title: Effect of ketamine combined with butorphanol on emergence agitation of postoperative patients with gastric cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed to investigate the effect of ketamine combined with butorphanol on emergence agitation (EA) in postoperative gastric cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 150 patients with gastric cancer were included and divided into group B (1 mg butorphanol before anesthesia induction, n=50), group K (1 mg/kg ketamine, n=50), and group C (1 mg butorphanol combined with 1 mg/kg ketamine, n=50). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) at the end of operation, just before extubation (T0) and at 0 minute (T1), 5 minutes (T2), and 30 minutes (T3) after extubation were compared. Statistical analysis of recovery time, extubation time, time in postanesthesia care unit, and EA incidence and adverse reactions were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences among groups with respect to MAP and HR at T0 and T1 (P>0.05). Compared with patients in group C, significant reduction of MAP and HR were observed in groups K and B at T2 and T3 (P<0.05), while no differences were found between group K and group B (P>0.05). Recovery time, extubation time, time in postanesthesia care unit, and incidence of EA in group C were significantly less than those in groups K and B (P<0.05), but no differences were observed between group K and group B (P>0.05). Total incidence of adverse reactions were significantly increased in group K compared to those in groups C and B (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Injection of ketamine combined with butorphanol before anesthesia induction was more effective than injection of ketamine or butorphanol separately in the prevention of EA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shuncui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Zhenyi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shaoli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
keywords: butorphanol; emergence agitation; gastric cancer; ketamine