title: The effect of composting on the persistence of four ionophores in dairy manure and poultry litter.
abstract: Manure composting is a well-described approach for stabilization of nutrients and reduction of pathogens and odors. Although composting studies have shown that thermophilic temperatures and aerobic conditions can increase removal rates of selected antibiotics, comparable information is lacking for many other compounds in untreated or composted manure. The objective of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness of composting conditions to reduce concentrations of four widely used ionophore feed supplements in dairy manure and poultry litter. Replicate aliquots of fresh poultry litter and dairy manure were amended with monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, or amprolium to 10mgkg(-1)DW. Non-amended and amended dairy manure and poultry litter aliquots were incubated at 22, 45, 55, or 65°C under moist, aerobic conditions. Residue concentrations were determined from aliquots removed after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12weeks. Results suggest that the effectiveness of composting for contaminant reduction is compound and matrix specific. Composting temperatures were not any more effective than ambient temperature in increasing the rate or extent of monensin removal in either poultry litter or dairy manure. Composting was effective for lasalocid removal in poultry litter, but is likely to be too slow to be useful in practice (8-12weeks at 65°C for >90% residue removal). Composting was effective for amprolium removal from poultry litter and salinomycin in dairy manure but both required 4-6weeks for >90% removal. However, composting did not increase the removal rates or salinomycin in poultry litter or the removal rates of lasalocid or amprolium in dairy manure.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Istanbul Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul 34469, Turkey. Electronic address: arikan@itu.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Osman A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Arikan
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mulbry
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
authors.forename: Clifford
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D003612:Dairying; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000032:analysis*; D007476:Ionophores / Q000032:analysis*; D011200:Poultry; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007220:Industrial Waste; D007476:Ionophores; D012987:Soil
keywords: Composting; Dairy manure; Ionophore; Poultry litter; Temperature