title: Intramedullary humeral replacement: an evolving design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Total humeral replacement is used to reconstruct the upper limb after tumour resection, while in cases of complex revisions for non-oncological reasons, using tumour prosthesis implants will lead to an otherwise avoidable further bone resection and violation of the surrounding tissues. This report describes a design evolution in three non-oncological cases, where a total humeral resection to perform a total humeral replacement is avoided and instead the simultaneous shoulder and elbow replacements were connected via custom-made intramedullary linkages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three cases of simultaneous shoulder and elbow replacement were performed for complex revision situations over a period of 42 months. They were performed while preserving as much humeral bone stock as possible, with the design changing from a big intramedullary connecting stem to a smaller component when performing an Intramedullary Humeral Replacement (IMHR), allowing preservation of more bone and soft tissue attachment than if a total humeral replacement were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None had any neurovascular complication or any further revision for the humeral replacement, or the shoulder and elbow components.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have showed three examples of an evolving design aiming to preserve as much of the anatomy as possible to help in decreasing the surgical impact and invasiveness of this procedure, while doing less bone resection and sacrificing less of the soft tissue attachments.
authors.affiliation: Royal Liverpool University Hospital Liverpool L69 3GA UK.
authors.forename: Ali Abdullah
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: Royal Liverpool University Hospital Liverpool L69 3GA UK.
authors.forename: Simon Peter
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Frostick
keywords: Elbow replacement; Endo-prosthetic replacement; Humeral replacement; Megaprosthesis; Shoulder replacement