title: Investigation of facial emotion recognition, alexithymia, and levels of anxiety and depression in patients with somatic symptoms and related disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The concept of facial emotion recognition is well established in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Although emotional disturbances are strongly associated with somatoform disorders, there are a restricted number of studies that have investigated facial emotion recognition in somatoform disorders. Furthermore, there have been no studies that have regarded this issue using the new diagnostic criteria for somatoform disorders as somatic symptoms and related disorders (SSD). In this study, we aimed to compare the factors of facial emotion recognition between patients with SSD and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC) and to retest and investigate the factors of facial emotion recognition using the new criteria for SSD.
  
  
  METHODS
  After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 54 patients who were diagnosed with SSD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria and 46 age- and sex-matched HC were selected to participate in the present study. Facial emotion recognition, alexithymia, and the status of anxiety and depression were compared between the groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with SSD had significantly decreased scores of facial emotion for fear faces, disgust faces, and neutral faces compared with age- and sex-matched HC (t=-2.88, P=0.005; t=-2.86, P=0.005; and t=-2.56, P=0.009, respectively). After eliminating the effects of alexithymia and depressive and anxious states, the groups were found to be similar in terms of their responses to facial emotion and mean reaction time to facial emotions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although there have been limited numbers of studies that have examined the recognition of facial emotion in patients with somatoform disorders, our study is the first to investigate facial recognition in patients with SSD diagnosed according to the DSM-5 criteria. Recognition of facial emotion was found to be disturbed in patients with SSD. However, our findings suggest that disturbances in facial recognition were significantly associated with alexithymia and the status of depression and anxiety, which is consistent with the previous studies. Further studies are needed to highlight the associations between facial emotion recognition and SSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Öztürk
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Alperen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kiliç
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erdem
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Deveci
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: İsmet
authors.initials: İ
authors.lastname: Kirpinar
keywords: emotion; facial; recognition; somatization