title: Human neurexin-3α antibodies associate with encephalitis and alter synapse development.
abstract: To report a novel autoimmune encephalitis in which the antibodies target neurexin-3α, a cell adhesion molecule involved in the development and function of synapses.
  
  
  
  Five patients with encephalitis and antibodies with a similar pattern of brain reactivity were selected. Antigen precipitation and determination of antibody effects on cultured rat embryonic neurons were performed with reported techniques.
  
  
  
  Immunoprecipitation and cell-based assays identified neurexin-3α as the autoantigen of patients' antibodies. All 5 patients (median age 44 years, range 23-50; 4 female) presented with prodromal fever, headache, or gastrointestinal symptoms, followed by confusion, seizures, and decreased level of consciousness. Two developed mild orofacial dyskinesias, 3 needed respiratory support, and 4 had findings suggesting propensity to autoimmunity. CSF was abnormal in all patients (4 pleocytosis, 1 elevated immunoglobulin G [IgG] index), and brain MRI was abnormal in 1 (increased fluid-attenuated inversion recovery/T2 in temporal lobes). All received steroids, 1 IV immunoglobulin, and 1 cyclophosphamide; 3 partially recovered, 1 died of sepsis while recovering, and 1 had a rapid progression to death. At autopsy, edema but no inflammatory cells were identified. Cultures of neurons exposed during days in vitro (div) 7-17 to patients' IgG showed a decrease of neurexin-3α clusters as well as the total number of synapses. No reduction of synapses occurred in mature neurons (div 18) exposed for 48 hours to patients' IgG. Neuronal survival, dendritic morphology, and spine density were unaffected.
  
  
  
  Neurexin-3α autoantibodies associate with a severe but potentially treatable encephalitis in which the antibodies cause a decrease of neurexin-3α and alter synapse development.
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gresa-Arribas
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Planagumà
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Petit-Pedrol
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Izumi
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Katada
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mateus M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Simabukuro
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thaís
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Armangué
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martínez-Hernández
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Francesc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Graus
authors.affiliation: From the Neuroimmunology Program, Biomedical Research Institute August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS) (N.G.-A., J.P., M.P.-P., T.A., E.M.-H., F.G., J.D.), and Service of Neurology, Hospital Clínic (F.G.), University of Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (I.K., S.K.), Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Japan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (C.A.G.), Kaiser Permanente, Oakland Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco; Neurology Division (M.M.S.), Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University (HC/FMUSP), Brazil; Pediatric Neuroimmunology Unit (T.A.), Sant Joan de Déu Children's Hospital; Department of Neurology (J.D.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (J.D.), Barcelona, Spain. N.G.-A. is currently affiliated with the Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Jdalmau@clinic.ub.es.
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dalmau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000378:metabolism*; D020274:Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000276:immunology*; D051381:Rats; D013569:Synapses / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; C561320:LRRTM2 protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C082354:neurexin IIIalpha