title: Effect of Scrubbing Technique with Mild Self-etching Adhesives on Dentin Bond Strengths and Nanoleakage Expression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of a scrubbing technique with one-step self-etching adhesives on bond strengths and nanoleakage expression at the resin/dentin interface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flat human dentin surfaces bonded with one of two mild self-etching adhesives, SE One (SE) or Scotchbond Universal (SU) applied either with scrubbing or without scrubbing technique, were prepared (n = 5). The microtensile bond strengths (μTBS), SE micrographs of morphological changes on treated dentin surfaces, and expression of nanoleakage along the bonded dentin interfaces as shown with TEM were evaluated. μTBS data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and the post-hoc t-test at the significance level of 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The scrubbing technique had a significant positive effect on the μTBS of SU (p < 0.05), while it produced no significant difference for SE (p > 0.05). Morphological evaluation of the treated dentin surfaces demonstrated that SU with scrubbing showed the highest etching ability, followed by scrubbing SE > nonscrubbing SE > nonscrubbing SU. In the nonscrubbing groups, nanoleakage formation using SU exhibited a reticular pattern throughout the hybridized complex, whereas with SE, water-tree nanoleakage was only found in the adhesive layer at dentinal tubule orifices. The scrubbing groups of both adhesives did not exhibit any nanoleakage expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a scrubbing technique when applying mild self-etching adhesives could improve resin monomer infiltration into dentin, chase water on adhesive surfaces, and facilitate smear layer removal.
authors.forename: Ornnicha
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Thanatvarakorn
authors.forename: Taweesak
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Prasansuttiporn
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Suppason
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thittaweerat
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Foxton
authors.forename: Shizuko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ichinose
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tagami
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakajima
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003763:Dental Leakage / Q000145:classification*; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D036103:Nanotechnology; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; D008689:Methacrylates; D019279:Resin Cements; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; C005044:hydroxyethyl methacrylate; C069749:methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate; C041330:Scotchbond