title: A Review of Transplantation Practice of the Urologic Organs: Is It Only Achievable for the Kidney?
abstract: Transplantation is a viable treatment option for failure of most major organs. Within urology, transplantation of the kidney and ureter are well documented; however, evidence supporting transplantation of other urologic organs is limited. Failure of these organs carries significant morbidity, and transplantation may have a role in management. This article reviews the knowledge, research, and literature surrounding transplantation of each of the urologic organs. Transplantation of the penis, testicle, urethra, vas deferens, and bladder is discussed. Transplantation attempts have been made individually with each of these organs. Penile transplantation has only been performed once in a human. Testicular transplantation research was intertwined with unethical lucrative pursuits. Interest in urethra, bladder, and vas deferens transplantation has decreased as a result of successful surgical reconstructive techniques. Despite years of effort, transplantations of the penis, testicle, urethra, vas deferens, and bladder are not established in current practice. Recent research has shifted toward techniques of reconstruction, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Donati-Bourne
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Ipswich Hospital, Ipswich, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Harry W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: General Surgery Department, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Yaseen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rajjoub
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Coleman
keywords: Reconstruction; Tissue engineering; Transplantation; Urology