title: Impact of maternal cigarette smoke exposure on brain inflammation and oxidative stress in male mice offspring.
abstract: Maternal cigarette smoke exposure (SE) during gestation can cause lifelong adverse effects in the offspring's brain. Several factors may contribute including inflammation, oxidative stress and hypoxia, whose changes in the developing brain are unknown. Female Balb/c mice were exposed to cigarette smoke prior to mating, during gestation and lactation. Male offspring were studied at postnatal day (P) 1, P20 and 13 weeks (W13). SE dams had reduced inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6 and toll like receptor (TLR)4 mRNA), antioxidant (manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)), and increased mitochondrial activities (OXPHOS-I, III and V) and protein damage marker nitrotyrosine. Brain hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)1α and its upstream signalling molecule early growth response factor (EGR)1 were not changed in the SE dams. In the SE offspring, brain IL-1R, IL-6 and TLR4 mRNA were increased at W13. The translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane, and MnSOD were reduced at W13 with higher nitrotyrosine staining. HIF-1α was also increased at W13, although EGR1 was only reduced at P1. In conclusion, maternal SE increased markers of hypoxia and oxidative stress with mitochondrial dysfunction and cell damage in both dams and offspring, and upregulated inflammatory markers in offspring, which may render SE dams and their offspring vulnerable to additional brain insults.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia.
authors.forename: Yik Lung
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Renal group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, the University of Sydney, NSW, 2065 Australia.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.affiliation: Renal group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, the University of Sydney, NSW, 2065 Australia.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pollock
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia.
authors.forename: Ibrahim
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Al-Odat
authors.affiliation: Renal group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, the University of Sydney, NSW, 2065 Australia.
authors.forename: Amgad A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zaky
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2051, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW 2007 Australia.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D012906:Smoke; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine