title: Do African-American men need separate prostate cancer screening guidelines?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2012, the United States Preventative Services Task Force issued new guidelines recommending that male U.S. residents, irrespective of race, no longer be screened for prostate cancer. In African American men, the incidence of prostate cancer is almost 60 % higher and the mortality rate is two to three times greater than in Caucasians. The purpose of this study is to reduce African American men's prostate cancer burden by demonstrating they need separate screening guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a PubMed search using the keywords: African American, Prostate cancer, Outcomes, Molecular markers, Prostate-specific Antigen velocity, PSA density, and to derive data relevant to our hypothesis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our literature review, we identified several aspects of prostate cancer that are different in Caucasian and African American men. These included prostate cancer incidence and outcome, the clinical course of the disease, serum PSA levels, genetic differences, and social barriers. It's also important to note that the USPSTF guidelines were based on two studies, one of which reported that only 4 % of its participants were African American. The other did not report demographic information, but used participants from seven European countries with small African American populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the above, we conclude that separate prostate cancer screening guidelines are greatly necessary to help save the lives of African Americans.
authors.affiliation: University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shenoy
authors.affiliation: University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216-4505, Jackson, MS, USA.
authors.forename: Satyaseelan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Packianathan
authors.affiliation: University of California, Los Angeles-David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Allen M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, 39216-4505, Jackson, MS, USA. svijayakumar@umc.edu.|UMMC Cancer Institute, Department of Radiation Oncology, 2500 North State Street, 39216-4505, Jackson, MS, USA. svijayakumar@umc.edu.
authors.forename: Srinivasan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vijayakumar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D020380:Needs Assessment; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D015995:Prevalence; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen
keywords: African Americans; Prostate cancer; Screening guidelines