title: Friction between Archwire of Different Sizes, Cross Section, Alloy and Brackets Ligated with Different Brands of Low Friction Elastic Ligatures- An Invitro Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Friction in orthodontic treatment does exist and is thought to reduce the efficiency of orthodontic appliances during sliding mechanics. During sliding mechanics, a friction force is produced at the bracket archwire-ligature unit which tends to counteract the applied force and in turn resists the desired movement.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this invitro study was to determine the friction between archwire of different sizes, cross section, alloy and brackets ligated with different brands of low friction elastic ligatures.
  
  
  METHODS
  An 0.022-in slot, 10 stainless steel brackets and various orthodontic archwires which were ligated with low-friction ligatures and subjected to evaluate frictional resistance i.e. static friction and dynamic friction. The archwires of 0.014″ and 0.016″ nickel titanium (NiTi), 0.016 × 0.022″ stainless steel (SS), 0.017 × 0.025″ NiTi, 0.017 × 0.025″ SS, 0.017 × 0.025″ titanium molybdenum alloy (TMA), 0.019 × 0.025″ SS were used. Each bracket/archwire combination was evaluated 10 times at room temperature of 27 ± 2°C. The study groups included Group I of conventional round shape module with reduced friction coating i.e. super slick and synergy and Group II contained figure of "8" shape module i.e. Octavia ties and Slide ligature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean static friction force and dynamic friction force for all 7 types of wires was lower in Group II (C, D) combined compared to Group I (A, B) and the difference was statistically very highly significant (p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Super slick and synergy can be used in the initial and final phase of treatment when full engagement of archwire in the bracket slot is necessary for proper tip and torque expression. Slide and Octavia ties modules can be used in the premolar brackets during en mass retraction when using friction mechanics.
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, ACPM Dental College , Dhule, Maharashtra, India .
authors.forename: Bhushan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, ACPM Dental College , Dhule, Maharashtra, India .
authors.forename: Neeraj Suresh
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, ACPM Dental College , Dhule, Maharashtra, India.
authors.forename: Veerendra Virupaxappa
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Kerudi
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head of Department of Orthodontics, ACPM Dental College , Dhule, Maharashtra, India .
authors.forename: Shrikant Shrinivas
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chitko
authors.affiliation: Professor, Department of Orthodontics, ACPM Dental College Dhule , Maharashtra, India .
authors.forename: Amit Ratanlal
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Maheshwari
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, ACPM Dental College , Dhule, Maharashtra, India .
authors.forename: Harshal Ashok
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, ACPM Dental College , Dhule, Maharashtra, India .
authors.forename: Nikhita Popatrao
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Pekhale
authors.affiliation: Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, Dr Rajesh Ramdasji Kambe Dental College and Hospital , Akola, Maharashtra, India .
authors.forename: Pawankumar Dnyandeo
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Tekale
keywords: Dynamic friction; Frictional resistance; Static friction