title: Genome-scale investigation of phenotypically distinct but nearly clonal Trichoderma strains.
abstract: Biological control agents (BCA) are beneficial organisms that are applied to protect plants from pests. Many fungi of the genus Trichoderma are successful BCAs but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Trichoderma cf. atroviride strain LU132 is a remarkably effective BCA compared to T. cf. atroviride strain LU140 but these strains were found to be highly similar at the DNA sequence level. This unusual combination of phenotypic variability and high DNA sequence similarity between separately isolated strains prompted us to undertake a genome comparison study in order to identify DNA polymorphisms. We further investigated if the polymorphisms had functional effects on the phenotypes. The two strains were clearly identified as individuals, exhibiting different growth rates, conidiation and metabolism. Superior pathogen control demonstrated by LU132 depended on its faster growth, which is a prerequisite for successful distribution and competition. Genome sequencing identified only one non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) between the strains. Based on this SNP, we successfully designed and validated an RFLP protocol that can be used to differentiate LU132 from LU140 and other Trichoderma strains. This SNP changed the amino acid sequence of SERF, encoded by the previously undescribed single copy gene "small EDRK-rich factor" (serf). A deletion of serf in the two strains did not lead to identical phenotypes, suggesting that, in addition to the single functional SNP between the nearly clonal Trichoderma cf. atroviride strains, other non-genomic factors contribute to their phenotypic variation. This finding is significant as it shows that genomics is an extremely useful but not exhaustive tool for the study of biocontrol complexity and for strain typing.
authors.affiliation: Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University , Lincoln , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand; Lincoln Agritech Limited, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Weld
authors.affiliation: Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand; Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Murray P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.affiliation: Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand; Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Rosie E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.affiliation: Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University , Lincoln , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Kirstin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.affiliation: Forest Science, Scion , Rotorua , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.affiliation: Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University , Lincoln , New Zealand.
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Steyaert
keywords: Biocontrol; Discordant phenotypes; Genomics; Molecular marker; Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP); Small ERDK-rich factor (serf); Trichoderma cf. atroviride