title: Persistent State-of-Charge Heterogeneity in Relaxed, Partially Charged Li1- x Ni1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 Secondary Particles.
abstract: Ex situ transmission X-ray microscopy reveals micrometer-scale state-of-charge heterogeneity in solid-solution Li1- x Ni1/3 Co1/3 Mn1/3 O2 secondary particles even after extensive relaxation. The heterogeneity generates overcharged domains at the cutoff voltage, which may accelerate capacity fading and increase impedance with extended cycling. It is proposed that optimized secondary structures can minimize the state-of-charge heterogeneity by mitigating the buildup of nonuniform internal stresses associated with volume changes during charge.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Gent
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Yiyang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Energy Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sungjin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Jongwoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2757 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Yijin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Anna M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Chirranjeevi Balaji
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Gopal
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2757 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2757 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
authors.forename: Johanna Nelson
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Weker
authors.affiliation: Energy Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Hwan
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Energy Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, 130, Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seok-Kwang
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Doo
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 496 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Chueh
keywords: X-ray microscopy; capacity fade; lithium-ion batteries; positive electrode; stress