title: Biological Responses to Engineered Nanomaterials: Needs for the Next Decade.
abstract: The interaction of nanomaterials with biomolecules, cells, and organisms is an enormously vital area of current research, with applications in nanoenabled diagnostics, imaging agents, therapeutics, and contaminant removal technologies. Yet the potential for adverse biological and environmental impacts of nanomaterial exposure is considerable and needs to be addressed to ensure sustainable development of nanomaterials. In this Outlook four research needs for the next decade are outlined: (i) measurement of the chemical nature of nanomaterials in dynamic, complex aqueous environments; (ii) real-time measurements of nanomaterial-biological interactions with chemical specificity; (iii) delineation of molecular modes of action for nanomaterial effects on living systems as functions of nanomaterial properties; and (iv) an integrated systems approach that includes computation and simulation across orders of magnitude in time and space.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Ariane M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vartanian
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.
authors.forename: Franz M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Geiger
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hamers
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.
authors.forename: Christy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States.
authors.forename: Erin E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States.
authors.forename: Rigoberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.affiliation: School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee , 600 East Greenfield Avenue, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53204, United States.
authors.forename: Rebecca D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Klaper
authors.affiliation: Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States.
authors.forename: Galya
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orr
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States.
authors.forename: Ze'ev
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rosenzweig