title: [Evaluation of spinal anesthesia blockade time with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine, with or without sufentanil, in chronic opioid users: a randomized clinical trial].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The primary outcome of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding sufentanil to hyperbaric bupivacaine on duration of sensory blockade of spinal anesthesia in chronic opioid users in comparison with non-addicts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty patients scheduled for orthopedic surgery under spinal anesthesia were allocated into four groups: group 1 (no history of opium use who received intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine along with 1mL saline as placebo); group 2 (no history of opium use who received intrathecal bupivacaine along with 1mL sufentanil [5μg]); group 3 (positive history of opium use who received intrathecal bupivacaine along with 1mL saline as placebo) and group 4 (positive history of opium use who received intrathecal bupivacaine along with 1mL sufentanil [5μg]). The onset time and duration of sensory and motor blockade were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The duration of sensory blockade in group 3 was 120±23.1min which was significantly less than other groups (G1=148±28.7, G2=144±26.4, G4=139±24.7, p=0.007). The duration of motor blockade in group 3 was 145±30.0min which was significantly less than other groups (G1=164±36.0, G2=174±26.8, G4=174±24.9, p=0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of 5μg intrathecal sufentanil to hyperbaric bupivacaine in chronic opioid users lengthened the sensory and motor duration of blockade to be equivalent to blockade measured in non-addicts.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Anestesiologia, Dor e Cuidados Intensivos, Dr. Ali Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Teerã, Irã
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadeghi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Anestesiologia, Dor e Cuidados Intensivos, Dr. Ali Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Teerã, Irã
authors.forename: Reza Atef
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Yekta
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Anestesiologia, Dor e Cuidados Intensivos, Dr. Ali Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Teerã, Irã
authors.forename: Omid
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Azimaraghi
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Anestesiologia, Dor e Cuidados Intensivos, Dr. Ali Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Teerã, Irã
authors.forename: Gilda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barzin
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Anestesiologia, Dor e Cuidados Intensivos, Dr. Ali Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Teerã, Irã. Electronic address: movafegh@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Movafegh
keywords: Bupivacaine; Bupivacaína; Chronic opioid use; Raquianestesia; Spinal anesthesia; Sufentanil; Uso crônico de opioides