title: Soil spreading of liquid olive mill processing wastes impacts leaching of adsorbed terbuthylazine.
abstract: Olive mill waste water (OMWW) is a major byproduct of the three phase olive oil production process. OMWW has high acidity (pH ∼ 4-5), high salt content (EC ∼ 5-10 mS cm(-1)), extremely high biological and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD up to 100,000 and 220,000 mg L(-1), respectively), and also high concentrations of organic compounds such as phenols and polyphenols. As a result, OMWW cannot be freely discharged into domestic wastewater treatment plants, but on-site treatment is very expensive and not sufficiently effective. Uses for OMWW such as agricultural recycling and co-composting were found to be impractical or expensive. Thus, OMWW is frequently spread on agricultural land for disposal. However, excessive or uncontrolled spreading of such organic-rich and saline wastewater could have many deleterious effects on soil quality, including salinization, phytotoxicity, or contaminant movement. The impact of OMWW on the leaching of adsorbed terbuthylazine, a soil-applied herbicide, was tested in four soils of varying physical and chemical properties. Although terbuthylazine solubility in OMWW is significantly higher than in water, leaching of adsorbed terbuthylazine from OMWW-treated soils was less than from control treatments. Low soil organic carbon and clay contents were major factors that contributed to reduced terbuthylazine leaching after soil treatment with OMWW.
authors.affiliation: Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel; Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, POB 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aharonov-Nadborny
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, 30095, Israel.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raviv
authors.affiliation: Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, POB 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel. Electronic address: ergraber@agri.gov.il.
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Graber
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000383:Agriculture; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D006540:Herbicides / Q000032:analysis; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D000069463:Olive Oil / Q000737:chemistry*; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000032:analysis; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D014227:Triazines / Q000737:chemistry*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D007220:Industrial Waste; D000069463:Olive Oil; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D010938:Plant Oils; D012987:Soil; D014227:Triazines; D062065:Wastewater; C037565:terbutylazine
keywords: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC); Dissolved organic matter (DOM); Enhanced transport; Olive mill wastewater (OMWW); Pesticides