title: Gene-Silencing-Induced Changes in Carbohydrate Conformation in Relation to Bioenergy Value and Carbohydrate Subfractions in Modeled Plant (Medicago sativa) with Down-Regulation of HB12 and TT8 Transcription Factors.
abstract: Gene silencing with RNA interference (RNAi) technology may be capable of modifying internal structure at a molecular level. This structural modification could affect biofunctions in terms of biodegradation, biochemical metabolism, and bioactive compound availability. The objectives of this study were to (1) Detect gene silencing-induced changes in carbohydrate molecular structure in an alfalfa forage (Medicago sativa spp. sativa: alfalfa) with down-regulation of genes that encode transcription factors TT8 and HB12; (2) Determine gene silencing-induced changes in nutrient bioutilization and bioavailability in the alfalfa forage (Medicago sativa); and (3) Quantify the correlation between gene silencing-induced molecular structure changes and the nutrient bioutilization and bioavailability in animals of ruminants. The experimental treatments included: T1 = Non-transgenic and no-gene silenced alfalfa forage (code "NT"); T2 = HB12-RNAi forage with HB12 gene down regulation (code "HB12"); T3 = TT8-RNAi forage with TT8 gene down regulation (code "TT8"). The HB12 and TT8 gene silencing-induced molecular structure changes were determined by non-invasive and non-destructive advanced molecular spectroscopy in a middle infrared radiation region that focused on structural, non-structural and total carbohydrate compounds. The nutrient bioutilization and bioavailability of the modified forage were determined using NRC-2001 system in terms of total digestive nutrient (TDN), truly digestible fiber (tdNDF), non-fiber carbohydrate (tdNDF), fatty acid (tdFA), crude protein (tdCP) and bioenergy profiles (digestible energy, metabolizable energy, net energy) for ruminants. The carbohydrate subfractions were evaluated using the updated CNCPS 6.0 system. The results showed that gene silencing significantly affected tdNFC (42.3 (NT) vs. 38.7 (HB12) vs. 37.4% Dry Matter (TT8); p = 0.016) and tdCP (20.8 (NT) vs. 19.4 (HB12) vs. 22.3% DM (TT8); p = 0.009). The gene-silencing also affected carbohydrate CA4 (7.4 (NT) vs. 4.2 (HB12) and 4.4% carbohydrate (CHO) (TT8), p = 0.063) and CB1 fractions (5.3 (NT) vs. 2.0 (HB12) and 2.6% CHO (TT8), p = 0.006). The correlation study showed that the structural CHO functional group peak area intensity at ca. 1315 cm(-1) was significantly correlated to the TDN1x (r = -0.83, p = 0.042) and the tdNFC (r = -0.83, p = 0.042), the structural CHO functional group height intensity at ca. 1370 cm(-1) was significantly correlated to the tdNDF (r = -0.87, p = 0.025). The A_Non-stCHO to A_StCHO ratio and A_Non-stCHO to A_CHO ratio were significantly correlated to the tdFA (r = 0.83-0.91, p < 0.05). As to carbohydrate fractions, both CA4 and CB1 correlated with carbohydrate spectral intensity of the H_1415 and the H_1315 (p = 0.039; p = 0.059, respectively), CB3 tended to correlate with the H_1150, H_1100 and H_1025 (p < 0.10). In conclusion, RNAi-mediated silencing of HB12 and TT8 modified not only inherent CHO molecular structure but also the biofunctions. The CHO molecular structure changes induced by RNAi gene silencing were associated with biofunctions in terms of the carbohydrate subfractions and nutrient digestion.
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China. youlixinxin@163.com.
authors.forename: Xinxin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. abdelali.hannoufa@agr.gc.ca.
authors.forename: Abdelali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hannoufa
authors.affiliation: College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China. zhangyonggen@sina.com.
authors.forename: Yonggen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. peiqiang.yu@usask.ca.
authors.forename: Peiqiang
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000592:standards; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000592:standards; D020868:Gene Silencing; D000455:Medicago sativa / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D010940:Plant Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors
keywords: alfalfa forage; biofunctions; functional groups of carbohydrates; gene-silencing induced changes; molecular structure; nutrient bioavailability