title: Socioeconomic gradients in early childhood health: evidence from Bangladesh and Nepal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A large literature has developed researching the origins of socioeconomic gradients in child health in developed countries. Particularly, this research examines the age at which these gradient effects emerge and how they change across different stages of childhood. However, similar research on developing countries is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper examines the socioeconomic gradients in early childhood health in two developing countries, Bangladesh and Nepal using the 2011 Demographic and Health Surveys. The paper separately studies two measures of household socioeconomic status: household wealth and maternal educational attainment. Two anthropometric measures of early childhood health, height-for-age and weight-for-age Z scores for 0-59 months of children, are used for our empirical exercise. The paper uses both non-parametric and multivariate ordinary least squares approaches to examine at what age socioeconomic disparities in health emerge, and investigates if these disparities increase with age in early childhood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The paper provides significant evidence of age-specific socioeconomic gradients in early childhood health in both countries. Health disparities in household wealth exist in both countries. This disparity emerges in the first 11 months of life, and is particularly severe for children from the poorest quintile. On the other hand, while the emergence of maternal education gradients during the first 11 months is sensitive to the choice of childhood health measure, the study finds the children of mothers with higher education to enjoy significantly higher health outcomes in comparison to those with lower education. However, controlling for father's education weakens the effects of maternal education on child health in both countries. Further, the paper does not find statistically significant evidence where socioeconomic gradients in health increase with age in early childhood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study concludes that socioeconomic disparities in health outcomes exist even in very early childhood in Bangladesh and Nepal. This has important implications for targeted policy interventions in the form of food security and nutrition supplement programs, free provision of health care, and maternal education in both countries.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota-Morris, Division of Social Science, 600 East 4th Street, Morris, 56267, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Satis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devkota
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota-Morris, Division of Social Science, 600 East 4th Street, Morris, 56267, MN, USA. bpanda@morris.umn.edu.
authors.forename: Bibhudutta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Panda
mesh_terms: D001459:Bangladesh; D002648:Child; D002662:Child Health Services / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D009390:Nepal; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Bangladesh; Early childhood health; Health disparity; Nepal; Socioeconomic gradients