title: Descriptive study of mandibular canal visibility: morphometric and densitometric analysis for digital panoramic radiographs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the visibility of the mandibular canal (MC) morphology in different jaw dental segments (JDSs) in relation to morphometric and densitometric parameters on digital panoramic radiographs (DPRs).
  
  
  METHODS
  32 DPRs (155 JDSs) were selected randomly after retrieval. MC visibility in conjunction with superior and inferior border visibility was scored on a 5-point scale in four places on the JDS-that is, for the medial, distal, superior and inferior MC parts. Morphometric and densitometric analyses were made horizontally and vertically in the JDS region. Descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test and additional tests were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in MC visibility for the superior, inferior, medial and distal parts of the JDSs. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences were identified between particular visibility scores of the superior and inferior MC borders. In 22.0-24.7% of JDSs, the superior MC border was not visible, more than twice as often as the inferior MC border was not visible (9.1-10.2%). The visibility of superior and inferior MC borders in JDSs was not related to the morphometric or densitometric assessment parameters, or to age, gender, JDS location, condition or the visibility of neighbouring MC parts or contralateral JDSs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DPRs failed to provide MC visibility based on a single factor. Particular differences were identified between the levels of visibility of the superior and inferior MC borders. More advanced radiological investigation methods could be required for the evaluation of about 25% of JDSs when superior MC border identification is obligatory.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubilius
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Ričardas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kubilius
authors.affiliation: 2 DeoDental Clinic, Drogheda, Republic of Ireland.
authors.forename: Vaidas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Varinauskas
authors.affiliation: 3 Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Rimantas
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Žalinkevičius
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Tolga F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Tözüm
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors.forename: Gintaras
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Juodžbalys
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D019252:Radiography, Dental, Digital / Q000379:methods*; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: alveolar nerve, inferior; densitometry; dental implants; mandible; radiography, panoramic