title: Validated UPLC-MS/MS Methods To Quantitate Free and Conjugated Alternaria Toxins in Commercially Available Tomato Products and Fruit and Vegetable Juices in Belgium.
abstract: Ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe based analytical methodologies to quantitate both free (alternariol (1), alternariol monomethyl ether (2), tenuazonic acid (3), tentoxin (4), altenuene (5), altertoxin-I (6)) and conjugated (sulfates and glucosides of 1 and 2) Alternaria toxins in fruit and vegetable juices and tomato products were developed and validated. Acceptable limits of quantitation (0.7-5.7 μg/kg), repeatability (RSDr < 15.7%), reproducibility (RSDR < 17.9%), and apparent recovery (87.0-110.6%) were obtained for all analytes in all matrices investigated. 129 commercial foodstuffs were analyzed, and 3 was detected in 100% of tomato product samples (<LOQ to 333 μg/kg), while 1, 2, 4, and 5 were also frequently detected (21-86%, <LOQ to 62 μg/kg). Moreover, low levels (<LOQ to 9.9 μg/kg) of modified Alternaria toxins (sulfates of 1 and 2) were repeatedly detected. A deterministic dietary exposure assessment revealed the possible risk for human health related to the presence of 1 and 2 in tomato based foodstuffs, whereas 3 is unlikely to be of human health concern.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Walravens
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology , Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Hannes
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mikula
authors.affiliation: Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rychlik
authors.affiliation: Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München , Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asam
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Devos
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Njumbe Ediage
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Diana Di Mavungu
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jacxsens
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Brewing, Ghent University , Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Landschoot
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University , Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vanhaecke
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University , Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Saeger
mesh_terms: D000528:Alternaria / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001530:Belgium; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics; D000067030:Fruit and Vegetable Juices / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics / Q000382:microbiology; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000737:chemistry*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D009183:Mycotoxins
keywords: (modified) mycotoxins; Alternaria; UPLC-MS/MS; dietary exposure assessment; method development and validation