title: Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Calcium Hydroxide, and Triple Antibiotic Paste as Root Canal Dressing Materials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this article was (i) to define the chemical constituents of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil (CEO), (ii) to compare the antimicrobial activity of CEO with triple antibiotic paste (TAP) and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] on planktonic and biofilm Enterococcus faecalis; and (iii) to compare the cytotoxicity of these medicaments on L929 fibroblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to define the constituents of CEO. Zone of inhibition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and time-kill tests were performed. Further, 108 human teeth were infected with E. faecalis and treated with the medicaments for 1, 7, and 14 days. Cytotoxicity was assessed by exposing L929 fibroblasts to the medicaments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cinnamaldehyde was the main component of CEO. Triple antibiotic paste had the greatest zone of inhibition and the smallest MIC and MBC. Triple antibiotic paste and CEO eradicated planktonic E. faecalis after 4 and 24 hours, while Ca(OH)2 failed to achieve 100% killing after 24 hours. Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil and TAP eradicated biofilm E. faecalis after 7 and 14 days, but Ca(OH)2 could not eliminate E. faecalis after 14 days. Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil was the most biocompatible medicament.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil is an efficient antibacterial agent against planktonic and biofilm E. faecalis and it was cytocompatible to L929 fibroblasts. Therefore, CEO has the potential to be used as an antimicrobial agent in root canal treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abbaszadegan
authors.affiliation: Students' Research Committee, School of Dentistry International Branch, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Fars, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Sahar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dadolahi
authors.affiliation: Assistant Professor, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars, Islamic Republic of Iran, Phone: +989173140518, e-mail: gholami@sums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Ahmad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gholami
authors.affiliation: Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Moein
authors.affiliation: Private practice, Fars, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamedani
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars, Islamic Republic of Iran.
authors.forename: Younes
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ghasemi
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul Vincent
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Abbott
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002935:Cinnamomum zeylanicum; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000382:microbiology; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012390:Root Canal Therapy
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003603:Cytotoxins; D010938:Plant Oils; D000171:Acrolein; D002126:Calcium Hydroxide; C012843:cinnamaldehyde
keywords: 3Mix ointment.; Antimicrobial agents; Cytocompatibility; Root canal medicaments