title: Methodology to estimate variations in solar radiation reaching densely forested slopes in mountainous terrain.
abstract: Solar radiation reaching densely forested slopes is one of the main factors influencing the water balance between the atmosphere, tree stands and the soil. It also has a major impact on site productivity, spatial arrangement of vegetation structure as well as forest succession. This paper presents a methodology to estimate variations in solar radiation reaching tree stands in a small mountain valley. Measurements taken in three inter-forest meadows unambiguously showed the relationship between the amount of solar insolation and the shading effect caused mainly by the contour of surrounding tree stands. Therefore, appropriate knowledge of elevation, aspect and tilt angles of the analysed planes had to be taken into consideration during modelling. At critical times, especially in winter, the diffuse and reflected components of solar radiation only reached some of the sites studied as the beam component of solar radiation was totally blocked by the densely forested mountain slopes in the neighbourhood. The cross-section contours and elevation angles of all obstructions are estimated from a digital surface model including both digital elevation model and the height of tree stands. All the parameters in a simplified, empirical model of the solar insolation reaching a given horizontal surface within the research valley are dependent on the sky view factor (SVF). The presented simplified, empirical model and its parameterisation scheme should be easily adaptable to different complex terrains or mountain valleys characterised by diverse geometry or spatial orientation. The model was developed and validated (R2= 0.92 , σ = 0.54) based on measurements taken at research sites located in the Silesian Beskid Mountain Range. A thorough understanding of the factors determining the amount of solar radiation reaching woodlands ought to considerably expand the knowledge of the water exchange balance within forest complexes as well as the estimation of site productivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-056, Kraków, Poland. sypka@agh.edu.pl.
authors.forename: Przemysław
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sypka
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Rafał
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Starzak
authors.affiliation: Department of Forest Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425, Kraków, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Owsiak
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D065928:Forests; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011044:Poland; D013472:Sunlight; D014197:Trees
keywords: Complex topography; Istebna spruce stand; Obstruction effect; Solar surface irradiance