title: Effectiveness of rubber seed oil and flaxseed oil to enhance the α-linolenic acid content in milk from dairy cows.
abstract: This experiment was conducted to investigate effect of rubber seed oil compared with flaxseed oil when fed alone or in combination on milk yield, milk composition, and α-linolenic acid (ALA) concentration in milk of dairy cows. Forty-eight mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments according to a completely randomized design. Cows were fed a basal diet (control; CON) or a basal diet supplemented with 4% rubber seed oil (RO), 4% flaxseed oil (FO), or 2% rubber seed oil plus 2% flaxseed oil (RFO) on a dry matter basis for 9 wk. Feed intake, milk protein percentage, and milk fat levels did not differ between the treatments. Cows fed the RO, FO, or RFO treatments had a higher milk yield than the CON group (up to 10.5% more), whereas milk fat percentages decreased. Compared with the CON, milk concentration of ALA was substantially higher in cows receiving RO or RFO, and was doubled in cows receiving FO. The ALA yield (g/d) increased by 31.0, 70.3, and 33.4% in milk from cows fed RO, FO, or RFO, respectively, compared with the CON. Both C18:1 trans-11 (vaccenic acid) and C18:2 cis-9,trans-11 (conjugated linoleic acid; CLA) levels were higher in cows fed added flaxseed or rubber seed oil. The CLA yield (g/d) increased by 336, 492, and 484% in cows fed RO, FO, or RFO, respectively, compared with the CON. The increase in vaccenic acid, ALA, and CLA was greater in cows fed RFO than in cows fed RO alone. Compared with the CON, the milk fat from cows fed any of the dietary supplements had a higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids; conversely, the saturated fatty acids levels in milk fat were 30.5% lower. Insulin and growth hormones were not affected by dietary treatments; however, we noted an increase in both cholesterol and nonesterified fatty acids levels in the RO, FO, or RFO treatments. These results indicate that rubber seed oil and flaxseed oil will increase milk production and the concentration of functional fatty acids (ALA, vaccenic acid, and CLA) in milk fat while decreasing the content of saturated fatty acids.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Pi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) Joint Laboratory on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
authors.forename: Y X
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.
authors.forename: J Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; CAAS-ICRAF Joint Laboratory on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia Region, Kunming 650201, China.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) Joint Laboratory on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, Beijing 100193, China; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Harbin, 150030, China. Electronic address: budengpan@126.com.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Bu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation / Q000378:metabolism; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated / Q000378:metabolism; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D044243:Linoleic Acids, Conjugated; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D008043:Linseed Oil
keywords: flaxseed oil; milk fat; rubber seed oil; α-linolenic acid