title: The antitumor activity study of ginsenosides and metabolites in lung cancer cell.
abstract: Ginseng and its components exert various biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic, and antitumor activity. Ginsenosides are the main biological components of ginseng. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) are two metabolites of ginsenosides. However, the difference between these compounds in anti-lung cancer is unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the antitumor activity of PPD, PPT, Ginsenosides-Rg3 (G-Rg3) and Ginsenosides-Rh2 (G-Rh2) in lung cancer cell. After treatment with cisplatin, PPD, PPT, G-Rg3 or G-Rh2, the viability, apoptosis level and invasiveness of lung cell lines (A549 cell, a lung adenocarcinoma cell line and SK-MES-1 cell, a lung squamous cell line) in vitro were analyzed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), Annexin V/PI apoptosis and Matrigel invasion assays, respectively. Here we found that all these compounds led to significant decreases of viability and invasiveness and an obvious increase of apoptosis of A549 and SK-MES-1 cells. Among these, the viability of SK-MES-1 cell treated with PPT was decreased to 66.8%, and this effect was closest to Cisplatin. G-Rg3 had the highest stimulatory effect on apoptosis, and PTT had the highest inhibitory effect on cell invasiveness in A549 and SK-MES-1 cells. These results indicate that both ginsenosides and two metabolites have antitumor activity on lung cancer cell in vitro. However, PPT is more powerful for inhibiting the viability and invasiveness of lung cancer cell, especially lung squamous cell. G-Rg3 has the best pro-apoptosis effects. This study provides a scientific basis for potential therapeutic strategies targeted to lung cancer by further structure modification.
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Synthesis of Monosaccharide, Jiangxi Normal UniversityNanchang, Jiangxi Province 330027, People's Republic of China; Department of Chemistry, High School Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai 200493, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Feng-Yuan
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Wen-Qing
authors.initials: WQ
authors.lastname: Shang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jia-Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical CollegeShanghai 200011, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related DiseasesShanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Ming-Qing
authors.initials: MQ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Synthesis of Monosaccharide, Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330027, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian-Song
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Sun
keywords: Ginsenosides; PPD; PPT; antitumor activity; lung cancer cell