title: Parental Smoking and Smoking Cognitions among Youth: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We summarized and discussed the empirical evidence for an association between parental smoking and smoking-related cognitions among youth and for the mediating role of smoking-related cognitions in the relation between parental and youth smoking behaviour.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review of articles published between 1980 and February 2015 using the databases PsychInfo and PubMed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The systematic search resulted in 41 eligible studies. Only 4 studies investigated smoking-related cognitions as putative mediators in the association between parental and youth smoking. The synthesis of evidence showed a mix of significant and non-significant associations between parental smoking and smoking-related cognitions among youth. A majority of results reported positive associations even when non-significant findings were found. However, studies that report an effect suggest that the effect may be quite modest.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Empirical evidence does not confirm the commonly applied assertions of social learning theories that parental smoking increases the risk of youth smoking through the development of favourable smoking-related cognitions. Methodological and theoretical aspects that might explain the lack of consistent findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., USA.
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lochbuehler
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schuck
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Otten
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ringlever
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hiemstra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D003071:Cognition; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*