title: Association of type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune disorders in Brazilian children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is caused by an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Other autoimmune diseases can be observed in association with T1DM. The screening for celiac disease (CD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis is necessary due to the increased prevalence of these pathologies in T1DM patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of autoimmune markers for pancreatitis, thyroiditis, and CD in racially admixtured children and adolescents with T1DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional clinic-based study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-one patients with T1DM (average: 11.6 ± 5.1 years). In all patients, the following antibodies were surveyed: Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD), immunoglobulin A (IgA) anti-transglutaminase (anti-tTG), Antithyroglobulin (AAT), anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), and IgA.
  
  
  METHODS
  The quantitative variables were expressed as a mean and standard deviation and the qualitative variables in contingency tables. Student's t-test and χ(2) tests were used to assess the differences between the groups. The level of significance was established as P < 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of anti-GAD antibodies was 5.9%; anti-tTG IgA, 7.4%; anti-TPO, 11.8%; and AAT, 11.8%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children and adolescents with T1DM have increased the prevalence of antithyroid and CD-related antibodies. The positivity for anti-GAD and antithyroid antibodies was less frequent than in other studies. The prevalence of anti-tTG antibodies was similar to the literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Crésio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Larissa Siqueira
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Prof. Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
authors.forename: Maria Betânia P
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Toralles
keywords: Autoimmunity; celiac disease; thyroiditis; type 1 diabetes