title: Diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma from intraoperative frozen sections: an analysis of 136 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the diagnostic accuracy and contraindications for intraoperative diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) from frozen sections.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of data from 136 patients pathologically diagnosed with early-stage (T1N0M0) AIS or MIA from paraffin-embedded sections. The rate of concordance between the diagnoses from intraoperative frozen sections and paraffin-embedded sections was determined, and the interpretive features that contributed to errors and deferrals in frozen-section diagnoses were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 136 patients, diagnoses from frozen sections and paraffin-embedded sections were concordant in 86 (63.24%) cases intraoperatively diagnosed with AIS or MIA, and 44 (32.35%) cases were intraoperatively diagnosed with adenocarcinoma as the range of infiltration could not be determined from the frozen sections. From the remaining six (4.41%) cases, the frozen section and paraffin-embedded section diagnoses were discordant. The reasons for frozen section errors and deferrals included larger tumour volume, tumour located close to the visceral pleura, interstitial inflammation or fibrosis, absence of prominent atypia and differential morphology in the deeper levels of the paraffin block.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnosis of AIS and MIA from intraoperative frozen sections is feasible. We provide several modifications that may improve the diagnostic accuracy of intraoperative frozen sections for early-stage lung adenocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: Breast Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Guangyu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yubao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yunen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Jianxing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D065311:Adenocarcinoma in Situ / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D000077192:Adenocarcinoma of Lung; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002278:Carcinoma in Situ / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005260:Female; D005629:Frozen Sections; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D047368:Tumor Burden; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: DIAGNOSIS; HISTOPATHOLOGY; LUNG CANCER