title: The economic impact of poor sample quality in clinical chemistry laboratories: results from a global survey.
abstract: Background Despite advances in clinical chemistry testing, poor blood sample quality continues to impact laboratory operations and the quality of results. While previous studies have identified the preanalytical causes of lower sample quality, few studies have examined the economic impact of poor sample quality on the laboratory. Specifically, the costs associated with workarounds related to fibrin and gel contaminants remain largely unexplored. Methods A quantitative survey of clinical chemistry laboratory stakeholders across 10 international regions, including countries in North America, Europe and Oceania, was conducted to examine current blood sample testing practices, sample quality issues and practices to remediate poor sample quality. Survey data were used to estimate costs incurred by laboratories to mitigate sample quality issues. Results Responses from 164 participants were included in the analysis, which was focused on three specific issues: fibrin strands, fibrin masses and gel globules. Fibrin strands were the most commonly reported issue, with an overall incidence rate of ∼3%. Further, 65% of respondents indicated that these issues contribute to analyzer probe clogging, and the majority of laboratories had visual inspection and manual remediation practices in place to address fibrin- and gel-related quality problems (55% and 70%, respectively). Probe maintenance/replacement, visual inspection and manual remediation were estimated to carry significant costs for the laboratories surveyed. Annual cost associated with lower sample quality and remediation related to fibrin and/or gel globules for an average US laboratory was estimated to be $100,247. Conclusions Measures to improve blood sample quality present an important step towards improved laboratory operations.
authors.affiliation: 1 Becton Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Erik P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Erdal
authors.affiliation: 2 Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Debanjali
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mitra
authors.affiliation: 3 Boston Strategic Partners, Inc., Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Victor S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Khangulov
authors.affiliation: 4 Becton Dickinson and Company, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Church
authors.affiliation: 1 Becton Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Plokhoy
mesh_terms: D001800:Blood Specimen Collection / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards*; D002624:Chemistry, Clinical / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods; D064790:Clinical Laboratory Services / Q000191:economics*; D005060:Europe; D005337:Fibrin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories; D009656:North America; D044349:Oceania; D011786:Quality Control; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D005337:Fibrin
keywords: Laboratory management; laboratory methods