title: Saliva ferning, an unorthodox estrus detection method in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).
abstract: Estrus detection is a major problem in buffalo husbandry because of inconsistent expression of estrous signs at different seasons, and a high prevalence of the silent heat and postpartum anestrus in this species. Around 50% of the estrus events in buffaloes are currently undetected in the field conditions, resulting in a huge economic loss. Although the cervicovaginal fluid fern patterns confirm the estrus for a breeding decision, the fluid discharge is absent during the silent-heat condition. Therefore, the present study focused on the crystallization patterns of the saliva as an alternative method for estrus detection in buffaloes. Saliva is a body fluid available regularly, and its ferning ability before ovulation was established in women. In this study, eight female nonpregnant Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) were considered during two experimental periods of 3 months each. One period was in summer with five animals, and another period was in rainy season with three animals. Estrus was determined by the estrus symptoms, ovarian ultrasonography, and salivary estradiol (E2) to progesterone (P4) ratio. A total of 450 saliva samples were collected from these animals on the daily basis. The salivary smear was prepared with 20 μL of the cell-free saliva on a clean glass slide, and its microscopic images were captured at a magnification of × 200. The images were used for fractal analysis as the salivary crystallization or fern patterns follow the fractal geometry. Saliva at estrus showed a typical symmetrical fern-like crystallization patterns with significantly (P < 0.05) lower fractal dimension values. Salivary estradiol levels and E2/P4 ratio were significantly (P < 0.05) higher at the estrus stage than those at the diestrus stage. An average period of an estrous cycle was 21.7 ± 2.7 days (n = 18 estrous cycles) in buffaloes on the basis of distinct salivary crystallization patterns. The proportion of estrus detection by the salivary fern patterns was very significantly (P < 0.01) higher (0.84) than the proportion of estrus detection (0.5) in the field conditions. Altogether, salivary fern patterns along with the current methods can help reduce estrus detection problem in buffaloes.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ravinder
authors.affiliation: Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Onnureddy
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kaipa
authors.affiliation: Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Vijay Simha
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Baddela
authors.affiliation: Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Eshu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Singhal Sinha
authors.affiliation: Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Varij
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nayan
authors.affiliation: Dairy Cattle Physiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Chandra Sekhar Naidu
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Velagala
authors.affiliation: Livestock Production and Management Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Rubina Kumari
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Baithalu
authors.affiliation: Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India.
authors.forename: Suneel Kumar
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Onteru
authors.affiliation: Molecular Endocrinology, Functional Genomics and Systems Biology Lab, Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India. Electronic address: drdheer.singh@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dheer
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D002020:Buffaloes / Q000502:physiology*; D003460:Crystallization / Q000662:veterinary; D004958:Estradiol / Q000378:metabolism; D004971:Estrus / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D011374:Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol
keywords: Buffalo estrus; Fractal value; Salivary E2/P4 ratio; Salivary ferning; Ultrasonography