title: Evaluation of Ischemia-Modified Albumin, Malondialdehyde, and Advanced Oxidative Protein Products as Markers of Vascular Injury in Diabetic Nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed at evaluation of ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), malondialdehyde (MDA), and advanced oxidative protein products (AOPP) as markers of vascular injury in diabetic nephropathy (DN) with derivation of cutoff values for the same.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study population comprised 60 diabetes patients and 30 controls, with diabetes patients further categorized into three groups based on urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) of <30 mg/g (diabetes without microalbuminuria), 30-300 mg/g (early DN), and >300 mg/g of creatinine (overt DN). Serum IMA, MDA, and AOPP were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HbA1c, serum creatinine, urine albumin, and urine creatinine were estimated using automated analyzers. Statistical analysis was done using analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and receiver-operating characteristic curve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A statistically significant difference was found in the levels of IMA among patients with early DN (154 ng/mL), diabetes without nephropathy (109.4 ng/mL), and healthy controls (45.7 ng/mL), with highest levels in early DN cases. Similar increase was seen in AOPP as well. A significant correlation was observed between IMA and UACR in diabetes without nephropathy (r = 0.448).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study postulates serum IMA as a novel biomarker for the assessment of disease progression in diabetes even before microalbuminuria, and a cutoff point ≥99 ng/mL can be used for detection of early DN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Afzal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Poornima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Manjrekar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Charu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Ashish
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Rukmini Mysore
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Srikantiah
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal University, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Anupama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hegde
keywords: advanced oxidative protein products; diabetic nephropathy; ischemia-modified albumin; malondialdehyde; vascular injury