title: The application of absolute quantitative (1)H NMR spectroscopy in drug discovery and development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The identification of a drug candidate and its structural determination is the most important step in the process of the drug discovery and for this, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is one of the most selective analytical techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present review illustrates the various perspectives of absolute quantitative (1)H NMR spectroscopy in drug discovery and development. It deals with the fundamentals of quantitative NMR (qNMR), the physiochemical properties affecting qNMR, and the latest referencing techniques used for quantification. The precise application of qNMR during various stages of drug discovery and development, namely natural product research, drug quantitation in dosage forms, drug metabolism studies, impurity profiling and solubility measurements is elaborated. To achieve this, the authors explore the literature of NMR in drug discovery and development between 1963 and 2015. It also takes into account several other reviews on the subject.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  qNMR experiments are used for drug discovery and development processes as it is a non-destructive, versatile and robust technique with high intra and interpersonal variability. However, there are several limitations also. qNMR of complex biological samples is incorporated with peak overlap and a low limit of quantification and this can be overcome by using hyphenated chromatographic techniques in addition to NMR.
authors.affiliation: a Centre of Biomedical Research, Formerly Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance , Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus , Lucknow , India.
authors.forename: Suruchi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: a Centre of Biomedical Research, Formerly Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance , Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus , Lucknow , India.
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001688:Biological Products / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D002845:Chromatography / Q000379:methods; D015195:Drug Design; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D057230:Limit of Detection; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001688:Biological Products; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations
keywords: 1H NMR; absolute quantification; drug development; drug discovery