title: A Systematic Approach to Assess the Burden of Drug Interactions in Adult Kidney Transplant Patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Renal transplant patients are frequently subject to polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions. However, no previous study has systematically assessed the risk of drug interactions and Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 138 consecutive adult kidney transplant recipients admitted to our hospital between August 2010 and February 2012 were prospectively and systematically assessed by our pharmacovigilance team, within 24 hours of admission, to identify potential drug-drug interactions and probable ADRs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As a consequence of the high number of medications per patient (7.8±0.2 drugs), a considerable number of drugdrug interactions were observed in this population, with an average of 5.6±0.4 drug interactions per patient. Moreover, a significant percentage of admissions (~10%) of kidney transplant patients were related to probable ADRs. Almost all these patients had at least one drug interaction that could have potentially contributed to the probable ADR. Of note, clinically significant (i.e. severe) drug interactions were more frequent among patients with ADRs (29% vs. 15%, p<0.01). Also, patients with ADRs were more likely to have started a medication 30 days before admission (38.5% vs. 10.4%, p < 0.01). Non-immunosuppressive drugs most commonly involved in severe interactions were omeprazole, magnesium sulphate, and statins. The most commonly observed interactions were: tacrolimus and omeprazole, mycophenolate and omeprazole, sirolimus and enalapril, mycophenolate and antivirals, and mycophenolate and magnesium sulphate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drug interactions were extremely frequent among kidney transplant recipients, and responsible for potentially avoidable ADRs. They should be carefully considered when following kidney transplant recipients.
authors.affiliation: University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road Room H-2, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA. Fernando.Bril@medicine.ufl.edu.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bril
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Ignacio G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Centurion
authors.forename: Jeronimo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Espinosa
authors.forename: Guillermo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Claudio D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Maria C Soler
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Riera
authors.forename: Cristian L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Saubidet
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Girolamo
authors.forename: Gervasio S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Pujol
authors.forename: Paulino A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Alvarez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004347:Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060735:Pharmacovigilance; D019338:Polypharmacy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors