title: Oxidative stress response in the skin mucus layer of Goodea gracilis (Hubbs and Turner, 1939) exposed to crude oil: A non-invasive approach.
abstract: The skin of the fish is the foremost target of oxidative stress due to the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) originated in the environment and in the skin itself. In this study, a non-destructive assay was developed to evaluate the effects of crude oil (0.0001-0.1mg/L, 96h) on oxidative stress response in the Skin Mucus Layer (SML) of the dusky splitfin goodeid (Goodea gracilis). The response in the SML was compared with recognized target organs through the Integrated Biomarker Response (IBRv2) and a slight addition to the method was proposed. Crude oil was extremely toxic and elicited a clear induction of ROS in the SML, as in the brain, liver and muscle. By the exposure to crude, a significant change in the activities of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) as well as on lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and carbonyl protein (RCO) levels was detected. Also, increases in the activity of EROD were found. The general IBRv2 proposed in this study (gIBRv2) showed that oil causes the higher oxidative response in the SML (60.049) under different concentrations of petroleum, which was greater in the brain (56.749), muscle (56.561) and liver (55.775). The results of the study revealed an organ-specific antioxidant defense response that was dependent on the load of petroleum. These results contributed to the understanding of the complexity of oxidative stress response in fish exposed to crude oil using the Skin Mucus Layer as a target for environmental monitoring studies.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, CP 07738 Distrito Federal, Mexico.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dzul-Caamal
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, CP 07738 Distrito Federal, Mexico.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salazar-Coria
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, CP 07738 Distrito Federal, Mexico.
authors.forename: Hugo F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Olivares-Rubio
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, CP 07738 Distrito Federal, Mexico.
authors.forename: Maria Alejandra
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rocha-Gómez
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Laboratorio de Inmunotoxicología, Boulevard Tepic-Xalisco s/n, Cd de la Cultura Amado Nervo, C.P. 63000 Tepic Nayarit, Mexico.
authors.forename: Manuel Iván
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Girón-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, CP 07738 Distrito Federal, Mexico. Electronic address: avegadv@yahoo.com.mx.
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vega-López
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003532:Cyprinodontiformes / Q000378:metabolism*; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D029941:Fish Proteins; D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D010578:Petroleum; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: CAT; CYP450; Carbonyl proteins; GPx; IBRv2; SOD; TBARS