title: PO-24 - Determinants of thrombin generation in gynaecological malignancies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased thrombin production is associated with malignancy and is a marker for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Our group has shown that thrombin generation is increased in gynaecological malignancies. Although tumour derived Tissue Factor (TF) has been implicated, the precise mechanism by which thrombin production is increased is not fully understood. Our group has shown that gynaecological cancers can alter tumour expression of cogulation proteases. These changes may be implicated in the increased thrombin generation observed. Previous studies in normal control patients by other groups have shown that multiple coagulation factors are implicated in thrombin generation and that the effects depend on assay conditions however free Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI), Factors V, VIIIc and protein S, were significant determinants of thrombin generation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the effect of factor V factor, VIIIc, TFPI and free protein S on the thrombin generation in patients with endometrial and ovarian cancer compared with benign controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with a gynaecological malignancy (n=43) (ovarian or endometrial) were matched with patients with a benign tumour (n=43) gave full and informed consent. Venous blood samples were obtained prior to surgery and chemotherapy. Thrombin generation was was measured using a fluorogenic assay. Lag time, peak thrombin and area under the thrombin generation curve (ETP) was determined and reported for each sample. Free protein S, free TFPI and factor V were determined using ELISA. Factor VIIIc was determined using a hromogenic assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Factor V and factor VIIIc were significantly increased in the malignant group compared with the benign group (P<0.03; P<0.006). Increased free TFPI levels were also observed in the malignant group but this did not reach significance (P<0.06). There was no difference in free Protein S levels between the groups. Highest levels of peak thrombin generation were observed in the high grade serous and clear cell ovarian cancer patients. Changes were less marked in the endometrial patients. Free TFPI, factor V and factor VIIIc were important determinants of thrombin generation in the malignant group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coagulation factors V and VIIIc and free TFPI are altered in patients with gynaecological malignancies and contribute to the increased thrombin generation found in these cancer patients. We have previously found increased expression of factor V in tumours from patients with ovarian cancer in addition to increased TF expression. These changes may explain the high rate of venous thromboembolism found in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Coagulation Research Laboratory, Dept of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Norris
authors.affiliation: Coagulation Research Laboratory, Dept of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences.
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Coagulation Research Laboratory, Dept of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences; Trinity College Dept of Histopathology.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: O'Toole
authors.affiliation: Dept of Gynae-oncology, St. James's Hospital; Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: F Abu
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Saadeh
authors.affiliation: Dept of Gynae-oncology, St. James's Hospital; Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gleeson