title: [Study of stutter originating from the frustrated clinging instinct and its relation to anxiety and self-esteem].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The analytic and family therapeutic theories connected to the topic of stutter have to be actualized.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work was to point out connections which originate from the instinct of frustrated clinging, however, these can be interpretated in new ways these days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two questionnaires in 48 subjects suffering from stutter were used; Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale measured the children's self representation, while the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children measured the degree of their anxiety. At first the subjects had to anwser the questions as themselves, for the second time they had to anwser as an ordinary person without a speech disorder.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The hypothesis of the authors was verified: stutterers attributed a significant role to the speech disorder of the subjects in connection with their self-esteem. According to this a significant amount of their anxiety is based on their deficit. An unexpected result was that girls and boys estimated ordinary people's level of anxiety similarly. There was no significant difference between boys and girls regarding the level of other's self-esteem.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the thesis of evolutionary psychology, the adequate use of speech is more important to women who have a connecting role in the family. This results that they see stutter as a major problem.
authors.affiliation: Magatartástudományi Intézet, Egészségpszichológiai Tanszék, Debreceni Egyetem, Népegészségügyi Kar Debrecen, Kassai út 113., 1/7., 4028.
authors.forename: Beáta Erika
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.affiliation: Magatartástudományi Intézet, Egészségpszichológiai Tanszék, Debreceni Egyetem, Népegészségügyi Kar Debrecen, Kassai út 113., 1/7., 4028.
authors.forename: Tamás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Józsa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005639:Frustration; D006801:Humans; D007323:Instinct; D008297:Male; D012649:Self Concept; D057566:Self Report; D012737:Sex Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology; D013342:Stuttering / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: anxiety; childhood; dadogás; gyermekkor; self-concept; stuttering; szorongás; önértékelés