title: Bonding Effectiveness of Luting Composites to Different CAD/CAM Materials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the influence of different surface treatments of six novel CAD/CAM materials on the bonding effectiveness of two luting composites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six different CAD/CAM materials were tested: four ceramics - Vita Mark II; IPS Empress CAD and IPS e.max CAD; Celtra Duo - one hybrid ceramic, Vita Enamic, and one composite CAD/CAM block, Lava Ultimate. A total of 60 blocks (10 per material) received various mechanical surface treatments: 1. 600-grit SiC paper; 2. sandblasting with 30-μm Al2O3; 3. tribochemical silica coating (CoJet). Subsequent chemical surface treatments involved either no further treatment (control), HF acid etching (HF), silanization (S, or HF acid etching followed by silanization (HF+S). Two specimens with the same surface treatment were bonded together using two dual-curing luting composites: Clearfil Esthetic Cement (self-etching) or Panavia SA Cement (self-adhesive). After 1 week of water storage, the microtensile bond strength of the sectioned microspecimens was measured and the failure mode was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bonding performance of the six CAD/CAM materials was significantly influenced by surface treatment (linear mixed models, p < 0.05). The luting cement had a significant influence on bond strength for Celtra Duo and Lava Ultimate (linear mixed models, p < 0.05). Mechanical surface treatment significantly influenced the bond strength for Celtra Duo (p = 0.0117), IPS e.max CAD (p = 0.0115), and Lava Ultimate (p < 0.0001). Different chemical surface treatments resulted in the highest bond strengths for the six CAD/CAM materials: Vita Mark II and IPS Empress CAD: S, HF+S; Celtra Duo: HF, HF+S; IPS e.max CAD: HF+S; Vita Enamic: HF+S, S. For Lava Ultimate, the highest bond strengths were obtained with HF, S, HF+S. Failure analysis showed a relation between bond strength and failure type: more mixed failures were observed with higher bond strengths. Mainly adhesive failures were noticed if no further surface treatment was done. The percentage of adhesive failures was higher for CAD/CAM materials with higher flexural strength (Celtra Duo, IPS e.max CAD, and Lava Ultimate).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The bond strength of luting composites to novel CAD/CAM materials is influenced by surface treatment. For each luting composite, an adhesive cementation protocol can be specified in order to obtain the highest bond to the individual CAD/CAM materials.
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peumans
authors.forename: Emilija Bajraktarova
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Valjakova
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Munck
authors.forename: Cece Bajraktarova
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Mishevska
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Van Meerbeek
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000179:Acrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000737:chemistry; D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D001840:Dental Bonding; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D008422:Materials Testing; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D017655:Silicon Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000179:Acrylates; D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D017554:Carbon Compounds, Inorganic; D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; C520133:IPS e.max CAD LT; C075815:IPS-Empress ceramic; D019279:Resin Cements; D012821:Silanes; D017655:Silicon Compounds; C082340:Vita Mark II; C530542:clearfil esthetic cement; D014867:Water; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C040415:heliobond; D000537:Aluminum Oxide; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid; C022088:silicon carbide