title: Factors affecting optimal linear endovenous energy density for endovenous laser ablation in incompetent lower limb truncal veins - A review of the clinical evidence.
abstract: Objectives The objective is to identify the factors that affect the optimal linear endovenous energy density (LEED) to ablate incompetent truncal veins. Methods We performed a literature review of clinical studies, which reported truncal vein ablation rates and LEED. A PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) flow diagram documents the search strategy. We analysed 13 clinical papers which fulfilled the criteria to be able to compare results of great saphenous vein occlusion as defined by venous duplex ultrasound, with the LEED used in the treatment. Results Evidence suggests that the optimal LEED for endovenous laser ablation of the great saphenous vein is >80 J/cm and <100 J/cm in terms of optimal closure rates with minimal side-effects and complications. Longer wavelengths targeting water might have a lower optimal LEED. A LEED <60 J/cm has reduced efficacy regardless of wavelength. The optimal LEED may vary with vein diameter and may be reduced by using specially shaped fibre tips. Laser delivery technique and type as well as the duration time of energy delivery appear to play a role in determining LEED. Conclusion The optimal LEED to ablate an incompetent great saphenous vein appears to be >80 J/cm and <95 J/cm based on current evidence for shorter wavelength lasers. There is evidence that longer wavelength lasers may be effective at LEEDs of <85 J/cm.
authors.affiliation: 1 The Whiteley Clinic, Stirling House, UK.
authors.forename: Christine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Cowpland
authors.affiliation: 1 The Whiteley Clinic, Stirling House, UK.
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cleese
authors.affiliation: 1 The Whiteley Clinic, Stirling House, UK.|2 Faculty of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Whiteley
mesh_terms: D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Linear endovenous energy density; endovenous energy density; endovenous fluence equivalence; endovenous laser ablation; endovenous thermoablation