title: A burden of illness study for neuropathic pain in Europe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuropathic pain (NP) is often severe and represents a major humanistic and economic burden. This study aimed at providing insight on this burden across France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the UK, considering direct and indirect costs, productivity loss, and humanistic impact on patients and their families.
  
  
  METHODS
  Physician questionnaires provided data on patients presenting with NP covering demographics, sick leave and retirement, number of consultations, drug treatments, and surgical procedures. Patients provided further demographic and disease-related data and completed the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI), the EuroQol 5-Dimension (EQ-5D), and the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) questionnaires. All health-related direct unitary costs were collected from relevant country-specific sources and adjusted to 2012 prices (€) where necessary. A subgroup analysis of costs based on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (n=894), fibromyalgia (n=300), and low back pain (n=963) was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 413 physicians completed a total of 3,956 patient records forms. Total annual direct health-care costs per patient ranged from €1,939 (Italy) to €3,131 (Spain). Annual professional caregiver costs ranged from €393 (France) to €1,242 (UK), but this only represented a small proportion of total care because much care is provided by family or friends. Sick leave costs ranged from €5,492 (UK) to €7,098 (France), with 10%-32% patients prevented from working at some point by NP. Total cost (including direct and indirect costs) of NP per patient was €10,313 in France (69% of the total cost), €14,446 in Germany (78%), €9,305 in Italy (69%), €10,597 in Spain (67%), and €9,685 in the UK (57%). Indirect costs (ie, sick leave) constituted the majority of costs in all five countries: €7,098 in France, €11,232 in Germany, €6,382 in Italy, €7,066 in Spain, and €5,492 in the UK. In the subgroup analysis, total annual direct costs per patient were highest for neuropathic back pain and radiculopathy, and lowest for fibromyalgia. Mean WPAI score range was 34.4-56.1; BPI interference was 4.1-4.8; and EQ-5D was 0.57-0.74. The results suggest that a significant proportion of the patient's work time in the previous week was affected by NP, and these are relatively high compared with other diseases such as diabetes, respiratory conditions, and arthritis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite differences in practice between countries, these findings suggest a high opportunity cost for society in terms of lost work and productivity due to NP. The wider costs appear significantly higher to patients, carers/families, and society as a whole than to the health system alone.
authors.affiliation: Grunenthal, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Hiltrud
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liedgens
authors.affiliation: Grunenthal, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Obradovic
authors.affiliation: Adelphi Real World, Bollington, Cheshire, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Courcy
authors.affiliation: Adelphi Real World, Bollington, Cheshire, UK.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Holbrook
authors.affiliation: Adelphi Real World, Bollington, Cheshire, UK.
authors.forename: Rafal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jakubanis
keywords: burden of illness; chronic lower back pain; neuropathic pain; productivity