title: Albizia lebbeck seed methanolic extract as a complementary therapy to manage local toxicity of Echis carinatus venom in a murine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Viperid venom-induced chronic local-toxicity continues even after anti-snake venom treatment. Therefore, traditional antidote Albizia lebbeck L. (Fabaceae) seed extract was tested against Echis carinatus S. (Viperidae) venom (ECV)-induced local toxicity to evaluate its complementary remedy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Soxhlet extraction of A. lebbeck seeds was performed with the increasing polarity of solvents (n-hexane to water); the extract was screened for phytochemicals (alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, saponins, steroids and tannins). In preliminary in vitro analysis, A. lebbeck methanolic extract (ALME) demonstrated significant inhibition of ECV proteases, the major enzyme-toxin responsible for local- toxicity. Therefore, in vitro neutralizing potential of ALME was further evaluated against hyaluronidases and phospholipase A2(1:1-1:100 w/w). In addition, alleviation of ECV induced characteristic local- toxicity [haemorrhage (i.d.) and myotoxicity (i.m.)] was determined in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  ALME contained high concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids and demonstrated significant in vitro inhibition of ECV protease (IC50=36.32 μg, p < 0.0001) and hyaluronidase (IC50=91.95 μg, p < 0.0001) at 1:100 w/w. ALME significantly neutralized ECV induced haemorrhage (ED50=26.37 μg, p < 0.0001) and myotoxicity by significantly reducing serum creatinine kinase (ED50=37.5 μg, p < 0.0001) and lactate dehydrogenase (ED50=31.44 μg, p = 0.0021) levels at 1:50 w/w.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ALME demonstrated significant neutralization of ECV enzymes that contribute in local tissue damage and haemostatic alterations. The study scientifically supports the anecdotal use of A. lebbeck in complementary medicine and identifies ALME as principle fraction responsible for antivenom properties.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Studies in Biochemistry , University of Mysore, Manasagangothri , Mysuru , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: P U
authors.initials: PU
authors.lastname: Amog
authors.affiliation: a Department of Studies in Biochemistry , University of Mysore, Manasagangothri , Mysuru , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: V N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Manjuprasanna
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medicine , Missouri University , Columbia , MO , USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yariswamy
authors.affiliation: a Department of Studies in Biochemistry , University of Mysore, Manasagangothri , Mysuru , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: A N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Nanjaraj Urs
authors.affiliation: a Department of Studies in Biochemistry , University of Mysore, Manasagangothri , Mysuru , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Studies in Biochemistry , University of Mysore, Manasagangothri , Mysuru , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: K N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Suvilesh
authors.affiliation: c Department of Biochemistry , Karnataka State Open University , Mysuru , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nataraju
authors.affiliation: a Department of Studies in Biochemistry , University of Mysore, Manasagangothri , Mysuru , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: Bannikuppe Sannanaik
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Vishwanath
authors.affiliation: a Department of Studies in Biochemistry , University of Mysore, Manasagangothri , Mysuru , Karnataka , India.
authors.forename: T V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Gowda
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D031289:Albizzia / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012639:Seeds; D014757:Viper Venoms / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D014757:Viper Venoms
keywords: Folk medicine; haemorrhage; hyaluronidases; myotoxicity; proteases; saw scaled viper; woman’s tongue tree