title: Ammonia Levels and Urine-Spot Characteristics as Cage-Change Indicators for High-Density Individually Ventilated Mouse Cages.
abstract: Mouse cage and bedding changes are potentially stressful to mice and are also labor- and resource-intensive. These changes are often performed on a calendar-based schedule to maintain a clean microenvironment and limit the concentrations of ammonia to which mice and workers are exposed. The current study sought to establish a performance-based approach to mouse cage-changing that uses urine spot characteristics as visual indicators of intracage ammonia levels. Colorimetric ammonia indicators were used to measure ammonia levels in individually-ventilated cages (IVC) housing male or female mice (n =5 per cage) of various strains at 1 to 16 d after cage change. Urine spot characteristics were correlated with ammonia levels to create a visual indicator of the cage-change criterion of 25 ppm ammonia. Results demonstrated a consistent increase in ammonia levels with days since cage change, with cages reaching the cage-change criterion at approximately 10 d for IVC containing male mice and 16 d for those with female mice. Ammonia levels were higher for male than female mice but were not correlated with mouse age. However, urine spot diameter, color, and edge characteristics were strongly correlated with ammonia levels. Husbandry practices based on using urine spot characteristics as indicators of ammonia levels led to fewer weekly cage changes and concomitant savings in labor and resources. Therefore, urine spot characteristics can be used as visual indicators of intracage ammonia levels for use of a performance (urine spot)-based approach to cage-changing frequency that maintains animal health and wellbeing.
authors.affiliation: Office of Animal Care, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA; Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and SoBran Bioscience, Baltimore, Maryland. ida.washington@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ida M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Washington
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Payton
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000652:urine; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013997:Time Factors; D014691:Ventilation
chemical_list: D000641:Ammonia