title: Risk factors for lung cancer worldwide.
abstract: Lung cancer is the most frequent malignant neoplasm in most countries, and the main cancer-related cause of mortality worldwide in both sexes combined.The geographic and temporal patterns of lung cancer incidence, as well as lung cancer mortality, on a population level are chiefly determined by tobacco consumption, the main aetiological factor in lung carcinogenesis.Other factors such as genetic susceptibility, poor diet, occupational exposures and air pollution may act independently or in concert with tobacco smoking in shaping the descriptive epidemiology of lung cancer. Moreover, novel approaches in the classification of lung cancer based on molecular techniques have started to bring new insights to its aetiology, in particular among nonsmokers. Despite the success in delineation of tobacco smoking as the major risk factor for lung cancer, this highly preventable disease remains among the most common and most lethal cancers globally.Future preventive efforts and research need to focus on non-cigarette tobacco smoking products, as well as better understanding of risk factors underlying lung carcinogenesis in never-smokers.
authors.affiliation: Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.affiliation: Dept of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Dept of Epidemiology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malvezzi
authors.affiliation: Dept of Epidemiology, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.affiliation: Dept of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy carlo.lavecchia@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
authors.affiliation: Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boffetta
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014026:Nicotiana