title: Development of phytotoxicity indexes and their correlation with ecotoxicological, stability and physicochemical parameters during passive composting of poultry manure.
abstract: Both raw and composted poultry manure is applied as soil amendment. The aims of this study were: (1) to develop phytotoxicity indexes for organic wastes and composts, and (2) to assess the correlation among phytotoxicity indexes, ecotoxicological endpoints and stability and physicochemical parameters during passive composting of poultry manure. Six 2-m(3) composting piles were constructed and four parameter groups (physicochemical and microbiological parameters, ecotoxicological endpoints, and biological activity) were determined at four sampling times during 92days. Extracts were used to carry out acute toxicity tests on Daphnia magna, Lactuca sativa and Raphanus sativus. Composting decreased average toxicity 22.8% for the 3 species and D. magna was the most sensitive species. The static respiration index decreased from 1.12 to 0.46mgO2gOMh(-1) whilst organic matter reduced by 64.1% at the end of the process. Escherichia coli colonies remained higher than values recommended by international guidelines. The D. magna immobilization test allowed the assessment of possible leachate or run-off toxicity. The new phytotoxicity indexes (RGIC0.8 and GIC80%), proposed in this study, as well as salinity, proved to be good maturity indicators. Hence, these phytotoxicity indexes could be implemented in monitoring strategies as useful ecotoxicological tools. Multivariate analyses demonstrated positive correlations between ecotoxicological endpoints (low toxicity) and biological activity (stability). These two parameter groups were associated at the final sampling time and showed negative correlations with several physicochemical parameters (organic and inorganic contents). The final poultry manure compost was rendered stable, but immature and, thus, unsuitable for soil amending.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Las Cabañas y De los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Brian Jonathan
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Las Cabañas y De los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Pedro Federico
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Rizzo
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Las Cabañas y De los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Nicolás Iván
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Riera
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Las Cabañas y De los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Virginia Della
authors.initials: VD
authors.lastname: Torre
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Las Cabañas y De los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Valeria Alejandra
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: López
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Las Cabañas y De los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Cecilia Denisse
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Las Cabañas y De los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Florencia Estefanía
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Transformación de Residuos, Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMYZA), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Las Cabañas y De los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
authors.forename: Diana Cristina
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Crespo
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barrena
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain. Electronic address: Dimitrios.Komilis@uab.cat.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Komilis
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sánchez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002244:Carbon; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000592:standards / Q000633:toxicity*; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D009584:Nitrogen; D011200:Poultry; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D008372:Manure; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: Daphnia magna; Lactuca sativa; Maturity; Phytotoxicity; Raphanus sativus; Stability