title: Type 1 Diabetes and Dysfunctional Intestinal Homeostasis.
abstract: Despite the relatively high frequency of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D), termed diabetic enteropathy (DE), the pathogenic mechanisms of these disorders remain to be elucidated. While previous studies have assumed that DE is a manifestation of diabetic autonomic neuropathy, other contributing factors such as enteric hormones, inflammation, and microbiota were later recognized. More recently, the emerging role of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) in several GI diseases has led to a new understanding of DE. Given the absence of diagnostic methods and the lack of broadly efficacious therapeutic remedies in DE, targeting factors and pathways that control ISC homeostasis and are dysfunctional in DE may represent a new path for the detection and cure of DE.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Transplant Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Addio
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Transplant Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy. Electronic address: paolo.fiorina@childrens.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fiorina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000166:cytology; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism
keywords: circulating enterotrophic hormones; diabetic enteropathy; gastrointestinal disorders; intestinal stem cells