title: Study on the safety and efficacy of miltefosine for the treatment of children and adolescents with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in Bangladesh, and an association of serum vitamin E and exposure to arsenic with post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: an open clinical trial and case-control study protocol.
abstract: Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a dermatological complication that occurs primarily among treated visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients, and sporadically in a few without a history of VL. It mostly affects children and adolescents but is also common in adults. The conventional treatment with 120 intramuscular injections of sodium stibogluconate (SSG) is phasing out. Miltefosine (MF) is the only eventual alternative to SSG; however, its efficacy and safety profiles for treatment of children and adolescents with PKDL are lacking. In addition, risk factors for PKDL are poorly investigated. Host genetic, nutritional and environmental factors could be potential risk factors. As such, here we propose to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MF for 12 weeks at an allometric dose for children and adolescents with PKDL, and also to explore potential risk factors for PKDL.
  
  
  
  A cross-sectional survey will look for suspected participants with PKDL among treated VL children and adolescents, a subsequent open clinical trial with MF at allometric dose, with a follow-up at 12 months. A case-control study will be carried out for PKDL risk factors. Assuming 95% cure rate, 95% CI and α=0.05, a sample size of 73 children with PKDL is needed. Considering an attrition rate of 10%, the final sample size is 80 children in each group. Descriptive and analytical analyses will be performed. Primary outcome is safety and cure rate of 12 weeks of treatment with MF.
  
  
  
  International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) Ethical Review Committee (ERC) approved the protocol (PR#013045). Written informed consent will be taken from all participants and their guardians (in case of minor). A Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) of ICDDR,B ERC will monitor all study activities to ensure the safety of the participants.
  
  
  
  NCT02193022; Pre-results.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition and Food Security (CNFS), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mondal
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition and Food Security (CNFS), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hasnain
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition and Food Security (CNFS), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition and Food Security (CNFS), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition and Food Security (CNFS), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghosh
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition and Food Security (CNFS), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition and Food Security (CNFS), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition and Food Security (CNFS), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.affiliation: Centre for Nutrition and Food Security (CNFS), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matlashewski
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001151:Arsenic / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D060766:Drinking Water; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D010767:Phosphorylcholine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D060766:Drinking Water; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D010767:Phosphorylcholine; D014810:Vitamin E; C039128:miltefosine; D001151:Arsenic