title: Bisphenol A in culture media and plastic consumables used for ART.
abstract: Do the embryo culture media and plastic materials used during assisted reproductive technology (ART) laboratory procedures expose embryos to bisphenol A (BPA)?
  
  
  
  BPA was not detected in embryo culture media or protein supplements at concentrations above those encountered in normal patient serum and follicular fluids.
  
  
  
  BPA is strongly suspected of altering the epigenome during mammalian development. Medical devices have been shown to be a source of BPA exposure in adult and neonatal intensive care units.
  
  
  
  An analytical study of ART culture media and plastic labware products was performed under conditions close to routine practice and if BPA was detected, tests were carried out under more stringent conditions.
  
  
  
  Two single-step embryo culture media, two sequential media and three different protein supplements [a purified human serum albumin (HSA), a synthetic serum substitute, and a recombinant HSA] were tested for BPA. Thirty-three different plastic consumables, used from oocyte collection through to embryo transfer, were tested for their ability to leach BPA into their surrounding environment.BPA concentrations were measured according to a previously described liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method. This method is linear over the calibration range from 0.5 to 100 ng/ml using a linear model weighted by 1/X² and validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, repeatability, reproducibility and limit of quantification (0.5 ng/ml).
  
  
  
  Neither the culture media nor the protein supplements were shown to contain detectable levels of BPA. None of the plastic materials leached BPA into the surrounding medium at levels higher than the upper limit detected previously in serum and follicular fluids in women (about 2 ng/ml). However, the plastic of the three tested strippers used for oocyte denudation/embryo handling did contain BPA. Two of these strippers are made with polycarbonate, a plastic whose synthesis is known to require BPA.
  
  
  
  This study is limited to the ART media and materials tested here and using a BPA assay with a limit of quantification at 0.5 ng/ml. A minimum volume was required for testing, and one type of plastic labware could not be tested in conditions identical to those in routine use.
  
  
  
  Although we demonstrated that some plastic materials used in ART contain BPA, under routine conditions none appear capable of leaching BPA at levels higher than those from maternal internal exposure. However, BPA is strongly suspected of altering the epigenome. Since important epigenetic modifications occur in the early embryonic stage, it is questionable whether plastics that contain BPA, polycarbonate in particular, should be used in the manufacture of plastic consumables for ART procedures.
  
  
  
  This work was supported by a grant from the Agence de Biomédecine (AOR 2012) and by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (Clinical Research Hospital Program 2012; no.12-018-0560). The authors declared no competing interest.
authors.affiliation: Médecine de la Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, F-31059 Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse; UPS; Groupe de Recherche en Fertilité Humaine (EA 3694, Human Fertility Research Group), F-31059 Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gatimel
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1331, Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31076 Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: M Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Lacroix
authors.affiliation: Médecine de la Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, F-31059 Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse; UPS; Groupe de Recherche en Fertilité Humaine (EA 3694, Human Fertility Research Group), F-31059 Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chanthavisouk
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1331, Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31076 Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Picard-Hagen
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1331, Toxalim, Research Center in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Ecole d'Ingénieurs de Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, F-31076 Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gayrard
authors.affiliation: Médecine de la Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, F-31059 Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse; UPS; Groupe de Recherche en Fertilité Humaine (EA 3694, Human Fertility Research Group), F-31059 Toulouse, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parinaud
authors.affiliation: Médecine de la Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, F-31059 Toulouse, France Université de Toulouse; UPS; Groupe de Recherche en Fertilité Humaine (EA 3694, Human Fertility Research Group), F-31059 Toulouse, France leandri.r@chu-toulouse.fr.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Léandri
mesh_terms: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry*; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D010969:Plastics / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D003470:Culture Media; D010636:Phenols; D010969:Plastics; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
keywords: assisted reproductive technology; bisphenol A; environmental toxicants; epigenetic; plastic consumables 