title: Low dose oestrogen combined oral contraception and risk of pulmonary embolism, stroke, and myocardial infarction in five million French women: cohort study.
abstract: To assess the risk of pulmonary embolism, ischaemic stroke, and myocardial infarction associated with combined oral contraceptives according to dose of oestrogen (ethinylestradiol) and progestogen.
  
  
  
  Observational cohort study.
  
  
  
  Data from the French national health insurance database linked with data from the French national hospital discharge database.
  
  
  
  4 945 088 women aged 15-49 years, living in France, with at least one reimbursement for oral contraceptives and no previous hospital admission for cancer, pulmonary embolism, ischaemic stroke, or myocardial infarction, between July 2010 and September 2012.
  
  
  
  Relative and absolute risks of first pulmonary embolism, ischaemic stroke, and myocardial infarction.
  
  
  
  The cohort generated 5 443 916 women years of oral contraceptive use, and 3253 events were observed: 1800 pulmonary embolisms (33 per 100 000 women years), 1046 ischaemic strokes (19 per 100 000 women years), and 407 myocardial infarctions (7 per 100 000 women years). After adjustment for progestogen and risk factors, the relative risks for women using low dose oestrogen (20 µg v 30-40 µg) were 0.75 (95% confidence interval 0.67 to 0.85) for pulmonary embolism, 0.82 (0.70 to 0.96) for ischaemic stroke, and 0.56 (0.39 to 0.79) for myocardial infarction. After adjustment for oestrogen dose and risk factors, desogestrel and gestodene were associated with statistically significantly higher relative risks for pulmonary embolism (2.16, 1.93 to 2.41 and 1.63, 1.34 to 1.97, respectively) compared with levonorgestrel. Levonorgestrel combined with 20 µg oestrogen was associated with a statistically significantly lower risk than levonorgestrel with 30-40 µg oestrogen for each of the three serious adverse events.
  
  
  
  For the same dose of oestrogen, desogestrel and gestodene were associated with statistically significantly higher risks of pulmonary embolism but not arterial thromboembolism compared with levonorgestrel. For the same type of progestogen, an oestrogen dose of 20 µg versus 30-40 µg was associated with lower risks of pulmonary embolism, ischaemic stroke, and myocardial infarction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Public Health, French National Health Insurance, 75986 Paris Cedex 20, France alain.weill@cnamts.fr.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weill
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Public Health, French National Health Insurance, 75986 Paris Cedex 20, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dalichampt
authors.affiliation: French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, Saint-Denis, France.
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raguideau
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Public Health, French National Health Insurance, 75986 Paris Cedex 20, France.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ricordeau
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Public Health, French National Health Insurance, 75986 Paris Cedex 20, France.
authors.forename: Pierre-Olivier
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Blotière
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Public Health, French National Health Insurance, 75986 Paris Cedex 20, France.
authors.forename: Jérémie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rudant
authors.affiliation: Department of Studies in Public Health, French National Health Insurance, 75986 Paris Cedex 20, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alla
authors.affiliation: French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety, Saint-Denis, France.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zureik
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003267:Contraception; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D004967:Estrogens; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000139:chemically induced; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D004967:Estrogens