title: Capsulotomy of Ischemically Damaged Donor Kidneys: A Pig Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ischemia-reperfusion injury of donor kidneys may worsen transplant outcome. Kidneys with severe injury, such as kidneys of donors after circulatory death, develop edema, which may lead to renal compartment syndrome with reduced tissue perfusion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied the effect of capsulotomy during hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) of ischemically damaged porcine kidneys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight pairs of kidneys from slaughterhouse pigs were assigned to two groups (20 and 45 min of warm ischemia). After 21 h of HMP, capsulotomy was performed, and perfusion was continued for 2 h. During perfusion, machine flow (Q), renal resistance (RR), renovascular circulating volume (RCV), intraparenchymal pressure (IPP) and weight were recorded. Parenchymal injury was examined with methylene blue infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean Q and RCV increased directly after capsulotomy [percentage increase (95% confidence interval): x0394;Q = 32% (17, 47), p = 0.001, and x0394;RCV = 19% (3, 35), p = 0.023]. Mean RR decreased [x0394;RR = -23% (-31, -15), p < 0.001]. Subanalysis comparing both warm ischemia groups showed no significantly different effect of capsulotomy between groups. There was no methylene blue leakage after capsulotomy in any kidney.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Renovascular perfusion can be improved with capsulotomy during HMP, without damaging the renal parenchyma. Follow-up studies need to determine which donor kidneys may benefit from capsulotomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tim C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: van Smaalen
authors.forename: Moniek G A M
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Mestrom
authors.forename: Jasper J H F M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kox
authors.forename: Bjorn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winkens
authors.forename: L W Ernest
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: van Heurn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003161:Compartment Syndromes / Q000209:etiology; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000601:surgery*; D013552:Swine