title: One-Pot Ketone Synthesis with Alkylzinc Halides Prepared from Alkyl Halides via a Single Electron Transfer (SET) Process: New Extension of Fukuyama Ketone Synthesis.
abstract: One-pot ketone synthesis has been developed with in situ activation of alkyl halides to alkylzinc halides in the presence of thioesters and Pd-catalyst. The new method provides us with a reliable option for a coupling at a late stage in a convergent synthesis of complex molecules, with use of a near 1:1 molar ratio of coupling partners. First, two facile, orthogonal methods have been developed for preparation of alkylzinc halides: (1) direct insertion of zinc dust to 1°- and 2°-alkyl halides in the presence of LiI in DMI and (2) early transition-metal assisted activation of alkyl halides via a single electron transfer (SET) process. CrCl2 has been found as an unprecedented, inevitable mediator for preparation of alkylzinc halides from alkyl halides, where CrCl2 likely functions to trap R·, generated via a SET process, and transfer it to Zn(II) to form RZnX. In addition to a commonly used CoPc, a new radical initiator NbCpCl4 has been discovered through the study. Second, with use of the two orthogonal methods, three sets of coupling conditions have been developed to complete one-pot ketone synthesis, with Condition A (Pd2dba3, PR3, Zn, LiI, TESCl, DMI), Condition B (A + CrCl2), and Condition C (B + NbCpCl4 or CoPc) being useful for simple linear and α-substituted substrates, simple linear and β-substituted substrates, and complex substrates, respectively. Condition C is applicable to the broadest range of substrates. Overall, one-pot ketone synthesis gives excellent yields, with good functional group tolerance. Controlled formation of alkylzinc halides by a combination of CrCl2 and NbCpCl4 or CoPc is crucial for its application to complex substrates. Interestingly, one-pot ketone synthesis does not suffer from the chemical instability due to the inevitable radical pathway(s), for example a 1,5-H shift. Notably, even with the increase in molecular size, no significant decrease in coupling efficiency has been noticed. To illustrate the synthetic value at a late stage in a complex molecule synthesis, ketone 4sc, containing all the carbons of Eribulin, has been synthesized from 1s and 3c.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.
authors.forename: Jung Hwa
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.
authors.forename: Yoshito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kishi