title: Chemical Modification in the Design of Immobilized Enzyme Biocatalysts: Drawbacks and Opportunities.
abstract: Chemical modification of enzymes and immobilization used to be considered as separate ways to improve enzyme properties. This review shows how the coupled use of both tools may greatly improve the final biocatalyst performance. Chemical modification of a previously immobilized enzyme is far simpler and easier to control than the modification of the free enzyme. Moreover, if protein modification is performed to improve its immobilization (enriching the enzyme in reactive groups), the final features of the immobilized enzyme may be greatly improved. Chemical modification may be directed to improve enzyme stability, but also to improve selectivity, specificity, activity, and even cell penetrability. Coupling of immobilization and chemical modification with site-directed mutagenesis is a powerful instrument to obtain fully controlled modification. Some new ideas such as photoreceptive enzyme modifiers that change their physical properties under UV exposition are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC C/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.|Escuela de Química, Grupo de investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM) Edificio Camilo Torres 210, Universidad Industrial de Santander, CEP, 680001, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
authors.forename: Nazzoly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rueda
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC C/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.|Instituto de Engenharias e Desenvolvimento Sustentável Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira, CEP, 62785-000, Acarape, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jose C S
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dos Santos
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Química, Grupo de investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM) Edificio Camilo Torres 210, Universidad Industrial de Santander, CEP, 680001, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
authors.forename: Rodrigo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia.
authors.forename: Oveimar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Barbosa
authors.affiliation: Biocatalysis and Enzyme Technology Laboratory, Institute of Food Science and Technology Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, P.O. Box 15090, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: Instituto Universitario de Materiales Departamento de Química Inorgánica Universidad de Alicante Campus de San Vicente del Raspeig, Ap. 99 - 03080, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Ángel
authors.initials: Á
authors.lastname: Berenguer-Murcia
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Biocatálisis, ICP-CSIC C/Marie Curie 2, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Lafuente
mesh_terms: D055162:Biocatalysis; D004798:Enzymes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes; D004800:Enzymes, Immobilized; D011108:Polymers
keywords: enzymes; photochemistry; polymers; structure-activity relationships; supported catalysts