title: Non-polyphenolic compounds of a specific kind of dried grape (Maviz) inhibit memory impairments induced by beta-amyloid peptide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although grape has been recently the topic of many investigations, Maviz (a kind of dried one) has remained neglected. The aim of this study was to assess anti-Alzheimer activity of Maviz.
  
  
  METHODS
  To reach this goal, total phenolic content (TPC) of ethanolic (Eth) and aqueous (Aq) extracts were determined and radical scavenging activity was assayed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Chemical compositions of each extract were also determined via GC-Mass. Behavioral changes were studied via passive avoidance and Morris water maze in Aβ-induced model of Alzheimer's disease. Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) determination were also done on rats' hippocampus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that seed Eth extract has a high level of TPC and radical scavenging activity. However, this extract had surprisingly no effect on memory and CAT and SOD activities. In contrast, fruit Aq and Eth extracts (containing furfurals as major compounds) inhibited memory impairment (P < 0.001) and elevated brain levels of CAT and SOD(P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It seems that Maviz non-phenolic compounds-most probably 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and other similar derivatives-are responsible for these actions.
authors.affiliation: a NeuroBiology Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Elnaz
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bakhtiyari
authors.affiliation: b Department of Traditional Medicine , Medicinal Plants Research Center of Barij , Kashan , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Mahdi
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Ahmadian-Attari
authors.affiliation: c Department of Phytochemistry , Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C. , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Peyman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salehi
authors.affiliation: d Neuroscience Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Khallaghi
authors.affiliation: a NeuroBiology Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dargahi
authors.affiliation: e Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zahurin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: f Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kamalinejad
authors.affiliation: d Neuroscience Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.
authors.forename: Abolhassan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmadiani
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D057141:Food, Preserved; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D005662:Furaldehyde / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000201:enzymology; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D010636:Phenols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D064209:Phytochemicals / Q000032:analysis; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D000975:Antioxidants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010636:Phenols; D064209:Phytochemicals; D010936:Plant Extracts; C008046:5-hydroxymethylfurfural; D005662:Furaldehyde
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Catalase; Iranian traditional medicine; Maviz; Superoxide dismutase; Vitis vinifera L