title: Timing of carbohydrate ingestion did not affect inflammatory response and exercise performance during prolonged intermittent running.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise is known to attenuate exercise-induced elevation of plasma IL-6 concentration. However, the influence of timing of carbohydrate ingestion remains unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated the influence of different timing of carbohydrate ingestion during a simulated soccer game on exercise performance, metabolic and inflammatory responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven active males performed 3 exercise trials in a randomized order. The exercise consisted of two consecutive bouts of 45 min running (4-16 km/h), separated with 15 min rest period between bouts. The subjects ingested carbohydrate gel (1.0 g/kg) immediately before the first bout of exercise (ONE), immediately before first and second bouts of exercise (0.5 g/kg for each ingestion) (TWO) or placebo immediately before exercise (PLA) Time course changes of maximal jump height, peak power output during 6-s maximal pedaling, perceived fatigue and heart rate (HR) were monitored. Blood samples were also drawn to determine blood glucose, serum insulin, free fatty acid (FFA), myoglobin (Mb), creatine kinase (CK) and plasma IL-6 concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations were significantly higher in the ONE trial after first bout of 45 min exercise compared with PLA trial (P < 0.05), while serum FFA concentration was significantly elevated in PLA compared with ONE and TWO trials after second bout of exercise (P < 0.05). However, changes of jump height, peak power output during 6-s maximal pedaling, perceived fatigue, HR, or indirect muscle damage (Mb, CK) and inflammatory (IL-6) markers were not significantly different among three trials (P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The timing of carbohydrate ingestion did not affect exercise performance, exercise-induced muscle damage or inflammatory response during a simulated soccer game.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan.
authors.forename: Sahiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mizuno
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan.
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kojima
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan ; Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 Japan.
authors.forename: Kazushige
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Goto
keywords: Carbohydrate; Inflammatory response; Interleukin-6; Prolonged exercise