title: Considerations of Environmentally Relevant Test Conditions for Improved Evaluation of Ecological Hazards of Engineered Nanomaterials.
abstract: Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are increasingly entering the environment with uncertain consequences including potential ecological effects. Various research communities view differently whether ecotoxicological testing of ENMs should be conducted using environmentally relevant concentrations-where observing outcomes is difficult-versus higher ENM doses, where responses are observable. What exposure conditions are typically used in assessing ENM hazards to populations? What conditions are used to test ecosystem-scale hazards? What is known regarding actual ENMs in the environment, via measurements or modeling simulations? How should exposure conditions, ENM transformation, dose, and body burden be used in interpreting biological and computational findings for assessing risks? These questions were addressed in the context of this critical review. As a result, three main recommendations emerged. First, researchers should improve ecotoxicology of ENMs by choosing test end points, duration, and study conditions-including ENM test concentrations-that align with realistic exposure scenarios. Second, testing should proceed via tiers with iterative feedback that informs experiments at other levels of biological organization. Finally, environmental realism in ENM hazard assessments should involve greater coordination among ENM quantitative analysts, exposure modelers, and ecotoxicologists, across government, industry, and academia.
authors.affiliation: Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.|University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Holden
authors.affiliation: University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Department of Chemistry, Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, University of Texas , El Paso, Texas 79968, United States.
authors.forename: Jorge L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gardea-Torresdey
authors.affiliation: University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Pennsylvania Bio Nano Systems, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18901, United States.
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Klaessig
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Laboratory for Soil Microbiology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
authors.forename: Ronald F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Turco
authors.affiliation: Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.|University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mortimer
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, D-57392 Schmallenberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hund-Rinke
authors.affiliation: Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States.
authors.forename: Elaine A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Cohen Hubal
authors.affiliation: University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain.|Institut Català de Recerca de l'Aigua (ICRA), Parc Científic i Tecnològic de la Universitat de Girona, Girona 17003, Spain.
authors.forename: Damià
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barceló
authors.affiliation: Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.|Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Renata
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Behra
authors.affiliation: University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), Annankatu 18, Helsinki 00121, Finland.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Deydier-Stephan
authors.forename: P Lee
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Teresa F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herr Harthorn
authors.affiliation: Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States.
authors.forename: W Matthew
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.affiliation: E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Newark, Delaware 19711, United States.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hoke
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice , Venice 30123, Italy.
authors.forename: Danail
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hristozov
authors.affiliation: Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, United States.
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States.
authors.forename: Agnes B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.affiliation: LK Consultancy, Turner Valley, Alberta T0L 2A0, Canada.
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kapustka
authors.affiliation: Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.|University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Arturo A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.|University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Hunter S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lenihan
authors.affiliation: Vive Crop Protection Inc, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L6, Canada.
authors.forename: Wess
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lovell
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.|Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.
authors.forename: Roger M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Nisbet
authors.affiliation: Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States.
authors.forename: Elijah J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.affiliation: BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, D-67056, Germany.
authors.forename: Edward R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.affiliation: Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich , 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheringer
authors.affiliation: PETA International Science Consortium Ltd., London N1 9RL, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Monita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Globalfoundries, Corporate EHS, Hopewell Junction, New York 12533, United States.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Speed
authors.affiliation: Environment and Climate Change Canada, Gatineau, Quebec K1A 0H3, Canada.
authors.forename: Yasir
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sultan
authors.affiliation: School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Westerhoff
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station , New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States.
authors.forename: Jason C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Wiesner
authors.affiliation: Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460, United States.
authors.forename: Eva M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.
authors.forename: Baoshan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Meghan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steele Horan
authors.affiliation: University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: Hilary A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Godwin
authors.affiliation: University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology (UC CEIN), University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.
authors.forename: André E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Nel
mesh_terms: D004463:Ecology; D017753:Ecosystem; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D004777:Environment; D006801:Humans; D049329:Nanostructures