title: Vascular Risk Factors and Diseases Modulate Deficits of Reward-Based Reversal Learning in Acute Basal Ganglia Stroke.
abstract: Besides motor function, the basal ganglia have been implicated in feedback learning. In patients with chronic basal ganglia infarcts, deficits in reward-based reversal learning have previously been described.
  
  
  
  We re-examined the acquisition and reversal of stimulus-stimulus-reward associations and acquired equivalence in eleven patients with acute basal ganglia stroke (8 men, 3 women; 57.8±13.3 years), whose performance was compared eleven healthy subjects of comparable age, sex distribution and education, who were recruited outside the hospital. Eleven hospitalized patients with a similar vascular risk profile as the stroke patients but without stroke history served as clinical control group.
  
  
  
  In a neuropsychological assessment 7±3 days post-stroke, verbal and spatial short-term and working memory and inhibition control did not differ between groups. Compared with healthy subjects, control patients with vascular risk factors exhibited significantly reduced performance in the reversal phase (F[2,30] = 3.47; p = 0.044; post-hoc comparison between risk factor controls and healthy controls: p = 0.030), but not the acquisition phase (F[2,30] = 1.01; p = 0.376) and the acquired equivalence (F[2,30] = 1.04; p = 0.367) tasks. In all tasks, the performance of vascular risk factor patients closely resembled that of basal ganglia stroke patients. Correlation studies revealed a significant association of the number of vascular risk factors with reversal learning (r = -0.33, p = 0.012), but not acquisition learning (r = -0.20, p = 0.121) or acquired equivalence (r = -0.22, p = 0.096).
  
  
  
  The previously reported impairment of reward-based learning may be attributed to vascular risk factors and associated diseases, which are enriched in stroke patients. This study emphasizes the necessity of appropriate control subjects in cognition studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulla K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Seidel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gronewold
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Manon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wicking
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bellebaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hermann
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012193:Reversal Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D012201:Reward; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*