title: Determination of phosphodiesterase type V inhibitors in wastewater by direct injection followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: A simple, fast and reliable analytical method for the determination of phosphodiesterase type V inhibitors in wastewater was developed and validated. The method was based on direct injection followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole as mass analyzer. Transformation products and analogues were included in the target list besides the three active pharmaceutical ingredients (sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil). The method performance was thoroughly investigated, including the analyte stability in wastewater and matrix effect. All target compounds presented linear fits between their LOD and 500ng/L. The quantification limits ranged from 1.6 to 30ng/L for all compounds except for n-octylnortadalafil (LOQ: 100ng/L); precision calculated as intraday repeatability was lower than 30%; accuracy calculated as procedural recovery ranged successfully between 85 and 105% in all cases. The method was applied to samples collected during three week-long monitoring campaigns performed in 2013, 2014 and 2015 in three Dutch cities. Only sildenafil and its two metabolites, desmethyl- and desethylsildenafil, were present with normalized loads ranging from LOQ to 8.3, 11.8 and 21.6mg/day/1000 inh, respectively. Two additional week-long sets of samples were collected in Amsterdam at the time that a festival event took place, bringing around 350,000 visitors to the city. The difference in drug usage patterns was statistically studied: "weekday" versus "weekend", "normal" versus "atypical" week; and results discussed. The metabolite to parent drug concentration ratio evolution during consecutive years was discussed, leading to several possible explanations that should be further investigated. Finally, wastewater-based epidemiology approach was applied to back-calculate sildenafil consumption.
authors.affiliation: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Causanilles
authors.affiliation: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Emke
authors.affiliation: KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: w.p.devoogt@uva.nl.
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Voogt
mesh_terms: D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D054706:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5 / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D009426:Netherlands; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D054706:Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D062065:Wastewater; D014873:Water Pollutants
keywords: Phosphodiesterase type V inhibitors; Prescription pharmaceuticals; Tandem mass spectrometry; Wastewater-based epidemiology