title: Diabetes induced renal urea transport alterations assessed with 3D hyperpolarized13C,15N-Urea.
abstract: In the current study, we investigated hyperpolarized urea as a possible imaging biomarker of the renal function by means of the intrarenal osmolality gradient.
  
  
  
  Hyperpolarized three-dimensional balanced steady state13C MRI experiments alongside kidney function parameters and quantitative polymerase chain reaction measurements was performed on two groups of rats, a streptozotocin type 1 diabetic group and a healthy control group.
  
  
  
  A significant decline in intrarenal steepness of the urea gradient was found after 4 weeks of untreated insulinopenic diabetes in agreement with an increased urea transport transcription.
  
  
  
  MRI and hyperpolarized [13C,15N]urea can monitor the changes in the corticomedullary urea concentration gradients in diabetic and healthy control rats. Magn Reson Med 77:1650-1655, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
authors.affiliation: MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lotte B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Bertelsen
authors.affiliation: MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Per M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Haiyun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Nørlinger
authors.affiliation: MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Xiaolu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stødkilde-Jørgensen
authors.affiliation: MR Research Centre, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Christoffer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Laustsen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001693:Biological Transport, Active; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D066241:Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000378:metabolism*; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D014508:Urea
keywords: MRI; Type 1 diabetes; hyperpolarization; kidney; renal function