title: Zika virus - emergence, evolution, pathology, diagnosis, and control: current global scenario and future perspectives - a comprehensive review.
abstract: This review converses the Zika virus which has attained global concern due to its rapid pandemic potential and impact on humans. Though Zika virus was first isolated in 1947, till the recent large-scale outbreak which occurred in Micronesia, in 2007, the virus was placed into the innocuous pathogen category. The World Health Organization on 1 February 2016 declared it as a 'Public Health Emergency of International Concern.' Of the note, American as well as Pacific Island strains/isolates is relatively closer to Asian lineage strains. The African and American strains share more than 87.5% and 95% homologies with Asian strains/isolates, respectively. Asian strains form independent clusters, except those isolated from China, suggesting relatively more diversity than African strains. Prevention and control are mainly aimed at the vector population (mosquitoes) with Aedes aegypti being the main species. Surveys in Africa and Asia indicated seropositivity in various animal species. However, so far its natural reservoir is unknown. There is an urgent need to understand why Zika virus has shifted from being a virus that caused mild illness to unforeseen birth defects as well as autoimmune-neurological problems. Unfortunately, an effective vaccine is not available yet. Availability of cryo-electron microscopy based on 3.8 Å resolution revealing mature Zika virus structure and the probable virus attachment site to host cell would provide critical insights into the development of antiviral treatments and vaccines.
authors.affiliation: a ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India.
authors.forename: Raj Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India.
authors.forename: Kuldeep
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dhama
authors.affiliation: c Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India.
authors.forename: Yashpal Singh
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: d Division of Virology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Mukteswar Campus , Uttarakhand , India.
authors.forename: Muthannan Andavar
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnan
authors.affiliation: e Division of Bacteriology and Mycology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India.
authors.forename: Kumaragurubaran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karthik
authors.affiliation: f Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology , College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan , Mathura , India.
authors.forename: Ruchi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tiwari
authors.affiliation: c Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India.
authors.forename: Sharad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saurabh
authors.affiliation: g Immunology Section , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Bareilly , India.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sachan
authors.affiliation: h Cellular Immunology Lab, Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, School of Medical Diagnostics & Translational Sciences , Old Dominion University , Norfolk , VA , USA.
authors.forename: Sunil Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Joshi
mesh_terms: D000071244:Zika Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D000071243:Zika Virus Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control
keywords: Zika virus; flavivirus; global warming; review; zoonosis