title: Clinical profile, etiology, and management of hydropneumothorax: An Indian experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hydropneumothorax is an abnormal presence of air and fluid in the pleural space. Even though the knowledge of hydro-pneumothorax dates back to the days of ancient Greece, not many national or international literatures are documented.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study clinical presentation, etiological diagnosis, and management of the patients of hydropneumothorax.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital with diagnosis of hydropneumothorax between 2012 and 2014 were prospectively studied. Detailed history and clinical examination were recorded. Blood, pleural fluid, sputum investigations, and computed tomography (CT) thorax (if necessary) were done. Intercostal drainage (ICD) tube was inserted and patients were followed up till 3 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-seven patients were studied. Breathlessness, anorexia, weight loss, and cough were the most common symptoms. Tachypnea was present in 68.4% patients. Mean PaO2 was 71.7 mm of Hg (standard deviation ±12.4). Hypoxemia was present in 35 patients (61.4%). All patients had exudative effusion. Etiological diagnosis was possible in 35 patients by initial work-up and 22 required CT thorax for arriving at a diagnosis. Tuberculosis (TB) was etiology in 80.7% patients, acute bacterial infection in 14%, malignancy in 3.5%, and obstructive airway disease in 1.8%. All patients required ICD tube insertion. ICD was required for 24.8 days (±13.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most patients presented with symptoms and signs of cardiorespiratory distress along with cough, anorexia, and weight loss. Extensive pleural fluid analysis is essential in establishing etiological diagnosis. TB is the most common etiology. ICD for long duration with antimicrobial chemotherapy is the management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lokamanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Sion, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Vasunethra
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kasargod
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Lokamanya Tilak Municipal Medical College, Sion, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Nilkanth Tukaram
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Awad
keywords: Hydropneumothorax; intercostal drainage; tuberculosis