title: Effect of absence of vision on posture.
abstract: [Purpose] The visual system is one of the sensory systems that enables the body to assess and process information about the external environment. In the absence of vision, a blind person loses contact with the outside world and develops faulty motor patterns, which results in postural deficiencies. However, literature regarding the development of such deficiencies is limited. The aim of this study was to discuss the effect of absence of vision on posture, the possible biomechanics behind the resulting postural deficiencies, and strategies to correct and prevent them. [Subjects and Methods] Various electronic databases including PubMed, Medline, and Google scholar were examined using the words "body", "posture", "blind" and "absence of vision". References in the retrieved articles were also examined for cross-references. The search was limited to articles in the English language. [Results] A total of 74 papers were shortlisted for this review, most of which dated back to the 1950s and 60s. [Conclusion] Blind people exhibit consistent musculoskeletal deformities. Absence of vision leads to numerous abnormal sensory and motor interactions that often limit blind people in isolation. Rehabilitation of the blind is a multidisciplinary task. Specialists from different fields need to diagnose and treat the deficiencies of the blind together as a team. Before restoring the normal mechanics of posture and gait, the missing link with the external world should be reestablished.
authors.affiliation: Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Abdullah Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Alotaibi
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alghadir
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Zaheen A
authors.initials: ZA
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Research Chair, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia; Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Physiotherapy, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Shahnawaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anwer
keywords: Absence of vision; Blindness; Body posture