title: A Secure and High-Fidelity Live Animal Model for Off-Pump Coronary Bypass Surgery Training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Existing simulators for off-pump coronary artery (CA) bypass grafting training are unable to provide cardiac surgery residents all necessary skills they need entering the operation room. In this study, we introduced a secure and high-fidelity live animal model to supplement the in vitro simulators for off-pump CA bypass grafting training.
  
  
  METHODS
  The left internal thoracic artery (ITA) of 3 Chinese miniature pigs was grafted to the left anterior descending CA using an end-to-side anastomosis. The free segment of the ITA was fixed on the ventricle surface, making it a simulative CA beating in synchrony with the heart. A total of 6 to 8 training anastomoses were made on each ITA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal Experiment Center in Fuwai Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 19 resident surgeons with at least 3 years of cardiac surgery work experience were trained using the new model. Their performances were recorded and reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulative coronary arteries were successfully constructed in all 3 animals with no adverse event observed. A total of 19 anastomoses were then completed, 1 pig of 7 anastomoses and the other 2 animals of 6 anastomoses. Time consumption for the anastomosis was 782 ± 107 seconds. Anastomotic leakage was observed in 10/19 procedures. The most frequency site (7/10) was at the toe of the anastomosis. Further, the most common cause was uneven spacing or small margin of the stitches or both. Emergencies occurred during the training process included hypotension (7 procedures), tachyarrhythmia (4 procedures), and low blood oxygen saturation (1 procedure).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated the safety and feasibility of our new live pig model in training resident surgeons. The simulative arteries can be easily accomplished and were long enough to place at least 6 anastomoses. Both on lumen diameter and motion status, they were proven to be a good substitution of the CA.
authors.affiliation: Animal Experimental Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Center of Cardiac Surgery for Adults, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiaopeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Center of Cardiac Surgery for Adults, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Center of Cardiac Surgery for Adults, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Animal Experimental Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jiakang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Animal Experimental Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Fuliang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Animal Experimental Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yongchun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Animal Experimental Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Center of Cardiac Surgery for Adults, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Animal Experimental Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Center of Cardiac Surgery for Adults, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Dong
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Animal Experimental Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Pre-Clinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Center of Cardiac Surgery for Adults, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: tangyue@fuwaihospital.org.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D047549:Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump / Q000193:education*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D007396:Internship and Residency; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D013903:Thoracic Surgery / Q000193:education*
keywords: Medical Knowledge; Practice-Based Learning and Improvement; Systems-Based Practice; animal-saving; high-fidelity; live animal model; off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting; surgical residents training