title: Airborne particle emission of a commercial 3D printer: the effect of filament material and printing temperature.
abstract: The knowledge of exposure to the airborne particle emitted from three-dimensional (3D) printing activities is becoming a crucial issue due to the relevant spreading of such devices in recent years. To this end, a low-cost desktop 3D printer based on fused deposition modeling (FDM) principle was used. Particle number, alveolar-deposited surface area, and mass concentrations were measured continuously during printing processes to evaluate particle emission rates (ERs) and factors. Particle number distribution measurements were also performed to characterize the size of the emitted particles. Ten different materials and different extrusion temperatures were considered in the survey. Results showed that all the investigated materials emit particles in the ultrafine range (with a mode in the 10-30-nm range), whereas no emission of super-micron particles was detected for all the materials under investigation. The emission was affected strongly by the extrusion temperature. In fact, the ERs increase as the extrusion temperature increases. Emission rates up to 1×1012particles min-1were calculated. Such high ERs were estimated to cause large alveolar surface area dose in workers when 3D activities run. In fact, a 40-min-long 3D printing was found to cause doses up to 200 mm2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stabile
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scungio
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy.|Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buonanno
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arpino
authors.affiliation: Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ficco
mesh_terms: D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis*; D011327:Printing / Q000295:instrumentation; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D052638:Particulate Matter
keywords: 3D printers; emission; emission factor; emission rate; particle size distribution; ultrafine particles