title: Accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography in the identification of postoperative intramural ventricular septal defects.
abstract: Intramural ventricular septal defects (VSDs), residual interventricular communications occurring after repair of conotruncal defects, are associated with poor postoperative outcomes. The ability of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to identify intramural VSDs has not yet been evaluated.
  
  
  
  Intraoperative TEE and postoperative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) data in all patients undergoing all biventricular repair of conotruncal anomalies in our hospital between January 1, 2006, and June 30, 2013, were reviewed. The ability of TEE to accurately identify residual defects was assessed using postoperative TTE as the reference imaging modality.
  
  
  
  Intramural VSDs occurred in 34 of 337 patients evaluated; 19 were identified by both TTE and TEE, and 15 were identified by TTE only. Sensitivity was 56% and specificity was 100% for TEE to identify intramural VSDs. Peripatch VSDs were identified in 90 patients by both TTE and TEE, in 53 by TTE only, and in 15 by TEE only, yielding a sensitivity of 63% and specificity of 92%. Of the VSDs requiring catheterization or surgical reintervention, 6 of 7 intramural VSDs and all 5 peripatch VSDs were identified by intraoperative TEE. TEE guided the intraoperative decision to return to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in an attempt to close residual defects in 12 patients with intramural VSDs and in 4 patients with peripatch VSDs seen after initial CPB; of these, 10 intramural VSDs and all 4 peripatch VSDs resolved or became smaller on final intraoperative TEE.
  
  
  
  TEE has modest sensitivity but high specificity for identifying intramural VSDs and can detect most defects requiring reintervention. Repeat attempts at closure in the index operation may successfully correct intramural VSDs identified by TEE.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Jyoti K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Glatz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Reena M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Shannon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Chitra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ravishankar
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mascio
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa. Electronic address: cohenm@email.chop.edu.
authors.forename: Meryl S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D004452:Echocardiography; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
keywords: congenital heart disease; transesophageal echocardiography; ventricular septal defect