title: Rooting depth and root depth distribution of Trifolium repens × T. uniflorum interspecific hybrids.
abstract: Background and aims Traits related to root depth distribution were examined in Trifolium repens × T. uniflorum backcross 1 (BC1) hybrids to determine whether root characteristics of white clover could be improved by interspecific hybridization. Methods Two white clover cultivars, two T. uniflorum accessions and two BC1 populations were grown in 1 -m deep tubes of sand culture. Maximum rooting depth and root mass distribution were measured at four harvests over time, and root distribution data were fitted with a regression model to provide measures of root system shape. Morphological traits were measured at two depths at harvest 3. Key Results Root system shape of the hybrids was more similar to T. uniflorum than to white clover. The hybrids and T. uniflorum had a higher rate of decrease in root mass with depth than white clover, which would result in higher proportions of root mass in the upper profile. Percentage total root mass at 100-200 mm depth was higher for T. uniflorum than white clover, and for Crusader BC1 than 'Crusader'. Roots of the hybrids and T. uniflorum also penetrated deeper than those of white clover. T. uniflorum had thicker roots at 50-100 mm deep than the other entries, and more of its fine root mass at 400-500 mm. The hybrids and white clover had more of their fine root mass higher in the profile. Consequently, T. uniflorum had a higher root length density at 400-500 mm than most entries, and a smaller decrease in root length density with depth. Conclusions These results demonstrate that rooting characteristics of white clover can be altered by hybridization with T. uniflorum, potentially improving water and nutrient acquisition and drought resistance. Root traits of T. uniflorum are likely to be adaptations to soil moisture and fertility in its natural environment.
authors.affiliation: AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Nichols
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand.
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.affiliation: AgResearch, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.|College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand and.
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Koten
keywords: 
            Trifolium repens
          ; 
            Trifolium uniflorum
          ; Interspecific hybrids; root distribution; rooting depth; roots; white clover