title: The impact of patient support programs on adherence, clinical, humanistic, and economic patient outcomes: a targeted systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patient support programs (PSPs), including medication management and counseling, have the potential to improve care in chronic disease states with complex therapies. Little is known about the program's effects on improving clinical, adherence, humanistic, and cost outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a targeted review describing medical conditions in which PSPs have been implemented; support delivery components (eg, face-to-face, phone, mail, and internet); and outcomes associated with implementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE - 10 years through March 2015 with supplemental handsearching of reference lists.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language trials and observational studies of PSPs providing at minimum, counseling for medication management, measurement of ≥1 clinical outcome, and a 3-month follow-up period during which outcomes were measured.
  
  
  METHODS
  Program characteristics and related clinical, adherence, humanistic, and cost outcomes were abstracted. Study quality and the overall strength of evidence were reviewed using standard criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2,239 citations, 64 studies met inclusion criteria. All targeted chronic disease processes and the majority (48 [75%]) of programs offered in-clinic, face-to-face support. All but 9 (14.1%) were overseen by allied health care professionals (eg, nurses, pharmacists, paraprofessionals). Forty-one (64.1%) reported at least one significantly positive clinical outcome. The most frequent clinical outcome impacted was adherence, where 27 of 41 (66%) reported a positive outcome. Of 42 studies measuring humanistic outcomes (eg, quality of life, functional status), 27 (64%) reported significantly positive outcomes. Only 15 (23.4%) programs reported cost or utilization-related outcomes, and, of these, 12 reported positive impacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The preponderance of evidence suggests a positive impact of PSPs on adherence, clinical and humanistic outcomes. Although less often measured, health care utilization and costs are also reduced following PSP implementation. Further research is needed to better quantify which support programs, delivery methods, and components offer the greatest value for any particular medical condition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Arijit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganguli
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Affairs, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clewell
authors.affiliation: EPI-Q Inc., Oak Brook, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Alicia C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Shillington
keywords: mediation adherence; medication management; patient assistance programs; patient support services; specialty pharmacy