title: Elemental Analysis of Bone, Teeth, Horn and Antler in Different Animal Species Using Non-Invasive Handheld X-Ray Fluorescence.
abstract: Mineralized tissues accumulate elements that play crucial roles in animal health. Although elemental content of bone, blood and teeth of human and some animal species have been characterized, data for many others are lacking, as well as species comparisons. Here we describe the distribution of elements in horn (Bovidae), antler (Cervidae), teeth and bone (humerus) across a number of species determined by handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to better understand differences and potential biological relevance. A difference in elemental profiles between horns and antlers was observed, possibly due to the outer layer of horns being comprised of keratin, whereas antlers are true bone. Species differences in tissue elemental content may be intrinsic, but also related to feeding habits that contribute to mineral accumulation, particularly for toxic heavy metals. One significant finding was a higher level of iron (Fe) in the humerus bone of elephants compared to other species. This may be an adaptation of the hematopoietic system by distributing Fe throughout the bone rather than the marrow, as elephant humerus lacks a marrow cavity. We also conducted discriminant analysis and found XRF was capable of distinguishing samples from different species, with humerus bone being the best source for species discrimination. For example, we found a 79.2% correct prediction and success rate of 80% for classification between human and non-human humerus bone. These findings show that handheld XRF can serve as an effective tool for the biological study of elemental composition in mineralized tissue samples and may have a forensic application.
authors.affiliation: Animal Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
authors.forename: Kittisak
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Buddhachat
authors.affiliation: Elephant Research and Education Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
authors.forename: Sarisa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Klinhom
authors.affiliation: Animal Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
authors.forename: Puntita
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Siengdee
authors.affiliation: Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, National Zoological Park 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virginia, 22630, United States of America.
authors.forename: Janine L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Conservation and Research Section, Chiang Mai Night Safari, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
authors.forename: Raksiri
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nomsiri
authors.affiliation: Phuket Marine Biological Center, Phuket 83000, Thailand.
authors.forename: Patcharaporn
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaewmong
authors.affiliation: Elephant Research and Education Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
authors.forename: Chatchote
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thitaram
authors.affiliation: Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Pasuk
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mahakkanukrauh
authors.affiliation: Animal Bone and Joint Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.|Elephant Research and Education Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.|Excellence Center in Osteology Research and Training Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
authors.forename: Korakot
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nganvongpanit
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000999:Antlers / Q000737:chemistry*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000737:chemistry*; D002020:Buffaloes; D002415:Cats; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D004285:Dogs; D004289:Dolphins; D004602:Elements; D004606:Elephants; D005453:Fluorescence; D000882:Haplorhini; D006410:Hematopoiesis; D006733:Horns / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D045968:Hyaenidae; D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry; D008045:Lions; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000737:chemistry; D012756:Sheep; D013045:Species Specificity; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D013552:Swine; D046010:Tigers; D014070:Tooth / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D004602:Elements; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D007501:Iron