title: TUBERCULOSIS BURDEN IN LEBANON: EVOLUTION AND CURRENT STATUS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the absence of surveillance data and consolidated information about tuberculosis (TB) and its drug resistance burden in Lebanon, this retrospective study was conducted to shed light on TB and its other relevant aspects over the last 15 years in this country.
  
  
  METHODS
  To generate the TB data for this retrospective study, two main sources were used: 1) the records of patients in the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP); 2) the results of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory (CML) at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC). The TB data review pertained to its epidemiological aspect, implementation of the directly observed therapy strategy (DOTS) all over, the gender distribution, the impact of high risk groups (non-national population, Syrian refugees, patients with multi-drug resistance-TB [MDR-TB] and the inmate population) on the trend of TB in Lebanon between 1999 and 2013. Reviewed also are TB in children, extrapulmonary tuberculosis and the mycobacterium other than tuberculosis (MOTT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the last 15 years, 7548 TB cases were diagnosed and evaluated at the NTP. After the decreasing of TB incidence from 13/100 000 population in 2001 to 9/100 000 in 2006, the incidence started to increase in 2007, reaching 20/100 000 in 2013, mostly due to increased cases among non-national population. Fluctuations in TB rates over the years were seen among children, inmates, MDR-TB, and HIV patients. MOTT isolates recovery rates also fluctuated during the study period, M. simiae being the most common.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After the decreasing trends of TB incidence between 1999 and 2006, Lebanon has been experiencing an increasing incidence in tuberculosis population since 2007. This is mainly attributed to the dramatic increase of TB patients among non-nationals and the influx of Syrian refugees. The ongoing collaboration between the public and private sectors, improvements of the surveillance system and TB control are important factors for successful elimination of TB in this country.
authors.forename: George F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Araj
authors.forename: Antoine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saade
authors.forename: Lina Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Itani
authors.forename: Aline Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Avedissian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009161:Mycobacterium / Q000145:classification; D011330:Prisons / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012036:Refugees / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000453:epidemiology