title: Gender-based Violence Among Pregnant Women of Syangja District, Nepal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to determine prevalence of gender-based violence among pregnant women attending an antenatal care (ANC) clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between September 2014 and December 2014, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 202 pregnant women attending the antenatal ward of the Primary Healthcare Centre (PHC) of Syangja district, Nepal. The data were collected using semistructure questionnaires with face-to-face interviews. SPSS software (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for analysis the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence rate of gender-based violence was found to be 91.1% (184). Most of the respondents (87%) faced economic violence followed by psychological (53.8%), sexual (41.8%), and physical (4.3%) violence. Women experienced: (1) psychological violence with most complaining of angry looks followed by jealousy or anger while talking with other men, insults using abusive language and neglect; (2) economic violence with most complaining of financial hardship, denial of basic needs and an insistence on knowing where respondents were and restricting them to parents' home or friends/relatives' houses (jealousy); (3) physical violence by slapping, pushing, shaking, or throwing something at her, twisting arm or pulling hair, and punching and kicking; and (4) sexual violence by physically forcing her to have sexual intercourse without consent, and hurting or causing injury to private parts. Most (100%) of the perpetrators were found to be husbands and mothers-in-law (10.7%) who violated them rarely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of gender-based violence (GBV) among pregnant women attending the ANC clinic was greater in the Syangja district of Nepal. Women's empowerment, economic autonomy, sensitization, informal or formal training regarding GBV for men and women, and the need for large-scale population-based surveys are the major recommendations of this study.
authors.affiliation: La Grandee International College, Pokhara University, Pokhara, Nepal.
authors.forename: Samjhana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gurung
authors.affiliation: La Grandee International College, Pokhara University, Pokhara, Nepal.
authors.forename: Jeevan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Acharya
keywords: Nepal; antenatal care; gender-based violence; pregnant women; prevalence; primary healthcare center