title: Combining dental and skeletal evidence in age classification: Pilot study in a sample of Italian sub-adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dental and skeletal maturation have proved to be reliable evidence for estimating age of children and prior studies and internationally accredited guidelines recommend to evaluate both evidence in the same subject to reduce error in age prediction. Nevertheless the ethical and legal justification of procedures that imply a double exposition of children stands as a relevant issue. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of age estimation provided by a combination of skeletal and dental methods applied in the same sample of children.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 274 orthopantomographies and left hand-wrist X-rays of Italian children, (aged between 6 and 17years) taken on the same day. Greulich and Pyle's (GP), Tanner-Whitehouse's version 3 (TW3) and Willems' (W) and the Demirjian's (D) methods were respectively applied for estimating skeletal and dental age. A combination of skeletal and dental age estimates through Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is proposed to obtain a classifier respect to an age threshold.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The combination of D and TW3 obtained an improvement of accuracy in classifying female subjects respect to the 12years threshold respect to the original methods (from about 77% using either original methods to 83.3% combining TW3+D) as well as a consistent reduction of false positives rate (from 17% to 21% for original methods to 5.6% with TW3+D). For males the LDA classifier (based on TW3 and W) enable a small improvement in accuracy, whilst the decreasing of false positives was as noticeable as for females (from 17.6 to 14.1% for original methods to 6.2% combining TW3+W).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the study is influenced by the limited size and the uneven age distribution of the sample, the present findings support the conclusion that age assessment procedures based on both dental and skeletal age estimation can improve the accuracy and reduce the occurrence of false positives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Section of Medical Forensic Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy. Electronic address: pinchi@unifi.it.
authors.forename: Vilma
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pinchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Section of Medical Forensic Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Section of Medical Forensic Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Focardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Section of Medical Forensic Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pradella
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Section of Medical Forensic Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vitale
authors.affiliation: Department of Statistical Science, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ricciardi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Section of Medical Forensic Sciences, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Gian-Aristide
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Norelli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000365:Age Determination by Skeleton; D000366:Age Determination by Teeth; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects
keywords: Age assessment; Age estimation; Dental age; Forensic odontology; Linear Discriminant Analysis; Skeletal age