title: Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography in Dogs With Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Effect of Percutaneous Closure on Cardiac Mechanics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is 1 of the most common congenital heart defects in dogs and percutaneous closure is effective in achieving ductal closure; PDA closure is associated with abrupt hemodynamic changes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  A marked decrease in standard parameters of systolic function as assessed by M- or B-mode echocardiography after PDA closure was identified in previous studies. Speckle tracking echocardiography can provide further insight into the effect of PDA closure on cardiac mechanics in dogs affected by PDA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five client-owned dogs with PDA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study. Dogs were recruited over a 2-year period. Complete echocardiographic evaluation was performed before and 24 hours after PDA closure, including standard (end-diastolic volumes indexed to body surface area in B- and M-mode [EDVIB /M ], end-systolic volumes indexed to body surface area in B- and M-mode [ESVIB /M ], allometric scaling in diastole [AlloD] and systole [AlloS], pulmonary flow to systemic flow [Qs/Qp], ejection fraction [EF], and fractional shortening [FS]), and advanced speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE): global longitudinal, radial, circumferential and transverse strain (S), and strain rate (SR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patent ductus arteriosus closure was associated with statistically significant decreases in EDVIM /B and ESVIM /B , AlloD and AlloS, SI, EF, and FS. A statistically significant decrease in the absolute values of radial, transverse, and circumferential S and SR was observed, whereas longitudinal S and SR did not change significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patent ductus arteriosus closure by percutaneous approach is associated with marked decreases of conventional echocardiographic parameters as a result of the changes in loading conditions, but no evidence of systolic dysfunction was identified by means of STE, as none of the S and SR values were below reference ranges. In the short term, contractility is enhanced in the long axis (long S/SR values were not statistically different before and after closure) and decreases to normal values in short axis (circumferential, radial, and transversal S/SR decreased to normal reference range).
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Spalla
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Locatelli
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zanaboni
authors.affiliation: Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brambilla
authors.affiliation: Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bussadori
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D013599:Systole; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000662:veterinary; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling
keywords: Congenital heart disease; Dogs; Strain; Strain rate