title: Management of Primary Acquired Melanosis, Nevus, and Conjunctival Melanoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of conjunctival melanoma is difficult because of the rarity of the disease, confusing terminology, high rates of local tumor recurrence, controversies regarding treatment, a poor evidence base, unreliable prognostication, and significant mortality rates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The medical literature was reviewed, focusing on treatment and management options for conjunctival melanoma. Recent trends and developments were summarized with respect to terminology, local treatment, histology, genetic analysis, prognostication, and systemic treatment, highlighting the scope for research and possible improvements in patient care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histopathological diagnostic terminology for primary acquired melanosis is being superseded by more explicit terminology, thus differentiating hypermelanosis from conjunctival melanocytic intraepithelial neoplasia. Topical chemotherapy and increased use of adjunctive radiotherapy have helped improve rates of local tumor control. Use of exenteration has become rare. Regional and systemic metastases are common in patients with nonbulbar conjunctival melanoma, although long-term survivors with metastases are growing in number. Prognostication is mainly based on tumor size and location, but histological and genetic data into multivariate analyses will soon be incorporated. The role of sentinel lymph-node biopsy continues to be controversial. Chemotherapy for metastatic disease is being superseded by targeted therapy based on genetic abnormalities such as BRAF mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The management of conjunctival melanoma requires expert care from an experienced, multidisciplinary team. The goal of therapy is to provide good local tumor control with minimal morbidity, high-quality pathology, and adequate psychological support. Maximizing patient enrollment in multicenter clinical trials is likely to strengthen evidence-based decision-making.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. Bertil.Damato@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afshar
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bloomer
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Damato
mesh_terms: D003230:Conjunctival Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008548:Melanosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D009506:Nevus / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*