title: Solid-state supercapacitors with rationally designed heterogeneous electrodes fabricated by large area spray processing for wearable energy storage applications.
abstract: Supercapacitors are in demand for short-term electrical charge and discharge applications. Unlike conventional supercapacitors, solid-state versions have no liquid electrolyte and do not require robust, rigid packaging for containment. Consequently they can be thinner, lighter and more flexible. However, solid-state supercapacitors suffer from lower power density and where new materials have been developed to improve performance, there remains a gap between promising laboratory results that usually require nano-structured materials and fine-scale processing approaches, and current manufacturing technology that operates at large scale. We demonstrate a new, scalable capability to produce discrete, multi-layered electrodes with a different material and/or morphology in each layer, and where each layer plays a different, critical role in enhancing the dynamics of charge/discharge. This layered structure allows efficient utilisation of each material and enables conservative use of hard-to-obtain materials. The layered electrode shows amongst the highest combinations of energy and power densities for solid-state supercapacitors. Our functional design and spray manufacturing approach to heterogeneous electrodes provide a new way forward for improved energy storage devices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.
authors.forename: Neil P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.
authors.forename: Henry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Snaith
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PH, UK.
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Grant