title: Harnessing the beneficial heterologous effects of vaccination.
abstract: Clinical evidence strongly suggests that certain live vaccines, in particular bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and measles vaccines, can reduce all-cause mortality, most probably through protection against non-targeted pathogens in addition to the targeted pathogen. The underlying mechanisms are currently unknown. We discuss how heterologous lymphocyte activation and innate immune memory could promote protection beyond the intended target pathogen and consider how vaccinologists could leverage heterologous immunity to improve outcomes in vulnerable populations, in particular the very young and the elderly.
authors.affiliation: Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
authors.forename: Helen S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Goodridge
authors.affiliation: Immunology, Inflammation, and Infectious Diseases (Disease and Therapeutic Area), Roche Pharma Research &Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel 4070, Switzerland.
authors.forename: S Sohail
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne; and Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z4H4, Canada.
authors.forename: Tobias R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kollmann
authors.affiliation: Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Ofer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mihai G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Netea
authors.affiliation: Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford; and at the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine (CCVTM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Reinout
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Crevel
authors.affiliation: Global Health Program, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000941:Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007109:Immunity; D007111:Immunity, Cellular; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D014611:Vaccination; D014612:Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000941:Antigens; D014612:Vaccines