title: [Stress and psychotic transition: A literature review].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychiatric disorders are consistent with the gene x environment model, and non-specific environmental factors such as childhood trauma, urbanity, and migration have been implicated. All of these factors have in common to dysregulate the biological pathways involved in response to stress. Stress is a well-known precipitating factor implicated in psychiatric disorders such as depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, and possibly schizophrenia. More precisely, psychosocial stress induces dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and could modify neurotransmission, which raises the question of the involvement of stress-related biological changes in psychotic disorders. Indeed, the literature reveals dysregulation of the HPA axis in schizophrenia. This dysregulation seems to be present in the prodromal phases (UHR subjects for ultra-high risk) and early schizophrenia (FEP for first episode psychosis). Thus, and following the stress-vulnerability model, stress could act directly on psychotic onset and precipitate the transition of vulnerable subjects to a full-blown psychosis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present paper reviews the literature on stress and onset of schizophrenia, with consideration for the causal role vs. associated role of HPA axis dysregulation in schizophrenia and the factors that influence it, in particular during prodromal and earlier phases. We also discuss different methods developed to measure stress in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a bibliographic search using the keywords 'cortisol', 'glucocorticoid', 'HPA' with 'UHR', 'CHR', 'at-risk mental state', 'first episode psychosis', 'schizotypal', 'prodromal schizophrenia' in Medline, Web of Knowledge (WOS), and EBSCO completed by a screening of the references of the selected articles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stress has been studied for many years in schizophrenia, either by subjective methods (questionnaires), or objective methods (standardized experimental protocols) with biological sampling and/or brain imaging methods. These methods have suggested a link between dysregulation of the HPA axis and psychotic symptoms both through abnormal basal levels of cortisol and flattened reactivity to social stress. Imaging results suggest indirect modifications, including abnormal pituitary or hippocampal volume. Several factors dysregulating the HPA axis have also been highlighted, such as consumption of drugs (i.e. cannabis), childhood trauma or genetic factors (such as COMT, or MTHFR variants). Psychological stress induces subcortical dopaminergic activation attributable to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation. This dysregulation is present in the prodromal phase (UHR) in patients who have experienced a first psychotic episode (FEP) and in siblings of schizophrenic patients. Stress dysregulation is a plausible hypothesis to understand the psychosis onset.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The effect of stress on brain pathways could participate to the mechanisms underlying the onset of psychotic symptoms, both as a precipitating factor and as a marker of a predisposing vulnerability. This dysregulation fits into the gene x environment model: in subjects with genetic predispositions, stressful environmental factors can modify biological pathways implicated in psychiatric disorders, promoting the emergence of symptoms. However, many confounding factors obscure the literature, and further studies are needed in schizophrenic patients, UHR and FEP patients to clarify the precise role of stress in psychotic transition. Identification of stress biomarkers could help diagnosis and prognosis, and pave the way for specific care strategies based on stress-targeted therapies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire « physiopathologie des maladies psychiatriques », centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, université Paris Descartes, Inserm U894, 75014 Paris, France; Service hospitalo-universitaire-S14, faculté de médecine Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 75014 Paris, France; Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), 75014 Paris France. Electronic address: boris.chaumette@inserm.fr.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chaumette
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire « physiopathologie des maladies psychiatriques », centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, université Paris Descartes, Inserm U894, 75014 Paris, France; Service hospitalo-universitaire-S14, faculté de médecine Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 75014 Paris, France; Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), 75014 Paris France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kebir
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire « physiopathologie des maladies psychiatriques », centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, université Paris Descartes, Inserm U894, 75014 Paris, France; Service hospitalo-universitaire-S14, faculté de médecine Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 75014 Paris, France; Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), 75014 Paris France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mam Lam Fook
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire « physiopathologie des maladies psychiatriques », centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, université Paris Descartes, Inserm U894, 75014 Paris, France; Service hospitalo-universitaire-S14, faculté de médecine Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 75014 Paris, France; Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), 75014 Paris France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bourgin
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire « physiopathologie des maladies psychiatriques », centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, université Paris Descartes, Inserm U894, 75014 Paris, France; Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), 75014 Paris France.
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Godsil
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire « physiopathologie des maladies psychiatriques », centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, université Paris Descartes, Inserm U894, 75014 Paris, France; Service hospitalo-universitaire-S14, faculté de médecine Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 75014 Paris, France; Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), 75014 Paris France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gaillard
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire « physiopathologie des maladies psychiatriques », centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, université Paris Descartes, Inserm U894, 75014 Paris, France; Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), 75014 Paris France.
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Jay
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire « physiopathologie des maladies psychiatriques », centre de psychiatrie et neurosciences, université Paris Descartes, Inserm U894, 75014 Paris, France; Service hospitalo-universitaire-S14, faculté de médecine Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris cité, centre hospitalier Sainte-Anne, 75014 Paris, France; Institut de psychiatrie (GDR 3557), 75014 Paris France.
authors.forename: M-O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Krebs
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000503:physiopathology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000378:metabolism; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Axe hypothalamo-hypophyso-surrénalien; Cortisol; Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; Psychotic transition; Schizophrenia; Schizophrénie; Ultra-high risk; Ultra-high risk subjects (UHR); État mental à risque