title: A contrastive analysis of laser heating between the human and guinea pig cochlea by numerical simulations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The photo-thermal effect has been hypothesised to be one of the most possible biophysical mechanisms for laser-cochlea stimulation. However, there is a lack of studies to date for direct assessing laser heating in humans due to the large body of evidence required to demonstrate safety and efficacy. Instead, the majority focus on animals like the guinea pig, from which a number of valuable results have been gained. However, in light of the increasing need to improve laser safety, it has became necessary to find out whether studies on animals can shed light on safe laser parameters in the human cochlea. Hence, we conducted this contrastive analysis of laser heating between the human and guinea pig cochlea with the aim of assisting further investigations in this field.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this work, a 3D symmetrical model was adopted to simplify the spiraled cochlea. With attention focused on the effect of heat conduction, the time-dependent heat equation was solved using finite element method with the COMSOL Script. In the simulations, cochleae with different sizes and various boundary thermal conditions were utilized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laser heating in both cochleae has a similar trend. In the first stage, or at the beginning of the laser heating, both cochleae increased their temperatures rapidly. In the second stage in which the laser heating reached a quasi-steady stage, the peak temperatures began to rise slowly as more laser pulses were applied. However, three differences of the laser heating were observed. The first is regarding the temperature rise. The results show that laser heating in guinea pig is higher than that in human under the same laser parameters. The second difference is the fluctuation of temperature rise at the center of the modiolus. There is a larger fluctuation of temperature rise in the guinea pig cochlea, compared with that in the human cochlea. The third one is the time for reaching a steady thermal state. The results show that the guinea pig cochlea takes longer time to reach a steady thermal state than the human cochlea. Those differences are mainly attributed to the distinctive thermal boundaries and the various sizes of the two cochleae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study finds that the laser heating in the guinea pig cochlea is higher than that in the human cochlea under the condition of the same laser parameters. However, laser stimulation still displays a high spatial selectivity in both cochleae despite the effects of heat conduction. The results indicate that experimental studies on the guinea pig could appropriately be an alternative model for the sake of laser safety.
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Electronics, Fuyang Normal College, Fuyang, 236037, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Kaiyin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Mathematic and Physics, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China.
authors.forename: Yulong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Electronics, Fuyang Normal College, Fuyang, 236037, Anhui, China.
authors.forename: Ji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: School of Physics and Electronics, Fuyang Normal College, Fuyang, 236037, Anhui, China. qiulingwangql@163.com.
authors.forename: Qiuling
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003051:Cochlea / Q000528:radiation effects*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008954:Models, Biological; D012449:Safety; D013045:Species Specificity
keywords: Cochlea; Guinea pig; Human; Laser safety; Laser stimulation