title: Practitioners' perceptions of yoga's positive and negative effects: Results of a National United States survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Yoga is becoming increasingly popular, yet little information is available regarding practitioners' perceptions of effects of their practice. This study aimed to characterize perceptions of both positive and negative changes practitioners reported in physical and psychosocial domains.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional internet-based survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Yoga practitioners (N = 542, including 162 teachers) recruited via email and flyers sent to yoga studios across the United States (US). Participants ranged in age from 18 to 85 years (M = 44).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants rated the extent to which they experienced positive or negative change in physical health and psychosocial dimensions and then listed up to three positive and three negative effects of their practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both students and teachers reported moderately high levels of positive physical changes and psychosocial changes, although teachers generally reported more positive changes. Few negative changes were reported. In open-ended responses, the most commonly reported positive effects were general health and fitness and relaxation. Most commonly reported negative effects were injuries, soreness, emotional triggers/irritability, and expense.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that yoga practitioners generally perceive high levels of positive changes, but some also experience adverse effects. Future research should assess subjective experiences of change alongside more objective measures of improvement.
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut, USA. Electronic address: crystal.park@uconn.edu.
authors.forename: Crystal L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Kristen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Riley
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Tosca D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Braun
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D015013:Yoga / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Injury; Physical health; Psychological health; Yoga