title: Adolescent prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc: Management strategies and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lumbar intervertebral disc herniation (LIVDH) is rare in children and adolescents when compared to adults. In literature, children generally constitute around 0.5-3% of surgically treated LIVDH. Though much rarer, they are less likely to respond to conservative treatment than adults. In this study, we analyze our experience in the management of adolescent LIVDH (ALIVDH) (age group 12-18 years) including the demographic, clinico-radiological features; surgical management strategies and outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective analysis constituted all patients between 12 and 18 years, who underwent surgery for LIVDH at our institute over a period of 15 years from January 1999 to June 2014. The records of these patients were retrieved, and demographic features, clinical picture, radiological features, operative findings, and postoperative events were evaluated. Follow-up data were obtained either through direct clinical evaluation or mailed self-report questionnaire and telephone conversations. The long-term outcome was analyzed by using standardized and condition specific outcome scales in addition to routine clinical follow-up evaluation. The long-term outcome was analyzed by using the short form-36 (SF-36).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were a total of 32 patients (26 males, eight females) with an average age of 15.64 years. Trauma was a significant etiological factor 57.14% (n = 16/28). Vertebral anomalies were present in 35.7% (n = 10/28) cases. Majority had a neurological deficit at presentation (n = 20/28). The most commonly involved level was the L4-L5 level (n = 18/128) in this series. Multiple level disc degeneration was present in eight patients (28.6%). Immediate postoperative relief was achieved in all but one patient. At long-term follow-up twenty patients were pain-free (71.4%). At follow-up, the physical functioning scale of SF-36 was significantly lower in patients with gross motor deficit prior to surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early diagnosis and adequate management contribute to a good outcome. In our study, trauma and presence of preexisting vertebral anomalies were significant factors in the etiogenesis of ALIVDH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Pragyan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sarma
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Rajan Thanga
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Thirupathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Dwarakanath
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Srinivas
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Sampath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Somanna
keywords: Adolescent; child; discectomy; intervertebral disc; lumbar disc herniation; outcome of surgery