title: Dietary Patterns in Pregnancy in New Zealand-Influence of Maternal Socio-Demographic, Health and Lifestyle Factors.
abstract: Exploration of dietary pattern associations within a multi-ethnic society context has been limited. We aimed to describe dietary patterns of 5664 pregnant women from the Growing Up in New Zealand study, and investigate associations between these patterns and maternal socio-demographic, place of birth, health and lifestyle factors. Participants completed a food frequency questionnaire prior to the birth of their child. Principal components analysis was used to extract dietary patterns and multivariable analyses used to determine associations. Four dietary components were extracted. Higher scores on, 'Junk' and 'Traditional/White bread', were associated with decreasing age, lower educational levels, being of Pacific or Māori ethnicity and smoking. Higher scores on, 'Health conscious' and 'Fusion/Protein', were associated with increasing age, better self-rated health, lower pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and not smoking. Higher scores on 'Junk' and 'Health conscious' were associated with being born in New Zealand (NZ), whereas higher scores on 'Fusion/Protein' was associated with being born outside NZ and being of non-European ethnicity, particularly Asian. High scores on the 'Health conscious' dietary pattern showed the highest odds of adherence to the pregnancy dietary guidelines. In this cohort of pregnant women different dietary patterns were associated with migration, ethnicity, socio-demographic characteristics, health behaviors and adherence to dietary guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Longitudinal Research-He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland 1072, New Zealand. c.wall@auckland.ac.nz.|Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1072, New Zealand. c.wall@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Clare R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.affiliation: Centre for Longitudinal Research-He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland 1072, New Zealand. c.gammon@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Cheryl S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gammon
authors.affiliation: Centre for Longitudinal Research-He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland 1072, New Zealand. d.bandara@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Dinusha K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Bandara
authors.affiliation: Centre for Longitudinal Research-He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland 1072, New Zealand. cc.grant@auckland.ac.nz.|Department of Paediatrics, Child &amp; Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1072, New Zealand. cc.grant@auckland.ac.nz.|Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland 1148, New Zealand. cc.grant@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Cameron C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.affiliation: Centre for Longitudinal Research-He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland 1072, New Zealand. p.atatoacarr@auckland.ac.nz.|Child Health, Waikato District Health Board, Hamilton 3204, New Zealand. p.atatoacarr@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Polly E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Atatoa Carr
authors.affiliation: Centre for Longitudinal Research-He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland 1072, New Zealand. s.morton@auckland.ac.nz.
authors.forename: Susan M B
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Morton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000145:classification; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D011247:Pregnancy; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: dietary patterns; ethnicity; pregnancy; principal component analysis