title: Altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide by ritonavir in rats with healthy, diabetic and impaired hepatic function.
abstract: Ritonavir is an antiretroviral drug to treat HIV AIDS and inhibits cytochrome P450 3A4. To treat diabetes mellitus in HIV, repaglinide is coadministered with ritonavir in the clinic. Multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms are involved in the metabolism of repaglinide like CYP2C8 and CYP 3A4. In order to predict and understand drug-drug interactions of these two drugs, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of repaglinide and ritonavir were studied in normal, diabetic and hepatic impaired rats. The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of ritonavir on the PK/PD of repaglinide in rats with normal, diabetic and impaired hepatic function.
  
  
  
  Human oral therapeutic doses of ritonavir and repaglinide were extrapolated to rats based on the body surface area. Ritonavir (20 mg/kg, p.o.), alone and along with repaglinide (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.), was given to normal, diabetic and hepatic impaired rats, and the PK/PD were studied.
  
  
  
  The pharmacokinetic parameters like peak plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the plasma concentration time profile (AUC) and elimination half life of repaglinide were significantly (p<0.0001) increased when compared to repaglinide control rats. The repaglinide clearance (CL) was significantly (p<0.0001) decreased in the presence of ritonavir treatment. In the presence of ritonavir, repaglinide hypoglycemic activity was increased significantly (p<0.0005) when compared with repaglinide control group.
  
  
  
  The significant difference in the PK/PD changes have been due to the increased plasma exposure and decreased total body clearance of repaglinide, which may be due to the inhibition of the CYP P450 metabolic system and organic anion-transporting polypeptide transporter by ritonavir.
authors.forename: Thirumaleswara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goud
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maddi
authors.forename: Devanna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nayakanti
authors.forename: Rajendra Prasad
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Thatipamula
mesh_terms: D000496:Alloxan; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects; D002219:Carbamates / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D008297:Male; D010880:Piperidines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002219:Carbamates; D010880:Piperidines; C072379:repaglinide; D000496:Alloxan; D002251:Carbon Tetrachloride; D019438:Ritonavir