title: Overhead tank is the potential breeding habitat of Anopheles stephensi in an urban transmission setting of Chennai, India.
abstract: Wells and overhead tanks (OHT) are the major breeding sources of the local malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi in the Indian city of Chennai; they play a significant role in vector breeding, and transmission of urban malaria. Many other man-made breeding habitats, such as cemented cisterns/containers, barrels or drums, sumps or underground tanks, and plastic pots/containers are maintained to supplement water needs, temporarily resulting in enhanced mosquito/vector breeding. Correlating breeding habitats with immature vector abundance is important in effective planning to strengthen operational execution of vector control measures.
  
  
  
  A year-long, weekly study was conducted in Chennai to inspect available clear/clean water mosquito breeding habitats. Different breeding features, such as instar-wise, immature density and co-inhabitation with other mosquito species, were analysed. The characteristics of breeding habitats, i.e., type of habitat, water temperature and presence of aquatic organisms, organic matter and green algal remnants on the water surface at the time of inspection, were also studied. Immature density of vector was correlated with presence of other mosquito species, malaria prevalence, habitat characteristics and monthly/seasonal fluctuations. All the data collected from field observations were analysed using standard statistical tools.
  
  
  
  When the immature density of breeding habitats was analysed, using one-way ANOVA, it was observed that the density did not change in a significant way either across seasons or months. OHTs contributed significantly to the immature population when compared to wells and other breeding habitats of the study site. The habitat positivity of wells and OHTs was significantly associated with the presence of aquatic organisms, organic matter and algal remnants. Significant correlations of malaria prevalence with monthly immature density, as well as number of breeding habitats with immature vector mosquitoes, were also observed.
  
  
  
  The findings that OHTs showed fairly high and consistent immature density of An. stephensi irrespective of seasons indicates the potentiality of the breeding habitat in contributing to vector density. The correlation between vector breeding habitats, immature density and malaria prevalence indicates the proximity of these habitats to malaria cases, proving its role in vector abundance and local malaria transmission. The preference of An. stephensi to breed in OHTs calls for intensified, appropriate and sustained intervention measures to curtail vector breeding and propagation to shrink malaria to pre-elimination level and beyond.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), IDVC Field Unit, NIE Campus, 2nd Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai, 600 077, India.|Department of Zoology, Madras Christian College, Tambaram, Chennai, 600 059, India.
authors.forename: Shalu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), IDVC Field Unit, NIE Campus, 2nd Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai, 600 077, India.
authors.forename: Sangamithra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravishankaran
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), IDVC Field Unit, NIE Campus, 2nd Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai, 600 077, India.
authors.forename: Johnson A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Justin
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), IDVC Field Unit, NIE Campus, 2nd Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai, 600 077, India.
authors.forename: Aswin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Asokan
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, Madras Christian College, Tambaram, Chennai, 600 059, India.
authors.forename: Manu T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Mathai
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110 077, India.
authors.forename: Neena
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Valecha
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), IDVC Field Unit, NIE Campus, 2nd Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai, 600 077, India. alexeapen@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eapen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000254:growth & development*; D001947:Breeding; D002947:Cities; D017753:Ecosystem; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D000072138:Mosquito Vectors / Q000254:growth & development*; D014867:Water / Q000469:parasitology*
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Anopheles stephensi; Chennai; Urban malaria; Vector control