title: Negative Pressures and Spallation in Water Drops Subjected to Nanosecond Shock Waves.
abstract: Most experimental studies of cavitation in liquid water at negative pressures reported cavitation at tensions significantly smaller than those expected for homogeneous nucleation, suggesting that achievable tensions are limited by heterogeneous cavitation. We generated tension pulses with nanosecond rise times in water by reflecting cylindrical shock waves, produced by X-ray laser pulses, at the internal surface of drops of water. Depending on the X-ray pulse energy, a range of cavitation phenomena occurred, including the rupture and detachment, or spallation, of thin liquid layers at the surface of the drop. When spallation occurred, we evaluated that negative pressures below -100 MPa were reached in the drops. We model the negative pressures from shock reflection experiments using a nucleation-and-growth model that explains how rapid decompression could outrun heterogeneous cavitation in water, and enable the study of stretched water close to homogeneous cavitation pressures.
authors.affiliation: Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: Claudiu A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Stan
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.|Paul Scherrer Institute , CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Willmott
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States.
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: Jason E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Koglin
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: Mengning
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Aquila
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: Karl L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Gumerlock
authors.affiliation: Technology Innovation Directorate, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Blaj
authors.affiliation: Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: Raymond G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Sierra
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boutet
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: Serge A H
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Guillet
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: Robin H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: Sharon L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Vetter
authors.affiliation: Accelerator Directorate, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Loos
authors.affiliation: Accelerator Directorate, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.affiliation: Accelerator Directorate, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States.
authors.forename: Franz-Josef
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Decker