title: Evaluating distraction of in-vehicle information systems while driving by predicting total eyes-off-road times with keystroke level modeling.
abstract: Increasingly complex in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) have become available in the automotive vehicle interior. To ensure usability and safety of use while driving, the distraction potential of system-associated tasks is most often analyzed during the development process, either by employing empirical or analytical methods, with both families of methods offering certain advantages and disadvantages. The present paper introduces a method that combines the predictive precision of empirical methods with the economic advantages of analytical methods. Keystroke level modeling (KLM) was extended to a task-dependent modeling procedure for total eyes-off-road times (TEORT) resulting from system use while driving and demonstrated by conducting two subsequent simulator studies. The first study involved the operation of an IVIS by N = 18 participants. The results suggest a good model fit (R(2)Adj. = 0.67) for predicting the TEORT, relying on regressors from KLM and participant age. Using the parameter estimates from study 1, the predictive validity of the model was successfully tested during a second study with N = 14 participants using a version of the IVIS prototype with a revised design and task structure (rPred.-Obs. = 0.58). Possible applications and shortcomings of the approach are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Würzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences (WIVW GmbH), Germany. Electronic address: purucker@wivw.de.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Purucker
authors.affiliation: Würzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences (WIVW GmbH), Germany. Electronic address: naujoks@wivw.de.
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Naujoks
authors.affiliation: Hyundai Motor Europe Technical Center GmbH (HMETC GmbH), Germany. Electronic address: amprill@hyundai-europe.com.
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prill
authors.affiliation: Würzburg Institute for Traffic Sciences (WIVW GmbH), Germany. Electronic address: neukum@wivw.de.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neukum
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001336:Automobiles; D003198:Computer Simulation; D000071826:Distracted Driving; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007256:Information Systems; D008297:Male; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013997:Time Factors; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Automotive keystroke level modeling; In-vehicle infotainment systems; Secondary tasks; Total eyes-off-road times