title: Black ginseng extract ameliorates hypercholesterolemia in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-characterized medicinal herb listed in the classic oriental herbal dictionary as "Shin-nong-bon-cho-kyung." Ginseng has diverse pharmacologic and therapeutic properties. Black ginseng (BG, Ginseng Radix nigra) is produced by repeatedly steaming fresh ginseng nine times. Studies of BG have shown that prolonged heat treatment enhances the antioxidant activity with increased radical scavenging activity. Several recent studies have showed the effects of BG on increased lipid profiles in mice. In this study report the effects of water and ethanol extracts of BG on hypercholesterolemia in rats. To our knowledge, this is the first time such an effect has been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were conducted on male Sprague Dawley rats fed with a high-cholesterol diet supplemented with the water and ethanol extracts of BG (200 mg/kg). Their blood cholesterol levels, serum white blood cell levels, and cholesterol-metabolizing marker genes messenger RNA (mRNA) expression were determined. Liver and adipose tissues were histologically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that BG extracts efficiently reduced the total serum cholesterol levels, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels with increased food efficiency ratio and increased number of neutrophil cells. It also attenuated the key genes responsible for lipogenesis, that is, acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) acetyltransferase 2, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2, at the mRNA level inside liver cells. Furthermore, the BG extract also reduced the accumulation of fat in adipose tissues, and inhibited the neutral fat content in liver cells stained with hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Administration of BG extracts to Sprague Dawley rats fed with high-cholesterol diet ameliorated hypercholesterolemia, which was mediated via modulation of cholesterol-metabolizing marker genes. This data throw a light on BG's cardioprotective effects.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Evelyn
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saba
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Bo Ra
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Da-Hye
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Kija
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Youn-Kyoung
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Goo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Hyung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Daedeok Bio Corporation Research and Development Center, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Chang-Keun
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.affiliation: Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Soo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Research, Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Busan, Korea.
authors.forename: Sung Dae
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Daedeok Bio Corporation Research and Development Center, Daejeon, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun-Kyoung
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea.
authors.forename: Man-Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Rhee
keywords: black ginseng; hypercholesterolemia; lipogenesis; messenger RNA