title: A simulated avalanche search and rescue mission induces temporary physiological and behavioural changes in military dogs.
abstract: Saving human lives is of paramount importance in avalanche rescue missions. Avalanche military dogs represent an invaluable resource in these operations. However, their performance can be influenced by several environmental, social and transport challenges. If too severe, these are likely to activate a range of responses to stress, which might put at risk the dogs' welfare. The aim of this study was to assess the physiological and behavioural responses of a group of military dogs to a Simulated Avalanche Search and Rescue mission (SASR). Seventeen avalanche dogs from the Italian Military Force Guardia di Finanza (SAGF dogs) were monitored during a simulated search for a buried operator in an artificial avalanche area (SASR). Heart rate (HR), body temperature (RBT) and blood samples were collected at rest the day before the trial (T0), immediately after helicopter transport at the onset of the SASR (T1), after the discovery of the buried operator (T2) and 2h later (T3). Heart rate (HR), rectal body temperature (RBT), cortisol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured. During the search mission the behaviour of each SAGF dog was measured by focal animal sampling and qualitatively assessed by its handler and two observers. Inter-rater agreement was evaluated. Snow and environmental variables were also measured. All dogs successfully completed their search for the buried, simulated victim within 10min. The SASR was shown to exert significant increases on RBT, NEFA and cortisol (P<0.001), CK and HR (P<0.01), AST and LDH (P<0.05). These indicate the activation of a response to stress probably induced by the addition of factors such as helicopter transport, disembarking, and the search and rescue exercise. However, changes were moderate and limited over time, progressively decreasing with complete recovery at T3 except for sera cortisol that showed a slightly slower decline. More time walking within the search was related to lower RBT, conversely to walking. Standing still with head up and exploring with head-up were inversely related with HR. Agreement between handler and observers' opinions on a dog's search mission ability was found only for motivation, signalling behaviour, signs of stress and possessive reward playing. More time signalling was related to shorter search time. In conclusion, despite extreme environmental and training conditions only temporary physiological and behavioural changes were recorded in the avalanche dogs. Their excellent performance in successful simulated SASR may be attributable to extensive training and good dog-handler relationships. Simulated SASR did not seem to impair SAGF dogs' performance or welfare.
authors.affiliation: LEBA (Laboratory of Ethology and Animal Welfare), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. Electronic address: silvana.diverio@unipg.it.
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diverio
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Olimpia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Barbato
authors.affiliation: IZSS (Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana), Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cavallina
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guelfi
authors.affiliation: LEBA (Laboratory of Ethology and Animal Welfare), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iaboni
authors.affiliation: ARPAV (Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione e Protezione Ambientale del Veneto), Arabba Avalanche Centre, Livinallongo, BL, Italy.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zasso
authors.affiliation: GdF (Guardia di Finanza), Direzione Veterinaria e Cinofili, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Di Mari
authors.affiliation: GdF (Guardia di Finanza), Dog Breeding and Training Centre, Castiglione del Lago, Perugia, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele Matteo
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.affiliation: School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford (Bristol), United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Toby G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Knowles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D055875:Avalanches; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D011863:Radioimmunoassay; D018635:Rescue Work; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior
chemical_list: D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Avalanche mission; Cortisol; Dog behaviour; Dog physiology; Heart rate; Search and rescue dogs