title: Adipokine Gene Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Portuguese Obese Adolescents: Associations with Plasma Concentrations of Adiponectin, Resistin, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α.
abstract: The genetic contribution to obesity and to circulating adipokine levels has not been completely clarified. We aimed to evaluate adipokine genes' single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) prevalence and its association with circulating adipokine levels and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in an obese Portuguese pediatric population.
  
  
  
  Two hundred forty-eight obese adolescents (mean age 13.4 years old; 47.2% females) participated in a cohort study. We screened 12 SNPs by direct sequencing in five adipokine genes: adiponectin (ADIPOQ: rs16861194, rs17300539, rs266729, rs2241766, rs1501299), interleukin-1β (IL-1β; rs1143627), IL-6 (IL-6; rs1800795), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; rs1800629), and resistin (RETN; rs1862513, rs3219177, rs3745367, rs3745368). Biochemical analysis included determination of circulating adipokines, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, lipid profile, and markers of insulin resistance.
  
  
  
  Compared to males, females presented higher circulating levels of insulin, adiponectin, IL-6, resistin, and leptin concentrations, but lower TNF-α levels. No statistically significant differences were found for genotype or allelic distributions between genders. In the whole sample population, adiponectin levels were influenced by ADIPOQ rs17300539 (c.-1138G>A; lower in subjects with GG genotype). When only males were considered, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels were associated with ADIPOQ rs1501299 (c.214 + 62G>T; higher in GG subjects). TNF-α concentrations were modulated by TNF-α rs1800629 (c.-488G>A; lower in GG males), RETN rs1862513 (c.-216C>G; higher in CC subjects), and RETN rs3219177 (c.118 + 39C>T; higher in CC subjects). Leptin levels were influenced by IL-1β rs1143627 (c.-118C>T) presenting TT individuals' lower levels.
  
  
  
  Our data demonstrate that in pediatric obese patients, some adipokine gene SNPs have an association with circulating adipokine levels and lipid profile.
authors.affiliation: 1 IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal .|2 Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal .|3 UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nascimento
authors.affiliation: 4 Molecular Genetics Unit, Medical Genetics Center Dr. Jacinto de Magalhães , Porto Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal .
authors.forename: Emília
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.affiliation: 3 UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .|5 CESPU, Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies (IINFACTS) , Gandra-PRD, Portugal .
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coimbra
authors.affiliation: 1 IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal .|2 Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal .|3 UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Catarino
authors.affiliation: 1 IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal .|2 Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal .|3 UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .
authors.forename: Elísio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.affiliation: 1 IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal .|2 Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal .|3 UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .
authors.forename: Elsa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bronze-da-Rocha
authors.affiliation: 6 Health Science Research Centre, University of Beira Interior , Covilhã, Portugal .
authors.forename: Petronila
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rocha-Pereira
authors.affiliation: 7 FP-ENAS, CEBIMED, Fundação Ensino e Cultura Fernando Pessoa , Porto, Portugal .
authors.forename: Márcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: 8 Childhood and Adolescence Department of CMIN (Centro Materno-Infantil do Norte), Porto Hospital Centre, ICBAS (Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar), University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ferreira Mansilha
authors.affiliation: 9 Children and Adolescent Centre, CUF Hospital, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rêgo
authors.affiliation: 4 Molecular Genetics Unit, Medical Genetics Center Dr. Jacinto de Magalhães , Porto Hospital Centre, Porto, Portugal .
authors.forename: Rosário
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: 1 IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal .|2 Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal .|3 UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santos-Silva
authors.affiliation: 1 IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal .|2 Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (Institute for Research and Innovation in Health), Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal .|3 UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto , Porto, Portugal .
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Belo
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D000293:Adolescent; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011174:Portugal; D052243:Resistin / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D052243:Resistin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha