title: Osteoporosis: Therapeutic Options.
abstract: The definition of osteoporosis was originally formulated at a conference of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1993 as 'a systemic skeletal disease characterized by decreased bone mass and altered micro-architecture of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and risk of fractures'. Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and loss of the structural and bio-mechanical properties that are required to maintain bone homeostasis. This review aims to address the currently available options in prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Management of osteoporosis includes non-pharmacological treatment - diet rich of calcium and vitamin D, healthy lifestyle, proper exercise plan, and pharmacological therapy. Combination of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment options have to be considered for prevention of osteoporosis and minimization of the risk of fractures. Given the heterogeneity of osteoporosis syndrome and lack of significant number of comparative studies, the choice of a pharmacological agents should be individualized.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria
authors.forename: Stefka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ivanova
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University Plovdiv, Bulgaria
authors.forename: Liliya
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vasileva
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University Plovdiv, Bulgaria
authors.forename: Stanislava
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ivanova
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University Sofia, Bulgaria
authors.forename: Lily
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Peikova
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University Plovdiv, Bulgaria
authors.forename: Danka
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Obreshkova
mesh_terms: D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D048789:Phytoestrogens
chemical_list: D048789:Phytoestrogens