title: Elevated expression levels of serum insulin-like growth factor-1, tumor necrosis factor-α and vascular endothelial growth factor 165 might exacerbate type 2 diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aimed to determine the associations between expressions of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) in serum, and occurrence and development of type 2 diabetic nephropathy (DN).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 108 patients diagnosed as DN were randomly selected, including 50 patients in the microalbuminuria group, 44 patients in the macroalbuminuria group and 14 patients in the renal insufficiency group. Meanwhile, 97 healthy people were collected as a normal control group. Urinary albumin (UALB) and urine creatinine (Cr) of all participants were measured for 24 h, with their ratio (UALB/Cr) being calculated. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the serum concentrations of IGF-1, TNF-α and VEGF165.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expressions of serum IGF-1, TNF-α and VEGF165in the type 2 DN patients were significantly higher than those in the control group (all P < 0.05). The expressions of serum IGF-1, TNF-α and VEGF165in the type 2 DN patients were positively correlated with UALB/Cr (all P < 0.05). As type 2 DN worsened, the expressions of serum IGF-1, TNF-α and VEGF165increased, and type 2 DN severity had positive correlations with serum IGF-1, TNF-α and VEGF165concentrations (all P < 0.05). There was a positive association between IGF-1 and TNF-α, IGF-1 and VEGF165, and TNF-α and VEGF165(all P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that IGF-1 and VEGF165were associated with the progression of DN (both P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated expression levels of serum IGF-1, TNF-α and VEGF165might exacerbate type 2 DN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China.
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, China.
authors.forename: Ting-Ting
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huai'an Hospital Affiliated of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Qiu
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D007334:Insulin-Like Growth Factor I
keywords: Insulin-like growth factor-1; Type 2 diabetic nephropathy; Vascular endothelial growth factor 165