title: Use of novel psychoactive substances by inpatients on general adult psychiatric wards.
abstract: Non-illicit alternatives to controlled drugs, known as novel psychoactive substances (NPS), have recently risen to prominence. They are readily available, with uncertain pharmacology and no widely available assay. Given that psychiatric patients are at risk of comorbid substance abuse, we hypothesised that NPS use would be present in the psychiatric population, and sought to determine its prevalence and investigate the characteristics of those who use these drugs with a retrospective review of discharge letters.
  
  
  
  General adult inpatient wards of a psychiatric hospital in a Scottish city.
  
  
  
  All adult inpatients (18-65) discharged from general psychiatric wards between 1 July 2014 and 31 December 2014. Of the 483 admissions identified, 46 were admissions for maintenance electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and were excluded. Of the remaining 437 admissions, 49 discharge letters were unobtainable, leaving 388 admissions to analyse.
  
  
  
  The mention, or lack thereof, of NPS use in discharge letters was our planned primary outcome measure and was also the primary outcome measure we used in our analysis.
  
  
  
  NPS use was identified in 22.2% of admissions, contributing to psychiatric symptoms in 59.3%. In comparison to non-users, NPS users were younger (p<0.01), male and more likely to have a forensic history ((p<0.001) for both). The diagnosis of drug-induced psychosis was significantly more likely in NPS users (p<0.001, OR 18.7, 95% CI 8.1 to 43.0) and the diagnosis of depression was significantly less likely (p<0.005, OR 0.133, CI 0.031 to 0.558). Use of cannabis was significantly more likely in NPS users (p<0.001, OR 4.2, CI 2.5 to 7.1), as was substitute opiate prescribing (p<0.001, OR 3.7, CI 1.8 to 7.4).
  
  
  
  NPS use was prevalent among young, male psychiatric inpatients, in particular those with drug-induced psychosis and often occurred alongside illicit drug use.
authors.affiliation: Undergraduate-5th year, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Jack L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Daniel V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Mogford
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.affiliation: University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lawrie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011567:Psychiatric Department, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012606:Scotland / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: PSYCHIATRY