title: Hepatitis-C virus infection among injecting drug users in Lahore, Pakistan: A cross sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis C virus among injecting drugs users, furthermore different genotypes of HCV infection and their effect on viral load were also found and subsequently most prevalent subtype was predicted.
  
  
  METHODS
  All samples were processed for Anti-HCV antibody detection through ELISA by using third generation ELISA Kit. The Anti-HCV positive serum samples were stored for RT-PCR to estimate the viral load and genotypes of HCV for study. Injecting drug users selected from in and around Lahore Metropolitan from July 2012 to August 2013 was included. The data analysis was completed by using SPSS version 16. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered to be significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 241 Injecting drug users were enrolled and screened for Anti HCV in the study. Prevalence of HCV infection in IDUs from Lahore was found to be 36.09%. Education (p=0.000), low socioeconomic status (p=0.011), Blood transfusion (0.003), any tattoo on the body (p=0.002), use of injectable drugs with reused syringes (p=0.000) and sharing of syringes (p=0.001) in groups was significantly associated with HCV infection. Some utensils were also significantly associated with HCV status. The most common subtype of HCV genotype was 3a (n=65) followed by 2a (n=15) and 1a (n=6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study reveals that IDUs with reused syringes status and sharing of syringes in group had more chances to get HCV infection. The viral load in IDUs infected with different subtypes of genotype was significantly associated.
authors.affiliation: Dr. Abdul Majeed Akhtar, MBBS, DTCD, DPH, MCPS, Ph.D. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. Program Manager, Provincial TB Control Program, Punjab, DGHS, 24 Cooper Road Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul Majeed
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Akhtar
authors.affiliation: Sadia Majeed, M.Phil. Foodand Nutrition Department, College of Home Economics, Gulberg, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majeed
authors.affiliation: Muhammad Jamil, M.Phil. Out Patients Medical Laboratory, Mayo Hospital, Lahore.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jamil
authors.affiliation: Dr. Abdul Rehman, DVM, M.Phil, Ph.D Scholar. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.affiliation: Sufia Majeed, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sufia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majeed
keywords: ELISA kits; HCV infection; Injecting drug users; Viral load