title: Error signals driving locomotor adaptation: cutaneous feedback from the foot is used to adapt movement during perturbed walking.
abstract: Sensory input from peripheral receptors are important for the regulation of walking patterns. Cutaneous input mediates muscle responses to deal with immediate external perturbations. In this study we focused on the role of cutaneous feedback in locomotor adaptation that takes place over minutes of training. We show that interfering with cutaneous feedback reduced adaptation to ankle perturbations during walking. These results help us understand the neural mechanisms underlying walking adaptation, and have clinical implications for treating walking impairments after neurological injuries.
  
  
  
  Locomotor patterns must be adapted to external forces encountered during daily activities. The contribution of different sensory inputs to detecting perturbations and adapting movements during walking is unclear. In the present study, we examined the role of cutaneous feedback in adapting walking patterns to force perturbations. Forces were applied to the ankle joint during the early swing phase using an electrohydraulic ankle-foot orthosis. Repetitive 80 Hz electrical stimulation was applied to disrupt cutaneous feedback from the superficial peroneal nerve (foot dorsum) and medial plantar nerve (foot sole) during walking (Choi et al. 2013). Sensory tests were performed to measure the cutaneous touch threshold and perceptual threshold of force perturbations. Ankle movement were measured when the subjects walked on the treadmill over three periods: baseline (1 min), adaptation (1 min) and post-adaptation (3 min). Subjects (n = 10) showed increased touch thresholds measured with Von Frey monofilaments and increased force perception thresholds with stimulation. Stimulation reduced the magnitude of walking adaptation to force perturbation. In addition, we compared the effects of interrupting cutaneous feedback using anaesthesia (n = 5) instead of repetitive nerve stimulation. Foot anaesthesia reduced ankle adaptation to external force perturbations during walking. The results of the present study suggest that cutaneous input plays a role in force perception, and may contribute to the 'error' signal involved in driving walking adaptation when there is a mismatch between expected and actual force.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA. jtchoi@kin.umass.edu.|Neural Control of Movement Research Group, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. jtchoi@kin.umass.edu.
authors.forename: Julia T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Neural Control of Movement Research Group, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.affiliation: Neural Control of Movement Research Group, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology & Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens Bo
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5568-2916
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Université Laval & Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Québec City, Canada.
authors.forename: Laurent J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Bouyer
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010543:Peroneal Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D013979:Tibial Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine