title: Prognostic significance of serum neuron-specific enolase in small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (SCCB) is known for its aggressive clinical features and poor prognosis. No prognostic factor has been established so far. The aim of this study was to assess the significance of possible prognostic factors, including serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE), an established biomarker for small cell lung carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed 31 patients with primary SCCB treated at our eight affiliate institutions between 2001 and 2014. The association of various clinicopathological factors at diagnosis, including the serum NSE value, with cancer-specific survival (CSS) was assessed. The log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model were used for univariate and multivariate analyses, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen (61.3 %) died of SCCB during the follow-up, with a median survival time of 12.7 months. Prognostic factors were analyzed for the 25 patients after excluding six with missing data. Univariate analysis demonstrated that stage (extensive disease) and serum NSE ≥25 ng/ml were significantly associated with worse CSS. Multivariate analysis identified increased serum NSE value as a sole independent predictor of CSS (hazard ratio 18.52, p = 0.0022).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum NSE value at diagnosis was an independent prognostic factor for primary SCCB and may serve as a useful biomarker in the management of SCCB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.|Department of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naito
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan. tohru-tky@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Akihiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nagase
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tabata
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Teishin Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Jimpei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miyakawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Teishin Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Motofumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Fraternity Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishimatsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Enomoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshikazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okaneya
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chibanishi General Hospital, Chiba, Japan.|Department of Urology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Chibanishi General Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Takamitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tachikawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Minowada
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fukuhara
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Haruki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kume
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Homma
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000378:metabolism*; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase
keywords: Bladder cancer; Neuron-specific enolase; Small cell cancer; Small cell carcinoma; Urothelial