title: Difference and Influence of Inactive and Active States of Cannabinoid Receptor Subtype CB2: From Conformation to Drug Discovery.
abstract: Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), is a promising target for the treatment of neuropathic pain, osteoporosis, immune system, cancer, and drug abuse. The lack of an experimental three-dimensional CB2 structure has hindered not only the development of studies of conformational differences between the inactive and active CB2 but also the rational discovery of novel functional compounds targeting CB2. In this work, we constructed models of both inactive and active CB2 by homology modeling. Then we conducted two comparative 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on the two systems-the active CB2 bound with both the agonist and G protein and the inactive CB2 bound with inverse agonist-to analyze the conformational difference of CB2 proteins and the key residues involved in molecular recognition. Our results showed that the inactive CB2 and the inverse agonist remained stable during the MD simulation. However, during the MD simulations, we observed dynamical details about the breakdown of the "ionic lock" between R131(3.50) and D240(6.30) as well as the outward/inward movements of transmembrane domains of the active CB2 that bind with G proteins and agonist (TM5, TM6, and TM7). All of these results are congruent with the experimental data and recent reports. Moreover, our results indicate that W258(6.48) in TM6 and residues in TM4 (V164(4.56)-L169(4.61)) contribute greatly to the binding of the agonist on the basis of the binding energy decomposition, while residues S180-F183 in extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) may be of importance in recognition of the inverse agonist. Furthermore, pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening were carried out for the inactive and active CB2 models in parallel. Among all 10 hits, two compounds exhibited novel scaffolds and can be used as novel chemical probes for future studies of CB2. Importantly, our studies show that the hits obtained from the inactive CB2 model mainly act as inverse agonist(s) or neutral antagonist(s) at low concentration. Moreover, the hit from the active CB2 model also behaves as a neutral antagonist at low concentration. Our studies provide new insight leading to a better understanding of the structural and conformational differences between two states of CB2 and illuminate the effects of structure on virtual screening and drug design.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, Drug Discovery Institute, and Department of Computational Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.|College of Chemistry, Leshan Normal University , Leshan, Sichuan 614004, China.|School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development, Chengdu University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, Drug Discovery Institute, and Department of Computational Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.
authors.forename: Zhiwei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, Drug Discovery Institute, and Department of Computational Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.
authors.forename: Shifan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, Drug Discovery Institute, and Department of Computational Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, Drug Discovery Institute, and Department of Computational Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.
authors.forename: Qin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, Drug Discovery Institute, and Department of Computational Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.
authors.forename: Mohammed Hamed
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Alqarni
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering; Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development, Chengdu University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610106, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gou
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, NIH National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, Drug Discovery Institute, and Department of Computational Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.
authors.forename: Xiang-Qun
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D055808:Drug Discovery; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D008024:Ligands; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D011487:Protein Conformation; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2 / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014584:User-Computer Interface
chemical_list: D008024:Ligands; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2