title: Biological and Nonbiological Antioxidant Activity of Some Essential Oils.
abstract: Fifteen essential oils, four essential oil fractions, and three pure compounds (thymol, carvacrol, and eugenol), characterized by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, were investigated for biological and nonbiological antioxidant activity. Clove oil and eugenol showed strong DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 13.2 μg/mL and 11.7 μg/mL, respectively) and powerfully inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human neutrophils stimulated by PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) (IC50 = 7.5 μg/mL and 1.6 μg/mL) or H2O2 (IC50 = 22.6 μg/mL and 27.1 μg/mL). Nutmeg, ginger, and palmarosa oils were also highly active on this test. Essential oils from clove and ginger, as well as eugenol, carvacrol, and bornyl acetate inhibited NO (nitric oxide) production (IC50 < 50.0 μg/mL). The oils of clove, red thyme, and Spanish oregano, together with eugenol, thymol, and carvacrol showed the highest myeloperoxidase inhibitory activity. Isomers carvacrol and thymol displayed a disparate behavior in some tests. All in all, clove oil and eugenol offered the best antioxidant profile.
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona , Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pérez-Rosés
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona , Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.|Phytonexus, S.L. , Na Jordana, 11, E-46240 Carlet, València, Spain.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Risco
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona , Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Roser
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vila
authors.affiliation: Lidervet, S.L. , Plaça García Lorca, 17, Baixos, E-43006 Tarragona, Spain.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peñalver
authors.affiliation: Unitat de Farmacologia, Farmacognòsia i Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona , Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cañigueral
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide
keywords: DPPH; NO; ROS; antioxidant; clove oil; essential oils; eugenol; flow cytometry; myeloperoxidase