title: Management of isolated cricopharyngeal dysfunction: systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A systematic review was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of different therapeutic interventions available for the management of isolated cricopharyngeal dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were identified using the following databases: Ovid (Medline, Embase), the Cochrane Library, PubMed and Google Scholar. An initial search identified 339 articles. All titles and abstracts were reviewed. Fifty-six relevant articles were inspected in more detail; of these, 47 were included in the qualitative analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No relevant randomised trials were found. A range of case series were used to perform a qualitative analysis. Botulinum toxin A injection and cricopharyngeal dilatation were associated with a higher risk of recurrence, but appear to be more suitable in elderly and co-morbid patients. In those patients requiring formal myotomy, endoscopic approaches appear to be as effective but less morbid when compared with classical open surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is good evidence for the safety and efficacy of the different therapeutic options for isolated cricopharyngeal dysfunction. However, further studies are required to compare the efficacy of the various treatment modalities.
authors.affiliation: ENT Department,St Michael's Hospital,University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust,UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ashman
authors.affiliation: ENT Department,Gloucestershire Royal Hospital,Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,UK.
authors.forename: O T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.affiliation: ENT Department,St Michael's Hospital,University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust,UK.
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Baldwin
mesh_terms: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D004106:Dilatation; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010608:Pharyngeal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A
keywords: Botulinum Toxins; Hypertrophy; Laser Therapy; Pharyngeal Muscles; Physiopathology; Type A