title: Forward and inverse dynamic study during pedaling: Comparison between the young and the elderly.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As it is not easy to investigate various variables that affect exercise efficacies and cause injuries while pedaling in the actual experiment, especially for the elderly, the musculoskeletal model simulation with a comparison of measured electromyography (EMG) data could be used to minimize experimental trials.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The measured EMG data were compared with the muscle activities from the musculoskeletal model through forward (FD) and inverse dynamic (ID) analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  EMG was measured from eight young adult (20's) and eight elderly (70's) in three minutes pedaling with a constant load and 40 revolutions per minute (RPM) cadence. The muscles used for the analysis were the VastusLateralis, Tibialis Anterior, Bicep Femoris, and Gastrocnemius Medial. Pearson's correlation coefficients of the muscle activity patterns, on-off set, and peak timing at the maximum muscle activity were calculated and compared. BIKE3D and GaitLowerExtremity model were used for the FD and ID simulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are significant correlations in the muscle activity patterns except in the case of Biceps Femoris muscle by ID. Thus, it can be concluded that muscle activities of model & EMG showed similar results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The result shows that it could be possible to use the musculoskeletal model for various pedaling simulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jeongwoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea.|BK21 Plus Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea.
authors.forename: Jinseung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea.
authors.forename: Dongwon
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea.
authors.forename: Seungtae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea.
authors.forename: Daehyeok
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea.|BK21 Plus Research Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Konkuk University, Chungju, Korea.
authors.forename: Gyerae
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tack
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D001642:Bicycling / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Musculoskeletal modeling; aging; electromyography; pedaling