title: Maternal exposure to high-fat and high-fructose diet evokes hypoadiponectinemia and kidney injury in rat offspring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal exposure to overnutrition during fetal development contributes to metabolic and renal damage in offspring. Adiponectin plays a protective role against obesity-related renal injury. However, role of adiponectin in renal injury of offspring exposed to maternal overnutrition remains unknown. We addressed the issue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a standard (N) or a high-fat and high-fructose (HFF)-diet for 6 weeks before mating, and kept each diet during the gestation and lactation period. After 4 weeks postpartum, all the offspring were fed N diet, and followed by 12 weeks. Kidney weight, urinary albumin excretion, blood pressure, and blood chemistry, including adiponectin and malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress, were evaluated in the offspring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with N-offspring, serum adiponectin levels of 1-day- and 4-week-old HFF-offspring were significantly lower, the latter of which was inversely associated with malondialdehyde. Kidney weight was significantly decreased in 1-day-old HFF-offspring, whereas increased in 4-week-old HFF-offspring. Urinary albumin excretion levels of HFF-offspring at 8, 12, and 16-week old were significantly higher than those of N-offspring at the same age, whose levels at 16-week old were inversely correlated with plasma adiponectin. Compared with N-offspring, HFF-offspring at 16-week old exhibited glomerulosclerosis, hyperglycemia, and high mean blood pressure associated with reduced podocin and increased transforming growth factor-β1 expression in the kidneys.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our present study suggests that exposure to maternal HFF-diet during fetal and early postnatal development induces hypoadiponectinemia in offspring, which might cause renal injury and metabolic derangements later in life.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Nana
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamada-Obara
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Sho-Ichi
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Yamagishi
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kensei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Taguchi
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaida
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Miyuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yokoro
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yosuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryotaro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.affiliation: Medical Innovation Center, TMK Project, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asanuma
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics of Diabetic Vascular Complications, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
authors.forename: Takanori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Okuda
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Fukuoka, Japan. fukami@med.kurume-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukami
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000172:deficiency*; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000652:urine; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D059305:Diet, High-Fat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000209:etiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005632:Fructose; D008315:Malondialdehyde
keywords: Adiponectin; Albuminuria; Hypertension; Maternal diet; Renal injury