title: Clinical features of posterior microphthalmos associated with papillomacular fold and high hyperopia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim was to evaluate the characteristic clinical features of posterior microphthalmos.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of four patients (eight eyes) between the ages of three and 31 years with posterior microphthalmos were reviewed retrospectively. Thorough ocular examinations were performed, including visual acuity, intraocular pressure, ocular alignment, axial length, cycloplegic refraction, slitlamp biomicroscopy of the anterior segment and fundus and spectral-domain optical coherent tomography (SD-OCT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All subjects had presented with high hyperopia (+11.0 to +15.75 D) and retinal papillomacular folds in both eyes. They also had reduced bilateral axial length (15.55-18.61 mm), with foreshortening of the posterior segment and a relatively normal anterior segment. Papillomacular retinal folds involving the inner retinal layers and sparing the outer retinal layers, along with the absence of foveal depression, were confirmed by macular SD-OCT. In three patients, we found esodeviations associated with posterior microphthalmos and one of these required strabismic surgery. Concomitant optic nerve hypoplasia and a newly-developed neurosensory retinal detachment were found in one patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Posterior microphthalmos is a developmental arrest of ocular growth. In addition to high hyperopia and retinal papillomacular folds, various types of esotropia, optic disc hypoplasia and neurosensory retinal detachment may accompany posterior microphthalmos. In particular, children with posterior microphthalmos require early appropriate management of the high refractive error and resultant esotropia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Shin Hae
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ye Jin
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea. yclee@cmcnu.or.kr.
authors.forename: Young Chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015785:Eye Diseases, Hereditary / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006956:Hyperopia / Q000473:pathology*; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008850:Microphthalmos / Q000473:pathology*; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000473:pathology; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence
keywords: esotropia; hyperopia; posterior microphthalmos; retinal papillomacular fold