title: Flipping Content to Improve Student Examination Performance in a Pharmacogenomics Course.
abstract: Objective. To develop, implement, and evaluate active learning in a flipped class to improve student examination performance in the genetic foundations of pharmacogenomics. Design. The flipped classroom model was adopted in which a guided-inquiry learning activity was developed and conducted to complement recorded, previously viewed didactic lectures. The activity was constructed to focus on critical thinking and application of core principles of genetic crosses and pedigree analysis. A combination of independent work and active discussion with volunteer and guided student response provided student-facilitator interaction. Assessment. Student learning was evaluated by comparing pretest and posttest formative assessment results and by the comparison of prior years' examination performance on a subset of content for which no flipped classroom learning activities occurred. There was no significant difference between examination scores between the flipped classroom and previous approaches. An item-by-item analysis of the content reflected a significant change in performance on questions addressed in the flipped classroom exercise. Conclusion. The flipped class instructional model in this project included active-learning activities and formative assessments that provided students spaced and repetitive curricular engagement. The intervention transformed the classroom interactions of faculty members and students and contributed to improved student examination performance.
authors.affiliation: Shenandoah University, Winchester, Virginia.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munson
authors.affiliation: Shenandoah University, Winchester, Virginia.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pierce
mesh_terms: D003479:Curriculum; D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D017145:Models, Educational; D010597:Pharmacogenetics / Q000193:education*; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration
keywords: action research; active learning; instructional design; process-oriented guided inquiry learning