title: Soft, thin skin-mounted power management systems and their use in wireless thermography.
abstract: Power supply represents a critical challenge in the development of body-integrated electronic technologies. Although recent research establishes an impressive variety of options in energy storage (batteries and supercapacitors) and generation (triboelectric, piezoelectric, thermoelectric, and photovoltaic devices), the modest electrical performance and/or the absence of soft, biocompatible mechanical properties limit their practical use. The results presented here form the basis of soft, skin-compatible means for efficient photovoltaic generation and high-capacity storage of electrical power using dual-junction, compound semiconductor solar cells and chip-scale, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, respectively. Miniaturized components, deformable interconnects, optimized array layouts, and dual-composition elastomer substrates, superstrates, and encapsulation layers represent key features. Systematic studies of the materials and mechanics identify optimized designs, including unusual configurations that exploit a folded, multilayer construct to improve the functional density without adversely affecting the soft, stretchable characteristics. System-level examples exploit such technologies in fully wireless sensors for precision skin thermography, with capabilities in continuous data logging and local processing, validated through demonstrations on volunteer subjects in various realistic scenarios.
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea;
authors.forename: Jung Woo
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208;
authors.forename: Renxiao
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
authors.forename: Seungmin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
authors.forename: Kyung-In
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
authors.forename: Yichen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
authors.forename: Ki Jun
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea;
authors.forename: Jeonghyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
authors.forename: Siyi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea;
authors.forename: Sung Woo
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
authors.forename: Phillip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Won
authors.affiliation: The Solid Mechanics Research Center, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China;
authors.forename: Yuhang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
authors.forename: Bong Hoon
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
authors.forename: Jo Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; Samsung Display Co. Display Research & Development Center, Yongin-City, Gyeongki-Do 446-711, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soojeong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huh
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
authors.forename: Yong Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208; y-huang@northwestern.edu upaik@hanyang.ac.kr jrogers@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Yonggang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea; y-huang@northwestern.edu upaik@hanyang.ac.kr jrogers@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Ungyu
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; y-huang@northwestern.edu upaik@hanyang.ac.kr jrogers@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004560:Electricity; D004581:Electronics; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008094:Lithium / Q000737:chemistry*; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013817:Thermography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D059015:Wireless Technology / Q000295:instrumentation*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D008094:Lithium
keywords: energy management; multijunction solar cell; solid-state lithium-ion battery; stretchable electronics; wearable technology