title: A site for sori: Ecophysiology of fertile-sterile leaf dimorphy in ferns.
abstract: Reproduction often requires significant investment and can move resources away from growth and maintenance; maintaining a balance between reproduction and growth can involve trade-offs. Extreme functional specialization has separated reproduction and photosynthesis in most seed plants, yet ferns use the laminar surface of their fronds for both reproduction and photosynthesis. This dual function selects for a variety of frond morphologies that range from no specialization (monomorphy) to extreme dimorphy between fertile and sterile fronds (holodimorphy). Here we examined the ecological and physiological consequences of variation in frond dimorphy in ferns, evaluated reproductive trade-offs across a dimorphy gradient, and speculate on factors controlling the occurrence of holodimorphy.
  
  
  
  Ecophysiological measurements of photosynthetic rate, water potential, hydraulic conductivity, and gross morphological comparisons of frond area and angle were used to evaluate differences between fertile and sterile fronds. We examined three temperate and three tropical fern species that vary in degree of fertile-sterile dimorphy.
  
  
  
  Holodimorphic species produced fewer fertile fronds, which had significantly higher respiratory rates than in sterile fronds on the same plant or in any frond produced on monomorphic species; hemidimorphic species were frequently intermediate. We found no differences in vulnerability to cavitation between fertile and sterile fronds. In dimorphic species, fertile fronds had higher (less negative) water potential and lower stipe hydraulic conductivity relative than in sterile fronds.
  
  
  
  Fertile-sterile dimorphy in ferns appears to come at considerable carbon cost in holodimorohic species. It is possible that the relative costs of this reproductive system are offset by increased spore dispersal, yet such trade-offs require further exploration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346 USA Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, 3105 Biological Laboratories, 16 Divinity Avenue, jwatkins@colgate.edu.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Watkins
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Stonehill College, 320 Washington Street, North Easton, Massachusetts 02357 USA.
authors.forename: Amber C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Churchill
authors.affiliation: Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, 3105 Biological Laboratories, 16 Divinity Avenue.
authors.forename: N Michele
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Holbrook
mesh_terms: D017753:Ecosystem; D029624:Ferns / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008027:Light; D008404:Massachusetts; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D051479:Plant Infertility / Q000502:physiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D013045:Species Specificity; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014867:Water / Q000502:physiology; D052584:Xylem / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: Pteriodophyta; ferns; functional traits; life history traits; photosynthesis; reproductive trade-offs; sexual dimorphism; xylem safety