title: Directional asymmetry in the volume of the human habenula.
abstract: Brain asymmetry is a conserved feature in vertebrates. The dorsal diencephalic habenular complex shows conspicuous structural and functional asymmetries in a wide range of species, yet it is unclear if this condition is also present in humans. Addressing this possibility becomes relevant in light of recent findings presenting the habenula as a novel target for therapeutic intervention of affective disorders through deep brain stimulation. Here we performed volumetric analyses in postmortem diencephalic samples of male and female individuals, and report for the first time, the presence of directional asymmetries in the volume of the human habenula. The habenular volume is larger on the left side in both genders, a feature that can be explained by an enlargement of the left lateral habenula compared to the right counterpart. In contrast, the volume of the medial habenula shows no left-right directional bias in either gender. It is remarkable that asymmetries involve the lateral habenula, which in humans is particularly enlarged compared to other vertebrates and plays relevant roles in aversive processing and aversively motivated learning. Our findings of structural asymmetries in the human habenula are consistent with recent observations of lateral bias in activation, metabolism and damage of the human habenula, highlighting a potential role of habenular laterality in contexts of health and illness.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile.|Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.|Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Patricio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ahumada-Galleguillos
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile.|Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.|Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Carmen G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Lemus
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Díaz
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile.|Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Osorio-Reich
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile.|Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Härtel
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile. mconcha@med.uchile.cl.|Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile. mconcha@med.uchile.cl.|Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile. mconcha@med.uchile.cl.
authors.forename: Miguel L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Concha
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D019262:Habenula / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Asymmetry; Gender; Habenula; Humans; Shape; Volume