title: Efficient analysis of large datasets and sex bias with ADMIXTURE.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of large genomic datasets are being generated for studies of human ancestry and diseases. The ADMIXTURE program is commonly used to infer individual ancestry from genomic data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We describe two improvements to the ADMIXTURE software. The first enables ADMIXTURE to infer ancestry for a new set of individuals using cluster allele frequencies from a reference set of individuals. Using data from the 1000 Genomes Project, we show that this allows ADMIXTURE to infer ancestry for 10,920 individuals in a few hours (a 5 × speedup). This mode also allows ADMIXTURE to correctly estimate individual ancestry and allele frequencies from a set of related individuals. The second modification allows ADMIXTURE to correctly handle X-chromosome (and other haploid) data from both males and females. We demonstrate increased power to detect sex-biased admixture in African-American individuals from the 1000 Genomes project using this extension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These modifications make ADMIXTURE more efficient and versatile, allowing users to extract more information from large genomic datasets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. suyashs@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Suyash S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shringarpure
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Bustamante
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomathematics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.affiliation: Pacific Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA.
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005828:Genetics, Population; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D060148:HapMap Project; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012984:Software; D015206:Southwestern United States
keywords: Admixture; Ancestry inference; Pedigrees; Reference panels; Sex bias; Sex-chromosome; Supervised learning