title: Nurse practitioner screening for childhood adversity among adult primary care patients: A mixed-method study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Researchers have demonstrated an association between experiencing childhood abuse and multiple chronic health conditions in adulthood, yet this evidence has not been routinely translated to practice. The purpose of this research study was to examine nurse practitioner (NP) practices, skills, attitudes, and perceived barriers associated with screening adult patients for childhood abuse to determine the extent to which evidence of the association between childhood abuse and negative health outcomes has been translated to NP practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed-method approach with web-based questionnaires and online focus groups was used to examine NP screening for histories of childhood abuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A total of 188 complete NP surveys were analyzed along with data from focus groups with 12 NPs. One third of the NPs regularly screened for childhood abuse and believed screening was their responsibility. Six barriers, including insufficient time and lack of confidence when inquiring about abuse, were significantly associated with NP screening practices. The focus group participants discussed how and when one should ask about childhood abuse, and the need for education about screening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Time constraints and NPs' lack of confidence in their ability to screen for histories of childhood abuse must be addressed to encourage routine screening in primary care practice.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kalmakis
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Genevieve E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Chandler
authors.affiliation: Bouve' College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Susan Jo
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.affiliation: Obstetric and Gynecology Department, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Leung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D009722:Nurse Practitioners; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Abuse; adults; childhood abuse; advanced practice nurse (APN); screening