title: Investigating the feasibility, acceptability and appropriateness of outreach case management in an urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary health care service: a mixed methods exploratory study.
abstract: The disparities in health and life expectancy of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples compared to non-Indigenous Australians are well documented. Chronic diseases are a leading contributor to these disparities. We aimed to determine the feasibility, acceptability and appropriateness of a case management approach to chronic disease care integrated within an urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary health care service.
  
  
  
  The Home-based, Outreach case Management of chronic disease Exploratory (HOME) Study provided holistic, patient centred multidisciplinary care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with chronic disease. A developmental evaluation approach supported the implementation and ongoing adaptations in the delivery of the model of care, and ensured its alignment with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples' understandings of, and approaches to, health and wellbeing. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine patient participants (one interview also included a participant's spouse) and 15 health service staff and key themes were identified through an iterative reflective process. Quantitative data were collected directly from patient participants and from their medical records at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Patient participants' baseline characteristics were described using frequencies and percentages. Attrition and patterns of missing values over time were evaluated using binomial generalized estimating equation (GEE) models and mean differences in key clinical outcomes were determined using normal GEE models.
  
  
  
  Forty-one patients were recruited and nine withdrew over the 6 month period. There was no evidence of differential attrition. All participants (patients and health service staff) were very positive about the model of care. Patient participants became more involved in their health care, depression rates significantly decreased (p = 0.03), and significant improvements in systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001) and diabetes control (p = 0.05) were achieved.
  
  
  
  The exploratory nature of our study preclude any definitive statements about the effectiveness of our model of care. However, staff and patients' high levels of satisfaction and improvements in the health and wellbeing of patients are promising and suggest its feasibility, acceptability and appropriateness. Further research is required to determine its efficacy, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness in improving the quality of life and quality of care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples living with chronic disease.
authors.affiliation: Southern Queensland Centre of Excellence in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Primary Health Care, Queensland Health, Wirraway Pde, Inala Queensland, 4077, Australia. d.askew@uq.edu.au.|The University of Queensland, Discipline of General Practice, Brisbane, Australia. d.askew@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Askew
authors.affiliation: Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Alice Springs, Australia.|Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia.
authors.forename: Samantha J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Togni
authors.affiliation: University of Canterbury, School of Health Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand.|The University of Queensland, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Schluter
authors.affiliation: Southern Queensland Centre of Excellence in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Primary Health Care, Queensland Health, Wirraway Pde, Inala Queensland, 4077, Australia.
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Southern Queensland Centre of Excellence in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Primary Health Care, Queensland Health, Wirraway Pde, Inala Queensland, 4077, Australia.
authors.forename: Sonya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Egert
authors.affiliation: Southern Queensland Centre of Excellence in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Primary Health Care, Queensland Health, Wirraway Pde, Inala Queensland, 4077, Australia.
authors.forename: Nichola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Potter
authors.affiliation: Southern Queensland Centre of Excellence in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Primary Health Care, Queensland Health, Wirraway Pde, Inala Queensland, 4077, Australia.
authors.forename: Noel E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Hayman
authors.affiliation: Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cass
authors.affiliation: South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Alex D H
authors.initials: ADH
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019090:Case Management / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000208:ethnology / Q000628:therapy*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D011793:Queensland / Q000208:ethnology; D019037:Urban Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration
keywords: Aboriginal and torres Strait Islander peoples’ health; Case management; Chronic disease care; Coordinated care; Primary health care