title: A Historical Perspective on Sports Concussion: Where We Have Been and Where We Are Going.
abstract: The approach to sports concussion diagnosis and management has been evolving at an unprecedented rate over the last several years. So much so, that committees at all level of sports have implemented concussion protocols and made adjustments to certain league rules in an effort to minimize the risk of head injury. With this newfound attention has come an even greater push by the scientific community to address the many questions that remain. The aim of this review article is to present the topic of sports concussion by means of discreet eras. It begins by introducing the very first mentions of concussion, dating back to ancient Greece, to present day, highlighting important periods along the way. It then goes on to review emerging scientific data, from biomarkers and serum studies, to imaging modalities, and brain networking. All of which will hopefully contribute to both the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to sports concussion.
authors.affiliation: Director, Center For Sports Neurology and Pain Medicine, Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic, 6801 Park Terrace, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA. vernon.williams@kerlanjobe.com.
authors.forename: Vernon B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Clinical Fellow, Sports Neurology and Pain Medicine, Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic, 6801 Park Terrace, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA.
authors.forename: Ilan J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Danan
mesh_terms: D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000266:history* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D005538:Football / Q000266:history; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000266:history / Q000639:trends; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D059906:Neuroimaging / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States
keywords: Arterial spin labeling (ASL); Biomarkers; Brain network; Clinical management; Concussion; Culture; Default mode network; Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); Fractional anisotropy (FA); Grading system; Historical perspective; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS); Neuropsychological testing; Review; Sports concussion; Timeline; Traumatic brain injury; fMRI; mTBI