title: Effect of pregnancy intention, postnatal depressive symptoms and social support on early childhood stunting: findings from India.
abstract: According to United Nation Children's Fund, it has been estimated that worldwide about 165 million children were stunted in 2012 and India alone accounts for 38 % of global burden of stunting. This study aims to examine the effect of pregnancy intention and maternal postnatal depressive symptoms on early childhood stunting in India. We hypothesized that effect of pregnancy intention and postnatal depressive symptoms were mediated by social support.
  
  
  
  We used data from the first wave of Young Lives Study India. Multivariate logistic regression models (using generalized estimation equation) were used to examine the effect of pregnancy intention and postnatal depressive symptoms on early childhood stunting among children aged 5-21 months. The analysis included 1833 children (out of 2011 sample children) that had complete information on pregnancy intention, maternal depression and other variables.
  
  
  
  Bivariate results indicate that a higher percent of children born after unintended pregnancy (40 %) were stunted than children of intended pregnancy (26 %). Likewise, the proportion of stunted children was also higher among women with high postnatal depressive symptoms (35 %) than the low level of depression (24 %). Results of multivariate logistic regression model indicate that children born after unintended pregnancy were significantly more likely to be stunted than children born after intended pregnancy (AOR: 1.76, CI: 1.25, 2.48). Similarly, early childhood stunting was also associated with maternal postnatal depressive symptoms (AOR: 1.53, CI: 1.21, 1.92). Moreover, the effect of pregnancy intention and postnatal depressive symptoms on early childhood stunting were not mediated by social support.
  
  
  
  The findings of this study provide conclusive evidence regarding consequences of pregnancy intention and postnatal depressive symptoms on early childhood stunting in India. Therefore, there is a need to identify the women with unintended pregnancy and incorporate the promotion of mental health into their national reproductive and child health programme.
authors.affiliation: International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai, 400088, India. ashu100789@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ashish Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.affiliation: International Institute for Population Sciences, Govandi Station Road, Deonar, Mumbai, 400088, India.
authors.forename: Swati
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srivastava
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D049168:Pregnancy, Unplanned / Q000523:psychology*; D012944:Social Support; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Childhood stunting; India; Postnatal depressive symptoms; Pregnancy intention; Social support; Young Lives Study