title: A Lithium-Ion Battery with Enhanced Safety Prepared using an Environmentally Friendly Process.
abstract: A new lithium-ion battery chemistry is presented based on a conversion-alloying anode material, a carbon-coated Fe-doped ZnO (TMO-C), and a LiNi1/3 Mn1/3 Co1/3 O2 (NMC) cathode. Both electrodes were fabricated using an environmentally friendly cellulose-based binding agent. The performance of the new lithium-ion battery was evaluated with a conventional, carbonate-based electrolyte (ethylene carbonate:diethyl carbonate-1 m lithium hexafluorophosphate, EC:DEC 1 m LiPF6 ) and an ionic liquid (IL)-based electrolyte (N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-0.2 m lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, Pyr14 TFSI 0.2 m LiTFSI), respectively. Galvanostatic charge/discharge tests revealed a reduced rate capability of the TMO-C/Pyr14 TFSI 0.2 m LiTFSI/NMC full-cell compared to the organic electrolyte, but the coulombic efficiency was significantly enhanced. Moreover, the IL-based electrolyte substantially improves the safety of the system due to a higher thermal stability of the formed anodic solid electrolyte interphase and the IL electrolyte itself. While the carbonate-based electrolyte shows sudden degradation reactions, the IL exhibits a slowly increasing heat flow, which does not constitute a serious safety risk.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.|Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlruhe, Germany.|Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.|Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlruhe, Germany.|Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Muenster, Corrensstr. 28/30, 48149, Muenster, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Loeffler
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany. stefano.passerini@kit.edu.|Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlruhe, Germany. stefano.passerini@kit.edu.
authors.forename: Guk-Tae
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Diemant
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.|Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
authors.forename: R Jürgen
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Behm
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany. guktae.kim@kit.edu.|Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlruhe, Germany. guktae.kim@kit.edu.
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6606-5304
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Passerini
mesh_terms: D004047:Diethyl Pyrocarbonate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D004148:Dioxolanes / Q000737:chemistry; D004355:Drug Stability; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004566:Electrodes; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D008094:Lithium / Q000737:chemistry*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D012449:Safety; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D004148:Dioxolanes; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C017858:ethyl carbonate; D008094:Lithium; D004047:Diethyl Pyrocarbonate; C031133:ethylene carbonate
keywords: batteries; ionic liquids; iron-doped zinc oxide; lithium-ion full-cell; safety