title: Toxin and Growth Responses of the Neurotoxic Dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum to Varying Temperature and Salinity.
abstract: Vulcanodinium rugosum, a recently described species, produces pinnatoxins. The IFR-VRU-01 strain, isolated from a French Mediterranean lagoon in 2010 and identified as the causative dinoflagellate contaminating mussels in the Ingril Lagoon (French Mediterranean) with pinnatoxin-G, was grown in an enriched natural seawater medium. We tested the effect of temperature and salinity on growth, pinnatoxin-G production and chlorophyll a levels of this dinoflagellate. These factors were tested in combinations of five temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C) and five salinities (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40) at an irradiance of 100 µmol photon m(-2) s(-1). V. rugosum can grow at temperatures and salinities ranging from 20 °C to 30 °C and 20 to 40, respectively. The optimal combination for growth (0.39 ± 0.11 d(-1)) was a temperature of 25 °C and a salinity of 40. Results suggest that V. rugosum is euryhaline and thermophile which could explain why this dinoflagellate develops in situ only from June to September. V. rugosum growth rate and pinnatoxin-G production were highest at temperatures ranging between 25 and 30 °C. This suggests that the dinoflagellate may give rise to extensive blooms in the coming decades caused by the climate change-related increases in temperature expected in the Mediterranean coasts.
authors.affiliation: Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire Environnement Ressources du Languedoc-Roussillon, Centre for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), CS30171 Sète Cedex 03 34200, France. eric.abadie@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Abadie
authors.affiliation: Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire Environnement Ressources du Languedoc-Roussillon, Centre for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), CS30171 Sète Cedex 03 34200, France. alexia.muguet@hotmail.fr.
authors.forename: Alexia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muguet
authors.affiliation: Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire Environnement Ressources du Languedoc-Roussillon, Centre for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), CS30171 Sète Cedex 03 34200, France. tom.berteaux@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berteaux
authors.affiliation: Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire Environnement Ressources de Bretagne Occidentale, Place de la Croix, Concarneau 29900, France. nicolas.chomerat@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chomérat
authors.affiliation: Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire Phycotoxines (DYNECO/PHYC), Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105 Nantes Cedex 3 44311, France. philipp.hess@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.affiliation: Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire Environnement Ressources du Languedoc-Roussillon, Centre for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), CS30171 Sète Cedex 03 34200, France. emmanuelle.roque@ifremer.fr.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roque D'OrbCastel
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Ifremer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Place E. Bataillon, CC93, Montpellier Cedex 5 34095, France. estelle.masseret@univ-montp2.fr.
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Masseret
authors.affiliation: Center for Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation and Conservation (MARBEC), Université de Montpellier (UM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Ifremer, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Place E. Bataillon, CC93, Montpellier Cedex 5 34095, France. mohamed.laabir@univ-montp2.fr.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laabir
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000378:metabolism*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005602:France; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D054712:Salinity; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000378:metabolism*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D008387:Marine Toxins; D009498:Neurotoxins; D013141:Spiro Compounds; C552840:pinnatoxin G; D002734:Chlorophyll; D000077194:Chlorophyll A
keywords: Mediterranean Ingril Lagoon; Vulcanodinium rugosum; growth conditions; salinity; temperature; toxin production