title: [Restorative Justice: Neither care nor repression? The case study of Louis, a multi-recidivist, neither "dangerous" nor "sick"].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The proposed criminological hypothesis is that the restorative justice approach would allow offenders to recognize the victims with more empathic feelings, assuming a decreasing effect on the needs and risks of recidivism (Griffiths and Murdoch, 2007). Authors of aggravated robbery raise several psychological issues (i.e. incomprehension of the causes of their act, euphemistic labelling and moral disengagement, lack of empathy) that the restorative program proposes to work through scriptwriting of personal histories, better comprehension of the conflict in the past and exchanges focused on the personal and social consequences of the acts (emotional chain). The aim of the process is to encourage persons weakened by their social and delinquent situations to elaborate, plan and realize new personal goals.
  
  
  METHODS
  With the collaboration of the service de l'application des peines de Tours (service for the execution of sentences), the service pénitentiaire d'insertion et de probation 37 (probation and social reintegration service) and the service d'aide aux victimes d'infractions pénales (association for victims of crime) of the French department 37, centre, the program PARIS attempted an implementation and evaluation of the relational or restorative justice process in the context of non-custodial sentences and in particular in the cases of aggravated theft (art. 311-1 to 311-16 of the French penal code). Its particularity was to touch the three spheres of victimization: (1) financial, (2) physical and (3) psychological prejudices. After the admission of the participants, a preliminary (psycho)criminological diagnosis served to evaluate the suitability for the perpetrator and the victim to be confronted in following settings. In this context we met Louis, a recidivist of aggravated thefts but causing minimal harm and punished with minimal sentences. He presented no mental illness but showed severe existential problems involved in his delinquent behaviour. His delinquent acts presented similarities marked by auto-punitive tendencies. For example, he remained on site until being arrested and joked with the police.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The case Louis revealed what neither the care nor repression succeeded to reach, namely the quality of the relationship which can in itself confine or on the contrary repair. Relational Justice, by seeking neither to "suppress" nor to "care", allows the participants to reconstruct and understand the other with empathy, and strengthened the protective factors. Mediation as a method or purpose held a prominent place in the reconstruction process of the participants as it allowed us to act on both the "frame" (scenario of the problem-situation) and the "drama" ((non)-effectiveness of cognitive strategies and experienced emotions) of the original problem-situation. So the restorative program was an alternative to the socio-judicial measures inducing potential therapeutic effects on the future path of the participant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If the question of the relevance of direct, or perhaps better indirect, confrontations between the author and the victim still remains the (psycho-)criminological diagnosis of the penal couple's - author and victim - relationship investigates the psychosocial and delinquent process in terms of motivation. A satisfaction survey at the end of the program helps to analyse the future prospects of the participants. Based on dynamic and structured methods, the PARIS relational Justice program offers a Third Way between care and punishment: restoration of existential and relational links.
authors.affiliation: EA 2241, centre interdisciplinaire d'analyse des processus humains et sociaux, université de Rennes 2, place du Recteur-Henri-Le-Moal, CS 24307, 35043 Rennes cedex, France. Electronic address: dieu.erwan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dieu
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire IPSé, université Paris Ouest-Nanterre, 200, avenue de la République, 92000 Nanterre, France; Hôpital René-Dubos, 6, avenue de l'Île-de-France, 95300 Cergy-Pontoise, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vandevoorde
authors.affiliation: EA 2241, centre interdisciplinaire d'analyse des processus humains et sociaux, université de Rennes 2, place du Recteur-Henri-Le-Moal, CS 24307, 35043 Rennes cedex, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hirschelmann
mesh_terms: D003415:Crime / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology*; D057237:Criminals / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology*; D003617:Dangerous Behavior; D004645:Empathy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010297:Paris; D000075665:Recidivism; D012935:Social Justice; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Aggravated theft; Author–victim relationship; Diagnostic psycho-criminologique; Facteurs de protection; Justice relationnelle; Protective factors; Psycho-criminological diagnosis; Relation auteur–victime; Relational justice; Vol aggravé