title: Metabolomic profiling reveals distinct patterns of tricarboxylic acid disorders in blood stasis syndrome associated with coronary heart disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the underlying metabolomic profifiling of coronary heart disease (CHD) with blood stasis syndrome (BSS).
  
  
  METHODS
  CHD model was induced by a nameroid constrictor in Chinese miniature swine. Fifteen miniature swine were randomly divided into a model group (n=9) and a control group (n=6), respectively according to arandom number table. After 4 weeks, plasma hemorheology was detected by automatic hemorheological analyzer, indices including hematocrit, plasma viscosity, blood viscosity, rigidity index and erythrocyte sedimentation rate; cardiac function was assessed by echocardiograph to detect left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVED), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd), ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS) and other indicators. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and bioinformatics were applied to analyze spectra of CHD plasma with BSS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of hemorheology analysis showed signifificant changes in viscosity, with low shear whole blood viscosity being lower and plasma viscosity higher in the model group compared with the control group. Moreover, whole blood reduction viscosity at high shear rate and whole blood reduction viscosity at low shear rate increased signifificantly (P <0.05). The echocardiograph results demonstrated that cardiac EF and FS showed signifificant difference (P <0.05), with EF values being decreased to 50% or less. The GC-MS data showed that principal component analysis can clearly separate the animals with BSS from those in the control group. The enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes biological pathways results suggested that the patterns involved were associated with dysfunction of energy metabolism including glucose and lipid disorders, especially in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, galactose metabolism and adenosine-triphosphate-binding cassette transporters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism disorders were the major contributors to the syndrome classifification of CHD with BSS.
authors.affiliation: Precilincal School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Chun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Precilincal School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Precilincal School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Ling-Hui
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Capital Medical University Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: Precilincal School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Ouyang
authors.affiliation: Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, USA.
authors.forename: Jun-da
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Precilincal School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Shu-Zhen
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Precilincal School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Precilincal School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China. wangwei26960@126.com.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004562:Electrocardiography; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D018056:Hemorheology; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D034421:Sus scrofa; D014233:Tricarboxylic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014233:Tricarboxylic Acids
keywords: Chinese medicine; blood stasis syndrome; coronary heart disease; metabolomic profiling