title: Genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Madagascar.
abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus belonging to Hepadnaviridae family. Chronic infection with HBV is one major risk factor of hepatic disease. In Madagascar, former studies classified the country as part of high endemic area, as HBV prevalence can reach 23% in general population. However, this prevalence differs largely between urban and rural areas and is estimated to be, respectively, 5% and 26%. The aims of the present study were to describe the genetic diversity of HBV strains from different regions of Madagascar, and to describe the viral gene flow throughout the country by using phylogenetic analysis. This is the first large-scale molecular and phylogenetic study analyzing HBV sequences from 28 different Malagasy areas, never sampled in the past. In this study, the most prevalent genotype/sub-genotypes was E. Migration analysis showed a gene flow from zone 3 (rural) to zone 2 (suburban), and a greater gene flow from the middle part of Madagascar to the north than to the south. It is important to study the HBV infections in Madagascar and to monitor the potential spread of this viral strain inside this country. J. Med. Virol. 88:2138-2144, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
authors.forename: Soa Fy
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Andriamandimby
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lo Presti
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
authors.forename: Marie-Marie
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Olive
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Angeletti
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Florio
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.|Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cella
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
authors.forename: Minoharimbola
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Razafindramparany
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
authors.forename: Jean-Piere
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ravalohery
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
authors.forename: Seta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andriamamonjy
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gioffrè
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'L. Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianguglielmo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zehender
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mottini
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immunomediated Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy. massimo.ciccozzi@iss.it.|University Hospital Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy. massimo.ciccozzi@iss.it.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ciccozzi
authors.affiliation: Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar.
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Heraud
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D051456:Gene Flow; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008270:Madagascar; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral
keywords: epidemiology; evolution; hepatitis B virus