title: Metal ion-oxytetracycline pharmacokinetic interactions after oral co-administration in broiler chickens.
abstract: The influence of the composition of calcium (Ca(2+)), magnesium (Mg(2+)), and iron (Fe(3+)) ions in two concentration levels (low-500 mg/L of CaCl2, 125 mg/L of MgCl2, and 10 mg/L of FeCl3 and high-2,500 mg/L of CaCl2, 625 mg/L of MgCl2, and 50 mg/L of FeCl3) contained in water on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of oxytetracycline (OTC) was determined. OTC hydrochloride was administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight to broiler chickens divided into four groups of nine birds each, including 3 oral groups (in deionized water -control, in water with low ion concentration, and in water with high ion concentration) and 1 intravenous group. OTC concentrations in plasma were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, after which non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted.The absolute bioavailability of OTC in the group of birds exposed to higher ions concentration was reduced (8.68% ± 2.56) as compared to the control (13.71% ± 2.60). Additionally, in this group, decrease in PK parameters such as: area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to infinity (15.36 μg × h/mL ± 4.36), from 0 to t (14.78 μg × h/mL ± 4.37), area under the first moment of curve from 0 to t (107.54 μg × h/mL ± 36.48), and maximum plasma concentration (2.13 μg/mL ± 0.32) were also observed. It is noteworthy, all mentioned parameters demonstrated a downward trend with high correlation coefficient (P = 0.004, P = 0.002, P = 0.005, P = 0.004, P = 0.011, respectively), reflecting the influence of increasing concentrations of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Fe(3+) ions on the decreasing absorption rate of OTC.Based on the current research results, it can be assumed that high concentrations of several ions applied concomitantly are able to decrease the absorption of OTC from gastrointestinal tract in broiler chickens. This occurrence might impair the drug's clinical efficacy toward some pathogenic microorganisms. It implies that using OTC on a farm may require administration of higher doses than the routine one when infections are caused by less sensitive pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland hubert.ziolkowski@uwm.edu.pl.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ziółkowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jasiecka
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zuśka-Prot
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Przybysz
authors.affiliation: Polpharma Biologics, Trzy Lipy 3, 80-172 Gdańsk, Poland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Grabowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Jaroszewski
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002645:Chickens / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000662:veterinary; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D010118:Oxytetracycline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D007501:Iron; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium; D010118:Oxytetracycline
keywords: bioavailability; broiler; ion; oxytetracycline; pharmacokinetic