title: Clinical Effects, Exhaled Breath Condensate pH and Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Humans After Ethyl Acrylate Exposure.
abstract: Ethyl acrylate is an irritant known to affect the upper airways and eyes. An increase of the eye blink frequency in humans was observed during exposure to 5 ppm. Studies on the lower airways are scant and our study objective was the evaluation of pH in exhaled breath condensate (EBC-pH) and nitric oxide in exhaled breath (FeNO) as markers of inflammation. Sixteen healthy volunteers were exposed for 4 h to ethyl acrylate at a concentration of 5 ppm and to sham (0.05 ppm) in an exposure laboratory. Clinical irritation symptoms, EBC-pH (at a pCO2 of 5.33 kPa) and FeNO were assessed before and after exposure. Differences after ethyl acrylate exposure were adjusted for those after sham exposure. 5 ppm ethyl acrylate induced clinical signs of local irritation in the nose and eyes, but not in lower airways. Exposure produced a subtle, but statistically significant, decrease in breathing frequency (1 breath/min; p = 0.017) and a lower EBC-pH (by 0.045 units; p = 0.037). Concerning FeNO, we did not observe significant changes compared to sham exposure. We conclude that local effects induced by 5 ppm ethyl acrylate consist of sensory irritation of eyes and nose. In addition, acute ethyl acrylate exposure to 5 ppm resulted in a net decrease of EBC-pH. Whether that can be interpreted in terms of additional lower airway irritation or already inflammatory alterations set in needs further investigations.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz1, 44789, Bochum, Germany. hoffmeyer@ipa-dguv.de.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hoffmeyer
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bünger
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Monsé
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Berresheim
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jettkant
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beine
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brüning
authors.affiliation: Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz1, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sucker
mesh_terms: D000179:Acrylates / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045853:Exhalation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D015415:Biomarkers; D002273:Carcinogens; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C040833:ethyl acrylate
keywords: Acid-base balance; Breathing frequency; Ethyl acrylate; Exhaled nitric oxide; Sensory irritation