title: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Baseball Players.
abstract: To determine common mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in baseball players and to quantify the rate of return to play after primary surgical reconstruction and review intermediate clinical outcomes.
  
  
  
  Surgical injuries involving the ACL in youth, high school, collegiate, and professional baseball players were queried for an 11-year period (2001 to 2011). Over the study period, 42 baseball players were identified who had undergone arthroscopically assisted primary ACL reconstruction by 1 of 3 attending surgeons. Retrospective chart review was performed for all 42 patients to evaluate variables of age, level of competition, position, mechanism of injury, graft choice, and associated meniscal injuries. Twenty-six patients were reached for telephone survey and International Knee Documentation Committee questionnaire and they answered questions about their original injury and playing history.
  
  
  
  The most common mechanism of injury was fielding, followed by base running. Infielders and outfielders (32% each) were the most commonly injured position, followed by pitchers (29%). Among the 32 players for whom it could be determined, 30 (94%) were able to return to playing baseball at a mean follow-up of 4.2 years (range 1.0 to 9.9 years). The mean International Knee Documentation Committee score was 84.0 (range 63 to 91). Among the 26 patients contacted for telephone interview, no one required revision ACL surgery, but 3 required a subsequent procedure for meniscal tear. Twenty-five patients (96%) denied any episodes of instability in the knee after reconstruction.
  
  
  
  The overwhelming majority of baseball players that sustain ACL injuries do so while fielding or base running. Outfielders are significantly more likely than infielders to suffer ACL injuries while fielding versus base running. The results with respect to return to play are promising, as nearly all patients were able to return to baseball and none required a revision ACL surgery at a mean follow-up of 4.2 years.
  
  
  
  Level IV, therapeutic case series.
authors.affiliation: American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Dugas
authors.affiliation: Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, New York, New York, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Benjamin B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Bedford
authors.affiliation: American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A.
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Andrachuk
authors.affiliation: American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Scillia
authors.affiliation: American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A.. Electronic address: kylea@asmi.org.
authors.forename: Kyle T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Aune
authors.affiliation: American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A.
authors.forename: E Lyle
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Cain
authors.affiliation: American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A.
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Andrews
authors.affiliation: American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Glenn S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Fleisig
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000068958:Return to Sport / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult