title: Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrochemically Activated by Bis-Spiro Quaternary Alkyl Ammonium for Capacitors.
abstract: Thermally reduced graphene oxide (RGO) electrochemically activated by a quaternary alkyl ammonium-based organic electrolytes/activated carbon (AC) electrode asymmetric capacitor is proposed. The electrochemical activation process includes adsorption of anions into the pores of AC in the positive electrode and the interlayer intercalation of cations into RGO in the negative electrode under high potential (4.0 V). The EA process of RGO by quaternary alkyl ammonium was investigated by X-ray diffraction and electrochemical measurements, and the effects of cation size and structure were extensively evaluated. Intercalation by quaternary alkyl ammonium demonstrates a small degree of expansion of the whole crystal lattice (d002) and a large degree of expansion of the partial crystal lattice (d002) of RGO. RGO electrochemically activated by bis-spiro quaternary alkyl ammonium in propylene carbonate/AC asymmetric capacitor exhibits good activated efficiency, high specific capacity, and stable cyclability.
authors.affiliation: Liaoning Engineering Technology Center of Supercapacitor, Bohai University , Jinzhou 121013, China.|School of Materials Science & Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0295, United States.
authors.forename: Tieshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Liaoning Engineering Technology Center of Supercapacitor, Bohai University , Jinzhou 121013, China.
authors.forename: Xiangling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Liaoning Engineering Technology Center of Supercapacitor, Bohai University , Jinzhou 121013, China.
authors.forename: Junping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.affiliation: Interfacial Molecular Spectroscopy Group, Fritz-Haber-Institut of the Max Planck Society , Berlin 14195, Germany.
authors.forename: Yujin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.affiliation: Liaoning Engineering Technology Center of Supercapacitor, Bohai University , Jinzhou 121013, China.|Interfacial Molecular Spectroscopy Group, Fritz-Haber-Institut of the Max Planck Society , Berlin 14195, Germany.
authors.forename: Kedi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cai
keywords: bis-spiro quaternary alkyl ammonium; capacitor; electrochemical activation; organic electrolyte; thermal reduced graphene oxide