title: The Use of NMR Metabolite Profiling and in vivo Hypoglycemic Assay for Comparison of Unfractionated Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Two Ocimum Species.
abstract: Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) are used to treat diabetes mellitus in Africa. In a previous work, we identified chicoric acid as a hypoglycemic substance in O. gratissimum. This study aims to compare the chemical metabolite profile and the hypoglycemic activity of unfractionated aqueous extracts from leaves of both Lamiaceae species. The metabolite composition of OB and OG decoctions (10% w/v) was analyzed using HPLC-DAD and NMR tools. Chicoric acid showed to be the major phenolic in both extracts, besides caftaric, caffeic, and rosmarinic acids; nevertheless, there is approximately three times more of this substance in OG. From 1D- and 2D-NMR analyses, 19 substances were identified in OB, while 12 in OG. The in vivo acute hypoglycemic activity of the extracts was assessed intraperitoneally in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. The doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg of both extracts significantly reduced their glycemia, compared to controls (P < 0.05). OB was a little more effective than OG, despite the lower content of chicoric acid in OB. This result strongly suggests that components other than chicoric acid contribute to the hypoglycemic activity of the two extracts. Despite the abundance of caffeic and rosmarinic acids in OB, their hypoglycemic activity observed at 8.3 μmol/kg was low. This is the first chemical profile of crude extracts from Ocimum species by NMR. Our findings confirmed the potential of both species in DM treatment in spite of marked differences in their chemical composition. However, long-term studies are necessary in order to identify the most promising of the two species for the development of an herbal medicine.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais Bioativos - LPN-Bio, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Livia Marques
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Casanova
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo - LabECoM, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jair Machado
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Espíndola-Netto
authors.affiliation: Laboratório Multiusuário de Análises por RMN - LAMAR, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Luzineide Wanderley
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Tinoco
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Enzimologia e Controle do Metabolismo - LabECoM, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sola-Penna
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais Bioativos - LPN-Bio, Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, RJ, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sônia Soares
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Costa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D031339:Ocimum / Q000737:chemistry*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D013045:Species Specificity; D013311:Streptozocin; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014867:Water; D013311:Streptozocin
keywords: Diabetes; NMR fingerprinting; Ocimum basilicum; Ocimum gratissimum; Phenolics