title: Fitness and Competitive Ability of Botrytis cinerea Isolates with Resistance to Multiple Chemical Classes of Fungicides.
abstract: Resistance to multiple chemical classes of fungicides in Botrytis cinerea isolates from eastern United States strawberry fields is common and strategies to control them are needed. In this study, we compared fitness and competitive ability of eight sensitive isolates (S), eight isolates resistant to five or six chemical classes of fungicides but not to phenylpyrroles (5CCR), and eight isolates resistant to six or seven chemical classes including phenylpyrroles (6CCR/MDR1h). The latter included the MDR1h phenotype due to overexpression of atrB based on Δ497V/L in mrr1. The 6CCR/MDR1h isolates grew more slowly at 4°C on potato dextrose agar, and both 5CCR and 6CCR/MDR1h isolates were hypersensitive to osmotic stress compared with S isolates. In contrast, no differences were found in oxidative sensitivity, aggressiveness, and spore production in vivo, and sclerotia production and viability in vitro. In competition experiments, the 5CCR and 6CCR/MDR1h isolates were both outcompeted by S isolates and 6CCR/MDR1h isolates were outcompeted by 5CCR isolates in the absence of fungicide pressure. Under selective pressure of a fludioxonil/pyraclostrobin rotation, the 6CCR/MDR1h isolates dominated after coinoculation with 5CCR and S isolates. The competitive disadvantage of 5CCR and especially 6CCR/MDR1h isolates suggest that, in the absence of fungicide selection pressure, S isolates may reduce inoculum potential of multifungicide-resistant isolates under field conditions.
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Plant Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; and third and fourth authors: Clemson University, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson, SC 29634.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Plant Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; and third and fourth authors: Clemson University, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson, SC 29634.
authors.forename: C X
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Plant Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; and third and fourth authors: Clemson University, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson, SC 29634.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.affiliation: First and second authors: Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Plant Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; and third and fourth authors: Clemson University, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson, SC 29634.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schnabel
mesh_terms: D020171:Botrytis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D002219:Carbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal / Q000235:genetics*; D031985:Fragaria / Q000382:microbiology*; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010641:Phenotype; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000494:pharmacology; D013172:Spores, Fungal; D000073739:Strobilurins
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D004149:Dioxoles; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011758:Pyrroles; D000073739:Strobilurins; C513428:pyrachlostrobin; C108339:fludioxonil