title: Trends and risk factors for childhood diarrhea in sub-Saharan countries (1990-2013): assessing the neighborhood inequalities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of child mortality and one of the main causes of medical consultation for children in sub-Saharan countries. This paper attempts to determine the risk factors and neighborhood inequalities of diarrheal morbidity among under-5 children in selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa over the period 1990-2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data used come from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) waves conducted in Burkina Faso (1992-93, 1998-99, 2003, and 2010), Mali (1995, 2001, 2016, and 2012), Nigeria (1990, 1999, 2003, 2008, and 2013), and Niger (1992, 1998, 2006, and 2012). Bivariate analysis was performed to assess the association between the dependent variable and each of the independent variables. Multilevel logistic regression modelling was used to determine the fixed and random effects of the risk factors associated with diarrheal morbidity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings showed that the proportion of diarrheal morbidity among under-5 children varied considerably across the cohorts of birth from 10 to 35%. There were large variations in the proportion of diarrheal morbidity across countries. The proportions of diarrheal morbidity were higher in Niger compared with Burkina Faso, Mali, and Nigeria. The risk factors of diarrheal morbidity varied from one country to another, but the main factors included the child's age, size of the child at birth, the quality of the main floor material, mother's education and her occupation, type of toilet, and place of residence. The analysis shows an increasing trend of diarrheal inequalities according to DHS rounds. In Burkina Faso, the value of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.04 for 1993 DHS and 0.09 in 2010 DHS; in Mali, the ICC increased from 0.04 in 1995 to 0.16 in 2012; in Nigeria, the ICC increased from 0.13 in 1990 to 0.19 in 2013; and in Niger, the ICC increased from 0.07 in 1992 to 0.11 in 2012.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This suggests the need to fight against diarrheal diseases on both the local and community levels across villages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Aristide R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bado
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa; sappunni@uwc.ac.za.
authors.forename: A Sathiya
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Susuman
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Eric I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Nebie
mesh_terms: D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Demographic and Health Survey; diarrheal morbidity; neighborhood inequalities; sub-Saharan Africa; under-5 mortality