title: Transmit Array Spatial Encoding (TRASE) using broadband WURST pulses for RF spatial encoding in inhomogeneous B0 fields.
abstract: Transmit Array Spatial Encoding (TRASE) is a promising new MR encoding method that uses transmit RF (B1(+)) phase gradients over the field-of-view to perform Fourier spatial encoding. Acquisitions use a spin echo train in which the transmit coil phase ramp is modulated to jump from one k-space point to the next. This work extends the capability of TRASE by using swept radiofrequency (RF) pulses and a quadratic phase removal method to enable TRASE where it is arguably most needed: portable imaging systems with inhomogeneous B0 fields. The approach is particularly well-suited for portable MR scanners where (a) inhomogeneous B0 fields are a byproduct of lightweight magnet design, (b) heavy, high power-consumption gradient coil systems are a limitation to siting the system in non-conventional locations and (c) synergy with the use of spin echo trains is required to overcome intra-voxel dephasing (short T2(∗)) in the inhomogeneous field. TRASE does not use a modulation of the B0 field to encode, but it does suffer from secondary effects of the inhomogeneous field. Severe artifacts arise in TRASE images due to off-resonance effects when the RF pulse does not cover the full bandwidth of spin resonances in the imaging FOV. Thus, for highly inhomogeneous B0 fields, the peak RF power needed for high-bandwidth refocusing hard pulses becomes very expensive, in addition to requiring RF coils that can withstand thousands of volts. In this work, we use swept WURST RF pulse echo trains to achieve TRASE imaging in a highly inhomogeneous magnetic field (ΔB0/B0∼0.33% over the sample). By accurately exciting and refocusing the full bandwidth of spins, the WURST pulses eliminate artifacts caused by the limited bandwidth of the hard pulses used in previous realizations of TRASE imaging. We introduce a correction scheme to remove the unwanted quadratic phase modulation caused by the swept pulses. Also, a phase alternation scheme is employed to mitigate artifacts caused by mixture of the even and odd-echo coherence pathways due to defects in the refocusing pulse. In this paper, we describe this needed methodology and demonstrate the ability of TRASE to Fourier encode in an inhomogeneous field (ΔB0/B0∼1% over the full FOV).
authors.affiliation: A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States. Electronic address: jaystock@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Stockmann
authors.affiliation: A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States.
authors.forename: Clarissa Z
authors.initials: CZ
authors.lastname: Cooley
authors.affiliation: A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Bastien
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guerin
authors.affiliation: A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02141, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.affiliation: A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
authors.forename: Lawrence L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wald
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D060526:Magnetic Fields; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*
keywords: Low field imaging; Portable MRI; Quadratic phase modulation; Swept RF pulses; Transmit Array Spatial Encoding