title: Evaluation of antibiotics as a methodological procedure to inhibit free-living and biofilm bacteria in marine zooplankton culture.
abstract: There is a problem with keeping culture medium completely or partially free from bacteria. The use of prokaryotic metabolic inhibitors, such as antibiotics, is suggested as an alternative solution, although such substances should not harm non-target organisms. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of antibiotic treatments in inhibiting free-living and biofilm bacteria and their half-life in artificial marine environment using the copepod Acartia tonsa as bioindicador of non-harmful antibiotic combinations. Regarding to results, the application of 0.025 g L-1 penicillin G potassium + 0.08 g L-1 streptomycin sulphate + 0.04 g L-1 neomycin sulphate showed great potential for use in marine cultures and scientific experiments without lethal effects to non-target organisms. The effect of this combination starts within the first six hours of exposure and reduces up to 93 % the bacterial density, but the half-life is short, requiring replacement. No adverse changes in water quality were observed within 168 hours of exposure. As a conclusion, we can infer that this treatment was an effective procedure for zooplankton cultures and scientific experiments with the aim of measuring the role of free-living and biofilm in the marine community.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Zooplâncton, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Instituto de Oceanografia/IO, Av. Itália, s/n, Km 8, Campus Carreiros, CP 474, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brasil, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande RS , Brasil.|Laboratório de Biofilmes e Diversidade Microbiana, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Bairro Azenha, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS , Brasil.
authors.forename: Vanessa O
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Agostini
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Biofilmes e Diversidade Microbiana, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Faculdade de Farmácia e Centro de Biotecnologia, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Bairro Azenha, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre RS , Brasil.
authors.forename: Alexandre J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Zooplâncton, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Instituto de Oceanografia/IO, Av. Itália, s/n, Km 8, Campus Carreiros, CP 474, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brasil, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande RS , Brasil.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muxagata
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D033342:Copepoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D003470:Culture Media; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009355:Neomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010400:Penicillin G / Q000494:pharmacology; D013307:Streptomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015048:Zooplankton / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003470:Culture Media; D004338:Drug Combinations; D009355:Neomycin; D010400:Penicillin G; D013307:Streptomycin