title: The role of the retino-colliculo-extrastriate pathway in visual awareness and visual field recovery.
abstract: Patients with visual field defects resulting from post-chiasmatic lesions experience loss of visual function in up to one half of their visual field, with consequent impairments in their daily life activities. Therefore, effective strategies for compensating for the visual field loss are of great clinical relevance. After lesions to the primary visual pathway -which conveys visual information from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus, the optic radiations and, then, to the striate cortex-an alternative visual pathway, which projects from the superior colliculus to the extrastriate cortex, is usually spared in patients with visual field defects. In the present review, evidence for spared functioning of this alternative pathway in patients with visual field defects will be presented, both in terms of residual visual abilities, without awareness, for stimuli presented in the blind field, and the ability to integrate unseen visual signals presented in the blind field with concurrent auditory stimuli. Crucially, this review will discuss how the spared retino-colliculo-extrastriate pathway might be a useful tool for compensating for the loss of visual perception. Accordingly, evidence for the compensatory effects of systematic multisensory audio-visual stimulation in patients with visual field defects will be reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, Bologna 40127, Italy; CsrNC, Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Viale Europa 980, Cesena 47521, Italy.
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bertini
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, Bologna 40127, Italy; CsrNC, Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Viale Europa 980, Cesena 47521, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Grasso
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, Bologna 40127, Italy; CsrNC, Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Viale Europa 980, Cesena 47521, Italy. Electronic address: elisabetta.ladavas@unibo.it.
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Làdavas
mesh_terms: D001364:Awareness / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D010468:Perceptual Disorders / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology*; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology*; D014795:Visual Pathways / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Blindsight; Hemianopia; Implicit visual processing; Multisensory integration; Rehabilitation; Superior colliculus