title: Standard and immunoproteasome expression in pediatric tonsillectomy patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IFN-γ, play an important role during the recurrent tonsillitis illness and proteasome and immunoproteasome stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  mRNA expression analysis of proteasome and immunoproteasome subunits was performed by PBMC whole blood isolation from children tonsillectomy patients. Total RNA was extracted from PBMC and retro-transcribed in cDNA. A real-time PCR with TaqMan probe was then performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PBMC of children with tonsillectomy showed, a significantly increased expression of proteasome constitutive subunit β2 encoding (1.52±0.61 vs. 0.88±0.5, P<0.0001) compared to healthy controls (HC). The same results were observed for immunoproteasome inducible subunit LMP2 (2.55±1.95 vs. 0.73±0.49, P<0.001), LMP7 (1.94±1.18 vs. 0.79±0.41, P<0.001), MECL1 (1.97±1.20 vs. 0.79±0.41, P<0.001). No differences were observed for proteasome subunit β1. Conversely a significantly decreased expression of proteasome constitutive subunit β5 encoding mRNA (0.96±0.39 vs. 1.28±0.65, P=0.0291) was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children with recurrent tonsillitis was observed an increased expression of β2, the corresponding iPS, β1i and β5i compared to healthy controls. Contrariwise β5 subunit mRNA expression was significantly decreased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy - massimiliano.bergallo@unito.it.|Laboratory of Cytoimmunodiagnostics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy - massimiliano.bergallo@unito.it.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergallo
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.|Laboratory of Cytoimmunodiagnostics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loiacono
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.|Laboratory of Cytoimmunodiagnostics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gambarino
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.|Laboratory of Cytoimmunodiagnostics, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vergano
authors.affiliation: Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tavormina
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014068:Tonsillectomy
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex