title: Objective Measurement of Fusional Vergence Ranges and Heterophoria in Infants and Preschool Children.
abstract: Binocular alignment typically includes motor fusion compensating for heterophoria. This study evaluated heterophoria and then accommodation and vergence responses during measurement of fusional ranges in infants and preschoolers.
  
  
  
  Purkinje image eye tracking and eccentric photorefraction (MCS PowerRefractor) were used to record the eye alignment and accommodation of uncorrected infants (n = 17; 3-5 months old), preschoolers (n = 19; 2.5-5 years), and naïve functionally emmetropic adults (n = 14; 20-32 years; spherical equivalent [SE], +1 to -1 diopters [D]). Heterophoria was derived from the difference between monocular and binocular alignments while participants viewed naturalistic images at 80 cm. The presence or absence of fusion was then assessed after base-in (BI) and base-out (BO) prisms (2-40 prism diopters [pd]) were introduced.
  
  
  
  Mean (±SD) SE refractions were hyperopic in infants (+2.4 ± 1.2 D) and preschoolers (+1.1 ± 0.6 D). The average exophoria was similar (P = 0.11) across groups (Infants, -0.79 ± 2.5 pd; Preschool, -2.43 ± 2.0 pd; Adults, -1.0 ± 2.7 pd). Mean fusional vergence range also was similar (P = 0.1) for BI (Infants, 11.2 ± 2.5 pd; Preschool, 8.8 ± 2.8 pd; Adults, 11.8 ± 5.2 pd) and BO (Infants, 14 ± 6.6 pd; Preschool, 15.3 ± 8.3 pd; Adults, 20 ± 9.2 pd). Maximum change in accommodation to the highest fusible prism was positive (increased accommodation) for BO (Infants, 1.69 ± 1.4 D; Preschool, 1.35 ± 1.6 D; Adults, 1.22 ± 1.0 D) and negative for BI (Infants, -0.96 ± 1.0 D; Preschool, -0.78 ± 0.6 D; Adults, -0.62 ± 0.3 D), with a similar magnitude across groups (BO, P = 0.6; BI, P = 0.4).
  
  
  
  Despite typical uncorrected hyperopia, infants and preschoolers exhibited small exophorias at 80 cm, similar to adults. All participants demonstrated substantial fusional ranges, providing evidence that even 3- to 5-month-old infants can respond to a large range of image disparities.
authors.forename: Vidhyapriya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sreenivasan
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Babinsky
authors.forename: Yifei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: T Rowan
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Candy
mesh_terms: D000065:Accommodation, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003290:Convergence, Ocular / Q000502:physiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005099:Exotropia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D013997:Time Factors; D015348:Vision, Binocular / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult