title: Reactions to Receiving a Gift-Maternal Scaffolding and Cultural Learning in Berlin and Delhi.
abstract: This study shows how Berlin (n = 35) and Delhi (n = 28) mothers scaffold a common and highly scripted social situation, namely gift giving, and enable cultural learning in 19-month-olds. Using modeling and prompting to encourage appropriate responses, mothers took culture-specific directions during scaffolding that were in line with the broader cultural model as assessed by maternal socialization goals (SGs). Whereas Berlin mothers prioritized autonomous SGs, Delhi mothers emphasized autonomous and relational SGs to similar degrees. During scaffolding, Berlin mothers focused on maximizing positive affect and acknowledging the gift, whereas Delhi mothers prompted toddlers to acknowledge the giver more often. Furthermore, there were differences in toddlers' behavior in line with these culture-specific scripts guiding gift giving.
authors.affiliation: University of Münster.
authors.forename: Joscha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kärtner
authors.affiliation: McGill University.
authors.forename: Daina
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Crafa
authors.affiliation: University of Delhi.
authors.forename: Nandita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chaudhary
authors.affiliation: University of Osnabrück.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Keller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001604:Berlin / Q000208:ethnology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D037921:Gift Giving; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000208:ethnology; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D012951:Socialization; D055815:Young Adult