title: Effect of Inhaled Nitric Oxide on Outcomes in Children With Acute Lung Injury: Propensity Matched Analysis From a Linked Database.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of inhaled nitric oxide on outcomes in children with acute lung injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study with a secondary data analysis of linked data from two national databases. Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for potential confounding variables between patients who received at least 24 hours of inhaled nitric oxide (inhaled nitric oxide group) and those who did not receive inhaled nitric oxide (no inhaled nitric oxide group).
  
  
  METHODS
  Linked data from Virtual Pediatric Systems (LLC) database and Pediatric Health Information System.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients less than 18 years old receiving mechanical ventilation for acute lung injury at nine participating hospitals were included (2009-2014).
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 20,106 patients from nine hospitals were included. Of these, 859 patients (4.3%) received inhaled nitric oxide for at least 24 hours during their hospital stay. Prior to matching, patients in the inhaled nitric oxide group were younger, with more comorbidities, greater severity of illness scores, higher prevalence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and greater resource utilization. Before matching, unadjusted outcomes, including mortality, were worse in the inhaled nitric oxide group (inhaled nitric oxide vs no inhaled nitric oxide; 25.7% vs 7.9%; p < 0.001; standardized mortality ratio, 2.6 [2.3-3.1] vs 1.1 [1.0-1.2]; p < 0.001). Propensity score matching of 521 patient pairs revealed no difference in mortality in the two groups (22.3% vs 20.2%; p = 0.40; standardized mortality ratio, 2.5 [2.1-3.0] vs 2.3 [1.9-2.8]; p = 0.53). However, the other outcomes such as ventilation free days (10.1 vs 13.6 d; p < 0.001), duration of mechanical ventilation (13.8 vs 10.1 d; p < 0.001), duration of ICU and hospital stay (15.5 vs 12.2 d; p < 0.001 and 28.0 vs 24.1 d; p < 0.001), and hospital costs ($150,569 vs $102,823; p < 0.001) were significantly worse in the inhaled nitric oxide group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This large observational study demonstrated that inhaled nitric oxide administration in children with acute lung injury was not associated with improved mortality. Rather, it was associated with increased hospital utilization and hospital costs.
authors.affiliation: 1Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR.2Children's Hospital Association, Overland Park, KS.3Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.4Virtual PICU Systems, LLC, Los Angeles, CA.5Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA.
authors.forename: Punkaj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Troy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bertoch
authors.forename: Kiran B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Hebbar
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Fortenberry
authors.forename: Randall C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wetzel
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D057216:Propensity Score; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D009569:Nitric Oxide