title: 'Plain lignocaine' vs 'Lignocaine with vasoconstrictor'-Comparative evaluation of pain during administration and post-extraction wound healing by a double blinded randomized controlled clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this double blinded randomized controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy of two local anaesthetic solutions, 'Plain lignocaine' and 'Lignocaine with vasoconstrictor', on pain during administration and post-extraction wound healing in patients undergoing therapeutic extractions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients indicated for therapeutic extraction of upper and lower premolars for orthodontic purpose were recruited for the study. Using a split-mouth study design, anaesthesia was achieved using lignocaine with adrenaline on the control side and plain lignocaine on the study side. Pain perception was measured by modified visual analogue scale and wound healing was assessed by Landry's Wound Healing Index. Sample allocation was done by simple randomization. The outcome parameters compared were (1) pain during administration of LA and (2) post-operative healing after extraction. Data analysis involved Chi-square test to compare proportions between treatment groups and independent sample t-test to compare mean values between treatment groups. SPSS version 22.0 was used to analyse the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study group demonstrated a statistically significant wound healing on day1 and day 3 between the study and control group with p < 0.001. In the control group 68% had severe pain, whereas only 2% had severe pain in the study group. The proportions between the two groups were statistically significant (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patients who received Plain Lignocaine perceived less pain during injection of local anaesthetic solution when compared to patients who received lignocaine with vasoconstrictor. The early post-operative wound healing was better in patients anaesthetized by Plain Lignocaine.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery ;
authors.forename: Elavenil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Panneerselvam
authors.affiliation: a Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery ;
authors.forename: Sasikala
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
authors.affiliation: a Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery ;
authors.forename: Krishnakumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raja V B
authors.affiliation: b Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics, SRM Dental College & Hospital , Ramapuram Campus, Ramapuram , Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.affiliation: b Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics, SRM Dental College & Hospital , Ramapuram Campus, Ramapuram , Chennai, India.
authors.forename: Krishnaraj
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rajaram
authors.affiliation: a Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery ;
authors.forename: Aditi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rajendra Sharma
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000601:surgery; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014081:Tooth Extraction / Q000379:methods; D020390:Tooth Socket / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D004837:Epinephrine
keywords: Adrenaline; extraction; lignocaine; pain; wound healing