title: Generation of electrochemiluminescence at bipolar electrodes: concepts and applications.
abstract: Bipolar electrochemistry (BPE) is an unconventional technique where a conducting object is addressed electrochemically in an electrolyte without any wire connection with an external power supply. BPE has been known for decades but remained limited to only a couple of niche applications. However, it is now undergoing a true renewal of interest especially in the context of analytical chemistry. The bipolar electrode exhibits two distinct poles of opposite polarization with respect to the solution. This allows one to separate the localization of sensing elements versus reporting ones. Also, arrays of bipolar microelectrodes can be addressed simultaneously to perform parallel analyses. Among several reporting strategies, the combination of BPE with electro-chemiluminescence (ECL) is the most frequent choice owing to the very simple visual readout provided by ECL. This article reviews the field from the initial reports to the most recent ones, revealing numerous opportunities including novel analytical strategies for the detection of small molecular analytes and biorelevant molecules such as DNA, RNA, peptides, or other biomarkers. Graphical Abstract Principle of electrochemiluminescence generation at one extremity of a bipolar electrode.
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France. Laurent.Bouffier@enscbp.fr.|CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, 351 Cours de la Liberation, 33400, Talence, France. Laurent.Bouffier@enscbp.fr.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bouffier
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France.|CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, 351 Cours de la Liberation, 33400, Talence, France.
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arbault
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France. Alexander.Kuhn@enscbp.fr.|CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, 351 Cours de la Liberation, 33400, Talence, France. Alexander.Kuhn@enscbp.fr.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.affiliation: Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France. Neso.Sojic@enscbp.fr.|CNRS, ISM, UMR 5255, 351 Cours de la Liberation, 33400, Talence, France. Neso.Sojic@enscbp.fr.
authors.forename: Neso
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sojic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004566:Electrodes; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis; D012313:RNA / Q000032:analysis; D059015:Wireless Technology / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides; D012313:RNA; D004247:DNA
keywords: Biosensors; Bipolar electrochemistry; Electrochemiluminescence; Spectroelectrochemistry; Wireless sensing