title: NADPH production, a growth marker, is stimulated by maslinic acid in gilthead sea bream by increased NADP-IDH and ME expression.
abstract: NADPH plays a central role in reductive biosynthesis of membrane lipids, maintenance of cell integrity, protein synthesis and redox balance maintenance. Hence, NADPH is involved in the growth and proliferation processes. In addition, it has been shown that changes in nutritional conditions produced changes in NADPH levels and growth rate. Maslinic acid (MA), a pentacyclic triterpene of natural origin, is able to stimulate NADPH production, through regulation of the two oxidative phase dehydrogenases of the pentose phosphate pathway. Our main objective was to study the effects of MA on the kinetic behaviour and on the molecular expression of two NADPH-generating systems, NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-IDH) and malic enzyme (ME), in the liver and white muscle of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Four groups of 12g of a mean body mass were fed for 210days in a fish farm, with diets containing 0 (control), and 0.1g of MA per kg of diet. Two groups were fed ad libitum (C-AL and MA-AL) and another's two, with restricted diet of 1% of fish weight (C-R and MA-R). Results showed that MA significantly increased the main kinetic parameter of the NADPH-forming enzymes (NADP-IDH and ME). In this sense, specific activity, maximum velocity, catalytic efficiency and activity ratio values were higher in MA conditions than control groups. Moreover, these changes were observed in both feeding regimen, AL and R. Meanwhile, the Michaelis constant changed mainly in groups fed with the MA and restricted diet, these changes are related to the best substrate affinity by enzyme. Moreover, in the Western-blot result, we found that MA increased both protein levels studied, this behaviour being consistent with the regulation of the number of enzyme molecules. All results, indicate that MA, independently of the fed regimen, could potentially be a nutritional additive for fish as it improved the metabolic state of fish, as consequence of increased activity and expression of NADP-IDH and ME enzymes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. Electronic address: evaevae@ugr.es.
authors.forename: Eva E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Rufino-Palomares
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Reyes-Zurita
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: García-Salguero
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peragón
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de la Higuera
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. Electronic address: jlcara@ugr.es.
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lupiáñez
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008291:Malate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism*; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000187:drug effects; D021541:Sea Bream / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D009828:Oleanolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D029941:Fish Proteins; D007521:Isocitrate Dehydrogenase; D008291:Malate Dehydrogenase; D009249:NADP; D014315:Triterpenes; C412811:maslinic acid; D009828:Oleanolic Acid; C039355:isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
keywords: Growth; Isocitrate dehydrogenase NADP dependent; Malic enzyme; Maslinic acid; Nutritional restriction