title: Is the femoral lateral condyle's bone morphology the trochlea of the ACL?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of different osteoarticular femoral and tibial morphology and morphometric parameters with the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six patients (29 male and 7 female) with an ACL rupture (<6 months) and 36 age and sex-matched controls were included. The anatomomorphological parameters and morphometrics of the distal epiphysis of the femur and proximal epiphysis of the tibia were measured through conventional lateral radiography of the knee.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found statistically significant smaller heights of femur's lateral condyle, AP distances of the tibial plateaus and smaller XY and WX distances, as well as, higher XY/AB and B/AB ratios (p < 0.05). In turn, women had smaller AP distances of the femur's lateral condyle, AP distances of the femur's diaphysis, AP distances of the tibial plateaus and heights of femur's lateral condyle, as well as, higher values of XY/AB (Porto ratio) and B/AB ratios (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several femoral and tibial bone morphological parameters were identified as potential risk factors for sustaining an ACL injury. These parameters are clinically relevant to identify individuals with higher risk of ACL injury, decide between conservative or surgical treatment and identify individuals who may benefit from preventive neuromuscular programs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study, Level III.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.|Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Margarida Sá
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal.|Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre - FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal.|Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rogério
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre - FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal.|Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal.|Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic and Trauma Department, Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Sebastiano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vasta
authors.affiliation: Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre - FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal.|Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal.|Orthopaedic Department, Centro Hospitalar Póvoa de Varzim, Vila do Conde, Portugal.|3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal.|ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
authors.forename: Hélder
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Physical Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra University, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors.forename: João Páscoa
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pinheiro
authors.affiliation: Clínica do Dragão, Espregueira-Mendes Sports Centre - FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Porto, Portugal. espregueira@dhresearchcentre.com.|Dom Henrique Research Centre, Porto, Portugal. espregueira@dhresearchcentre.com.|3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017, Barco, Guimarães, Portugal. espregueira@dhresearchcentre.com.|ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal. espregueira@dhresearchcentre.com.|Orthopaedics Department, Minho University, Braga, Portugal. espregueira@dhresearchcentre.com.
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Espregueira-Mendes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology*; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004838:Epiphyses; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D013977:Tibia / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament; Bone morphology; Knee; Radiography; Risk factor