title: Biomechanical Analysis of the Proximal Adjacent Segment after Multilevel Instrumentation of the Thoracic Spine: Do Hooks Ease the Transition?
abstract: Study Design Biomechanical cadaveric study. Objective Clinical studies indicate that using less-rigid fixation techniques in place of the standard all-pedicle screw construct when correcting for scoliosis may reduce the incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis and improve patient outcomes. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is a biomechanical advantage to using supralaminar hooks in place of pedicle screws at the upper-instrumented vertebrae in a multilevel thoracic construct. Methods T7-T12 spines were biomechanically tested: (1) intact; (2) following a two-level pedicles screw fusion from T9 to T11; and after proximal extension of the fusion to T8-T9 with (3) bilateral supra-laminar hooks, (4) a unilateral hook + unilateral screw hybrid, or (5) bilateral pedicle screws. Specimens were nondestructively loaded while three-dimensional kinematics and intradiscal pressure at the supra-adjacent level were recorded. Results Supra-adjacent hypermobility was reduced when bilateral hooks were used in place of pedicle screws at the upper-instrumented level, with statistically significant differences in lateral bending and torsion (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). Disk pressures in the supra-adjacent segment were not statistically different among top-off techniques. Conclusions The use of supralaminar hooks at the top of a multilevel posterior fusion construct reduces the stress at the proximal uninstrumented motion segment. Although further data is needed to provide a definitive link to the clinical occurrence of PJK, this in vitro study demonstrates the potential benefit of "easing" the transition between the stiff instrumented spine and the flexible native spine and is the first to demonstrate these results with laminar hooks.
authors.affiliation: Spine Biomechanics Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States.
authors.forename: Melodie F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Metzger
authors.affiliation: Spine Biomechanics Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States.
authors.forename: Samuel T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Spine Biomechanics Laboratory, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States.
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Svet
authors.affiliation: USC Spine Center/Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California, United States.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: USC Spine Center/Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California, United States.
authors.forename: Frank L
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Acosta
keywords: adjacent-segment disease; biomechanics; proximal junctional kyphosis; scoliosis; spinal fusion; supra-laminar hooks; thoracic