title: Chronic kidney disease in low- and middle-income countries.
abstract: Most of the global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). As a result of rapid urbanization in LMICs, a growing number of populations are exposed to numerous environmental toxins, high infectious disease burdens and increasing rates of noncommunicable diseases. For CKD, this portends a high prevalence related to numerous etiologies, and it presents unique challenges. A better understanding of the epidemiology of CKD in LMICs is urgently needed, but this must be coupled with strong public advocacy and broad, collaborative public health efforts that address environmental, communicable, and non-communicable risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Stanifer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muiru
authors.affiliation: Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tazeen H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Jafar
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Uptal D
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Patel
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: epidemiology; multidisciplinary; noncommunicable diseases; urbanization