title: Estimating fat-free mass in elite-level male rowers: a four-compartment model validation of laboratory and field methods.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of fat-free mass (FFM) estimates from two-compartment (2C) models including air displacement plethysmography (ADP), ultrasound (US), near-infrared interactance (NIR), and the Jackson and Pollock skinfold equation (SKF) against a criterion four-compartment (4C) model in elite male rowers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three elite-level male rowers (mean± SD; age 24.6 ± 2.2 years; stature: 191.4 ± 7.2 cm; mass: 87.2 ± 11.2 kg) participated in this investigation. All body composition assessments were performed on the same day in random order, except for hydrostatic weighing (HW), which was measured last. FFM was evaluated using a 4C model, which included total body water from bioimpedance spectroscopy, body volume from HW, and total body bone mineral via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The major findings of the study were that the 2C models evaluated overestimated FFM and should be considered with caution for the assessment of FFM in elite male rowers. Future studies should use multiple-compartment models, with measurement of TBW and bone mineral content, for the estimation of FFM.
authors.affiliation: a Bodybuilding.com , Boise , ID , USA.
authors.forename: Kristina L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness , University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , USA.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Fukuda
authors.affiliation: c Department of Human Sciences , The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA.
authors.forename: Parker N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Hyde
authors.affiliation: d Department of Exercise and Sport Science , University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.
authors.forename: Abbie E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Smith-Ryan
authors.affiliation: e United States Sports Academy , Daphne , AL , USA.
authors.forename: Jordon R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness , University of Central Florida , Orlando , FL , USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Stout
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D056352:Athletes; D001823:Body Composition; D001825:Body Fluid Compartments / Q000378:metabolism*; D001834:Body Water; D001837:Body Weights and Measures / Q000379:methods*; D015519:Bone Density; D017097:Electric Impedance; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010991:Plethysmography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D013177:Sports; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014867:Water; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Multi-compartment; air displacement plethysmography; body composition; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; ultrasound