title: Resistance patterns of diversified phylogroups of Escherichia coli associated with mothers having history of preterm births in Pakistan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), and are one of the key predictors of preterm births. In the light of this fact, present study was conducted to determine the predominant Escherichia coli (E. coli) phylotypes and their associated antibiotic susceptibility patterns, isolated from pregnant mothers with the history of preterm births.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty seven E. coli strains were isolated out of a total of 80 urine samples of pregnant women. The isolates were phylotyped and further screened for the presence of Clonal group A. Moreover, Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and screening for Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing strains were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 47 isolates, phylogroup B2 was found to be highly prevalent (45%), followed by group D (23%), B1 (10.64%), A (6.38%), E (6.38%), cryptic clade I (4.25%) and F (2.13%). Two isolates belonged to CgA and 41 (87.23%) isolates were found to be multidrug-resistant. Out of nine antibiotics tested in the study, the isolates displayed high resistance to Ampicillin (82.6%), Sulphamethoxazole (65.22%), Nalidixic acid (60.87%), Sulphamethoxazole-Trimethoprim, Doxycycline and Erythromycin (56.52% each). In total, 8 (17.02%) of the isolates were found to be ESBL positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of infections caused by virulent and highly drug resistant E. coli isolates constitute a risk of developing preterm birth complications in pregnant women and requires the selection of appropriate antibiotics for the treatment of infections caused during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: a COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Department of BioSciences , Islamabad , Pakistan and.
authors.forename: Fiza
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.affiliation: a COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Department of BioSciences , Islamabad , Pakistan and.
authors.forename: Sidra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.affiliation: a COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Department of BioSciences , Islamabad , Pakistan and.
authors.forename: Ayesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: a COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Department of BioSciences , Islamabad , Pakistan and.
authors.forename: Fariha
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.affiliation: a COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Department of BioSciences , Islamabad , Pakistan and.
authors.forename: Zobia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Noreen
authors.affiliation: b Sir Ganga Ram Hospital , Lahore , Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sadia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bokhari
authors.affiliation: a COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Department of BioSciences , Islamabad , Pakistan and.
authors.forename: Habib
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bokhari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D010154:Pakistan; D010802:Phylogeny; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000382:microbiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology*; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001618:beta-Lactamases
keywords: Antibiotic resistance; extended spectrum beta lactamases; extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli; phylogroups; prevalence