title: Preparation and characterization of green graphene using grape seed extract for bioapplications.
abstract: The development of functionalized graphene materials concerning health and environmental aspects via green approaches is currently the most recent topic in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Herein, we report the green reduction of graphene oxide (GO) to reduced graphene oxide (RGO) using grape seed extract (GSE). Structural properties of the prepared RGO were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV-Visible spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. These all characterization techniques clearly revealed that the RGO has been successfully prepared. Moreover, the average thickness (4.2nm) of RGO layers was also confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Optical properties such as band gap and photoluminescence of the synthesized RGO were evaluated. The band gap of RGO was found to be 3.84eV and it showed emission in the visible region. Efficient antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was observed with 4μgml(-1) & 5μgml(-1) of RGO and also the cell wall damage of these strains has been proved by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The in vitro study of RGO (500μg) disclosed the effective anti-proliferative activity (88%) against HCT-116 cell lines.
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Srinivasarao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yaragalla
authors.affiliation: International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Rajakumari
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajendran
authors.affiliation: International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: Jiya
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jose
authors.affiliation: Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. Electronic address: m.alali@qu.edu.qa.
authors.forename: Mariam A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: AlMaadeed
authors.affiliation: International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India; School of Pure and Applied Physics, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India. Electronic address: nkkalarikkal@mgu.ac.in.
authors.forename: Nandakumar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kalarikkal
authors.affiliation: International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India; School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India. Electronic address: sabupolymer@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Sabu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000737:chemistry*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D045325:HCT116 Cells; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D010087:Oxides; D006108:Graphite
keywords: Anti-proliferative activity; Grape seed extract; Reduced graphene oxide; Reduction