title: Pathophysiology of fecal incontinence differs between men and women: a case-matched study in 200 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fecal incontinence (FI) is a common and socially disabling condition with obstetric trauma considered the principal etiological factor. This study aimed to systematically evaluate symptom presentation and anorectal function in both females and males with FI.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred males (M) and 100 age-matched females (F) with FI presenting between 2012 and 2014 were identified from a prospectively collected database. Comparison of clinical (history, symptom profile, and severity using validated questionnaires) and anorectal physiological (manometry, rectal sensory testing, endoanal ultrasonography, and evacuation proctography) data between M and F was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence of prior anal surgery (M: 28% vs F: 18%, p = 0.13) and abdominal surgery (M: 25% vs F: 26%, p = 0.90) was similar between sexes, but females had a higher incidence of previous pelvic surgery (M: 4% vs F: 47%, p < 0.001). Eighty-five females were parous and 75% reported history of traumatic vaginal delivery. There was a trend toward higher St Mark's incontinence scores in females (mean ± SD; M: 13 ± 4 vs F: 14 ± 5, p = 0.06). In men, structural sphincter abnormalities were uncommon (M: 37% vs F: 77%, p < 0.001), while impaired rectal sensation (M: 24% vs F: 7%, p = 0.001) and functional disturbances of evacuation (M: 36% vs F: 13%, p = 0.001) were more common than in women. No abnormality on all tests performed was observed in twice as many males (M: 18% vs F: 9%, p = 0.10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pathophysiological mechanisms of FI differ between sexes. Anal sphincter dysfunction was an uncommon finding in males, with impaired rectal sensation and functional disturbances of evacuation much more prominent than in the female cohort. These findings are likely to impact options for symptom management.
authors.affiliation: National Bowel Research Centre (NBRC) and GI Physiology Unit, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.affiliation: National Bowel Research Centre (NBRC) and GI Physiology Unit, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: E V
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9467-9223
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Carrington
authors.affiliation: National Bowel Research Centre (NBRC) and GI Physiology Unit, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. u.grossi@qmul.ac.uk.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.affiliation: National Bowel Research Centre (NBRC) and GI Physiology Unit, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Burgell
authors.affiliation: National Bowel Research Centre (NBRC) and GI Physiology Unit, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: J Y J
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: National Bowel Research Centre (NBRC) and GI Physiology Unit, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.affiliation: National Bowel Research Centre (NBRC) and GI Physiology Unit, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019841:Defecography / Q000379:methods; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: anorectal physiology; fecal incontinence; females; males; rectal hyposensitivity; sex differences