title: Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation of Visual Cortex: Stochastic Resonance Enhances Central Mechanisms of Perception.
abstract: Random noise enhances the detectability of weak signals in nonlinear systems, a phenomenon known as stochastic resonance (SR). Though counterintuitive at first, SR has been demonstrated in a variety of naturally occurring processes, including human perception, where it has been shown that adding noise directly to weak visual, tactile, or auditory stimuli enhances detection performance. These results indicate that random noise can push subthreshold receptor potentials across the transfer threshold, causing action potentials in an otherwise silent afference. Despite the wealth of evidence demonstrating SR for noise added to a stimulus, relatively few studies have explored whether or not noise added directly to cortical networks enhances sensory detection. Here we administered transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS; 100-640 Hz zero-mean Gaussian white noise) to the occipital region of human participants. For increasing tRNS intensities (ranging from 0 to 1.5 mA), the detection accuracy of a visual stimuli changed according to an inverted-U-shaped function, typical of the SR phenomenon. When the optimal level of noise was added to visual cortex, detection performance improved significantly relative to a zero noise condition (9.7 ± 4.6%) and to a similar extent as optimal noise added to the visual stimuli (11.2 ± 4.7%). Our results demonstrate that adding noise to cortical networks can improve human behavior and that tRNS is an appropriate tool to exploit this mechanism.
  
  
  
  Our findings suggest that neural processing at the network level exhibits nonlinear system properties that are sensitive to the stochastic resonance phenomenon and highlight the usefulness of tRNS as a tool to modulate human behavior. Since tRNS can be applied to all cortical areas, exploiting the SR phenomenon is not restricted to the perceptual domain, but can be used for other functions that depend on nonlinear neural dynamics (e.g., decision making, task switching, response inhibition, and many other processes). This will open new avenues for using tRNS to investigate brain function and enhance the behavior of healthy individuals or patients.
authors.affiliation: Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, Neuroscience Centre Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland vandergroen@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Onno
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: van der Groen
authors.affiliation: Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium, and Neuroscience Centre Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wenderoth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009622:Noise; D013269:Stochastic Processes; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D014796:Visual Perception
keywords: perception; stochastic resonance; tRNS