title: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and endoscopy: An evolving threat.
abstract: Several clusters of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections associated with contaminated endoscopes have recently been reported. Interim guidelines for mitigating endoscope-associated transmission have been proposed, but there has not been a systematic appraisal of CRE prevention practices.
  
  
  
  We conducted a systematic review of endoscope-associated CRE infection episodes, abstracting information on outbreak detection, mitigation, outcomes, and corrective steps taken to prevent recurrence.
  
  
  
  Seven distinct outbreaks were identified in the published literature, and 5 of these were associated with duodenal endoscopy, with the remaining 2 associated with cystoscopy and ureteroscopy. Several investigators noted difficulties in cleaning protocols surrounding difficult to access components, such as the elevator on duodenoscopes. The published investigations did not report any failures of sterilization. It is unclear if routine reprocessing was ineffective, or difficult to execute properly.
  
  
  
  Meticulous cleaning protocols and increased surveillance are necessary to prevent and detect future outbreaks of CRE and to determine whether more stringent measures, such as sterilization, are needed for duodenoscopes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN; Multidisciplinary Epidemiology and Translational Research in Intensive Care Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Electronic address: ohoro.john@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: O'Horo
authors.affiliation: Library Services, Plummer Library, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: M Rizwan
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Sohail
authors.affiliation: William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Madison, WI; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, WI; Department of Infection Control, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI.
authors.forename: Nasia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Safdar
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018562:Disease Transmission, Infectious; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D018440:beta-Lactam Resistance
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015780:Carbapenems
keywords: CRE; ERCP; carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae; duodenoscope; endoscopy