title: The Impact of Local Treatment on Overall Survival in Patients with Metastatic Prostate Cancer on Diagnosis: A National Cancer Data Base Analysis.
abstract: The role of local treatment (LT) in patients with metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) at diagnosis is controversial.
  
  
  
  We set to evaluate the potential impact of LT on overall mortality (OM) in men with mPCa, and how this impact is influenced by tumor and patient characteristics.
  
  
  
  A total of 15 501 patients with mPCa were identified in the National Cancer Data Base (2004-2012) and categorized in LT (radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy targeted to prostate) versus nonlocal treatment (NLT; all other patients).
  
  
  
  The two arms (LT vs NLT) were matched using propensity scores to minimize selection bias. To evaluate LT impact on OM in relation to baseline characteristics, first multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to predict OM in patients treated with NLT, then interaction between predicted OM risk and LT status was tested.
  
  
  
  Overall, 9.5% (n=1470) of patients received LT. In the postpropensity matched cohorts, 3-yr OM-free survival was higher in the LT group versus the NLT group (69% vs 54%; p<0.001). In multivariable Cox regression, the NLT group, age, and Charlson comorbidity index were predictors of OM (all p≤0.03). This model was used to predict the 3-yr OM risk. The interaction between predicted OM and LT status was significant (p<0.001). The benefit of LT on OM decreased progressively as predicted OM risk increased. Specifically, the 3-yr absolute improvement in OM-free survival was 15.7%, for patients with predicted OM risk ≤20% versus 0% for those with predicted OM risk ≥72%.
  
  
  
  Men with mPCa at diagnosis benefit from LT in terms of OM. This is largely affected by baseline characteristics. Specifically, patients with a relatively low tumor risk and good general health status appear to benefit the most.
  
  
  
  We used a large hospital-based database to evaluate which patients might benefit from local therapy when metastasized prostate cancer was present at diagnosis. Local therapy is associated with a survival benefit in men with less aggressive tumors and good general health.
authors.affiliation: VUI Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics, and Evaluation, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Urology, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany.
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Löppenberg
authors.affiliation: VUI Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics, and Evaluation, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Deepansh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dalela
authors.affiliation: VUI Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics, and Evaluation, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA; Henry Ford Health System, Public Health Sciences, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Karabon
authors.affiliation: VUI Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics, and Evaluation, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Akshay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.affiliation: VUI Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics, and Evaluation, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Jesse D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sammon
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Christian P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Maxine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Noldus
authors.affiliation: VUI Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics, and Evaluation, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: James O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Peabody
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Quoc-Dien
authors.initials: QD
authors.lastname: Trinh
authors.affiliation: VUI Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics, and Evaluation, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Mani
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.affiliation: VUI Center for Outcomes Research, Analytics, and Evaluation, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA. Electronic address: firas.abdollah@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Firas
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abdollah
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D016208:Databases, Factual; D018450:Disease Progression; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
keywords: Metastasis; Overall survival; Primary tumor treatment; Prostate cancer; Radiation therapy; Radical prostatectomy