title: Inexpensive and fast pathogenic bacteria screening using field-effect transistors.
abstract: While pathogenic bacteria contribute to a large number of globally important diseases and infections, current clinical diagnosis is based on processes that often involve culturing which can be time-consuming. Therefore, innovative, simple, rapid and low-cost solutions to effectively reduce the burden of bacterial infections are urgently needed. Here we demonstrate a label-free sensor for fast bacterial detection based on metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). The electric charge of bacteria binding to the glycosylated gates of a MOSFET enables quantification in a straightforward manner. We show that the limit of quantitation is 1.9×10(5) CFU/mL with this simple device, which is more than 10,000-times lower than is achieved with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF) on the same modified surfaces. Moreover, the measurements are extremely fast and the sensor can be mass produced at trivial cost as a tool for initial screening of pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom. Electronic address: n.f@hotmail.it.
authors.forename: Nello
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Formisano
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom. Electronic address: nikhilbhalla151@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nikhil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhalla
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heeran
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom. Electronic address: juana.reyesmartinez@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Juana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reyes Martinez
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom. Electronic address: amrita.sarkar@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Amrita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom. Electronic address: maisemlaabei27@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maisem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laabei
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom. Electronic address: p.jolly@bath.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Pawan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jolly
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom. Electronic address: c.r.bowen@bath.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Chris R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom. Electronic address: j.t.taylor@bath.ac.uk.
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom. Electronic address: sabine.flitsch@manchester.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flitsch
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom. Electronic address: p.estrela@bath.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Estrela
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D058266:Dielectric Spectroscopy; D004867:Equipment Design; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D012666:Semiconductors / Q000191:economics; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
keywords: Bacteria; BioFET; Biosensors; Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; MALDI-ToF