title: Mobile Technology for Vegetable Consumption: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study in Overweight Adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mobile apps present a potentially cost-effective tool for delivering behavior change interventions at scale, but no known studies have tested the efficacy of apps as a tool to specifically increase vegetable consumption among overweight adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the initial efficacy and user acceptability of a theory-driven mobile app to increase vegetable consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 17 overweight adults aged 42.0 (SD 7.3) years with a body mass index (BMI) of 32.0 (SD 3.5) kg/m(2) were randomized to the use of Vegethon (a fully automated theory-driven mobile app enabling self-monitoring of vegetable consumption, goal setting, feedback, and social comparison) or a wait-listed control condition. All participants were recruited from an ongoing 12-month weight loss trial (parent trial). Researchers who performed data analysis were blinded to condition assignment. The primary outcome measure was daily vegetable consumption, assessed using an adapted version of the validated Harvard Food Frequency Questionnaire administered at baseline and 12 weeks after randomization. An analysis of covariance was used to assess differences in 12-week vegetable consumption between intervention and control conditions, controlling for baseline. App usability and satisfaction were measured via a 21-item post-intervention questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using intention-to-treat analyses, all enrolled participants (intervention: 8; control: 9) were analyzed. Of the 8 participants randomized to the intervention, 5 downloaded the app and logged their vegetable consumption a mean of 0.7 (SD 0.9) times per day, 2 downloaded the app but did not use it, and 1 never downloaded it. Consumption of vegetables was significantly greater among the intervention versus control condition at the end of the 12-week pilot study (adjusted mean difference: 7.4 servings; 95% CI 1.4-13.5; P=.02). Among secondary outcomes defined a priori, there was significantly greater consumption of green leafy vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, and dark yellow vegetables (adjusted mean difference: 2.6, 1.6, and 0.8 servings; 95% CI 0.1-5.0, 0.1-3.2, and 0.3-1.4; P=.04, P=.04, and P=.004, respectively). Participants reported positive experiences with the app, including strong agreement with the statements "I have found Vegethon easy to use" and "I would recommend Vegethon to a friend" (mean 4.6 (SD 0.6) and 4.2 (SD 0.8), respectively, (on a 5-point scale).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vegethon demonstrated initial efficacy and user acceptability. A mobile app intervention may be useful for increasing vegetable consumption among overweight adults. The small sample size prevented precise estimates of effect sizes. Given the improved health outcomes associated with increases in vegetable consumption, these findings indicate the need for larger, longer-term evaluations of Vegethon and similar technologies among overweight adults and other suitable target groups.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01826591; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01826591 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6hYDw2AOB).
authors.affiliation: Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States. sm885@cam.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sarah Ann
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9154-4510
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mummah
authors.forename: Maya
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6698-2607
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mathur
authors.forename: Abby C
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7949-8811
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7596-1530
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1610-0404
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sutton
keywords: cell phones; diet; eating; health behavior; pilot projects; randomized controlled trial; telemedicine; vegetables