title: The Effect of Phenazine-1-Carboxylic Acid on the Morphological, Physiological, and Molecular Characteristics of Phellinus noxius.
abstract: In this study, the effect of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) on morphological, physiological, and molecular characteristics of Phellinus noxius has been investigated, and the potential antifungal mechanism of PCA against P. noxius was also explored. The results revealed that PCA showed in vitro antifungal potential against P. noxius and completely inhibited P. noxius hyphae at concentrations >40 μg/mL. PCA inhibited both mycelial growth and the loss of mycelial biomass in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Morphological changes in PCA-treated P. noxius hyphae, such as irregularly swollen mycelia as well as short hyphae with increased septation and less branching, were observed by optical microscopy. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were significantly increased in PCA-treated P. noxius cells as compared to control groups. Induced hyperpolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), repressed superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and up-regulated gene expression of seven tested genes were also found in PCA-treated P. noxius groups. Thus, the present results suggested that the mechanism of action of PCA against P. noxius might be attributed to direct damage of mycelium and high intracellular ROS production, and indirect induction of genes involved in cell detoxification, oxidation-reduction process, and electron transport of the respiratory chain.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. scauhhz@163.com.|Guangzhou Insitute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou 510405, China. scauhhz@163.com.
authors.forename: Huazhi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Insitute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou 510405, China. senlonghua@163.com.
authors.forename: Longhua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Insitute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou 510405, China. gzbikeke@163.com.
authors.forename: Keke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. guohuazhong@scau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China. humy@scau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Meiying
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010619:Phenazines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010619:Phenazines; C037165:1-phenazinecarboxylic acid; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase
keywords: Phellinus noxius; antifungal activity; biological characterization; gene expression; mycelia morphology; phenazine-1-carboxylic acid; reactive oxygen species