title: Insertion characteristics and placement of the Mid-Scala electrode array in human temporal bones using detailed cone beam computed tomography.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the insertion results and placement of the new Advanced Bionics HiFocus Mid-Scala (HFms) electrode array, inserted through the round window membrane, in eight fresh human temporal bones using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Pre- and post-insertion CBCT scans were registered to create a 3D reconstruction of the cochlea with the array inserted. With an image fusion technique both the bony edges of the cochlea and the electrode array in situ could accurately be determined, thus enabling to identify the exact position of the electrode array within the scala tympani. Vertical and horizontal scalar location was measured at four points along the cochlea base at an angular insertion depth of 90°, 180° and 270° and at electrode 16, the most basal electrode. Smooth insertion through the round window membrane was possible in all temporal bones. The imaging results showed that there were no dislocations from the scala tympani into the scala vestibule. The HFms electrode was positioned in the middle of the scala along the whole electrode array in three out of the eight bones and in 62 % of the individual locations measured along the base of the cochlea. In only one cochlea a close proximity of the electrode with the basilar membrane was observed, indicating possible contact with the basilar membrane. The results and assessments presented in this study appear to be highly accurate. Although a further validation including histopathology is needed, the image fusion technique described in this study represents currently the most accurate method for intracochlear electrode assessment obtainable with CBCT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029, Kuopio, Finland. aarno.dietz@kuh.fi.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland. aarno.dietz@kuh.fi.
authors.forename: Aarno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.affiliation: Clinical Research Department International, Advanced Bionics AG, Stäfa, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Dzemal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gazibegovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Jyrki
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tervaniemi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Radiology, Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Veli-Matti
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Vartiainen
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029, Kuopio, Finland.|Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Löppönen
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D019929:Cochlear Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012405:Round Window, Ear / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D012533:Scala Tympani / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Cochlear implantation; Cone beam computed tomography; Insertion trauma; Mid-Scala electrode; Round window; Scala tympani