title: Cytokines as Biomarkers of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review.
abstract: A systematic review of the role of cytokines in clinical medicine as diagnostic, prognostic, or predictive biomarkers in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was undertaken.
  
  
  
  A systematic review was conducted according to the 2009 PRISMA guidelines. PubMed database was searched for all original articles on the topic of interest published until June 2015, and this was supplemented with references cited in relevant articles. Studies were evaluated for risk of bias using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tools.
  
  
  
  Forty one cytokines were investigated with relation to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in 65 studies, ten of which were analyzed by more than three studies. Six cytokines (interleukin[IL]-1β, -6, -8, -10, vascular endothelial growth factor, and transforming growth factor) were consistently reported to be increased in PDAC by more than four studies; irrespective of sample type; method of measurement; or statistical analysis model used. When evaluated as part of distinct panels that included CA19-9, IL-1β, -6 and -8 improved the performance of CA19-9 alone in differentiating PDAC from healthy controls. For example, a panel comprising IL-1β, IL-8, and CA 19-9 had a sensitivity of 94.1% vs 85.9%, specificity of 100% vs 96.3%, and area under the curve of 0.984 vs 0.925. The above-mentioned cytokines were associated with the severity of PDAC. IL-2, -6, -10, VEGF, and TGF levels were reported to be altered after patients received therapy or surgery. However, studies did not show any evidence of their ability to predict treatment response.
  
  
  
  Our review demonstrates that there is insufficient evidence to support the role of individual cytokines as diagnostic, predictive or prognostic biomarkers for PDAC. However, emerging evidence indicates that a panel of cytokines may be a better tool for discriminating PDAC from other non-malignant pancreatic diseases or healthy individuals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, Gauteng, South Africa.
authors.forename: Yandiswa Yolanda
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Yako
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, Gauteng, South Africa.
authors.forename: Deirdré
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, Gauteng, South Africa.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Parktown, Gauteng, South Africa.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D016207:Cytokines