title: Ammonia exposure induces oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in hepatopancreas of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).
abstract: Ammonia is one of major environmental pollutants in the aquatic system that poses a great threat to the survival of shrimp. In the present study, the mRNA expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker and unfolded protein response (UPR) related genes, as well as the change of redox enzyme and apoptosis were investigated in hepatopancreas of the pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei after the exposure of 20 mg L(-1) total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). Compared with the control group, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in hepatopancreas decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 96 h, whereas the malonyldialdehyde (MDA) concentration increased significantly (p < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of ER stress marker-immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (Bip) gene and key UPR related genes including activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and the spliced form of X box binding protein 1 (XBP1) increased significantly (p < 0.05) in hepatopancreas at 96 h after exposure to ammonia. In addition, apoptosis was observed obviously in the hepatopancreas of L. vannamei after exposure to ammonia by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The results indicated that ammonia exposure could induce oxidative stress, which further caused ER stress and apoptosis in hepatopancreas of L. vannamei.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
authors.forename: Zhongxiu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
authors.forename: Depeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
authors.forename: Mingzhe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
authors.forename: Mengqiang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China. Electronic address: lshsong@ms.qdio.ac.cn.
authors.forename: Linsheng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D059865:Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D043143:Hepatopancreas / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D033561:Penaeidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000641:Ammonia
keywords: Ammonia exposure; Apoptosis; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Litopenaeus vannamei; Oxidative stress