title: Neural responses to maternal praise and criticism: Relationship to depression and anxiety symptoms in high-risk adolescent girls.
abstract: The parent-child relationship may be an important factor in the development of adolescent depressive and anxious symptoms. In adults, depressive symptoms relate to increased amygdala and attenuated prefrontal activation to maternal criticism. The current pilot study examined how depressive and anxiety symptoms in a high-risk adolescent population relate to neural responses to maternal feedback. Given previous research relating oxytocin to maternal behavior, we conducted exploratory analyses using oxytocin receptor (OXTR) genotype.
  
  
  
  Eighteen females (ages 12-16) listened to maternal praise, neutral, and critical statements during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants completed the Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders. The OXTR single nucleotide polymorphism, rs53576, was genotyped. Linear mixed models were used to identify symptom or allele (GG, AA/AG) by condition (critical, neutral, praise) interaction effects on brain activation.
  
  
  
  Greater symptoms related to greater right amygdala activation for criticism and reduced activation to praise. For left amygdala, greater symptoms related to reduced activation to both conditions. Anxiety symptoms related to differences in superior medial PFC activation patterns. Parental OXTR AA/AG allele related to reduced activation to criticism and greater activation to praise within the right amygdala.
  
  
  
  Results support a relationship between anxiety and depressive symptoms and prefrontal-amygdala responses to maternal feedback. The lateralization of amygdala findings suggests separate neural targets for interventions reducing reactivity to negative feedback or increasing salience of positive feedback. Exploratory analyses suggest that parents' OXTR genetic profile influences parent-child interactions and related adolescent brain responses.
authors.affiliation: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, United States; School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK 74104, United States. Electronic address: raupperle@laureateinstitute.org.
authors.forename: Robin L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Aupperle
authors.affiliation: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, United States; Department of Human Development and Family Science, Oklahoma State University, 700 N. Greenwood Ave., Tulsa, OK 74106, United States.
authors.forename: Amanda S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 South Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Silk
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Science, Oklahoma State University, 700 N. Greenwood Ave., Tulsa, OK 74106, United States; Center for Family Resilience, Oklahoma State University, 700 N. Greenwood Ave., Tulsa, OK 74106, United States.
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Criss
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, 116 N. Murray Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States.
authors.forename: Matt R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Judah
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Science, Oklahoma State University, 700 N. Greenwood Ave., Tulsa, OK 74106, United States; Center for Family Resilience, Oklahoma State University, 700 N. Greenwood Ave., Tulsa, OK 74106, United States.
authors.forename: Sally G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Eagleton
authors.affiliation: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK 74104, United States.
authors.forename: Namik
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kirlic
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, 116 N. Murray Hall, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Byrd-Craven
authors.affiliation: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, United States.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 S. Yale Ave., Tulsa, OK 74136, United States; School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, 800 S. Tucker Dr., Tulsa, OK 74104, United States.
authors.forename: Ruben P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Alvarez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000679:Amygdala / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002648:Child; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D003863:Depression / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D018045:Receptors, Oxytocin / Q000235:genetics; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D057566:Self Report; D012938:Social Perception
chemical_list: D018045:Receptors, Oxytocin; D010100:Oxygen
keywords: Amygdala; Maternal behavior; Oxytocin; Parent-child relations; Prefrontal cortex