title: Metabolic syndrome and components exacerbate osteoarthritis symptoms of pain, depression and reduced knee function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its co-morbidities in patients with primary knee osteoarthritis and to assess if the severity of metabolic syndrome, and components, correlates with the severity of osteoarthritis symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case controlled analysis of 70 patients with osteoarthritis compared to a control group of 81 patients. Each patient underwent clinical review including history, examination, and pathology tests. The case-group all had stage IV osteoarthritis as determined by radiographs and intra-operative assessment. In addition a visual analogue scale (VAS), Hospital for Special Surgery knee score (HSS), and Hamilton Depression scores were completed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in the patients with osteoarthritis compared to the control group. There is a significant correlation between the degree of hypertension, the presence of dyslipidemia or hyperglycemia and the severity of osteoarthritis symptoms. Variables hypertension, low HDL-C levels, and the number of co-morbidities were all identified as risk factors for increased osteoarthritis symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a correlation between the number of metabolic disorders, the severity of hypertension and severity of osteoarthritis symptoms. Hypertension and decreased HDL-cholesterol were positive risk factors for increased osteoarthritis symptomatology.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang 422000, China ; 2 Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia ; 3 Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia ; 4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410011, China.
authors.forename: Hongxing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang 422000, China ; 2 Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia ; 3 Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia ; 4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410011, China.
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang 422000, China ; 2 Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia ; 3 Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia ; 4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410011, China.
authors.forename: Ruurd L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Jaarsma
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang 422000, China ; 2 Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia ; 3 Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia ; 4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410011, China.
authors.forename: Xinzhan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Mao
keywords: Hyperglycemia; hypertension; metabolic syndrome X; obesity; osteoarthritis