title: Investigating the risk factors associated with pedestrian injury severity in Illinois.
abstract: Pedestrians are known as the most vulnerable road users, which means their needs and safety require specific attention in strategic plans. Given the fact that pedestrians are more prone to higher injury severity levels compared to other road users, this study aims to investigate the risk factors associated with various levels of injury severity that pedestrians experience in Illinois.
  
  
  
  Ordered-response models are used to analyze single-vehicle, single-pedestrian crash data from 2010 to 2013 in Illinois. As a measure of net change in the effect of significant variables, average direct pseudo-elasticities are calculated that can be further used to prioritize safety countermeasures. A model comparison using AIC and BIC is also provided to compare the performance of the studied ordered-response models.
  
  
  
  The results recognized many variables associated with severe injuries: older pedestrians (more than 65years old), pedestrians not wearing contrasting clothing, adult drivers (16-24), drunk drivers, time of day (20:00 to 05:00), divided highways, multilane highways, darkness, and heavy vehicles. On the other hand, crossing the street at crosswalks, older drivers (more than 65years old), urban areas, and presence of traffic control devices (signal and sign) are associated with decreased probability of severe injuries.
  
  
  
  The comparison between three proposed ordered-response models shows that the partial proportional odds (PPO) model outperforms the conventional ordered (proportional odds-PO) model and generalized ordered logit model (GOLM). Based on the findings, stricter rules to address DUI driving is suggested. Educational programs need to focus on older pedestrians given the increasing number of older people in Illinois in the upcoming years. Pedestrians should be educated to use pedestrian crosswalks and contrasting clothing at night. In terms of engineering countermeasures, installation of crosswalks where pedestrian activity is high seems a promising practice.
authors.affiliation: 313 Ramsay Hall, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5337, USA. Electronic address: mahdipn@auburn.edu.
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pour-Rouholamin
authors.affiliation: 224 Harbert Engineering Center, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5337, USA. Electronic address: zhouhugo@auburn.edu.
authors.forename: Huaguo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007087:Illinois; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D000069636:Pedestrians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D016138:Walking / Q000293:injuries*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Injury severity; Model comparison; Ordered-response model; Pedestrian crash; Safety