title: Dietary Intake of the Urban Black Population of Cape Town: The Cardiovascular Risk in Black South Africans (CRIBSA) Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine dietary intake of 19 to 64 years old urban Africans in Cape Town in 2009 and examine the changes between 1990 and 2009.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative cross-sectional sample (n = 544), stratified by gender and age was randomly selected in 2009 from the same areas sampled in 1990. Socio-demographic data and a 24-h dietary recall were obtained by trained field workers. The associations of dietary data with an asset index and degree of urbanization were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fat intakes were higher in 19-44-year-old men (32% energy (E)) and women (33.4%E) in 2009 compared with 1990 (men: 25.9%E, women: 27.0%E) while carbohydrate intakes were lower in 2009 (men 53.2%E, women: 55.5%E) than in 1990 (men: 61.3%E; women: 62%E) while sugar intake increased significantly (p < 0.01) in women. There were significant positive correlations between urbanization and total fat (p = 0.016), saturated fat (p = 0.001), monounsaturated fat (p = 0.002) and fat as a %E intake (p = 0.046). Urbanization was inversely associated with intake of carbohydrate %E (p < 0.001). Overall micronutrient intakes improved significantly compared with 1990. It should also be noted that energy and macronutrient intakes were all significant in a linear regression model using mean adequacy ratio (MAR) as a measure of dietary quality in 2009, as was duration of urbanization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher fat and lower carbohydrate %E intakes in this population demonstrate a transition to a more urbanized diet over last two decades. These dietary changes reflect the nutrition transitions that typically occur as a longer time is spent in urban centers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. nelia.steyn@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: Nelia P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Steyn
authors.affiliation: Division of Nutrition, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. nasreen.jaffer@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: Nasreen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jaffer
authors.affiliation: Department of Logistics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa. jhnel@sun.ac.za.
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nel
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. naomi.Levitt@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Levitt
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. Krisella.steyn@uct.ac.za.
authors.forename: Krisela
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steyn
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa. Carl.Lombard@mrc.ac.za.
authors.forename: Carl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lombard
authors.affiliation: Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban 4001, South Africa. nasheeta.peer@mrc.ac.za.
authors.forename: Nasheeta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Peer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D002947:Cities; D004032:Diet; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: South Africa; black; carbohydrates; dietary intake; energy; fats; nutrition transition; urban