title: Thoracic sympathectomy for upper extremity ischemia.
abstract: Thoracic sympathectomy is performed in the management of a variety of disorders of the upper extremity. To evaluate the contemporary results of thoracic sympathectomy for upper extremity ischemia a systematic review of the literature was conducted.
  
  
  
  We performed a PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane search of the literature written in the English language from January 1975 to December 2015. All articles presenting original patient data regarding the effect of treatment on symptoms or on the healing of ulcers were eligible for inclusion. Individual analyses for Primary Raynaud's Disease (PRD) and Secondary Raynaud's Phenomenon (SRP) were performed.
  
  
  
  We included 6 prospective and 23 retrospective series with a total of 753 patients and 1026 affected limbs. Early beneficial effects of thoracic sympathectomy were noticed in 63-100% (median 94%) of all patients, in 73-100% (median 98%) of PRD patients and in 63-100% (median 94%) of SRP patients. The beneficial effect was noted to lessen over time. Long-term beneficial effects were reported in 13-100% (median 75%) of all patients, in 22-100% (median 58%) of PRD patients, and in 13-100% (median 79%) of SRD patients. Complete or improved ulcer healing was achieved in 33-100% and 25-67% respectively, of all patients.
  
  
  
  Thoracic sympathectomy can be beneficial in the treatment of upper extremity ischemia in select patients. Although the effect in patients with PRD will lessen over time, it may still reduce the severity of symptoms. In SRD, effects are more often long-lasting. In addition, thoracic sympathectomy may maximize tissue preservation or prevent amputation in cases of digital ulceration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Surgery, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands - frankhoexum@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hoexum
authors.forename: Hans M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Coveliers
authors.forename: Joyce J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jongkind
authors.forename: Kakkhee K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Yeung
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wisselink
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000601:surgery*; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D013562:Sympathectomy / Q000379:methods*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000098:blood supply / Q000601:surgery*