title: Paediatric brainstem: A comprehensive review of pathologies on MR imaging.
abstract: The brainstem is a midline structure formed by the midbrain, pons and medulla and is a home for various vital neurological centres of the human body. A diverse spectrum of disease entities can involve the brainstem, which includes infections, metabolic disorders, demyelination, vascular conditions, neurodegenerative disorders and tumours. Brainstem involvement can be primary or secondary, i.e., as part of systemic disorders. Due to the overlapping clinical presentation and symptomatology, imaging plays a decisive role in the detection, localisation and characterisation of brainstem pathologies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice and the use of advanced MR techniques such as diffusion-weighted imaging and spectroscopy can be especially helpful in providing a tenable diagnoses. This article is a compilation of the MR imaging manifestations of a spectrum of common and uncommon brainstem pathologies that can be encountered in the paediatric age group. Teaching Points • The paediatric brainstem can be afflicted by many pathologies that may overlap clinico-radiologically. • MRI is the best modality for the localisation and diagnosis of brainstem pathologies. • Diffusion-weighted imaging is useful in the diagnosis of vascular and metabolic disorders. • Occasionally, demyelination and neoplasms can be indistinguishable on imaging.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India. chandankakkar@yahoo.co.in.
authors.forename: Chandan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kakkar
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Haemato-oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India.
authors.forename: Shruti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kakkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India.
authors.forename: Kavita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saggar
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India.
authors.forename: Jatinder S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Goraya
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India.
authors.forename: Archana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahluwalia
authors.affiliation: Worthing Hospital, Western Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Lyndhurst Road, Worthing, BN112DH, UK.
authors.forename: Ankur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arora
keywords: Brainstem; Demyelination; Encephalitis; Glioma; MRI