title: A molecular phylogeny of rose chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) reveals a complex and concerted morphological evolution related to their flight mode.
abstract: Rose chafers (Cetoniinae) are a large group of flower visitors within the pleurostict Scarabaeidae that are characterized by their distinctive flight mode with nearly closed forewings. Despite their popularity, this is the first study to use molecular data to infer their phylogenetic relationships. We used partial gene sequences for 28S rRNA, cytochrome oxidase I (cox1) and 16S rRNA (rrnL) for 299 species, representing most recognized subfamilies of Scarabaeidae, including 125 species of Cetoniinae. Combined analyses using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences recovered Cetoniinae as monophyletic in all analyses, with the sister clade composed of Rutelinae and Dynastinae. Rutelinae was always recovered as paraphyletic with respect to Dynastinae. Trichiini sensu lato (s.l.) was recovered as a polyphyletic clade, while Cetoniini s.l. was recovered as paraphyletic. The inferred topologies were also supported by site bootstrapping of the ML trees. With the exception of Cremastochelini, most tribes of Cetoniinae were poly- or paraphyletic, indicating the critical need for a careful revision of rose chafer classification. Analysis of elytral base structure (including 11 scored characters) in the context of phylogeny, revealed a complex, concerted and rapid transformation of the single trait elements linked to a modified flight mode with closed elytra. This appears to be unlinked to the lateral sinuation of the elytra, which originated independently several times at later stages in the evolution of the group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic. Electronic address: sipekpetr80@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Šípek
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fabrizi
authors.affiliation: Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eberle
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Centre of Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn, Adenauerallee 160, 53113 Bonn, Germany. Electronic address: ahrens.dirk_col@gmx.de.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ahrens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014921:Wings, Animal / Q000033:anatomy & histology
chemical_list: D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S; D004247:DNA; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
keywords: Cetoniinae; Coleoptera; Elytral base; Flight mode; Scarabaeidae; Systematics