title: The effect of socio-demographic variables and dairy use on the intake of essential macro- and micronutrients in 0.5-12-year-old Indonesian children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the associations between nutrient intake, dairy intake and socioeconomic variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Food consumption data using 24 h recall were collected in 3600 children, aged 0.5 to 12 years old in addition to frequency of dairy use and anthropometric and sociodemographic variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall height for age Z-score (HAZ) and body mass index for age Z-score (BAZ) values (mean±SE) were -1.40±0.03 and -0.48±0.03 respectively, associated with a high prevalence of stunting and thinness in the population. The overall percentage of children not using any dairy products was 71%, and this percentage increased steadily with age. The overall energy intake from dairy was 99±3 kcal/capita/day and the overall energy intake from dairy in dairy users was 291±7 kcal/day. Dairy use did not differ between boys and girls, but was higher in urban areas, higher if the education of the mother was higher and higher if the mother had a permanent job and if the wealth status of the family was in the upper levels. Nutrient intake after the age of 3 years was inadequate for energy and all nutrients except for protein. The achievement of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for all nutrients was higher in dairy users compared to non-dairy users, also after correcting for the confounding effect of the higher energy intake (from dairy) and socio-demographic variables. The contribution increased with increasing frequency of dairy use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adequate dairy intake can substantially add to the achievement of RDA in Indonesian children.
authors.affiliation: SEANUTS Indonesian Team, PERSAGI, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta, Indonesia.|Center of Public Health Intervention Technology, NIHRD, MoH, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Yekti
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Widodo
authors.affiliation: SEANUTS Indonesian Team, PERSAGI, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta, Indonesia. Email: san_gizi@yahoo.com; paul.deurenberg@gmail.com.|Center of Applied Health Technology and Clinical Epidemiology, NIHRD, MoH, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Sandjaja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sandjaja
authors.affiliation: SEANUTS Indonesian Team, PERSAGI, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta, Indonesia.|Division of Nutrition, Polytechnic of Health Jakarta II, MoH, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sumedi
authors.affiliation: FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ilse
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Khouw
authors.affiliation: Nutrition Consultant, Langkawi, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deurenberg
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015930:Diet Records; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013851:Thinness / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients