title: Increased diazinon hydrolysis to 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol in liquid medium by a specific Streptomyces mixed culture.
abstract: Actinobacteria identified as Streptomyces spp. were evaluated for their ability to remove diazinon as the only carbon source from a liquid medium. Single cultures of Streptomyces strains were exposed to diazinon at a concentration of 50 mg L(-1). After 96 h incubation, six of the eight cultures grew and five strains showed an increase in their total protein concentrations and changes in their protein profile. Up to 32% of the diazinon was removed by the single Streptomyces cultures. A compatibility assay showed that the different Streptomyces species were not antagonistic. Twenty-six mixed cultures were then prepared. Diazinon removal was increased when mixed cultures were used, and maximum diazinon removal of 62% was observed when the Streptomyces spp. strains AC5, AC9, GA11 and ISP13 were mixed; this was defined as the selected mixed culture (SMC). Diazinon removal was positively influenced by the addition of glucose into the liquid medium. Our study showed a diazinon degradation rate of 0.025 h(-1), half-life of 28 h(-1) and 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (IMHP) production of 0.143 mg L h(-1). Rapid diazinon hydrolysis to IMHP was associated with a decrease in the pH of the medium as a consequence of microbial glucose metabolism and organic acid exudation. Moreover, the SMC of Streptomyces was able to remove IMHP. This work constitutes a new, if not the only, report on diazinon degradation by mixed cultures of Streptomyces spp. Given the high levels of diazinon removal, the SMC formed by four Streptomyces strains has the potential to be used to treat the diazinon present in environmental matrices.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile; Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. Electronic address: gabriela.briceno@ufrontera.cl.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Briceño
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile; Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schalchli
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile; Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rubilar
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile; Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Tortella
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile; Department of Chemical Science and Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mutis
authors.affiliation: Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI), CONICET, Av. Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros, 4000 Tucumán, Argentina.
authors.forename: C S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Benimeli
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Science and Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Palma
authors.affiliation: Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile; Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Diez
mesh_terms: D003976:Diazinon / Q000378:metabolism*; D006207:Half-Life; D006868:Hydrolysis; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000378:metabolism*; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C561419:2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol; D011743:Pyrimidines; D003976:Diazinon
keywords: Actinobacteria; Degradation; Diazinon metabolite; Glucose effect; Mixed cultures