title: Occurrence, composition and risk assessment of antibiotics in soils from Kenya, Africa.
abstract: Antibiotics can accumulate in soils via different ways, which may pose serious threat to ecological environment of soil and quality of agricultural products. In this study, the occurrence of 12 antibiotics including four sulfonamides (SAs), four tetracyclines (TETs) and four fluoroquinolones (FQs) was investigated in soils from four sampling sites of Kenya (Mai Mahiu, Narok, Mount Suswa Conservancy, and Juja), Africa. The soils in suburban area of Narok had the highest average concentrations of total 12 antibiotics with an average value of 43.64 μg kg(-1) dw (dry weight), followed by Mai Mahiu (26.70 μg kg(-1) dw), Juja (24.41 μg kg(-1) dw) and Mount Suswa Conservancy (12.21 μg kg(-1) dw). Sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, oxytetracycline, and enrofloxacin were identified as the main antibiotics polluted in soils. Total organic carbon may influence the distribution of SAs in Narok and FQs in Juja. Ecological risk analysis based on the risk quotient showed that SAs detected in soils have higher risk compared to TETs and FQs.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.|Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
authors.forename: Yuyi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.|Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Anita Awino
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Owino
authors.affiliation: Wuhan Environmental Protection Bureau, Wuhan, 430022, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.|Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.|Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.|University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China. wangjun@wbgcas.cn.|Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China. wangjun@wbgcas.cn.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D000077422:Enrofloxacin; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D007630:Kenya; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D013449:Sulfonamides
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000077422:Enrofloxacin
keywords: Fluoroquinolones; Kenya; Risk assessment; Soils; Sulfonamides; Tetracyclines