title: The acute toxicity of major ion salts to Ceriodaphnia dubia: I. influence of background water chemistry.
abstract: The ions Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, and HCO3-/CO32-(referred to in the present study as "major ions") are present in all freshwaters and physiologically required by aquatic organisms but can increase to harmful levels from a variety of anthropogenic activities. It is also known that the toxicities of major ion salts can vary depending on the concentrations of other ions, and understanding these relationships is key to establishing appropriate environmental limits. The authors present a series of experiments with Ceriodaphnia dubia to evaluate the acute toxicity of 12 major ion salts and to determine how toxicity of these salts varies as a function of background water chemistry. All salts except CaSO4and CaCO3were acutely toxic below saturation, with the lowest median lethal concentrations found for K salts. All 10 salts that showed toxicity also showed some degree of reduced toxicity as the ionic content of the background water increased. Experiments that independently varied Ca:Mg ratio, Na:K ratio, Cl:SO4ratio, and alkalinity/pH demonstrated that Ca concentration was the primary factor influencing the toxicities of Na and Mg salts, whereas the toxicities of K salts were primarily influenced by the concentration of Na. These experiments also indicated multiple mechanisms of toxicity and suggested important aspects of dosimetry; the toxicities of K, Mg, and Ca salts were best related to the chemical activity of the cation, whereas the toxicities of Na salts also reflected an influence of the anions and were well correlated with osmolarity. Understanding these relationships between major ion toxicity and background water chemistry should aid in the development of sensible risk-assessments and regulatory standards. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:3039-3057. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mount
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Russell J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Terry L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Highland
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota.
authors.forename: J Russell
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hockett
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Dale J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Correne T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Jenson
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Teresa J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Norberg-King
authors.affiliation: US Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Kira N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: EMR, Duluth, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Zachary M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Polaske
authors.affiliation: EMR, Duluth, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wisniewski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D033361:Cladocera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007477:Ions / Q000737:chemistry; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry*; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals; D012492:Salts; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Aquatic toxicology; Ceriodaphnia dubia; Dose-response modeling; Major ions; Toxicity mechanism