title: Hepatocellular carcinoma and the risk of occupational exposure.
abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. The main risk factors for HCC are alcoholism, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cirrhosis, aflatoxin, hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease and hemophilia. Occupational exposure to chemicals is another risk factor for HCC. Often the relationship between occupational risk and HCC is unclear and the reports are fragmented and inconsistent. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge regarding the association of infective and non-infective occupational risk exposure and HCC in order to encourage further research and draw attention to this global occupational public health problem.
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Venerando
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rapisarda
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loreto
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malaguarnera
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ardiri
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Proiti
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rigano
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Evelise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frazzetto
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Irene
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ruggeri
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malaguarnera
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicoletta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bertino
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malaguarnera
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Vito Emanuele
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Catania
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Isidoro
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Di Carlo
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toro
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Emanuele
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bertino
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mangano
authors.affiliation: Venerando Rapisarda, Dario Mangano, Occupational Medi-cine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bertino
keywords: Arsenic; Autophagy; Cadmium; Chemical agents; Epigenetic events; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Mitophagy; Occupational exposure