title: Fabrication of interdigitated high-performance zinc oxide nanowire modified electrodes for glucose sensing.
abstract: Diabetes is a metabolic disease with a prolonged elevated level of glucose in the blood leads to long-term complications and increases the chances for cardiovascular diseases. The present study describes the fabrication of a ZnO nanowire (NW)-modified interdigitated electrode (IDE) to monitor the level of blood glucose. A silver IDE was generated by wet etching-assisted conventional lithography, with a gap between adjacent electrodes of 98.80 μm. The ZnO-based thin films and NWs were amended by sol-gel and hydrothermal routes. High-quality crystalline and c-axis orientated ZnO thin films were observed by XRD analyses. The ZnO thin film was annealed for 1, 3 and 5 h, yielding a good-quality crystallite with sizes of 50, 100 and 110 nm, and the band gaps were measured as 3.26, 3.20 and 3.17 eV, respectively. Furthermore, a flower-modeled NW was obtained with the lowest diameter of 21 nm. Our designed ZnO NW-modified IDE was shown to have a detection limit as low as 0.03 mg/dL (correlation coefficient = 0.98952) of glucose with a low response time of 3 s, perform better than commercial glucose meter, suitable to instantly monitor the glucose level of diabetes patients. This study demonstrated the high performance of NW-mediated IDEs for glucose sensing as alternative to current glucose sensors.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Haarindraprasad
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia. Electronic address: uda@unimap.edu.my.
authors.forename: Uda
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hashim
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia; School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Subash C B
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gopinath
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Veeradasan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Perumal
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Wei-Wen
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Nano Diagnostics Research Group, Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia.
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Balakrishnan
mesh_terms: D004566:Electrodes; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D053770:Nanowires; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose; D015034:Zinc Oxide
keywords: Biosensor; Glucose; Interdigitated electrode; Sol–gel; ZnO nanowire