title: Sleep disorders and oral health: a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sleep disorders (SDs), particularly sleep deprivation, may alter the immune system and induce systemic inflammation. Recent evidence supports an association between SDs and periodontal diseases. This cross-sectional epidemiological study aims to compare oral health variables, such as the amount of plaque/calculus, gingival inflammation, and masticatory function, in individuals with and without SDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted in a French cohort of individuals who underwent medical and oral examinations between 2012 and 2013. Multivariate logistic regression and general linear models were used for group comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over a total of 29,870 individuals, 11,185 (37.4 %) reported to suffer from SDs on a regular basis. Compared to individuals without SDs, SD individuals were older (mean age 44.2 vs. 45.3 years; p < 0.0001), prevalently female (38.6 vs. 52.1 %; p < 0.0001), and with higher BMI (25.3 vs. 25.7; p < 0.0001). Moreover, SD individuals displayed a significantly higher prevalence of comorbidities, higher level of gingival inflammation (adjusted odds ratio 1.22 [95 % confidence interval 1.13-1.32]), and lower masticatory function (1.45 [1.33-1.58]). Short sleepers (<6 h of sleep/night) were found to be at an increased risk of gingival inflammation (1.25 [1.1-1.4]). SD individuals with moderate-to-high gingival inflammation showed a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (1.39 [1.04-1.84]) compared to SD individuals with low or no gingival inflammation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Individuals with self-report SDs are at increased risk of gingival inflammation. The coexistence of SDs and gingival inflammation is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide evidence for an association between SDs and gingival inflammation and support further clinical and experimental studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Service of Odontology, Rothschild Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 7-Denis Diderot University, U.F.R. of Odontology, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Maria Clotilde
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Carra
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Service of Odontology, Rothschild Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 7-Denis Diderot University, U.F.R. of Odontology, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Investigations Préventives et Cliniques (IPC), Paris, France.
authors.forename: Frederique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Investigations Préventives et Cliniques (IPC), Paris, France.|Department of Cardiology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 5-Descartes University, Medicine Faculty, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Danchin
authors.affiliation: Centre d'Investigations Préventives et Cliniques (IPC), Paris, France.|Manhès Hospital, Fleury-Mérogis, France.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pannier
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology, Service of Odontology, Rothschild Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 7-Denis Diderot University, U.F.R. of Odontology, Paris, France. phbouch@noos.fr.|EA 2496, Paris 5-Descartes University, U.F.R. of Odontology, Paris, France. phbouch@noos.fr.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bouchard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D009909:Oral Health; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Cardiovascular risk; Gingival inflammation; Oral health; Periodontal disease; Sleep disorders