title: Optimising the changing role of the community pharmacist: a randomised trial of the impact of audit and feedback.
abstract: To evaluate the impact of comparative performance feedback to community pharmacists on provision of professional services and the quality of patients' medication use.
  
  
  
  Randomised, controlled, single-blind trial.
  
  
  
  All 1833 community pharmacies in the Quebec province, Canada.
  
  
  
  1814 pharmacies not opting out and with more than 5 dispensings of the target medications during the 6-month baseline were randomised by a 2×2 factorial design to feedback first for hypertension adherence (907 control, 907 intervention) followed by randomisation for asthma adherence (791 control, 807 intervention). 1422 of 1814 pharmacies had complete information available during the follow-up for hypertension intervention (706 intervention, 716 control), and 1301 of 1598 had the follow-up information for asthma (657 intervention, 644 control).
  
  
  
  Using provincial billing data to measure performance, mailed comparative feedback reported the pharmacy-level percentage of dispensings to patients non-adherent to antihypertensive medications or overusing asthma rescue inhalers.
  
  
  
  The number of hypertension/asthma services billed per pharmacy and percentage of dispensings to non-adherent patients over the 12 months post intervention.
  
  
  
  Feedback on the asthma measure led to increased provision of asthma services (control 0.2, intervention 0.4, RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.46). However, this did not translate into reductions in patients' overuse of rescue inhalers (control 45.5%, intervention 44.6%, RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.01). For non-adherence to antihypertensive medications, feedback resulted in no difference in either provision of hypertension services (control 0.7, intervention 0.8, RR 1.25, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.82) or antihypertensive treatment adherence (control 27.9%, intervention 28.0%, RR 1.0, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.00). Baseline performance did not influence results, and there was no evidence of a cumulative effect with repeated feedback.
  
  
  
  Comparative pharmacy performance feedback increased the provision of asthma pharmacists' services but did not improve the performance on medication-use measures. Billing data can be used to evaluate the impact of billable services rendered by pharmacists on the quality of patients' medication use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Winslade
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Tewodros
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eguale
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tamblyn
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010595:Pharmacists; D024382:Professional Role; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D011792:Quebec; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents