title: Disparities in cancer treatment among patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.
abstract: Patients with cancer who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are less likely to receive cancer treatment compared with HIV-uninfected individuals. However, to the authors' knowledge, the impact of insurance status and comorbidities is unknown.
  
  
  
  Data from the National Cancer Data Base were used to study nonelderly adults diagnosed with several common cancers from 2003 to 2011. Cancer treatment was defined as chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, or any combination during the first course of treatment. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine associations between HIV status and lack of cancer treatment, and identify predictors for lack of treatment among HIV-infected patients.
  
  
  
  A total of 10,265 HIV-infected and 2,219,232 HIV-uninfected cases were included. In multivariate analysis, HIV-infected patients with cancer were found to be more likely to lack cancer treatment for cancers of the head and neck (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.48; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.09-2.01), upper gastrointestinal tract (aOR, 2.62; 95% CI, 2.04-3.37), colorectum (aOR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.17-2.48), lung (aOR, 2.46; 95% CI, 2.19-2.76), breast (aOR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.16-3.98), cervix (aOR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.77-4.45), prostate (aOR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.69-2.76), Hodgkin lymphoma (aOR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.66-2.22), and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (aOR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.65-2.00). Predictors of a lack of cancer treatment among HIV-infected individuals varied by tumor type (solid tumor vs lymphoma), but black race and a lack of private insurance were found to be predictors for both groups.
  
  
  
  In the United States, HIV-infected patients with cancer appear to be less likely to receive cancer treatment regardless of insurance and comorbidities. To the authors' knowledge, the current study is the largest study of cancer treatment in HIV-infected patients with cancer in the United States and provides evidence of cancer treatment disparities even after controlling for differences with regard to insurance status and comorbidities. Further work should focus on addressing differential cancer treatment. Cancer 2016;122:2399-2407. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
authors.forename: Gita
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Suneja
authors.affiliation: Surveillance and Health Services Research, Intramural Research Department, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Chun Chieh
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Department, Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Edgar P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Simard
authors.affiliation: Surveillance and Health Services Research, Intramural Research Department, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Xuesong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Engels
authors.affiliation: Surveillance and Health Services Research, Intramural Research Department, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Ahmedin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jemal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012042:Registries; D018426:SEER Program; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: access to cancer treatment; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining cancer; cancer treatment disparities; health services research; human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated cancer