title: The Combination of Scopolamine and Psychostimulants for the Prevention of Severe Motion Sickness.
abstract: Severe motion sickness is a huge obstacle for people conducting precise aviation, marine or emergency service tasks. The combination of scopolamine and d-amphetamine is most effective in preventing severe motion sickness. However, this combination is not included in any present pharmacopoeia due to the abuse liability of d-amphetamine. We wanted to find a combination to replace it for the treatment of severe motion sickness.
  
  
  
  We compared the efficacy of scopolamine, diphenhydramine, and granisetron (representing three classes of drugs) with different doses, and found that scopolamine was the most effective one. We also found scopolamine inhibited central nervous system at therapeutic doses and caused anxiety. Then, we combined it with different doses of psychostimulants (d-amphetamine, modafinil, caffeine) to find the best combination for motion sickness. The efficacy of scopolamine with modafinil (1 + 10 mg/kg) was equivalent to that of scopolamine with d-amphetamine (1 + 1 mg/kg); This combination also excited central nervous system and abolished the anxiety caused by scopolamine.
  
  
  
  The optimal dose ratio of scopolamine and modafinil is 1:10. This combination is beneficial for motion sickness and can abolish the side effects of scopolamine. So, it might be a good replacement of scopolamine and d-amphetamine for severe motion sickness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Li-Li
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Hong-Qi
authors.initials: HQ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xu-Hong
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jia-Sheng
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xu-Rui
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ai-Jun
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D002110:Caffeine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004155:Diphenhydramine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D017829:Granisetron / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D000077408:Modafinil; D009041:Motion Sickness / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012399:Rotation / Q000009:adverse effects; D012601:Scopolamine / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D002110:Caffeine; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D003913:Dextroamphetamine; D004155:Diphenhydramine; D004338:Drug Combinations; D017829:Granisetron; D000077408:Modafinil; D012601:Scopolamine
keywords: Locomotor Activity; Modafinil; Motion sickness; Scopolamine