title: The c-FOS Protein Immunohistological Detection: A Useful Tool As a Marker of Central Pathways Involved in Specific Physiological Responses In Vivo and Ex Vivo.
abstract: Many studies seek to identify and map the brain regions involved in specific physiological regulations. The proto-oncogene c-fos, an immediate early gene, is expressed in neurons in response to various stimuli. The protein product can be readily detected with immunohistochemical techniques leading to the use of c-FOS detection to map groups of neurons that display changes in their activity. In this article, we focused on the identification of brainstem neuronal populations involved in the ventilatory adaptation to hypoxia or hypercapnia. Two approaches were described to identify involved neuronal populations in vivo in animals and ex vivo in deafferented brainstem preparations. In vivo, animals were exposed to hypercapnic or hypoxic gas mixtures. Ex vivo, deafferented preparations were superfused with hypoxic or hypercapnic artificial cerebrospinal fluid. In both cases, either control in vivo animals or ex vivo preparations were maintained under normoxic and normocapnic conditions. The comparison of these two approaches allows the determination of the origin of the neuronal activation i.e., peripheral and/or central. In vivo and ex vivo, brainstems were collected, fixed, and sliced into sections. Once sections were prepared, immunohistochemical detection of the c-FOS protein was made in order to identify the brainstem groups of cells activated by hypoxic or hypercapnic stimulations. Labeled cells were counted in brainstem respiratory structures. In comparison to the control condition, hypoxia or hypercapnia increased the number of c-FOS labeled cells in several specific brainstem sites that are thus constitutive of the neuronal pathways involved in the adaptation of the central respiratory drive.
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory "Hypoxia & Lung" EA2363, University Paris 13; UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Universités.
authors.forename: Anne-Sophie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Perrin-Terrin
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory "Hypoxia & Lung" EA2363, University Paris 13; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex.
authors.forename: Florine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jeton
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory "Hypoxia & Lung" EA2363, University Paris 13; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; Laboratory MOVE (EA 6314), University of Poitiers.
authors.forename: Aurelien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pichon
authors.affiliation: UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Universités.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frugière
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory "Hypoxia & Lung" EA2363, University Paris 13; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex.
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Richalet
authors.affiliation: UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMR_S1158 Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Sorbonne Universités.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bodineau
authors.affiliation: Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratory "Hypoxia & Lung" EA2363, University Paris 13; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex; nicolas.voituron@univ-paris13.fr.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Voituron
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos