title: Alcohol Dependence and Harmful Use of Alcohol.
abstract: In Germany today, there are more than 1.8 million persons who are dependent on alcohol, and 1.6 million persons whose use of alcohol is harmful. The many complications of alcohol use are both mental and physical-in particular, gastrointestinal and neurological. Yet more than 80% of persons whose alcohol use is problematic still receive no treatment for their harmful use or dependence, despite contact with the health-care system.
  
  
  
  This article is a selective review of the pertinent literature, including guidelines, meta-analyses, and Cochrane Reviews.
  
  
  
  The treatment is divided into an early interventional and motivational phase, qualified withdrawal, long-term cessation therapy, and a stabilization phase. Pharmacotherapy with acamprosate or naltrexone increases the rate of abstinence (number needed to treat: 12 and 20, respectively). If a patient lacks the motivation to abstain from alcohol entirely, reduced consumption can be agreed upon as a goal of treatment. 85% of patients relapse if no further treatment is given after initial detoxification.
  
  
  
  What is needed in routine medical practice is practical diagnostic evaluation followed by individually tailored treatment, based on the severity of the condition, the development of the patient's motivation to be treated, and the local treatment options (e.g., outpatient addiction clinics, counseling centers, or day clinics).
authors.affiliation: Section for Addiction Medicine and Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Tübingen, Department of Addictive Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Campus Charité Mitte.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heinz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult