title: Ki-67 and PCNA Expression in Canine Mammary Tumors and Adjacent Nonneoplastic Mammary Glands: Prognostic Impact by a Multivariate Survival Analysis.
abstract: The assessment of tumor proliferation has been considered a determining prognostic factor in canine mammary tumors (CMTs). However, no studies have assessed the prognostic importance of proliferation in adjacent nonneoplastic mammary glands. We included 64 CMTs (21 benign and 43 malignant) and studied the proliferation index (PI) of Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) together with several clinicopathological characteristics. A positive and statistically significant correlation between the PI of Ki-67 and PCNA in tumors and adjacent nonneoplastic mammary glands was observed in benign and malignant tumors. Tumor size, skin ulceration, histological type, mitotic index, nuclear grade, differentiation grade, histological grade of malignancy, lymph node metastasis, Ki-67, and PCNA expression in tumors and adjacent nonneoplastic mammary glands were statistically associated with overall survival by univariate analysis in malignant cases (n = 43). Histological grade of malignancy and high intratumoral PCNA retained their significance by multivariate analysis arising as independent predictors of overall survival. Interestingly, the PI of Ki-67 and PCNA of adjacent nontumoral mammary glands were associated with clinicopathological features of tumor aggressiveness and shorter overall survival, demonstrating the need to better explore this adjacent non-neoplastic tissue.
authors.affiliation: CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.affiliation: CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prada
authors.affiliation: Hospital Veterinário do Porto, Porto, Portugal Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa, Portugal Center for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lobo
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal Center for the Study of Animal Sciences, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal fqueirog@utad.pt.
authors.forename: F L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Queiroga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015674:Mammary Neoplasms, Animal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D018809:Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen
keywords: Ki-67; PCNA; canine mammary tumors; mammary gland; multivariate analysis; prognostic factors; proliferation