title: A case-control analysis of smoking and breast cancer in African American women: findings from the AMBER Consortium.
abstract: Recent population studies suggest a role of smoking in the etiology of breast cancer, but few have been conducted among African American women. In a collaborative project of four large studies, we examined associations between smoking measures and breast cancer risk by menopause and hormone receptor status [estrogen receptor-positive (ER+), ER-negative (ER-) and triple-negative (ER-, PR-, HER2-)]. The study included 5791 African American women with breast cancer and 17376 African American controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for study and risk factors. Results differed by menopausal status. Among postmenopausal women, positive associations were observed for long duration and greater pack-years of smoking: relative to never smoking, fully adjusted ORs were 1.14 (95% CI: 1.03-1.26) for duration ≥20 years and 1.16 (95% CI: 1.01-1.33) for ≥20 pack-years. By contrast, inverse associations were observed among premenopausal women, with ORs of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.68-95) for current smoking and 0.81 (95% CI: 0.69-0.96) for former smoking, without trends by duration. Associations among postmenopausal women were somewhat stronger for ER+ breast cancer. The findings suggest that the relation of cigarette smoking to breast cancer risk in African American women may vary by menopausal status and breast cancer subtype.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA, spark@cc.hawaii.edu.
authors.forename: Song-Yi
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, 1010 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Julie R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, 1010 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Haiman
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
authors.forename: Elisa V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Bandera
authors.affiliation: Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, 1010 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Traci N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Bethea
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Troester
authors.affiliation: Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University, 1010 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Viscidi
authors.affiliation: Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii, 1960 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA and.
authors.forename: Laurence N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Kolonel
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Olshan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
authors.forename: Christine B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Ambrosone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D064726:Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011960:Receptors, Estrogen