title: Nonlinear Relationship between Birth Weight and Visceral Fat in Adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association of birth weight with abdominal fat distribution and markers known to increase risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 575 adolescents aged 14-18 years (52% female, 46% black), birth weight was obtained by parental recall. Fasting blood samples were measured for glucose, insulin, lipids, adiponectin, leptin, and C-reactive protein. Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When we compared markers of cardiometabolic risk across tertiles of birth weight, adjusting for age, sex, race, Tanner stage, physical activity, socioeconomic status, and body mass index, there were significant U-shaped trends for homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, leptin, and visceral adipose tissue (all Pquadratic < .05). A significant linear downward trend across tertiles of birth weight was observed for triglycerides (Plinear = .03). There were no differences in fasting glucose, blood pressure, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, adiponectin, C-reactive protein, or subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue across tertiles of birth weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that both low and high birth weights are associated with greater visceral adiposity and biomarkers implicated in insulin resistance and inflammation in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA; Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA. Electronic address: BSTANSFIELD@gru.edu.
authors.forename: Brian K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Stansfield
authors.affiliation: Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA.
authors.forename: Mary Ellen
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Fain
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA.
authors.forename: Jatinder
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gutin
authors.affiliation: Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA.
authors.forename: Joshua T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA.
authors.forename: Norman K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Pollock
mesh_terms: D050154:Adiposity; D000293:Adolescent; D001724:Birth Weight; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D050507:Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal
keywords: fetal origins; insulin resistance; metabolic syndrome; obesity