title: Eosinophilic cystitis and haematuria: Case report of a rare disease and common presentation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare inflammatory condition of the bladder that can cause haematuria. The aetiology is unknown and clinical presentation is difficult to distinguish from other causes of haematuria. Diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy. In this case, a patient with haematuria is diagnosed with eosinohpilic cystitis after presenting to hospital. He was commenced on antibiotics for a presumed urinary tract infection with no resolution of haematuria and symptoms. After diagnosis he was commenced on treatment with resolution of symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 73-year-old male presents with first episode of haematuria. He was initially diagnosed with a urinary tract infection and commenced on antibiotics with no resolution. After further investigations including a cystoscopy and bladder biopsy, he was diagnosed with eosinophilic cystitis. He was treated with steroids improving his symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare disease of the bladder which is difficult to distinguish from other causes of haematuria, and is often misdiagnosed. Bladder biopsy is necessary for diagnosis. Early diagnosis is important, and it is through a combination of non-operative and operative interventions such as biopsy. Natural history is difficult to predict as it is difficult to determine is a patient will have a benign course with resolution with or without treatment, or result in a chronic course which may result in bladder damage and renal failure. This case highlights the importance of investigating haematuria that is unresponsive to initial empiric treatment such as antibiotics. It is important to refer to a Urologist for further investigation to rule out a sinister cause, but to also obtain a diagnosis, leading to definitive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Westmead Hospital, Corner of Hawkesbury Road and Darcy Road, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia. Electronic address: daniel.chia8@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chia
keywords: Bladder biopsy; Case report; Eosinophilic cystitis; Haematuria; Urinary tract infection