title: Anaesthetic efficacy of lidocaine/clonidine for inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This prospective, randomized, double-blind study aimed to compare the efficacy of lidocaine with epinephrine versus lidocaine with clonidine for inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) and hemodynamic stability (heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure) in patients with irreversible pulpitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred patients with irreversible pulpitis in mandibular molar teeth randomly received 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with clonidine (15 μg mL-1) or 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine (12.5 μg mL-1), using a conventional IANB technique. Endodontic access cavities were prepared 15 min after solution deposition, and all patients were required to have profound lip numbness. Success was defined as no or mild pain (visual analog scale recording) upon endodontic access cavity preparation or initial canal instrumentation. The hemodynamic parameters were measured before, during and 5, 10 and 30 min after administration. Finally, the collected data were subjected to independent t-test, chi-square and Fisher's exact test using spss software ver.20 at a significant level of 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The success rates for IANB using lidocaine with epinephrine and lidocaine with clonidine solutions were 29% and 59%, respectively. The clonidine group exhibited a significantly higher success rate (P < 0.05). Five minutes after drug administration, systolic blood pressure and heart rate significantly increased in the lidocaine with epinephrine group and insignificantly decreased in lidocaine with clonidine group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis, addition of clonidine to lidocaine improved the success rate of IANB compared to a standard lidocaine/epinephrine solution.
authors.affiliation: Torabinejad Research Center, Departments of Endodontics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shadmehr
authors.affiliation: Torabinejad Research Center, Departments of Endodontics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Aminozarbian
authors.affiliation: Torabinejad Research Center, Departments of Endodontics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akhavan
authors.affiliation: Dental Students Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mahdavian
authors.affiliation: Dental Students Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davoudi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible; D008340:Mandibular Nerve / Q000187:drug effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008963:Molar / Q000601:surgery; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D011671:Pulpitis / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine; D003000:Clonidine; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: clonidine; inferior alveolar nerve block; irreversible pulpitis; lidocaine