title: Comparison of the toxicological impacts of carbamazepine and a mixture of its photodegradation products in Scrobicularia plana.
abstract: In the aquatic environment, pharmaceutical drugs are submitted to degradation processes, where photodegradation is one of the most important mechanisms affecting the fate, persistence and toxicity of the compounds. Carbamazepine, a widely used antiepileptic, is known to suffer photodegradation in water bodies and generate photoproducts, some of them with higher potential toxicity than the parent compound. Therefore, to evaluate the toxic effects of CBZ when combined with its photoproducts, an acute exposure (96h) with the edible clam Scrobicularia plana was performed using environmental concentrations of CBZ (0.00-9.00μg/L) irradiated (and non-irradiated) with simulated solar radiation. The analysis of the irradiated CBZ solutions by mass spectrometry revealed the formation of 5 photoproducts, including acridine (a compound known to be carcinogenic). Oxidative stress results showed that the exposure to CBZ photoproducts did not increase the toxicity to clams, by comparison with the parent compound. Lipid peroxidation levels, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were the most responsive parameters to these stressors and lipid peroxidation results appeared to show the presence of an antagonistic effect resulting from the mixture of CBZ and its photoproducts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ângela
authors.initials: Â
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Vânia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Calisto
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: M Rosário M
authors.initials: MRM
authors.lastname: Domingues
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Valdemar I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Esteves
authors.affiliation: BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Rudolf J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Amadeu M V M
authors.initials: AMVM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
authors.forename: Etelvina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Figueira
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: rosafreitas@ua.pt.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freitas
mesh_terms: D000166:Acridines / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*; D008027:Light; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010782:Photolysis; D011174:Portugal; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000528:radiation effects / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000166:Acridines; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002220:Carbamazepine
keywords: Biomarkers; Bivalves; Oxidative stress; Pharmaceutical drugs; Photodegradation