title: Transition from passive to active targeting of oral insulin nanomedicines: enhancement in bioavailability and glycemic control in diabetes.
abstract: Oral insulin nanomedicines are effective tools for therapy and management of both Type I and Type II diabetes. This review summarizes the various nanocarriers developed so far in the literature for oral delivery of insulin. It includes lipid-based (i.e., solid lipid nanoparticles and liposomes) and polymeric-based insulin nanomedicines (i.e., chitosan nanoparticles, alginate nanoparticles, dextran nanoparticles and nanoparticles of synthetic polymers) for sustained, controlled and targeted oral delivery of insulin. Mainly, goblet cell-targeting, vitamin B12 receptor-targeting, folate receptor-targeting and transferrin receptor-targeting aspects were focused. Currently, passive and active targeting approaches of oral insulin nanomedicines have improved the oral absorption of insulin and its bioavailability (up to 14%) that produced effective glycaemic control in in vivo models. These results indicate a promising future of oral insulin nanomedicines for the treatment of diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Dhansukh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kaklotar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Poornima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Allabakshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdulla
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Rahul P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Abhishesh K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mehata
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Brahmeshwar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Bajarangprasad L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Anshuman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trigunayat
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.|Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
authors.forename: Madaswamy S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Muthu
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D001682:Biological Availability; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008081:Liposomes; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008081:Liposomes; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols
keywords: diabetes mellitus; goblet cells; liposomes; oral insulin; pharmaceutical nanotechnology; polymeric nanoparticles; receptor targeting; solid lipid nanoparticles