title: Extracellular Vesicles in Physiology, Pathology, and Therapy of the Immune and Central Nervous System, with Focus on Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Therapeutic Tools.
abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-surrounded structures released by most cell types. They are characterized by a specific set of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. EVs have been recognized as potent vehicles of intercellular communication to transmit biological signals between cells. In addition, pathophysiological roles of EVs in conditions like cancer, infectious diseases and neurodegenerative disorders are well established. In recent years focus has been shifted on therapeutic use of stem cell derived-EVs. Use of stem cell derived-EVs present distinct advantage over the whole stem cells as EVs do not replicate and after intravenous administration, they are less likely to trap inside the lungs. From the therapeutic perspective, the most promising cellular sources of EVs are mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are easy to obtain and maintain. Therapeutic activity of MSCs has been shown in numerous animal models and the beneficial paracrine effect of MSCs may be mediated by EVs. The various components of MSC derived-EVs such as proteins, lipids, and RNA might play a specific therapeutic role. In this review, we characterize the role of EVs in immune and central nervous system (CNS); present evidences for defective signaling of these vesicles in neurodegeneration and therapeutic role of EVs in CNS.
authors.affiliation: NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Sylwia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koniusz
authors.affiliation: NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Andrzejewska
authors.affiliation: Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua Padua, Italy.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muraca
authors.affiliation: Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore MD, USA.
authors.forename: Amit K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.affiliation: NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland; Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, BaltimoreMD, USA.
authors.forename: Miroslaw
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janowski
authors.affiliation: NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lukomska
keywords: CNS; biomarkers; extracellular vesicles; mesenchymal stromal cells; neurological diseases; transplantation