title: Limitations of Routine Verification of Nasogastric Tube Insertion Using X-Ray and Auscultation: Two Case Reports of Life-Threatening Complications.
abstract: Several bedside approaches used in combination with thoracoabdominal X-ray are widely used to avoid severe complications that have been reported during nasogastric tube management. Although confirmation by X-ray is considered the gold standard, it is not yet perfect. We present 2 cases of rare complications in which the routine verification methods could not detect all the complications related to the nasogastric tube placement. Case 1 was a 17-year-old male who presented with a brain tumor and repeatedly required nasogastric tube placement. Despite normal auscultatory and X-ray findings, the patient's condition deteriorated rapidly after resuming the enteral nutrition (EN). Computed tomography images showed the presence of hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG). Urgent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed esophagogastric submucosal tunneling of the tube that required an emergency open total gastrectomy. Case 2 was a 76-year-old man with long-term EN after stroke. While the last auscultatory verification was normal, he suddenly developed extensive HPVG due to gastric mucosal injury following EN, which resulted in progressive intestinal necrosis, general peritonitis, and death. These 2 cases indicated that routine verification methods consisting of auscultation and X-ray may not be completely reliable, and the awareness of the limitations of these methods should be reaffirmed because expeditious examinations and necessary interventions are critical in preventing life-threatening complications.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahide
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nejo
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Soichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oya
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuchiya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsukasa
authors.affiliation: 2 Gastroenterology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe Saitama, Japan.
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsui
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D001314:Auscultation; D004618:Embolism, Air; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D006503:Hepatic Veins; D006801:Humans; D007441:Intubation, Gastrointestinal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D014965:X-Rays
keywords: complication; enteral nutrition; gastrointestinal intubation; hepatic portal venous gas; nasogastric tube; submucosal migration