title: Angiographic Findings of Patients with Blunt or Penetrating Extremity Injuries: Focus on Indications and Contraindications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the etiology, signs and symptoms, angiography indications and angiography findings in patients with limb penetrating injuries suspected to have arterial injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study being performed in Imam Reza Hospital affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran between September 2011 and March 2013. We included those patients with extremity blunt and penetrating injuries who were referred for angiography according to standard indications including abnormal distal pulses, complex fracture or dislocation, vascular proximity, fixed hematoma, distal nerve deficit, arterial bruit, thrill and massive soft tissue injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 148 patients (15 women and 133 men) with a mean age of 31±14.9 (11-82) years were evaluated. The most common cause of injury was motor vehicle accident (127 patients 85%). Angiography indications included abnormal distal pulse examination (124, 83.8%), complex fracture or dislocation (7, 4.7%), near arterial trauma (4, 2.7%), fixed hematoma (3, 2%), nerve damage (1, 0.7%). The angiography was found to be normal in 49 (33.1%) patients. In patients with abnormal angiography findings, 60 (60.6%) had cutoff with distal runoff, 21 (21.2%) had cutoff without runoff, 14 (14.1%) had arterial spasm. Other uncommon findings included active bleeding in 2 patients (2%), pseudoaneurysm in 1 (0.7%) and arteriovenous fistula in 1 (0.7%). Out of 4 patients (2.7%) with vascular proximity, only 1 (0.7%) had abnormal angiography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most  important  factor in prediction  of result of angiography was distal arterial pulses examination. But these data confirm the low incidence of vascular injury in asymptomatic patients with proximity. So the use of angiography when proximity is the sole indication in an asymptomatic patient with a normal vascular examination should be questioned.
authors.affiliation: Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Department of Vascular Surgery, Emamreza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pezeshki Rad
authors.affiliation: Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Emamreza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ravari
authors.affiliation: Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Emamreza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Aria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bahadori
authors.affiliation: Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Research Center, Emamreza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Orkideh
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ajami
keywords: Angiography; Trauma; Vascular injury; Vascular proximity