title: Phonology in Swedish-speaking 5-year-olds born with unilateral cleft lip and palate and the relationship with consonant production at 3 years of age.
abstract: At ∼3 years of age ∼50% of the children born with cleft palate present with phonological/articulatory difficulties. Differences between children with and without cleft palate have been reported to decline with age; however, the phonology in children with cleft palate at pre-school age/early school age has rarely been explored. The purpose of this study was to assess phonology in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) at age 5 and its relationship with performances at 3 years of age.
  
  
  
  The study included 29 children with UCLP and 20 without UCLP. Percentage correct consonants adjusted for age (PCC-A) and number of consistent phonological simplification processes were assessed from phonetic transcriptions. In addition, a descriptive analysis of phonological/articulatory processes was performed.
  
  
  
  The children with UCLP displayed significantly lower PCC-A and more phonological processes at age 5 years than peers without UCLP. The correlations between the outcomes at 3 and 5 years of age were significant.
  
  
  
  Still at 5 years of age many children with cleft palate have phonological problems and it is possible to identify children at risk for impaired phonology at earlier age.
authors.affiliation: a Otorhinolaryngology, Skåne University Hospital , Malmö , Sweden and.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klintö
authors.affiliation: a Otorhinolaryngology, Skåne University Hospital , Malmö , Sweden and.
authors.forename: Eva-Kristina
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Salameh
authors.affiliation: b Division of Speech and Language Pathology , Karolinska Institutet, CLINTEC, Karolinska University Hospital , Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden.
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lohmander
mesh_terms: D002663:Child Language; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000150:complications*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics; D013060:Speech; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013548:Sweden
keywords: Cleft palate; articulation; percentage correct consonants; phonology