title: New cyt b gene universal primer set for forensic analysis.
abstract: Analysis of mitochondrial DNA, and in particular the cytochrome b gene (cyt b), has become an essential tool for species identification in routine forensic practice. In cases of degraded samples, where the DNA is fractionated, universal primers that are highly efficient for the amplification of the target region are necessary. Therefore, in the present study a new universal cyt b primer set with high species identification capabilities, even in samples with highly degraded DNA, has been developed. In order to achieve this objective, the primers were designed following the alignment of complete sequences of the cyt b from 751 species from the Class of Mammalia listed in GenBank. A highly variable region of 148bp flanked by highly conserved sequences was chosen for placing the primers. The effectiveness of the new pair of primers was examined in 63 animal species belonging to 38 Families from 14 Orders and 5 Classes (Mammalia, Aves, Reptilia, Actinopterygii, and Malacostraca). Species determination was possible in all cases, which shows that the fragment analyzed provided a high capability for species identification. Furthermore, to ensure the efficiency of the 148bp fragment, the intraspecific variability was analyzed by calculating the concordance between individuals with the BLAST tool from the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnological Information). The intraspecific concordance levels were superior to 97% in all species. Likewise, the phylogenetic information from the selected fragment was confirmed by obtaining the phylogenetic tree from the sequences of the species analyzed. Evidence of the high power of phylogenetic discrimination of the analyzed fragment of the cyt b was obtained, as 93.75% of the species were grouped within their corresponding Orders. Finally, the analysis of 40 degraded samples with small-size DNA fragments showed that the new pair of primers permits identifying the species, even when the DNA is highly degraded as it is very common in forensic samples.
authors.affiliation: BIOMICS Research Group, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lopez-Oceja
authors.affiliation: BIOMICS Research Group, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gamarra
authors.affiliation: Parque de la Naturaleza de Cabárceno, 39693, Obregón, Cantabria, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Borragan
authors.affiliation: Area of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Pathology and Surgery Dept., Miguel Hernández University of Elche, 03550, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Moreno
authors.affiliation: BIOMICS Research Group, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. Electronic address: marian.mdepancorbo@ehu.es.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: de Pancorbo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics*; D053836:DNA Degradation, Necrotic; D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D033364:Decapoda / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D045303:Cytochromes b
keywords: Cytochrome b; Forensic; Mitochondrial DNA