title: Predictors for mortality from respiratory failure in a general population.
abstract: Risk factors for death from respiratory failure in the general population are not established. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of individuals who die of respiratory failure in a Japanese general population. In total, 3253 adults aged 40 years or older participated in annual health check in Takahata, Yamagata, Japan from 2004 to 2006. Subject deaths through the end of 2010 were reviewed; 27 subjects died of respiratory failure (pneumonia, n = 22; COPD, n = 1; pulmonary fibrosis, n = 3; and bronchial asthma, n = 1). Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that male sex; higher age, high levels of D-dimer and fibrinogen; lower body mass index (BMI) and total cholesterol; and history of stroke and gastric ulcer were independent risk factors for respiratory death. On analysis with C-statistics, net reclassification improvement, and integrated discrimination improvement, addition of the disease history and laboratory data significantly improved the model prediction for respiratory death using age and BMI. In conclusion, we identified risk factors for mortality from respiratory failure in a prospective cohort of a Japanese general population. Men who were older, underweight, hypocholesterolemic, hypercoagulo-fibrinolytic, and had a history of stroke or gastric ulcer had a higher risk of mortality due to respiratory failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Sumito
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Igarashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Kento
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Masamichi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nemoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nunomiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Michiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishiwaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshikane
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tokairin
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.affiliation: Global Center of Excellence Program Study Group, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daimon
authors.affiliation: Global Center of Excellence Program Study Group, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Naohiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Makino
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuneo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Konta
authors.affiliation: Global Center of Excellence Program Study Group, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiyuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.affiliation: Global Center of Excellence Program Study Group, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Global Center of Excellence Program Study Group, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Takamasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kayama
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kubota
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D044382:Population Groups; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis