title: The effect of dietary Chlorella vulgaris supplementation on micro-organism community, enzyme activities and fatty acid profile in the rumen liquid of goats.
abstract: Microalgae might be considered as an alternative source of fat and/or protein for ruminant's diets. However, changes in populations of ruminal micro-organisms associated with biohydrogenation process, methane and ammonia production in response to microalgae dietary supplementation have not been well characterized. Thus, 16 cross-bred goats were divided into two groups. Each goat of both groups was fed individually with alfalfa hay and concentrates separately. The concentrates of the control group had no microalgae while those of the treated group were supplemented with 10 g lyophilized Chlorella vulgaris/kg concentrate (chlor). On the 30th experimental day, samples of rumen fluid were collected for microbial DNA extraction, fatty acid profile and enzyme activity analyses. The results showed that the chlor diet compared with the control increased significantly the populations of Methanosphaera stadtmanae, Methanobrevibacter ruminantium and Methanogens bacteria and protozoa in the rumen of goats. A significant reduction in the cellulase activity and in the abundance of Ruminococcus albus, and a significant increase in the protease activity and in the abundance of Clostridium sticklandii in the rumen liquid of goats fed with the chlor diet, compared with the control, were found. Chlorella vulgaris supplementation promoted the formation of trans C18:1, trans-11 C18:1and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), while the proportions of C18:0and long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) reduced significantly in the rumen liquid of goats. This shift in ruminal biohydrogenation pathway was accompanied by a significant increase in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens trans C18:1-producing bacteria. In conclusion, the supplementation of diets with microalgae needs further investigation because it enhances the populations of methane-producing bacteria and protozoa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tsiplakou
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: M A M
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Skliros
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chatzikonstantinou
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Flemetakis
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Food, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Labrou
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zervas
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000201:enzymology*; D002708:Chlorella; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D006041:Goats / Q000502:physiology*; D012417:Rumen / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids
keywords: 
  Chlorella
  ; methane; micro-organism; microalgae; rumen