title: [8.5/11.5F transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of refractory hematospermia].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the clinical application value of 8.5/11.5 F transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of refractory hematospermia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed 78 cases of refractory hematospermia diagnosed and treated by 8.5/11.5 F transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy from June 2012 to June 2014. The patients underwent serum PSA examination, transrectal ultrasonography, seminal vesicle ultrasonography, and pelvis CT or MRI before surgery, and all received transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy under the 8.5/11.5 F rigid ureteroscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Operations were all successfully accomplished, which revealed abnormal opening of the ejaculatory duct in 5 cases, mucosal inflammatory hyperemia in the prostatic utricle and seminal vesicle in 78, dark red mucilage substance in the seminal vesicle in 34, seminal vesicle stones in 19, small polyp in the seminal vesicle in 2, and ejaculatory duct or seminal vesicle cyst in 4. All the patients received symptomatic treatment during the surgery. After surgery, hematouria was found in 13 cases, which disappeared within 2 weeks, pelvic hematoma in 1 case, which was cured by conservative treatment within 3 months, and epididymitis in 2 cases, which was controlled by anti-infection treatment. Hematospermia recurred in 3 cases during the 1-year postoperative follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  8.5/11.5 F transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy, with its advantages of easy operation, wide field of vision, large channel for operation, and few complications, deserves general clinical application in the diagnosis and treatment of refractory hematospermia.
authors.forename: Xiao-bo
authors.initials: XB
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Xiang-sheng
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shi-long
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Hong-lin
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Chao-hui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: De-gang
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Zhong-hua
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D002137:Calculi; D004543:Ejaculatory Ducts; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D004823:Epididymitis / Q000209:etiology; D051516:Hemospermia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012669:Seminal Vesicles; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014521:Urethra