title: Implant Stability Development of Photofunctionalized Implants Placed in Regular and Complex Cases: A Case-Control Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to compare the rate of implant stability development of as-received and photofunctionalized dental implants in regular and complex cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-nine implants (24 as-received and 25 photofunctionalized) placed in regular or complex cases (simultaneous guided bone regeneration, sinus elevation, or fresh extraction sockets) were studied. Photofunctionalization was performed by ultraviolet (UV) treatment of implants for 15 minutes using a photo device immediately prior to placement, and the generation of superhydrophilicity was confirmed. Implant stability was evaluated by measuring the implant stability quotient (ISQ) at placement (ISQ1) and at stage-two surgery (ISQ2). The rate of implant stability development was evaluated by calculating the osseointegration speed index (OSI), defined as the ISQ increase per month ([ISQ2-ISQ1]/healing time in months). The percentage of innate bone support at placement was evaluated clinically and radiographically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average OSI was considerably greater for photofunctionalized implants (3.7 ± 2.9) than for as-received implants (0.0 ± 1.0). The OSI in complex cases was 4.2 ± 3.2 for photofunctionalized implants and 0.2 ± 0.9 for as-received implants. The OSI in cases with simultaneous sinus elevation was 5.5 ± 3.5 for photofunctionalized implants and 0.2 ± 1.1 for as-received implants. Photofunctionalized implants showed significantly higher ISQ2 values than as-received implants. Photofunctionalized implant ISQ2 values were greater than 60, regardless of primary stability and innate bone support at placement. In multivariate analysis including the effects of photofunctionalization, age and sex of patients, and diameter and length of implants, photofunctionalization showed the strongest influence on the OSI for both regular and complex cases, while other factors influenced the OSI only in certain conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Photofunctionalization accelerated the rate and enhanced the final level of implant stability development compared with as-received implants, particularly for implants placed into poor-quality bone and other complex cases. Photofunctionalization was a stronger determinant of implant stability than all the other tested implant- and host-related factors.
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.forename: Tomomichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: Toshinori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwai
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Iwai
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tohnai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000528:radiation effects; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005260:Female; D048091:Guided Tissue Regeneration; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D010789:Phototherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D059546:Sinus Floor Augmentation; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000528:radiation effects; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D014025:Titanium