title: Clinical scenarios for the use of S100β as a marker of hepatic encephalopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the association between serum concentrations of S100β in patients with cirrhosis and the presence of low grade hepatic encephalopathy (HE).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study. The population was categorized into four groups healthy subjects, cirrhosis without HE, cirrhosis with covert hepatic encephalopathy (CHE) and cirrhosis with overt HE. Kruskal-Wallis, Mann Whitney's U with Bonferroni adjustment Spearman correlations and area under the ROC were used as appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 61 subjects were included, 46 cirrhotic patients and 15 healthy volunteers. S100β values were different among all groups, and differences remained significant between groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.001), and also between groups 2 and 3 (P = 0.016), but not between groups 3 and 4. In cirrhotic patients with HE S100β was higher than in patients without HE [0.18 (0.14-0.28) ng/mL vs 0.11 (0.06-0.14) ng/mL, P < 0.001]. There was a close correlation between serum concentrations of S100β and psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score in patients with cirrhosis without HE compared to the patients with cirrhosis with CHE (r = -0.413, P = 0.019). ROC curve analysis yielded > 0.13 ng/mL as the best cutoff value of S100β for the diagnosis of HE (sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 63.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum concentrations of S100β are higher in patients with cirrhosis than in healthy volunteers, and are further increased in the presence of hepatic encephalopathy. The results suggest that serum biomarkers such as S100β could help in the correct characterization of incipient stages of HE.
authors.affiliation: Andrés Duarte-Rojo, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Duarte-Rojo
authors.affiliation: Andrés Duarte-Rojo, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
authors.forename: Astrid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Margáin
authors.affiliation: Andrés Duarte-Rojo, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
authors.forename: Ricardo U
authors.initials: RU
authors.lastname: Macias-Rodriguez
authors.affiliation: Andrés Duarte-Rojo, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
authors.forename: Francisco Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Cubero
authors.affiliation: Andrés Duarte-Rojo, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Estradas-Trujillo
authors.affiliation: Andrés Duarte-Rojo, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
authors.forename: Rosa Ma
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Muñoz-Fuentes
authors.affiliation: Andrés Duarte-Rojo, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, United States.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torre
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012372:ROC Curve; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit
keywords: Astrocyte; Critical flicker frequency; Hepatic encephalopathy; Psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score; S100β protein