) was common among TB patients (118/260, 45 %), and was independently associated with susceptibility to TB (adjusted odds ratio 1.87, 95 % CI 1.15 to 3.04, P = 0.01). However, none of the SNPs investigated associated with susceptibility to TB, either in main effects analysis, or in interaction with vitamin D status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Profound vitamin D deficiency was common among TB patients in this high-burden setting, and was independently associated with disease susceptibility. However, no statistically significant associations between SNPs in the vitamin D pathway and disease susceptibility was demonstrated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 5400, Pakistan. kashaf_junaid@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Kashaf
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Junaid
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 5400, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.affiliation: Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AB, UK.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Jolliffe
authors.affiliation: Gulab Devi Chest Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Tahir
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.affiliation: Genome Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
authors.forename: Kristie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Centre for Primary Care and Public Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AB, UK.
authors.forename: Adrian R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Martineau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D053493:Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase / Q000235:genetics; D000072467:Cytochrome P450 Family 2 / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C063898:DBP protein, human; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014157:Transcription Factors; C579457:VDR protein, human; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D000072467:Cytochrome P450 Family 2; C506833:CYP2R1 protein, human; D053493:Cholestanetriol 26-Monooxygenase
keywords: Hypovitaminosis D; Tuberculosis; Vitamin D; Vitamin D 25-hydroxylase; Vitamin D Receptor; Vitamin D binding protein