title: Arithmetic, reading and writing performance has a strong genetic component: A study in primary school children.
abstract: Even children attending the same primary school and taught by the same teacher differ greatly in their performance. In the Netherlands, performance at the end of primary school determines the enrollment in a particular level of secondary education. Identifying the impact of genes and the environment on individual differences in educational achievement between children is important. The Netherlands Twin Register has collected data on scores of tests used in primary school (ages 6 to 12) to monitor a child's educational progress in four domains, i.e. arithmetic, word reading, reading comprehension and spelling (1058 MZ and 1734 DZ twin pairs), and of a final test (2451 MZ and 4569 DZ twin pairs) in a large Dutch cohort. In general, individual differences in educational achievement were to a large extent due to genes and the influence of the family environment was negligible. Moreover, there is no evidence for gender differences in the underlying etiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eveline L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: de Zeeuw
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Catharina E M
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: van Beijsterveldt
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tina J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Glasner
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Eco J C
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: de Geus
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dorret I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Boomsma
keywords: Educational Achievement; Heritability; Primary Education; Twins