title: VEP-based brain-computer interfaces modulated by Golay complementary series for improving performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The goal of a brain-computer interface (BCI) is to enable communication by pure brain activity without neural and muscle control. However, the practical use of BCIs is limited by low information transfer rate. Recently, code modulation visual evoked potential (c-VEP) based BCIs have exhibited great potential in establishing high-rate communication between the brain and the external world.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims at exploring a more effective modulation code than the commonly used pseudorandom M sequence for c-VEP based BCIs (c-VEP BCIs) in order to increase the detection accuracy of stimulus targets and the resulting information transfer rate.
  
  
  METHODS
  Golay complementary sequence pair is used for constructing the modulation code of c-VEP BCIs due to their superior autocorrelation property. The modulation code is created by concatenating a pair of Golay complementary sequences. Sixteen target stimuli are modulated by the Golay code and its time shift versions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Through offline analysis on data recorded from seven subjects and online test on five subjects, the Golay code modulated BCI yielded higher detection accuracy and information transfer rate than those achieved by M sequence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Golay code modulated BCI demonstrates a high performance compared with the M sequence modulated systems, and it is applicable to persons with motor disabilities.
authors.forename: Qingguo
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Maoquan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zongwu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D062207:Brain-Computer Interfaces / Q000592:standards*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual; D006801:Humans; D012985:Software Design
keywords: Brain-computer interface (BCI); Golay complementary sequences; code modulation; visual evoked potential (VEP)