title: Interventions based on self-management of well-being theory: pooling data to demonstrate mediation and ceiling effects, and to compare formats.
abstract: Interventions based on self-management of well-being (SMW) theory have shown positive effects, but additional questions remain: (1) Are improvements in well-being, as induced by the interventions, mediated by improved self-management ability (SMA)? (2) Do the interventions show ceiling effects? (3) Is a particular format of SMW intervention (individual, group, or self-help) more effective?
  
  
  
  Data of three randomized controlled trials were pooled. The greater part of the sample (N = 445) consisted of single older females. A bootstrap analysis was performed to test for mediation. Regression analyses with interaction effects were performed to test for ceiling effects. Controlled and transformed effect sizes (proportion of maximum change) were calculated to compare formats.
  
  
  
  There was a full significant mediation of well-being by SMA. A significant interaction (ceiling) effect was found on well-being, but not on SMA. The controlled effect sizes of the raw scores were small to medium (.04-.49), and were small to large after transformation (.41-.73). None of the intervention formats was more effective.
  
  
  
  Support for SMW theory was found, i.e. increasing self-management ability lead to improved well-being. Some ceiling effect was found. We conclude that various SMW interventions formats can improve self-management abilities and well-being with medium effects.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health Psychology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Goedendorp
authors.affiliation: a Department of Health Psychology , University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.|b Department of Sociology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2810-4365
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Steverink
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D001638:Bibliotherapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008132:Loneliness / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D011615:Psychotherapy, Group / Q000379:methods; D011788:Quality of Life; D012044:Regression Analysis; D000073278:Self-Management / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Self-management ability; mediation; well-being