title: Potential neuroimaging biomarkers of pathologic brain changes in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review.
abstract: Neuroimaging-biomarkers of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) allow an early diagnosis in preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The goal in this paper was to review of biomarkers for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), with emphasis on neuroimaging biomarkers.
  
  
  
  A systematic review was conducted from existing literature that draws on markers and evidence for new measurement techniques of neuroimaging in AD, MCI and non-demented subjects. Selection criteria included: 1) age ≥ 60 years; 2) diagnosis of AD according to NIAAA criteria, 3) diagnosis of MCI according to NIAAA criteria with a confirmed progression to AD assessed by clinical follow-up, and 4) acceptable clinical measures of cognitive impairment, disability, quality of life, and global clinical assessments.
  
  
  
  Seventy-two articles were included in the review. With the development of new radioligands of neuroimaging, today it is possible to measure different aspects of AD neuropathology, early diagnosis of MCI and AD become probable from preclinical stage of AD to AD dementia and non-AD dementia.
  
  
  
  The panel of noninvasive neuroimaging-biomarkers reviewed provides a set methods to measure brain structural and functional pathophysiological changes in vivo, which are closely associated with preclinical AD, MCI and non-AD dementia. The dynamic measures of these imaging biomarkers are used to predict the disease progression in the early stages and improve the assessment of therapeutic efficacy in these diseases in future clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, and Research Center of Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
authors.forename: Qingwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy. g.donofrio@operapadrepio.it.
authors.forename: Grazia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Onofrio
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sancarlo
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, and Research Center of Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Unit & Laboratory of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza", San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, and Research Center of Aging and Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China. hdyuzhouwei@163.com.|Huadong Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 221 West Yan An Road, Shanghai, 200040, P.R. China. hdyuzhouwei@163.com.
authors.forename: Zhuowei
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D018450:Disease Progression; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Magnetic resonance imaging; Mild cognitive impairment; Positron emission tomography