title: Genotyping and antibiotic resistance of thermophilic Campylobacter isolated from chicken and pig meat in Vietnam.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Campylobacter species are recognized as the most common cause of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. In this study nine Campylobacter strains isolated from chicken meat and pork in Hanoi, Vietnam, were characterized using molecular methods and tested for antibiotic resistance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nine isolates (eight C. jejuni and one C. coli) were identified by multiplex PCR, and tested for the presence or absence of 29 gene loci associated with virulence, lipooligosaccharide (LOS) biosynthesis and further functions. flaA typing, multilocus sequence typing and microarray assay investigation showed a high degree of genetic diversity among these isolates. In all isolates motility genes (flaA, flaB, flhA, fliM), colonization associated genes (cadF, docB), toxin production genes (cdtA, cdtB, secD, secF), and the LOS biosynthesis gene pglB were detected. Eight gene loci (fliY, virB11, Cje1278, Cj1434c, Cj1138, Cj1438c, Cj1440c, Cj1136) could not be detected by PCR. A differing presence of the gene loci ciaB (22.2 %), Cje1280 (77.8 %), docC (66.7 %), and cgtB (55.6 %) was found. iamA, cdtC, and the type 6 secretion system were present in all C. jejuni isolates but not in C. coli. flaA typing resulted in five different genotypes within C. jejuni, MLST classified the isolates into seven sequence types (ST-5155, ST-6736, ST-2837, ST-4395, ST-5799, ST-4099 and ST-860). The microarray assay analysis showed a high genetic diversity within Vietnamese Campylobacter isolates which resulted in eight different types for C. jejuni. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles showed that all isolates were sensitive to gentamicin and most isolates (88.8 %) were sensitive to chloramphenicol, erythromycin and streptomycin. Resistance rates to nalidixic acid, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin were 88.9, 77.8 and 66.7 %, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report that shows high genetic diversity and remarkable antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter strains isolated from meat in Vietnam which can be considered of high public health significance. These preliminary data show that large scale screenings are justified to assess the relevance of Campylobacter infections on human health in Vietnam.
authors.affiliation: HungVuong University, Viet Tri, PhuTho Vietnam ; Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany ; Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Tuan Ngoc Minh
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hotzel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany ; Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hosny
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Adawy
authors.affiliation: Institute of Tropical Diseases and Zoonoses Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Hanh Thi
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam.
authors.forename: Minh Thi Hong
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Le
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Herbert
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomaso
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neubauer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Hafez Mohamed
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hafez
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; Campylobacter; MLST; Meat; Microarray