title: Deleterious effects of incense smoke exposure on kidney function and architecture in male albino rats.
abstract: Previous studies, including ours, have shown adverse effects of incense smoke on human health. However, the effect of incense smoke on kidney function and structure remains unknown.
  
  
  
  To evaluate possible adverse effects of incense smoke on kidney function and architecture in albino rats after chronic exposure to Arabian incense.
  
  
  
  Emission characteristics including particle size distribution, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by gravimetric and GCMS analyses. Kidney functional markers, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers were measured by standard or ELISA based procedures. Ultrastructural changes in kidney were examined by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the gene expression of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes including cytochrome P-450-1A1 (CYP1A1) and CYP1A2 were studied by real time PCR.
  
  
  
  Rats exposed to incense smoke demonstrated a significant increase in serum creatinine, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) levels and a significant decline in tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase activity. Incense smoke exposed rats also displayed marked ultrastructural changes in kidney tissue. Further, a significant increase in tissue gene expression of both CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 was noted in exposed rats.
  
  
  
  Changes to kidney functional markers and architecture appear to be mediated through augmented oxidative stress and inflammation.
  
  
  
  Long-term exposure to incense smoke may have deleterious effects on kidney function and architecture. Though, inhalation is the rout of exposure, findings of this study underscore that incense smoke may also have an effect on non-pulmonary tissues.
authors.affiliation: a Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia .
authors.forename: Tajamul
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: a Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia .|b Department of Biochemistry , College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia .|c Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia .
authors.forename: Omar S
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Al-Attas
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biochemistry , College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia .|d Research Chair for Biomedical Applications of Nanomaterials, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia .
authors.forename: Salman A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Alrokayan
authors.affiliation: e Department of Zoology , College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia , and.
authors.forename: Mukhtar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: b Department of Biochemistry , College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia .|c Biomarkers Research Program, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia .
authors.forename: Nasser M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Al-Daghri
authors.affiliation: a Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia .
authors.forename: Salman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Al-Ameri
authors.affiliation: f School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University , Chhattisgarh , Raipur , India.
authors.forename: Shamsh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pervez
authors.affiliation: f School of Studies in Chemistry, Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University , Chhattisgarh , Raipur , India.
authors.forename: Shippi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dewangan
authors.affiliation: a Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia .
authors.forename: Arif
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: a Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia .
authors.forename: Dikshit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gambhir
authors.affiliation: a Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia .
authors.forename: Terrance S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Sumague
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000235:genetics; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000378:metabolism; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D015847:Interleukin-4; D014527:Uric Acid; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D003404:Creatinine; D002374:Catalase; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D019388:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2; D005978:Glutathione
keywords: Incense smoke; inflammation; kidney; kidney architecture; oxidative stress; xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes