title: Effect of speed endurance and strength training on performance, running economy and muscular adaptations in endurance-trained runners.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of combined strength and speed endurance (SE) training along with a reduced training volume on performance, running economy and muscular adaptations in endurance-trained runners.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen male endurance runners (VO2-max: ~60 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) were randomly assigned to either a combined strength and SE training (CSS; n = 9) or a control (CON; n = 7) group. For 8 weeks, CSS replaced their normal moderate-intensity training (~63 km week(-1)) with SE (2 × week(-1)) and strength training (2 × week(-1)) as well as aerobic high (1 × week(-1)) and moderate (1 × week(-1)) intensity training with a reduction in total volume of ~58 %, whereas CON continued their training (~45 km week(-1)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In CSS, 400-m and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test performance was improved by 5 % (P < 0.01) and 19 % (P < 0.001), respectively, during the intervention period. Maximal aerobic speed was 0.6 km h(-1) higher (P < 0.05), and maximal activity of lactate dehydrogenase subunits 1 and 2 was 17 % (P < 0.05) higher after compared to before the intervention period. Time to exhaustion and peak blood lactate during an incremental treadmill test was 9 % (P < 0.05) and 32 % (P < 0.01), respectively, higher and expression of Na(+)-K(+) pump β1 subunit was 15 % higher (P < 0.05) after compared to before the intervention period. 10-K performance, maximum oxygen uptake and running economy were unchanged. In CON, no changes were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding strength and speed endurance training, along with a reduced training volume, can improve short-term exercise capacity and induce muscular adaptations related to anaerobic capacity in endurance-trained runners.
authors.affiliation: Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vorup
authors.affiliation: Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tybirk
authors.affiliation: Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Gunnarsson
authors.affiliation: Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ravnholt
authors.affiliation: Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dalsgaard
authors.affiliation: Section of Integrated Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. jbangsbo@nexs.ku.dk.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bangsbo
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology; D004735:Energy Transfer / Q000502:physiology; D017079:Exercise Tolerance / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D064797:Physical Conditioning, Human / Q000379:methods*; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: High-intensity training; Muscle ion transport proteins; Pulmonary oxygen uptake; Resistance training