title: An automated approach to Litchfield and Wilcoxon's evaluation of dose-effect experiments using the R package LW1949.
abstract: The authors developed a package, LW1949, for use with the statistical software R to automatically carry out the manual steps of Litchfield and Wilcoxon's method of evaluating dose-effect experiments. The LW1949 package consistently finds the best fitting dose-effect relation by minimizing the chi-squared statistic of the observed and expected number of affected individuals and substantially speeds up the line-fitting process and other calculations that Litchfield and Wilcoxon originally carried out by hand. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:3058-3061. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
authors.affiliation: Great Lakes Science Center, US Geological Survey, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: Jean V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Hammond Bay Biological Station, US Geological Survey, Millersburg, Michigan.
authors.forename: Karen S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Slaght
authors.affiliation: Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, US Geological Survey, La Crosse, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Boogaard
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D012984:Software
keywords: Computational toxicology; Dose-response modeling; Predictive toxicology; Software package