title: Differential responsiveness of the right parahippocampal region to electrical stimulation in fixed human brains: Implications for historical surgical stimulation studies?
abstract: If structure dictates function within the living human brain, then the persistence of specific responses to weak electric currents in fixed, deceased brains could reflect "hardwired" properties. Different key structures from the left and right hemispheres of brains that had been fixed for over 20years with ethanol-formalin-acetic acid were stimulated with either 1-Hz, 7-Hz, 10-Hz, 20-Hz, or 30-Hz, sine-wave, square-wave, or pulsed currents while needle-recorded quantitative electroencephalographic responses were obtained. Differential responses occurred only within the right hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus. The right hippocampus displayed frequency-independent increases in gamma power relative to the left hemispheric homologue. The parahippocampal region responded exclusively to 7-Hz pulsed currents with wideband (8-30Hz) power. These profiles are consistent with dynamic connections associated with memory and consciousness and may partially explain the interactions resultant of pulse type and hemisphere for experiential elicitations during the golden age of surgical stimulations. The results also indicate that there may be an essential "hardwiring" within the human brain that is maintained for decades when it is fixed appropriately.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rouleau
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, Canada. Electronic address: mpersinger@laurentian.ca.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Persinger
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods*; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D020534:Parahippocampal Gyrus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery
keywords: Fixed human brain; Hardwired; Hippocampus; Parahippocampus; Surgical stimulation; Theta–gamma activity