title: Effects of nicotine in the presence and absence of vitamin E on morphology, viability and osteogenic gene expression in MG-63 osteoblast-like cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence shows that oxidative stress induced by nicotine plays an important role in bone loss. Vitamin E with its antioxidative properties may be able to reverse the effects of nicotine on bone. This study aimed to assess the effects of nicotine in the presence and absence of vitamin E on morphology, viability and osteogenic gene expression in MG-63 (osteosarcoma) human osteoblast-like cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated the cells with 5 mM nicotine. The viability and morphology of cells were evaluated respectively using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) and crystal violet assays. The effect of nicotine on osteogenic gene expression in MG-63 cells was assessed by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of osteoblast markers, namely, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed that survival and proliferation of MG-63 cells were suppressed following exposure to nicotine, and cytoplasm vacuolization occurred in the cells. Nicotine significantly down-regulated the expression of osteogenic marker genes. Such adverse effects on morphology, viability and osteogenic gene expression of MG-63 cells were reversed by vitamin E therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, vitamin E supplementation may play a role in proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, and vitamin E can be considered as an anabolic agent to treat nicotine-induced bone loss.
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torshabi
authors.forename: Zeinab Rezaei
authors.initials: ZR
authors.lastname: Esfahrood
authors.forename: Parisan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gholamin
authors.forename: Elahe
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karami
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine / Q000633:toxicity*; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D014810:Vitamin E; D009538:Nicotine