title: Management of Cushing syndrome in children and adolescents: experience of a single tertiary centre.
abstract: The diagnosis and management of paediatric Cushing syndrome (CS) is highly challenging. This study aims to characterise its presentation, diagnosis, management and outcome by a retrospective case review of 30 patients (14 females) followed at a single tertiary paediatric endocrinology centre over a 30-year period. At presentation, median age was 8.9 years (0.2-15.5) and the commonest manifestations were weight gain (23/30), hirsutism (17/30), acne (15/30) and hypertension (15/30). Growth retardation was present in 11/30. Median body mass index (BMI) was +2.1 standard deviation score (SDS) (-6.5 to +4.6). Urinary free cortisol (UFC) was abnormal in 17/18 (94 %), midnight cortisol in 27/27 (100 %) and low-dose dexamethasone suppression (LDDS) test in 20/20 (100 %). High-dose dexamethasone suppression (HDDS) test was abnormal in 6/6 (100 %) of adrenal tumours, 1/10 (10 %) of Cushing disease (CD) and 1/2 (50 %) of ectopic tumours. Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) identified five CD cases and one ectopic tumour. All patients underwent surgery and subsequently required cortisol replacement. Final diagnoses were 16 CD, 11 adrenal disease, 2 ectopic ACTH-secreting lesions and 1 case of unidentified aetiology. One year post-diagnosis, median BMI was 0.5 SDS (-2.5 to +3.7), hypertension was present in 4/14 (28 %), and 43 % (12/30) of individuals were off hydrocortisone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of the clinical manifestations differs from that reported in other series. Screening tests were highly sensitive, with UFC, midnight cortisol and LDDS performing well. One year post-treatment, BMI and BP normalised in the majority of patients and almost half of them were able to discontinue replacement hydrocortisone.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  •Cushing syndrome is an extremely rare entity in the paediatric and adolescent age groups, so not many cohort studies have been published in this population. •Several tests can be employed to firstly diagnose hypercortisolaemia and secondly identify the source of origin of it. The efficacy and safety of these tests in children is still uncertain. What is New: •This study includes cases due to the different aetiologies of endogenous hypercortisolaemia (pituitary, adrenal and ectopic hypercortisolaemia) allowing us to compare the differences in presentation, diagnosis, management and long-term outcome between the groups. •There is a difference in the prevalence of Cushing syndrome symptoms and in the performance of the tests in our cohort compared to previously published studies in the literature.
authors.affiliation: London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.|Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Güemes
authors.affiliation: London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
authors.forename: Philip G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
authors.forename: Caroline E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Brain
authors.affiliation: London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
authors.forename: Helen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Spoudeas
authors.affiliation: London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK.|Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hindmarsh
authors.affiliation: London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK. m.dattani@ucl.ac.uk.|Section of Genetics and Epigenetics in Health and Disease, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK. m.dattani@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Mehul T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Dattani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003480:Cushing Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids
keywords: Cushing disease; Cushing syndrome; Hormone replacement therapy; Pituitary function tests