title: Effects of the seasonal flooding on riparian soil seed bank in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region: a case study in Shanmu River.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The water-level fluctuation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region has changed dramatically as a result of the hydroelectric project for flood control and power generation. The riparian seasonal hydrological environment also has changed from summer flooding with winter drought to summer drought with winter flooding. The changes of riparian seed bank and vegetation were investigated to determine the effects of the seasonal flooding on the composition and spatial distribution of riparian soil seed bank and the similarity of seed bank to standing vegetation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted intensive riparian soil sampling (525 samples) along altitude gradient in the Shanmu River, a tributary of the Yangzi River in the reservoir region of China. Seed bank density, species richness and composition of soil seed bank were examined using the seedling-emergence method. The seasonal hydrological conditions resulted in a decrease in species diversity and an increase in the distribution heterogeneity of the soil seed bank. The soil seed bank was composed of 48 species from 22 families and 40 genera. Most species were annual and perennial herbaceous Polygonaceae, Asteraceae, and Poaceae. Rumex dentatus was the predominant species accounting for 27.0 % of the total seeds. Diversity and composition of the seed bank changed along an altitude gradient and soil depth. Maximum species richness was found in the top soil layer at 165 m and 175 m above sea level. The mean overall seed density of the soil seed bank was 13,475.3 ind m(-2). Density and the number of seeds increased initially and then decreased with increased altitude. Maximum seed density (22,500.2 ind m(-2)) was found at 165 m above sea level in the intermediately flooded riverbank, with the seed number accounting for 27.8 % of the total soil seed bank. Average seed density declined significantly with soil depth. The similarity of seed bank to standing vegetation was relatively high.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The environmental heterogeneity created by the wide range and seasonal flooding led to the changes in biodiversity and seed density along altitude gradient. The seasonal flooding also led to the increase in the similarity of seed bank to standing vegetation as their composition both degraded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The seasonal flooding due to the dam reshape the composition and spatial distribution of riparian soil seed bank and limit the vegetation to a grassland dominated by a few annuals and perennials in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region.
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China ; International Center for Ecological Protection and Management in the Three Gorges Area, Hubei Province, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
authors.forename: Fangqing
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: International Center for Ecological Protection and Management in the Three Gorges Area, Hubei Province, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
authors.forename: Shaohua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
authors.forename: Yajin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: International Center for Ecological Protection and Management in the Three Gorges Area, Hubei Province, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
authors.forename: Jianzhu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
keywords: Seed density; Similarity; Spatial distribution; Species diversity; Three Gorges Reservoir Region