title: Vegetarianism and cardiometabolic disease risk factors: Differences between South Asian and US adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiometabolic diseases are increasing disproportionately in South Asia compared with other regions of the world despite high levels of vegetarianism. This unexpected discordance may be explained by differences in the healthfulness of vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets in South Asia compared with the United States. The aim of this study was to compare the food group intake of vegetarians with non-vegetarians in South Asia and the United States and to evaluate associations between vegetarianism and cardiometabolic disease risk factors (overweight/obesity, central obesity, diabetes, hypertension, high triacylglycerols, high low-density lipoprotein, low high-density lipoprotein, and high Framingham Heart Score).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using cross-sectional data from adults (age 20-69 y) in South Asia (Centre for Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction in South-Asia [CARRS] 2010-2011; N = 15 665) and the United States (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006; N = 2159), adherence to a vegetarian diet was assessed using food propensity questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and predicted margins (e.g., adjusted prevalence of the outcomes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-third (33%; n = 4968) of adults in the South Asian sample were vegetarian compared with only 2.4% (n = 59) in the US sample. Among South Asians, vegetarians more frequently ate dairy, legumes, vegetables, fruit, desserts, and fried foods than non-vegitarians (all P < 0.05). Among Americans, vegetarians more frequently ate legumes, fruit, and whole grains, and less frequently ate refined cereals, desserts, fried foods, fruit juice, and soft drinks than non-vegetarians (all P < 0.05). After adjustment for confounders (age, sex, education, tobacco, alcohol, and also city in CARRS), South Asian vegetarians were slightly less frequently overweight/obese compared with non-vegetarians: 49% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45%-53%) versus 53% (95% CI, 51%-56%), respectively; whereas US vegetarians were considerably less frequently overweight/obese compared with non-vegetarians: 48% (95% CI, 32%-63%) versus 68% (95% CI, 65%-70%), respectively. Furthermore, US vegetarians were less likely to exhibit central obesity than non-vegetarians: 62% (95% CI, 43%-78%) versus 78% (95% CI, 76%-80%), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is greater divergence between vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets in the United States than in South Asia, and US vegetarians have more consistently healthier food group intakes than South Asian vegetarians. Vegetarians in both populations have a lower probability of overweight/obesity compared with non-vegetarians. The strength of this association may be stronger for US vegetarian diets, which were also protective against central obesity.
authors.affiliation: Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: Ljaacks@emory.edu.
authors.forename: Lindsay M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Jaacks
authors.affiliation: Public Health Foundation of India and Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Deksha
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.affiliation: Public Health Foundation of India and Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Kalpana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: K M Venkat
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.affiliation: Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Mohammed K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
authors.forename: M Masood
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Kadir
authors.affiliation: Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Viswanathan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, NCR, India.
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tandon
authors.affiliation: Public Health Foundation of India and Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Dorairaj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prabhakaran
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Food groups; India; Obesity; Vegetarianism; Visceral adiposity