title: First insights into the expression of VAX2 in humans and its localization in the adult primate retina.
abstract: VAX2 is a transcription factor specifically expressed in the ventral region of the prospective neural retina in vertebrates and is required for ventral eye specification. Despite its extensive analysis in vertebrates, the biological role of VAX2 in the human is presently unclear. This study was undertaken to investigate VAX2 in humans aiming to gain new knowledge into its involvement in retinal function. Here, we report VAX2 gene expression and protein localization in cultured cells and adult retina. RT-PCR experiments indicated that VAX2 is enriched in neuronal tissues. Moreover, we identified a novel isoform most abundantly expressed in the retina. We termed the known transcript (NM_012476) isoform-1, and the newly identified transcript as isoform-2. Analysis of protein localization in cultured cells revealed that isoform-1 localizes to the nucleus and isoform-2 is widely expressed within the cell; partial co-localization of isoform-2 and actin filaments was also observed. In nonhuman primate retina VAX2 was seen either in the nuclear or in the cytoplasmic compartment depending on the retinal cell type. In addition, a noteworthy enrichment of the signal was observed in the outer segment of cone photoreceptors. Overall, this study provides the first insights into the expression of VAX2 in humans and its localization in the adult primate retina. Moreover, preliminary characterization of alternative variants suggests an involvement of VAX2 in multiple cellular pathways. Our findings raise the interesting possibility for further investigation of VAX2 in the retina in health and disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London EC1V 9EL, UK. Electronic address: g.alfano@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alfano
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
authors.forename: Amna Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
authors.forename: Glen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jeffery
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
authors.forename: Shomi S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D051379:Mice; D011446:Prospective Studies; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D014157:Transcription Factors; C492362:VAX2 protein, human
keywords: Actin cytoskeletal filaments; Adult retina; Cone photoreceptor cell; Neuronal tissues; Splice variants; Transcription factor; VAX2