title: Paper-based assay for red blood cell antigen typing by the indirect antiglobulin test.
abstract: A rapid and simple paper-based elution assay for red blood cell antigen typing by the indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) was established. This allows to type blood using IgG antibodies for the important blood groups in which IgM antibodies do not exist. Red blood cells incubated with IgG anti-D were washed with saline and spotted onto the paper assay pre-treated with anti-IgG. The blood spot was eluted with an elution buffer solution in a chromatography tank. Positive samples were identified by the agglutinated and fixed red blood cells on the original spotting area, while red blood cells from negative samples completely eluted away from the spot of origin. Optimum concentrations for both anti-IgG and anti-D were identified to eliminate the washing step after the incubation phase. Based on the no-washing procedure, the critical variables were investigated to establish the optimal conditions for the paper-based assay. Two hundred ten donor blood samples were tested in optimal conditions for the paper test with anti-D and anti-Kell. Positive and negative samples were clearly distinguished. This assay opens up new applications of the IAT on paper including antibody detection and blood donor-recipient crossmatching and extends its uses into non-blood typing applications with IgG antibody-based diagnostics. Graphical abstract A rapid and simple paper-based assay for red blood cell antigen typing by the indirect antiglobulin test.
authors.affiliation: Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Building 59, 15 Alliance Lane, Clayton Campus, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yeow
authors.affiliation: Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Building 59, 15 Alliance Lane, Clayton Campus, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: McLiesh
authors.affiliation: Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Building 59, 15 Alliance Lane, Clayton Campus, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Liyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.affiliation: Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Building 59, 15 Alliance Lane, Clayton Campus, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Building 59, 15 Alliance Lane, Clayton Campus, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia. Gil.Garnier@monash.edu.
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Garnier
mesh_terms: D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic / Q000276:immunology*; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching / Q000379:methods*; D003298:Coombs Test / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004209:Disposable Equipment; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D010209:Paper; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000888:Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; C048844:anti-IgG
keywords: Antibody; Blood typing; Coombs test; IgG; Indirect antiglobulin test; Paper diagnostics