title: Long-Term Spatio-Temporal Trends of Organotin Contaminations in the Marine Environment of Hong Kong.
abstract: Hong Kong imposed a partial restriction on application of organotin-based antifouling paints in 1992. Since September 2008, the International Maritime Organization prohibited the use of such antifouling systems on all sea-going vessels globally. Therefore, it is anticipated a gradual reduction of organotin contamination in Hong Kong's marine waters. Using the rock shell Reishia clavigera as a biomonitor, we evaluated the organotin contamination along Hong Kong's coastal waters over the past two decades (1990-2015). In 2010 and 2015, adult R. clavigera were examined for imposex status and analysed for tissue concentrations of six organotins. We consistently found 100% imposex incidence in female R. clavigera across all sites. Tissue triphenyltin (TPT) concentrations were high in most samples. A probabilistic risk assessment showed that there were over 69% of chance that local R. clavigera would be at risk due to exposure to phenyltins. Comparing with those of previous surveys (2004-2010), both imposex levels and tissue concentrations of organotins did not decline, while the ecological risks due to exposure to organotins were increasing. We also observed high concentrations of monobutyltin and TPT in seawater and sediment from locations with intense shipping activities and from stormwater or sewage discharge. Overall, organotins are still prevalent in Hong Kong's marine waters showing that the global convention alone may be inadequate in reducing organotin contamination in a busy international port like Hong Kong. Appropriate management actions should be taken to control the use and release of organotins in Hong Kong and South China.
authors.affiliation: The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Kevin K Y
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Guang-Jie
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Elvis G B
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (Xiamen University), Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Xinhong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.|The State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Kenneth M Y
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000502:physiology; D005843:Geography; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D006723:Hong Kong; D008297:Male; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D010413:Penis / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D012767:Ships; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D009947:Organotin Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C030665:triphenyltin