title: Correspondence of Neutralizing Humoral Immunity and CD4 T Cell Responses in Long Recovered Sudan Virus Survivors.
abstract: Robust humoral and cellular immunity are critical for survival in humans during an ebolavirus infection. However, the interplay between these two arms of immunity is poorly understood. To address this, we examined residual immune responses in survivors of the Sudan virus (SUDV) outbreak in Gulu, Uganda (2000-2001). Cytokine and chemokine expression levels in SUDV stimulated whole blood cultures were assessed by multiplex ELISA and flow cytometry. Antibody and corresponding neutralization titers were also determined. Flow cytometry and multiplex ELISA results demonstrated significantly higher levels of cytokine and chemokine responses in survivors with serological neutralizing activity. This correspondence was not detected in survivors with serum reactivity to SUDV but without neutralization activity. This previously undefined relationship between memory CD4 T cell responses and serological neutralizing capacity in SUDV survivors is key for understanding long lasting immunity in survivors of filovirus infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. tautau.ariel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ariel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sobarzo
authors.affiliation: Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA. spencer.w.stonier2.ctr@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Spencer W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Stonier
authors.affiliation: Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA. anderw.s.herbert.ctr@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. davidochayon@gmail.com.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Ochayon
authors.affiliation: Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA. aikuehne@aol.com.
authors.forename: Ana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Kuehne
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. askiray@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Yael
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Eskira
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. fedida.metula@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shlomit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fedida-Metula
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. netatali20@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Neta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tali
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. lewis@bgu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Eli C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda. m.c.egesa@gmail.com.|Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda. m.c.egesa@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egesa
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda. stephen.cose@lshtm.ac.uk.|London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. stephen.cose@lshtm.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cose
authors.affiliation: Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-Emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda. jjlutwama03@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Julius Julian
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lutwama
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. yavelsky@bgu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yavelsky
authors.affiliation: Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St., Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21701, USA. john.m.dye1.civ@mail.mil.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dye
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. leslie.lobel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lobel
mesh_terms: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing / Q000097:blood*; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D029043:Ebolavirus / Q000276:immunology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D019142:Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D017741:Survivors; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D057134:Antibodies, Neutralizing; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Ebola survivors; cellular immunity; memory immunity; neutralizing antibodies