title: Stimulatory Effect of Balanced Deep-Sea Water Containing Chitosan Oligosaccharides on Glucose Uptake in C2C12 Myotubes.
abstract: Deep-sea water (DSW) and chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have recently drawn much attention because of their potential medical and pharmaceutical applications. Balanced DSW (BDSW) was prepared by mixing DSW mineral extracts and desalinated water. This study investigated the effects of BDSW, COS, and BDSW containing COS on glucose uptake and their mode of action in mature C2C12 myotubes. BDSW and COS increased glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner. BDSW containing COS synergistically increased glucose uptake; this was dependent on the activation of insulin receptor substrate 1 and protein kinase C in insulin-dependent signaling pathways as well as liver kinase B1, AMP-activated protein kinase, and mammalian target of rapamycin in insulin-independent signaling pathways. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that the expressions of the following genes related to glucose uptake were elevated: glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), insulin-responsive aminopeptidase, and vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 for abundant proteins of GLUT4 storage vesicles (GSVs); syntaxin 4 and soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein 23 for trafficking between the plasma membrane and GSVs; and syntaxin 6 and syntaxin 16 for trafficking between GSVs and the trans-Golgi network. Taken together, these results suggest BDSW containing COS has a greater stimulatory effect on glucose uptake than BDSW or COS alone. Moreover, this effect is mediated by the stimulation of diverse signaling pathways via the activation of main signaling molecules related to GSV trafficking.
authors.affiliation: Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 50 Samduk 2ga Jung-gu, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Geun
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 50 Samduk 2ga Jung-gu, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Bio-Medical Research Institute, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 50 Samduk 2ga Jung-gu, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea. yhshon@hmail.knu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Yun Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Shon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D048271:Chitosan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003470:Culture Media / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D022162:Cytoplasmic Vesicles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058539:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050765:Qa-SNARE Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050766:Qb-SNARE Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050767:Qc-SNARE Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054712:Salinity; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D003470:Culture Media; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; C526295:Irs1 protein, mouse; D009844:Oligosaccharides; D050765:Qa-SNARE Proteins; D050766:Qb-SNARE Proteins; D050767:Qc-SNARE Proteins; C495693:Slc2a4 protein, mouse; C107017:Snap23 protein, mouse; D048271:Chitosan; D058539:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Chitosan oligosaccharide; Deep-sea water; Glucose transporter 4; Glucose uptake; Glut4 storage vesicles