title: Three Taxa in One: Cryptic Diversity in the Black Fly Simulium nobile (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Southeast Asia.
abstract: We access the molecular diversity of the black fly Simulium nobile De Mejiere, using the universal cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding gene, across its distributional range in Southeast Asia. Our phylogenetic analyses recovered three well-supported mitochondrial lineages of S. nobile, suggesting the presence of cryptic species. Lineage A is composed of a population from Sabah, East Malaysia (Borneo); lineage B represents the type population from Java, Indonesia; and lineage C includes populations from the mainland of Southeast Asia (Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand). The genetic variation of lineage C on the mainland is greater than that of lineages A and B on the islands of Borneo and Java. Our study highlights the value of a molecular approach in assessing species status of simuliids in geographically distinct regions.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (lucaslow24@gmail.com; takaoka@oita-u.ac.jp; xuehy_perdana@yahoo.com; chen_ctbr@um.edu.my; affanroshidi@gmail.com; sofian@um.edu.my), lucaslow24@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Van Lun
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Low
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (lucaslow24@gmail.com; takaoka@oita-u.ac.jp; xuehy_perdana@yahoo.com; chen_ctbr@um.edu.my; affanroshidi@gmail.com; sofian@um.edu.my).
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takaoka
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand (pairot.p@msu.ac.th).
authors.forename: Pairot
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pramual
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC (padler@clemson.edu).
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Adler
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (lucaslow24@gmail.com; takaoka@oita-u.ac.jp; xuehy_perdana@yahoo.com; chen_ctbr@um.edu.my; affanroshidi@gmail.com; sofian@um.edu.my).
authors.forename: Zubaidah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ya'cob
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (lucaslow24@gmail.com; takaoka@oita-u.ac.jp; xuehy_perdana@yahoo.com; chen_ctbr@um.edu.my; affanroshidi@gmail.com; sofian@um.edu.my).
authors.forename: Chee Dhang
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia (entomology4itdua@gmail.com).
authors.forename: Subagyo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yotopranoto
authors.affiliation: University of Technology Yogyakarta, Jalan Ring Road Utara Jombor Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (adnan56zaid@yahoo.com).
authors.forename: Adnan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zaid
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia (upikke@gmail.com).
authors.forename: Upik Kesumawati
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Hadi
authors.affiliation: International Tropical Forestry Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia (mlourdes@ums.edu.my).
authors.forename: Maria Lourdes
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Lardizabal
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (lucaslow24@gmail.com; takaoka@oita-u.ac.jp; xuehy_perdana@yahoo.com; chen_ctbr@um.edu.my; affanroshidi@gmail.com; sofian@um.edu.my).
authors.forename: Affan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nasruddin-Roshidi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (lucaslow24@gmail.com; takaoka@oita-u.ac.jp; xuehy_perdana@yahoo.com; chen_ctbr@um.edu.my; affanroshidi@gmail.com; sofian@um.edu.my).
authors.forename: Mohd
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sofian-Azirun
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007214:Indonesia; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D007814:Larva / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D011679:Pupa / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012843:Simuliidae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D061350:Sympatry; D013785:Thailand
chemical_list: D019476:Insect Proteins; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
keywords: COI gene; Simulium nobile species group; phylogenetics; systematics