title: Homozygous GNAL mutation associated with familial childhood-onset generalized dystonia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Ikuo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Masuho
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Mingyan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Chunyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Jianguo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Riza Köksal
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Özgul
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Didem Yücel
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Yılmaz
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Dilek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yalnızoğlu
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yüksel
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yarrow
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Sabrina C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Burn
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Crotwell
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Padilla-Lopez
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dursun
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Kirill A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Martemyanov
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience (I.M., K.A.M.), Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurogenomics (M.F., J.Z.), BGI-Shenzhen (M.F., C.G., J.Z., H.J.), Shenzhen, China; Department of Pediatric Metabolism (R.K.Ö., D.Y.Y., A.D.), Institute of Child Health; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yalnızoğlu), Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pediatric Neurology (D. Yüksel), Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Research and Training Hospital, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey; Sanford Children's Health Research Center (A.Y., A.M., S.C.B., P.L.C.), Sioux Falls, SD; Department of Child Health (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ; Movement Disorders Center and Neurogenetics Research Program (S.P.-L., M.C.K.), Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ; and Program in Neuroscience (M.C.K.), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kruer