title: Health insurance and quality of care: Comparing perceptions of quality between insured and uninsured patients in Ghana's hospitals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The introduction of health insurance in Ghana in 2003 has resulted in a tremendous increase in utilization of health services. However, concerns are being raised about the quality of patient care. Some of the concerns include long waiting times, verbal abuse of patients by health care providers, inadequate physical examination by doctors and discrimination of insured patients. The study compares perceptions of quality of care between insured and uninsured out-patients in selected hospitals in Ghana to determine whether there is any unequal treatment between insured and uninsured patients in terms of quality of care, as empirical and anecdotal evidence seem to suggest.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey of 818 out-patients was conducted in 17 general hospitals from three regions of Ghana. These are the Upper East, Brong Ahafo and Central Regions. Convenience sampling was employed to select the patients in exit interviews. Descriptive statistics, including frequency distributions, means and standard deviations, were used to describe socio-economic and demographic characteristics of respondents. Factor analysis was used to determine distinct quality of care constructs; t-test statistic was used to test for differences in quality perceptions between the insured and uninsured patients; and regression analysis was used to test the association between health insurance and quality of care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, there was no significant difference in perceptions of quality between insured and uninsured patients. However, there was a significant difference between insured and uninsured patients in respect of financial access to care. The major quality of care concern affecting all patients was the problem of inadequate resources, especially lack of doctors, lack of drugs and other basic supplies and equipment to work with.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that generally, insured and uninsured patients are not treated unequally, contrary to prevailing anecdotal and empirical evidence. On the contrary, quality of care is a concern of both insured and uninsured patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Administration and Health Services Management, University of Ghana Business School, P.O Box LG 78, Legon, Ghana. aabuosi@ug.edu.gh.
authors.forename: Aaron A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abuosi
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Administration and Health Services Management, University of Ghana Business School, P.O Box LG 78, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Kwame Ameyaw
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Domfeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Finance, University of Ghana Business School, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Joshua Yindenaba
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Abor
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nketiah-Amponsah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana; D006801:Humans; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D010465:Perception; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Ghana; Health insurance; Insured; Quality of care; Uninsured