title: Fine-Tuning Next-Generation Genome Editing Tools.
abstract: The availability of genome sequences of numerous organisms and the revolution brought about by genome editing tools (e.g., ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9 or RGENs) has provided a breakthrough in introducing targeted genetic changes both to explore emergent phenotypes and to introduce new functionalities. However, the wider application of these tools in biology, agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology is limited by off-target mutation effects. In this review, we compare available methods for detecting, measuring, and analyzing off-target mutations. Furthermore, we particularly focus on CRISPR/Cas9 regarding various methods, tweaks, and software tools available to nullify off-target effects.
authors.affiliation: Research and Innovation Centre, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy. Electronic address: chidananda.nagamangala@fmach.it.
authors.forename: Chidananda Nagamangala
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Kanchiswamy
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Innovation Centre, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/A, 10135 Turin, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maffei
authors.affiliation: Research and Innovation Centre, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.
authors.forename: Mickael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malnoy
authors.affiliation: Research and Innovation Centre, Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crop Department, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy.
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Velasco
authors.affiliation: Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, South Korea; Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000379:methods; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D000072669:Gene Editing / Q000379:methods*; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods
keywords: CRISPR/Cas9; TALENs; ZFNs; genome editing; off-target; on-target; target specificity