title: Macronutrient Balance and Dietary Glycemic Index in Pregnancy Predict Neonatal Body Composition.
abstract: The influence of maternal macronutrient balance and dietary glycemic index (GI) on neonatal body composition has received little study. We hypothesized that the overall quantity and quality of macronutrients, particularly carbohydrate, in the maternal diet could have trimester-specific effects on neonatal growth and body composition in women at risk of gestational diabetes. Maternal diet was assessed using 3-day food records in mid (n = 96) and late (n = 88) pregnancy as part of the GI Baby 3 study. Neonatal body composition was assessed by air-displacement plethysmography within 48 h of birth, adjusted for length, and expressed as fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI). In mid pregnancy, higher maternal intake of carbohydrate energy was negatively correlated with infant FFMI (p = 0.037). In late pregnancy, higher dietary GI was associated with lower FFMI (p = 0.010) and higher carbohydrate energy predicted lower FMI (p = 0.034). Higher fat intake (%E) and saturated fat, but not protein, also predicted neonatal body composition (higher FFMI in mid pregnancy and higher FMI in late pregnancy). Depending on pregnancy stage, a high carbohydrate-low fat diet, particularly from high glycemic sources, may reduce neonatal indices of both lean mass and adiposity.
authors.affiliation: Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. Nathalie.kizirian@sydney.edu.au.|School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. Nathalie.kizirian@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Nathalie V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Kizirian
authors.affiliation: Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise &amp; Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. tania.markovic@sydney.com.|Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia. tania.markovic@sydney.com.
authors.forename: Tania P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Markovic
authors.affiliation: Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. roslyn.muirhead@sydney.edu.au.|School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. roslyn.muirhead@sydney.edu.au.|Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise &amp; Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. roslyn.muirhead@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Roslyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muirhead
authors.affiliation: Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. shannon.brodie@sydney.edu.au.|School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. shannon.brodie@sydney.edu.au.|Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise &amp; Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. shannon.brodie@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brodie
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney 2145, NSW, Australia. sarah.garnett@health.nsw.gov.au.|The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. sarah.garnett@health.nsw.gov.au.
authors.forename: Sarah P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Garnett
authors.affiliation: Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. jimmy.louie@sydney.edu.au.|School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. jimmy.louie@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jimmy C Y
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Louie
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, NSW, Australia. peter.petocz@mq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Petocz
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, NSW, Australia. gpross@bigpond.net.au.|Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. gpross@bigpond.net.au.
authors.forename: Glynis P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.affiliation: Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. jennie.brandmiller@sydney.edu.au.|School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. jennie.brandmiller@sydney.edu.au.|Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise &amp; Eating Disorders, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia. jennie.brandmiller@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jennie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Brand-Miller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Pea Pod; body composition; dietary intake; gestational diabetes mellitus; macronutrient; maternal; neonates; nutrition; pregnancy