title: Antiviral and virucidal activities of Duabanga grandiflora leaf extract against Pseudorabies virus in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Duabanga grandiflora or known in Malaysia as Berembang Bukit, Megawasih, or Pedada Bukit, is a native plant of the Southeast Asian countries. In this study, the anti-viral properties of D. grandiflora were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The D. grandiflora leaf extracts were obtained with ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol as solvents and labelled 37 leaf ethyl acetate (37 L EA), 37 leaf hexane (37 L H), 37 leaf ethanol (37 L ET), respectively. The cytotoxicity of the extracts on Vero cells were determined by the 3-(4,5-Diamethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among extracts, 37 L EA was most cytotoxic to Vero cells, followed by 37 L H and 37 L ET, with CC50 of 218, 833, and >1000 μg/mL, respectively. The cytopathic effect (CPE) and plaque reduction, inhibition, and virucidal assays and the selective index (SI) were employed to determine the effect of the extracts on infectivity and replication of pseudorabies virus (PrV) in Vero cells. The D. grandiflora leaf extracts showed dose-dependent antiviral activities, with higher activities at high doses. The 37 L ET and 37 L EA showed anti-viral effects through plaque formation and viral replication inhibitions, and virucidal property. The SI of the 37 L ET and 37 L EA by the viral replication inhibition assay was 8.3 and 1.9, respectively, and by the CPE reduction assay, 6.7 and 2.9, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethanol is the best solvent for the preparation of D. grandiflora leaf extract as an antiviral agent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Farhah Zaidar Abdul
authors.initials: FZ
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia. zeenathulnazariah@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Zeenathul Nazariah
authors.initials: ZN
authors.lastname: Allaudin
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.|Biotechnology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Hwei San
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Ting Kang
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Nee
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Homayoun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hani
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Rasedee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abdullah
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral / Q000187:drug effects; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D011558:Herpesvirus 1, Suid / Q000187:drug effects*; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D008296:Malaysia; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D018515:Plant Leaves; D014709:Vero Cells; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D003603:Cytotoxins; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Antiviral assay; Duabanga grandiflora; Inhibition assay; Plaque reduction assay; Virucidal assay