title: 'Marge': a European Elderberry for North American Producers.
abstract: Elderberries are being increasingly produced and consumed in North America for their edible and medicinal flowers and fruits. The American elderberry (Sambucus nigrasubsp.canadensis) is native to, and most often cultivated in North America. The European elderberry (S. nigrasubsp.nigra) has been developed into an economically-important horticultural crop in Europe, but most European cultivars do not perform well in the midwestern USA. The genotypeS. nigrasubsp.nigra'Marge' is an open-pollinated seedling ofS. nigrasubsp.nigra'Haschberg', which is one of the most popular elderberry cultivars grown in Europe. In a four-year study (one establishment year followed by 3 production years; 2008-2011) at three Missouri (USA) locations, 'Marge' significantly out-performed and out-yielded eight American elderberry genotypes within the same replicated field plots. Across 3 production years at all three sites, 'Marge' achieved budbreak later, flowered earlier, suffered less Eriophyid mite damage, was taller, produced larger berries, and yielded significantly greater amounts of fruit compared with all eight American elderberry genotypes in the study. At one site, 'Marge' produced three times the yield (1.89 kg/plant) compared with the next highest-producing American elderberry genotype (0.65 kg/plant). It is an exceptionally robust and drought-resistant elderberry. The phenotypic attributes of 'Marge' are similar to that of European elderberry except that it performs exceptionally well in the midwestern USA. DNA marker results, along with phenological and morphological characteristics, indicate that 'Marge' is a European elderberry (S. nigrasubsp.nigra). As with most European genotypes, 'Marge' does not fruit on first-year wood, and will therefore require a different pruning regimen compared with American elderberry for success in North American production. We do not yet know how 'Marge' will perform outside the midwestern USA, but it is so productive, unique, and mite resistant, that it merits introduction as a cultivar.
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri, Southwest Research Center, Mt. Vernon, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri, Cooperative Extension Service, Springfield, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Byers
authors.affiliation: Missouri State University, State Fruit Experiment Station, Mountain Grove, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.affiliation: Missouri State University, State Fruit Experiment Station, Mountain Grove, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaps
authors.affiliation: North Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Missouri, USA.
authors.forename: H-Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Wyldewood Cellars, Mulvane, Kansas, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Millican
keywords: DNA; Sambucus; cultivar; fruit; genotype; yield