title: Relationship between Fusarium spp. diversity and mycotoxin contents of mature grains in southern Belgium.
abstract: Over a 4-year period (2010-13), a survey aiming at determining the occurrence of Fusarium spp. and their relations to mycotoxins in mature grains took place in southern Belgium. The most prevalent species were F. graminearum, F. avenaceum, F. poae and F. culmorum, with large variations between years and locations. An even proportion of mating type found for F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis and F. tricinctum is usually a sign of ongoing sexual recombination. In contrast, an unbalanced proportion of mating type was found for F. poae and no MAT1-2 allele was present in the F. langsethiae population. Genetic chemotyping indicates a majority of deoxynivalenol (DON)-producing strains in F. culmorum (78%, all 3-ADON producers) and F. graminearum (95%, mostly 15-ADON producers), while all F. cerealis strains belong to the nivalenol (NIV) chemotype. Between 2011 and 2013, DON, NIV, enniatins (ENNs) and moniliformin (MON) were found in each field in various concentrations. By comparison, beauvericin (BEA) was scarcely detected and T-2 toxin, zearalenone and α- and β-zearalenols were never detected. Principal component analysis revealed correlations of DON with F. graminearum, ENNs and MON with F. avenaceum and NIV with F. culmorum, F. cerealis and F. poae. BEA was associated with the presence of F. tricinctum and, to a lesser extent, with the presence of F. poae. The use of genetic chemotype data revealed that DON concentrations were mostly influenced by DON-producing strains of F. graminearum and F. culmorum, whereas the concentrations of NIV were influenced by the number of NIV-producing strains of both species added to the number of F. cerealis and F. poae strains. This study emphasises the need to pay attention to less-studied Fusarium spp. for future Fusarium head blight management strategies, as they commonly co-occur in the field and are associated with a broad spectrum of mycotoxins.
authors.affiliation: a Phytopathology, Earth and Life Institute - Applied Microbiology , Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hellin
authors.affiliation: a Phytopathology, Earth and Life Institute - Applied Microbiology , Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium.
authors.forename: Géraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dedeurwaerder
authors.affiliation: b Plant Protection and Ecotoxicology Unit , Walloon Agricultural Research Centre , Gembloux , Belgium.
authors.forename: Maxime
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duvivier
authors.affiliation: a Phytopathology, Earth and Life Institute - Applied Microbiology , Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scauflaire
authors.affiliation: c Toxins and Natural components , Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA) , Tervuren , Belgium.
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
authors.affiliation: c Toxins and Natural components , Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA) , Tervuren , Belgium.
authors.forename: Alfons
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Callebaut
authors.affiliation: a Phytopathology, Earth and Life Institute - Applied Microbiology , Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium.
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Munaut
authors.affiliation: a Phytopathology, Earth and Life Institute - Applied Microbiology , Université catholique de Louvain , Louvain-la-Neuve , Belgium.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Legrève
mesh_terms: D001530:Belgium; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D047630:Depsipeptides / Q000032:analysis; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005670:Fusarium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D049770:Genes, Mating Type, Fungal; D006801:Humans; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D014255:Trichothecenes / Q000032:analysis; D015025:Zearalenone / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D047630:Depsipeptides; D009183:Mycotoxins; D014255:Trichothecenes; C100264:enniatins; C004456:beauvericin; D015025:Zearalenone; C038405:nivalenol; C046760:15-acetyldeoxynivalenol; C007262:deoxynivalenol
keywords: Emerging mycotoxin; Fusarium head blight; chemotype; mating type; survey