title: Risk-based approach to developing a national residue sampling plan for testing under European Union regulation for veterinary medicinal products and coccidiostat feed additives in domestic animal production.
abstract: A ranking system for veterinary medicinal products and coccidiostat feed additives has been developed as a tool to be applied in a risk-based approach to the residue testing programme for foods of animal origin in the Irish National Residue Control Plan (NRCP). Three characteristics of substances that may occur as residues in food are included in the developed risk ranking system: Potency, as measured by the acceptable daily intake assigned by the European Medicines Agency Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use, to each substance; Usage, as measured by the three factors of Number of Doses, use on Individual animals or for Group treatment, and Withdrawal Period; and Residue Occurrence, as measured by the number of Non-Compliant Samples in the NRCP. For both Number of Doses and Non-Compliant Samples, data for the 5-year period 2008-12 have been used. The risk ranking system for substances was developed for beef cattle, sheep and goats, pigs, chickens and dairy cattle using a scoring system applied to the various parameters described above to give an overall score based on the following equation: Potency × Usage (Number of Doses + Individual/Group Use + Withdrawal Period) × Residue Occurrence. Applying this risk ranking system, the following substances are ranked very highly: antimicrobials such as amoxicillin (for all species except pigs), marbofloxacillin (for beef cattle), oxytetracycline (for all species except chickens), sulfadiazine with trimethoprim (for pigs and chickens) and tilmicosin (for chickens); antiparasitic drugs, such as the benzimidazoles triclabendazole (for beef and dairy cattle), fenbendazole/oxfendazole (for sheep/goats and dairy cattle) and albendazole (for dairy cattle), the avermectin ivermectin (for beef cattle), and anti-fluke drugs closantel and rafoxanide (for sheep/goats); the anticoccidials monensin, narasin, nicarbazin and toltrazuril (for chickens). The risk ranking system described is a relatively simple system designed to provide a reliable basis for selecting the veterinary medicinal products and coccidiostat feed additives that might be prioritised for residue testing.
authors.affiliation: a Food Safety Department , Teagasc Food Research Centre , Dublin , Ireland.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danaher
authors.affiliation: b UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland.
authors.forename: Conor
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shanahan
authors.affiliation: b UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering , University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland.
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.affiliation: c Food Science and Standards Division , Food Safety Authority of Ireland , Dublin , Ireland.
authors.forename: Rhodri
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: d Department of Agriculture , Food and the Marine , Celbridge , Ireland.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.affiliation: e Marine Environment and Food Safety Services , Marine Institute , Oranmore , Ireland.
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Glynn
authors.affiliation: c Food Science and Standards Division , Food Safety Authority of Ireland , Dublin , Ireland.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Camon
authors.affiliation: f Teagasc, Pig Development Department , Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre , Fermoy , Ireland.
authors.forename: Peadar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.affiliation: c Food Science and Standards Division , Food Safety Authority of Ireland , Dublin , Ireland.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Keeffe
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000032:analysis; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000032:analysis; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000032:analysis; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D003049:Coccidiostats / Q000032:analysis; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis*; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis*; D005062:European Union; D059022:Food Safety; D006041:Goats; D008460:Meat / Q000032:analysis*; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012756:Sheep; D013552:Swine; D019155:Veterinary Drugs / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D003049:Coccidiostats; D019155:Veterinary Drugs
keywords: Risk ranking; beef cattle; chickens; coccidiostat feed additives; dairy cattle; pigs; potency; residue occurrence; residue testing; sheep and goats; usage; veterinary medicinal products