title: Metabolic disposition and biological significance of simple phenols of dietary origin: hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol.
abstract: Hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol are dietary phenolic compounds present in virgin olive oil and wine. Both compounds are also endogenously synthesized in our body as byproducts of dopamine and tyramine metabolisms, respectively. Over the last decades, research into hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol has experienced an increasing interest due to the role that these compounds may play in the prevention of certain pathologies (e.g. cardiovascular, metabolic, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer). The translation of promising in vitro and in vivo biological effects from preclinical studies to the context of human disease prevention initially depends on whether the dose ingested becomes available at the site of action. In this regard, information regarding the bioavailability and metabolic disposition of hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol is of most importance to evaluate the impact they may have on human health. In this review, we discuss and summarize the state of the art of the scientific evidence regarding the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of both hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol. We also examine the impact of these compounds and their metabolites on biological activity in terms of beneficial health effects. Finally, we evaluate the different analytical approaches that have been developed to measure the plasma and urinary levels of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and their metabolites.
authors.affiliation: a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;|b Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF) , Barcelona , Spain ;|c CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición , Santiago de Compostela , Spain ;
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Morató
authors.affiliation: a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;|b Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF) , Barcelona , Spain ;
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boronat
authors.affiliation: a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;
authors.forename: Aristotelis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotronoulas
authors.affiliation: a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;
authors.forename: Mitona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pujadas
authors.affiliation: a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;|c CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición , Santiago de Compostela , Spain ;
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pastor
authors.affiliation: a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;|b Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF) , Barcelona , Spain ;
authors.forename: Eulalia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olesti
authors.affiliation: a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;|d Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona , Cerdanyola, Spain ;
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pérez-Mañá
authors.affiliation: a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;
authors.forename: Olha
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Khymenets
authors.affiliation: c CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición , Santiago de Compostela , Spain ;|e Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group, IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;
authors.forename: Montserrat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fitó
authors.affiliation: a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;|d Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Autonomous University of Barcelona , Cerdanyola, Spain ;|f Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP) , Badalona , Spain.
authors.forename: Magí
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farré
authors.affiliation: a Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience , IMIM (Hospital Del Mar Research Institute) , Barcelona , Spain ;|b Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF) , Barcelona , Spain ;|c CIBER de Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición , Santiago de Compostela , Spain ;
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de la Torre
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014439:Tyramine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C005975:3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol; C011867:4-hydroxyphenylethanol; D010626:Phenylethyl Alcohol; D004298:Dopamine; D014439:Tyramine
keywords: Hydroxytyrosol; Mediterranean Diet; cardiovascular prevention; dopamine; ethanol; phenolic compounds; red wine; tyramine; tyrosol; virgin olive oil