title: Noninvasive Detection of Metastases and Follicle Density in Ovarian Tissue Using Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Autotransplantation of ovarian tissue can be used to restore fertility in patients with cancer following gonadotoxic treatment. Whether this procedure is safe remains unclear, as current tumor detection methods render the ovarian tissue unsuitable for transplantation. Full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) is an imaging modality that rapidly produces high-resolution histology-like images without the need to fix, freeze, or stain the tissue. In this proof-of-concept study, we investigated whether FF-OCT can be used to detect metastases in ovarian tissue, thereby increasing the safety of ovarian tissue autotransplantation. We also evaluated whether cortical ovarian tissue and follicles remain viable following FF-OCT imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples were obtained from seven normal ovaries and fourteen ovaries containing metastases and/or micrometastases. These samples were deparaffinized and imaged using FF-OCT. The FF-OCT images were then compared with corresponding hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections. Finally, we examined the effect of FF-OCT imaging on the viability of ovarian tissues and follicles in fresh bovine ovarian tissue using a glucose uptake and neutral red staining, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FF-OCT illustrated both normal structures and metastases in ovarian tissue within minutes. Primordial follicles were readily identifiable. Finally, tissues and follicles remained viable following FF-OCT imaging for up to 180 and 60 minutes, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  FF-OCT imaging is a promising method for the noninvasive detection of metastases, including micrometastases, in ovarian tissue. Moreover, this method facilitates the selection of cortical ovarian tissue with the highest density of primordial follicles, potentially increasing the likelihood of restoring ovarian function following ovarian tissue autotransplantation. Clin Cancer Res; 22(22); 5506-13. ©2016 AACR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Inge T A
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.|Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paulien L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Stegehuis
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Peek
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Florine L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Boer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: van Zwet
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jeroen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eggermont
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Westphal
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter J K
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kuppen
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: J Baptist
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Trimbos
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carina G J M
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Hilders
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Boudewijn P F
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Lelieveldt
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelis J H
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: van de Velde
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tjalling
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bosse
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jouke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dijkstra
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. a.l.vahrmeijer@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: Alexander L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Vahrmeijer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology*; D010053:Ovary / Q000473:pathology*; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence / Q000379:methods