title: The pattern of substance use disorder in the United Arab Emirates in 2015: results of a National Rehabilitation Centre cohort study.
abstract: Substance use disorder (SUD) is a global problem with no boundaries, which also afflicts individuals from countries of the Arabian Peninsula. Data from this region is limited. In an effort to develop targeted prevention and intervention initiatives in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), it was necessary to identify the nature of substance use by describing the characteristics of those using different substances. Consequently, this study in the UAE was conceived to describe the pattern of SUD in a first-ever cohort that was systematically recruited from the country's National Rehabilitation Centre (NRC) in Abu Dhabi.
  
  
  
  Two hundred and fifty male patients were recruited from the NRC. Information on substance use was collected using a questionnaire that was completed at an interview with patients who consented to participate. The questionnaire was based on information that the study was designed to capture. It was reviewed by members of institutional ethics committees and approved prior to use. Two hundred and fifty male subjects from the Emirates Family Registry (EFR) were used as a comparison group.
  
  
  
  In the cohort studied, SUD correlated with smoking and marital status. Poly-substance users formed the majority of the cohort (84.4 %) with various combinations of substances identified across different age groups. Opioid and alcohol were the most common substances used. The use of pharmaceutical opioids, primarily Tramadol (67.2 % of opioid users), was higher among the youngest age group studied (<30 years old), while older opioid users (≥30 years old) commonly used illicit opioids (Heroin). The use of prescribed medication for non-medical use also included Pregabalin (mean of 8.3 capsules ± 0.5 per day), Procyclidin (6.1 tablets + 0.6 per day) and Carisoprodol (4.2 tablets ± 0.4 per day) and was again highest in the age group below 30 years.
  
  
  
  This 2015 study highlights the importance of examining the pattern of poly-substance use in a population in order to develop targeted prevention programs to arrest the prevailing trends. It has drawn attention to the rise in use of prescription medication in the UAE, in particular among younger patients (<30 years), and continuing use of illicit opioid amongst males above 30 years. Specific prevention and intervention strategies, targeting differences between these distinct demographic profiles will capture a large subset of sufferers.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia.|School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Hiba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Alblooshi
authors.affiliation: School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Hulse
authors.affiliation: United Arab Emirates National Rehabilitation Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El Kashef
authors.affiliation: United Arab Emirates National Rehabilitation Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Hanan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al Hashmi
authors.affiliation: United Arab Emirates National Rehabilitation Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Mansour
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shawky
authors.affiliation: United Arab Emirates National Rehabilitation Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Hamad
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al Ghaferi
authors.affiliation: Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.|Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science, Technology and Research, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
authors.forename: Habiba
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al Safar
authors.affiliation: Centre for Forensic Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia. guan.tay@uwa.edu.au.|School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia. guan.tay@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Guan K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Tay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063487:Prescription Drug Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014479:United Arab Emirates / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alcohol drinking; Opioid-related disorders; Prescription medication use; Substance-related disorders; United Arab Emirates