title: Regulation of NADPH oxidases in skeletal muscle.
abstract: The only known function of NAD(P)H oxidases is to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Skeletal muscles express three isoforms of NAD(P)H oxidases (Nox1, Nox2, and Nox4) that have been identified as critical modulators of redox homeostasis. Nox2 acts as the main source of skeletal muscle ROS during contractions, participates in insulin signaling and glucose transport, and mediates the myocyte response to osmotic stress. Nox2 and Nox4 contribute to skeletal muscle abnormalities elicited by angiotensin II, muscular dystrophy, heart failure, and high fat diet. Our review addresses the expression and regulation of NAD(P)H oxidases with emphasis on aspects that are relevant to skeletal muscle. We also summarize: i) the most widely used NAD(P)H oxidases activity assays and inhibitors, and ii) studies that have defined Nox enzymes as protagonists of skeletal muscle redox homeostasis in a variety of health and disease conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Electronic address: ferreira@hhp.ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Leonardo F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina, PE, Brazil.
authors.forename: Orlando
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Laitano
mesh_terms: D004194:Disease; D056966:Excitation Contraction Coupling; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology*; D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction
chemical_list: D000074663:NADPH Oxidase 4; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C498910:NOX4 protein, human
keywords: Antioxidants; Exercise; Muscle contraction; Muscle weakness; Oxidative stress; Reactive oxygen species