title: Temozolomide resistance and tumor recurrence: Halting the Hedgehog.
abstract: Chemotherapy with Temozolomide (TMZ), radiation and surgery are the primary methods to treat Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), the most common adult intracranial tumor with dismal outcome. GBM resistance to therapy is the main reason of poor patient outcomes. Thus, methods to overcome the resistance are an area of extensive research. This highlight focuses on three recently published articles on the mechanism of resistance and possible therapeutic intervention, including RNA treatment with stem cells. We showed a crucial role of the developmental Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway in the acquisition and maintenance of TMZ resistance. SHH signaling caused TMZ resistance in GBM cells through an increase in the multiple drug resistance gene (MDR1). The SHH receptor, Patched-1 (PTCH1), negatively regulate SHH signaling. In GBM, miR-9 suppressed PTCH1 levels, resulting in the activation of SHH pathway. Thus, SHH signaling is independent of the ligand in resistant GBM cells. MiR-9 was also increased in chemoresistance CD133+ GBM cells. A potential method to reverse resistance was tested by delivering the anti-miR in bone marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). The anti-miR-9 was transferred into the resistant GBM cells through exosomes and gap junctional intercellular communication. We also review on-going clinical trials with inhibitor of SHH signaling, and also discuss drug delivery by cell therapy for GBM. While GBM treatment has proven to be a challenge, there are a number of novel approaches we are currently developing to manage this malignancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Jessian L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences-SUNY University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Cruz
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Nykia D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine-Hematology/Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Pranela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rameshwar
keywords: exosome; glioblastoma; miR-9; sonic hedgehog; stem cell; temozolomide