title: Memories of unethical actions become obfuscated over time.
abstract: Despite our optimistic belief that we would behave honestly when facing the temptation to act unethically, we often cross ethical boundaries. This paper explores one possibility of why people engage in unethical behavior over time by suggesting that their memory for their past unethical actions is impaired. We propose that, after engaging in unethical behavior, individuals' memories of their actions become more obfuscated over time because of the psychological distress and discomfort such misdeeds cause. In nine studies (n = 2,109), we show that engaging in unethical behavior produces changes in memory so that memories of unethical actions gradually become less clear and vivid than memories of ethical actions or other types of actions that are either positive or negative in valence. We term this memory obfuscation of one's unethical acts over time "unethical amnesia." Because of unethical amnesia, people are more likely to act dishonestly repeatedly over time.
authors.affiliation: Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; m-kouchaki@kellogg.northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kouchaki
authors.affiliation: Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02163.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D008192:Deception; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory; D009014:Morals; D009042:Motivation; D012153:Retention, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: dishonesty; memory; morality; psychological dissonance; unethical behavior