title: Marquardt's Facial Golden Decagon Mask and Its Fitness with South Indian Facial Traits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mathematical ratio of 1:1.618 which is famously known as golden ratio seems to appear recurrently in beautiful things in nature as well as in other things that are seen as beautiful. Dr. Marquardt developed a facial golden mask that contains and includes all of the one-dimensional and two-dimensional geometric golden elements formed from the golden ratio and he claimed that beauty is universal, beautiful faces conforms to the facial golden mask regardless of sex and race.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the goodness of fit of the golden facial mask with the South Indian facial traits.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 150 subjects (75 males & 75 females) with attractive faces were selected with cephalometric orthodontic standards of a skeletal class I relation. The facial aesthetics was confirmed by the aesthetic evaluation of the frontal photographs of the subjects by a panel of ten evaluators including five orthodontists and five maxillofacial surgeons. The well-proportioned photographs were superimposed with the Golden mask along the reference lines, to evaluate the goodness of fit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  South Indian males and females invariably show a wider inter-zygomatic and inter-gonial width than the golden mask. Most of the South Indian females and males show decreased mid-facial height compared to the golden mask, while the total facial height is more or less equal to the golden mask.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethnic or individual discrepancies cannot be totally ignored as in our study the mask did not fit exactly with the South Indian facial traits but, the beauty ratios came closer to those of the mask. To overcome this difficulty, there is a need to develop variants of golden facial mask for different ethnic groups.
authors.affiliation: Former Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre , Hyderabad, India .
authors.forename: Gopi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Veerala
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre , Hyderabad, India .
authors.forename: Chandra Sekhar
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gandikota
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre , Hyderabad, India .
authors.forename: Poornima K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Yadagiri
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre , Hyderabad, India .
authors.forename: Ranjit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manne
authors.affiliation: Reader, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre , Hyderabad, India .
authors.forename: Shubhaker Rao
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Juvvadi
authors.affiliation: Consultant Orthodontist, Tooth Life Dental Care , Hyderabad, Telangana, India .
authors.forename: Tamkeen
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Farah
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre , Hyderabad, India .
authors.forename: Shilpa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vattipelli
authors.affiliation: Consultant Orthodontist, Tooth Life Dental Care , Hyderabad, Telangana, India .
authors.forename: Sangeetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gumbelli
keywords: Facial height; Golden ratio; Intergonial width; Interzygomatic width