title: Effect of station-specific alerting and ramp-up tones on firefighters' alarm time heart rates.
abstract: A number of long-term health effects are suffered by emergency responders, some influenced by psychological stress and fatigue. This study explored if stress and fatigue can be reduced by changing the method by which firefighters are alerted to emergency responses. Over several months, the method by which responders at a fire department were alerted was altered. Firefighter heart rates were measured first with standard alerting as a control (phase 1: all stations alerted simultaneously, with high-volume tones). The department then implemented station-specific (phase 2) and gradual volume ramp-up (phase 3) tone alerting, and heart rate increases were compared. The Fatigue Severity Score was used to examine firefighter fatigue, and the department administered a follow-up survey on personnel preferences. Individual heart rate increases (Δbpm) ranged from 2-48 bpm. Median increases were 7 bpm (IQR 4-11 bpm) during phase 1 (72.2% of alarms Δbpm<10), 7 bpm (IQR 5-12 bpm) during phase 2 (60.7% of alarms Δbpm<10), and 5 bpm (IQR 3-8 bpm) during phase 3 (82.7% of alarms Δbpm<10). The difference in medians was lower for phases 1 and 2 than for phase 3 (p = 0.0069), and more alarms in phase 3 resulted in increases of <10 bpm than in phase 2 (p = 0.0089). The Fatigue Severity Scale showed little variability: median scores 7 in phase 1, 8 in phase 2, and 7 in phase 3. Firefighters reported a strong preference for the "ramp-up" tones, and were roughly evenly divided between preferring alerting all stations simultaneously 24/7 (40% rating this 4 or 5 on a five-point Likert scale), station-specific alerting 24/7 (47.5%), or all stations during the day but station-specific at night (40%). Ramp-up tones were perceived as the best method to reduce stress during the day and overnight. Small but significant decreases in the amount of tachycardic response to station alerting are associated with simple alterations in alerting methods. Station-specific and ramp-up tones improve perceived working conditions for emergency responders.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Emergency Medicine , Mercyhealth , Janesville , Wisconsin.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: MacNeal
authors.affiliation: b Department of Emergency Medicine , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , Connecticut.
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Cone
authors.affiliation: a Department of Emergency Medicine , Mercyhealth , Janesville , Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Wistrom
mesh_terms: D005221:Fatigue / Q000523:psychology; D061388:Firefighters / Q000523:psychology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D013315:Stress, Psychological
keywords: Emergency medical technicians; firefighters; stress