title: Circumcaval Ureter-the Paradigm Shift in Diagnosis and Management.
abstract: An anomalous development of infra-renal inferior vena cava leads to circumcaval ureter or preureteral vena cava, a rare congenital anomaly with an autopsy incidence of 0.9 per 1000. We present a case of circumcaval ureter and review the literature with a special emphasis on the paradigm shift seen during the last decade, in diagnostic and management strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, India.
authors.forename: Jaideep M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Ratkal
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, India.
authors.forename: Ravikumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jadhav
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, India.
authors.forename: Ritam R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Naique Dessai
keywords: Anatomy; Anomalies; Circumcaval ureter; Inferior vena cava; Preureteral vena cava; Retrocaval ureter