title: Mechanisms of tumor cell resistance to the current targeted-therapy agents.
abstract: Resistance to chemotherapy agents is a major challenge infront of cancer patient treatment and researchers. It is known that several factors, such as multidrug resistance proteins and ATP-binding cassette families, are cell membrane transporters that can efflux several substrates such as chemotherapy agents from the cell cytoplasm. To reduce the adverse effects of chemotherapy agents, various targeted-based cancer therapy (TBCT) agents have been developed. TBCT has revolutionized cancer treatment, and several agents have shown more specific effects on tumor cells than chemotherapies. Small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies are specific agents that mostly target tumor cells but have low side effects on normal cells. Although these agents have been very useful for cancer treatment, however, the presence of natural and acquired resistance has blunted the advantages of targeted therapies. Therefore, development of new options might be necessary. A better understanding of tumor cell resistance mechanisms to current treatment agents may provide an appropriate platform for developing and improving new treatment modalities. Therefore, in this review, different mechanisms of tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy drugs and current targeted therapies have been described.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
authors.forename: Gholamreza
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Khamisipour
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.|Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.|Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jadidi-Niaragh
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
authors.forename: Abdolreza Sotoodeh
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jahromi
authors.affiliation: Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Keivan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zandi
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden. mohammad.hojat-farsangi@Ki.se.|Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran. mohammad.hojat-farsangi@Ki.se.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hojjat-Farsangi
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis; D001711:Biotransformation / Q000235:genetics; D000067573:Chronopharmacokinetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004260:DNA Repair; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005784:Gene Amplification; D019450:Genes, MDR; D006801:Humans; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D009154:Mutation; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D059016:Tumor Microenvironment
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors
keywords: Chemotherapy; Drug resistance; Monoclonal antibodies; Small molecule inhibitors; Targeted-based cancer therapy; Tyrosine kinase inhibitors