title: Where, How, and When: Positioning Posttranslational Modification Within Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis.
abstract: Autoreactive T cells specific for islet autoantigens develop in type 1 diabetes (T1D) by escaping central as well as peripheral tolerance. The current paradigm for development of islet autoimmunity is just beginning to include the contribution of posttranslationally modified (PTM) islet autoantigens, for which the immune system may be ignorant rather than tolerant. As a result, PTM is the latest promising lead in the quest to understand how the break in peripheral tolerance occurs in T1D. However, it is not completely clear how, where, or when these modifications take place. Currently, only a few PTM antigens have been well-thought-out or identified in T1D, and methods for identifying and characterizing new PTM antigens are rapidly improving. This review will address both reported and potential new sources of modified islet autoantigens and discuss how islet neo-autoantigen generation may contribute to the development and progression of T1D.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, E3-Q, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rene J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, E3-Q, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Spindler
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, E3-Q, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Menno
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Lummel
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, E3-Q, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands. boroep@lumc.nl.|Department of Diabetes Immunology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA. boroep@lumc.nl.|Danish Diabetes Academy, Søndre Blvd. 29, 5000, Odense, Denmark. boroep@lumc.nl.
authors.forename: Bart O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Roep
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015551:Autoimmunity; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I
keywords: Autoimmune disease; High-risk HLA; Islet antigens; Posttranslational modification; Type 1 diabetes