title: Dementia Rating Scale-2 normative data for middle-and older-aged Castilian speaking Spaniards.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2) is frequently used as a dementia screening tool in clinical and research settings in Spain. The present study describes DRS-2 Total and subscale scores in community-dwelling Spaniards, aged 50-71, and provides normative data for its use in Castilian Spanish-speaking individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 798 individuals who participated in an observational study on essential hypertension. Mean age was 62.8 years (SD = 5.4), mean education was 8.6 years (SD = 3.4) with 47.9% females. Almost all of them were receiving blood pressure-lowering drugs (93%) and most of them had fairly well-managed blood pressure control (M systolic/diastolic blood pressure = 142.3/77.0 ± 16.0/9.2 mm Hg). We applied a previously described method of data normalization from the Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies to obtain the Castilian Spanish DRS-2 norms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Worse performance on Total and subscale scores was associated with older age (p < .05) and fewer years of education (p < .001). Women obtained lower raw Total scores than men (131.68 ± 7.2 vs. 133.10 ± 6.90, p < .005), but had fewer years of education (7.96 ± 3.33 vs. 9.17 ± 3.45, p < .001). This gender difference disappeared after correcting for age and years of education. Total and subscale scores are presented adjusted by age, and normative data are shown for Total scores adjusted by age and years of education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These norms are useful for studying cognitive status and cognitive decline in research and clinical settings in Castilian Spanish-speaking populations.
authors.affiliation: a Neurovascular Research Laboratory , Vall Hebron's Research Institute and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Iolanda
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Riba-Llena
authors.affiliation: b Neurovascular Research Laboratory , Vall Hebron's Research Institute , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nafría
authors.affiliation: b Neurovascular Research Laboratory , Vall Hebron's Research Institute , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Dolors
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giralt
authors.affiliation: b Neurovascular Research Laboratory , Vall Hebron's Research Institute , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Inés
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fernández-Cortiñas
authors.affiliation: c Primary Healthcare , CUAP Horta, SAP Muntanya , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Carmen Ioana
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Jarca
authors.affiliation: d Barcelona City Research Support Unit , IDIAP Jordi Gol and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mundet
authors.affiliation: e Nephrology Service , Vall Hebron's University Hospital , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: José Luís
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tovar
authors.affiliation: d Barcelona City Research Support Unit , IDIAP Jordi Gol and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Orfila
authors.affiliation: b Neurovascular Research Laboratory , Vall Hebron's Research Institute , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Castañé
authors.affiliation: f Neurology Service, Neurovascular Section , Vall Hebron's University Hospital , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Álvarez-Sabín
authors.affiliation: g Neurology Service , Vall Hebron's University Hospital , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Maisterra
authors.affiliation: h Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall Hebron's Research Institute and Neurology Service, Neurovascular Section , Vall Hebron's University Hospital. Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montaner
authors.affiliation: a Neurovascular Research Laboratory , Vall Hebron's Research Institute and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Delgado
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders; D016208:Databases, Factual; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Cognition; Dementia Rating Scale-2; Spanish; cognitive function; normative data