title: Antifeedant Activity of Ginkgo biloba Secondary Metabolites against Hyphantria cunea Larvae: Mechanisms and Applications.
abstract: Ginkgo biloba is a typical relic plant that rarely suffers from pest hazards. This study analyzed the pattern of G. biloba pest hazards in Beijing; tested the antifeedant activity of G. biloba extracts, including ginkgo flavonoids, ginkgolide, and bilobalide, against Hyphantria cunea larvae; determined the activities of glutathione transferase (GSTs), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CarE) and mixed-functional oxidase (MFO), in larvae after feeding on these G. biloba secondary metabolites; and screened for effective botanical antifeedants in the field. In this study, no indicators of insect infestation were found for any of the examined leaves of G. biloba; all tested secondary metabolites showed significant antifeedant activity and affected the activity of the four larval detoxifying enzymes. Ginkgolide had the highest antifeedant activity and the most significant effect on the detoxifying enzymes (P<0.05). Spraying leaves with G. biloba extracts or ginkgolide both significantly repelled H. cunea larvae in the field (P<0.05), although the former is more economical and practical. This study investigated the antifeedant activity of G. biloba secondary metabolites against H. cunea larvae, and the results provide new insights into the mechanism of G. biloba pest resistance. This study also developed new applications of G. biloba secondary metabolites for effective pest control.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. of China.
authors.forename: Long
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8166-0550
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. of China.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. of China.
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. of China.
authors.forename: Yuqian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. of China.
authors.forename: Youqing
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1722-2094
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000068476:Beijing; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000187:drug effects*; D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000472:pathogenicity; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology; D064210:Secondary Metabolism
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts