title: Catch-up growth following food restriction exacerbates adulthood glucose intolerance in pigs exposed to intrauterine undernutrition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of food restriction followed by controlled refeeding on glucose tolerance in pigs exposed to intrauterine malnutrition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant sows (n = 11) were assigned to either a control (C) group or an undernutrition (U) group (75% of C) during gestation. At postnatal 68 d, the offspring (n = 16) were placed on either a cafeteria feeding (CF) group or a food-restricted (FR) group (75% of CF) for 6 wk. After that, all offspring were fed ad libitum until 189 d (dpn189).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that maternal malnutrition induced offspring glucose intolerance, which was demonstrated by increased serum glucose and triacylglycerol content at dpn189, as well as increased area under the blood glucose curve (AUC) during the intravenous glucose tolerance test (i.v.GTT) (P < 0.05). Interestingly, food restriction followed by controlled refeeding further increased serum glucose content at dpn189 and AUC during i.v.GTT in pigs born from U sows (P < 0.05), which was accompanied by catch-up growth during the refeeding period. These changes were associated with increased mRNA levels of hepatic gluconeogenesis (PC, PEPCK) enzymes (P < 0.05), decreased mRNA level of muscle glucose transporter (GLUT4; P = 0.07), and reduced mRNA level of insulin signaling protein (IRS1, P < 0.05) in the liver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that catch-up growth following food restriction can exacerbate glucose intolerance in offspring exposed to intrauterine malnutrition. This may be caused by increased hepatic gluconeogenesis, decreased muscle glucose transport, and impaired hepatic insulin signaling.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhuo
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
authors.forename: Lianqiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Che
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
authors.forename: Zhengfeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
authors.forename: Shengyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China. Electronic address: pig2pig@sina.com.
authors.forename: De
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D048070:Fetal Nutrition Disorders / Q000378:metabolism*; D005508:Food Deprivation; D005943:Gluconeogenesis / Q000235:genetics; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000235:genetics; D006128:Growth; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000378:metabolism; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Catch-up growth; Food restriction; Glucose intolerance; Maternal malnutrition; Refeeding