title: Food-grade Pickering emulsions stabilised with solid lipid particles.
abstract: Aqueous dispersions of tripalmitin particles (with a minimum size of 130 nm) were produced, via a hot sonication method, with and without the addition of food-grade emulsifiers. Depending on their relative size and chemistry, the emulsifiers altered the properties of the fat particles (e.g. crystal form, dispersion state and surface properties) by two proposed mechanisms. Firstly, emulsifiers modify the rate and/or extent of polymorphic transitions, resulting in the formation of fat crystals with a range of polarities. Secondly, the adsorption of emulsifiers at the particle interface modifies crystal surface properties. Such emulsifier-modified fat particles were then used to stabilise emulsions. As the behaviour of these particles was predisposed by the kind of emulsifier employed for their manufacture, the resulting particles showed different preferences to which of the emulsion phases (oil or water) became the continuous one. The polarity of the fat particles decreased as follows: Whey Protein Isolate > Soy Lecithin > Soy Lecithin + Tween 20 > Tween 20 > Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate > no emulsifier. Consequently, particles stabilised with WPI formed oil-in-water emulsions (O/W); particles stabilised solely with lecithin produced a highly unstable W/O emulsion; and particles stabilised with a mixture of lecithin and Tween 20 gave a stable W/O emulsion with drop size up to 30 μm. Coalescence stable, oil-continuous emulsions (W/O) with drop sizes between 5 and 15 μm were produced when the tripalmitin particles were stabilised with solely with Tween 20, solely with polyglycerol polyricinoleate, or with no emulsifier at all. It is proposed that the stability of the latter three emulsions was additionally enhanced by sintering of fat particles at the oil-water interface, providing a mechanical barrier against coalescence.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. d.j.kurukji@gmail.co.uk.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pawlik
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kurukji
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Fotis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Spyropoulos
mesh_terms: D045703:Emulsifying Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D004655:Emulsions; D005524:Food Technology; D005990:Glycerol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D054709:Lecithins / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D011136:Polysorbates / Q000737:chemistry; D012277:Ricinoleic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000737:chemistry*; D000067816:Whey Proteins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D045703:Emulsifying Agents; D004655:Emulsions; D054709:Lecithins; D011136:Polysorbates; D012277:Ricinoleic Acids; D014280:Triglycerides; D000067816:Whey Proteins; C029243:glyceran polyricinoleic acid ester; C005859:tripalmitin; D005990:Glycerol