title: Adenosine Hypothesis of Antipsychotic Drugs Revisited: Pharmacogenomics Variation in Nonacute Schizophrenia.
abstract: The existing antipsychotic therapy is based on dopamine hyperfunction and glutamate hypofunction hypotheses of schizophrenia. Adenosine receptors (ADORA) have a neuromodulatory role and can control dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems. To elucidate the effect of ADORA polymorphisms on psychopathological symptoms and adverse effects in patients with schizophrenia on long-term antipsychotic treatment, we examined 127 nonacute schizophrenia outpatients in a cross-sectional study using the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale, Simpson-Angus Scale, Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale, and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale. All patients were genotyped for 18 polymorphisms in ADORA1, ADORA2A, and ADORA3. We found an association between ADORA1 rs3766566 and psychopathological symptoms (p = 0.006), in particular, with positive psychopathological symptoms (p = 0.010) and general psychopathological symptoms (p = 0.023), between ADORA2A rs2298383 and general psychopathological symptoms (p = 0.046), and between ADORA2A rs5751876 and akathisia (p = 0.015). Haplotype analysis showed an association between ADORA1 CTCAACG haplotype and overall psychopathological symptoms (p = 0.019), positive psychopathological symptoms (p = 0.021), and akathisia (p = 0.028). ADORA2A TCCTC haplotype was associated with parkinsonism (p = 0.014). ADORA3 CACTAC was associated with akathisia (p = 0.042), whereas CACTAT was associated with akathisia (p = 0.045) and tardive dyskinesia (p = 0.023). The results of this first comprehensive study on ADORA polymorphisms in patients with nonacute schizophrenia receiving long-term antipsychotic therapy suggest an important neuromodulatory role of ADORA receptors in both psychopathological symptoms and adverse effects of antipsychotics.
authors.affiliation: 1 University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia .
authors.forename: Arijana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turčin
authors.affiliation: 2 Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia .
authors.forename: Vita
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dolžan
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy .
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Porcelli
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna , Bologna, Italy .
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Serretti
authors.affiliation: 1 University Psychiatric Clinic Ljubljana , Ljubljana, Slovenia .
authors.forename: Blanka Kores
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Plesničar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004298:Dopamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1 / Q000235:genetics*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018047:Receptors, Purinergic P1; D004298:Dopamine