title: Use and Misuse of the Likert Item Responses and Other Ordinal Measures.
abstract: Likert, Likert-type, and ordinal-scale responses are very popular psychometric item scoring schemes for attempting to quantify people's opinions, interests, or perceived efficacy of an intervention and are used extensively in Physical Education and Exercise Science research. However, these numbered measures are generally considered ordinal and violate some statistical assumptions needed to evaluate them as normally distributed, parametric data. This is an issue because parametric statistics are generally perceived as being more statistically powerful than non-parametric statistics. To avoid possible misinterpretation, care must be taken in analyzing these types of data. The use of visual analog scales may be equally efficacious and provide somewhat better data for analysis with parametric statistics.
authors.affiliation: The University of Alabama, Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Phillip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.affiliation: The University of Alabama, Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA; Auburn University at Montgomery, Department of Kinesiology, Human Performance Lab, Montgomery, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Herron
keywords: Visual analog scale; exercise science; statistical analysis; subjective