title: Infusion of solutions of pre-irradiated components in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to conduct a 14-day toxicology assessment for intravenous solutions prepared from irradiated resuscitation fluid components and sterile water.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy Sprague Dawley rats (7-10/group) were instrumented and randomized to receive one of the following Field IntraVenous Resuscitation (FIVR) or commercial fluids; Normal Saline (NS), Lactated Ringer's, 5% Dextrose in NS. Daily clinical observation, chemistry and hematology on days 1,7,14, and urinalysis on day 14 were evaluated for equivalence using a two sample t-test (p<0.05). A board-certified pathologist evaluated organ histopathology on day 14.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Equivalence was established for all observation parameters, lactate, sodium, liver enzymes, creatinine, WBC and differential, and urinalysis values. Lack of equivalence for hemoglobin (p=0.055), pH (p=0.0955), glucose (p=0.0889), Alanine-Aminotransferase (p=0.1938), albumin (p=0.1311), and weight (p=0.0555, p=0.1896), was deemed not clinically relevant due to means within physiologically normal ranges. Common microscopic findings randomly distributed among animals of all groups were endocarditis/myocarditis and pulmonary lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings are consistent with complications due to long-term catheter use and suggest no clinically relevant differences in end-organ toxicity between animals infused with FIVR versus commercial fluids.
authors.affiliation: Naval Medical Research Center, NeuroTrauma Department, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States, United States. Electronic address: Georgina.Pappas@quinnipiac.edu.
authors.forename: Georgina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pappas
authors.affiliation: Naval Medical Research Center, NeuroTrauma Department, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States, United States; Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Department of Surgery, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd Bethesda, MD 20814, United States, United States. Electronic address: francoise.arnaud.ctr@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Francoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arnaud
authors.affiliation: Naval Medical Research Center, NeuroTrauma Department, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States, United States. Electronic address: ashraful.haque.ctr@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Ashraful
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.affiliation: Naval Medical Research Center, NeuroTrauma Department, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States, United States. Electronic address: tmykkn1974@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kino
authors.affiliation: Naval Medical Research Center, Pathology, Research Services Directorate, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States, United States. Electronic address: paul.r.facemire2.mil@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Facemire
authors.affiliation: Naval Medical Research Center, Pathology, Research Services Directorate, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States, United States. Electronic address: erica.e.carroll.mil@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.affiliation: Naval Medical Research Center, NeuroTrauma Department, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States, United States. Electronic address: charles.r.auker.ctr@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Auker
authors.affiliation: Naval Medical Research Center, NeuroTrauma Department, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States, United States; Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Department of Surgery, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd Bethesda, MD 20814, United States, United States. Electronic address: richard.m.mccarron.cib@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McCarron
authors.affiliation: Naval Medical Research Center, NeuroTrauma Department, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, United States, United States; Uniformed Services University of the Health Science, Department of Surgery, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd Bethesda, MD 20814, United States, United States. Electronic address: anke.h.scultetus2.ctr@mail.mil.
authors.forename: Anke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scultetus
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005947:Glucose / Q000528:radiation effects*; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013242:Sterilization / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007552:Isotonic Solutions; D000077325:Ringer's Lactate; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Irradiation; Resuscitation; Sterilization; Toxicity