title: A randomised, double blind comparison of tecarfarin, a novel vitamin K antagonist, with warfarin. The EmbraceAC Trial.
abstract: Tecarfarin is a novel vitamin K antagonist that is metabolised by carboxyl estererase, thereby eliminating the variability associated with cytochrome-mediated metabolism. EmbraceAC was designed to compare the quality of anticoagulation with tecarfarin and warfarin as determined by time in therapeutic range (TTR). In this phase 2/3 randomised and blinded trial, 607 patients with indications for chronic anticoagulation were assigned to warfarin (n=304) or tecarfarin (n=303). Dosing of study drugs was managed by a centralised dose control centre, which had access to genotyping. The primary analysis tested superiority of tecarfarin over warfarin for TTR. Patients were recruited between May 12, 2008 and May 12, 2009. TTR with tecarfarin and warfarin were similar (72.3 % and 71.5 %, respectively; p=0.51). In those taking CYP2C9 interacting drugs, the TTR on tecarfarin (n=92) was similar to that on warfarin (n=87, 72.2 % and 69.9 %, respectively; p=0.15). In patients with mechanical heart valves, the TTR of tecarfarin (n=42) was similar to that of warfarin (n=42, 68.4 % and 66.3 %, respectively; p=0.51). The same was true for the TTR in patients with any CYP2C9 variant allele and on CYP2C9-interacting drugs (tecarfarin, n=24, 76.5 % vs warfarin, n=31, 69.5 %; p=0.09). There was no difference in thromboembolic or bleeding events. In conclusion, superiority of tecarfarin over warfarin for TTR was not demonstrated. The TTR with tecarfarin was similar to that with well-controlled warfarin and tecarfarin appeared to be safe and well tolerated with few major bleeding and no thrombotic events. Favourable trends in certain subpopulations make tecarfarin a promising oral anticoagulant that deserves further study.
authors.affiliation: Richard Whitlock, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, E-mail: richard.whitlock@phri.ca.
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Whitlock
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Fordyce
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Midei
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Jeffrey I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Weitz
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Canafax
authors.forename: Detlef
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Albrecht
authors.forename: Peter G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Milner
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001565:Benzoates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003374:Coumarins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005838:Genotype; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005466:Fluorocarbons
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001565:Benzoates; D003374:Coumarins; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D014812:Vitamin K; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases; D014859:Warfarin; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; C578523:VKORC1 protein, human; C547288:tecarfarin; D005466:Fluorocarbons
keywords: Anticoagulation; CYP2C9; tecarfarin; warfarin