title: Intra-left ventricular flow dynamics in patients with preserved and impaired left ventricular function: Analysis with 3D cine phase contrast MRI (4D-Flow).
abstract: To examine how left ventricular (LV) volume and function affect flow dynamics by analyzing 3D intra-LV vortex features using 4D-Flow.
  
  
  
  Twenty-one patients with preserved (LVEF > 60%) and 14 with impaired LV function (LVEF < 40%) underwent 4D-Flow (at 3T).
  
  
  
  In patients with preserved LV function, the intra-LV vortices developed in both the early and late diastolic phases. The shift of inflow vectors at the basal LV toward the posterior-lateral side of the LV and the mid-ventricular turn of inflow vectors toward the LV outflow could explain clearer vortex formation in the late diastolic phase. In patients with impaired LV function, the intra-LV vortices during the diastolic phase located at the more apical LV were larger and more spherically shaped. Both the distance to the vortex core and the vortex area correlated significantly with LV end-diastolic volume (r = 0.66 and 0.73), LVEF (r = -0.74 and -0.68), LV sphericity index (r = -0.60 and -0.65), and peak filling rate (r = -0.61 and -0.64), respectively (P < 0.01). The intra-LV vortices developed during the systolic phase in 10 cases. In those, some of the particles at the apical LV rotated within the LV, whereas in patients with preserved LV function, all of the particles were directed straight to the ascending aorta with accelerated flow velocity (256.8 ± 120.2 cm/s vs. 414.3 ± 88.2 cm/s, P < 0.01).
  
  
  
  Vortex formation during the diastolic phase may be critical for both LV filling and ejection. 4D-Flow showed the 3D alterations of intra-LV flow dynamics by LV dilatation and dysfunction in a noninvasive and comprehensive manner. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1493-1503.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Kenichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takehara
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saotome
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Urushida
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katoh
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Masataka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
authors.affiliation: Applied Science Laboratory Asia Pacific, GE Healthcare Japan, Hino, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wakayama
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alley
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Harumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakahara
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideharu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hayashi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013318:Stroke Volume; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: flow dynamics; left ventricle; magnetic resonance imaging; vortex