title: Genetic signature of strong recent positive selection at interleukin-32 gene in goat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Identification of the candidate genes that play key roles in phenotypic variations can provide new information about evolution and positive selection. Interleukin (IL)-32 is involved in many biological processes, however, its role for the immune response against various diseases in mammals is poorly understood. Therefore, the current investigation was performed for the better understanding of the molecular evolution and the positive selection of single nucleotide polymorphisms inIL-32gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  By using fixation index (FST) based method,IL-32(9375) gene was found to be outlier and under significant positive selection with the provisional combined allocation of mean heterozygosity andFST. Using nucleotide sequences of 11 mammalian species from National Center for Biotechnology Information database, the evolutionary selection ofIL-32gene was determined using Maximum likelihood model method, through four models (M1a, M2a, M7, and M8) in Codeml program of phylogenetic analysis by maximum liklihood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-32 is detected under positive selection using theFSTsimulations method. The phylogenetic tree revealed that goat IL-32 was in close resemblance with sheep IL-32. The coding nucleotide sequences were compared among 11 species and it was found that the goatIL-32gene shared identity with sheep (96.54%), bison (91.97%), camel (58.39%), cat (56.59%), buffalo (56.50%), human (56.13%), dog (50.97%), horse (54.04%), and rabbit (53.41%) respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence forIL-32gene as under significant positive selection in goat.
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.|The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.|Theriogenology Department, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Jhang, Sub campus of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Akhtar Rasool
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Asif
authors.affiliation: Theriogenology Department, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Jhang, Sub campus of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sumayyah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Qadri
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Nabeel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ijaz
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.|The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Ruheena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Javed
authors.affiliation: Theriogenology Department, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Jhang, Sub campus of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.|Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Animal and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Abdur Rahman
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Ansari
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
authors.forename: Muhammd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Awais
authors.affiliation: Theriogenology Department, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Jhang, Sub campus of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Younus
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Riaz
authors.affiliation: Key Lab of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.|The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.|Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Du
keywords: Evolution; Goat; Interleukin-32; Positive Selection