title: Correction of a Technical Error in the Golf Swing: Error Amplification Versus Direct Instruction.
abstract: Performance errors drive motor learning for many tasks. The authors' aim was to determine which of two strategies, method of amplification of error (MAE) or direct instruction (DI), would be more beneficial for error correction during a full golfing swing with a driver. Thirty-four golfers were randomly assigned to one of three training conditions (MAE, DI, and control). Participants were tested in a practice session in which each golfer performed 7 pretraining trials, 6 training-intervention trials, and 7 posttraining trials; and a retention test after 1 week. An optoeletronic motion capture system was used to measure the kinematic parameters of each golfer's performance. Results showed that MAE is an effective strategy for correcting the technical errors leading to a rapid improvement in performance. These findings could have practical implications for sport psychology and physical education because, while practice is obviously necessary for improving learning, the efficacy of the learning process is essential in enhancing learners' motivation and sport enjoyment.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Italy.
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Milanese
authors.affiliation: b PhD Course in Science of Physical Exercise and Human Movement, University of Verona , Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Corte
authors.affiliation: c PGAs of Europe Director and Tutor , Verona , Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salvetti
authors.affiliation: a Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences , University of Verona , Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cavedon
authors.affiliation: d Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , Italy.
authors.forename: Tiziano
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Agostini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006055:Golf / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: coaching; feedback; performance; sport; technical error; technique analysis