title: Extraordinary intelligence and the care of infants.
abstract: We present evidence that pressures for early childcare may have been one of the driving factors of human evolution. We show through an evolutionary model that runaway selection for high intelligence may occur when (i) altricial neonates require intelligent parents, (ii) intelligent parents must have large brains, and (iii) large brains necessitate having even more altricial offspring. We test a prediction of this account by showing across primate genera that the helplessness of infants is a particularly strong predictor of the adults' intelligence. We discuss related implications, including this account's ability to explain why human-level intelligence evolved specifically in mammals. This theory complements prior hypotheses that link human intelligence to social reasoning and reproductive pressures and explains how human intelligence may have become so distinctive compared with our closest evolutionary relatives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 spiantad@ur.rochester.edu ckidd@ur.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Steven T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Piantadosi
authors.affiliation: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 spiantad@ur.rochester.edu ckidd@ur.rochester.edu.
authors.forename: Celeste
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kidd
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001921:Brain; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007360:Intelligence; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011323:Primates
keywords: cognitive science; developmental modeling; evolutionary dynamics