title: Megastigmus seed chalcids (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) radiated much more on Angiosperms than previously considered. I- Description of 8 new species from Kenya, with a key to the females of Eastern and Southern Africa.
abstract: A survey of seed chalcids from woody plants in Kenya revealed 12 species belonging to the genus Megastigmus Dalman, 1820, and has increased to 16 the number of Megastigmus species presently recorded from the Afrotropical Region, of which at least 13 are seed feeders. A key to female Megastigmus of the Afrotropical Region is provided. Eight new species are described from morphological evidence: Megastigmus lanneae Roques & Copeland, Megastigmus laventhali Roques & Copeland, Megastigmus ozoroae Roques & Copeland, and Megastigmus smithi Roques & Copeland in seeds of species of the family Anacardiaceae, Megastigmus copelandi Roques & Copeland and Megastigmus grewianae Roques & Copeland in seeds of Malvaceae, Megastigmus helinae Roques & Copeland in seeds of Rhamnaceae, and Megastigmus icipeensis Roques & Copeland for which no host is known. These collections include the first records of Malvaceae and Rhamnaceae as hosts of Megastigmus seed chalcids, which appear to have radiated in Angiosperms much more than previously considered. Analyses of the mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase subunit one - COI) and nuclear DNA (28S ribosomal region) could be carried out on 8 of the 16 African species of which 5 were newly described ones. The species associated with Anacardiaceae always clustered together in phylogenies, confirming the existence of a strong and ancestral monophyletic clade, unlike the ones associated with Malvaceae and Rhamnaceae, whose position remains unclear. All holotypes are deposited in the National Museums of Kenya.
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR633, Zoologie Forestière, 2163 Avenue Pomme de Pin, F-45075, Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roques
authors.affiliation: ICIPE, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; National Museums of Kenya, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Copeland
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR 1062, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30016, F-34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Soldati
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR633, Zoologie Forestière, 2163 Avenue Pomme de Pin, F-45075, Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Denux
authors.affiliation: INRA, UR633, Zoologie Forestière, 2163 Avenue Pomme de Pin, F-45075, Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Auger-Rozenberg
keywords: Africa; Anacardiaceae; Chalcidoidea; Malvaceae; Megastigmus; Rhamnaceae; fruit; new species; plant hosts; seed