title: Chemical profiling: A tool to decipher the structure and organisation of illicit drug markets: An 8-year study in Western Switzerland.
abstract: Illicit drug analyses usually focus on the identification and quantitation of questioned material to support the judicial process. In parallel, more and more laboratories develop physical and chemical profiling methods in a forensic intelligence perspective. The analysis of large databases resulting from this approach enables not only to draw tactical and operational intelligence, but may also contribute to the strategic overview of drugs markets. In Western Switzerland, the chemical analysis of illicit drug seizures is centralised in a laboratory hosted by the University of Lausanne. For over 8 years, this laboratory has analysed 5875 cocaine and 2728 heroin specimens, coming from respectively 1138 and 614 seizures operated by police and border guards or customs. Chemical (major and minor alkaloids, purity, cutting agents, chemical class), physical (packaging and appearance) as well as circumstantial (criminal case number, mass of drug seized, date and place of seizure) information are collated in a dedicated database for each specimen. The study capitalises on this extended database and defines several indicators to characterise the structure of drugs markets, to follow-up on their evolution and to compare cocaine and heroin markets. Relational, spatial, temporal and quantitative analyses of data reveal the emergence and importance of distribution networks. They enable to evaluate the cross-jurisdictional character of drug trafficking and the observation time of drug batches, as well as the quantity of drugs entering the market every year. Results highlight the stable nature of drugs markets over the years despite the very dynamic flows of distribution and consumption. This research work illustrates how the systematic analysis of forensic data may elicit knowledge on criminal activities at a strategic level. In combination with information from other sources, such knowledge can help to devise intelligence-based preventive and repressive measures and to discuss the impact of countermeasures.
authors.affiliation: Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: Julian.broseus@unil.ch.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Broséus
authors.affiliation: Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Service forensique, Police neuchâteloise, Rue des Poudrières 14, 2006 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baechler
authors.affiliation: Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Natacha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gentile
authors.affiliation: Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Esseiva
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000066479:Criminal Behavior; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D013557:Switzerland
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs
keywords: Cocaine; Criminal markets; Database; Heroin; Illicit drug profiling; Intelligence