title: Effect of feeding tamarind kernel powder extract residue on digestibility, nitrogen availability and ruminal fermentation in wethers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was to examinein vivodigestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal fermentation of tamarind (Tamarind indica) kernel powder extract residue (TKPER) compared to soybean products and by-products in wethers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four wethers with initial body weight (BW) of 51.6±5.5 kg were assigned in a 4×4 Latin square design to investigate nutritional characteristics of TKPER, dry heat soybean (SB), dry soybean curd residue (SBCR) and soybean meal (SBM) feeding with ryegrass straw (R) at a ratio of 1:1 at 2% of BW in dry matter (DM) on a daily basis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The digestibility of DM, crude protein, and ether extract (EE) of TKPER-R diet were 57.0%, 87.0%, and 86.0%, respectively. Higher non-fiber carbohydrates digestibility was observed in TKPER-R diet (83.2%) than in SB-R diet (73.9%, p<0.05). Wethers fed the TKPER-R diet had lower retention of nitrogen (N) and ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) contents at 4 h after feeding than those fed the SBM-R diet (p<0.05), which had values similar to the SB-R or SBCR-R diet. The TKPER feeding had higher propionate (C3) and lower butyrate content, as well as lower acetate to propionate ratio (C2:C3) in rumen fluid than SBM feeding at 4 h after feeding (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TKPER did not bring any side effect to the wethers although it was lack of fiber, and could be used as a high protein and energy ingredient in concentrate with appropriate roughage to meet the fiber requirement for ruminants.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazato
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oishi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirooka
authors.affiliation: Kankyo Techsys Co., Ltd, Aichi 4420848, Japan.
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Animal Husbandry Resources, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 6068502, Japan.
authors.forename: Hajime
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kumagai
keywords: By-product; Digestibility; Nitrogen Balance; Rumen Condition; Tamarind Kernel Powder; Wethers