title: Implementation of a Zebrafish Health Program in a Research Facility: A 4-Year Retrospective Study.
abstract: In the past two decades, zebrafish (Danio rerio)-based research has contributed to significant scientific advances. Still, husbandry and health programs did not evolve at the same pace, as evidenced by the absence of general guidelines. Health monitoring is essential to animal welfare, to permit animal exchanges across facilities, to contribute to robust experimental results, and for data reproducibility. In this study, we report a health program implemented in a zebrafish research facility to prevent, monitor, and control pathogen, and disease dissemination. This program includes quarantine, routine health screening of sentinels, and nonroutine screenings of retired animals and sick/moribund individuals. An extensive list of clinical signs, lesions, and pathogens was monitored based on: daily observation of fish, necropsy, histology, and bacterial culture. The results indicate that the combined analysis of sentinels with the evaluation of sick/moribund animals enables a comprehensive description not only of pathogen prevalence but also of clinical and histopathologic lesions of resident animals. The establishment of a quarantine program revealed to be effective in the reduction of Pseudoloma neurophilia frequency in the main aquaria room. Finally, characterization of the colony health status based on this multiapproach program shows a low prevalence of lesions and pathogens in the facility.
authors.affiliation: 1 Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência , Oeiras, Portugal .
authors.forename: Ana C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: 1 Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência , Oeiras, Portugal .|2 ISPA-Instituto Universitário , Lisboa, Portugal .|3 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University , Lisbon, Portugal .
authors.forename: Nuno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: 1 Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência , Oeiras, Portugal .
authors.forename: Maysa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: 1 Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência , Oeiras, Portugal .
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.affiliation: 1 Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência , Oeiras, Portugal .
authors.forename: Margarida
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: 4 Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal .|5 Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisbon, Portugal .|6 INIAV, IP- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária , Oeiras, Portugal .
authors.forename: Mónica V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Cunha
authors.affiliation: 6 INIAV, IP- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária , Oeiras, Portugal .
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amaro
authors.affiliation: 6 INIAV, IP- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária , Oeiras, Portugal .
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Albuquerque
authors.affiliation: 1 Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência , Oeiras, Portugal .
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rebelo
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016814:Microsporidia / Q000502:physiology*; D016881:Microsporidiosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015027:Zebrafish