title: Anterior Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation: Functional Activation Patterns in a Large Animal Model.
abstract: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior thalamic nucleus (ATN) exerts its effects by modulating neural circuits involved in seizures. However, these networks remain incompletely characterized.
  
  
  
  Investigate the effects of ATN DBS on network activity in a large animal model using 3-T fMRI.
  
  
  
  Anesthetized swine underwent ATN DBS using stimulation parameters applied in the Stimulation of the Anterior Thalamus for the Treatment of Epilepsy (SANTE) trial. Stimulation amplitude, frequency, and temporal paradigm were varied and the resulting blood oxygen level-dependent signal was measured.
  
  
  
  ATN DBS resulted in activation within temporal, prefrontal, and sensorimotor cortex. An amplitude-dependent increase in cluster volume was observed at 60 Hz and 145 Hz stimulation.
  
  
  
  ATN DBS in swine induced parameter-dependent activation in cortical regions including but not limited to the Papez circuit. These findings may hold clinical implications for treatment of epilepsy in patients with temporal or extratemporal seizure foci.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Erika K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Ilsan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong Rok
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Jamie J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Van Gompel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Electronic address: min.paul@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Hoon-Ki
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Min
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Electronic address: lee.kendall@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Kendall H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020643:Anterior Thalamic Nuclei / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D008032:Limbic System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D013552:Swine
keywords: Anterior thalamic nucleus; Deep brain stimulation; Epilepsy; fMRI