title: Fetal Exposure to Carcinogens With Tobacco Use in Pregnancy: Phase 1 MAW Study Findings.
abstract: The high prevalence of smoking and smokeless tobacco (ST) use during pregnancy in Alaska Native (AN) women is concerning due to the detrimental effects of these products to the mother and the developing fetus. We sought to correlate maternal cotinine levels with fetal exposure to a tobacco-specific carcinogen to incorporate in a biomarker feedback intervention to motivate tobacco cessation during pregnancy.
  
  
  
  Demographic and tobacco use data were collected from a convenience sample of pregnant AN smokers, ST users, and non-users. Maternal and neonatal urine were collected at delivery. Maternal urine cotinine and neonatal urine total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL, a tobacco-specific carcinogen) levels in smokers and ST users were analyzed and their correlations determined by Spearman correlation coefficients.
  
  
  
  During 2012-2014, we enrolled 64 non-users, 54 smokers, and 30 ST (20 homemade iqmik; 10 commercial ST) users (n = 148). Analyses of paired maternal-infant urine samples obtained for 36 smokers demonstrated a moderate to strong correlation (r = 0.73, P < .001) between maternal cotinine and infant NNAL levels. The correlation was not significant for 25 iqmik users (r = 0.36, P = .17) or 9 commercial ST users (r = 0.60, P = .09). No analysis was conducted for 55 non-users with cotinine and NNAL levels < limits of quantification.
  
  
  
  There is a moderate to strong correlation between maternal smoking and fetal exposure to the tobacco-specific carcinogen NNAL.
  
  
  
  The correlation between maternal smoking and fetal carcinogen exposure may provide an education tool to help motivate smoking cessation among pregnant AN women. Further investigation is warranted to determine correlations between maternal commercial ST and iqmik use and neonatal NNAL.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Research Services, Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK; caflanagan@anthc.org.
authors.forename: Christie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Research Services, Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK.
authors.forename: Kathryn R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Koller
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Research Services, Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK.
authors.forename: Abbie W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Research Services, Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK.
authors.forename: Timothy K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA.|Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical Service, Departments of Medicine, and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA.
authors.forename: Neal L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Benowitz
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Research Services, Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK.
authors.forename: Caroline C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
authors.forename: Dorothy K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hatsukami
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bronars
authors.affiliation: Southcentral Foundation, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, AK.
authors.forename: Neil J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Research Services, Division of Community Health Services, Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage, AK.
authors.forename: Gretchen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Day
authors.affiliation: Divison of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester MN.
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
authors.forename: Christi A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Patten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D002273:Carcinogens / Q000032:analysis*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000652:urine*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D011725:Pyridines / Q000652:urine*; D012907:Smoking / Q000652:urine*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002273:Carcinogens; D009602:Nitrosamines; D011725:Pyridines; C099565:4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butan-1-ol; D003367:Cotinine