title: The relationship between advanced glycation end products and ocular circulation in type 2 diabetes.
abstract: To determine whether skin autofluorescence (SAF) and serum pentosidine, biomarkers of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), were associated with ocular microcirculation in type 2 diabetes patients with early diabetic retinopathy (DR).
  
  
  
  This study included 46 eyes of 46 type 2 diabetes patients with no DR or non-proliferative DR. SAF was measured with an autofluorescence reader. Optic nerve head (ONH) microcirculation, represented by mean blur rate (MBR), was measured with laser speckle flowgraphy. Overall MBR, vascular MBR, and tissue MBR were calculated in software. MBR, SAF, pentosidine levels, and clinical findings, including central macular thickness (CMT), were then compared.
  
  
  
  SAF in the diabetes patients was correlated with age (P=0.018). Serum pentosidine was correlated with age, vascular MBR and tissue MBR (P=0.046, P=0.035, and P=0.01, respectively). CMT was correlated with tissue MBR (P=0.016), but not with vascular MBR or overall MBR. Separate multiple regression analyses of independent contributing factors revealed that age, SAF, serum pentosidine, duration of diabetes, and pulse rate contributed to tissue MBR (P=0.041, P=0.046, P=0.022, P=0.011 and P=0.036, respectively), while SAF, HbA1c, pulse rate, tissue MBR, diastolic blood pressure, and creatinine contributed to CMT (P=0.005, P=0.039, P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.022 and P=0.001, respectively).
  
  
  
  Tissue MBR may be closely related to AGE levels and CMT in type 2 diabetes patients with early DR, suggesting that ocular circulation might be potential early biomarkers of DR.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan. Electronic address: kunikata@oph.med.tohoku.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kunikata
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Azusa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aizawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Shojiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Satake
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.affiliation: Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Nishiguchi
authors.affiliation: Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Katagiri
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D017078:Laser-Doppler Flowmetry; D008239:Lysine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000098:blood supply*; D061848:Optical Imaging; D012867:Skin
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D001120:Arginine; C062187:pentosidine; D008239:Lysine
keywords: AGE; Diabetic macular edema; Diabetic retinopathy; Pentosidine; Skin autofluorescence