title: The New 3D Printed Left Atrial Appendage Closure with a Novel Holdfast Device: A Pre-Clinical Feasibility Animal Study.
abstract: Many patients undergoing cardiac surgery have risk factors for both atrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke. The left atrial appendage (LAA) is the primary site for thrombi formation. The most severe complication of emboli derived from LAA is stroke, which is associated with a 12-month mortality rate of 38% and a 12-month recurrence rate of 17%. The most common form of treatment for atrial fibrillation and stroke prevention is the pharmacological therapy with anticoagulants. Nonetheless this form of therapy is associated with high risk of major bleeding. Therefore LAA occlusion devices should be tested for their ability to reduce future cerebral ischemic events in patients with high-risk of haemorrhage.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of a novel left atrial appendage exclusion device with a minimally invasive introducer in a swine model.
  
  
  
  A completely novel LAA device, which is composed of two tubes connected together using a specially created bail, was designed using finite element modelling (FEM) to obtain an optimal support force of 36 N at the closure line. The monolithic form of the occluder was obtained by using additive manufacturing of granular PA2200 powder with the technology of selective laser sintering (SLS). Fifteen swine were included in the feasibility tests, with 10 animals undergoing fourteen days of follow-up and 5 animals undergoing long-term observation of 3 months. For one animal, the follow-up was further prolonged to 6 months. The device was placed via minithoracotomy. After the observation period, all of the animals were euthanized, and their hearts were tested for LAA closure and local inflammatory and tissue response.
  
  
  
  After the defined observation period, all fifteen hearts were explanted. In all cases the full closure of the LAA was achieved. The macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of the explanted hearts showed that all devices were securely integrated in the surrounding tissues. No pericarditis or macroscopic signs of inflammation at the site of the device were found. All pigs were in good condition with normal weight gain and no other clinical symptoms.
  
  
  
  This novel 3D printed left atrial appendage closure technique with a novel holdfast device was proven to be safe and feasible in all pigs. A benign healing process without inflammation and damage to the surrounding structures or evidence of new thrombi formation was observed. Moreover, the uncomplicated survival and full LAA exclusion in all animals demonstrate the efficacy of this novel and relatively cheap device. Further clinical evaluation and implementation studies should be performed to introduce this new technology into clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brzeziński
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bury
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dąbrowski
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Roentgenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Holak
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sejda
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pawlak
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jagielak
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Roentgenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Adamiak
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rogowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020517:Atrial Appendage / Q000601:surgery*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D066330:Printing, Three-Dimensional; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013552:Swine; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing