title: Phytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds from the endophyte Hypoxylon anthochroum strain Blaci isolated from Bursera lancifolia (Burseraceae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the phytotoxic, antifungal and antioomycete activity; and, determine the chemical composition of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile metabolites produced by the endophyte Hypoxylon anthochroum strain Blaci isolated from Bursera lancifolia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on its macro- and micro-morphological features, the strain Blaci was identified as Nodulisporium sp.; partial analysis of its ITS1-5.8-ITS2 ribosomal gene sequence revealed the identity of the teleomorphic stage of the fungus as H. anthochroum. Phytotoxic and antimicrobial activities of VOCs, and culture medium and mycelium organic extracts from H. anthochroum Blaci were determined by simple and multiple antagonism bioassays, and gas phase and agar dilution bioassays respectively. The volatile and semi-volatile metabolites were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. VOCs from a 5-day H. anthochroum strain Blaci culture caused the inhibition of seed germination, root elongation and seedling respiration on Amaranthus hypochondriacus, Panicum miliaceum, Trifolium pratense and Medicago sativa. In addition, extracts, phenylethyl alcohol and eucalyptol main compounds present in the VOCs and extract displayed a high phytotoxic activity, inhibiting the three physiological processes on the four test plants in a concentration-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results revealed that H. anthochroum strain Blaci produces a mixture of VOCs. These VOCs showed a strong phytotoxic activity on seed germination, root elongation, and seedling respiration of four plants and slightly affected the growth of phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes. Also, the culture medium and mycelium extracts of H. anthochroum showed a high phytotoxic activity on the four test plants and, generally, the culture medium extract was more phytotoxic than the mycelium extracts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work firstly reports the phytotoxic activity of volatile and semi-volatile compounds produced by the endophyte H. anthochroum strain Blaci on seed germination, root elongation, and seedling respiration of four different plants; consequently, these compounds could be useful in biocontrol of weeds and plant pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México.
authors.forename: Á
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Ulloa-Benítez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México.
authors.forename: Y M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Medina-Romero
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Fernández
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lappe-Oliveras
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Roque-Flores
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Química, Unidad de Servicios de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duarte Lisci
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herrera Suárez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, México, DF, México.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Macías-Rubalcava
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031233:Bursera / Q000382:microbiology*; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000737:chemistry; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D060026:Endophytes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000077591:Eucalyptol; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000494:pharmacology; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000187:drug effects; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D011775:Pythium / Q000187:drug effects; D036226:Seedlings / Q000378:metabolism; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D013098:Xylariales / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D039821:Monoterpenes; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol; D000077591:Eucalyptol
keywords: Bursera lancifolia; Hypoxylon anthochroum; antifungal activity; endophytic fungus; phytotoxic activity; volatile organic compounds