title: Walnut Polyphenol Extract Attenuates Immunotoxicity Induced by 4-Pentylphenol and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol in Murine Splenic Lymphocyte.
abstract: 4-pentylphenol (PP) and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (PNMC), two important components of vehicle emissions, have been shown to confer toxicity in splenocytes. Certain natural products, such as those derived from walnuts, exhibit a range of antioxidative, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we investigated the effects of walnut polyphenol extract (WPE) on immunotoxicity induced by PP and PNMC in murine splenic lymphocytes. Treatment with WPE was shown to significantly enhance proliferation of splenocytes exposed to PP or PNMC, characterized by increases in the percentages of splenic T lymphocytes (CD3+ T cells) and T cell subsets (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells), as well as the production of T cell-related cytokines and granzymes (interleukin-2, interleukin-4, and granzyme-B) in cells exposed to PP or PNMC. These effects were associated with a decrease in oxidative stress, as evidenced by changes in OH, SOD, GSH-Px, and MDA levels. The total phenolic content of WPE was 34,800 ± 200 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g, consisting of at least 16 unique phenols, including ellagitannins, quercetin, valoneic acid dilactone, and gallic acid. Taken together, these results suggest that walnut polyphenols significantly attenuated PP and PNMC-mediated immunotoxicity and improved immune function by inhibiting oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China. yanglubingo@163.com.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China. yanglubingo@163.com.
authors.forename: Lubing
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China. masihuikindle@163.com.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China. masihuikindle@163.com.
authors.forename: Sihui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China. rebeccahan@bjfu.edu.cn.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China. rebeccahan@bjfu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China. wwangyuhann@163.com.
authors.forename: Yuhan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Basic Medicine, Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China. ccguoyan@163.com.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China. qiangweng@bjfu.edu.cn.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China. qiangweng@bjfu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.affiliation: Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China. xumeiyu@bjfu.edu.cn.|Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China. xumeiyu@bjfu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Meiyu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003408:Cresols / Q000633:toxicity*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D031324:Juglans / Q000737:chemistry*; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D003408:Cresols; D016207:Cytokines; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D059808:Polyphenols; C008636:4-nitro-3-cresol; C000614719:4-pentylphenol
keywords: 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol; attenuates; immunotoxicity; splenic lymphocyte; walnut polyphenol extract