title: Is lactate an effective clinical marker of outcome for children with major trauma? - A literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The assessment and treatment of children with major injury is fraught with difficulty - differences in anatomy and physiology mean that children that have suffered trauma can be over or under assessed. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of biochemical markers, such as haematocrit, to assist the clinician in determining severity of injury. This paper examines the evidence surrounding lactate as a marker in paediatric trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was completed on Medline, CINAHL, Ovid and Science. 63 papers were initially identified - 41 papers were rejected after reading the abstracts. Of the 22 remaining papers - 6 had a paediatric focus, 16 were adult - of these 12 were rejected as not primary studies. Ten papers were fully critically reviewed - of these only one article related to paediatric patients and trauma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature shows that an elevated lactate in a trauma patient is strongly correlated to severity of injury, length of stay and morbidity and mortality. However, one elevated lactate may be misleading and lactate clearance - that is the time when lactate levels return to normal, is just as important in the assessment of the severely injured. However, from this literature review it is clear that there is very little evidence for the relationship between lactate levels and trauma in children and that more studies are required.
authors.affiliation: Kings College Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK; University of Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Lorrie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lawton
authors.affiliation: University Hospital NHS Trust & Faculty of Health Science, University of Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Crouch
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Science, University of Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Voegeli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000401:mortality*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019344:Lactic Acid
keywords: Elevated lactate; Haemorrhage; Lactate; Lactate clearance; Paediatric; Trauma