title: Effect of Spinal Manipulation on Pelvic Floor Functional Changes in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women: A Preliminary Study.
abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate whether a single session of spinal manipulation of pregnant women can alter pelvic floor muscle function as measured using ultrasonographic imaging.
  
  
  
  In this preliminary, prospective, comparative study, transperineal ultrasonographic imaging was used to assess pelvic floor anatomy and function in 11 primigravid women in their second trimester recruited via notice boards at obstetric caregivers, pregnancy keep-fit classes, and word of mouth and 15 nulliparous women recruited from a convenience sample of female students at the New Zealand College of Chiropractic. Following bladder voiding, 3-/4-dimensional transperineal ultrasonography was performed on all participants in the supine position. Levator hiatal area measurements at rest, on maximal pelvic floor contraction, and during maximum Valsalva maneuver were collected before and after either spinal manipulation or a control intervention.
  
  
  
  Levator hiatal area at rest increased significantly (P < .05) after spinal manipulation in the pregnant women, with no change postmanipulation in the nonpregnant women at rest or in any of the other measured parameters.
  
  
  
  Spinal manipulation of pregnant women in their second trimester increased the levator hiatal area at rest and thus appears to relax the pelvic floor muscles. This did not occur in the nonpregnant control participants, suggesting that it may be pregnancy related.
authors.affiliation: Director of Research, Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic. Electronic address: heidi.haavik@nzchiro.co.nz.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haavik
authors.affiliation: Professor, Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology.
authors.forename: Bernadette A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Research Fellow, Auckland Bioengineering Institute at The University of Auckland in New Zealand.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kruger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020393:Manipulation, Spinal; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009520:New Zealand; D017773:Pelvic Floor / Q000502:physiology*; D059952:Pelvic Floor Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014636:Valsalva Maneuver; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Chiropractic; Manipulation; Pelvic Floor Disorders; Pregnancy; Spinal Manipulation; Ultrasonography