title: Childhood animal cruelty, bestiality, and the link to adult interpersonal violence.
abstract: Animal cruelty has been a concern of the legal and psychiatric communities for many years. Beginning in the early 1800s, state legislatures in the United States established laws to protect the basic safety and security of animals in their jurisdictions. Legislatures have differed in opinion on the animals to receive protection under the law and have instituted differing penalties for infractions of anti-cruelty measures. In the 1960s, the psychiatric community took notice of childhood animal cruelty as a potential risk factor for violent acts against humans. Since that time there has been increasing evidence that children who engage in animal cruelty may be at increased risk of interpersonal offenses in adulthood. Less is known about children and adults who engage in bestiality and the potential risk that these individuals may pose for interpersonal sexual or nonsexual violent acts. We review the legal status of animal cruelty in the United States, summarize the history of psychiatric interest in and research of animal cruelty, describe current knowledge regarding the link between animal cruelty and violence, and propose a novel classification scheme for individuals who engage in bestiality to assist forensic psychiatric examiners in determining the risk that such behavior poses for future interpersonal offending.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Psychiatry and the Law, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, United States. Electronic address: holoyda@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Holoyda
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017087:Animal Rights / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000827:Animal Welfare / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D010262:Paraphilic Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D000066550:Physical Abuse / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000523:psychology*; D012306:Risk; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology; D013223:Statistics as Topic
keywords: Animal cruelty; Bestiality; Sexual violence; Violence; Violence risk assessment; Zoophilia