title: The Global Epidemiology of Syphilis in the Past Century - A Systematic Review Based on Antenatal Syphilis Prevalence.
abstract: How can we explain the uneven decline of syphilis around the world following the introduction of penicillin? In this paper we use antenatal syphilis prevalence (ASP) to investigate how syphilis prevalence varied worldwide in the past century, and what risk factors correlate with this variance.
  
  
  
  1) A systematic review using PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted to identify countries with published data relating to ASP estimates from before 1952 until the present. Eleven countries were identified (Canada, Denmark, Finland, India, Japan, Norway, Singapore, South Africa, United States of America (USA), United Kingdom (UK) and Zimbabwe). The ASP epidemic curve for each population was depicted graphically. In South Africa and the USA, results are reported separately for the black and white populations. 2) National antenatal syphilis prevalence estimates for 1990 to 1999 and 2008 were taken from an Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation database on the prevalence of syphilis in low risk populations compiled for the Global Burden of Diseases study and from a recent review paper respectively. National ASPs were depicted graphically and regional median ASPs were calculated for both time periods. 3) Linear regression was used to test for an association between ASP in 1990-1999 and 2008 and four risk factors (efficacy of syphilis screening/treatment, health expenditure, GDP per capita and circumcision prevalence). WHO world regions were included as potential explanatory variables.
  
  
  
  In most populations, ASP dropped to under 1% before 1960. In Zimbabwe and black South Africans, ASP was high in the pre-penicillin period, dropped in the post-penicillin period, but then plateaued at around 6% until the end of the 20th century when ASP dropped to just above 1%. In black Americans, ASP declined in the post penicillin period, but plateaued at 3-5% thereafter. ASP was statistically significantly higher in sub-Saharan Africa in 1990-1999 and 2008 than in the other world regions (P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis in both time periods, ASP was only associated with residence in sub-Saharan Africa.
  
  
  
  Further research is necessary to elucidate the reasons for the higher prevalence of syphilis in sub-Saharan Africa.
authors.affiliation: HIV/STI Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.|Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Chris Richard
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Kenyon
authors.affiliation: HIV/STI Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osbak
authors.affiliation: Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Achilleas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsoumanis
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013590:Syphilis, Congenital / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D013997:Time Factors