title: Epidemiology and Clinical Diagnosis of Parkinson Disease.
abstract: Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, typically affecting elderly individuals and with a disproportionate male prevalence. Some genetic predispositions and environmental exposures are proposed risk factors for the development of PD. Cigarette smoking, caffeine intake, and increased serum uric acid have the strongest data supporting a reduced risk of PD. Mortality is slightly increased in most individuals with PD but certain clinical features and patient characteristics significantly increase mortality. Certain imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging, transcranial ultrasound, and single-photon emission computed tomography can be useful in making diagnostic decisions in some cases of PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, C-3, Boston, MA 02118, USA. Electronic address: mkleinman@mmc.org.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, C-3, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Frank
keywords: Diagnosis; Incidence; Neuroimaging; Parkinson disease; Prevalence; Risk factors