title: Break-Even Income Analysis of Pharmacy Graduates Compared to High School and College Graduates.
abstract: Objective. To project the net cumulative income break-even point between practicing pharmacists and those who enter the workforce directly after high school graduation or after obtaining a bachelor's degree. Methods. Markov modeling and break-even analysis were conducted. Estimated costs of education were used in calculating net early career earnings of high school graduates, bachelor's degree holders, pharmacists without residency training, and pharmacists with residency training. Results. Models indicate that over the first 10 years of a pharmacist's career, they accumulate net earnings of $716 345 to $1 064 840, depending on cost of obtaining the PharmD degree and career path followed. In the break-even analysis, all pharmacy career tracks surpassed net cumulative earnings of high school graduates by age 33 and bachelor's degree holders by age 34. Conclusion. Regardless of the chosen pharmacy career track and the typical cost of obtaining a PharmD degree, the model under study assumptions demonstrates that pharmacy education has a positive financial return on investment, with a projected break-even point of less than 10 years upon career entry.
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Knoxville, and Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Marie A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chisholm-Burns
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Knoxville, and Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gatwood
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Knoxville, and Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Spivey
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Knoxville, and Nashville, Tennessee.
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Dickey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004512:Education, Pharmacy / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D010604:Pharmacy / Q000639:trends; D012574:Schools / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D013339:Students, Pharmacy; D014495:Universities / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Markov modeling; break-even analysis; career path; financial analysis; income