title: Changes in blood biochemical markers before, during, and after a 2-day ultramarathon.
abstract: We studied changes in blood markers of 18 nonprofessional, middle-aged runners of a 2-day, 130 km ultramarathon. Blood was sampled at baseline, after the goals on the first and second day, and at three time points (1, 3, and 5/6 days) after the race. Blood indices showed three patterns. First pattern indices showed essentially no changes after the two goals and after the race, including red blood cell indices, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Second pattern markers, including the majority of indices, were elevated during the race (and also after the race for some parameters) and then returned to baseline afterward, including hemolysis/red blood cell destruction markers (indirect bilirubin) and an iron reservoir index (ferritin), muscle damage parameters (uric acid, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase), renal function markers (creatinine and blood urea nitrogen), liver injury index (alanine aminotransferase), lipid metabolism indices (free fatty acid), reactive oxygen species and inflammation parameters (white blood cells, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein), and energy production and catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine). Third pattern index of a lipid metabolism marker - triglyceride - decreased during the race periods and started returning to baseline from then onward. Some hormonal markers such as insulin, leptin, and adiponectin showed unique patterns. These findings appeared informative for nonprofessional athletes to know about an optimal physical activity level, duration, and total exercise for elevating physical performance and monitoring physical/mental conditioning as well as for prevention of overtraining and physical injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutrition Policy, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hosono
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Nutrition, Aichi Gakusen University, Okazaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ghadimi
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yokohama Stroke and Brain Center, Yokohama, Japan.
authors.forename: Mizuho
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fuku
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutrition, Nagoya Bunri University, Inazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Chiho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nagoya Women's University, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Nahomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Imaeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Nagoya University of Arts and Sciences, Nisshin, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tokudome
authors.affiliation: Department of Early Childhood Studies, Aichi Bunkyo Women's College, Inazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoshino
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutrition Policy, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Sadao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Health and Nutrition Policy, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinkan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tokudome
keywords: anemia; blood biochemical markers; inflammation; lipid metabolism; long-distance running; muscle damage