title: Be Careful Where You Smile: Culture Shapes Judgments of Intelligence and Honesty of Smiling Individuals.
abstract: Smiling individuals are usually perceived more favorably than non-smiling ones-they are judged as happier, more attractive, competent, and friendly. These seemingly clear and obvious consequences of smiling are assumed to be culturally universal, however most of the psychological research is carried out in WEIRD societies (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) and the influence of culture on social perception of nonverbal behavior is still understudied. Here we show that a smiling individual may be judged as less intelligent than the same non-smiling individual in cultures low on the GLOBE's uncertainty avoidance dimension. Furthermore, we show that corruption at the societal level may undermine the prosocial perception of smiling-in societies with high corruption indicators, trust toward smiling individuals is reduced. This research fosters understanding of the cultural framework surrounding nonverbal communication processes and reveals that in some cultures smiling may lead to negative attributions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jaracza 1, 00-378 Warsaw, Poland.
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authors.affiliation: Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Cis-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal.
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authors.lastname: -Melanie Vauclair
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.
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authors.forename: Radka
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authors.forename: Vassilis
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authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Taekyun
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authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Karolina
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jaracza 1, 00-378 Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
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authors.lastname: Szarota
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Al Minufya, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ramadan A
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authors.affiliation: Faculty of Sociology, Saint-Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Eleonora
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authors.lastname: Burtceva
authors.affiliation: Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Agricultural University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia.
authors.forename: Ana
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authors.affiliation: University of New York Tirana, Tirana, Albania.
authors.forename: Enila
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authors.forename: Arif
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authors.affiliation: College of Leadership Development Studies, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria.
authors.forename: David O
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authors.lastname: Igbokwe
authors.affiliation: Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: İdil
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authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Gwatirera
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authors.lastname: Malbran
authors.affiliation: Department of Education, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Fridanna
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authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
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authors.lastname: Mikarsa
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authors.forename: Lynden K
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authors.lastname: Miles
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Studies, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia.
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authors.lastname: Nader
authors.affiliation: Nagoya University of Commerce and Business, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Joonha
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authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences and Health Policy, University of Luzern, Lucerne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Muhammad
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authors.lastname: Rizwan
authors.affiliation: Silver School of Social Work, New York University, New York City, NY USA.
authors.forename: Radwa
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authors.lastname: Salem
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Psychology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Beate
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authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Irfana
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authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chien-Ru
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authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Wijnand
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authors.lastname: van Tilburg
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Economic Psychology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
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authors.affiliation: Istanbul Bilgi University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ryan
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authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
authors.forename: Angela Arriola
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keywords: Corruption; Culture; Honesty; Intelligence; Smile; Uncertainty avoidance