title: Expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and CD74 in the inner ear and middle ear in lipopolysaccharide-induced otitis media.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Significant expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its receptor (CD74) was observed in both the middle ear and inner ear in experimental otitis media in mice. Modulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and its signaling pathway might be useful in the management of inner ear inflammation due to otitis media.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Inner ear dysfunction secondary to otitis media has been reported. However, the specific mechanisms involved are not clearly understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and CD74 in the middle ear and inner ear in lipopolysaccharide-induced otitis media.
  
  
  METHODS
  BALB/c mice received a transtympanic injection of either lipopolysaccharide or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The mice were sacrificed 24 h after injection, and temporal bones were processed for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, histologic examination, and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCR examination revealed that the lipopolysaccharide-injected mice showed a significant up-regulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in both the middle ear and inner ear as compared with the PBS-injected control mice. The immunohistochemical study showed positive reactions for macrophage migration inhibitory factor and CD74 in infiltrating inflammatory cells, middle ear mucosa, and inner ear in the lipopolysaccharide-injected mice.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kariya
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okano
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Pengfei
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Yukihide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.affiliation: a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishizaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000944:Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D007758:Ear, Inner / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000378:metabolism*; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011897:Random Allocation
chemical_list: D000944:Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; C045084:invariant chain; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C076231:Mif protein, mouse
keywords: Hearing loss; cochlea; cytokine; hair cell; inflammation; labyrinthitis; spiral ganglion cells; spiral ligament; stria vascularis; tinnitus