title: Preload dependency determines the effects of phenylephrine on cardiac output in anaesthetised patients: A prospective observational study.
abstract: Although phenylephrine is widely used in the operating room to control arterial pressure, its haemodynamic effects remain controversial.
  
  
  
  We hypothesised that the effect of phenylephrine on cardiac output is affected by preload dependency.
  
  
  
  A prospective observational study.
  
  
  
  Single-centre, University Hospital of Caen, France.
  
  
  
  Fifty ventilated patients undergoing surgery were studied during hypotension before and after administration of phenylephrine.
  
  
  
  Cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), corrected flow time, mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure variations (PPV) and systemic vascular resistance index were used to assess effects of changes in preload dependency.
  
  
  
  Twenty seven (54%) patients were included in the preload-dependent group (PPV ≥ 13%) and 23 (46%) in the preload-independent group (PPV < 13%) before administration of phenylephrine. For the whole cohort, phenylephrine increased mean arterial pressure [58 (±8) mmHg vs. 79 (±13) mmHg; P < 0.0001] and calculated systemic vascular resistance index [2010 (1338; 2481) dyn s cm m vs. 2989 (2155; 3870) dyn s cm m; P < 0.0001]. However, CI and SV decreased in the preload-independent group [2.3 (1.9; 3.7) l min m vs. 1.8 (1.5; 2.7) l min m; P < 0.0001 and 65 (44; 81) ml vs. 56 (39; 66) ml; P < 0.0001 for both] but not in the preload-dependent group [respectively 2.1 (1.8; 3.5) l min m vs. 2.1 (1.8; 3.3) l min m; P = 0.168 and 49 (41; 67) ml vs. 53 (41; 69) ml; P = 0.191]. Corrected flow time increased [294 (47) ms vs. 306 (56) ms; P = 0.031], and PPV decreased [17 (15; 19) % vs.12 (14; 16) %; P < 0.0003] only in the PPV at least 13% group.
  
  
  
  The effects of phenylephrine on CI and SV depend on preload. CI and SV decreased in preload-independent patients through increase in afterload, but were unchanged in those preload-dependent through increased venous return.
authors.affiliation: From the Pôle Réanimations Anesthésie SAMU/SMUR, CHU de Caen, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre (OR, OA, J-LG, J-LH, M-OF); Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen, France (J-LH, M-OF); Service d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital Cardiologique Louis Pradel, Avenue du Doyen Lepine, (J-LF); and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Lyon, France (J-LF).
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rebet
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Andremont
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gérard
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fellahi
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hanouz
authors.forename: Marc-Olivier
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000639:trends*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D010656:Phenylephrine