title: Effect of gender, age, diet and smoking status on chronomics of circulating plasma lipid components in healthy Indians.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circulating lipid components were studied under near-normal tropical conditions (around Lucknow) in 162 healthy volunteers - mostly medical students, staff members and members of their families (103 males and 59 females; 7 to 75y), subdivided into 4 age groups: A (7-20y; N=42), B (21-40y; N=60), C (41-60y; N=35) and D (61-75y; N=25).
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood samples were collected from each subject every 6h for 24h (4 samples). Plasma was separated and total cholesterol, high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, phospholipids and total lipids were measured spectrophotometrically. Data from each subject were analyzed by cosinor. We examined by multiple-analysis of variance how the MESOR (Midline Estimating Statistic Of Rhythm, a rhythm-adjusted mean) and the circadian amplitude of these variables is affected by gender, age, diet (vegetarian vs. omnivore), and smoking status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to effects of gender and age, diet and smoking were found to affect the MESOR of circulating plasma lipid components in healthy Indians residing in northern India. Age also affected the circadian amplitude of these variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate the possibility of using non-pharmacological interventions to improve a patient's metabolic profile before prescribing medication under near normal tropical conditions. They also add information that may help refine cut-off values in the light of factors shown here to affect blood lipids.
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India.
authors.forename: Ranjana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, Sgrr Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, Dehradun 248001, India.
authors.forename: Sumita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, T S Misra Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow 226008, India.
authors.forename: Rajesh K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India.
authors.forename: Abbas A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mahdi
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, T S Misra Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow 226008, India.
authors.forename: Raj K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Halberg Chronobiology Center, University Of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee Gierke
authors.affiliation: Halberg Chronobiology Center, University Of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. Electronic address: corne001@umn.edu.
authors.forename: Germaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cornelissen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000097:blood; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D013053:Spectrophotometry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008055:Lipids; D010743:Phospholipids; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Age; Cholesterol; Diet; Epidemiology; Gender; Lipids; Phospholipids; Smoking