title: Effects of meteorological conditions and plant growth stage on the accumulation of carvacrol and its precursors in Thymus pulegioides.
abstract: The effects of meteorological conditions (temperature, rainfall, photosynthetically active solar radiation (PAR) and sunshine duration) and plant growth stages on the quantitative composition of a secondary metabolite - essential oil and its main compounds, in the carvacrol chemotype of Thymus pulegioides L. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in open ground were studied under the same micro-edaphoclimatic environmental conditions for six years. The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation, the analysis of monoterpenic phenol carvacrol and the biogenetic precursors (monoterpene hydrocarbons p-cymene and γ-terpinene) were carried out annually using GC-FID and GC-MS. In the carvacrol chemotype investigated in this study, the yield of essential oil varied from 0.72% to 0.98% (CV = 12%) at full flowering stage. Regression analysis showed a significant negative relationship between the amount of essential oil and both temperature and rainfall during T. pulegioides flowering (July) and the period from April (beginning of vegetation) to July, but a strong positive relationship with photosynthetically active solar radiation during April-July (beta = 0.658, p < 0.05). The percentage of carvacrol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene ranged between 16.88 and 29.29% (CV = 18%), 5.54-11.33% (CV = 23%) and 20.60-24.43% (CV = 6%) respectively. Regression analysis showed the significant positive relationship between the percentage of carvacrol and sunshine duration at the flowering stage (in July) (beta = 0.699, p < 0.05); while the negative relationship was established between the percentages of precursors of carvacrol and photosynthetically active solar radiation and sunshine duration. The accumulation of p-cymene, the percentage of which varied most strongly from all investigated chemical compounds, showed significant positive relationships with temperature and rainfall during the period April-July and temperature in July (beta = 0.617, beta = 0.439 and beta = 0.429 respectively, p < 0.05). The analysis of plant growth stages showed that the highest amount of essential oil in carvacrol chemotype of T. pulegioides accumulated at ripening/seed maturity stage. The percentage of carvacrol increased gradually from the stem elongation to the post-flowering/seed maturity stage, overtaking the full flowering stage by 22%. The highest carvacrol content in the T. pulegioides carvacrol chemotype coincided with the highest oil yield during the fruiting stage. The amount of essential oil was also measured at the second full flowering stage, because after cutting the aerial part of the plant at the full flowering stage T. pulegioides often bloom for a second time: the carvacrol chemotype accumulated by 21% lower yield of essential oil at this stage compared to the first flowering, however, only traces of carvacrol and its precursors were found at the second full flowering stage.
authors.affiliation: Nature Research Centre, Institute of Botany, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, Vilnius LT-08406, Lithuania. Electronic address: vaiciulyte.vaida@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vaida
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaičiulytė
authors.affiliation: Nature Research Centre, Institute of Botany, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, Vilnius LT-08406, Lithuania. Electronic address: rita@butkus.lt.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Butkienė
authors.affiliation: Nature Research Centre, Institute of Botany, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, Vilnius LT-08406, Lithuania. Electronic address: kristina.loziene@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ložienė
mesh_terms: D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D000081007:Cymenes; D004777:Environment; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D019686:Lamiaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000032:analysis*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry; D063245:Plant Development / Q000187:drug effects; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D046930:Thymus Plant / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D000081007:Cymenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009822:Oils, Volatile; C007210:4-cymene; C018669:gamma-terpinene; C073316:carvacrol
keywords: Carvacrol; Essential oil; GC-FID; GC-MS; Hydrodistillation; Large thyme; Meteorological conditions; Plant growth stage; Thymus pulegioides (Lamiaceae); p-Cymene; γ-Terpinene