title: Soluble factors from stellate cells induce pancreatic cancer cell proliferation via Nrf2-activated metabolic reprogramming and ROS detoxification.
abstract: Pancreatic stellate cells (PSC), a prominent stromal cell, contribute to the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We aim to investigate the mechanisms by which PSC promote cell proliferation in PDAC cell lines, BxPC-3 and AsPC-1. PSC-conditioned media (PSC-CM) induced proliferation of these cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Nrf2 protein was upregulated and subsequently, its transcriptional activity was increased with greater DNA binding activity and transcription of target genes. Downregulation of Nrf2 led to suppression of PSC-CM activity in BxPC-3, but not in AsPC-1 cells. However, overexpression of Nrf2 alone resulted in increased cell proliferation in both cell lines, and treatment with PSC-CM further enhanced this effect. Activation of Nrf2 pathway resulted in upregulation of metabolic genes involved in pentose phosphate pathway, glutaminolysis and glutathione biosynthesis. Downregulation and inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase with siRNA and chemical approaches reduced PSC-mediated cell proliferation. Among the cytokines present in PSC-CM, stromal-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) activated Nrf2 pathway to induce cell proliferation in both cells, as shown with neutralization antibodies, recombinant proteins and signaling inhibitors. Taken together, SDF-1α and IL-6 secreted from PSC induced PDAC cell proliferation via Nrf2-activated metabolic reprogramming and ROS detoxification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia.|University of Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia.
authors.forename: Yuan Seng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chung Yeng
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Looi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia.|University of Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia.
authors.forename: Kavita S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-5877 Japan.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Masamune
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia.|University of Malaya Cancer Research Institute, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ivy
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chung
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D000072645:Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000378:metabolism; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D058954:Pancreatic Stellate Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D015850:Interleukin-6; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495635:NFE2L2 protein, human; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: cytokines; metabolic reprogramming; oxidative stress; pancreatic cancer; tumor microenvironment