title: The Effect of Breakfast Type on Total Daily Energy Intake and Body Mass Index Among Thai School Children.
abstract: The study investigated the association between breakfast types consumed, daily energy intake, and body mass index for age Z-score (BAZ). Cross-sectional data from 1258 children aged 7 to 12.9 years were analyzed for breakfast type, nutrient intakes, BAZ, and proportion of overweight or obesity. Analysis of covariance was used to compare energy and nutrient intakes, BAZ, and proportion of overweight/obese children between breakfast groups. Only 19% of children had adequate energy intake from breakfast. Those consuming snacks had a significantly lower BAZ (Z = -0.73), with 5% of them being overweight/obese. Those consuming beverages and desserts had the lowest total daily energy intake (1314 kcal) and lowest protein intake (8.4 g). The results suggest that breakfast type is associated with daily energy intake and BAZ. Most breakfasts are not adequate. School-based nutrition education programs involving families, teachers, and health professionals can contribute to improve this situation.
authors.affiliation: Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathum, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sasiumphai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Purttiponthanee
authors.affiliation: Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathum, Thailand nipa.roj@mahidol.ac.th.
authors.forename: Nipa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rojroongwasinkul
authors.affiliation: Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathum, Thailand.
authors.forename: Wanphen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wimonpeerapattana
authors.affiliation: Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathum, Thailand.
authors.forename: Wiyada
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Thasanasuwan
authors.affiliation: Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathum, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sayamon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Senaprom
authors.affiliation: FrieslandCampina Development Centre AMEA, Singapore.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Khouw
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Consultant, Telaga Harbour Marina, Langkawi, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deurenberg
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D062408:Breakfast; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004034:Diet Surveys; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: body mass index; breakfast type; children; diet quality; dietary intake