title: Immunologic Consequences of Hypoxia during Critical Illness.
abstract: Hypoxia and immunity are highly intertwined at clinical, cellular, and molecular levels. The prevention of tissue hypoxia and modulation of systemic inflammation are cornerstones of daily practice in the intensive care unit. Potentially, immunologic effects of hypoxia may contribute to outcome and represent possible therapeutic targets. Hypoxia and activation of downstream signaling pathways result in enhanced innate immune responses, aimed to augment pathogen clearance. On the other hand, hypoxia also exerts antiinflammatory and tissue-protective effects in lymphocytes and other tissues. Although human data on the net immunologic effects of hypoxia and pharmacologic modulation of downstream pathways are limited, preclinical data support the concept of tailoring the immune response through modulation of the oxygen status or pharmacologic modulation of hypoxia-signaling pathways in critically ill patients.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Intensive Care Medicine (H.D.K., J.G.v.d.H., P.P., M.K.) and Anesthesiology (H.D.K., G.-J.S., M.K.), and the Radboud Centre for Infectious Diseases (H.D.K., J.G.v.d.H., P.P., M.K.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Organ Protection Program, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado (H.K.E.).
authors.forename: Harmke D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Kiers
authors.forename: Gert-Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Scheffer
authors.forename: Johannes G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: van der Hoeven
authors.forename: Holger K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Eltzschig
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pickkers
authors.forename: Matthijs
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kox
mesh_terms: D016638:Critical Illness; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit