title: Long-term pulmonary function in esophageal atresia-A case-control study.
abstract: Esophageal atresia (EA) is a congenital anomaly associated with substantial pulmonary morbidity throughout childhood.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was to evaluate pulmonary complications among 59 five to 15-year-old children and adolescents with surgically corrected congenital EA.
  
  
  
  Participants underwent a structured interview, spirometry, body plethysmography, mannitol challenge test, skin prick test, as well as measurements of the diffusion capacity, airway resistance, fraction of exhaled NO, and specific immunoglobulin E in serum. A control group consisted of 25 children being evaluated for gastroesophageal reflux disease.
  
  
  
  Among the EA patients 33 (55.9%) had respiratory symptoms, 31 (53.4%) had a history of at least three pneumonias, and 32 (54.2%) reported more frequent cough episodes than peers. The Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) was 84.9% ± 13.2% of predicted, forced expiratory volume 1 sec (FEV1) was 78.2% ± 12.4% of predicted, and forced expiratory fraction 25-75% (FEF25-75%) was 71.5 ± 17.8% of predicted in EA patients, lower than disease controls (P < 0.0001 for all). In addition, the total lung capacity (TLC) was lower in patients with EA than in the controls (P < 0.0001). Fifteen patients (28.8%) with EA had obstructive ventilatory impairment, compared to nine patients (17.3%) with restrictive ventilatory impairment, while one had a combination.
  
  
  
  The present study demonstrated significantly decreased pulmonary characteristics in EA patients. Restrictive ventilatory impairment occurring in EA is probably due to poor lung growth after thoracotomy. No single factor predicted ventilatory impairment in children and adolescents with EA. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:98-106. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rikke N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Markøw
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kruse-Andersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Qvist
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital and Health Economics Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Oke
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gerke
authors.affiliation: Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Husby
authors.affiliation: Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lone
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Agertoft
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004933:Esophageal Atresia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D010991:Plethysmography; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013147:Spirometry; D014109:Total Lung Capacity / Q000502:physiology; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000502:physiology
keywords: gastroesophageal reflux; pulmonary function test; sensitization to allergens