title: Diabetic Macular Edema.
abstract: Diabetic macular edema (DME), one the most prevalent causes of visual loss in industrialized countries, may be diagnosed at any stage of diabetic retinopathy. The diagnosis, treatment, and follow up of DME have become straightforward with recent developments in fundus imaging, such as optical coherence tomography. Laser photocoagulation, intravitreal injections, and pars plana vitrectomy surgery are the current treatment modalities; however, the positive effects of currently available intravitreally injected agents are temporary. At this point, further treatment choices are needed for a permanent effect.
  The articles published between 1985-2015 years on major databases were searched and most appropriate 40 papers were used to write this review article.
authors.affiliation: Fatih C. Gundogan, GATA Medical School, Ophthalmology, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatih C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Gundogan
authors.affiliation: Umit Yolcu, Sarikamis Military Hospital, Ophthalmology, Kars, Turkey.
authors.forename: Umit
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Yolcu
authors.affiliation: Fahrettin Akay, İzmir Military Hospital, Ophthalmology, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fahrettin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akay
authors.affiliation: Abdullah Ilhan, Erzurum Military Hospital, Ophthalmology, Erzurum, Turkey.
authors.forename: Abdullah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ilhan
authors.affiliation: Gokhan Ozge, GATA Medical School, Ophthalmology, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gokhan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ozge
authors.affiliation: Salih Uzun Etimesgut Military Hospital, Ophthalmology, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Salih
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uzun
keywords: Bevacizumab; Diabetic macular edema; Fluorescein angiography; Optical coherence tomography; Pars plana vitrectomy; Ranibizumab; Triamcinolone acetonide