title: Energy Contribution and Nutrient Composition of Breakfast and Their Relations to Overweight in Free-living Individuals: A Systematic Review.
abstract: Previous systematic reviews on the relation between overweight or obesity and breakfast focused on the frequency of consumption and only partially accounted for breakfast nutritional profiles. Given the central role of these factors, we conducted a systematic review of the literature on this putative relation, with a specific focus on breakfast energy intake and/or breakfast composition. Among the 814 articles identified from the literature search in PubMed, 19, mostly cross-sectional, studies met the inclusion criteria (i.e., studies providing a quantitative estimate of the relation between any measure of weight, overweight, and obesity and breakfast energy intake or breakfast macronutrient composition). We excluded studies in subjects with acquired metabolic disorders, such as diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Of the 16 studies that evaluated the amount of energy intake at breakfast, 4 found that a lower energy intake at breakfast was significantly associated with obesity in children, adolescents, and adults, whereas 2 partially overlapping studies found that a higher energy intake was significantly associated with a higher body mass index in children. Of the 8 studies investigating breakfast composition, 3 suggested that a breakfast characterized by a higher amount of carbohydrates and a lower amount of fat is significantly related to normal weight in adults, whereas the others reported mixed results. In conclusion, there is some evidence that a lower energy intake at breakfast is related to obesity, although the studies are few and heterogeneous. Studies on the nutrient composition of breakfast have shown inconsistent results.
authors.affiliation: Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro" and.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rosato
authors.affiliation: Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro" and valeria.edefonti@unimi.it.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1995-1477
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Edefonti
authors.affiliation: Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine, Italy;
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parpinel
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Emergency Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; and.
authors.forename: Gregorio Paolo
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3829-4254
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy;
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mazzocchi
authors.affiliation: Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro" and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Foundation, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Adriano
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1451-8292
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Decarli
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy;
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5006-0832
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agostoni
authors.affiliation: Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro" and.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4542-4996
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferraroni
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D062408:Breakfast; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology*; D050177:Overweight
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats
keywords: breakfast; breakfast composition; breakfast energy intake; obesity; overweight