title: Effect of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine with small dose clonidine versus hyperbaric bupivacaine alone in lower abdominal surgeries: A comparative study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The continued success of regional anesthetic techniques can be credited due to improved local anesthetic drugs, with lower toxicities and longer duration of action, but still many efforts are being done to increase the duration of the block and postoperative analgesia. Therefore, use of adjuvant drugs for anesthesia is intended to prolong analgesia and preventing deleterious clinical effects of local anesthetics.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study is designed to evaluate effects of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine versus hyperbaric bupivacaine with low dose clonidine on the onset and level of sensory and motor block, the intensity of motor blockade, and time of analgesia required in the postoperative period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study area were our operation theater and postanesthesia care unit of Department of Anesthesiology, this was a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blind study for a period of 1 year comprising of 60 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomly allocated into two groups: Group 1 (S) (n = 30): Patients received intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine 12.5 mg with normal saline 0.5 ml and Group 2 (C) (n = 30): Patients received intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine 12.5 mg with 1 μg/kg clonidine (approximated to 0.5 ml with normal saline).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups were compared by Student's t-test, Chi-square test; ANOVA and significance of mean difference bet were done by Newman-Keuls test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Duration of analgesia was prolonged in Group C (363.07 ± 166.30 min) patients compared to Group S patients (226.95 ± 119 min) and they also required less top up analgesic in the postoperative period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tyagi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Shivani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rastogi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, VPIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Rajlaxmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhandari
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Prateek Singh
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Bais
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Mahendra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
keywords: Clonidine; Wilson's sedation score; hyperbaric bupivacaine; α-agonist