title: Evidence of Avian and Possum Fecal Contamination in Rainwater Tanks as Determined by Microbial Source Tracking Approaches.
abstract: Avian and possum fecal droppings may negatively impact roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) water quality due to the presence of zoonotic pathogens. This study was aimed at evaluating the performance characteristics of a possum feces-associated (PSM) marker by screening 210 fecal and wastewater samples from possums (n = 20) and a range of nonpossum hosts (n = 190) in Southeast Queensland, Australia. The host sensitivity and specificity of the PSM marker were 0.90 and 0.95 (maximum value, 1.00), respectively. The mean concentrations of the GFD marker in possum fecal DNA samples (8.8 × 10(7) gene copies per g of feces) were two orders of magnitude higher than those in the nonpossum fecal DNA samples (5.0 × 10(5) gene copies per g of feces). The host sensitivity, specificity, and concentrations of the avian feces-associated GFD marker were reported in our recent study (W. Ahmed, V. J. Harwood, K. Nguyen, S. Young, K. Hamilton, and S. Toze, Water Res 88:613-622, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.050). The utility of the GFD and PSM markers was evaluated by testing a large number of tank water samples (n = 134) from the Brisbane and Currumbin areas. GFD and PSM markers were detected in 39 of 134 (29%) and 11 of 134 (8%) tank water samples, respectively. The GFD marker concentrations in PCR-positive samples ranged from 3.7 × 10(2) to 8.5 × 10(5) gene copies per liter, whereas the concentrations of the PSM marker ranged from 2.0 × 10(3) to 6.8 × 10(3) gene copies per liter of water. The results of this study suggest the presence of fecal contamination in tank water samples from avian and possum hosts. This study has established an association between the degradation of microbial tank water quality and avian and possum feces. Based on the results, we recommend disinfection of tank water, especially for tanks designated for potable use.
  
  
  
  The use of roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) for domestic purposes is a globally accepted practice. The presence of pathogens in rainwater tanks has been reported by several studies, supporting the necessity for the management of potential health risks. The sources of fecal pollution in rainwater tanks are unknown. However, the application of microbial source tracking (MST) markers has the potential to identify the sources of fecal contamination in a rainwater tank. In this study, we provide evidence of avian and possum fecal contamination in tank water samples using molecular markers. This study established a potential link between the degradation of the microbial quality of tank water and avian and possum feces.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia warish.ahmed@csiro.au.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.|Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.|School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gyawali
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.|School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Toze
authors.affiliation: Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Haas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011793:Queensland; D048330:Trichosurus; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014876:Water Pollution
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D014873:Water Pollutants