title: Antitumor Effect of the Mannich Base(1,3-bis-((3-Hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)phenylmethyl)urea) on Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
abstract: The present study was designed to evaluate the antitumor effects of the synthetic Mannich base 1,3-bis-((3-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)phenylmethyl)urea (1,3-BPMU) against HEP-G2 hepatoma cells and diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinoma (HCC) in albino rats. In vitro analysis results revealed that 1,3-BPMU showed significant cytotoxicity and cell growth inhibition in HEP-G2 hepatoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, flow cytometry results indicated that 1,3-BPMU enhanced early and late apoptosis. The maximum apoptosis was exhibited at a concentration of 100 μg/mL of 1,3-BPMU. In in vivo analysis, DEN treatment increased the content of nucleic acids, LPO and the activities of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, γGT and 5'NT with decreased antioxidant activity as compared to control rats. However, 1,3-BPMU treatment to DEN-induced rats decreased the content of nucleic acids, LPO and the activities of AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, γGT and 5'NT and increased the activities of SOD, CAT, GPx, GST and GR (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 1,3-BPMU enhanced the apoptosis via upregulation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and the downregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL mRNA expression as compared to DEN-induced rats. Histological and ultrastructural investigation showed that 1,3-BPMU treatment renovated the internal architecture of the liver in DEN-induced rats. In this study, the molecular and pre-clinical results obtained by treatment of DEN-induced rats with 1,3-BPMU suggested that 1,3-BPMU might be considered as an antitumor compound in the future.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, PRIST University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu 613-403, India. vedavadana@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vadanasundari
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vedarethinam
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, PRIST University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu 613-403, India. kar07bio@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Karthik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhanaraj
authors.affiliation: Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Chungnam 330-808, Korea. arulvenil@rediffmail.com.
authors.forename: Soundharrajan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ilavenil
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. mvalanarasu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mariadhas Valan
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Arasu
authors.affiliation: Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Chungnam 330-808, Korea. choiwh@Korea.kr.
authors.forename: Ki Choon
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. naldhabi@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Naif Abdullah
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Al-Dhabi
authors.affiliation: Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Chungnam 330-808, Korea. srigopal.ram@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Srigopalram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srisesharam
authors.affiliation: Department of Oriental Medicine Materials, Dongshin University, Naju 520-714, Korea. leek-d@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Kyung Dong
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8550, Japan. pioioiq@nate.com.
authors.forename: Da Hye
authors.initials: da H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620-015, India. haitamilvendan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tamilvenvendan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dhanapal
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, PRIST University, Thanjavur, Tamilnadu 613-403, India. drravinikesh@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: Ravikumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sivanesan
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea. hsg3748@hanmail.net.
authors.forename: Han Sung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Development of Ginseng and Medical Plants Research Institute, Rural Administration, Eumseong 369-873, Korea. kyo9128@korea.kr.
authors.forename: Young Ock
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology*; D056945:Hep G2 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D008352:Mannich Bases / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D008352:Mannich Bases
keywords: 1,3-BPMU; DEN; HEP-G2 cells; apoptosis; ultrastructure