title: A biologically-inspired multi-joint soft exosuit that can reduce the energy cost of loaded walking.
abstract: Carrying load alters normal walking, imposes additional stress to the musculoskeletal system, and results in an increase in energy consumption and a consequent earlier onset of fatigue. This phenomenon is largely due to increased work requirements in lower extremity joints, in turn requiring higher muscle activation. The aim of this work was to assess the biomechanical and physiological effects of a multi-joint soft exosuit that applies assistive torques to the biological hip and ankle joints during loaded walking.
  
  
  
  The exosuit was evaluated under three conditions: powered (EXO_ON), unpowered (EXO_OFF) and unpowered removing the equivalent mass of the device (EXO_OFF_EMR). Seven participants walked on an instrumented split-belt treadmill and carried a load equivalent to 30 % their body mass. We assessed their metabolic cost of walking, kinetics, kinematics, and lower limb muscle activation using a portable gas analysis system, motion capture system, and surface electromyography.
  
  
  
  Our results showed that the exosuit could deliver controlled forces to a wearer. Net metabolic power in the EXO_ON condition (7.5 ± 0.6 W kg(-1)) was 7.3 ± 5.0 % and 14.2 ± 6.1 % lower than in the EXO_OFF_EMR condition (7.9 ± 0.8 W kg(-1); p = 0.027) and in the EXO_OFF condition (8.5 ± 0.9 W kg(-1); p = 0.005), respectively. The exosuit also reduced the total joint positive biological work (sum of hip, knee and ankle) when comparing the EXO_ON condition (1.06 ± 0.16 J kg(-1)) with respect to the EXO_OFF condition (1.28 ± 0.26 J kg(-1); p = 0.020) and to the EXO_OFF_EMR condition (1.22 ± 0.21 J kg(-1); p = 0.007).
  
  
  
  The results of the present work demonstrate for the first time that a soft wearable robot can improve walking economy. These findings pave the way for future assistive devices that may enhance or restore gait in other applications.
authors.affiliation: John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.|Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Fausto A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Panizzolo
authors.affiliation: John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.|Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Ignacio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Galiana
authors.affiliation: John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.|Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Alan T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Asbeck
authors.affiliation: John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.|Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Siviy
authors.affiliation: John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.|Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.affiliation: John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. walsh@seas.harvard.edu.|Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. walsh@seas.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Conor J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Walsh
mesh_terms: D000842:Ankle / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000067190:Exoskeleton Device; D006615:Hip / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D012371:Robotics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012656:Self-Help Devices; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Loaded walking; Lower limb exoskeleton; Metabolic power; Soft exosuit