title: Disc height loss and restoration via injectable hydrogel influences adjacent segment mechanics in-vitro.
abstract: Height loss can have a profound influence on the local mechanical environment of the disc. While disc height loss is incorporated into scales of degeneration, its direct influence on spine kinematics is unclear. Further, there is a need for minimally invasive techniques to restore disc height; injectable hydrogels are a potential solution. Tandem investigation of disc height loss and subsequent restoration will enhance understanding of spine dysfunction and aberrant movement.
  
  
  
  Twenty porcine spine specimens with two functional segments were tested in repeated flexion and extension. Relative angular displacement of each segment was measured with full specimen disc height, disc height loss in one of the segments (superior or inferior), and disc height restoration via hydrogel injection.
  
  
  
  Disc height loss decreased the range of motion at the affected segment and increased the range of motion at the adjacent segment. Relative angular displacement decreased at the affected segment by 13.8% (SD=5.3%) and 4.5% (SD=2.1%) for specimens with height loss in the superior and inferior discs respectively. Hydrogel injection was able to restore segmental kinematics to the pre-injury state, with 12.7% (SD=5.5%) and 6.4% (SD=4.2%) of motion regained at the affected segment for superior and inferior disc height loss specimens respectively.
  
  
  
  Acute disc height loss reduces motion at an affected segment, while increasing motion at an adjacent segment in-vitro; relative motion appears to be governed by local stiffness. Injectable hydrogels show promise in their ability to restore kinematics to segments with disc height loss.
authors.affiliation: University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. Electronic address: cbalkovec@uwaterloo.ca.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balkovec
authors.affiliation: Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vernengo
authors.affiliation: University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Stuart M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: McGill
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000503:physiopathology*; D019245:Compressive Strength; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055959:Intervertebral Disc Degeneration / Q000628:therapy*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000628:therapy*; D013131:Spine / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D020100:Hydrogels
keywords: Disc height loss; Disc height restoration; Flexion/extension; Hydrogel; Intervertebral disc; Minimally invasive disc repair