title: Association of heart rate and blood pressure among European adolescents with usual food consumption: The HELENA study.
abstract: In adults, there is some evidence that improving diet reduces blood pressure (BP) and the subsequent risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, studies that analyse this association in adolescents are still scarce. The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between heart rate, systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) among European adolescents and usual intake of vegetables, fruits, dairy products, meat, fish, high-sugar foods and savoury snacks.
  
  
  
  In total, 2283 adolescents from the HELENA-study (12.5-17.5 years old; 1253 girls) were included. Dietary intake was assessed using two computerized 24-hour dietary recalls. Age, sex, body mass index, maternal educational level, physical activity and Tanner stage were considered as confounders. Associations were examined by mixed model analysis stratified by sex. Tests for trend were assessed by tertiles of intake while controlling for the aforementioned confounders. Dairy products and fish intake were negatively associated with BP and heart rate. Significant decreasing trends were observed for heart rate and BP across tertiles of dairy products, fish intake and high-sugar foods intake (p < 0.05). Significant increasing trends were observed for SBP and MAP across tertiles of savoury snack intake (p < 0.05).
  
  
  
  Significant but small inverse associations between fish and dairy products consumption with blood pressure and heart rate have been found in European adolescents. Dietary intervention studies are needed to explore these associations in the context of the modification of several risk factors for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Julián-Almárcegui
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vandevijvere
authors.affiliation: CHRU Lille, Faculté Médecine, Université de Lille, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gottrand
authors.affiliation: CIC-PT-9301-Inserm-CH&U of Lille, CHRU de Lille, F-59037 Lille, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beghin
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dallongeville
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sjöstrom
authors.affiliation: CRA-NUT, Agricultural Research Council-Food and Nutrition Research Centre, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leclercq
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Manios
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Widhalm
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; YCARE (Youth/Child and cArdiovascular Risk and Environmental) Research Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ferreira De Morares
authors.affiliation: ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gónzalez-Gross
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences-Nutrition Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stehle
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Physiology School of Medicine, Granada University, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.affiliation: GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: Spain Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Dortmund, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kersting
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vyncke
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Henauw
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Dietary Exposure Assessment Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. Electronic address: huybrechtsi@iarc.fr.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Huybrechts
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000367:Age Factors; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D015930:Diet Records; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000009:adverse effects; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D009752:Nutritional Status; D065840:Protective Factors; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood; D062410:Snacks; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose
keywords: Dairy products; Diet; Fish intake; Systolic blood pressure