title: Use of laboratory test results in patient management by clinicians in Malawi.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malawi has a high burden of infectious disease. The expansion of programmes targeting these diseases requires a strong laboratory infrastructure to support both diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the use of laboratory test results in patient management and to determine the requirements for improving laboratory services.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2012 to survey practising clinicians. Two hospitals were purposively selected for observations of clinicians ordering laboratory tests. Twelve management-level key informants were interviewed. Descriptive statistics were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 242 clinicians were identified and 216 (89%) were interviewed. Of these, 189 (87%) reported doubting laboratory test results at some point. Clinicians most often doubted the quality of haematology (67%), followed by malaria (53%) and CD4 (22%) test results. A total of 151 (70%) clinicians reported using laboratory tests results in patient management. Use of laboratory test results at all times in patient management varied by the type of health facility (P< 0.001). Ninety-one percent of clinicians reported that laboratories required infrastructure improvement. During 97 observations of clinicians' use of laboratory test results, 80 tests were ordered, and 73 (91%) of these were used in patient management. Key informants reported that the quality of laboratory services was good and useful, but that services were often unavailable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gaps in the public laboratory system were evident. Key recommendations to enhance the use of laboratory test results in patient management were to strengthen the supply chain, reduce turn-around times, improve the test menu and improve the laboratory infrastructure.
authors.affiliation: Howard University, Technical Assistance Project, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Kundai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moyo
authors.affiliation: Howard University, Technical Assistance Project, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.affiliation: Preventive Health Services, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chilima
authors.affiliation: Health Technical Support Services (Diagnostics), Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Reuben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mwenda
authors.affiliation: Howard University, Technical Assistance Project, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kabue
authors.affiliation: Health Technical Support Services (Diagnostics), Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Lutho
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zungu
authors.affiliation: Senior Laboratory Advisor, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Lilongwe, Malawi.
authors.forename: Abdoulaye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarr