title: Procalcitonin and Midregional Proatrial Natriuretic Peptide as Markers of Ischemic Stroke: The Northern Manhattan Study.
abstract: Chronic infections and neuroendocrine dysfunction may be risk factors for ischemic stroke (IS). We hypothesized that selected blood biomarkers of infection (procalcitonin [PCT]), hypothalamic-pituitary-axis function (copeptin), and hemodynamic dysfunction (midregional proatrial natriuretic peptide [MRproANP]) are associated with incident IS risk in the multiethnic, urban Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) cohort.
  
  
  
  A nested case-control study was performed among initially stroke-free participants. Cases were defined as first IS (n=172). We randomly selected controls among those who did not develop an event (n=344). We calculated Cox proportional hazards models with inverse probability weighting to estimate the association of blood biomarkers with risk of stroke after adjusting for demographic, behavioral, and medical risk factors.
  
  
  
  Those with PCT and MRproANP, but not copeptin, in the top quartile, compared with the lowest quartile, were associated with IS (for PCT adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-3.8 and for MRproANP adjusted HR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.6-7.5). The associations of PCT and MRproANP differed by stroke etiology; PCT levels in the top quartile were particularly associated with small vessel stroke (adjusted HR, 5.1; 95% CI, 1.4-18.7) and MRproANP levels with cardioembolic stroke (adjusted HR, 16.3; 95% CI, 3.7-70.9).
  
  
  
  Higher levels of PCT, a marker of infection, and MRproANP, a marker for hemodynamic stress, were independently associated with IS risk. PCT was specifically associated with small vessel and MRproANP with cardioembolic stroke risk. Further study is needed to validate these biomarkers and determine their significance in stroke risk prediction and prevention.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (M.K., Y.P.M., M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.K.); Department of Biostatistics (M.C.P.) and Department of Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Clinic, Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland (B.M., A.H.); and Departments of Neurology (R.L.S.) and Public Health Sciences and Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL. mira.katan@usz.ch.
authors.forename: Mira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katan
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (M.K., Y.P.M., M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.K.); Department of Biostatistics (M.C.P.) and Department of Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Clinic, Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland (B.M., A.H.); and Departments of Neurology (R.L.S.) and Public Health Sciences and Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL.
authors.forename: Yeseon P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Moon
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (M.K., Y.P.M., M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.K.); Department of Biostatistics (M.C.P.) and Department of Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Clinic, Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland (B.M., A.H.); and Departments of Neurology (R.L.S.) and Public Health Sciences and Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL.
authors.forename: Myunghee C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (M.K., Y.P.M., M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.K.); Department of Biostatistics (M.C.P.) and Department of Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Clinic, Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland (B.M., A.H.); and Departments of Neurology (R.L.S.) and Public Health Sciences and Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL.
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (M.K., Y.P.M., M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.K.); Department of Biostatistics (M.C.P.) and Department of Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Clinic, Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland (B.M., A.H.); and Departments of Neurology (R.L.S.) and Public Health Sciences and Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL.
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (M.K., Y.P.M., M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.K.); Department of Biostatistics (M.C.P.) and Department of Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Clinic, Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland (B.M., A.H.); and Departments of Neurology (R.L.S.) and Public Health Sciences and Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL.
authors.forename: Ralph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY (M.K., Y.P.M., M.S.V.E.); Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (M.K.); Department of Biostatistics (M.C.P.) and Department of Epidemiology (M.S.V.E.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Clinic, Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland (B.M., A.H.); and Departments of Neurology (R.L.S.) and Public Health Sciences and Human Genetics (R.L.S.), Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL.
authors.forename: Mitchell S V
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Elkind
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006020:Glycopeptides / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006020:Glycopeptides; C048197:copeptins; C552580:midregional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide, human; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D002116:Calcitonin
keywords: biomarker; hemodynamic; infection; risk factor; stress; stroke