title: Human parainfluenza virus types 1-4 in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infections in China.
abstract: Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are an important cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs). HPIV-4, a newly identified virus, has been associated with severe ALRTIs recently. A total of 771 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were collected from hospitalized children between March 2010 and February 2011. HPIVs were detected by Nest-PCR, and other known respiratory viruses were detected by RT-PCR and PCR. All amplification products were sequenced. HPIVs were detected in 151 (19.58%) patients, of whom 28 (3.63%) were positive for HPIV-4, 12(1.55%) for HPIV-1, 4 (0.51%) for HPIV-2, and 107 (13.87%) for HPIV-3. Only three were found to be co-infected with different types of HPIVs. All HPIV-positive children were under 5 years of age, with the majority being less than 1 year. Only the detection rate of HPIV-3 had a significant statistical difference (χ2= 29.648, P = 0.000) between ages. HPIV-3 and HPIV-4 were detected during the summer. Sixty (39.74%) were co-infected with other respiratory viruses, and human rhinovirus (HRV) was the most common co-infecting virus. The most frequent clinical diagnosis was bronchopneumonia, and all patients had cough; some patients who were infected with HPIV-3 and HPIV-4 had polypnea and cyanosis. No significant difference was found in clinical manifestations between those who were infected with HPIV-4 and HPIV-3. Two genotypes for HPIV-4 were prevalent, although HPIV-4a dominated. HPIV-4 is an important virus for children hospitalized with ALRTIs in China. HRV was the most common co-infecting virus. Two genotypes for HPIV-4 are prevalent, HPIV-4a dominated. J. Med. Virol. 88:2085-2091, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Provincial, China.
authors.forename: Ni-Guang
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhao-Jun
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Ping
authors.initials: ZP
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Provincial, China.
authors.forename: Li-Li
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Provincial, China.
authors.forename: Sai-Zhen
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Provincial, China.
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Han-Chun
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Provincial, China. zhangbing1959@aliyun.com.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D060085:Coinfection / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010222:Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010223:Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010224:Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D029482:Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D015995:Prevalence; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D010253:Respirovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D019351:Rubulavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D012621:Seasons
keywords: clustal analysis; human parainfluenza virus; respiratory tract; seasonal incidence