title: Insect Seed Predators in Erythrina falcata (Fabaceae): Identification of Predatory Species and Ecological Consequences of Asynchronous Flowering.
abstract: Seed predation by insects exerts negative effects on plant reproduction by limiting the supply of seeds and preventing germination. Seed predators of the family Fabaceae are usually generalists, which increases the rate of predation. One strategy to minimize seed predation, developed by plants from temperate regions, is "escape in time," i.e., flowering before or after the peak of predation. For tropical species, few studies have investigated the strategies used by plants to minimize seed predation. Here, using Erythrina falcata, a tropical species of Fabaceae, we test three main hypotheses: (i) escape in time is a mechanism used by E. falcata to minimize seed predation, (ii) the predators of E. falcata seeds are generalists, and (iii) the biometric variables of the pods can influence seed predation. In order to test these hypotheses, we determined the flowering time of E. falcata, rate of seed predation, the predators insects, and biometric variables of the pods. The analyzed trees were grouped into three classes: "early," "peak," and "late" flowering. The average seed predation rates on trees in the early and late classes were 65% and 50%, respectively, and in the peak class, 80%; thus, our first hypothesis can be accepted. Three species of Lepidoptera and two of Coleoptera were found preying on E. falcata seeds. These species were observed to be generalist predators; thus, our second hypothesis can be accepted. The biometric variables of the pods cannot influence seed predation rate. The ecological consequences of asynchronous flowering on plants and insects are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brasil.
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brasil.
authors.forename: M O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Moura
authors.affiliation: Depto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Estadual do Centro-Oeste, UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brasil. prsilva@unicentro.br.
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Da-Silva
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004895:Erythrina; D007887:Fabaceae; D007313:Insecta; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D012639:Seeds
keywords: Agathodes designalis; Atlantic forest; Cathartus quadricollis; Liopasia ochracealis; Paratenetus sp.; Terastia meticulosalis