title: Nitro-linolenic acid is a nitric oxide donor.
abstract: Nitro-fatty acids (NO2-FAs), which are the result of the interaction between reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and non-saturated fatty acids, constitute a new research area in plant systems, and their study has significantly increased. Very recently, the endogenous presence of nitro-linolenic acid (NO2-Ln) has been reported in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In this regard, the signaling role of this molecule has been shown to be key in setting up a defense mechanism by inducing the chaperone network in plants. Here, we report on the ability of NO2-Ln to release nitric oxide (NO) in an aqueous medium with several approaches, such as by a spectrofluorometric probe with DAF-2, the oxyhemoglobin oxidation method, ozone chemiluminescence, and also by confocal laser scanning microscopy in Arabidopsis cell cultures. Jointly, this ability gives NO2-Ln the potential to act as a signaling molecule by the direct release of NO, due to its capacity to induce different changes mediated by NO or NO-related molecules such as nitration and S-nitrosylation or by the electrophilic capacity of these molecules through a nitroalkylation mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Capilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mata-Pérez
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Calvo
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Begara-Morales
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carreras
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: María N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.affiliation: Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Melguizo
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valderrama
authors.affiliation: Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Corpas
authors.affiliation: Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide, Department of Experimental Biology, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Campus Universitario "Las Lagunillas" s/n, University of Jaén, E-23071, Jaén, Spain. Electronic address: jbarroso@ujaen.es.
authors.forename: Juan B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Barroso
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism*; D019793:Fluorescein / Q000737:chemistry; D005452:Fluoresceins / Q000737:chemistry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D008042:Linolenic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C111205:4,5-diaminofluorescein; C503301:4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate; D005452:Fluoresceins; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D008042:Linolenic Acids; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019793:Fluorescein
keywords: NO release; NO-PTM; Nitric oxide donor; Nitro-fatty acids; Nitro-linolenic acid; Nitroalkylation; Post-translational modifications; Signaling molecule