title: Anatomic study suggests that the morphology of the plantaris tendon may be related to Achilles tendonitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Achilles tendinopathy is a significant clinical lower limb issue observed in recent years. Neither the location nor the mechanism behind the pain has yet been sufficiently explained. Patients frequently experience pain on the medial side of the calcaneal tendon, and between 2 and 7 cm above the calcaneal tuberosity, which may suggests that the plantaris tendon plays an important role. The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomical relationships between the course of the plantaris tendon and the calcaneal tendon, as well as the type of insertion of the plantaris tendon.
  
  
  METHODS
  The tests were carried out on 50 randomized lower limbs (23 left and 27 right) fixed in 10 % formalin solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five insertion types of the plantaris tendon were identified in relation to the calcaneal tendon: four with their insertion on the calcaneal tuberosity (Types 1, 2, 3, 5), while the fifth (Type 4) had its insertion in the crural fascia. In addition, two variants of the course of the plantaris tendon were identified, the most common being termed Variant A, in which the tendon crosses the space between the gastrocnemius and the soleus muscles, thus reaching the medial crural region, and is located on the medial side of the calcaneal tendon (84 % cases). The course of the Variant B is similar to the course of the Variant A, but upon leaving the space located between the gastrocnemius and soleus muscle, it turned to the medial crural region and ran directly anterior to the calcaneal tendon (12 %). The plantaris muscle was found to be absent in two lower limbs (4 %). The most frequent insertion type of the plantaris tendon into the calcaneal tuberosity is fan-shaped, occurring on the medial side of the Achilles tendon (Type 1-44 % cases).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The course of the plantaris tendon and its mobility range in relation to the calcaneal tendon may be likely to affect the occurrence of pains in the lower medial part of the leg (Achilles tendinopathy).
authors.affiliation: Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Interfaculty Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Narutowicza 60, 90-136, Lodz, Poland. lukasz.olewnik@umed.lodz.pl.
authors.forename: Łukasz
authors.initials: Ł
authors.lastname: Olewnik
authors.affiliation: Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Interfaculty Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Narutowicza 60, 90-136, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wysiadecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Angiology, Interfaculty Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polguj
authors.affiliation: Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Interfaculty Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Narutowicza 60, 90-136, Lodz, Poland.
authors.forename: Mirosław
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Topol
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries*; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000209:etiology*; D013710:Tendons / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Calcaneal tendon; Mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy; Plantaris muscle; Plantaris tendon