title: Sonography in Hypotension and Cardiac Arrest (SHoC): Rates of Abnormal Findings in Undifferentiated Hypotension and During Cardiac Arrest as a Basis for Consensus on a Hierarchical Point of Care Ultrasound Protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Point of care ultrasound (PoCUS) has become an established tool in the initial management of patients with undifferentiated hypotension. Current established protocols (RUSH and ACES) were developed by expert user opinion, rather than objective, prospective data. PoCUS also provides invaluable information during resuscitation efforts in cardiac arrest by determining presence/absence of cardiac activity and identifying reversible causes such as pericardial tamponade. There is no agreed guideline on how to safely and effectively incorporate PoCUS into the advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) algorithm. We wished to report disease incidence as a basis to develop a hierarchical approach to PoCUS in hypotension and during cardiac arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  We summarized the recorded incidence of PoCUS findings from the initial cohort during the interim analysis of two prospective studies. We propose that this will form the basis for developing a modified Delphi approach incorporating this data to obtain the input of a panel of international experts associated with five professional organizations led by the International Federation of Emergency Medicine (IFEM). The modified Delphi tool will be developed to reach an international consensus on how to integrate PoCUS for hypotensive emergency department patients as well as into cardiac arrest algorithms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rates of abnormal PoCUS findings from 151 patients with undifferentiated hypotension included left ventricular dynamic changes (43%), IVC abnormalities (27%), pericardial effusion (16%), and pleural fluid (8%). Abdominal pathology was rare (fluid 5%, AAA 2%). During cardiac arrest there were no pericardial effusions, however abnormalities of ventricular contraction (45%) and valvular motion (39%) were common among the 43 patients included.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A prospectively collected disease incidence-based hierarchy of scanning can be developed based on the reported findings. This will inform an international consensus process towards the development of proposed SHoC protocols for hypotension and cardiac arrest, comprised of the stepwise clinical-indication based approach of Core, Supplementary, and Additional PoCUS views. We hope that such a protocol would be structured in a way that enables the clinician to only perform views that are clinically indicated, which limits exposure to the frequent incidental positive findings that accompany the current "one size fits all" standard protocols.
authors.affiliation: Family Medicine Residency Program, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Dalhousie.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Milne
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine, Saint John Regional Hospital ; Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine, Dalhousie University.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine, Saint John Regional Hospital ; Emergency Medicine, Horizon Health Network.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Diegelmann
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine, Saskatoon Health Region.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Olszynski
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stander
authors.affiliation: Emergency Medicine, Stellenbosch University.
authors.forename: Hein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lamprecht
keywords: advanced cardiac life support; echocardiography; shock; ultrasound