title: Empowerment in critical care - a concept analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this paper was to analyse how the concept of empowerment is defined in the scientific literature in relation to critical care. As empowerment is a mutual process affecting all individuals involved, the perspectives of not only patients and next of kin but also staff were sought.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review and a concept analysis based on Walker and Avant's analysis procedure were used to identify the basic elements of empowerment in critical care. Twenty-two articles with a focus on critical care were discovered and included in the investigation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A mutual and supportive relationship, knowledge, skills, power within oneself and self-determination were found to be the common attributes of empowerment in critical care. The results could be adapted and used for all parties involved in critical care - whether patients, next of kin or staff - as these defining attributes are assumed to be universal to all three groups, even if the more specific content of each attribute varies between groups and individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even if empowerment is only sparsely used in relation to critical care, it appears to be a very useful concept in this context. The benefits of improving empowerment are extensive: decreased levels of distress and strain, increased sense of coherence and control over situation, and personal and/or professional development and growth, together with increased comfort and inner satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Caring Sciences, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Kalmar, Sweden.|Research Section, Kalmar County Council, Kalmar, Sweden.|Intensive Care Department, Kalmar Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wåhlin
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D003422:Critical Care / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D011209:Power, Psychological
keywords: concept analysis; critical care; empowerment; family; patient; staff