title: Automated surveillance system for hospital-acquired urinary tract infections in Denmark.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Danish Hospital-Acquired Infections Database (HAIBA) is an automated surveillance system using hospital administrative, microbiological, and antibiotic medication data.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To define and evaluate the case definition for hospital-acquired urinary tract infection (HA-UTI) and to describe surveillance data from 2010 to 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  The HA-UTI algorithm defined a laboratory-diagnosed UTI as a urine culture positive for no more than two micro-organisms with at least one at ≥10(4)cfu/mL, and a probable UTI as a negative urine culture and a relevant diagnosis code or antibiotic treatment. UTI was considered hospital-acquired if a urine sample was collected ≥48h after admission and <48h post discharge. Incidence of HA-UTI was calculated per 10,000 risk-days. For validation, prevalence was calculated for each day and compared to point prevalence survey (PPS) data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HAIBA detected a national incidence rate of 42.2 laboratory-diagnosed HA-UTI per 10,000 risk-days with an increasing trend. Compared to PPS the laboratory-diagnosed HA-UTI algorithm had a sensitivity of 50.0% (26/52) and a specificity of 94.2% (1842/1955). There were several reasons for discrepancies between HAIBA and PPS, including laboratory results being unavailable at the time of the survey, the results considered clinically irrelevant by the surveyor due to an indwelling urinary catheter or lack of clinical signs of infection, and UTIs being considered HA-UTI in PPS even though the first sample was taken within 48h of admission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HAIBA algorithm was found to give valid and valuable information and has, among others, the advantages of covering the whole population and allowing continuous standardized monitoring of HA-UTI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark; European Program for Public Health Microbiology Training, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Condell
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark. Electronic address: GUB@ssi.dk.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gubbels
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Espenhain
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Frimodt-Møller
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellermann-Eriksen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Schønheyder
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Voldstedlund
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mølbak
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kristensen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001331:Automation / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Automated surveillance; Hospital-acquired; Urinary tract infection; Validation