title: Increased Gut Redox and Depletion of Anaerobic and Methanogenic Prokaryotes in Severe Acute Malnutrition.
abstract: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is associated with inadequate diet, low levels of plasma antioxidants and gut microbiota alterations. The link between gut redox and microbial alterations, however, remains unexplored. By sequencing the gut microbiomes of 79 children of varying nutritional status from three centers in Senegal and Niger, we found a dramatic depletion of obligate anaerobes in malnutrition. This was confirmed in an individual patient data meta-analysis including 107 cases and 77 controls from 5 different African and Asian countries. Specifically, several species of the Bacteroidaceae, Eubacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococceae families were consistently depleted while Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were consistently enriched. Further analyses on our samples revealed increased fecal redox potential, decreased total bacterial number and dramatic Methanobrevibacter smithii depletion. Indeed, M. smithii was detected in more than half of the controls but in none of the cases. No causality was demonstrated but, based on our results, we propose a unifying theory linking microbiota specificity, lacking anaerobes and archaea, to low antioxidant nutrients, and lower food conversion.
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Million
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tidjani Alou
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Saber
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khelaifia
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Dipankar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bachar
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Lagier
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Niokhor
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dione
authors.affiliation: Hôpital National de Niamey, Niamey, Niger.
authors.forename: Souleymane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brah
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Perrine
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hugon
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7257, 13288 Marseille, France.|Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonctions des Macromolécules Biologiques, 163, avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lombard
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Fabrice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Armougom
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biochimie, hôpital de la Timone, UMR MD2, IRBA, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fromonot
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Michelle
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), URMITE, Dakar, Sénégal.
authors.forename: Aldiouma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diallo
authors.affiliation: Service de pédiatrie multidisciplinaire, hôpital de la Timone Enfant, APHM, Marseille France.|UMR_S 910, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fabre
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biochimie, hôpital de la Timone, UMR MD2, IRBA, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Régis
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guieu
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), URMITE, Dakar, Sénégal.
authors.forename: Cheikh
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sokhna
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7257, 13288 Marseille, France.|Aix-Marseille Université, Architecture et Fonctions des Macromolécules Biologiques, 163, avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France.|Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Henrissat
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parola
authors.affiliation: Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM 1095, Marseille, France.|Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
mesh_terms: D001208:Asia; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics; D058491:Bacterial Load; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D064806:Dysbiosis / Q000209:etiology*; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D056186:Metagenomics; D009548:Niger; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012675:Senegal; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D000067011:Severe Acute Malnutrition / Q000150:complications*