title: Overweight and obesity: a remaining problem in women treated for severe gestational diabetes.
abstract: To analyse the impact of overweight and obesity on the risk of adverse maternal outcomes and fetal macrosomia in pregnancies of women treated for severe gestational diabetes.
  
  
  
  This was a population-based cohort study including all singleton pregnancies in Sweden without pre-existing diabetes in the period 1998-2012. Only mothers with an early- pregnancy BMI of ≥ 18.5 kg/m² were included. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine odds ratios with 95% CIs for maternal outcomes and fetal growth. Analyses were stratified by maternal gestational diabetes/non-gestational diabetes to investigate the impact of overweight/obesity in each group.
  
  
  
  Of 1 249 908 singleton births, 13 057 were diagnosed with gestational diabetes (1.0%). Overweight/obesity had the same impact on the risks of caesarean section and fetal macrosomia in pregnancies with and without gestational diabetes, but the impact of maternal BMI on the risk of preeclampsia was less pronounced in women with gestational diabetes. Normal-weight women with gestational diabetes had an increased risk of caesarean section [odds ratio 1.26 (95% CI 1.16-1.37)], preeclampsia [odds ratio 2.03 (95% CI 1.71-2.41)] and large-for-gestational-age infants [odds ratio 2.25 (95% CI 2.06-2.46)]. Risks were similar in the overweight group without gestational diabetes, caesarean section [odds ratio 1.34 (1.33-1.36)], preeclampsia odds ratio [1.76 (95% CI 1.72-1.81)], large-for-gestational-age [odds ratio 1.76 (95% CI 1.74-1.79)].
  
  
  
  Maternal overweight and obesity is associated with similar increments in risks of adverse maternal outcomes and delivery of large-for-gestational-age infants in women with and without gestational diabetes. Obese women with gestational diabetes are defined as a high-risk group. Normal-weight women with gestational diabetes have similar risks of adverse outcomes to overweight women without gestational diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hildén
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.|Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Persson
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fadl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005320:Fetal Macrosomia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult