title: Impact and Challenges of a Policy Change to Early Track Extubation in the Operating Room for Fontan.
abstract: While policy changes toward early extubation in the operating room (OR) have been commonly seen in palliative surgeries in single ventricle anatomy, no systematic assessment of their impact on patient outcome has been reported. All patients aged 0-17 years admitted to a PICU in a quaternary children's hospital for post-operative management following a primary Fontan procedure between 2005 and 2011 were included. Patients for revision of Fontan or patients admitted to adult Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit were excluded. Practice policy was changed from routine extubation in the PICU to early extubation in OR in January 2008. Data were compared between the pre-policy-change era (2005-2007) and the post-policy-change era (2008-2011) to assess the impact of the change on patient outcomes. Generalized linear regression (GLM) and interrupted time series (ITS) analysis were used to access the effect of policy change on PICU length of stay and post-operative fluid balance, adjusting for potential confounders using propensity scores. Root cause analysis (RCA) was conducted to describe causes of failed extubation and challenges of this policy change. One hundred twenty-seven children met inclusion criteria. Average body weight was 14.7 kg [standard deviation (SD) 3.9], and age was 3.5 years (SD 1.9). A clear change in extubation practice occurred between the pre- versus post-policy-change eras: 97.5 % were extubated in the PICU in the pre-policy-change era, as compared to 15.0 % in the post-policy-change era. The average PICU length of stay was shortened by 4.1 days from the pre-policy-change era to the post-policy-change era [95 % CI -1.2 to -6.9, p < 0.01] in the GLM, whereas the ITS analysis did not show a statistically significant difference [95 % CI 1.8 to -2.5] (p = 0.23). No statistically significant difference was observed in the fluid balance in the 24 h post-operation in both analyses. Sixteen patients (16/127, 12.6 %) were reintubated mainly for hemodynamic instability in the pre-policy-change era (6/39, 15.4 %) and excessive bleeding or respiratory etiologies in the post-policy-change era (10/88, 11.4 %). Significant reduction of PICU length of stay was achieved without any evidence of worsening of patient outcomes. RCA suggests watchful observations with respect to bleeding and respiratory etiologies are the key to prevent failure of extubation in the current practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, 3A3.06 Walter C MacKenzie Health Centre, 8440 112 St., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada. atsushi@ualberta.ca.|School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. atsushi@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kawaguchi
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Management, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coquet
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yasui
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, 3A3.06 Walter C MacKenzie Health Centre, 8440 112 St., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada.|Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cave
mesh_terms: D060666:Airway Extubation; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D009873:Operating Rooms; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Extubation; Fontan; Operating room; PICU; Qualitative analysis; Root cause analysis