title: Neuroinflammatory and autonomic mechanisms in diabetes and hypertension.
abstract: Interdisciplinary studies in the research fields of endocrinology and immunology show that obesity-associated overnutrition leads to neuroinflammatory molecular changes, in particular in the hypothalamus, chronically causing various disorders known as elements of metabolic syndrome. In this process, neural or hypothalamic inflammation impairs the neuroendocrine and autonomic regulation of the brain over blood pressure and glucose homeostasis as well as insulin secretion, and elevated sympathetic activation has been appreciated as a critical mediator. This review describes the involved physiology and mechanisms, with a focus on glucose and blood pressure balance, and suggests that neuroinflammation employs the autonomic nervous system to mediate the development of diabetes and hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York dongsheng.cai@einstein.yu.edu.
authors.forename: Dongsheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009765:Obesity / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D044343:Overnutrition / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose
keywords: autonomic nervous system; hypothalamus; inflammation