title: Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of voriconazole against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. in children, adolescents and adults by Monte Carlo simulation.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the cumulative fraction of response of various voriconazole dosing regimens against six Candida and six Aspergillus spp. in immunocompromised children, immunocompromised adolescents, and adults. Using pharmacokinetic parameters and pharmacodynamic data, 5000-subject Monte Carlo simulations (MCSs) were conducted to evaluate the ability of simulated dosing strategies in terms of fAUC/MIC targets of voriconazole. According to the results of the MCSs, current voriconazole dosage regimens were all effective for children, adolescents and adults against Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida orthopsilosis. For adults, dosing regimens of 4 mg/kg intravenous every 12 h (q12h) and 300 mg orally q12h were sufficient to treat fungal infections by six Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei and C. orthopsilosis) and five Aspergillus spp. (Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus nidulans). However, high doses should be recommended for children and adolescents in order to achieve better clinical efficacy against A. fumigatus and A. nidulans. The current voriconazole dosage regimens were all ineffective against A. niger for children and adolescents. All voriconazole dosage regimens were not optimal against Aspergillus versicolor. This is the first study to evaluate clinical therapy of various voriconazole dosing regimens against Candida and Aspergillus spp. infections in children, adolescents and adults using MCS. The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic-based dosing strategy provided a theoretical rationale for identifying optimal voriconazole dosage regimens in children, adolescents and adults in order to maximise clinical response and minimise the probability of exposure-related toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, 22# Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Gaoqi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Tianjin First Central Hospital, 24# Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300192, China. Electronic address: zlq0713@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Liqin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, 22# Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Tingyue
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, 22# Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Shasha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, 22# Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, 22# Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300070, China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Qi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D065819:Voriconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D065819:Voriconazole
keywords: Adolescents; Adults; Aspergillus spp; Candida spp; Children; Voriconazole