title: Phosphate-Dependent Root System Architecture Responses to Salt Stress.
abstract: Nutrient availability and salinity of the soil affect the growth and development of plant roots. Here, we describe how inorganic phosphate (Pi) availability affects the root system architecture (RSA) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and how Pi levels modulate responses of the root to salt stress. Pi starvation reduced main root length and increased the number of lateral roots of Arabidopsis Columbia-0 seedlings. In combination with salt, low Pi dampened the inhibiting effect of mild salt stress (75 mm) on all measured RSA components. At higher salt concentrations, the Pi deprivation response prevailed over the salt stress only for lateral root elongation. The Pi deprivation response of lateral roots appeared to be oppositely affected by abscisic acid signaling compared with the salt stress response. Natural variation in the response to the combination treatment of salt and Pi starvation within 330 Arabidopsis accessions could be grouped into four response patterns. When exposed to double stress, in general, lateral roots prioritized responses to salt, while the effect on main root traits was additive. Interestingly, these patterns were not identical for all accessions studied, and multiple strategies to integrate the signals from Pi deprivation and salinity were identified. By genome-wide association mapping, 12 genomic loci were identified as putative factors integrating responses to salt stress and Pi starvation. From our experiments, we conclude that Pi starvation interferes with salt responses mainly at the level of lateral roots and that large natural variation exists in the available genetic repertoire of accessions to handle the combination of stresses.
authors.affiliation: University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Plant Cell Biology (D.K., M.M.J., H.M.S., A.t.H., C.T.) and Plant Physiology (M.A.H.), 1098GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4227-1621
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kawa
authors.affiliation: University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Plant Cell Biology (D.K., M.M.J., H.M.S., A.t.H., C.T.) and Plant Physiology (M.A.H.), 1098GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Magdalena M
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4259-8296
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Julkowska
authors.affiliation: University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Plant Cell Biology (D.K., M.M.J., H.M.S., A.t.H., C.T.) and Plant Physiology (M.A.H.), 1098GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hector Montero
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Sommerfeld
authors.affiliation: University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Plant Cell Biology (D.K., M.M.J., H.M.S., A.t.H., C.T.) and Plant Physiology (M.A.H.), 1098GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Anneliek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ter Horst
authors.affiliation: University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Plant Cell Biology (D.K., M.M.J., H.M.S., A.t.H., C.T.) and Plant Physiology (M.A.H.), 1098GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Michel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Haring
authors.affiliation: University of Amsterdam, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Plant Cell Biology (D.K., M.M.J., H.M.S., A.t.H., C.T.) and Plant Physiology (M.A.H.), 1098GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands c.s.testerink@uva.nl.
authors.forename: Christa
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6738-115X
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Testerink
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018745:Genome, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D010710:Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D054712:Salinity; D036226:Seedlings / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D010710:Phosphates; D012965:Sodium Chloride