title: Rearrangement of mitochondrial tRNA genes in flat bugs (Hemiptera: Aradidae).
abstract: The typical insect mitochondrial (mt) genome organization, which contains a single chromosome with 37 genes, was found in the infraorder Pentatomomorpha (suborder Heteroptera). The arrangement of mt genes in these true bugs is usually the same as the ancestral mt gene arrangement of insects. Rearrangement of transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, however, has been found in two subfamilies of flat bugs (Mezirinae and Calisiinae, family Aradidae). In this study, we sequenced the complete mt genomes of four species from three other subfamilies (Aradinae, Carventinae and Aneurinae). We found tRNA gene rearrangement in all of these four species. All of the rearranged tRNA genes are located between the mitochondrial control region and cox1, indicating this region as a hotspot for gene rearrangement in flat bugs; the rearrangement is likely caused by events of tandem duplication and random deletion of genes. Furthermore, our phylogenetic and dating analyses indicated that the swap of positions between trnQ and trnI occurred ~162 million years ago (MYA) in the most recent common ancestor of the five subfamilies of flat bugs investigated to date, whereas the swap of positions between trnC and trnW occurred later in the lineage leading to Calisiinae, and the translocation of trnC and trnY occurred later than 134 MYA in the lineage leading to Aradinae.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Hu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: GeneCology Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland 4556, Australia.
authors.forename: Renfu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Aimin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: College of Life Sciences and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot 010022, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoshuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.|Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
authors.forename: Xiaorong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Tiroler Landesmuseum, Josef-Schraffl-Strassbe 2a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Ernst
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
authors.forename: Wanzhi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics; D023061:Gene Order; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial; D054629:Genome, Mitochondrial; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics*; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D012343:RNA, Transfer