title: Dinner fat intake and sleep duration and self-reported sleep parameters over five years: Findings from the Jiangsu Nutrition Study of Chinese adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cross-sectional studies have indicated an association between fat intake and short sleep. However, whether the association differs by meal occasions, and remains in the long term, is unknown. This study aimed to determine the association between meal specific macronutrients intake (by eating occasions) and persistent short sleep over 5 y.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 1474 Chinese subjects from the Jiangsu Nutrition Study were analyzed. Two time points were examined (i.e., baseline in 2002 and follow-up in 2007). Meal specific food and macronutrients intake was assessed using three-day weighed food records. Sleep duration and sleep related symptoms (daytime sleepiness and falling asleep) were self-reported using a sleep questionnaire. Persistent short sleep was defined as <7 h/d in 2002 and ≤7 h/d in 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 7.4% of the participants reported persistent short sleep. Fluctuation of sleep duration over 5 y was observed with an increase in short-duration sleepers (<7 h) and a decrease in long-duration sleepers (9 h). The highest quartile of fat intake from dinner at baseline was associated with persistent short sleep over 5 y (odds ratio 3.30, 95% confidence interval 1.40-7.79, P for trend 0.003). The highest quartile of fat intake from breakfast at baseline was associated with less falling asleep during the day at follow up (odds ratio 0.36, 95% confidence interval 0.14-0.94, P for trend 0.006). Dinner fat intake at baseline was not associated with short sleep (<7 h) at follow up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association between fat intake and sleep varies according to how late or how early in the day a meal is eaten by meal occasions. While a high-fat breakfast may prevent daytime falling asleep, a high-fat dinner is-in the case of the Chinese adults of our study-associated with persistent short sleep in Chinese adults.
authors.affiliation: Population Research and Outcome Studies, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. Electronic address: Yingting.cao@adelaide.edu.au.
authors.forename: Yingting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Population Research and Outcome Studies, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Anne W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: Jiangsu Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoqun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: The Health Observatory, University of Adelaide, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Campus, Woodville, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; The Health Observatory, University of Adelaide, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Campus, Woodville, South Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Appleton
authors.affiliation: Population Research and Outcome Studies, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Jiangsu Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China.
authors.forename: Zumin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D002681:China; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D057566:Self Report; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats
keywords: Breakfast; Dinner; Falling asleep; Fat intake; Meal occasion; Persistent short sleep