title: Dynamic-SERS Optophysiology: A Nanosensor for Monitoring Cell Secretion Events.
abstract: We monitored metabolite secretion near living cells using a plasmonic nanosensor. The nanosensor created from borosilicate nanopipettes analogous to the patch clamp was decorated with Au nanoparticles and served as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate with addressable location. With this nanosensor, we acquired SERS locally near Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCKII) epithelial cells, and we detected multiple metabolites, such as pyruvate, lactate, ATP, and urea simultaneously. These plasmonic nanosensors were capable of monitoring metabolites in the extracellular medium with enough sensitivity to detect an increase in metabolite concentration following the lyses of MDCKII cells with a nonionic surfactant. The plasmonic nanosensors also allowed a relative quantification of a chemical gradient for a metabolite near cells, as demonstrated with a decrease in relative lactate to pyruvate concentration further away from the MDCKII cells. This SERS optophysiology technique for the sensitive and nondestructive monitoring of extracellular metabolites near living cells is broadly applicable to different cellular and tissue models and should therefore provide a powerful tool for cellular studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7 Canada.
authors.forename: Félix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lussier
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7 Canada.
authors.forename: Thibault
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brulé
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , Department of Biointerface Science & Technology, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Medhavi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vishwakarma
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , Department of Biointerface Science & Technology, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tamal
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , Department of Biointerface Science & Technology, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.|Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg , INF 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Joachim P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Spatz
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal , C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7 Canada.|Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures (CSACS) , 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2K6 Canada.
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Masson
keywords: Nanobiosensor; cell secretion; dynamic surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy; gold nanoparticles; living cells; plasmonics