title: Lymph vessels: the forgotten second circulation in health and disease.
abstract: The lymphatic circulation is still a somewhat forgotten part of the circulatory system. Despite this, novel insights in lymph angiogenesis in health and disease, application of immune markers for lymphatic growth and differentiation and also the introduction of new imaging techniques to visualize the lymphatic circulation have improved our understanding of lymphatic function in both health and disease, especially in the last decade. These achievements yield better understanding of the various manifestations of lymph oedemas and malformations, and also the patterns of lymphovascular spread of cancers. Immune markers that recognize lymphatic endothelium antigens, such as podoplanin, LYVE-1 and Prox-1, can be successfully applied in diagnostic pathology and have revealed (at least partial) lymphatic differentiation in many types of vascular lesions.
authors.affiliation: North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Lukasz A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Adamczyk
authors.affiliation: St George's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Kristiana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kholová
authors.affiliation: Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lorine B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Meijer-Jorna
authors.affiliation: Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Telinius
authors.affiliation: Bristol University, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.c.vanderwal@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Allard C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: van der Wal
authors.affiliation: Vendsyssel Hospital, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ulrik
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Baandrup
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D004729:Endothelium, Lymphatic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D042583:Lymphangiogenesis / Q000276:immunology*; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D033921:Vesicular Transport Proteins
keywords: Angiogenesis; Atherosclerosis; Circulation; Genetics; Immunohistochemistry; Lymph vessels; Lymphedema; Metastasis; Vascular malformation; Vascular pathology