title: Genetic variation of carotenoids, vitamin E and phenolic compounds in Provitamin A biofortified maize.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biofortified maize is not only a good vehicle for provitamin A carotenoids for vitamin A deficient populations in developing countries but also a source of vitamin E, tocochromanols and phenolic compounds, which have antioxidant properties. Using high-performance liquid chromatography and a total antioxidant performance assay, the present study analyzed the antioxidant variation and antioxidant activity of 36 provitamin A improved maize hybrids and one common yellow maize hybrid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ranges of major carotenoids in provitamin A carotenoids biofortified maize were zeaxanthin [1.2-13.2 µg g-1dry weight (DW)], β-cryptoxanthin (1.3-8.8 µg g-1DW) and β-carotene (1.3-8.0 µg g-1DW). The ranges of vitamin E compounds identified in provitamin A carotenoids biofortified maize were α-tocopherol (3.4-34.3 µg g-1DW), γ-tocopherol (5.9-54.4 µg g-1DW), α-tocotrienol (2.6-19.5 µg g-1DW) and γ-tocotrienol (45.4 µg g-1DW). The ranges of phenolic compounds were γ-oryzanol (0.0-0.8 mg g-1DW), ferulic acid (0.4-3.6 mg g-1DW) and p-coumaric acid (0.1-0.45 mg g-1DW). There was significant correlation between α-tocopherol and cis isomers of β-carotene (P < 0.01). Tocotrienols were correlated with α-tocopherol and γ-oryzanol (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genotype was significant in determining the variation in β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol contents (P < 0.01). A genotype × environment interaction was observed for γ-tocopherol content (P < 0.01). © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.|Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Tawanda
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muzhingi
authors.affiliation: Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CIMMYT Research Station, Km. 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, 56130, 00174, Mexico.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Palacios-Rojas
authors.affiliation: Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CIMMYT Research Station, Km. 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, 56130, 00174, Mexico.
authors.forename: Alejandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.affiliation: Global Maize Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CIMMYT Research Station, Km. 45 Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, 56130, 00174, Mexico.
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Cabrera
authors.affiliation: Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.|Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Glocal Campus, Chungju-Si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 380-701, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Yeum
authors.affiliation: Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.|Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
authors.forename: Guangwen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tang
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000072759:Biofortification; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002980:Climate; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008800:Mexico; D009753:Nutritive Value; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D000069600:Plant Breeding; D011422:Propionates; D000072664:Provitamins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000032:analysis* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003313:Zea mays / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D010636:Phenols; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D011422:Propionates; D000072664:Provitamins; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; C004999:ferulic acid; C495469:p-coumaric acid; C013172:gamma-oryzanol
keywords: antioxidants; phenolics; tocopherols; tocotrienols; vitamin A; γ-oryzanol