title: Lateral Fenestrations in K(+)-Channels Explored Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations.
abstract: Potassium channels are of paramount physiological and pathological importance and therefore constitute significant drug targets. One of the keys to rationalize the way drugs modulate ion channels is to understand the ability of such small molecules to access their respective binding sites, from which they can exert an activating or inhibitory effect. Many computational studies have probed the energetics of ion permeation, and the mechanisms of voltage gating, but little is known about the role of fenestrations as possible mediators of drug entry in potassium channels. To explore the existence, structure, and conformational dynamics of transmembrane fenestrations accessible by drugs in potassium channels, molecular dynamics simulation trajectories were analyzed from three potassium channels: the open state voltage-gated channel Kv1.2, the G protein-gated inward rectifying channel GIRK2 (Kir3.2), and the human two-pore domain TWIK-1 (K2P1.1). The main results of this work were the identification of the sequence identity of four main lateral fenestrations of similar length and with bottleneck radius in the range of 0.9-2.4 Å for this set of potassium channels. It was found that the fenestrations in Kv1.2 and Kir3.2 remain closed to the passage of molecules larger than water. In contrast, in the TWIK-1 channel, both open and closed fenestrations are sampled throughout the simulation, with bottleneck radius shown to correlate with the random entry of lipid membrane molecules into the aperture of the fenestrations. Druggability scoring function analysis of the fenestration regions suggests that Kv and Kir channels studied are not druggable in practice due to steric constraining of the fenestration bottleneck. A high (>50%) fenestration sequence identity was found in each potassium channel subfamily studied, Kv1, Kir3, and K2P1. Finally, the reported fenestration sequence of TWIK-1 compared favorably with another channel, K2P channel TREK-2, reported to possess open fenestrations, suggesting that K2P channels could be druggable via fenestrations, for which we reported atomistic detail of the fenestration region, including the flexible residues M260 and L264 that interact with POPC membrane in a concerted fashion with the aperture and closure of the fenestrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, King's College London , Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jorgensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, King's College London , Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Darré
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, King's College London , Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Oakes
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry , Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, U.K.
authors.forename: Rubben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torella
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry , Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, U.K.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pryde
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, King's College London , Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, U.K.|Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford , Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Domene
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000502:physiology; D051676:G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051663:Kv1.2 Potassium Channel / Q000378:metabolism; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D056004:Molecular Dynamics Simulation; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051676:G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels; D051663:Kv1.2 Potassium Channel; D015221:Potassium Channels
keywords: cavities; druggability; ion channels; tunnels