title: Effects of ethanol extract of propolis on histopathological changes and anti-oxidant defense of kidney in a rat model for type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidative stress has a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Propolis and its constituents have a wide range of medicinal properties against oxidative stress. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-oxidant effects of ethanolic extracts of propolis on kidneys in diabetes mellitus rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following five groups: control, diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus with vehicle treatment, diabetes mellitus with propolis treatment (100 mg/kg) and diabetes mellitus with propolis treatment (200 mg/kg). Diabetes mellitus in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Diabetic groups were treated with vehicle or ethanolic extracts of Iranian propolis for 6 weeks. Serum concentration of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that Iranian propolis significantly inhibited bodyweight loss in diabetes mellitus rats. The propolis extracts significantly reduced serum glucose levels and kidney weight in diabetes mellitus rats (P < 0.001). Furthermore, propolis extracts significantly reduced the malondialdehyde content, and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.001) along with the total anti-oxidant activity in the kidney tissue of diabetes mellitus rats. In the kidneys of the diabetes mellitus and vehicle group, the glomerular basement membrane thickness and glomerular area were significantly increased. Treatment of diabetes mellitus rats with the propolis extract significantly reduced the glomerular basement membrane thickness and glomerular area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study results showed that the Iranian propolis extract could enhance the anti-oxidant levels and histopathological changes in the kidneys of rats. The final results showed that most of the favorable effects of propolis are mediated by a reduction of blood glucose levels in diabetic animals.
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cell, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Sameni
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cell, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramhormozi
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cell, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ahmad Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bandegi
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cell, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Taherian
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mirmohammadkhani
authors.affiliation: Research Center of Nervous System Stem Cell, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
authors.forename: Manouchehr
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safari
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011429:Propolis / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013311:Streptozocin
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D000431:Ethanol; D013311:Streptozocin; D011429:Propolis
keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Oxidative stress; Propolis