title: Communicating to increase public uptake of pandemic flu vaccination in the UK: Which messages work?
abstract: Vaccination is considered the most effective preventive measure against influenza transmission, yet vaccination rates during the 2009/10 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic were low across the world, with the majority of people declining to receive the vaccine. Despite extensive research on the predictors of uptake of influenza vaccination, little research has focused on testing the effectiveness of evidence and theory-based messages.
  
  
  
  To examine the persuasiveness of messages promoting vaccination and antiviral use either as health-enhancing or as risk-reducing, as well as messages which conveyed evidence-based information about the costs and benefits of vaccination, or which applied anticipated regret as a motivator for vaccine uptake.
  
  
  
  We conducted 11 focus groups with forty-one members of the general population in England including young and older adults, those with lower education, parents, and those with elevated health risk. The data were analysed using thematic analysis.
  
  
  
  The factual, evidence-based messages were well received with participants finding them the most convincing and useful, particularly where they gave cost-benefit comparisons. Health-enhancing messages were received with scepticism and concern that the messages were not honest about the potential lack of safety of vaccination. In contrast, risk-reduction messages were perceived as being more balanced and credible. Messages aiming to elicit feelings of anticipated regret for not getting vaccinated were generally perceived as patronising and unprofessional.
  
  
  
  Vaccination messages should be kept brief, but convey balanced, evidence-based information, and be transparent in their communication of potential side-effects. The general public seem to prefer messages that are factual and emphasise the costs and benefits of vaccination, particularly with regards to vaccine safety.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Applications of Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mowbray
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, UK.
authors.forename: Afrodita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marcu
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Cristina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Godinho
authors.affiliation: Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, UK.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Michie
authors.affiliation: Centre for Applications of Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, UK. Electronic address: L.Yardley@soton.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Lucy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yardley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D006113:United Kingdom; D014611:Vaccination / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines
keywords: Influenza; Pandemic; Risk communication; Vaccination