title: Nanoencapsulation of Red Ginseng Extracts Using Chitosan with Polyglutamic Acid or Fucoidan for Improving Antithrombotic Activities.
abstract: The potential of nanoencapsulation using bioactive coating materials for improving antithrombotic activities of red ginseng extract (RG) was examined. RG-loaded chitosan (CS) nanoparticles were prepared using antithrombotic materials, polyglutamic acid (PGA) or fucoidan (Fu). Both CS-PGA (P-NPs, 360 ± 67 nm) and CS-Fu nanoparticles (F-NPs, 440 ± 44 nm) showed sustained ginsenoside release in an acidic environment and improved ginsenoside solubility by approximately 122.8%. Both in vitro rabbit and ex vivo rat platelet aggregation of RG (22.3 and 41.5%) were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased within P-NPs (14.4 and 30.0%) and F-NPs (12.3 and 30.3%), respectively. Although RG exhibited no effect on in vivo carrageenan-induced mouse tail thrombosis, P-NPs and F-NPs demonstrated significant effects, likely the anticoagulation activity of PGA and Fu. Moreover, in the in vivo rat arteriovenous shunt model, P-NPs (156 ± 6.8 mg) and F-NPs (160 ± 3.2 mg) groups showed significantly lower thrombus formation than that of RG (190 ± 5.5 mg). Therefore, nanoencapsulation using CS, PGA, and Fu is a potential for improving the antithrombotic activity of RG.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Suh
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Soo
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyeon Gyu
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry; D011817:Rabbits; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid; D048271:Chitosan; C007789:fucoidan
keywords: antithrombotic activity; chitosan nanoparticles; ionic gelation; platelet aggregation; red ginseng extracts