title: The spectrum of orofacial manifestations in systemic sclerosis: a challenging management.
abstract: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a rare multisystem connective tissue disorder characterized by the triad fibrosis, vasculopathy and immune dysregulation. This chronic disease has a significant impact on the orofacial region that is involved in more than two-thirds of the cases. SSc patients can show a wide array of oral manifestations, which are usually associated with a severe impairment of the quality of life. They often present a decreased the salivary flow and a reduced mouth opening that contribute substantially to the worsening of the oral health status. Therefore, SSc patients require specific and multidisciplinary interventions that should be initiated as early as possible. The identification of specific radiological and clinical signs at the early stage will improve the management of such patients. This study reviews the wide spectrum of orofacial manifestations associated with SSc and suggests clues for the oral management that remains challenging.
authors.affiliation: Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.|Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, France.|Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Service d'Immunologie Clinique, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.|Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, France.|CNRS UPR 3572 'Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique', Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université de Montréal, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmittbuhl
authors.affiliation: Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.|Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, France.|INSERM, UMR 1109 'Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Huck
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D012595:Scleroderma, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: fibrosis; oral management; orofacial manifestations; systemic sclerosis