title: The role of parental smoking on adolescent smoking and its social patterning: a cross-sectional survey in six European cities.
abstract: Several studies have observed socio-economic (SE) inequalities in smoking among adolescents, but its causes are not fully understood. This study investigates the association between parental and adolescent smoking, and whether this association is socially patterned.
  
  
  
  We used data from a survey administered in 2013 to students aged 14-17 years old of six European cities (n = 10 526). Using multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression, we modelled the probability of being a daily smoker as a function of parental smoking and SE status. We tested whether the smoking association differed across social strata.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of parental smoking was higher in low SE status adolescents. Boys and girls were more likely to smoke if they have a father [boys: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.47-2.46; girls: AOR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.09-1.86] and mother (boys: AOR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.35-2.31; girls: AOR = 3.36, 95% CI = 2.56-4.40) who smoked. Among boys, the odds of smoking when having a smoking parent were higher in lower SE classes. However, this was not statistically significant, nor was it observed among girls.
  
  
  
  Adolescents are more likely to smoke when their father and mother smoke. Although the susceptibility to parental smoking was similar across social classes, SE differences in parental smoking contribute to the transmission of SE inequalities in smoking.
authors.affiliation: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.affiliation: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perelman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Université Catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle aux Champs 30.05, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.|PROESA, Universidad Icesi. Calle 18 No. 122-135 Pance, Casa Rocha segundo piso - Cali, Colombia.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Soto-Rojas
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Sociology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06097 Halle (Saale), Germany.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences and PERLA - Tampere Centre for Childhood, Youth and Family Research, FIN-33014, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rimpelä
authors.affiliation: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Loureiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Urban Area of Folcara, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Federico
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mirte A G
authors.initials: MAG
authors.lastname: Kuipers
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anton E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kunst
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Université Catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle aux Champs 30.05, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lorant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D000328:Adult; D002947:Cities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: adolescent; adolescent behaviour; family; inequality; smoking; socio-economic