title: Hip fracture, mortality risk, and cause of death over two decades.
abstract: Men and women with hip fracture have higher short-term mortality. This study investigated mortality risk over two decades post-fracture; excess mortality remained high in women up to 10 years and in men up to 20 years. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and pneumonia were leading causes of death with a long-term doubling of risk.
  
  
  
  Hip fractures are associated with increased mortality, particularly short term. In this study with a two-decade follow-up, we examined mortality and cause of death compared to the background population.
  
  
  
  We followed 1013 hip fracture patients and 2026 matched community controls for 22 years. Mortality, excess mortality, and cause of death were analyzed and stratified for age and sex. Hazard ratio (HR) was estimated by Cox regression. A competing risk model was fitted to estimate HR for common causes of death (CVD, cancer, pneumonia) in the short and long term (>1 year).
  
  
  
  For both sexes and at all ages, mortality was higher in hip fracture patients across the observation period with men losing most life years (p < 0.001). Mortality risk was higher for up to 15 years (women (risk ratio (RR) 1.9 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.7-2.1]); men (RR 2.8 [2.2-3.5])) and until end of follow-up ((RR 1.8 [1.6-2.0]); (RR 2.7 [2.1-3.3])). Excess mortality by time intervals, censored for the first year, was evident in women (<80 years, up to 10 years; >80 years, for 5 years) and in men <80 years throughout. CVD and pneumonia were predominant causes of death in men and women with an associated higher risk in all age groups. Pneumonia caused excess mortality in men over the entire observation period.
  
  
  
  In a remaining lifetime perspective, all-cause and excess mortality after hip fracture was higher even over two decades of follow-up. CVD and pneumonia reduce life expectancy for the remaining lifetime and highlights the need to further improve post-fracture management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.|Department of Orthopedics Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: von Friesendorff
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.|Department of Orthopedics Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: F E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: McGuigan
authors.affiliation: ERC Syd - Epidemiology and Register Centre South, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wizert
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.|Department of Orthopedics Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rogmark
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.|Department of Orthopedics Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology Royal Cornwall Hospital, Truro, UK.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Woolf
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. kristina.akesson@med.lu.se.|Department of Orthopedics Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden. kristina.akesson@med.lu.se.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akesson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
keywords: Age; Cause of death; Hip fracture; Mortality; Sex