title: Pharmacotherapy for opioid dependence in jails and prisons: research review update and future directions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The World Health Organization recommends the initiation of opioid agonists prior to release from incarceration to prevent relapse or overdose. Many countries in the world employ these strategies. This paper considers the evidence to support these recommendations and the factors that have slowed their adoption in the US.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and longitudinal/observational studies that examine participant outcomes associated with the initiation or continuation of opioid agonists (methadone, buprenorphine) or antagonists (naltrexone) during incarceration. Papers were identified through a literature search of PubMed with an examination of their references and were included if they reported outcomes for methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone continued during incarceration or initiated prior to release in a correctional institution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen studies were identified, including eight RCTs and six observational studies. One RCT found that patients treated with methadone who were continued on versus tapered off methadone during brief incarceration were more likely to return to treatment upon release. A second RCT found that the group starting methadone treatment in prison versus a waiting list was less likely to report using heroin and sharing syringes during incarceration. A third RCT found no differences in postrelease heroin use or reincarceration between individuals initiating treatment with methadone versus those initiating treatment with buprenorphine during relatively brief incarcerations. Findings from four additional RCTs indicate that starting opioid agonist treatment during incarceration versus after release was associated with higher rates of entry into community treatment and reduced heroin use. Finally, one pilot RCT showed that providing extended-release naltrexone prior to discharge resulted in significantly lower rates of opioid relapse compared to no medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reasons why uptake of these pharmacotherapies is limited in the US and relatively widespread in Europe are discussed. Recommendations for future research are outlined.
authors.affiliation: Friends Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Anjalee
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Friends Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: O'Grady
authors.affiliation: Friends Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.affiliation: Friends Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gryczynski
authors.affiliation: Friends Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Shannon Gwin
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.affiliation: Friends Research Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Schwartz
keywords: buprenorphine; corrections; heroin; incarceration; methadone; naltrexone