title: Use of Metabolomics to Trend Recovery and Therapy After Injury in Critically Ill Trauma Patients.
abstract: Metabolomics is the broad and parallel study of metabolites within an organism and provides a contemporaneous snapshot of physiologic state. Use of metabolomics in the clinical setting may help achieve precision medicine for those who have experienced trauma, where diagnosis and treatment are tailored to the individual patient.
  
  
  
  To examine whether metabolomics can (1) distinguish healthy volunteers from trauma patients and (2) quantify changes in catabolic metabolites over time after injury.
  
  
  
  Prospective cohort study with enrollment from September 2014 to May 2015 at an urban, level 1 trauma center. Included in the study were 10 patients with severe blunt trauma admitted within 12 hours of injury with systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg or base deficit greater than 6 mEq/L and 5 healthy volunteers. Plasma samples (n = 35) were obtained on days 1, 3, and 7, and they were analyzed using mass spectrometry.
  
  
  
  Principal component analyses, multiple linear regression, and paired t tests were used to select biomarkers of interest. A broad-based metabolite profile comparison between trauma patients and healthy volunteers was performed. Specific biomarkers of interest were oxidative catabolites.
  
  
  
  Trauma patients had a median age of 45 years and a median injury severity score of 43 (interquartile range, 34-50). Healthy fasting volunteers had a median age of 33 years. Compared with healthy volunteers, trauma patients showed oxidative stress on day 1: niacinamide concentrations were a mean (interquartile range) of 0.95 (0.30-1.45) relative units for trauma patients vs 1.06 (0.96-1.09) relative units for healthy volunteers (P = .02), biotin concentrations, 0.43 (0.27-0.58) relative units for trauma patients vs 1.21 (0.93-1.56) relative units for healthy volunteers (P = .049); and choline concentrations, 0.17 (0.09-0.22) relative units for trauma patients vs 0.21 (0.18-0.22) relative units for healthy volunteers (P = .004). Trauma patients showed lower nucleotide synthesis on day 1: adenylosuccinate concentrations were 0.08 (0.04-0.12) relative units for trauma patients vs 0.15 (0.14-0.17) relative units for healthy volunteers (P = .02) and cytidine concentrations were 1.44 (0.95-1.73) relative units for trauma patients vs 1.74 (1.62-1.98) relative units for healthy volunteers (P = .05). From trauma day 1 to day 7, trauma patients showed increasing muscle catabolism: serine levels increased from 42.03 (31.20-54.95) µM to 79.37 (50.29-106.37) µM (P = .002), leucine levels increased from 69.21 (48.36-99.89) µM to 114.16 (92.89-143.52) µM (P = .004), isoleucine levels increased from 20.43 (10.92-27.41) µM to 48.72 (36.28-64.84) µM (P < .001), and valine levels increased from 122.56 (95.63-140.61) µM to 190.52 (136.68-226.07) µM (P = .004). There was an incomplete reversal of oxidative stress.
  
  
  
  Metabolomics can function as a serial, comprehensive, and potentially personalized tool to characterize metabolism after injury. A targeted metabolomics approach was associated with ongoing oxidative stress, impaired nucleotide synthesis, and initial suppression of protein metabolism followed by increased nitrogen turnover. This technique may provide new therapeutic and nutrition targets in critically injured patients.
authors.affiliation: Harborview Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle.
authors.forename: Brodie A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Parent
authors.affiliation: Harborview Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle.
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seaton
authors.affiliation: Harborview Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle.
authors.forename: Ravi F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.affiliation: Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.
authors.forename: Haiwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.
authors.forename: Danijel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Djukovic
authors.affiliation: Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raftery
authors.affiliation: Harborview Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle.
authors.forename: Grant E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: O'Keefe
mesh_terms: D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001710:Biotin / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002794:Choline / Q000097:blood; D003562:Cytidine / Q000097:blood; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007532:Isoleucine / Q000097:blood; D007930:Leucine / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D055442:Metabolome; D055432:Metabolomics; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000097:blood; D009711:Nucleotides / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012694:Serine / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D014633:Valine / Q000097:blood; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005227:Fatty Acids; D009711:Nucleotides; D007532:Isoleucine; C012168:adenylosuccinate; D009536:Niacinamide; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D012694:Serine; D003562:Cytidine; D001710:Biotin; D007930:Leucine; D014633:Valine; D002794:Choline