title: The role of micronutrients in the risk of urinary tract cancer.
abstract: Prostate, bladder and kidney cancers remain the most common urological malignancies worldwide, and the prevention and treatment of these diseases pose a challenge to clinicians. In recent decades, many studies have been conducted to assess the association between supplementation with selected vitamins and elements and urinary tract tumour initiation and development. Here, we review the relationship between vitamins A, B, D, and E, in addition to calcium, selenium, and zinc, and the risk of developing prostate, kidney and bladder cancer. A relatively consistent body of evidence suggests that large daily doses of calcium (> 2,000 mg/day) increase the risk of prostate cancer. Similarly, supplementation with 400 IU/day of vitamin E carries a significant risk of prostate cancer. However, there have been many conflicting results regarding the effect of these nutrients on kidney and bladder neoplasms. Moreover, the role of other compounds in urinary tract carcinogenesis needs further clarification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Golabek
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jakub
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bukowczan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantology, The John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sobczynski
authors.affiliation: EMC Health Care Clinic, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Jaroslaw
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Leszczyszyn
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Chlosta
keywords: bladder cancer; elements; kidney cancer; prostate cancer; vitamins