title: Growth Abnormalities Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in the Skeletally Immature Patient: A Systematic Review.
abstract: To identify all reported cases of growth disturbances after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction in patients with open growth plates and analyze trends with respect to different surgical techniques, graft choices, and methods of fixation.
  
  
  
  A systematic literature review was conducted using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases with the following term: "((anterior cruciate ligament OR ACL) AND ((((immature) OR growth plates) OR physes) OR pediatric))." Only studies that evaluated ACL reconstruction in patients with open growth plates and reported angular malformations or limb length discrepancy were included. Data were extracted, including patient characteristics, surgical technique, and postoperative growth disturbance.
  
  
  
  Twenty-one studies containing 39 patients with growth abnormalities were included in the review. Mean chronological age was 13 years, and 89% of patients were male. Overall, there were 16 cases of angular malformations and 29 cases of limb length discrepancy. The most common angular malformation was genu valgum (81%, n = 13; mean of 6.5°). The most common surgical technique on the tibia and femur was transphyseal (54%, and 77% respectively), and the most common graft used was hamstring autograft (58%). Among patients with limb length discrepancy, overgrowth was most common (62%, n = 18; mean of 13 mm). Interestingly, we observed that 50% of patients with overgrowth underwent a physeal-sparing technique, whereas 64% of patients with shortening underwent a transphyseal technique.
  
  
  
  At present, there are 21 studies reporting 39 patients with growth abnormalities in the current literature, of which 29 cases were of limb length discrepancy and 16 of angular malformation. Of the 29 cases of limb length discrepancy, limb overgrowth accounted for 62% of cases. Perhaps most interestingly, physeal-sparing techniques were performed in 25% of the cases of angular malformation and 47% cases of limb length discrepancy, despite the commonly held belief that this technique mitigates the risks of ACL reconstruction by not violating the growth plate. According to this study, it is clear that growth abnormalities after ACL reconstruction in the skeletally immature patient are underreported, and our current understanding of the etiology of these abnormalities is limited.
  
  
  
  Level IV, systematic review of Level II to IV studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Arns
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leroux
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Austin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Black
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Randy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mascarenhas
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Bernard R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bach
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.. Electronic address: Forsythe.research@rushortho.com.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Forsythe
mesh_terms: D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D059549:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D017760:Bone Malalignment / Q000209:etiology; D004838:Epiphyses / Q000601:surgery; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D006132:Growth Plate / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007870:Leg Length Inequality / Q000209:etiology; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery