title: Biodiesel from soybean promotes cell proliferation in vitro.
abstract: Toxicological responses of exhaust emissions of biodiesel are different due to variation in methods of generation and the tested biological models. A chemical profile was generated using ICP-MS and GC-MS for the biodiesel samples obtained in Brazil. A cytotoxicity assay and cytokine secretion experiments were evaluated in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Cells were exposed to polar (acetone) and nonpolar (hexane) extracts from particles obtained from fuel exhaust: fossil diesel (B5), pure soybean biodiesel (B100), soybean biodiesel with additive (B100A) and ethanol additive (EtOH). Biodiesel and its additives exhibited higher organic and inorganic constituents on particles when compared to B5. The biodiesel extracts did not exert any toxic effect at concentrations 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100μgmL(-1). In fact quite the opposite, a cell proliferation effect induced by the B100 and B100A extracts is reported. A small increase in concentrations of inflammatory mediators (Interleukin-6, IL-6; and Interleukin-8, IL-8) in the medium of biodiesel-treated cells was observed, however, no statistical difference was found. An interesting finding indicates that the presence of metals in the nonpolar (hexane) fraction of biodiesel fuel (B100) represses cytokine release in lung cells. This was revealed by the use of the metal chelator. Results suggest that metals associated with biodiesel's organic constituents might play a significant role in molecular mechanisms associated to cellular proliferation and immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Department of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil. Electronic address: agioda@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gioda
authors.affiliation: University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Biochemistry, Puerto Rico; Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico. Electronic address: rosa.rodriguez5@upr.edu.
authors.forename: Rosa I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Cotto
authors.affiliation: Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Department of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil; Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Electronic address: silvabeatriz@ig.com.br.
authors.forename: Beatriz Silva
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Biochemistry, Puerto Rico; Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico. Electronic address: jarline.encarnacion@upr.edu.
authors.forename: Jarline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Encarnación-Medina
authors.affiliation: University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Biochemistry, Puerto Rico; Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico. Electronic address: mario.ortiz@upr.edu.
authors.forename: Mario G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ortiz-Martínez
authors.affiliation: University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus, Department of Biochemistry, Puerto Rico; Center for Environmental and Toxicological Research, San Juan 00936, Puerto Rico. Electronic address: braulio.jimenez@upr.edu.
authors.forename: Braulio D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Vélez
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D001938:Brazil; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D013025:Glycine max
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D016207:Cytokines; D008670:Metals; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
keywords: BEAS-2B; Biodiesel; Cell proliferation; Cytokines; Cytotoxicity; Metal; PAH; Particles