title: Correlative near-infrared light and cathodoluminescence microscopy using Y2O3:Ln, Yb (Ln = Tm, Er) nanophosphors for multiscale, multicolour bioimaging.
abstract: This paper presents a new correlative bioimaging technique using Y2O3:Tm, Yb and Y2O3:Er, Yb nanophosphors (NPs) as imaging probes that emit luminescence excited by both near-infrared (NIR) light and an electron beam. Under 980 nm NIR light irradiation, the Y2O3:Tm, Yb and Y2O3:Er, Yb NPs emitted NIR luminescence (NIRL) around 810 nm and 1530 nm, respectively, and cathodoluminescence at 455 nm and 660 nm under excitation of accelerated electrons, respectively. Multimodalities of the NPs were confirmed in correlative NIRL/CL imaging and their locations were visualized at the same observation area in both NIRL and CL images. Using CL microscopy, the NPs were visualized at the single-particle level and with multicolour. Multiscale NIRL/CL bioimaging was demonstrated through in vivo and in vitro NIRL deep-tissue observations, cellular NIRL imaging, and high-spatial resolution CL imaging of the NPs inside cells. The location of a cell sheet transplanted onto the back muscle fascia of a hairy rat was visualized through NIRL imaging of the Y2O3:Er, Yb NPs. Accurate positions of cells through the thickness (1.5 mm) of a tissue phantom were detected by NIRL from the Y2O3:Tm, Yb NPs. Further, locations of the two types of NPs inside cells were observed using CL microscopy.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fukushima
authors.affiliation: Institute for NanoScience Design, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niioka
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.|School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ichimiya
authors.affiliation: Department of Innovative and Engineered Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sannomiya
authors.affiliation: Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC), RIKEN, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.affiliation: Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.|ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Onoshima
authors.affiliation: ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.|Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yukawa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.|ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.|Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.|Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14, Hayashi-cho, Taka matsu 761-0395, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashida
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miyake
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Araki
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashimoto