title: Bioavailability and biochemical effects of diclofenac sodium 0.1% ophthalmic solution in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if topical ophthalmic diclofenac sodium 0.1% solution alters renal parameters in the domestic chicken, and to determine if the drug is detectable in plasma after topical ophthalmic administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty healthy domestic chickens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 7 days, six birds were treated unilaterally with one drop of artificial tear solution (group 1), 12 birds were treated unilaterally (group 2) and 12 bilaterally (group 3) with diclofenac sodium 0.1% ophthalmic solution. Treatments were provided every 12 h in all groups. Pre- and post-treatment plasma samples from all birds were evaluated for changes in albumin, total protein, and uric acid. Post-treatment samples of all birds, collected 15 min post-administration, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry for diclofenac sodium detection. A randomly selected renal sample from each group was submitted for histopathologic review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in pre- and post-treatment plasma albumin were significant (P < 0.05) in groups 2 and 3, but not for group 1. Pre- and post-treatment changes in total protein and uric acid were not significant for any group. Diclofenac sodium was not detectable (limit of detection = 0.10 ng/mL) in plasma samples from birds in group 1. Post-treatment concentration of diclofenac in group 3 was statistically greater than group 2 (P = 0.0008). Histopathologic changes did not identify diclofenac-induced acute renal tubular necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ophthalmic diclofenac sodium 0.1% administered topically every 12 h in one or both eyes for 7 days is detectable in systemic circulation in the domestic chicken, but does not cause overt significant changes in plasma uric acid or total protein.
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Angela N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Griggs
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Taylor J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Yaw
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Haynes
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ben-Shlomo
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Kyle L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tofflemire
authors.affiliation: College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 S. 16th Street, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Allbaugh
mesh_terms: D060433:Administration, Ophthalmic; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001682:Biological Availability; D002645:Chickens; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions; D012709:Serum Albumin; D004008:Diclofenac; D014527:Uric Acid
keywords: 
  NSAID
  ; avian; chicken; diclofenac; kidney; renal