title: Development of a water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsion system integrating biomimetic aqueous-core lipid nanodroplets for protein entity stabilization. Part II: process and product characterization.
abstract: The aqueous-core enclosed in lipid nanoballoons integrating multiple emulsions of the type water-in-oil-in-water mimic, at least in theory, the environment within viable cells, thus being suitable for housing hydrophilic protein entities such as bioactive proteins, peptides and bacteriophage particles. This study reports a complete physicochemical characterization of optimized biomimetic aqueous-core lipid nanoballoons housing hydrophilic (BSA) protein entities, evolved from a statistical 23×31factorial design study (three variables at two levels and one variable at three levels) that was the subject of the first paper of a series of three, aiming at complete stabilization of the three-dimensional structure of protein entities attempted via housing the said molecular entities within biomimetic aqueous-core lipid nanoballoons integrating a multiple (W/O/W) emulsion. The statistical factorial design followed led to the production of an optimum W/O/W multiple emulsion possessing quite homogeneous particles with an average hydrodynamic size of (186.2 ± 2.6) nm and average Zeta potential of (-36.5 ± 0.9) mV, and exhibiting a polydispersity index of 0.206 ± 0.014. Additionally, the results obtained for the diffusion coefficient of the lipid nanoballoons integrating the optimized W/O/W multiple emulsion were comparable and of the same order of magnitude (10-12m2s-1) as those published by other authors since, typically, diffusion coefficients for molecules range from 10-10to 10-7m2s-1, but diffusion coefficients for nanoparticles are typically of the order of magnitude of 10-12m2s-1.
authors.affiliation: a LaBNUS - Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, i(bs)2 ,- Intelligent Biosensing and Biomolecule Stabilization Research Group, University of Sorocaba , Sorocaba , SP , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Cássia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Glasser
authors.affiliation: a LaBNUS - Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, i(bs)2 ,- Intelligent Biosensing and Biomolecule Stabilization Research Group, University of Sorocaba , Sorocaba , SP , Brazil ;|b Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Marta M D C
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Vila
authors.affiliation: c Department of Environmental Sciences , Federal University of São Carlos , Sorocaba , SP , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Júlio C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: a LaBNUS - Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, i(bs)2 ,- Intelligent Biosensing and Biomolecule Stabilization Research Group, University of Sorocaba , Sorocaba , SP , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Marco V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Chaud
authors.affiliation: a LaBNUS - Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, i(bs)2 ,- Intelligent Biosensing and Biomolecule Stabilization Research Group, University of Sorocaba , Sorocaba , SP , Brazil ;
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Oliveira Júnior
authors.affiliation: b Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas , Campinas , SP , Brazil ;
authors.forename: Matthieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tubino
authors.affiliation: a LaBNUS - Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Laboratory, i(bs)2 ,- Intelligent Biosensing and Biomolecule Stabilization Research Group, University of Sorocaba , Sorocaba , SP , Brazil ;|d CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho , Braga , Portugal.
authors.forename: Victor M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Balcão
keywords: Aqueous-core lipid nanoballoons; Stokes–Einstein equation; X-ray diffraction analysis; diffusion coefficient; infrared spectrophotometry with Fourier transform; protein entities; structural and functional stabilization; water-in-oil-in-water multiple emulsions