title: Effect of Ethephon as an Ethylene-Releasing Compound on the Metabolic Profile of Chlorella vulgaris.
abstract: In this study, Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) was treated with ethephon at low (50 μM) and high (200 μM) concentrations in medium and harvested at 0, 7, and 14 days, respectively. The presence of ethephon led to significant metabolic changes in C. vulgaris, with significantly higher levels of α-tocopherol, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), asparagine, and proline, but lower levels of glycine, citrate, and galactose relative to control. Ethephon induced increases in saturated fatty acids but decreases in unsaturated fatty acids. The levels of highly saturated sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol species and palmitic acid bound phospholipids were increased on day 7 of ethephon treatment. Among the metabolites, the productivities of α-tocopherol (0.70 μg/L/day) and GABA (1.90 μg/L/day) were highest for 50 and 200 μM ethephon on day 7, respectively. We propose that ethephon treatment involves various metabolic processes in C. vulgaris and can be an efficient way to enrich the contents of α-tocopherol and GABA.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: So-Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sa Rang
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University , Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Joo
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST , Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byung-Kwan
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Gachon University , Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hookeun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University , Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Choul-Gyun
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyung-Kyoon
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D048408:Chlorella vulgaris / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005030:Ethylenes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000378:metabolism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005030:Ethylenes; D005227:Fatty Acids; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; C036216:ethylene; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; C005073:ethephon
keywords: C. vulgaris; GABA; ethephon; fatty acids; lipids; metabolomics; α-tocopherol