title: Horizontal Transfer of Spinosad in Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).
abstract: Slow-acting and nonrepellent termiticides are possible candidates for nestmate to nestmate transfer called horizontal transfer. For the horizontal transfer study of spinosad, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki was released in sand and soil at 1, 25, and 50 ppm Entrust(®) for 1 h and then mixed with healthy untreated termites for 21 d at the ratio of 1:1. Donor and recipient termites began to contact and groom each other immediately after release. Mortality of termites was recorded at 1, 3, 7, and 14 d after treatment. Spinosad was more effectively transferred in sand than in soil. In sand at 25 and 50 ppm, significantly high mortality of donors and recipients was observed after 7 d. When termites were exposed to treated soil at day 21, all three concentrations resulted in significantly higher mortality compared to the control. In our laboratory study, spinosad was effectively transferred by donor termites. Transfer of spinosad depended on its bioavailability and concentration. Further study is needed to address its effects against C. formosanus under field conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, 404 Life Sciences Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (dbhatt6@lsu.edu; GRHenderson@agcenter.lsu.edu), grhenderson@agcenter.lsu.edu.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bhatta
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, 404 Life Sciences Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (dbhatt6@lsu.edu; GRHenderson@agcenter.lsu.edu), grhenderson@agcenter.lsu.edu.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Henderson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007300:Insect Control; D007306:Insecticides; D020049:Isoptera; D018942:Macrolides
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; C415329:spinosad
keywords: Formosan subterranean termite; biopesticide; mortality; nestmate