title: Neuromuscular structure of the tibialis anterior muscle for functional electrical stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study describes the nerve entry points and intramuscular nerve branching of the tibialis anterior, providing essential information for therapeutic functional electrical stimulation and botulinum toxin injection.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and ten legs from Korean and Thai cadavers were dissected. Ten specimens were harvested and subjected to modified Sihler's staining.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average total length from the lateral malleolus to the fibular head was 32.0 cm (SD 1.9). The nerve entry points were densely distributed between 86.5 and 90.6 % of the reference length, where the first and second nerve entry points were observable. A densely arborizing area of the intramuscular nerve branches was observed at 70-80 % of the reference length.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the results of this study, clinicians can increase the effectiveness of therapeutic functional electrical stimulation and identify the ideal sites for botulinum toxin injection to the tibialis anterior muscle.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.affiliation: Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
authors.forename: Liyao
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cong
authors.affiliation: Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Severance Rehabilitation Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Sook
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Severance Rehabilitation Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea. medicus@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Dong-Wook
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Rha
authors.affiliation: Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Human Identification Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea. hjk776@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Hee-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular / Q000379:methods; D007866:Leg / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation
chemical_list: D001905:Botulinum Toxins
keywords: Botulinum toxin; Functional electrical stimulation; Sihler’s staining; Spasticity; Tibialis anterior