title: [Impact of varicocele and varicocelectomy on the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells and the levels of nitrogen monoxidum and interleukin 1 in the rat testis].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the impact of left varicocele (VC) and varicocelectomy (VCT) on the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells and the levels of nitrogen monoxidum (NO) and interleukin 1 (IL-1) in the rat testis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly divided 60 adolescent male SD rats into four groups of equal number: sham operation control, VC model 1 (VC1), VC model 2 (VC2), and VCT. We determined the semen quality and levels of NO and IL-1 in the testis tissue, detected the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells by TUNEL, and compared the indexes obtained among different groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An experimental VC model was successfully established by partially ligating the left renal vein of the rats. Sperm concentration and motility were significantly decreased in the VC1 ([1.54 ± 1.16] x 10⁶/ml and [44.23 ± 15.46]%) as compared with those in the sham operation group ([2.80 ± 1.62] x 10⁶/ml and [72.34 ± 12.62]%) (P < 0.05), but remarkably higher in the VCT ([1.82 ± 1.34] x 10⁶/mI and [51.21 ± 12.62]%) than in the VC2 group ([1.04 ± 1.21] x 10⁶/ml and [39.23 ± 13.21]%) (P < 0.05). The levels of NO and IL-1 in the left testes were markedly elevated in the VC1 ([0.172 ± 0.030] ng/ml and [1.468 ± 0.080 ] mg/ml) in comparison with those in the sham operation group ([0.134 ± 0.021] ng/ml and [0.782 ± 0.079 ] mg/ml) (P < 0.05), and significantly higher in the VC2 ([0.198 ± 0.020] ng/ml and [1.994 ± 0.090] mg/ml) than in the VCT group ([0.141 ± 0.010] ng/ml and [0.781 ± 0.036] mg/ml) (P < 0.05). However, the NO and IL-1 levels in the right testis showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups, and the two levels were positively correlated (r = 0.492, P < 0.01). The rats of the VC1 group exhibited remarkable apoptosis of spermatogenic cells in the bilateral testes, with significant differences in the apoptosis index ( AL) between the two sides (P < 0.05) as well as in the same side in comparison with the sham operation group (P < 0.01). The Als of spermatogenic cells in the bilateral testes showed statistically significant differences in the VCT (P < 0.05) but not in the VC2 group (P > 0.05), and those in the same side manifested dramatic differences between the VCT and VC2 groups (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Varicocele induces changes of the NO and IL-1 levels in the testis tissue and increases the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells, which might be one of the causes of testis damage and spermatogenic dysfunction.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Zhi-peng
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: You-feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Yu-tian
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000473:pathology*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000032:analysis*; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D055101:Semen Analysis; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D013737:Testis / Q000737:chemistry*; D014646:Varicocele / Q000150:complications* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D007375:Interleukin-1; D009584:Nitrogen