title: Integrated Process for Production of Galangal Acetate, the "Wasabi-Like" Spicy Compound, and Analysis of Essential Oils of Rhizoma Alpinia officinarum (Hance) Farw.
abstract: Rhizoma Alpinia officinarum (Hance) Farw, Zingiberaceae (AO), a ginger family herb exhibiting stimulant and a carminative bioactivity, is widely used in European and Asian countries as spicy condiment and medicinal uses. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is the main pungent taste of native Wasabi (Wasabia japonica). The cytotoxicity of AITC has been implicated in thymus, adrenals, and white blood cells. Considering food safety, apparently a safer substitute for wasabi is worthy commercialized. Previously, we found AO crude paste to be rather feasible for use as a "Wasabi-substitute" in fresh meat and cold salads. A process linking cold ethyl acetate (EtAc) extraction with silica gel adsorption and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) (mobile phase, 75% methanol) was used to isolate galangal acetate, the Wasabi-like taste constituent. AO contained abundant galangal acetate (3.84 ± 0.07%) compared to A. galangal (0.57 ± 0.16%), and as already confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS)/MS and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR), galangal acetate was particularly thermally labile. The steam distilled essential oil (SDEO) of AO (0.14% on wet basis) contained 80 compounds (number of component, %): monoterpene hydrocarbon (21, 13.83%); oxygenated monoterpene (17, 27.08%); sesquiterpene hydrocarbon (20, 31.03%), and oxygenated sesquiterpene (20, 21.85%), respectively. However, no spicy wasabi-like constituent remained in SDEO. Alternatively, n-hexane, EtAc, and methanol extracts of AO all showed potent DPPH- and superoxide anion-scavenging activity. Conclusively, SDEO although contains 80 volatiles, galangal acetate is absent due to thermal instability. Galangal acetate exhibits pleasant "Wasabi-like taste" for which we have successively developed an integrated process for mass production.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang Univ, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Li-Yun
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Div. of Urology, Dept. of Surgery, Chi-Mei Medical Center, 901 Chung Hwa Rd., Yung Kang City, Tainan, Taiwan.|Center for General Education, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kun-Hung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Nutrition and Inst. of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang Univ, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Xiang-Yü
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang Univ, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Bou-Yü
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Food and Applied Technology, Hungkuang Univ, 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung City, 43302, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hui-Er
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Urology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical Univ, 291, ZhongZheng Rd., Zhonghe.|Dept. of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical Univ, 250, Wu-Shing St., Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuan-Chou
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Research Inst. of Biotechnology, Hungkuang Univ, 34 Chung-Chie Rd., Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Robert Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Peng
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000032:analysis*; D032429:Alpinia / Q000737:chemistry*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D001208:Asia; D005511:Food Handling; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006586:Hexanes / Q000737:chemistry; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000032:analysis; D000432:Methanol / Q000737:chemistry; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000032:analysis*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis; D027343:Rhizome / Q000737:chemistry*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013649:Taste
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D000975:Antioxidants; D006586:Hexanes; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; C026385:n-hexane; C004471:allyl isothiocyanate; D000432:Methanol
keywords: Alpinia officinarum; antimicrobial; antioxidant; galangal acetate; wasabi substitute