title: HIV infection results in metabolic alterations in the gut microbiota different from those induced by other diseases.
abstract: Imbalances in gut bacteria have been associated with multiple diseases. However, whether there are disease-specific changes in gut microbial metabolism remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (n = 33) changes, at quantifiable levels, the metabolism of gut bacteria. These changes are different than those observed in patients with the auto-immune disease systemic lupus erythaematosus (n = 18), and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (n = 6). Using healthy controls as a baseline (n = 16), we demonstrate that a trend in the nature and directionality of the metabolic changes exists according to the type of the disease. The impact on the gut microbial activity, and thus the metabolite composition and metabolic flux of gut microbes, is therefore disease-dependent. Our data further provide experimental evidence that HIV infection drastically changed the microbial community, and the species responsible for the metabolism of 4 amino acids, in contrast to patients with the other two diseases and healthy controls. The identification in this present work of specific metabolic deficits in HIV-infected patients may define nutritional supplements to improve the health of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Serrano-Villar
authors.affiliation: Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rojo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Catalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martínez-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deusch
authors.affiliation: Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO) - Public Health, Valencia, Spain.|Network Research Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jorge F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Vázquez-Castellanos
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospital La Paz, and La Paz Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Talía
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sainz
authors.affiliation: Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Mar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vera
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.affiliation: HIV Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Estrada
authors.affiliation: Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO) - Public Health, Valencia, Spain.|Network Research Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gosalbes
authors.affiliation: Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO) - Public Health, Valencia, Spain.|Network Research Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain.|Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universidad de Valencia), Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Latorre
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Dairy Research Institute (IPLA), CSIC, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain.
authors.forename: Abelardo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Margolles
authors.affiliation: Institute of Animal Science, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Seifert
authors.affiliation: Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Coral
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barbas
authors.affiliation: Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Community (FISABIO) - Public Health, Valencia, Spain.|Network Research Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain.|Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (Universidad de Valencia), Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moya
authors.affiliation: Institute of Catalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferrer
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D064806:Dysbiosis; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D064688:Metabolic Flux Analysis; D055442:Metabolome; D008875:Middle Aged; D013030:Spain