title: Variance After-Effects Distort Risk Perception in Humans.
abstract: In many contexts, decision-making requires an accurate representation of outcome variance-otherwise known as "risk" in economics. Conventional economic theory assumes this representation to be perfect, thereby focusing on risk preferences rather than risk perception per se [1-3] (but see [4]). However, humans often misrepresent their physical environment. Perhaps the most striking of such misrepresentations are the many well-known sensory after-effects, which most commonly involve visual properties, such as color, contrast, size, and motion. For example, viewing downward motion of a waterfall induces the anomalous biased experience of upward motion during subsequent viewing of static rocks to the side [5]. Given that after-effects are pervasive, occurring across a wide range of time horizons [6] and stimulus dimensions (including properties such as face perception [7, 8], gender [9], and numerosity [10]), and that some evidence exists that neurons show adaptation to variance in the sole visual feature of motion [11], we were interested in assessing whether after-effects distort variance perception in humans. We found that perceived variance is decreased after prolonged exposure to high variance and increased after exposure to low variance within a number of different visual representations of variance. We demonstrate these after-effects occur across very different visual representations of variance, suggesting that these effects are not sensory, but operate at a high (cognitive) level of information processing. These results suggest, therefore, that variance constitutes an independent cognitive property and that prolonged exposure to extreme variance distorts risk perception-a fundamental challenge for economic theory and practice.
authors.affiliation: Australia Business School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Electronic address: elise@elisepayzan.com.
authors.forename: Elise
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Payzan-LeNestour
authors.affiliation: Sydney Medical School and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia; School of Psychology, Mathews Building, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Bernard W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Balleine
authors.affiliation: Swiss Finance Institute, University of Geneva, Boulevard du Pont d'Arve 40, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Berrada
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Mathews Building, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pearson
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012306:Risk; D014796:Visual Perception