title: Standardized Loads Acting in Hip Implants.
abstract: With the increasing success of hip joint replacements, the average age of patients has decreased, patients have become more active and their expectations of the implant durability have risen. Thus, pre-clinical endurance tests on hip implants require defining realistic in vivo loads from younger and more active patients. These loads require simplifications to be applicable for simulator tests and numerical analyses. Here, the contact forces in the joint were measured with instrumented hip implants in ten subjects during nine of the most physically demanding and frequent activities of daily living. Typical levels and directions of average and high joint loads were extracted from the intra- and inter-individually widely varying individual data. These data can also be used to analyse bone remodelling at the implant-bone interface, evaluate tissue straining in finite element studies or validate analytical loading predictions, among other uses. The current ISO standards for endurance tests of implant stems and necks are based on historic analytical data from the 1970s. Comparisons of these test forces with in vivo loads unveiled that their unidirectional orientations deviate from the time-dependent in vivo directions during walking and most other activities. The ISO force for testing the stem is substantially too low while the ISO force for the neck better matches typical in vivo magnitudes. Because the magnitudes and orientations of peak forces substantially vary among the activities, load scenarios that reflect a collection of time-dependent high forces should be applied rather than using unidirectional forces. Based on data from ten patients, proposals for the most demanding activities, the time courses of the contact forces and the required cycle numbers for testing are given here. Friction moments in the joint were measured in addition to the contact forces. The moment data were also standardized and can be applied to wear tests of the implant. It was shown that friction only very slightly influences the stresses in the implant neck and shaft.
authors.affiliation: Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.affiliation: Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Alwina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.affiliation: Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jörn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dymke
authors.affiliation: Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duda
authors.affiliation: Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Damm
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000295:instrumentation*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D017276:Friction; D005858:Germany; D006621:Hip Joint; D006622:Hip Prosthesis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D016138:Walking; D016474:Weight-Bearing