title: Peptidomic Analysis of Amniotic Fluid for Identification of Putative Bioactive Peptides in Ventricular Septal Defect.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is one of the most common congenital heart diseases and to date the role of peptides in human amniotic fluid in the pathogenesis of VSD have been rarely investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  To gain insight into the mechanisms of protein and peptides in cardiovascular development, we constructed a comparative peptidomic profiling of human amniotic fluid between normal and VSD fetuses using a stable isobaric labeling strategy involving tandem mass tag reagents, followed by nano liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified and quantified 692 non-redundant peptides, 183 of which were differentially expressed in the amniotic fluid of healthy and VSD fetuses; 69 peptides were up regulated and 114 peptides were down regulated. These peptides were imported into the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and identified putative roles in cardiovascular system morphogenesis and cardiogenesis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that 35 peptides located within the functional domains of their precursor proteins could be candidate bioactive peptides for VSD. The identified peptide changes in amniotic fluid of VSD fetuses may advance our current understanding of congenital heart disease and these peptides may be involved in the etiology of VSD.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Li-Jie
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.forename: Yu-Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Qi-Jun
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zi-Jie
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Shu-Ping
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Zhang-Bin
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Ling-Mei
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Qian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D019295:Computational Biology; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007553:Isotope Labeling; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D036103:Nanotechnology; D063347:Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis; D010455:Peptides / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D010455:Peptides