title: The Effects of Family-Centered Problem-Solving Education on Relapse Rate, Self Efficacy and Self Esteem Among Substance Abusers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The success of drug abuse treatment and relapse prevention methods depends widely on not only pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical therapies but also self efficacy and self esteem promotion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The current study attempted to clarify the effects of Problem Solving Education (PSE) on relapse rate, self efficacy and self esteem among drug abusers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This non-controlled clinical trial (quasi-experimental) assessed 60 opium and heroin abusers who were willing to quit and were referred to the Mehr Center of Addiction Treatment and Rehabilitation Facility. The patients were allocated to two groups of 30 (intervention and control groups). While both groups received the routine care of the clinic, the intervention group also attended eight 45-minute family-centered PSE sessions. The Coopersmith Self esteem Inventory and Quit Addiction Self efficacy Questionnaire were filled out for all subjects before and after the intervention. Drug relapse was investigated four times with two-week intervals. The two groups were compared using chi-square and Student's-t tests. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine factors affecting drug relapse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 45 individuals (21 and 24 in the intervention and control groups, respectively) completed the study. At baseline, the two groups had no significant difference regarding their mean scores of self esteem and self efficacy (P = 0.692 and 0.329, respectively). After the intervention, however, the mean changes of self esteem scores were 20.10 ± 3.75 for the intervention group and 4.50 for the control group (P < 0.001). The mean changes of self efficacy scores in the mentioned groups were 34 34.17 ± 5.19 and 9.03± 2.04, respectively (P < 0.001). Drug relapse after two weeks was correlated with age (OR = 1.216; P = 0.026; 95% CI: 1.024-1.445) and implementation of the intervention (OR = 0.036; P = 0.003; 95% CI: 0.004-0.322).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to our findings, supplementing drug abuse treatment with cognitive behavior therapy, particularly PSE, can reduce relapse rate and enhance self efficacy and self esteem among patients.
authors.affiliation: Deputy Dean For International Affairs, Operating Room Department, Paramedical Faculty, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Rahim
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Habibi
authors.affiliation: Deputy Dean for International Affairs, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nikbakht Nasrabadi
authors.affiliation: Brain and Spinal Cord Injuries Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shabany Hamedan
authors.affiliation: Nursing Management and Mental Health Department, Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Amirreza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saleh Moqadam
keywords: Drug Users; Problem Solving; Self Efficacy; Self Esteem