title: Ernest Codman and the end result system: a pioneer of health outcomes revisited.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine, Medical School, Department of History, College of Literature, Science and Arts and Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan jhowell@umich.edu.
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Howell
authors.affiliation: Division of General Medicine, Medical School and Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, Gerald R Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ayanian
mesh_terms: D017598:Efficiency, Organizational / Q000266:history*; D013502:General Surgery / Q000266:history*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006739:Hospital Administration / Q000266:history*; D006801:Humans; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States