title: Benefit of Delayed Fertility Therapy With Preconception Weight Loss Over Immediate Therapy in Obese Women With PCOS.
abstract: In overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the relative benefit of delaying infertility treatment to lose weight vs seeking immediate treatment is unknown.
  
  
  
  We compared the results of two, multicenter, concurrent clinical trials treating infertility in women with PCOS.
  
  
  
  This was a secondary analysis of two randomized trials conducted at academic health centers studying women 18-40 years of age who were overweight/obese and infertile with PCOS.
  
  
  
  We compared immediate treatment with clomiphene from the Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome II (PPCOS II) trial (N = 187) to delayed treatment with clomiphene after preconception treatment with continuous oral contraceptives, lifestyle modification (Lifestyle: including caloric restriction, antiobesity medication, behavioral modification, and exercise) or the combination of both (combined) from the Treatment of Hyperandrogenism Versus Insulin Resistance in Infertile Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (OWL PCOS) trial (N = 142).
  
  
  
  Live birth, pregnancy loss, and ovulation were measured.
  
  
  
  In PPCOS II, after four cycles of clomiphene, the cumulative per-cycle ovulation rate was 44.7% (277/619) and the cumulative live birth rate was 10.2% (19/187), nearly identical to that after oral contraceptive pretreatment in the OWL PCOS trial (ovulation 45% [67/149] and live birth: 8.5% [4/47]). In comparison, deferred clomiphene treatment preceded by lifestyle and combined treatment in OWL PCOS offered a significantly better cumulative ovulation rate compared to immediate treatment with clomiphene. (Lifestyle: 62.0% [80/129]; risk ratio compared to PPCOS II = 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.7; P = .003; combined: 64.3% [83/129]; risk ratio compared to PPCOS II = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.8; P < .001 and a significantly better live birth rate lifestyle: 25.0% [12/48]; risk ratio compared to PPCOS II = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.7; P = .01 and combined: 25.5% [12/47]; risk ratio compared to PPCOS II = 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.8; P = .01).
  
  
  
  These data show the benefit of improved ovulation and live birth with delayed infertility treatment with clomiphene citrate when preceded by lifestyle modification with weight loss compared with immediate treatment. Pretreatment with oral contraceptives likely has little effect on the ovulation and live birth rate compared with immediate treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Legro
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Dodson
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Allen R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kunselman
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Christy M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Stetter
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Penny M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Kris-Etherton
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Nancy I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Gnatuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Stephanie J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Estes
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kelly C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Sarwer
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Diamond
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Schlaff
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Casson
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Gregory M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Christman
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Kurt T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Barnhart
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: G Wright
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Usadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lucidi
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Heping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eisenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coutifaris
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (R.S.L., W.C.D., C.L.G., S.J.E.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Public Health Sciences (R.S.L., A.R.K., C.M.S.), Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; Department of Nutritional Sciences (P.M.K.-E.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Department of Kinesiology (N.W.), Penn State College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania; Departments of Psychiatry (K.C.A., D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Surgery (D.B.S.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (M.P.D.), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.D.S.), University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (P.R.C.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (G.M.C.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (K.T.B., C.C., A.D.), Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (W.B.), University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Carolinas Medical Center (R.U.), Charlotte, North Carolina; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (S.L.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (V.B.), Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California; Department of Biostatistics (H.H.), Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut; Fertility and Infertility Branch (E.E.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, Rockville, Maryland.
authors.forename: Anuja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dokras
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005300:Fertility Agents, Female / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008019:Life Style; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D016742:Preconception Care / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; D013997:Time Factors; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D005300:Fertility Agents, Female; D002996:Clomiphene