title: Empathy differences by gender and specialty preference in medical students: a study in Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have conducted this study to assess medical students' empathy and to examine empathy differences by students' socio-demographic characteristics, including gender, and specialty preference.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have conducted a cross-sectional and descriptive research. Among 595 medical students registered at the Federal University of Santa Catarina (Brazil) in 2012, we have selected a sample of 320 enrolled in the first, third, fifth, seventh, ninth, eleventh, and in the last semester of the course. The response rate obtained was 70.6% (n=226). Data was collected by using a self-report questionnaire, and the variables analyzed included course semester, socio-demographic characteristics (such as age, gender, household monthly income and parents level of education), students' specialty preference, and empathy assessed by the Jefferson Scale of Empathy. We have used descriptive statistics, 95% Confidence Interval for percentages, Student's t-test, and Analysis of Variance to analyze the data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean empathy among students was (M=119.7, SD=9.9), with no difference by according to semester (F=1.5, p=.2). Empathy means were higher among females (M=118.3, SD=10.6) than among males (M=121.0, SD=9.3, t=-2.1, p=.032). Students who preferred a people-oriented specialty obtained significantly higher mean scores (M=121.5, SD=8.1) in comparison to students who preferred technology-oriented specialties (M=118.0, SD=11.3, t=2.4, p=.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study has found consistently high scores of empathy among medical students enrolled in all levels of training at the Federal University of Santa Catarina, and higher empathy among women and students who intend to pursue a people-oriented specialty. Conclusions on higher empathy among medical students require further study.
authors.affiliation: Family and Community Medicine Residency, Florianópolis Health Secretary, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mariana A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Suely
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Grosseman
authors.affiliation: Family and Community Medicine Residency, Florianópolis Health Secretary, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thiago C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabela C B
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Giuliano
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Medical School, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil.
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Erdmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002321:Career Choice; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate; D004645:Empathy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008511:Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010551:Personality; D012737:Sex Factors; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Empathy; Jefferson Scale of Empathy; gender differences; medical Students; specialty interest