title: Prolonged Pulmonary Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Particles Exacerbates Renal Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and DNA Damage in Mice with Adenine-Induced Chronic Renal Failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiological evidence indicates that patients with chronic kidney diseases have increased susceptibility to adverse outcomes related to long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. However, mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presently, we assessed the effect of prolonged exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on chronic renal failure induced by adenine (0.25% w/w in feed for 4 weeks), which is known to involve inflammation and oxidative stress. DEP (0.5m/kg) was intratracheally (i.t.) instilled every 4th day for 4 weeks (7 i.t. instillation). Four days following the last exposure to either DEP or saline (control), various renal endpoints were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While body weight was decreased, kidney weight increased in DEP+adenine versus saline+adenine or DEP. Water intake, urine volume, relative kidney weight were significantly increased in adenine+DEP versus DEP and adenine+saline versus saline. Plasma creatinine and urea increased and creatinine clearance decreased in adenine+DEP versus DEP and adenine+saline versus saline. Tumor necrosis factor α, lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species were significantly increased in adenine+DEP compared with either DEP or adenine+saline. The antioxidant calase was significantly decreased in adenine+DEP compared with either adenine+saline or DEP. Notably, renal DNA damage was significantly potentiated in adenine+DEP compared with either adenine+saline or DEP. Similarly, systolic blood pressure was increased in adenine+DEP versus adenine+saline or DEP, and in DEP versus saline. Histological evaluation revealed more collagen deposition, higher number of necrotic cell counts and dilated tubules, cast formation and collapsing glomeruli in adenine+DEP versus adenine+saline or DEP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolonged pulmonary exposure to diesel exhaust particles worsen renal oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage in mice with adenine-induced chronic renal failure. Our data provide biological plausibility that air pollution aggravates chronic renal failure.
authors.forename: Abderrahim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nemmar
authors.forename: Turan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Karaca
authors.forename: Sumaya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beegam
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yuvaraju
authors.forename: Javed
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yasin
authors.forename: Naserddine Kamel
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Hamadi
authors.forename: Badreldin H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D007249:Inflammation; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D052638:Particulate Matter; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine; D002374:Catalase; D000225:Adenine