title: A Narrative Review of Patient-reported Outcomes in Overactive Bladder: What is the Way of the Future?
abstract: Debate exists on overactive bladder (OAB) treatment-response assessment in clinical trials and the nature and shortcomings of the different endpoints used in OAB clinical research.
  
  
  
  To evaluate current evidence and tools that measure OAB treatment response in clinical trials and to inform the development of a new multidimensional patient-reported outcome (PRO) that could be used as a primary endpoint in OAB trials.
  
  
  
  We conducted a narrative review of OAB literature available in the PubMed database published between January 1, 2004 and June 30, 2015. Eighty articles were selected for full text review.
  
  
  
  The assessment of treatment outcomes in OAB is challenging due to the heterogeneity of symptoms and reliance on PROs. OAB studies report a high level of placebo effect and the placebo response is poorly understood. We found significant correlations between PRO measures and bladder diaries. There is evidence of several issues with the bladder diary: burden, over/underestimation, recall period, and lack of validation. Trials for other conditions-interstitial cystitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, headache, and restless legs syndrome-have used symptom scales rather than diaries to measure treatment outcomes and some now incorporate PRO measures as primary, coprimary, and secondary endpoints. The International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society recommends evaluation of satisfaction, symptoms, health-related quality of life, and adverse events.
  
  
  
  There is strong evidence of the shortcomings in current approaches to measuring OAB outcomes in clinical trials and recognition that a new simpler approach which incorporates symptom and health-related quality of life assessment could provide a more comprehensive, standardized approach to OAB assessment.
  
  
  
  Overactive bladder is a urinary syndrome. Individuals experience different symptoms to varying degrees, which poses difficulties in accurately measuring the effect of treatment. This review found evidence and recommendations that propose a simpler but more comprehensive way to measure treatment outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England, UK. Electronic address: c.r.chapple@shef.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Chapple
authors.affiliation: Guys and St. Thomas' Hospitals, London, UK.
authors.forename: Con J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kelleher
authors.affiliation: Endpoint Outcomes, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Endpoint Outcomes, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.affiliation: Astellas Pharma Europe Ltd, Chertsey, UK.
authors.forename: Emad
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.affiliation: Endpoint Outcomes, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Endpoint Outcomes, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Morgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mako
mesh_terms: D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D057240:Patient Preference; D000071066:Patient Reported Outcome Measures; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D053201:Urinary Bladder, Overactive / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy
keywords: Bladder diary; Frequency volume chart; Micturition chart; Overactive bladder; Patient satisfaction; Patient-reported outcome; Placebo effect; Quality of life; Training effect; Voiding diary