title: Amoebiasis vaccine development: A snapshot on E. histolytica with emphasis on perspectives of Gal/GalNAc lectin.
abstract: Amoebiasis/amebiasis is a gastrointestinal infection caused by an enteric dwelling protozoan, Entamoeba histolytica. The disease is endemic in the developing world and is transmitted mainly via the faecal-oral route (e.g., in water or food) and may or may not be symptomatic. This disease of socio-economic importance worldwide involves parasite adherence and cytolysis of human cells followed by invasion that is mediated by galactose-binding (Gal/GalNAc) surface lectin. Disruption of the mucus layer leads to invasive intestinal and extraintestinal infection. Gal-lectin based vaccinations have conferred protection in various animal models against E. histolytica infections. Keeping in view the pivotal role of Gal/GalNAc lectin in amoebiasis vaccine development, its regulation, genomic view of the parasite involving gene conversion in lectin gene families, current knowledge about involvement of Gal/GalNAc lectin in adherence, pathogenicity, signalling, encystment, generating host immune response, and in turn protozoa escape strategies, and finally its role as effective vaccine candidate has been described. This review will help researchers to explore pathogenesis mechanism along with genomic studies and will also provide a framework for future amoebiasis vaccine development studies.
authors.affiliation: Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India. Electronic address: rssingh11@lycos.com.
authors.forename: Ram Sarup
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Carbohydrate and Protein Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Amandeep Kaur
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Walia
authors.affiliation: Nanomedicine-Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medical Research (C-MMR), Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3217, Australia.
authors.forename: Jagat Rakesh
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kanwar
authors.affiliation: Chembiotech Laboratories, Advanced Science and Technology Institute, 5 The Croft, Buntsford Drive, Stoke Heath, Bromsgrove,Worcs B604JE, UK.
authors.forename: John F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kennedy
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004748:Entamoeba histolytica / Q000276:immunology*; D004749:Entamoebiasis / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D037161:Galectins / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D037161:Galectins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D016052:Protozoan Vaccines
keywords: Lectin; Pathogenesis; Signalling