title: Sensory Impairment, Functional Balance and Physical Activity With All-Cause Mortality.
abstract: No study has comprehensively examined the independent and combined effects of sensory impairment, physical activity and balance on mortality risk, which was this study's purpose.
  
  
  
  Data from the population-based 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was used, with follow-up through 2011. Physical activity was assessed via accelerometry. Balance was assessed via the Romberg test. Peripheral neuropathy was assessed objectively using a standard monofilament. Visual impairment was objectively assessed using an autorefractor. Hearing impairment was assessed via self-report. A 5-level index variable (higher score is worse) was calculated based on the participant's degree of sensory impairment, dysfunctional balance and physical inactivity.
  
  
  
  Among the 1658 participants (age 40-85 yrs), 228 died during the median follow-up period of 92 months. Hearing (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 1.18; P = .40), vision (HR = 1.17; P = .58) and peripheral neuropathy (HR = 1.06; P = .71) were not independently associated with all-cause mortality, but physical activity (HR = 0.97; P = .01) and functional balance (HR = 0.59; P = .03) were. Compared with those with an index score of 0, the HR (95% CI) for those with an index score of 1 to 3, respectively, were 1.20 (0.46-3.13), 2.63 (1.08-6.40) and 2.88 (1.36-6.06).
  
  
  
  Physical activity and functional balance are independent contributors to survival.
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Loprinzi
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Crush
mesh_terms: D061725:Accelerometry; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006293:Health Promotion; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006320:Hearing Tests; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D004856:Postural Balance; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D014481:United States
keywords: epidemiology; exercise; survival