title: Association of birth outcomes with fetal exposure to parabens, triclosan and triclocarban in an immigrant population in Brooklyn, New York.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior studies suggest associations between fetal exposure to antimicrobial and paraben compounds with adverse reproductive outcomes, mainly in animal models. We have previously reported elevated levels of these compounds for a cohort of mothers and neonates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined the relationship between human exposure to parabens and antimicrobial compounds and birth outcomes including birth weight, body length and head size, and gestational age at birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal third trimester urinary and umbilical cord blood plasma concentrations of methylparaben (MePB), ethylparaben (EtPB), propylparaben (PrPB), butylparaben (BuPB), benzylparaben (BePB), triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether or TCS) and triclocarban (1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea or TCC), were measured in 185 mothers and 34 paired singleton neonates in New York, 2007-2009.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In regression models adjusting for confounders, adverse exposure-outcome associations observed included increased odds of PTB (BuPB), decreased gestational age at birth (BuPB and TCC) and birth weight (BuPB), decreased body length (PrPB) and protective effects on PTB (BePB) and LBW (3'-Cl-TCC) (p<0.05). No associations were observed for MePB, EtPB, or TCS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides the first evidence of associations between antimicrobials and potential adverse birth outcomes in neonates. Findings are consistent with animal data suggesting endocrine-disrupting potential resulting in developmental and reproductive toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate School of Public Health, BOX 43, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY, USA. Electronic address: laura.geer@downstate.edu.
authors.forename: Laura A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Geer
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, and School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 781 East Terrace Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
authors.forename: Benny F G
authors.initials: BFG
authors.lastname: Pycke
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, State University of New York, Downstate School of Public Health, BOX 43, 450 Clarkson Ave., Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waxenbaum
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 445 Lenox Road, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sherer
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, 445 Lenox Road, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ovadia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Abulafia
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Security, The Biodesign Institute, Global Security Initiative, and School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, 781 East Terrace Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Rolf U
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Halden
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002224:Carbanilides / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D015331:Cohort Studies; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D010226:Parabens / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D014260:Triclosan / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002224:Carbanilides; D010226:Parabens; D014260:Triclosan; C009540:triclocarban
keywords: Antimicrobials; Birth outcomes; Exposure; Parabens