title: Inflammatory Responses in a Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Epithelial Cell Line (BPH-1) Infected with Trichomonas vaginalis.
abstract: Trichomonas vaginalis causes the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Trichomonads have been detected in prostatic tissues from prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer. Chronic prostatic inflammation is known as a risk factor for prostate enlargement, benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms, and acute urinary retention. Our aim was to investigate whether T. vaginalis could induce inflammatory responses in cells of a benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelial cell line (BPH-1). When BPH-1 cells were infected with T. vaginalis, the protein and mRNA of inflammatory cytokines, such as CXCL8, CCL2, IL-1β, and IL-6, were increased. The activities of TLR4, ROS, MAPK, JAK2/STAT3, and NF-κB were also increased, whereas inhibitors of ROS, MAPK, PI3K, NF-κB, and anti-TLR4 antibody decreased the production of the 4 cytokines although the extent of inhibition differed. However, a JAK2 inhibitor inhibited only IL-6 production. Culture supernatants of the BPH-1 cells that had been incubated with live T. vaginalis (trichomonad-conditioned medium, TCM) contained the 4 cytokines and induced the migration of human monocytes (THP-1 cells) and mast cells (HMC-1 cells). TCM conditioned by BPH-1 cells pretreated with NF-κB inhibitor showed decreased levels of cytokines and induced less migration. Therefore, it is suggested that these cytokines are involved in migration of inflammatory cells. These results suggest that T. vaginalis infection of BPH patients may cause inflammation, which may induce lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea.|Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang-Su
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea.|Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea.|Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea.
authors.forename: Ik-Hwan
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea.
authors.forename: Myoung-Hee
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Biology and Medical Parasitology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Korea.|Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Sook
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ryu
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000276:immunology; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism*; D059411:Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D011470:Prostatic Hyperplasia / Q000276:immunology*; D014245:Trichomonas Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D014246:Trichomonas vaginalis / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; C508585:IL1B protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8
keywords: Trichomonas vaginalis; benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelial cell (BPH-1); inflammatory response