title: Absolute dosimetry on a dynamically scanned sample for synchrotron radiotherapy using graphite calorimetry and ionization chambers.
abstract: The absolute dose delivered to a dynamically scanned sample in the Imaging and Medical Beamline (IMBL) on the Australian Synchrotron was measured with a graphite calorimeter anticipated to be established as a primary standard for synchrotron dosimetry. The calorimetry was compared to measurements using a free-air chamber (FAC), a PTW 31 014 Pinpoint ionization chamber, and a PTW 34 001 Roos ionization chamber. The IMBL beam height is limited to approximately 2 mm. To produce clinically useful beams of a few centimetres the beam must be scanned in the vertical direction. In practice it is the patient/detector that is scanned and the scanning velocity defines the dose that is delivered. The calorimeter, FAC, and Roos chamber measure the dose area product which is then converted to central axis dose with the scanned beam area derived from Monte Carlo (MC) simulations and film measurements. The Pinpoint chamber measures the central axis dose directly and does not require beam area measurements. The calorimeter and FAC measure dose from first principles. The calorimetry requires conversion of the measured absorbed dose to graphite to absorbed dose to water using MC calculations with the EGSnrc code. Air kerma measurements from the free air chamber were converted to absorbed dose to water using the AAPM TG-61 protocol. The two ionization chambers are secondary standards requiring calibration with kilovoltage x-ray tubes. The Roos and Pinpoint chambers were calibrated against the Australian primary standard for air kerma at the Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA). Agreement of order 2% or better was obtained between the calorimetry and ionization chambers. The FAC measured a dose 3-5% higher than the calorimetry, within the stated uncertainties.
authors.affiliation: Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, Yallambie, Victoria 3085, Australia. RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. Imaging and Medical Beamline, Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lye
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Harty
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Crosbie
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Livingstone
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ramanathan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Stevenson
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002151:Calorimetry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006108:Graphite; D006801:Humans; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D000072232:Radiation Dosimeters / Q000592:standards*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012015:Reference Standards; D017356:Synchrotrons; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D006108:Graphite