title: Vancomycin displays time-dependent eradication of mature Staphylococcus aureus biofilms.
abstract: This study was carried out to determine the time and concentration profile required to achieve vancomycin-mediated eradication of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. This information is critical for the identification of performance targets for local antibiotic delivery vehicles that target biofilm infections. S. aureus UAMS-1 biofilms were grown for 7 days on titanium-aluminium-niobium discs in Mueller Hinton broth. After 7 days, the discs were then incubated in Mueller Hinton broth containing vancomycin at concentrations of 100, 200, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/L. Biofilm eradication was assessed under both static and shaking conditions. Samples were retrieved at regular intervals for up to 28 days for quantification of residual biofilm. One additional disc was processed per time point for scanning electron microscopy. Progressive and significant reduction of viable bacteria was observed over time at all concentrations compared to unexposed controls. After 28 days under static conditions, the S. aureus biofilm was completely eradicated at 200 mg/L vancomycin and higher concentrations, but not at 100 mg/L. In contrast, bacterial biofilm could not be eradicated under shaking conditions at any concentration.
  
  
  
  The present study shows that it is possible to eradicate mature S. aureus biofilm from metal implants by vancomycin alone although the time concentration profile required cannot be achieved by systemic administration or any of the local delivery vehicles currently available. Identifying targets for antibiotic delivery is the first step in developing fit for purpose local antibiotic delivery vehicles that will successfully and predictably treat established biofilm infection. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:381-388, 2017.
authors.affiliation: AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, Davos Platz, 7270, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Post
authors.affiliation: Division for Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wahl
authors.affiliation: AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, Davos Platz, 7270, Switzerland.
authors.forename: R Geoff
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.affiliation: AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, Davos Platz, 7270, Switzerland.
authors.forename: T Fintan
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Moriarty
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects*; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin
keywords: Staphylococcus aureus; biofilm; implant infection; titanium; vancomycin