title: Toll-like receptors and chronic inflammation in rheumatic diseases: new developments.
abstract: In the past few years, new developments have been reported on the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in chronic inflammation in rheumatic diseases. The inhibitory function of TLR10 has been demonstrated. Receptors that enhance the function of TLRs, and several TLR inhibitors, have been identified. In addition, the role of the microbiome and TLRs in the onset of rheumatic diseases has been reported. We review novel insights on the role of TLRs in several inflammatory joint diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, gout and Lyme arthritis, with a focus on the signalling mechanisms mediated by the Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, the exogenous and endogenous ligands of TLRs, and the current and future therapeutic strategies to target TLR signalling in rheumatic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands.|Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leo A B
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Joosten
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein 28, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands.|Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 1st Avenue, New York, New York 11016, USA.
authors.forename: Shahla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdollahi-Roodsaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands.|Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, 13001 E 17th Place Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dinarello
authors.affiliation: School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands.|Radboud Center for Infectious diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mihai G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Netea
mesh_terms: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D017472:Receptors, Interleukin-1; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors