title: Blood Oxygenation Level-dependent/Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Underpinnings, Practice, and Perspectives.
abstract: Imaging studies using blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance (fMR) imaging have provided significant insight into the functional workings of the human brain. BOLD fMR imaging-based techniques have matured to include clinically viable imaging techniques that may one day render invasive diagnostic procedures unnecessary. This article explains how BOLD fMR imaging was developed. The characteristics of the BOLD signal are explained and the concepts of specificity and sensitivity are addressed with respect to pulse sequence and field strength. An overview of recent clinical applications is provided and future directions and perspectives are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, HP E 01.132, The Netherlands. Electronic address: j.c.w.siero@umcutrecht.nl.
authors.forename: Jeroen C W
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Siero
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, HP E 01.132, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhogal
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J Martijn
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jansma