title: Third Chromosome Balancer Inversions Disrupt Protein-Coding Genes and Influence Distal Recombination Events in Drosophila melanogaster.
abstract: Balancer chromosomes are multiply inverted chromosomes that suppress meiotic crossing over and prevent the recovery of crossover products. Balancers are commonly used in Drosophila melanogaster to maintain deleterious alleles and in stock construction. They exist for all three major chromosomes, yet the molecular location of the breakpoints and the exact nature of many of the mutations carried by the second and third chromosome balancers has not been available. Here, we precisely locate eight of 10 of the breakpoints on the third chromosome balancer TM3, six of eight on TM6, and nine of 11 breakpoints on TM6B We find that one of the inversion breakpoints on TM3 bisects the highly conserved tumor suppressor gene p53-a finding that may have important consequences for a wide range of studies in Drosophila We also identify evidence of single and double crossovers between several TM3 and TM6B balancers and their normal-sequence homologs that have created genetic diversity among these chromosomes. Overall, this work demonstrates the practical importance of precisely identifying the position of inversion breakpoints of balancer chromosomes and characterizing the mutant alleles carried by them.
authors.affiliation: Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110 Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160.
authors.forename: Danny E
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6096-8601
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405.
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110.
authors.forename: Alexandra V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Arvanitakis
authors.affiliation: Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110 Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 rsh@stowers.org.
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hawley
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D056905:Chromosome Breakpoints; D007446:Chromosome Inversion; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D059006:Chromosomes, Insect / Q000737:chemistry*; D003434:Crossing Over, Genetic; D004331:Drosophila melanogaster / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
keywords: balancer chromosomes; crossing over; meiosis; p53; whole-genome sequencing