title: Growth Behavior of E. coli, Enterococcus and Staphylococcus Species in the Presence and Absence of Sub-inhibitory Antibiotic Concentrations: Consequences for Interpretation of Culture-Based Data.
abstract: Culture-based approaches are used to monitor, e.g., drinking water or bathing water quality and to investigate species diversity and antibiotic resistance levels in environmental samples. For health risk assessment, it is important to know whether the growing cultures display the actual abundance of, e.g., clinically relevant antibiotic resistance phenotypes such as vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium/Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, it is important to know whether sub-inhibitory antibiotic concentrations, which are present in surface waters, favor the growth of antibiotic-resistant strains. Therefore, clinically relevant bacteria were isolated from different water sources and the growth behavior of 58 Escherichia coli, 71 Enterococcus, and 120 Staphylococcus isolates, belonging to different species and revealing different antibiotic resistance patterns, was studied with respect to "environmental" antibiotic concentrations. The finding that VRE could only be detected after specific enrichment can be explained by their slow growth compared to non-resistant strains. Interpreting their absence in standardized culture-based methods as nonexistent might be a fallacy. Sub-inhibitory antibiotic concentrations that were detected in sewage and receiving river water did not specifically promote antibiotic-resistant strains. Generally, those antibiotics that influenced cell metabolism directly led to slightly reduced growth rates and less than maximal optical densities after 48 h of incubation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Technology, Microbiology - Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Emden/Leer, 4 Constantiaplatz, 26723, Emden, Germany. Stefanie.Hess@hs-emden-leer.de.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heß
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Technology, Microbiology - Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Emden/Leer, 4 Constantiaplatz, 26723, Emden, Germany.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gallert
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D060766:Drinking Water / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000187:drug effects; D004917:Erythromycin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012722:Sewage / Q000382:microbiology; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000494:pharmacology; D014295:Trimethoprim / Q000494:pharmacology; D065507:Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014871:Water Microbiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D060766:Drinking Water; D012722:Sewage; C522888:anhydroerythromycin A; D002981:Clindamycin; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D004917:Erythromycin; D014295:Trimethoprim; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole
keywords: Culture-based assays; Fecal indicator bacteria; Growth rate; Monitoring of bathing water quality; Staphylococci; Sub-inhibitory antibiotic concentrations