title: Pheochromocytoma in Old World Primates (Macaca mulatta and Chlorocebus aethiops).
abstract: Pheochromocytoma, a rarely reported adrenal gland neoplasm in Old World primates, was diagnosed in 5 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and 2 African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) from 3 research institutions. Age and sex were available for 6 primates. Two males and 4 females were affected, ranging in age from 9 to 31 years. All neoplasms were unilateral and, in the cases reporting the affected gland, 4 involved the right adrenal gland and 2 involved the left. Diagnosis was established by characteristic histologic features. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells in all cases expressed chromogranin A and met-enkephalin and were negative for melan-A and inhibin. Six of 7 tumors were positive for β-endorphin. Pulmonary metastases were present in 2 rhesus macaques and portal vein invasion in 1 African green monkey. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of malignant pheochromocytoma in Old World primates.
authors.affiliation: Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA colginl@ohsu.edu.
authors.forename: L M A
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Colgin
authors.affiliation: Research Animal Resources Center, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schwahn
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Castillo-Alcala
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population & Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiupel
authors.affiliation: Division of Comparative Medicine, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000310:Adrenal Gland Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D005260:Female; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008992:Monkey Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*; D010673:Pheochromocytoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*
keywords: 
  Chlorocebus aethiops
  ; 
  Macaca mulatta
  ; African green monkey; Old World primate; adrenal gland neoplasm; immunohistochemistry; pheochromocytoma; rhesus macaque