title: Variation in the Oral Processing of Everyday Meals Is Associated with Fullness and Meal Size; A Potential Nudge to Reduce Energy Intake?
abstract: Laboratory studies have demonstrated that experimental manipulations of oral processing can have a marked effect on energy intake. Here, we explored whether variations in oral processing across a range of unmodified everyday meals could affect post-meal fullness and meal size. In Study 1, female participants (N = 12) attended the laboratory over 20 lunchtime sessions to consume a 400-kcal portion of a different commercially available pre-packaged meal. Prior to consumption, expected satiation was assessed. During each meal, oral processing was characterised using: (i) video-recordings of the mouth and (ii) real-time measures of plate weight. Hunger and fullness ratings were elicited pre- and post-consumption, and for a further three hours. Foods that were eaten slowly had higher expected satiation and delivered more satiation and satiety. Building on these findings, in Study 2 we selected two meals (identical energy density) from Study 1 that were equally liked but maximised differences in oral processing. On separate days, male and female participants (N = 24) consumed a 400-kcal portion of either the "fast" or "slow" meal followed by an ad libitum meal (either the same food or a dessert). When continuing with the same food, participants consumed less of the slow meal. Further, differences in food intake during the ad libitum meal were not compensated at a subsequent snacking opportunity an hour later. Together, these findings suggest that variations in oral processing across a range of unmodified everyday meals can affect fullness after consuming a fixed portion and can also impact meal size. Modifying food form to encourage increased oral processing (albeit to a lesser extent than in experimental manipulations) might represent a viable target for food manufacturers to help to nudge consumers to manage their weight.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK. danielle.ferriday@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ferriday
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK. m_bosworth@hotmail.co.uk.
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bosworth
authors.affiliation: Behavior and Perception group, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne 1000, Switzerland. nicolas.godinot@alimentarium.org.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Godinot
authors.affiliation: Behavior and Perception group, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne 1000, Switzerland. Nathalie.Martin@rdls.nestle.com.
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Behavior and Perception group, Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne 1000, Switzerland. Ciaran_Forde@sics.a-star.edu.sg.|Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore. Ciaran_Forde@sics.a-star.edu.sg.
authors.forename: Ciarán G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Forde
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK. emmyheuvel@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Emmy
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Van Den Heuvel
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK. sarahapple01@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Appleton
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK. F.MercerMoss@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Felix J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Mercer Moss
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK. Peter.Rogers@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK. Jeff.Brunstrom@bristol.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brunstrom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001069:Appetite Regulation / Q000208:ethnology; D004435:Eating / Q000208:ethnology; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000208:ethnology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D062409:Lunch / Q000208:ethnology; D008297:Male; D062407:Meals / Q000208:ethnology; D008875:Middle Aged; D064787:Portion Size / Q000208:ethnology; D012528:Satiety Response; D062410:Snacks / Q000208:ethnology; D013997:Time Factors; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: appetite; expected satiation; liking; nudge theory; oral processing behaviours; satiation; satiety