title: Physical restraint for psychiatric patients and its associations with clinical characteristics and the National Mental Health Law in China.
abstract: Physical restraint (PR) for patients is an ongoing controversial topic in psychiatry. This study examined the percentage of PR and its associations with clinical characteristics and the implementation of the National Mental Health Law (NMHL) in China. The study consecutively assessed a sample of 1364 psychiatric inpatients. Socio-demographic and clinical data including use of PR were collected from the medical records using a form designed for this study and confirmed via interview. Psychopathology and insight were measured using standardized instruments. The percentage of PR was 27.2% in the whole sample with 30.7% and 22.4% occurring respectively before and after the NMHL implementation (p=0.001). In multiple logistic regression analysis PR was positively associated with unemployment, lower income, aggression in the past month, being admitted before the NMHL implementation and poorer insight. The percentage of PR in Chinese psychiatric patients is associated with various clinical factors and appeared to decrease after the implementation of the NMHL. Focused and individualized care for patients who are unemployed, have low income, recent aggression and poor insight would be necessary at early stages of admission.
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Feng-Rong
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Sha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sha
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Qing-E
authors.initials: QE
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: The University of Notre Dame Australia/Marian Centre, Perth, Australia; School of Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Gabor S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ungvari
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Chee H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Helen F K
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Ping-Ping
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital & National Technology Institute of Psychiatry & Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Song
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Yi-Lang
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Unit of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China. Electronic address: xyutly@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yu-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Xiang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002681:China; D005260:Female; D006778:Hospitals, Psychiatric / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007883:Legislation, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D028642:Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Aggression; China; Physical restraint; Psychiatric inpatients