title: Urinary Mineral Concentrations in European Pre-Adolescent Children and Their Association with Calcaneal Bone Quantitative Ultrasound Measurements.
abstract: This study investigates differences and associations between urinary mineral concentrations and calcaneal bone measures assessed by quantitative ultrasonography (QUS) in 4322 children (3.1-11.9 years, 50.6% boys) from seven European countries. Urinary mineral concentrations and calcaneal QUS parameters differed significantly across countries. Clustering revealed a lower stiffness index (SI) in children with low and medium urinary mineral concentrations, and a higher SI in children with high urinary mineral concentrations. Urinary sodium (uNa) was positively correlated with urinary calcium (uCa), and was positively associated with broadband ultrasound attenuation and SI after adjustment for age, sex and fat-free mass. Urinary potassium (uK) was negatively correlated with uCa but positively associated with speed of sound after adjustment. No association was found between uCa and QUS parameters after adjustment, but when additionally adjusting for uNa, uCa was negatively associated with SI. Our findings suggest that urinary mineral concentrations are associated with calcaneal QUS parameters and may therefore implicate bone properties. These findings should be confirmed in longitudinal studies that include the food intake and repeated measurement of urinary mineral concentrations to better estimate usual intake and minimize bias.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, 4K3, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium. Karen.VandenBussche@UGent.be.|Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Achterstraβe 30, Bremen D-28359, Germany. Karen.VandenBussche@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van den Bussche
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Achterstraβe 30, Bremen D-28359, Germany. Diana.Herrmann@dguv.de.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, 4K3, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium. Stefaan.DeHenauw@UGent.be.|Department of Health Sciences, Vesalius, University College Ghent, Keramiekstraat 80, Ghent 9000, Belgium. Stefaan.DeHenauw@UGent.be.
authors.forename: Stefaan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Henauw
authors.affiliation: Child Health Research and Education Institute, 56 Stavrou Street, Strovolos 2035, Cyprus. kourides@cytanet.com.cy.
authors.forename: Yiannis A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kourides
authors.affiliation: Unit of Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Institute of Food Sciences, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Avellino 83100, Italy. fabio.lauria@isa.cnr.it.
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lauria
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg 416 85, Sweden. staffan.marild@pediat.gu.se.
authors.forename: Staffan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marild
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, József Attila str. 7, Pécs H-7623, Hungary. molnar.denes@pte.hu.
authors.forename: Dénes
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Molnár
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, Zaragoza 50009, Spain. lmoreno@unizar.es.
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Department of Chronic Diseases, National Institute for Health Development, Hiiu str. 42, Tallinn 11619, Estonia. toomas.veidebaum@tai.ee.
authors.forename: Toomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Veidebaum
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Achterstraβe 30, Bremen D-28359, Germany. Ahrens@bips.uni-bremen.de.|Institute for Statistics, University of Bremen, Bibliothekestraβe 1, Bremen 28359, Germany. Ahrens@bips.uni-bremen.de.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ahrens
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Ghent University, 4K3, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent 9000, Belgium. isabelle.sioen@ugent.be.|FWO, Research Foundation Flanders, Egmontstraat 5, Brussels 1000, Belgium. isabelle.sioen@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sioen
authors.lastname: On Behalf Of The Dedipac Consortium
mesh_terms: D015519:Bone Density; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008903:Minerals / Q000652:urine*; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals
keywords: calcaneal quantitative ultrasound; calcium; children; magnesium; phosphate; potassium; sodium