title: Algicidal Effects of Prodigiosin on the Harmful Algae Phaeocystis globosa.
abstract: Phaeocystis globosa blooms can have negative effects on higher trophic levels in the marine ecosystem and consequently influence human activities. Strain KA22, identified as the bacterium Hahella, was isolated from coastal surface water and used to control P. globosa growth. A methanol extract from the bacterial cells showed strong algicidal activity. After purification, the compound showed a similar structure to prodigiosin when identified with Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The compound showed algicidal activity against P. globosa with a 50% Lethal Dose (LD50) of 2.24 μg/mL. The prodigiosin was stable under heat and acid environment, and it could be degraded under alkaline environment and natural light condition. The growth rates of strain KA22 was fast in 2216E medium and the content of prodigiosin in this medium was more than 70 μg/mL after 16 h incubation. The compound showed particularly strong algicidal activity against Prorocentrum donghaiense, P. Globosa, and Heterosigma akashiwo, but having little effect on three other phytoplankton species tested. The results of our research could increase our knowledge on harmful algal bloom control compound and lead to further study on the mechanisms of the lysis effect on harmful algae.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen UniversityXiamen, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo UniversityNingbo, China.
authors.forename: Huajun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Su
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Guanjing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Xujun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Zhangran
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University Shantou, China.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Tianling
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University Xiamen, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zheng
keywords: Phaeocystis globosa; algicidal bacterium; anti-algal; prodigiosin; red tide