title: Does the antibiotic amoxicillin affect haemocyte parameters in non-target aquatic invertebrates? The clam Ruditapes philippinarum and the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis as model organisms.
abstract: Amoxicillin (AMX) is one of the most widely used antibiotics worldwide, and its levels in aquatic ecosystems are expected to be detectable. At present, information concerning the toxic effects of AMX on non-target aquatic organisms, such as bivalves, is scarce. Consequently, in this study, we investigated for the first time the effects of AMX on the haemocyte parameters of two bivalve species, the clam Ruditapes philippinarum and the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, which share the same habitat in the Lagoon of Venice, in order to compare the relative sensitivity of the two species. The bivalves were exposed to 100, 200 and 400 μg AMX/L for 1, 3 and 7 days, and the effects on the total haemocyte count (THC), the diameter and volume of the haemocytes, haemocyte proliferation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in cell-free haemolymph, the haemolymph pH, and the formation of micronuclei were evaluated. The actual concentrations of AMX in the seawater samples from the experimental tanks were also measured. Overall, the obtained results demonstrated that AMX affected slightly the haemocyte parameters of bivalves. In addition, no clear differences in terms of sensitivity to AMX exposure were recorded between the two bivalve species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy. Electronic address: matozzo@bio.unipd.it.
authors.forename: Valerio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Matozzo
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bertin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battistara
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guidolin
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Masiero
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marisa
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Orsetti
mesh_terms: D000658:Amoxicillin / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000502:physiology*; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000502:physiology*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000658:Amoxicillin
keywords: Amoxicillin; Antibiotic; Bivalve; Haemocyte; Pharmaceutical