title: US Army Physical Therapist Roles and Contributions in Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.
abstract: Musculoskeletal injuries are a leading cause of health care utilization, medical evacuation, and disability. US Army physical therapists (PTs) have served as physician extenders for the management of nonsurgical neuromusculoskeletal injuries since the Vietnam conflict. The roles and evidence supporting US Army physical therapy continue to evolve. This article discusses the different levels of care and roles of US Army PTs, the contributions and evidence regarding US Army physical therapy, and physical therapy lessons learned during Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Since 2001, US Army PTs and enlisted physical therapy technicians have provided care from Levels 1 to 5 and assignments have expanded to special operations and brigade combat teams. Evidence suggests US Army PTs serving both in referral and direct access roles provided safe and definitive care that maximized readiness while reducing evacuation. Key physical therapy lessons learned include: (1) a continued focus on a Soldier sports medicine forward care model, (2) a need for injury risk assessment, physical performance screenings, and reconditioning programs that optimize readiness, and (3) continued support for physical therapy structure, training, and research that maximizes Soldier readiness and health.
authors.affiliation: Army Medical Department Center and School, Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, Texas.
authors.forename: Scott W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: Josef H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D059825:Physical Therapists / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014481:United States; D047829:Vietnam Conflict; D000078329:Workforce