title: Silver-Ion Solid Phase Extraction Separation of Classical, Aromatic, Oxidized, and Heteroatomic Naphthenic Acids from Oil Sands Process-Affected Water.
abstract: The separation of classical, aromatic, oxidized, and heteroatomic (sulfur-containing) naphthenic acid (NA) species from unprocessed and ozone-treated oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) was performed using silver-ion (Ag-ion) solid phase extraction (SPE) without the requirement of pre-methylation for NAs. OSPW samples before SPE and SPE fractions were characterized using ultra performance liquid chromatography ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-IM-TOFMS) to corroborate the separation of distinct NA species. The mass spectrum identification applied a mass tolerance of ±1.5 mDa due to the mass errors of NAs were measured within this range, allowing the identification of O2S-NAs from O2-NAs. Moreover, separated NA species facilitated the tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) characterization of NA compounds due to the removal of matrix and a simplified composition. MS/MS results showed that classical, aromatic, oxidized, and sulfur-containing NA compounds were eluted into individual SPE fractions. Overall results indicated that the separation of NA species using Ag-ion SPE is a valuable method for extracting individual NA species that are of great interest for environmental toxicology and wastewater treatment research, to conduct species-specific studies. Furthermore, the separated NA species on the milligram level could be widely used as the standard materials for environmental monitoring of NAs from various contamination sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
authors.forename: Rongfu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gamal El-Din
mesh_terms: D061329:Oil and Gas Fields; D012834:Silver; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014867:Water; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D012834:Silver