title: Refinement and Validation of the Student Perceptions of Physician-Pharmacist Interprofessional Clinical Education Instrument.
abstract: Objective. To refine the Student Perceptions of Physician-Pharmacist Interprofessional Clinical Education (SPICE) instrument to address deficiencies observed in previous studies and to demonstrate external validity and reliability of the refined instrument in a broad population of medical and pharmacy students. Methods. The original SPICE instrument plus four pilot items generated via cognitive interviewing of students was administered to 1708 medical and pharmacy students at five academic institutions. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify candidate model structures and evaluate their psychometric properties. Results. An improved version of the instrument was created (SPICE 2) by incorporating three pilot items and removing three original items. Validity and reliability were demonstrated. Conclusion. The SPICE 2 instrument addresses the limitations observed to date in model structure while increasing its utility. The authors recommend use of the SPICE 2 instrument moving forward.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Pharmacy, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Zorek
authors.affiliation: University of the Incarnate Word, School of Graduate Studies and Research, San Antonio, Texas.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Fike
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Jens C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Eickhoff
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Pharmacy, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Engle
authors.affiliation: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, Amarillo, Texas.
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: MacLaughlin
authors.affiliation: University of the Incarnate Word, School of Business and Administration, San Antonio, Texas.
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Dominguez
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Christine S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Seibert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013339:Students, Pharmacy / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: assessment; exploratory factor analysis; instrument validation; interprofessional education