title: Monitoring of newborns at high risk for brain injury.
abstract: Due to the increasing number of surviving preterm newborns and to the recognition of therapeutic hypothermia as the current gold standard in newborns with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, there has been a growing interest in the implementation of brain monitoring tools in newborns at high risk for neurological disorders.Among the most frequent neurological conditions and presentations in the neonatal period, neonatal seizures and neonatal status epilepticus, paroxysmal non-epileptic motor phenomena, hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, white matter injury of prematurity and stroke require specific approaches to diagnosis. In this review we will describe the characteristics, aims, indications and limitations of routinely available diagnostic techniques such as conventional and amplitude-integrated EEG, evoked potentials, cranial ultrasound and brain MRI. We will conclude by briefly outlining potential future perspectives from research studies.
authors.affiliation: Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Neuroscience Department, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pisani
authors.affiliation: Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Neuroscience Department, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy. carlotta.spagnoli@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Carlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Spagnoli
mesh_terms: D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D064847:Multimodal Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015996:Survival Rate
keywords: Diagnosis; EEG; Evoked potentials; Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy; Monitoring; Neonatal neurology; Neonatal seizures; Neuroimaging; Newborn; Stroke