title: Nothing is safe: Intolerance of uncertainty is associated with compromised fear extinction learning.
abstract: Extinction-resistant fear is considered to be a central feature of pathological anxiety. Here we sought to determine if individual differences in Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU), a potential risk factor for anxiety disorders, underlies compromised fear extinction. We tested this hypothesis by recording electrodermal activity in 38 healthy participants during fear acquisition and extinction. We assessed the temporality of fear extinction, by examining early and late extinction learning. During early extinction, low IU was associated with larger skin conductance responses to learned threat vs. safety cues, whereas high IU was associated with skin conductance responding to both threat and safety cues, but no cue discrimination. During late extinction, low IU showed no difference in skin conductance between learned threat and safety cues, whilst high IU predicted continued fear expression to learned threat, indexed by larger skin conductance to threat vs. safety cues. These findings suggest a critical role of uncertainty-based mechanisms in the maintenance of learned fear.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Jayne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morriss
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Christakou
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK. Electronic address: c.vanreekum@reading.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Carien M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van Reekum
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology; D003463:Cues; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012449:Safety; D035501:Uncertainty; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Anxiety; Emotion; Fear extinction; Intolerance of uncertainty; Skin conductance