title: Hypercalcemia due to Milk-Alkali Syndrome and Fracture-Induced Immobilization in an Adolescent Boy with Hypoparathyroidism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypercalcemia of immobilization, while rare, may occur in adolescent boys after fracture. Although not fully understood, the mechanism appears to be related to bone turnover uncoupling, in part mediated by upregulation of RANKL. Animal studies suggest that parathyroidectomy suppresses RANKL-stimulated osteoclastogenesis in immobilized bone. Thus, immobilization-induced hypercalcemia should be uncommon in patients with hypoparathyroidism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present a 15-year-old boy with well-controlled hypoparathyroidism who developed hypercalcemia and milk-alkali syndrome 5 weeks after sustaining a severe tibia/fibula fracture requiring bedrest. Milk-alkali syndrome (hypercalcemia, alkalosis, and renal insufficiency) results from chronic excessive ingestion of calcium and absorbable alkali. Prior to fracture, our patient had not experienced hypercalcemia despite high doses of supplements, necessary during puberty. Supplements were discontinued and his biochemistries normalized with saline diuresis and a dose of pamidronate. Alkaline phosphatase, which was low at presentation, returned to normal 5 weeks later with remobilization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fracture and immobilization caused acute suppression of bone formation with persistent bone resorption in this rapidly growing adolescent; continuation of carbonate-containing calcium supplements resulted in the milk-alkali syndrome. Therefore, close monitoring of serum calcium with adjustments in supplementation are indicated in immobilized patients with hypoparathyroidism. © 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Rohan K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.forename: Rachel I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Gafni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced; D007011:Hypoparathyroidism / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D007103:Immobilization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D010012:Osteogenesis; D013978:Tibial Fractures / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium