title: Genetic sequence data reveals widespread sharing of Leucocytozoon lineages in corvids.
abstract: Leucocytozoon, a widespread hemosporidian blood parasite that infects a broad group of avian families, has been studied in corvids (family: Corvidae) for over a century. Current taxonomic classification indicates that Leucocytozoon sakharoffi infects crows and related Corvus spp., while Leucocytozoon berestneffi infects magpies (Pica spp.) and blue jays (Cyanocitta sp.). This intrafamily host specificity was based on the experimental transmissibility of the parasites, as well as slight differences in their morphology and life cycle development. Genetic sequence data from Leucocytozoon spp. infecting corvids is scarce, and until the present study, sequence data has not been analyzed to confirm the current taxonomic distinctions. Here, we predict the phylogenetic relationships of Leucocytozoon cytochrome b lineages recovered from infected American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), yellow-billed magpies (Pica nuttalli), and Steller's jays (Cyanocitta stelleri) to explore the host specificity pattern of L. sakharoffi and L. berestneffi. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed a single large clade containing nearly every lineage recovered from the three host species, while showing no evidence of the expected distinction between L. sakharoffi and L. berestneffi. In addition, five of the detected lineages were recovered from both crows and magpies. This absence of the previously described host specificity in corvid Leucocytozoon spp. suggests that L. sakharoffi and L. berestneffi be reexamined from a taxonomic perspective.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA. freund.david@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Freund
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd., Clinton, NY, 13323, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Walter M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Boyce
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
authors.forename: Holly B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Ernest
authors.affiliation: Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cicero
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA.
authors.forename: Ravinder N M
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Sehgal
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D046368:Crows / Q000469:parasitology*; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D016787:Haemosporida / Q000145:classification* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D058507:Host Specificity / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D011529:Protozoan Infections, Animal / Q000469:parasitology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D045303:Cytochromes b
keywords: Corvid; Hemosporidian parasite; Host specificity; Leucocytozoon