title: Sigma-2 receptor ligand anchored telmisartan loaded nanostructured lipid particles augmented drug delivery, cytotoxicity, apoptosis and cellular uptake in prostate cancer cells.
abstract: Recently, the anticancer activity of telmisartan (TEL) has been discovered against prostate cancer. Nevertheless, despite favorable therapeutic profile, poor aqueous solubility and suboptimal oral bioavailability hamper the anticancer efficacy of TEL. Therefore, in this investigation, sigma-2 receptor ligand, 3-(4-cyclohexylpiperazine-1-yl) propyl amine (CPPA) anchored nanostructured lipid particles of telmisartan (CPPA-TEL-NLPs) were engineered using stearic acid for targeting prostate cancer, PC-3 cells. The mean particle size of TEL-NLPs was measured to be 25.4 ± 3.2 nm, significantly (p < 0.05) lower than 32.6 ± 5.3 nm of CPPA-TEL-NLPs. Correspondingly, the zeta-potential of TEL-NLPs was measured to be -15.4 ± 2.3 mV significantly (p < 0.05) higher than -9.6 ± 2.7 mV of CPPA-TEL-NLPs. The encapsulation efficiency of CPPA-TEL-NLPs was estimated to be 72.7 ± 4.3%, significantly (p < 0.05) lower than 77.5 ± 5.4%, displayed by TEL-NLPs. In addition, FT-IR and PXRD confirmed the molecular encapsulation of the drug in amorphous state. In vitro drug release study was conducted to determine the drug delivery potential of tailored nanoparticles. TEL-NLPs released 93.36% of drug significantly (p < 0.05) higher than 85.81%, released by CPPA-TEL-NLPs in 24 h. The IC50of CPPA-TEL-NLPs was measured to be 20.3 µM significantly (p < 0.05) lower than 36.3 µM presented by TEL-NLPs in PC-3 cells. In contrast, CPPA-TEL-NLPs displayed the IC50of 41.3 µM, significantly (p > 0.05) not different from 43.4 µM, exhibited by TEL-NLPs in PNT-2 cells. We elucidated that CPPA-TEL-NLPs entered the PC-3 cells via receptor mediated endocytosis pathway and thus exhibited superior cytotoxicity, apoptosis and greater extent of cellular uptake in PC-3 cells. In conclusion, CPPA-TEL-NLPs may be a promising nanomedicine and warrant further in vivo investigations for gaining clinical success.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy , Mohali , Panjab , India ;
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy , Mohali , Panjab , India ;
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaur Bhatia
authors.affiliation: b SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guru Ghasidas University , Bilaspur , India ;
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shankar Pandey
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy , Mohali , Panjab , India ;
authors.forename: Upendra
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kumar Jain
authors.affiliation: c University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India.
authors.forename: Om Prakash
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Katare
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy , Mohali , Panjab , India ;
authors.forename: Jitender
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Madan
keywords: Active targeting; nanostructured lipid particles; prostate cancer; sigma-2 ligand; telmisartan