title: Predictions penetrate perception: Converging insights from brain, behaviour and disorder.
abstract: It is argued that during ongoing visual perception, the brain is generating top-down predictions to facilitate, guide and constrain the processing of incoming sensory input. Here we demonstrate that these predictions are drawn from a diverse range of cognitive processes, in order to generate the richest and most informative prediction signals. This is consistent with a central role for cognitive penetrability in visual perception. We review behavioural and mechanistic evidence that indicate a wide spectrum of domains-including object recognition, contextual associations, cognitive biases and affective state-that can directly influence visual perception. We combine these insights from the healthy brain with novel observations from neuropsychiatric disorders involving visual hallucinations, which highlight the consequences of imbalance between top-down signals and incoming sensory information. Together, these lines of evidence converge to indicate that predictive penetration, be it cognitive, social or emotional, should be considered a fundamental framework that supports visual perception.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Electronic address: claire.ocallaghan@sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
authors.affiliation: Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kestutis
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kveraga
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shine
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Reginald B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.affiliation: Gonda Center for Brain Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
authors.forename: Moshe
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bar
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D012938:Social Perception; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Cognitive penetration; Context; Object recognition; Orbitofrontal cortex; Parahippocampal cortex; Prediction; Top-down; Visual hallucinations; Visual perception