title: The See Kidney Disease Targeted Screening Program for CKD.
abstract: The effectiveness of targeted screening for identification of CKD is largely unknown. The See Kidney Disease (SeeKD) targeted screening project aimed to determine the prevalence of unrecognized CKD in Canada.
  
  
  
  The SeeKD project was conducted across Canada using a convenience sample approach and events to identify adults with risk factors for CKD (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, vascular disease, family history of kidney problems, etc.). Participants with at least one risk factor received a point-of-care creatinine measurement to identify unrecognized CKD (CKD-Epidemiology Collaboration eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)). Baseline information included clinical characteristics, sociodemographics, and health knowledge. Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with each Kidney Foundation of Canada branch (regionalized locations) after the screening events to characterize local screening strategies, which were subsequently categorized as individual-targeted (specifically targeting individuals at risk of CKD) and community-targeted (event in a community location in proximity to a high-risk population). We calculated the prevalence of unrecognized CKD overall, and by screening strategy.
  
  
  
  Between January 2011 and February 2014, 6329 Canadians participated in SeeKD screening events. Participants were predominantly female (65.3%), middle-aged (mean, 58.5 years), and the majority (88.9%) self-reported at least one risk factor for CKD. Of participants with at least one risk factor, 92.3% (n=5194) were screened, of whom 18.8% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 17.8 to 19.9) had unrecognized CKD; the majority (13.8%) had stage 3a CKD (eGFR=45-60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)). The prevalence of unrecognized CKD was higher for branches with individual versus community-targeted events (21.9% [95% CI, 20.5 to 23.4] versus 14.7% [95% CI, 13.2 to 16.2]).
  
  
  
  Targeted screening identified a high proportion of individuals with risk factors for CKD and a high prevalence of unrecognized CKD. Future research will evaluate the ability of targeted screening to promote self-management behaviors addressing priorities for people with CKD.
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Community Health Sciences and.
authors.forename: Lauren E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Galbraith
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Community Health Sciences and.
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Ronksley
authors.affiliation: Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Lianne J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Barnieh
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; and.
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kappel
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Community Health Sciences and.|Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Braden J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Manns
authors.affiliation: Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.affiliation: Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jun
authors.affiliation: Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.affiliation: Kidney Foundation of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Valk
authors.affiliation: Departments of *Community Health Sciences and.|Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Brenda R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Hemmelgarn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D000067716:Point-of-Care Testing; D015995:Prevalence; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine
keywords: Canada; Humans; Prevalence; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; chronic kidney disease; creatinine; glomerular filtration rate; hypertension; kidney; targeted screening