title: Seroprevalence in Household Raised Pigs Indicate High Exposure to GII Noroviruses in Rural Nicaragua.
abstract: Information about porcine norovirus (PoNoV), genetically similar to human NoV (HuNoV), is limited from rural areas where household-raised pigs are heavily exposed to faecal material which could facilitate transmission. Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) are known susceptibility factors to NoV in humans and in a germfree piglet model but their role in susceptibility in the porcine population remains unknown. This study reports: (i) the seroprevalence and antibody titres to human norovirus (NoV) VLPs in household raised pigs; (ii) the distribution of HBGAs in relation to NoV IgG antibody titres and further characterization by blocking of GII.4 VLP binding to pig gastric mucins (PGM). The majority of pigs were seropositive to all three VLPs tested (58-70%) with seropositivity and cross-reactivity increasing significantly with age. However, pig sera could not block the binding of NoV GII.4 VLPs (Dijon) to PGM suggesting no previous infection with this genotype. The majority of the pigs were H-positive (84%), a susceptibility factor for human infections. IgG antibody titres were however higher in H-negative (GMT = 247) as compared with H-positive (GMT = 57) pigs, but after age stratification, this difference in antibody titres was only observed in pigs ≤1 month of age. In conclusion, serological data show that the porcine population of Nicaragua is highly exposed to NoV infections, and the association to HBGAs warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bucardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: González
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blandón
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program OARDC/The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Saif
authors.affiliation: Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nordgren
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009527:Nicaragua / Q000453:epidemiology; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D015047:Zoonoses
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D007074:Immunoglobulin G
keywords: 
  HBGA
  ; IgG; Nicaragua; pig gastric mucin; porcine norovirus; zoonosis