title: Surgical cure for type 2 diabetes by foregut or hindgut operations: a myth or reality? A systematic review.
abstract: Bariatric surgery results in remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a significant proportion of patients. Animal research has proposed the foregut and hindgut hypotheses as possible mechanisms of remission of T2DM independent of weight loss. These hypotheses have formed the basis of investigational procedures designed to treat T2DM in non-obese (in addition to obese) patients. The aim of this study was to review the procedures that utilise the foregut and hindgut hypotheses to treat T2DM in humans.
  
  
  
  A systematic review was conducted to identify the investigational procedures performed in humans that are based on the foregut and hindgut hypotheses and then to assess their outcomes.
  
  
  
  Twenty-four studies reported novel procedures to treat T2DM in humans; only ten utilised glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in their definition of remission. Reported remission rates were 20-40 % for duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB), 73-93 % for duodenal-jejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (DJB-SG), 62.5-100 % for duodenal-jejunal bypass sleeve (DJBS) and 47-95.7 % for ileal interposition with sleeve gastrectomy (II-SG). When using a predetermined level of HbA1c to define remission, the remission rates were lower (27, 63, 0 and 65 %) for DJB, DJB-SG, DJBS and II-SG.
  
  
  
  The outcomes of the foregut- and hindgut-based procedures are not better than the outcomes of just one of their components, namely sleeve gastrectomy. The complexity of these procedures in addition to their comparable outcomes to a simpler operation questions their utility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Lancashire Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Chorley, PR7 1PP, UK.
authors.forename: Yan Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Goh
authors.affiliation: Department of Bariatric Surgery, McGill University, 845 Rue Sherbrooke O, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada.
authors.forename: Zaher
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Toumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Lancashire Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Chorley, PR7 1PP, UK. ravidate@hotmail.com.|Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. ravidate@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Ravindra S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Date
mesh_terms: D050110:Bariatric Surgery / Q000379:methods*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Foregut theory; Hindgut theory; Remission ot type 2 diabetes