title: Impacts of sanitation upgrading to the decrease of fecal coliforms entering into the environment in China.
abstract: Identifying the sanitation efficacy of reducing fecal contaminations in the environment is important for evaluating health risks of the public and developing future management strategies to improve sanitation conditions. In this study, we estimated the fecal coliforms (FC) entering into the environment in 31 provinces in China under three sanitation scenarios. Our calculation results indicated that, the current FC release is disparate among regions, and the human releases in the rural regions were dominant, accounting for over 90% of the total human releases. Compared with the human release, the FC release from the livestock was of similar magnitude, but has a quite different spatial distribution. In China Women's Development Program, the Chinese government set the target to make over 85% of the population in the rural access to the toilets in 2020. If the target set by the Chinese government is achieved, a decrease of 34% (12-54%) in the FC releases would be anticipated. In the future, the improvement in sanitation and accesses to the safe drinking water in the less developed regions, such as Tibet, Qinghai, and Ningxia, should be considered as a priority.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300000, China; Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: yindongtong@tju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yindong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: yaorh@caep.org.cn.
authors.forename: Ruihua
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute of Integrated Watershed Management, Sino-France Institute of Earth Systems Science, Laboratory for Earth Surface, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Tianjin Environmental Sanitation Engineering Design Institute, Tianjin 300000, China.
authors.forename: Cen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300000, China.
authors.forename: Xianhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300000, China.
authors.forename: Yiren
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
authors.forename: Xuejun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo 0349, Norway.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: College of Public Administration, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; D002681:China; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D058751:Livestock; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012499:Sanitation; D014871:Water Microbiology
keywords: Fecal coliforms; Feces; Human release; Rural; Sanitation upgrading