title: Action research methodology in clinical pharmacy: how to involve and change.
abstract: Introduction The focus in clinical pharmacy practice is and has for the last 30-35 years been on changing the role of pharmacy staff into service orientation and patient counselling. One way of doing this is by involving staff in change process and as a researcher to take part in the change process by establishing partnerships with staff. On the background of the authors' widespread action research (AR)-based experiences, recommendations and comments for how to conduct an AR-study is described, and one of their AR-based studies illustrate the methodology and the research methods used. Methodology AR is defined as an approach to research which is based on a problem-solving relationship between researchers and clients, which aims at both solving a problem and at collaboratively generating new knowledge. Research questions relevant in AR-studies are: what was the working process in this change oriented study? What learning and/or changes took place? What challenges/pitfalls had to be overcome? What were the influence/consequences for the involved parts? When to use If you want to implement new services and want to involve staff and others in the process, an AR methodology is very suitable. The basic advantages of doing AR-based studies are grounded in their participatory and democratic basis and their starting point in problems experienced in practice. Limitations Some of the limitations in AR-studies are that neither of the participants in a project steering group are the only ones to decide. Furthermore, the collective process makes the decision-making procedures relatively complex.
authors.affiliation: Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, Denmark. lotte.norgaard@sund.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Lotte Stig
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Nørgaard
authors.affiliation: Section for Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Ellen Westh
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Sørensen
mesh_terms: D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D010607:Pharmacy Service, Hospital; D012107:Research Design
keywords: Action research methodology; Change oriented research; Involvement of participants; Pharmacy practice research; Practice change