title: New therapeutic solutions for Behçet's syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Behçet's syndrome (BS) is a systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by a wide range of potential clinical manifestations with no gold-standard therapy. However, the recent classification of BS at a crossroads between autoimmune and autoinflammatory syndromes has paved the way to new further therapeutic opportunities in addition to anti-tumor necrosis factor agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review provides a digest of all current experience and evidence about pharmacological agents recently described as having a role in the treatment of BS, including interleukin (IL)-1 inhibitors, tocilizumab, rituximab, alemtuzumab, ustekinumab, interferon-alpha-2a, and apremilast.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-1 inhibitors currently represent the most studied agents among the latest treatment options for BS, proving to be effective, safe and with an acceptable retention on treatment. However, since BS is a peculiar disorder with clinical features responding to certain treatments that in turn can worsen other manifestations, identifying new treatment options for patients unresponsive to the current drug armamentarium is of great relevance. A number of agents have been studied in the last decade showing changing fortunes in some cases and promising results in others. The latter will potentially provide their contribution for better clinical management of BS, improving patients' quality of life and long-term outcome.
authors.affiliation: a Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences , University of Siena , Siena , Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Pediatrics , Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario 'A. Gemelli' , Rome , Italy.
authors.forename: Donato
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rigante
authors.affiliation: c Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lopalco
authors.affiliation: d Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine , University of Florence , Florence , Italy.
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Emmi
authors.affiliation: e Pharmacy Unit , Siena University Hospital 'Santa Maria alle Scotte' , Siena , Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.affiliation: a Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences , University of Siena , Siena , Italy.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galeazzi
authors.affiliation: c Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit , University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy.
authors.forename: Florenzo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Iannone
authors.affiliation: a Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences , University of Siena , Siena , Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cantarini
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001528:Behcet Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007375:Interleukin-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011788:Quality of Life; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007375:Interleukin-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Behçet’s syndrome; autoinflammatory diseases; biologics; therapy; uveitis