title: Is a reduction in distance to nearest supermarket associated with BMI change among type 2 diabetes patients?
abstract: We examined whether residing within 2 miles of a new supermarket opening was longitudinally associated with a change in body mass index (BMI). We identified 12 new supermarkets that opened between 2009 and 2010 in 8 neighborhoods. Using the Kaiser Permanente Northern California Diabetes Registry, we identified members with type 2 diabetes residing continuously in any of these neighborhoods 12 months prior to the first supermarket opening until 10 months following the opening of the last supermarket. Exposure was defined as a reduction (yes/no) in travel distance to the nearest supermarket as a result of a new supermarket opening. First difference regression models were used to estimate the impact of reduced supermarket distance on BMI, adjusting for longitudinal changes in patient and neighborhood characteristics. Among patients in the exposed group, new supermarket openings reduced travel distance to the nearest supermarket by 0.7 miles on average. However, reduced distance to nearest supermarket was not associated with BMI changes. Overall, we found no evidence that reduced supermarket distance was associated with reduced levels of obesity for residents with type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, Haviland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7358, United States.
authors.forename: Y Tara
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, Division of Public Health Nutrition, 207B University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Laraia
authors.affiliation: University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, Haviland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7358, United States. Electronic address: mmujahid@berkeley.edu.
authors.forename: Mahasin S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mujahid
authors.affiliation: University of California, Berkeley College of Natural Resources, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, United States.
authors.forename: Samuel D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Blanchard
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, 2000 Broadway Oakland, CA 94612, United States.
authors.forename: E Margaret
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Warton
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, 2000 Broadway Oakland, CA 94612, United States.
authors.forename: Howard H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Moffet
authors.affiliation: Kaiser Permanente Division of Research, 2000 Broadway Oakland, CA 94612, United States.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Karter
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002140:California; D003132:Commerce / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: BMI; Diabetes; Longitudinal; Natural experiment; Supermarkets