title: Clinical guidelines for interstitial cystitis and hypersensitive bladder updated in 2015.
abstract: Clinical guidelines for interstitial cystitis and hypersensitive bladder have been updated as of 2015. The guidelines define interstitial cystitis by the presence of hypersensitive bladder symptoms (discomfort, pressure or pain in the bladder usually associated with urinary frequency and nocturia) and bladder pathology, after excluding other diseases explaining symptoms. Interstitial cystitis is further classified by bladder pathology; either Hunner type interstitial cystitis with Hunner lesions or non-Hunner type interstitial cystitis with mucosal bleeding after distension in the absence of Hunner lesions. Hypersensitive bladder refers to a condition, where hypersensitive bladder symptoms are present, but bladder pathology or other explainable diseases are unproven. Interstitial cystitis and hypersensitive bladder severely affect patients' quality of life as a result of disabling symptoms and/or comorbidities. Reported prevalence suggestive of these disorders varies greatly from 0.01% to >6%. Pathophysiology would be an interaction of multiple factors including urothelial dysfunction, inflammation, neural hyperactivity, exogenous substances and extrabladder disorders. Definite diagnosis of interstitial cystitis and hypersensitive bladder requires cystoscopy with or without hydrodistension. Most of the therapeutic options lack a high level of evidence, leaving a few as recommended therapeutic options.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Homma
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ueda Clinic, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hikaru
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomoe
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, National Yang Ming University and Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Alex Tl
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hann-Chorng
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Huei
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-June
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Joon Chul
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Sung Kyun Kwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu-Sung
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D018856:Cystitis, Interstitial / Q000628:therapy*; D003558:Cystoscopy; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011788:Quality of Life
keywords: Hunner lesions; guidelines; hypersensitive bladder; interstitial cystitis