title: Short-term effects of air pollution on acute myocardial infarctions in Shanghai, China, 2013-2014.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although particulate matter, with diameters < 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and < 10 µm (PM10), and other pollutants have been associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, the effect of pollutants on acute myocardial infarctions (AMIs) has rarely been investigated in Asia, especially in Shanghai, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1 November 2013 and 27 April 2014, 972 patients from the Pudong District, Shanghai City, were assessed by the Emergency Medical Service. A case-crossover design was used to analyze exposure to air pollution and the AMI risk. Exposures to PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphurdioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) were based on the mean urban background levels. The associations among AMI admissions, the included pollutants, temperature, and relative humidity were analyzed using correlation and logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The urban background levels of PM2.5, PM10 and CO were associated with an increased risk of AMI, unlike NO2 and SO2 levels. The OR (95% CI) for AMI were 1.16 (1.03-1.29), 1.05 (1.01-1.16), 0.82 (0.75-1.02), 0.87 (0.63-1.95), and 1.08 (1.02-1.21) for PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and CO, respectively. Increases in the air quality index (AQI) were associated with more AMI occurrences. There was no correlation between fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity with AMI hospital admissions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term exposure to moderate-serious pollution levels is associated with increased risk of AMI. Increased PM2.5, PM10 and CO levels are related to increased AMI admissions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xu-Min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Shao-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ya-Ling
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Liu
keywords: Air pollution; Myocardial infarction; Particulate matter