title: Double epigenetic modulation of high-dose chemotherapy with azacitidine and vorinostat for patients with refractory or poor-risk relapsed lymphoma.
abstract: More active high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) regimens are needed for refractory lymphomas. The authors previously combined infusional gemcitabine with busulfan and melphalan (Gem/Bu/Mel) pursuing DNA damage repair inhibition. Subsequently, they combined Gem/Bu/Mel with vorinostat, which facilitates chemotherapy access to DNA. The resulting regimen was safe and synergistic. However, vorinostat induced DNA methyltransferase up-regulation, which could be preclinically abrogated by azacitidine, increasing tumor-cell kill. Those observations led to a clinical combination of azacitidine with vorinostat/Gem/Bu/Mel.
  
  
  
  Patients ages 12 to 65 years with refractory or poor-risk relapsed lymphomas were eligible. They received intravenous azacitidine on days -11 through -3 at doses from 15 to 35 mg/m(2) daily (dose levels 1-3), followed by oral vorinostat (1000 mg once daily on days -11 through -3), gemcitabine (2775 mg/m(2) over 4.5 × 2), busulfan (at an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 4000 daily × 4), and melphalan (60 mg/m(2) × 2). Patients who had tumors that were positive for CD20 (cluster of differentiation 20; B-lymphocyte antigen) received rituximab on day -9.
  
  
  
  In total, 60 patients were enrolled, including 26 with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (10 double hit/double expressors), 21 with Hodgkin lymphoma, 8 with T-cell lymphoma, and 5 with other B-cell lymphomas. The median patient age was 41 years (range, 16-65 years), patients had received a median of 3 prior lines of chemotherapy (range, 2-7 lines of chemotherapy); and 32% of tumors were positive on positron emission tomography studies at the time of HDC. Two patients died from treatment complications (respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia and sepsis, respectively). The maximum tolerated dose of azacitidine was encountered at dose level 1 (15 mg/m(2) daily). The toxicity profile (mainly mucositis and dermatitis) was manageable and was identical to that of vorinostat/Gem/Bu/Mel. Neutrophils and platelets engrafted promptly. At a median follow-up of 15 months (range, 8-27 months), the event-free and overall survival rates were 65% and 77%, respectively, among patients with DLBCL; 76% and 95%, respectively, among patients with Hodgkin lymphoma; and 88% for both among patients with T-cell lymphoma.
  
  
  
  Double epigenetic modulation of Gem/Bu/Mel with azacitidine/vorinostat is feasible and highly active in patients with refractory/poor-risk relapsed lymphomas, warranting further evaluation. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:2680-2688. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Yago
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Benigno C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Valdez
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Peter F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Thall
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Roy B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Chitra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hosing
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Sairah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Uday
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Popat
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Elizabeth J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Shpall
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Muzaffar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qazilbash
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gulbis
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anderlini
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Qaiser
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Bashir
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alousi
authors.affiliation: Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oki
authors.affiliation: Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fanale
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Bouthaina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dabaja
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Chelsea
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pinnix
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Champlin
authors.affiliation: Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
authors.forename: Borje S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002066:Busulfan / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008558:Melphalan / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate; D000077337:Vorinostat; D055815:Young Adult; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000077337:Vorinostat; D002066:Busulfan; D001374:Azacitidine; D008558:Melphalan; D000093542:Gemcitabine
keywords: autologous stem-cell transplantation; azacitidine; high-dose chemotherapy; lymphoma; phase 1 trial; vorinostat