title: Further understanding of the immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: impact on future treatments.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The understanding of the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) has expanded with more research into T-cell subtypes, cytokine contributors, B-cell participation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and more. Treatment options have rapidly expanded with three relatively recent oral therapy alternatives entering the arena.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the following review, we discuss current mechanisms of immune dysregulation in MS, how they relate to current treatments, and the impact these findings will have on the future of therapy. Expert commentary: The efficacy of these medications and understanding their mechanisms of actions validates the immunopathogenic mechanisms thought to underlie MS. Further research has exposed new targets, while new promising therapies have shed light on new aspects into the pathophysiology of MS.
authors.affiliation: a Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences - Departments of Pediatrics , Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Vikram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bhise
authors.affiliation: b Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences - Departments of Neurology , Robert Wood Johnson Medical School , New Brunswick , NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Suhayl
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dhib-Jalbut
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000276:immunology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D016207:Cytokines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G
keywords: Multiple sclerosis; demyelination; immune therapies