title: Robust neurite extension following exogenous electrical stimulation within single walled carbon nanotube-composite hydrogels.
abstract: The use of exogenous electrical stimulation to promote nerve regeneration has achieved only limited success. Conditions impeding optimized outgrowth may arise from inadequate stimulus presentation due to differences in injury geometry or signal attenuation. Implantation of an electrically-conductive biomaterial may mitigate this attenuation and provide a more reproducible signal. In this study, a conductive nanofiller (single-walled carbon nanotubes [SWCNT]) was selected as one possible material to manipulate the bulk electrical properties of a collagen type I-10% Matrigel™ composite hydrogel. Neurite outgrowth within hydrogels (SWCNT or nanofiller-free controls) was characterized to determine if: (1) nanofillers influence neurite extension and (2) electrical stimulation of the nanofiller composite hydrogel enhances neurite outgrowth. Increased SWCNT loading (10-100-μg/mL) resulted in greater bulk conductivity (up to 1.7-fold) with no significant changes to elastic modulus. Neurite outgrowth increased 3.3-fold in 20-μg/mL SWCNT loaded biomaterials relative to the nanofiller-free control. Electrical stimulation promoted greater outgrowth (2.9-fold) within SWCNT-free control. The concurrent presentation of electrical stimulation and SWCNT-loaded biomaterials resulted in a 7.0-fold increase in outgrowth relative to the unstimulated, nanofiller-free controls. Local glia residing within the DRG likely contribute, in part, to the observed increases in outgrowth; but it is unknown which specific nanofiller properties influence neurite extension. Characterization of neuronal behavior in model systems, such as those described here, will aid the rational development of biomaterials as well as the appropriate delivery of electrical stimuli to support nerve repair.
  
  
  
  Novel biomedical devices delivering electrical stimulation are being developed to mitigate symptoms of Parkinson's, treat drug-resistant depression, control movement or enhance verve regeneration. Carbon nanotubes and other novel materials are being explored for novel nano-neuro devices based on their unique properties. Neuronal growth on carbon nanotubes has been studied in 2D since the early 2000s demonstrating increased outgrowth, synapse formation and network activity. In this work, single-walled carbon nanotubes were selected as one possible electrically-conductive material, dispersed within a 3D hydrogel containing primary neurons; extending previous 2D work to 3D to evaluate outgrowth within nanomaterial composites with electrical stimulation. This is the first study to our knowledge that stimulates neurons in 3D composite nanomaterial-laden hydrogels. Examination of electrically conductive biomaterials may serve to promote regrowth following injury or in long term stimulation.
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States. Electronic address: a.koppes@neu.edu.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Koppes
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States. Electronic address: kevinwkeating@gmail.com.
authors.forename: K W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States. Electronic address: alm58@cornell.edu.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: McGregor
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States. Electronic address: r.koppes@neu.edu.
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Koppes
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States. Electronic address: kearnk2@rpi.edu.
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Kearns
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States. Electronic address: ziemba@rpi.edu.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ziemba
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States. Electronic address: mcka0078@gmail.com.
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: McKay
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States. Electronic address: jzuidema@ucsd.edu.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zuidema
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States. Electronic address: chrisjrivet@gmail.com.
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rivet
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States. Electronic address: gilber2@rpi.edu.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.affiliation: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Troy, NY, United States. Electronic address: thompd4@rpi.edu.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000737:chemistry*; D043942:Nanotubes / Q000737:chemistry*; D016501:Neurites / Q000378:metabolism*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels
keywords: Electrical stimulation; Nanomaterial; Nerve regeneration; Nerve tissue engineering; Neuron; SWCNT