title: The evolution of gadolinium based contrast agents: from single-modality to multi-modality.
abstract: Gadolinium-based contrast agents are extensively used as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents due to their outstanding signal enhancement and ease of chemical modification. However, it is increasingly recognized that information obtained from single modal molecular imaging cannot satisfy the higher requirements on the efficiency and accuracy for clinical diagnosis and medical research, due to its limitation and default rooted in single molecular imaging technique itself. To compensate for the deficiencies of single function magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, the combination of multi-modality imaging has turned to be the research hotpot in recent years. This review presents an overview on the recent developments of the functionalization of gadolinium-based contrast agents, and their application in biomedicine applications.
authors.affiliation: Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advance Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China. zushunxu@hubu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advance Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China. zushunxu@hubu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Ruiqing
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia. a.whittaker@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Penghui
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advance Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, China. zushunxu@hubu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Zushun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia. a.whittaker@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Whittaker