title: Phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Artemisia marschalliana Sprengel aerial part extract and assessment of their antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial properties.
abstract: A rapid phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an extract from the aerial parts of Artemisia marschalliana Sprengel was investigated in this study. The synthesized AgNPs using A. marschalliana extract was analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and further characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, zeta potential, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Characteristic absorption bands of AgNPs were found near 430 nm in the UV-vis spectrum. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis of AgNPs in the energy range 2-4 keV confirmed the silver signal due to surface plasmon resonance. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results revealed that the AgNPs were mostly spherical with an average size ranging from 5 nm to 50 nm. The zeta potential value of -31 mV confirmed the stability of the AgNPs. AgNPs produced using the aqueous A. marschalliana extract might serve as a potent in vitro antioxidant, as revealed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl assay. The present study demonstrates the anticancer properties of phytosynthesized AgNPs against human gastric carcinoma AGS cells. AgNPs exerted a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the viability of cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for the investigation of Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression in cancer and normal cell lines. Our findings show that the mRNA levels of pro-apoptotic Bax gene expression were significantly upregulated, while the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was declined in cells treated with AgNPs compared to normal cells. In addition, flow cytometric analysis showed that the number of early and late apoptotic AGS cells was significantly enhanced following treatment with AgNPs as compared to untreated cells. In addition, the AgNPs showed strong antibacterial properties against tested pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Based on the obtained data, we suggest that phytosynthesized AgNPs are good alternatives in the treatment of diseases because of the presence of bioactive agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Phytochemistry and Essential Oils Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran (IAUPS), Iran.
authors.forename: Soheil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salehi
authors.affiliation: Young Researchers and Elite Club, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed Ataollah Sadat
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shandiz
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Tehran North Branch, Iran.
authors.forename: Farinaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghanbar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Shahre-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammad Raouf
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Darvish
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mehdi Shafiee
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ardestani
authors.affiliation: Young Researchers and Elite Club, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mirzaie
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jafari
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D019306:Artemisia / Q000737:chemistry*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D010851:Picrates / Q000737:chemistry; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry*; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D055672:Static Electricity; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D010851:Picrates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012834:Silver; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
keywords: Artemisia marschalliana Sprengel; antibacterial; anticancer; silver nanoparticles