title: Child's symptom burden and depressive symptoms among caregivers of children with cancers: an argument for early integration of pediatric palliative care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Childhood cancers evoke various emotional reactions in caregivers which can impair their well-being and roles. Little is known about caregiving and which cancer-associated factors are related to caregiver's depression in resource-restricted settings. We sought to investigate if child's symptom burden is related to depressive symptoms in caregivers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-two caregivers and children with cancers were administered questionnaires to elicit socio-demographic and disease-related data. Subsequently, the child's symptoms were profiled with Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS 7-12); while screening for depressive symptoms in caregivers was done using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised (CES-DR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the caregivers were parents, and largely mothers (83.7%). The mean ages of caregivers and children were 39±2 and 10±2 years respectively. Majority of caregivers (90.3%) were either ignorant or attributed spiritual causation to the cancers. The common symptoms with prevalence >50% in the children included pain, nausea, worry, and lack of energy (LE); symptoms' prevalence ranged from LE (68%) to itching (32%). Approximately, one-third each of the children reported hair and weight loss which were considered 'unusual' in the design of MSAS 7-12. The symptoms showed variability in distress, frequency and intensity. In particular, pain, lack of appetite (LA) and feeling sad (FS) were reported as most burdensome in >50% of the children. More than one-third of caregivers (38.2%) screened positive for significant depressive symptoms. The global symptom burden (r=0.58) and individual symptom correlated positively with depressive symptoms in caregivers (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest the need for improved awareness creation on childhood cancers to obviate late presentations and poor access to care. Again, early integration of pediatric palliative care in childhood cancer care to ensure symptom management as well as its extended benefits on caregivers' wellbeing is desirable. The pattern of certain "unusual" symptoms in children with cancer in our work suggests the need to put into consideration 'novel' symptoms which were not captured in existing instruments. Future research on supportive care in pediatric cancers is indicated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria. aolagunju@unilag.edu.ng or andyolagus@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Andrew Toyin
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Olagunju
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Foluke Oladele
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Sarimiye
authors.affiliation: Health Service Commission, Lagos State, Nigeria; Department of Public Health, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada.
authors.forename: Tinuke Oluwasefunmi
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Olagunju
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Radiation Biology and Radiology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Muhammad Yaqub Murtazha
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Habeebu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, PMB 12003, Lagos, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Olatunji Francis
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Aina
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D000072716:Cancer Pain / Q000523:psychology; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009325:Nausea / Q000523:psychology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Caregivers; childhood cancers; depression; palliative care; symptoms burden