title: Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activity of Grifola frondosa polysaccharide via toll-like receptor 4-mitogen-activated protein kinases-nuclear factor κB pathways.
abstract: We isolated a neutral polysaccharide from the fruiting body of a mushroom Grifola frondosa (GFP-A). The aim of this study was to characterize a neutral α-d-polysaccharide derived from G. frondosa and evaluate its immunomodulatory effect on toll-like receptor 4, mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor κB pathways of protein expression in macrophages. The structural features of GFP-A were characterized by physicochemical and instrumental analyses. Its molecular weight was found to be 8.48 × 10(2) kDa. The main chain of GFP-A consisted of (1 → 4)-linked and (1 → 6)-linked α-d-glucopyranosyl, and (1 → 3,6)-linked α-d-mannopyranosyl residues, which branched at C-3. The branches consisted of (1 → 6)-linked α-d-galactopyranosyl and t-l-rhamnopyranosyl residues. An in vitro immunomodulatory assay for pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, etc.) using the macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, revealed that GFP-A exhibited significant immunomodulatory activity by stimulating the toll-like receptor 4, mitogen-activated protein kinases to nuclear factor κB/pathway.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, P.R. China. huandaoyu@126.com.
authors.forename: Xiaolei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Lirong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Dai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Chunling
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048691:Grifola / Q000737:chemistry*; D056747:Immunomodulation; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011134:Polysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases