title: Isatis tinctoria mediated synthesis of amphotericin B-bound silver nanoparticles with enhanced photoinduced antileishmanial activity: A novel green approach.
abstract: After malaria, Leishmaniasis is the most prevalent infectious disease in terms of fatality and geographical distribution. The availability of a limited number of antileishmanial agents, emerging resistance to the available drugs, and the high cost of treatment complicate the treatment of leishmaniasis. To overcome these issues, critical research for new therapeutic agents with enhanced antileishmanial potential and low treatment cost is needed. In this contribution, we developed a green protocol to prepare biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and amphotericin B-bound biogenic silver nanoparticles (AmB-AgNPs). Phytochemicals from the aqueous extract of Isatis tinctoria were used as reducing and capping agents to prepare silver nanoparticles. Amphotericin B was successfully adsorbed on the surface of biogenic silver nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by various analytical techniques. UV-Visible spectroscopy was employed to detect the characteristic localized surface plasmon resonance peaks (LSPR) for the prepared nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies revealed the formation of spherical silver nanoparticles with an average particle size of 10-20nm. The cubic crystalline structure of the prepared nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. FTIR spectroscopic analysis revealed that plant polyphenolic compounds are mainly involved in metal reduction and capping. Under visible light irradiation, biogenic silver nanoparticles exhibited significant activity against Leishmania tropica with an IC50 value of 4.2μg/mL. The leishmanicidal activity of these nanoparticles was considerably enhanced by conjugation with amphotericin B (IC50=2.43μg/mL). In conclusion, the findings of this study reveal that adsorption of amphotericin B, an antileishmanial drug, to biogenic silver nanoparticles, could be a safe, more effective and economic alternative to the available antileishmanial strategies.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 East Road of North Third Ring, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China. Electronic address: aftabbiochem@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Aftab
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 East Road of North Third Ring, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Peshawar, 25120 Peshawar, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Syed
authors.affiliation: Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University D.I. Khan, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Shafiullah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-I-Azam University, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Gul Majid
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 East Road of North Third Ring, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Kamran
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tahir
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 East Road of North Third Ring, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Arif Ullah
authors.initials: AU
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 East Road of North Third Ring, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Muslim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 East Road of North Third Ring, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China.
authors.forename: Faheem Ullah
authors.initials: FU
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No. 15 East Road of North Third Ring, Chao Yang District, Beijing 100029, China. Electronic address: yuanqp@mail.buct.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Qiping
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yuan
mesh_terms: D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D055772:Green Chemistry Technology; D031219:Isatis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D007895:Leishmania tropica / Q000187:drug effects; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D010316:Particle Size; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012834:Silver; D000666:Amphotericin B
keywords: Amphotericin B; Isatis tinctoria; Leishmania tropica; Silver nanoparticles