title: The climate benefits of high-sugar grassland may be compromised by ozone pollution.
abstract: High sugar ryegrasses (HSG) have been developed to improve the uptake, digestion and nitrogen (N)-utilisation of grazing stock, with the potential to increase production yields and benefit climate by reducing methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from livestock farming. In this study, the effects of tropospheric ozone pollution on the seasonal growth dynamics of HSG pasture mesocosms containing Lolium perenne cv. AberMagic and Trifolium repens cv. Crusader were investigated. Species-specific ozone (O3) dose-response relationships (seasonal means: 35, 41, 47, 51, 59 & 67ppb) based on the Phytotoxic Ozone Dose (PODy) were constructed for above and below ground biomass, injury, N-fixation and forage quality. The dynamics of effects of ozone exposure on HSG pasture changed over the course of a season, with the strongest responses occurring in the first 4-8weeks. Overall, strong negative responses to ozone flux were found for root biomass, root nodule mass and N-fixation rates, and ozone adversely impacted a range of forage quality parameters including total sugar content and relative and consumable food values. These results indicate that increasing ozone pollution could decrease the N-use efficiency and reduce the sugar content of managed pasture, and thereby partially detract from some of the suggested benefits of HSG.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deinol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK,; Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4YQ, UK,. Electronic address: danhew@ceh.ac.uk.
authors.forename: D K L
authors.initials: DKL
authors.lastname: Hewitt
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deinol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.affiliation: Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deinol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4YQ, UK.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D065948:Grassland; D008129:Lolium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D010126:Ozone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D012621:Seasons; D029921:Trifolium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010126:Ozone
keywords: Climate-smart grass; Clover; Forage quality; Nodulation; Ozone