title: Radiation exposure of patient and surgeon in minimally invasive kidney stone surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) are the standard treatments used in the endoscopic treatment of kidney stones depending on the location and the size of the stone. The purpose of the study was to show the radiation exposure difference between the minimally invasive techniques by synchronously measuring the amount of radiation the patients and the surgeon received in each session, which makes our study unique.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective study which included 20 patients who underwent PNL, and 45 patients who underwent RIRS in our clinic between June 2014 and October 2014. The surgeries were assessed by dividing them into three steps: step 1: the access sheath or ureter catheter placement, step 2: lithotripsy and collection of fragments, and step 3: DJ catheter or re-entry tube insertion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the PNL and RIRS groups, mean stone sizes were 30mm (range 16-60), and 12mm (range 7-35); mean fluoroscopy times were 337s (range 200-679), and 37s (range 7-351); and total radiation exposures were 142mBq (44.7 to 221), and 4.4mBq (0.2 to 30) respectively. Fluoroscopy times and radiation exposures at each step were found to be higher in the PNL group compared to the RIRS group. When assessed in itself, the fluoroscopy time and radiation exposure were stable in RIRS, and the radiation exposure was the highest in step 1 and the lowest in step 3 in PNL. When assessed for the 19 PNL patients and the 12 RIRS patients who had stone sizes≥2cm, the fluoroscopy time in step 1, and the radiation exposure in steps 1 and 2 were found to be higher in the PNL group than the RIRS group (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there is need for more prospective randomized studies, RIRS appears to be a viable alternate for PNL because it has short fluoroscopy time and the radiation exposure is low in every step.
  
  
  METHODS
  4.
authors.affiliation: Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Urology Clinic, 06110 Ankara, Turkey. Electronic address: draykutdemirci@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Demirci
authors.affiliation: Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Urology Clinic, 06110 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Raif Karabacak
authors.affiliation: Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Urology Clinic, 06110 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yalçınkaya
authors.affiliation: Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Urology Clinic, 06110 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yiğitbaşı
authors.affiliation: Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Radiation Oncology Clinic, 06110 Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aktaş
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009403:Nephrostomy, Percutaneous; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D000069079:Radiation Exposure
keywords: Exposition à la radiation; PNL; RIRS; Radiation exposure