title: Computed tomographic-based morphometric study of thoracic spine and its relevance to anaesthetic and spinal surgical procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To collect a baseline computer software aided normative morphometric data of thoracic spine in the Indian population and analyze it to give pre-procedural guidelines to clinicians for safe surgical and anaesthetic procedures in the thoracic spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  CT scans of thoracic spine of patients free from spinal disorders were reviewed in a total of 600 vertebrae in 50 patients. Parameters recorded with the help of computer software were pedicle width, length and height, transverse pedicle angles, chord length, canal dimensions, body width and height, spinous process angle and transverse process length.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pedicle width decreased from T1 (9.27 ± 1.01) to T4 (4.5 ± 0.93) and increased to T12 (8.31 ± 1.83). At T4 76% and at T5 62% of the pedicles were smaller than 5 mm and would not accept 4 mm screw with 1.0-mm clearance. However, at T1 2%, at T11 7% and at T12 8% would not accept a 4 mm screw. Chord length gradually increased in upper thoracic vertebrae and was relatively constant in middle and decreased in lower thoracic vertebrae. Shortest estimated chord length was at T1 (30.30 ± 2.11). On an average, from T1 to T6 and at T11 and T12, a screw length of 25-30 mm could be accommodated and from T7 to T10, 30-35 mm screw length could be accommodated. Transverse pedicle angle decreased from T1 (35.4 ± 2.21) to T12 (-9.8 ± 2.39). Canal dimensions were narrowest at T4/T5 (20.02 ± 1.23) in anteroposterior and 21.12 ± 1.23 in interpedicular diameters. Spinous process angle increased from T1 (30.11 ± 6.74) to T6 (57.89 ± 9.31) and decreased to 16.21 ± 7.38 at T12. Transverse process length increased from T1 to T7 (23.54 + 2.12 to 31.21 + 1.91) and then decreased to 12.11 + 2.3 at T12. Vertebral body dimensions showed increasing trends from T1 to T12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A thorough knowledge of anatomical and radiological characteristics of the spine and their variations is essential for the clinicians. Data collected in the present study provides baseline normative values in Indian population and will help in guiding safe and effective completion of both surgical and anaesthetic procedures in the thoracic spine. Computer software aided morphometric data can help in selecting appropriate size and optimal placement of the implant with minimal procedural difficulties and complications during spine surgery.
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology & Critical Care, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Kiranpreet
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.affiliation: Senior Professor, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Paraplegia & Rehabilitation, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Roop
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Ex-Resident, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Paraplegia & Rehabilitation, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Vishnu
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Prasath
authors.affiliation: Senior Professor, Department of Radiology, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Sarita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Magu
authors.affiliation: Resident, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Paraplegia & Rehabilitation, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Milind
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanwar
keywords: Anatomy; Indian; Morphometry; Pedicle; Thoracic spine