title: Surgical management of empyematous cholecystitis: a register study of over 12,000 cases from a regional quality control database in Germany.
abstract: Acute cholecystitis is a common indication for surgery. Surgical outcomes depend among other factors on the extent of gallbladder inflammation. Data on the outcomes of patients undergoing cholecystectomy due to acute empyematous cholecystitis are rare.
  
  
  
  Data from a prospectively maintained quality control database in Germany were analyzed. Cases with empyematous cholecystitis were compared to cases without gallbladder empyema with regard to baseline features, clinical parameters and surgical outcomes.
  
  
  
  A total of 12,069 patients with empyematous cholecystitis (EC) were compared to 33,296 patients without empyema. The male gender, advanced age, ASA score >2, elevated white blood count and fever were confirmed as risk factors for EC. The EC group differed significantly from the control group with regard to fever (28.0 vs. 9.5 %), elevated WBC (82.5 vs. 62.3 %) and positive findings from ultrasound sonography (87.4 vs. 76.9 %), p < 0001. Surgery lasted significantly longer in the EC group (86.1 ± 38.5 vs. 72.2 ± 33.6, p < 0.001). The rates of conversion (15.2 vs. 5.8 %), bile duct injury (0.8 vs. 0.4 %), re-intervention (5.5 vs. 2.6 %) and mortality (2.8 vs. 1.2 %) were significantly higher in the EC group, p < 0.001. Similarly, the length of stay (11.9 ± 10.5 vs. 8.8 ± 8.3, p < 0.001) was significantly longer in the EC group.
  
  
  
  Empyematous cholecystitis is a severe form of acute cholecystitis with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Even the experienced laparoscopic surgeon should expect dissection difficulties, therefore the threshold for conversion in order to prevent bile duct injury should be low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Helios Universitätsklinikum Wuppertal, Witten - Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany. Peter.ambe@helios-kliniken.de.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ambe
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Helios Universitätsklinikum Wuppertal, Witten - Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Quality Control in Health Care, Medical Association Nordrhein Westphalia, Tersteegenstr. 9, 40474, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Macher-Heidrich
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery II, Helios Universitätsklinikum Wuppertal, Witten - Herdecke University, Heusnerstr. 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
authors.forename: Hubert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zirngibl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D041881:Cholecystitis, Acute / Q000601:surgery*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011786:Quality Control; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Acute cholecystitis; Bile duct injury; Conversion to open cholecystectomy; Empyematous cholecystitis; Gallbladder empyema; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy