title: Human migration activities drive the fluctuation of ARGs: Case study of landfills in Nanjing, eastern China.
abstract: Landfills are perfect sites to study the effect of human migration on fluctuation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) as they are the final destination of municipal waste. For example, large-scale human migration during the holidays is often accompanied by changes in waste dumping having potential effects on ARG abundance. Three landfills were selected to examine fluctuation in the abundance of fifteen ARGs and Intl1 genes for 14 months in Nanjing, eastern China. Mass human migration, the amount of dumped waste and temperature exerted the most significant effects on bimonthly fluctuations of ARG levels in landfill sites. As a middle-sized cosmopolitan city in China, millions of college students and workers migrate during holidays, contributing to the dramatic increases in waste production and fluctuation in ARG abundances. In line with this, mass migration explained most of the variation in waste dumping. The waste dumping also affected the bioaccessibility of mixed-compound pollutants that further positively impacted the level of ARGs. The influence of various bioaccessible compounds on ARG abundance followed the order: antibiotics>nutrients>metals>organic pollutants. Concentrations of bioaccessible compounds were more strongly correlated with ARG levels compared to total compound concentrations. Improved waste classification and management strategies could thus help to decrease the amount of bioaccessible pollutants leading to more effective control for urban ARG dissemination.
authors.affiliation: Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China. Electronic address: sunmingming@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Mingming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
authors.forename: Mao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 88743, United States.
authors.forename: Arthur P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 844 North 16th Street, Lincoln, NE 68588-6105, United States.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing 210042, PR China.
authors.forename: Jinzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, National Engineering Research Center for Organic-Based Fertilizers, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China. Electronic address: wujun1978@njau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: University of York, Department of Biology, Wentworth Way, York YO105DD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ville-Petri
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Friman
authors.affiliation: Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Kuan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Da
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Manqiang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Huixin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis; D002681:China; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D063426:Human Migration; D006801:Humans; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D064091:Waste Disposal Facilities; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D008670:Metals; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Antibiotic resistance genes; Human migration; Landfills; Mixed-compound bioaccessibility; Waste dumping