title: Biochemical and Clinical Predictive Approach and Time Point Analysis of Hepatobiliary Phase Liver Enhancement on Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR Images: A Multicenter Study.
abstract: Purpose To identify biochemical factors associated with liver enhancement over time on gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) images and predict the optimal time point of the hepatobiliary phase in various clinical settings. Materials and Methods This study was approved by the institutional review boards, and written informed consent was obtained from the 1903 patients enrolled. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the biochemical factors associated with liver-to-spleen contrast (LSC) of at least 1.5 in the hepatobiliary phase. Changes in LSC and lesion-to-liver contrast (LLC) of lesions over time (at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes) were investigated with a linear mixed-effects model in patients and lesions. For LSC, the optimal cutoff value was determined with receiver operating characteristic analysis of the most significant variable. Differences in LSC and LLC were analyzed in various clinical settings. Results Ultimately, 1870 patients were evaluated, as 33 were excluded according to study criteria. Prothrombin (PT) activity, total bilirubin level (P = .020), and total cholesterol level (P = .005) were significantly associated with LSC of at least 1.5 at 20 minutes, and PT activity was identified as the most significant factor (odds ratio, 1.271; 95% confidence interval: 1.109, 1.455; P = .001). LSC of at least 1.5 at 20 minutes with PT activity of at least 86.9% and less than 86.9% occurred in 555 of 626 patients (88.6%) and 388 of 575 patients (67.5%), respectively. Satisfactory liver enhancement at 20 minutes was significantly more likely to be achieved by patients with hepatitis B virus than by those with hepatitis C virus (P < .001) and by patients with metastasis than by those with hepatocellular carcinoma (P < .001). No significant difference in LLC was observed in patients examined at 1.5 and 3.0 T (P = .133). Conclusion Hepatic enhancement is significantly associated with PT activity, total bilirubin level, and total cholesterol level. PT activity of at least 86.9% could be used to shorten examination times at Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging.©RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Takamichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Ryohei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuwatsuru
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Hiroyoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Isoda
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goshima
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Ryota
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hanaoka
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haradome
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shinagawa
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Azusa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kitao
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Yasunari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fujinaga
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Nagaaki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Marugami
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yuki
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Higaki
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Shinya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujii
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Radiology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan (M.O., T.M.); Dept of Radiology, Juntendo Univ, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (R.K.); Dept of Diagnostic Radiology, Inst of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univ, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.N.); Dept of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Kyoto Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (H.I.); Dept of Radiology and Services, Gifu Univ Hosp, Gifu, Japan (S.G.); Dept of Radiology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan (R.H.); Dept of Radiology, Nihon Univ School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan (H.H.); Dept of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka Univ, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.S.); Depts of Radiology (A.K.) and Advanced Medical Imaging (O.M.), Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa Univ, Kanazawa, Japan; Dept of Radiology, Shinshu Univ School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan (Y.F.); Dept of Central Endoscopy and Ultrasound, Nara Medical Univ Hosp, Nara, Japan (N.M.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan (M.Y.); Dept of Radiology, Univ of Yamanashi School of Medicine, Chuo, Japan (T.I.); Dept of Radiology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan (A.H.); Dept of Radiology, Osaka Univ Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (M.H.); and Div of Radiology, Dept of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan (S.F.).
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Matsui
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013154:Spleen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003287:Contrast Media; C073590:gadolinium ethoxybenzyl DTPA; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA