title: Effect of green light spectra on the reduction of retinal damage and stress in goldfish, Carassius auratus.
abstract: We investigated the effect of light spectra on retinal damage and stress in goldfish using green (530 nm) and red (620 nm) light emitting diodes (LEDs) at three intensities each (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 W/m(2)). We measured the change in the levels of plasma cortisol and H2O2 and expression and levels of caspase-3. The apoptotic response of green and red LED spectra was assessed using the terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Stress indicator (cortisol and H2O2) and apoptosis-related genes (caspase-3) decreased in green light, but increased in red light with higher light intensities over time. The TUNEL assay revealed that more apoptotic cells were detected in outer nuclear layers after exposure to red LED over time with the increase in light intensity, than the other spectra. These results indicate that green light efficiently reduces retinal damage and stress, whereas red light induces it. Therefore, red light-induced retina damage may induce apoptosis in goldfish retina.
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Ah
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Na Na
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Jae
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Division of Marine BioScience, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: choic@kmou.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Cheol Young
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000528:radiation effects; D006054:Goldfish / Q000097:blood / Q000502:physiology*; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000097:blood; D008027:Light; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000528:radiation effects*
chemical_list: D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D053148:Caspase 3; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Apoptosis; Damage; Goldfish; Green light; Retina; Stress