title: The Virtual Threat Effect: A Test of Competing Explanations for the Effects of Racial Stereotyping in Video Games on Players' Cognitions.
abstract: Past research provides evidence that embodying a racially stereotyped African American video game character triggers stereotyped thinking among White players. However, the mechanisms through which virtual racial embodiment of a negatively stereotyped character in a video game impacts stereotyped thinking are still unknown. This study expands on past research and utilizes a between-subjects experimental design to test two possible theoretical explanations: the virtual threat effect and presence. On the one hand, embodying a negatively stereotyped African American character may elicit stereotyped thinking among White players due to the mere exposure to the threatening stereotype. According to this explanation, negative affective response to the threatening stimulus predicts stereotyping. On the other hand, the process of embodying, not just observing, the stereotyped African American character suggests that presence in the game may determine how impactful the game imagery is on White players' stereotyping of African Americans. In this case, level of presence would predict stereotyping. The findings of this study advance research by providing evidence of a psychological explanation for the negative effects of embodying a racially stereotyped video game character on players' race-related perceptions. We conceptualize the "virtual threat effect," which may be applied in additional contexts to understand how embodying stereotyped representations of outgroups in virtual environments may negatively affect individuals' perceptions and support of these groups.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Communication, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Behm-Morawitz
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Communication, University of Missouri , Columbia, Missouri.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoffswell
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Communication & Design, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung City, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Szu-Wei
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D002605:Character; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012919:Social Behavior; D013240:Stereotyping; D018910:Video Games / Q000523:psychology*; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult