title: Seasonal dynamics of bacterial meningitis: a time-series analysis.
abstract: Bacterial meningitis, which is caused mainly by Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, inflicts a substantial burden of disease worldwide. Yet, the temporal dynamics of this disease are poorly characterised and many questions remain about the ecology of the disease. We aimed to comprehensively assess seasonal trends in bacterial meningitis on a global scale.
  
  
  
  We developed the first bacterial meningitis global database by compiling monthly incidence data as reported by country-level surveillance systems. Using country-level wavelet analysis, we identified whether a 12 month periodic component (annual seasonality) was detected in time-series that had at least 5 years of data with at least 40 cases reported per year. We estimated the mean timing of disease activity by computing the centre of gravity of the distribution of cases and investigated whether synchrony exists between the three pathogens responsible for most cases of bacterial meningitis.
  
  
  
  We used country-level data from 66 countries, including from 47 countries outside the meningitis belt in sub-Saharan Africa. A persistent seasonality was detected in 49 (96%) of the 51 time-series from 38 countries eligible for inclusion in the wavelet analyses. The mean timing of disease activity had a latitudinal trend, with bacterial meningitis seasons peaking during the winter months in countries in both the northern and southern hemispheres. The three pathogens shared similar seasonality, but time-shifts differed slightly by country.
  
  
  
  Our findings provide key insight into the seasonal dynamics of bacterial meningitis and add to knowledge about the global epidemiology of meningitis and the host, environment, and pathogen characteristics driving these patterns. Comprehensive understanding of global seasonal trends in meningitis could be used to design more effective prevention and control strategies.
  
  
  
  Princeton University Health Grand Challenge, US National Institutes of Health (NIH), NIH Fogarty International Center Research and Policy for Infectious Disease Dynamics programme (RAPIDD), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
authors.affiliation: Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA. Electronic address: juliette.paireau@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Juliette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Paireau
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: MIVEGEC (Mixed Research Group CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier), Montpellier, France; Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Pharmacie et Odontologie, University Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Helene
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Broutin
authors.affiliation: Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grenfell
authors.affiliation: Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Nicole E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Basta
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis; D012621:Seasons; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae