title: Type 1 Diabetes and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
abstract: A few small studies have reported increased prevalences of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and symptoms of androgen excess in women with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  
  We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating androgen excess symptoms and PCOS in women with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  
  The Entrez-PubMed and Scopus electronic databases were used.
  
  
  
  We selected studies addressing androgen excess signs, symptoms, and disorders in girls, adolescents, and adult women with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  
  The main outcome measures were prevalences of PCOS, hyperandrogenemia, hirsutism, menstrual dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM).
  
  
  
  Nine primary studies involving 475 adolescent or adult women with type 1 diabetes were included. The prevalences of PCOS and associated traits in women with type 1 diabetes were 24% (95% CI 15-34) for PCOS, 25% (95% CI 17-33) for hyperandrogenemia, 25% (95% CI 16-36) for hirsutism, 24% (95% CI 17-32) for menstrual dysfunction, and 33% (95% CI 24-44) for PCOM. These figures are considerably higher than those reported earlier in the general population without diabetes.
  
  
  
  The data collected in the original studies were heterogeneous in age, race, ethnicity, and criteria used for the diagnosis of PCOS; yet, we used a quality-effects model in the meta-analyses to overcome this limitation.
  
  
  
  PCOS and its related traits are frequent findings in women with type 1 diabetes. PCOS may contribute to the subfertility of these women by a mechanism that does not directly depend on glycemic/metabolic control among other negative consequences for their health. Hence, screening for PCOS and androgen excess should be included in current guidelines for the management of type 1 diabetes in women.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes, Obesity and Human Reproduction Research Group, Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain hectorfrancisco.escobar@salud.madrid.org.
authors.forename: Héctor F
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6890-1644
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Escobar-Morreale
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M Belén
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Roldán-Martín
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015897:Comorbidity; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017588:Hyperandrogenism / Q000150:complications; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose