title: Sudden cardiac death and chronic kidney disease: From pathophysiology to treatment strategies.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients demonstrate higher rates of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity; and increased incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) with declining kidney failure. Coronary artery disease (CAD) associated risk factors are the major determinants of SCD in the general population. However, current evidence suggests that in CKD patients, traditional cardiovascular risk factors may play a lesser role. Complex relationships between CKD-specific risk factors, structural heart disease, and ventricular arrhythmias (VA) contribute to the high risk of SCD. In dialysis patients, the occurrence of VA and SCD could be exacerbated by electrolyte shifts, divalent ion abnormalities, sympathetic overactivity, inflammation and iron toxicity. As outcomes in CKD patients after cardiac arrest are poor, primary and secondary prevention of SCD and cardiac arrest could reduce cardiovascular mortality in patients with CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, L. Parodi - Delfino Hospital, Colleferro, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: dilulloluca69@gmail.com.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Di Lullo
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, L. Parodi - Delfino Hospital, Colleferro, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barbera
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, S. Anna Hospital, Como, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bellasi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cozzolino
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: De Pascalis
authors.affiliation: Consultant Nephrologist and Reader, Clinical Sub Dean, Renal and Transplantation Unit, St George's University, London, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, S. Paolo Hospital, Civitavecchia, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Floccari
authors.affiliation: International Renal Research Institute, S. Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ronco
mesh_terms: D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications; D016757:Death, Sudden, Cardiac / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000150:complications
keywords: CKD; Cardiac arrhythmias; Cardiovascular mortality; Sudden cardiac death