title: Public Health Concerns Associated with the New York City Blackout of 1977.
abstract: The 1977 New York City blackout began at 9:36 p.m. on 13 July and lasted some 25 h until 10:39 p.m. on 14 July. The New York City Department of Health rapidly set up a Blackout Contingency Plan, established priorities, and mobilized its staff to address remedial interventions. Top priorities included water supplies, sewage disposal, perishable food supplies, hospital and emergency room services, solid waste disposal, beach contamination with untreated sewage , and assisting those on electrically powered home life support systems. The 1977 blackout occurred during an extended heat wave. An analysis of total deaths and deaths due to pulmonary and cardiovascular/renal diseases by day correlated with temperatures. However, there was no direct correlation with the blackout itself, in part perhaps because of the confounding influence of high temperatures. The increase of deaths on very hot days outside of the blackout period lends strong support to the relationship between increased deaths and high ambient temperatures. The 1977 New York City blackout was distinguished from those of 1965 and 2003 by violence, arson, and looting that occurred in several areas. These acts resulted in 204 civilian injuries, 436 police injuries, 80 firefighter injuries, and 1037 fires. The violence, arson, and looting caused extensive long-term physical and functional damage to certain areas of two boroughs of the city, Brooklyn and the Bronx. Although the New York City Department of Health had not previously established a disaster preparedness plan, its professionals quickly rose to the occasion because they were able to draw upon vast public health practice experience and ingenuity.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, MSC 43, Brooklyn, NY, 11203, USA. pascal.imperato@downstate.edu.
authors.forename: Pascal James
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Imperato
mesh_terms: D002960:Civil Disorders; D003415:Crime; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000379:methods / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D004190:Disasters / Q000266:history*; D055615:Electrical Equipment and Supplies; D004632:Emergency Medical Services; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D009519:New York City; D011634:Public Health / Q000266:history; D013696:Temperature; D014754:Violence; D014881:Water Supply
keywords: Effects of the New York City fiscal crisis; New York City Department of Health; New York City blackout of 1977; New York City blackouts