title: Population Relationship of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolates Derived from Aquaculture Ponds, a Seafood Market, Restaurants, and Clinical Samples.
abstract: To study the relationship between environmental and clinical populations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, we collected in total 86 isolates from Southern China during one and a half years. Sixty-eight isolates were recovered from aquaculture ponds, a seafood market, and restaurants, and 18 isolates were recovered from clinical samples. Virulence gene analysis revealed that 25 isolates (14 clinical and 11 environmental) tested positive for tdh, but only 4 carried trh. Interestingly, none of the tdh(+) environmental isolates was recovered from ponds. Both environmental and clinical tdh(+) isolates, except for one clinical isolate, harbor type III secretion system 2α (T3SS2α) and T3SS2β-related genes, including vopB2α, which was previously suggested to be absent from environmental strains. More than 70% of clinical isolates carried the pandemic marker of new toxRS (GS-PCR(+)), which was not present in the environmental isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multilocus sequence typing analysis showed a high degree of genetic diversity within the environmental isolates. In contrast, the clinical population formed a tight cluster that differed from the environmental isolates. These findings suggest that the pandemic strains of V. parahaemolyticus may not directly originate from marine animals. Rather the environments where they are maintained could serve as reservoirs for toxigenic, but not pandemic strains. These environments provide an ideal place for generation of new toxigenic strains through DNA exchange, which was revealed by extensive recombination events in recA sequences of the environmental isolates.
authors.affiliation: 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology , South China Sea Institution of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou, China .
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology , South China Sea Institution of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou, China .
authors.forename: Yi Qin
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology , South China Sea Institution of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou, China .
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Guangzhou, China .
authors.forename: Chang Wen
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Guangzhou, China .
authors.forename: Bo Sheng
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology , South China Sea Institution of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou, China .
authors.forename: Yun Ying
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Long
authors.affiliation: 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology , South China Sea Institution of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou, China .
authors.forename: Zhu Hong
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology , South China Sea Institution of Oceanology, CAS, Guangzhou, China .
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017756:Aquaculture; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D017931:DNA Primers; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field / Q000662:veterinary; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D061005:Ponds / Q000382:microbiology; D012147:Restaurants; D017747:Seafood / Q000382:microbiology*; D014735:Vibrio Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D014736:Vibrio parahaemolyticus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D037521:Virulence Factors