title: Benzodiazepines are Prescribed More Frequently to Patients Already at Risk for Benzodiazepine-Related Adverse Events in Primary Care.
abstract: Benzodiazepine use is associated with adverse drug events and higher mortality. Known risk factors for benzodiazepine-related adverse events include lung disease, substance use, and vulnerability to fracture.
  
  
  
  To determine whether benzodiazepine prescribing is associated with risk factors for adverse outcomes.
  
  
  
  Longitudinal cohort study between July 1, 2011, and June 30, 2012.
  
  
  
  Patients who visited hospital- and community-based practices in a primary care practice-based research network.
  
  
  
  Odds ratio of having a target medical diagnosis for patients who received standard and high-dose benzodiazepine prescriptions; rates per 100 patients for outpatient and emergency department visits and hospitalizations.
  
  
  
  Among 65,912 patients, clinicians prescribed at least one benzodiazepine to 15 % (9821). Of benzodiazepine recipients, 5 % received high doses. Compared to non-recipients, benzodiazepine recipients were more likely to have diagnoses of depression (OR, 2.7; 95 % CI, 2.6-2.9), substance abuse (OR, 2.2; 95 % CI, 1.9-2.5), tobacco use (OR, 1.7; 95 % CI, 1.5-1.8), osteoporosis (OR, 1.6; 95 % CI, 1.5-1.7), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 1.6; 95 % CI, 1.5-1.7), alcohol abuse (OR, 1.5; 95 % CI, 1.3-1.7), sleep apnea (OR, 1.5; 95 % CI, 1.3-1.6), and asthma (OR, 1.5; 95 % CI, 1.4-1.5). Compared to low-dose benzodiazepine recipients, high-dose benzodiazepine recipients were even more likely to have certain medical diagnoses: substance abuse (OR, 7.5; 95 % CI, 5.5-10.1), alcohol abuse (OR, 3.2; 95 % CI, 2.2-4.5), tobacco use (OR, 2.7; 95 % CI, 2.1-3.5), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR, 1.5; 95 % CI, 1.2-1.9). Benzodiazepine recipients had more primary care visits per 100 patients (408 vs. 323), specialist outpatient visits (815 vs. 578), emergency department visits (47 vs. 29), and hospitalizations (26 vs. 15; p < .001 for all comparisons).
  
  
  
  Clinicians prescribed benzodiazepines and high-dose benzodiazepines more frequently to patients at higher risk for benzodiazepine-related adverse events. Benzodiazepine prescribing was associated with increased healthcare utilization.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. dskroll@partners.org.|Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02120, USA. dskroll@partners.org.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.|Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Harry Reyes
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Nieva
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02120, USA.
authors.forename: Arthur J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barsky
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.|Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Linder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines
keywords: anxiety; benzodiazepines; psychopharmacology; sleep disorders