title: Metabolic Testing for Adults in a State Medicaid Program Receiving Antipsychotics: Remaining Barriers to Achieving Population Health Prevention Goals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Medicaid quality indicators track diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease screening in adults receiving antipsychotics and/or those with serious mental illness.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To inform performance improvement interventions by evaluating the relative importance of patient, prescriber, and practice factors affecting metabolic testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study was conducted using Missouri Medicaid administrative claims data (January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2012) linked with prescriber market data. The analysis included 9316 adults (age, 18-64 years) who were starting antipsychotic medication. Secondary analysis included the subset of adults (n = 1813) for whom prescriber knowledge, attitudes, and behavior survey data were available. Generalized estimating equations were performed to identify factors associated with failure to receive annual testing during antipsychotic treatment (adjusted odds ratio [OR], <1 favor testing). Data analysis was performed from October 1, 2014, to February 18, 2016.
  
  
  METHODS
  Oral second-generation antipsychotics.
  
  
  METHODS
  A medical claim for glucose or lipid testing occurring within 180 days before and after the antipsychotic prescription claim.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 9317 patients (mean [SD] age, 37.6 [12.0] years) initiated antipsychotic medication in a variety of prescriber specialty-settings: 24.3%, community mental health center (CMHC); 27.6%, non-CMHC behavioral health; 24.3%, primary care practitioners; and 23.8%, other/unknown. Annual testing rates were 79.6% for glucose and 41.2% for lipids. Failure to test glucose and lipids was most strongly associated with patient factors and health care utilization. To illustrate by using findings from glucose modeling (reported as adjusted OR [95% CI]), lower failure to receive testing was associated with older age (40-49 vs 18-29 years; 0.64 [0.55-0.74]), diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder (0.55 [0.44-0.67]), cardiometabolic comorbidity (dyslipidemia, 0.28 [0.22-0.37]), hypertension (0.59 [0.50-0.69]), and greater outpatient utilization (>6 encounters vs none; 0.33 [0.28-0.39]). Analysis incorporating prescriber practice information found lower failure to receive glucose testing if the patient received care at a CMHC (0.74 [0.64-0.85]) or if the initiating prescriber was a primary care practitioner (0.81 [0.66-1.00]). However, the initiating prescriber specialty-setting was not associated with lipid testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with prior reports, progress has been made to improve diabetes screening, but lipid screening remains particularly underutilized. Medicaid performance improvement initiatives should target all prescriber settings and not just behavioral health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Systems, Management, and Policy, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora2Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, Children's Hospital Colorado, Univ.
authors.forename: Elaine H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Morrato
authors.affiliation: Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Campagna
authors.affiliation: Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Brewer
authors.affiliation: Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora3Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical C.
authors.forename: L Miriam
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver.
authors.forename: Deborah S K
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.
authors.forename: Benjamin F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Communication, College of Communication Arts and Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dearing
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Benjamin G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Druss
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Systems, Management, and Policy, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora.
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Lindrooth
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008484:Medicaid / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008923:Missouri; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013221:State Health Plans / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids