title: Smoking during pregnancy in association with maternal emotional well-being.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate psychosocial predictors of smoking during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  It was a cross-sectional analysis of a prospective birth-cohort study. The participants were 514 mothers of full-term infants. Women completed questionnaires during hospital stay after delivery. Questionnaire included items on sociodemographic characteristics, planning and emotional acceptance of pregnancy, reproductive history, health-related behavior, emotional well-being, and relationships with a partner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Smoking during pregnancy was reported by 14.8% of the participants. Prenatal smoking was associated with secondary or lower education, maternal age less than 20 years, childbirth outside of marriage, history of elective abortion, unplanned pregnancy, lack of positive emotional acceptance of pregnancy by mother and father, emotional distress and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Smoking during pregnancy remained significantly associated with prenatal alcohol consumption, previous elective abortion, and lack of positive emotional acceptance of pregnancy by mother even after adjustment for maternal age, education, and family structure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results support an idea of complexity of the relationships among smoking, alcohol use, and emotional well-being. Lack of positive emotional acceptance of pregnancy by mother and history of elective abortions can be considered as possible associates of smoking during pregnancy and suggest that strengthening of positive attitudes toward motherhood could add to lower smoking rates among pregnant women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania; Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania. Electronic address: giedresirvi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Giedrė
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Širvinskienė
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania; Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Nida
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Žemaitienė
authors.affiliation: Department of General Psychology, Psychological Innovations and Research Training Center, Faculty of Philosophy, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Roma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jusienė
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania; Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Kastytis
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Šmigelskas
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania; Health Research Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Aurelijus
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Veryga
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Eglė
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Markūnienė
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003710:Demography; D000066498:Emotional Adjustment; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008423:Maternal Age; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000523:psychology*; D066252:Sociological Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol consumption; Elective abortion; Pregnancy; Pregnancy acceptance; Smoking