title: The augmented prophylactic antibiotic could be more efficacious in patients undergoing transrectal prostate biopsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although frequent use of prophylactic antibiotics for patients undergoing transrectal prostate biopsy (TRPB), incidences of urinary tract infection (UTI) and bacterial resistance are still increasing. We evaluated the efficacy of augmented prophylactic antibiotics in patients undergoing TRPB.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search of Embase(®), PubMed(®), and the Cochrane Library was executed to identify all eligible studies that compared the effects of augmented antibiotic prophylaxis (combined drugs) with single antibiotic prophylaxis on behalf of patients undergoing TRPB. Outcomes qualified in this review included bacteriuria, bacteremia, drug-resistant bacteria on urine culture, drug-resistant bacteria on blood culture, fever, UTI, sepsis, and hospitalization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of eight publications were identified and included in the review, including three randomized controlled trials with 659 patients and five case-control studies involving 3404 patients. All outcomes, including bacteriuria [relative risk (RR) 4.25, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.96-9.22, P = 0.0003], bacteremia (RR 4.96, 95 % CI 2.31-10.67, P < 0.0001), drug-resistant bacteriuria (RR 3.52, 95 % CI 1.41-8.78, P = 0.007), drug-resistant bacteremia (RR 4.94, 95 % CI 2.17-11.24, P = 0.0001), fever (RR 2.75, 95 % CI 1.63-4.62, P = 0.0001), UTI (RR 3.76, 95 % CI 2.57-5.48, P < 0.00001), and hospitalization (RR 3.90, 95 % CI 2.64-5.75, P < 0.00001) significantly favored the augmented antibiotic use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One additional type of antibiotic (usually one single dose) added to the basic antibiotic prophylaxis modality, defined as augmented prophylaxis, could contribute to the reduction in severe infection and drug resistance, particularly in high-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Zhuang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Yongji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Liangren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China. dongqiang1970@qq.com.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, China. weiqiang163163@163.com.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wei
mesh_terms: D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods*; D001706:Biopsy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012007:Rectum; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*
keywords: Antibiotic prophylaxis; Antibiotic resistance; Augmented prophylaxis; Prostate biopsy; Urinary tract infection