title: Treatment of Nystagmus in Brainstem Cavernous Malformation with Botulinum Toxin.
abstract: We report a long-term eye movement study of a 68-year-old female with pontomedullary junction cavernous malformation whose dysconjugate nystagmus was treated with retrobulbar botulinum toxin A injections. Sequential, bilateral retrobulbar injections of botulinum toxin A were performed. Injections immediately decreased oscillopsia and nystagmus, and improved visual acuities. One to three months following injection, three-dimensional infrared oculography measured a significant 39-100% (P = 0.001) decrease in nystagmus amplitudes at multiple dimensions. This improvement diminished by six months in the right eye but sustained for about one year in the left eye. Over two years, botulinum toxin A injections were performed twice in the left eye and five times in the right eye. Our study supported the safe and effective use of repetitive retrobulbar botulinum toxin A injections in symptomatic nystagmus that failed medical therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Yi-Ren
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology, Stanford University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fredrick
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology, Stanford University Medical Center.
authors.forename: Yaping J
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Liao
keywords: botulinum toxin; cavernous malformation; nystagmus; oscillopsia; vascular malformation