title: Short- and Long-Term Effects of Parent Training for Preschool Children With or at Risk of ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
abstract: The aim of the study was to synthesize the evidence of parent training (PT) as an early intervention for preschool children aged 2.5 to 6 years with ADHD or ADHD symptoms.
  
  
  
  A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted.
  
  
  
  Sixteen studies including 1,003 children were analyzed. Parent-rated outcomes revealed moderate effect sizes (ESs; Hedges' g) of 0.51 for ADHD symptoms, 0.4 for conduct problems, and 0.63 for negative parenting. Based on independent assessment, results were only significant for negative parenting. Parent-rated outcomes were sustained at follow-ups of 3 to 12 months. Program type, intervention modality, and child diagnostic status did not moderate the effect.
  
  
  
  PT was partially supported as an efficacious intervention for preschool children with ADHD or ADHD symptoms with moderate ESs on parent-rated outcomes, but no significant results on independently assessed ADHD symptoms.
authors.affiliation: 1 Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors.forename: Marie Louise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rimestad
authors.affiliation: 1 Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rikke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lambek
authors.affiliation: 1 Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zacher Christiansen
authors.affiliation: 1 Aarhus University, Denmark.
authors.forename: Esben
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hougaard
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004505:Education, Nonprofessional; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000193:education*; D000066553:Problem Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: ADHD; early intervention; meta-analysis; parent training