title: Do fall-risk-increasing drugs have an impact on mortality in older hip fracture patients? A population-based cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the mortality in hip fracture patients with regard to use of fall-risk-increasing drugs (FRIDs), by comparing survival in exposed and nonexposed individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a general population-based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on hip fracture patients were retrieved from three national databases.
  
  
  METHODS
  All hip fracture patients aged 60 years or older in a Swedish county in 2006 participated in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the mortality in hip fracture patients by comparing those exposed to FRIDs, combinations of FRIDs, and polypharmacy to nonexposed patients, adjusting for age and sex. For survival estimates in patients using four or more FRIDs, a Cox regression analysis was used, adjusting for age, sex, and use of any four or more drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First-year all-cause mortality was 24.6% (N=503) in 2,043 hip fracture patients aged 60 years or older, including 170 males (33.8%) and 333 females (66.2%). Patients prescribed four or more FRIDs, five or more drugs (polypharmacy), psychotropic drugs, and cardiovascular drugs showed significantly increased first-year mortality. Exposure to four or more FRIDs (518 patients, 25.4%) was associated with an increased mortality at 30 days with odds ratios (ORs) 2.01 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44-2.79), 90 days with OR 1.56 (95% CI 1.19-2.04), 180 days with OR 1.54 (95% CI 1.20-1.97), and 365 days with OR 1.43 (95% CI 1.13-1.80). Cox regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, and use of any four or more drugs showed a significantly higher mortality in patients treated with four or more FRIDs at 90 days (P=0.015) and 180 days (P=0.012) compared to patients treated with three or less FRIDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  First-year all-cause mortality was significantly higher in older hip fracture patients exposed before the fracture to FRIDs, in particular to four or more FRIDs, polypharmacy, psychotropic, and cardiovascular drugs. Interventions aiming to optimize both safety and benefit of drug treatment for older people should include limiting the use of FRIDs.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Medicine, Hässleholm Hospital, Hässleholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kragh Ekstam
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sölve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elmståhl
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D019338:Polypharmacy; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013548:Sweden
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: fall-risk-increasing drugs; hip fracture; mortality; older people; population based