title: Wide Ranging Insect Infestation of the Pioneer Mangrove Sonneratia alba by Two Insect Species along the Kenyan Coast.
abstract: Insect infestation of mangroves currently threatens mangrove forest health and management. In the Western Indian Ocean region, little is known about insect damage to mangroves despite the fact that numerous infestations have occurred. In Kenya, infestations of Sonneratia alba have persisted for almost two decades, yet the taxonomic identity of the infesting pest(s), the extent of infestation, the pests' biology, the impacts of infestation on host and the ecosystem, the host's defensive strategies to the infestation are poorly understood. S. alba is a ubiquitous, pioneer mangrove species of the Indo-Pacific, occurring along the waterfront in a variety of mangrove ecosystem settings. Our main objectives were to identify the pest(s) responsible for the current dieback of S. alba in Kenya, and to determine the extent of infestation. To identify the pests responsible for infestation, we trapped emergent insects and reared larvae in the laboratory. To determine the overall extent of infestation within the S. alba zone, we assessed nine sites along the entire Kenyan coastline for the presence or absence of infested mangroves. Insect infestation in two mangrove embayments (Gazi and Mida) was quantified in depth. Two wood-boring insects were identified: a metarbelid moth (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea) of undescribed genus and the beetle Bottegia rubra (Cerambycidae, Lamiinae).The metarbelid moth infests mangroves in both northern (from Ngomeni to Kiunga) and southern regions (from Vanga to Mtwapa) of the Kenyan coast. B. rubra appeared in low density in Gazi, and in high density in Mida, Kilifi, and Ngomeni, with densities gradually decreasing northward. Insect infestation levels reached 18% in Gazi and 25% of S. alba stands in Mida. Our results indicate that B. rubra has the ability to infest young mangrove trees and expand its range, posing a danger to rehabilitation efforts where plantations have been established. Thus, there is great need for forest managers to address the recent increased levels of infestation in Kenyan mangroves; apart from the ecological interest such plant-herbivore relations bring in this ecosystem.
authors.affiliation: Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), P.O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya.|Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.|Laboratory of Systems Ecology and Resource Management, Département de Biologie des Organismes, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 169, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, CPI 264/1, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Elisha Mrabu
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Jenoh
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.|Laboratory for Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium.
authors.forename: Elisabeth M R
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.affiliation: University of Bonn, Zoological Research Museum, Alexander Koenig (ZFMK) Adenauerallee 160, 53113, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lehmann
authors.affiliation: National Museums of Kenya (NMK), P.O. Box 40658-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kioko
authors.affiliation: Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), P.O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya.
authors.forename: Jared O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Bosire
authors.affiliation: Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), P.O. Box 81651, Mombasa, Kenya.
authors.forename: Noah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ngisiange
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.|Laboratory of Systems Ecology and Resource Management, Département de Biologie des Organismes, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 169, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, CPI 264/1, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dahdouh-Guebas
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koedam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D005843:Geography; D058507:Host Specificity / Q000502:physiology*; D007313:Insecta / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D007630:Kenya; D008018:Life Cycle Stages; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000469:parasitology*; D009036:Moths / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D043982:Rhizophoraceae / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity