title: Cell Cycle Regulation and Apoptotic Responses of the Embryonic Chick Retina by Ionizing Radiation.
abstract: Ionizing radiation (IR) exerts deleterious effects on the developing brain, since proliferative neuronal progenitor cells are highly sensitive to IR-induced DNA damage. Assuming a radiation response that is comparable to mammals, the chick embryo would represent a lower vertebrate model system that allows analysis of the mechanisms underlying this sensitivity, thereby contributing to the reduction, refinement and replacement of animal experiments. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the radiation response of the embryonic chick retina in three selected embryonic stages. Our studies reveal a lack in the radiation-induced activation of a G1/S checkpoint, but rapid abrogation of G2/M progression after IR in retinal progenitors throughout development. Unlike cell cycle control, radiation-induced apoptosis (RIA) showed strong variations between its extent, dose dependency and temporal occurrence. Whereas the general sensitivity towards RIA declined with ongoing differentiation, its dose dependency constantly increased with age. For all embryonic stages RIA occurred during comparable periods after irradiation, but in older animals its maximum shifted towards earlier post-irradiation time points. In summary, our results are in good agreement with data from the developing rodent retina, strengthening the suitability of the chick embryo for the analysis of the radiation response in the developing central nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Margot
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.affiliation: Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.affiliation: Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Layer
authors.affiliation: Developmental Biology and Neurogenetics, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Frohns
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000528:radiation effects; D002642:Chick Embryo; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000528:radiation effects*; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D059566:M Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000528:radiation effects*; D051135:Rad51 Recombinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006657:Histones; D051135:Rad51 Recombinase