title: Assessing Specific Cognitive Deficits Associated with Dementia in Older Adults with Down Syndrome: Use and Validity of the Arizona Cognitive Test Battery (ACTB).
abstract: Down syndrome is associated with specific cognitive deficits. Alongside this, older adults with Down syndrome are a high risk group for dementia. The Arizona Cognitive Test Battery (ACTB), a cognitive assessment battery specifically developed for use with individuals with Down syndrome, has been proposed for use as outcome measures for clinical trials in this population. It has not been validated in older adults with Down syndrome. This study aims to assess the use and validity of the ACTB in older adults with Down syndrome.
  
  
  
  Participants with Down syndrome aged 45 and over were assessed using the ACTB, standard tabletop tests and informant ratings.
  
  
  
  Assessment outcomes of 49 participants were analysed. Of these, 19 (39%) had a diagnosis of dementia or possible dementia. Most participants were able to attempt most of the tasks, although some tasks had high floor effects (including CANTAB Intra-Extra Dimensional shift stages completed and Modified Dots Task). Of the ACTB tasks, statistically significant differences were observed between the dementia and no dementia groups on CANTAB Simple Reaction Time median latency, NEPSY Visuomotor Precision-Car and Motorbike and CANTAB Paired Associates Learning stages completed. No significant differences were observed for CANTAB Intra-Extra Dimensional Shift, Modified Dots Task, Finger Sequencing, NEPSY Visuomotor precision-Train and Car and CANTAB Paired Associates Learning first trial memory score. Several of the tasks in the ACTB can be used in older adults with Down syndrome and have mild to moderate concurrent validity when compared to tabletop tests and informant ratings, although this varies on a test by test basis.
  
  
  
  Overall, scores for a number of tests in the ACTB were similar when comparing dementia and no dementia groups of older adults with Down syndrome, suggesting that it would not be an appropriate outcome measure of cognitive function for clinical trials of dementia treatments without further modification and validation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, England.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sinai
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, England.|Camden Learning Disability Service, Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, England.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hassiotis
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neurology, Education Unit, Queens Square, University College London, London, England.
authors.forename: Khadija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rantell
authors.affiliation: Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, England.|Islington Learning Disability Partnership, Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, England.|The London Down Syndrome Consortium (LonDownS), London, England.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strydom
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003710:Demography; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results