title: Brain change trajectories that differentiate the major psychoses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are highly heritable, often chronic and debilitating psychotic disorders that can be difficult to differentiate clinically. Their brain phenotypes appear to overlap in both cross-sectional and longitudinal structural neuroimaging studies, with some evidence to suggest areas of differentiation with differing trajectories. The aim of this review was to investigate the notion that longitudinal trajectories of alterations in brain structure could differentiate the two disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Narrative review. We searched MEDLINE and Web of Science databases in May 2016 for studies that used structural magnetic resonance imaging to investigate longitudinal between-group differences in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Ten studies met inclusion criteria, namely longitudinal structural magnetic resonance studies comparing bipolar disorder (or affective psychosis) and schizophrenia within the same study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our review of these studies implicates illness-specific trajectories of morphological change in total grey matter volume, and in regions of the frontal, temporal and cingulate cortices. The findings in schizophrenia suggest a trajectory involving progressive grey matter loss confined to fronto-temporal cortical regions. Preliminary findings identify a similar but less severely impacted trajectory in a number of regions in bipolar disorder, however, bipolar disorder is also characterized by differential involvement across cingulate subregions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The small number of available studies must be interpreted with caution but provide initial evidence supporting the notion that bipolar disorder and schizophrenia have differential longitudinal trajectories that are influenced by brain maturation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Vic., Australia.|Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Benny
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Vic., Australia.|Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.|Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christoffer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rahm
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Vic., Australia.|Western Centre for Health Research & Education, Sunshine Hospital, University of Melbourne, St Albans, Vic., Australia.|Sunshine Hospital, Western Health, St Albans, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panayiotou
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South, Vic., Australia.|Western Centre for Health Research & Education, Sunshine Hospital, University of Melbourne, St Albans, Vic., Australia.|Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Vic., Australia.|Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Neural Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pantelis
mesh_terms: D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
keywords: Bipolar disorder; brain maturation; longitudinal; magnetic resonance imaging; neurodevelopment; psychosis; schizophrenia; trajectories