title: Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Functional Lipophilic Compounds from Arthrospira platensis.
abstract: Arthrospira platensis biomass was used in order to obtain functional lipophilic compounds through green extraction technologies such as supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (SFE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). The temperature (T) factor was evaluated for MAE, while for SFE, pressure (P), temperature (T), and co-solvent (ethanol) (CS) were evaluated. The maximum extraction yield of the obtained oleoresin was (4.07% ± 0.14%) and (4.27% ± 0.10%) for SFE and MAE, respectively. Extracts were characterized by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The maximum contents of functional lipophilic compounds in the SFE and MAE extracts were: for carotenoids 283 ± 0.10 μg/g and 629 ± 0.13 μg/g, respectively; for tocopherols 5.01 ± 0.05 μg/g and 2.46 ± 0.09 μg/g, respectively; and for fatty acids 34.76 ± 0.08 mg/g and 15.88 ± 0.06 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, the SFE process at P 450 bar, T 60 °C and CS 53.33% of CO₂ produced the highest yield of tocopherols, carotenoids and fatty acids. The MAE process at 400 W and 50 °C gives the best extracts in terms of tocopherols and carotenoids. For yield and fatty acids, the MAE process at 400 W and 70 °C produced the highest values. Both SFE and MAE showed to be suitable green extraction technologies for obtaining functional lipophilic compounds from Arthrospira platensis.
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico. A00796778@itesm.mx.
authors.forename: Diego A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Esquivel-Hernández
authors.affiliation: Tecnologia Ambiental Biomex S.A. de C.V., Volcan Jorullo 5268, Zapopan, Jalisco 45070, Mexico. victor.biomex@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Víctor H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: López
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico. jrr@itesm.mx.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico. gibran.aleman@itesm.mx.
authors.forename: Gibrán S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Alemán-Nava
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico. sara.cuellar@itesm.mx.
authors.forename: Sara P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Cuéllar-Bermúdez
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico. magda.rostro@itesm.mx.
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rostro-Alanis
authors.affiliation: Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico. r.parra@itesm.mx.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parra-Saldívar
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D008872:Microwaves; D053545:Spirulina / Q000737:chemistry*; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000032:analysis*; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000032:analysis*; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D019207:beta Carotene; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol
keywords: Arthrospira platensis; cyanobacteria; functional lipophilic compounds; microwave assisted extraction; supercritical fluid extraction; α-tocopherol; β-carotene; γ-linolenic acid