title: House dust mite-induced asthma causes oxidative damage and DNA double-strand breaks in the lungs.
abstract: Asthma is related to airway inflammation and oxidative stress. High levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can induce cytotoxic DNA damage. Nevertheless, little is known about the possible role of allergen-induced DNA damage and DNA repair as modulators of asthma-associated pathology.
  
  
  
  We sought to study DNA damage and DNA damage responses induced by house dust mite (HDM) in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  
  We measured DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), DNA repair proteins, and apoptosis in an HDM-induced allergic asthma model and in lung samples from asthmatic patients. To study DNA repair, we treated mice with the DSB repair inhibitor NU7441. To study the direct DNA-damaging effect of HDM on human bronchial epithelial cells, we exposed BEAS-2B cells to HDM and measured DNA damage and reactive oxygen species levels.
  
  
  
  HDM challenge increased lung levels of oxidative damage to proteins (3-nitrotyrosine), lipids (8-isoprostane), and nucleic acid (8-oxoguanine). Immunohistochemical evidence for HDM-induced DNA DSBs was revealed by increased levels of the DSB marker γ Histone 2AX (H2AX) foci in bronchial epithelium. BEAS-2B cells exposed to HDM showed enhanced DNA damage, as measured by using the comet assay and γH2AX staining. In lung tissue from human patients with asthma, we observed increased levels of DNA repair proteins and apoptosis, as shown by caspase-3 cleavage, caspase-activated DNase levels, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling staining. Notably, NU7441 augmented DNA damage and cytokine production in the bronchial epithelium and apoptosis in the allergic airway, implicating DSBs as an underlying driver of asthma pathophysiology.
  
  
  
  This work calls attention to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and HDM-induced cytotoxicity and to a potential role for DNA repair as a modulator of asthma-associated pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tze Khee
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: Xin Yi
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Hong Yong
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Peh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore.
authors.forename: W N Felicia
authors.initials: WNF
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: W S Daniel
authors.initials: WSD
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Agency for Science, Technology and Research Graduate Academy, Singapore; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
authors.forename: Ian J J
authors.initials: IJJ
authors.lastname: Tay
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore; Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Electronic address: phcwongf@nus.edu.sg.
authors.forename: W S Fred
authors.initials: WSF
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART), Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
authors.forename: Bevin P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Engelward
mesh_terms: D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides / Q000276:immunology*; D001249:Asthma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded; D004260:DNA Repair; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D039981:Pyroglyphidae / Q000276:immunology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D039741:Antigens, Dermatophagoides; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: BEAS-2B; DNA double-strand breaks; DNA repair; House dust mite; NU7441; asthma; cell death; oxidative stress