title: Brain Volumes at Term-Equivalent Age Are Associated with 2-Year Neurodevelopment in Moderate and Late Preterm Children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the association between brain maturation, injury, and volumes at term-equivalent age with 2-year development in moderate and late preterm children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Moderate and late preterm infants were recruited at birth and assessed at age 2 years using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at term-equivalent age and qualitatively assessed for brain maturation (myelination of the posterior limb of the internal capsule and gyral folding) and injury. Brain volumes were measured using advanced segmentation techniques. The associations between brain MRI measures with developmental outcomes were explored using linear regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 197 children underwent MRI and assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition. Larger total brain tissue volumes were associated with higher cognitive and language scores (adjusted coefficients per 10% increase in brain size; 95% CI of 3.2 [0.4, 5.6] and 5.6 [2.4, 8.8], respectively). Similar relationships were documented for white matter volumes with cognitive and language scores, multiple cerebral structures with language scores, and cerebellar volumes with motor scores. Larger cerebellar volumes were independently associated with better language and motor scores, after adjustment for other perinatal factors. There was little evidence of relationships between myelination of the posterior limb of the internal capsule, gyral folding, or injury with 2-year development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Larger total brain tissue, white matter, and cerebellar volumes at term-equivalent age are associated with better neurodevelopment in moderate and late preterm children. Brain volumes may be an important marker for neurodevelopmental deficits described in moderate and late preterm children.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: jeanie.cheong@thewomens.org.au.
authors.forename: Jeanie L Y
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cheong
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Deanne K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia; Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Physiotherapy, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Alicia J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Spittle
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Cody R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Pediatric, Infant, Perinatal Emergency Retrieval, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia; Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Alice C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Burnett
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Katherine J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Center, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Center, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beare
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Lillian G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neonatal Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Rod W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.affiliation: Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Services, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Victorian Infant Brain Studies, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Lex W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Doyle
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000473:pathology*; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D065886:Neurodevelopmental Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D009929:Organ Size
keywords: magnetic resonance imaging