title: Measurement of tritium in the Sava and Danube Rivers.
abstract: Two nuclear power plants (NPP), the KrškoNPP (Slovenia) on the Sava River and the Paks NPP (Hungary) on the Danube River, are located in the immediate vicinity of Croatia and Serbia. Some of the radioactivity monitoring around the NPPs involves measuring tritium activity in the waters of rivers and wells. The authors present the tritium measurement results taken over several years from the Sava and Danube Rivers, and groundwater. The measurements were carried out in two laboratories including an impact assessment of the tritium released into the rivers and groundwater. The routine methods for determining tritium (with/without electrolytic enrichment) were tested in two laboratories using two different instruments, a Tri-Carb 3180 and Quantulus 1220. Detection limits for routine measurements were calculated in compliance with ISO 11929 and Currie relations, and subsequently the results were compared with those determined experimentally. This has shown that tritium can be reliably determined within a reasonable period of time when its activity is close to the calculated detection limit. The Krško NPP discharged 62 TBq of tritium into the River Sava over a period of 6 years (23% of permitted activity, 45 TBq per year). The natural level of tritium in the Sava River and groundwater is 0.3-1 Bq/l and increases when discharges exceed 1 TBq per month. Usually, the average monthly activity in the Sava River and groundwater is maintained at a natural level. The maximum measured activity was 16 Bq/l in the Sava River and 9.5 Bq/l in groundwater directly linked to the river. In the majority of water samples from the Danube River, measured tritium activity ranged between 1 and 2 Bq/l. The increased tritium levels in the Danube River are more evident than in the Sava River because tritium activity above 1.5 Bq/l appears more frequently on the Danube River. All measured values were far below the allowed tritium limit in drinking water. Dose assessment has shown that tritium released from NPPs contributes negligibly to annual doses in comparison to natural sources.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Radioecology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, Zagreb, Croatia. Electronic address: zgrahek@irb.hr.
authors.forename: Željko
authors.initials: Ž
authors.lastname: Grahek
authors.affiliation: Nuclear Power Plant Krško, Krško, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Borut
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Breznik
authors.affiliation: University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stojković
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Radioecology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Coha
authors.affiliation: University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Novi Sad, Serbia.
authors.forename: Jovana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nikolov
authors.affiliation: University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Novi Sad, Serbia.
authors.forename: Nataša
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Todorović
mesh_terms: D017523:Croatia; D006814:Hungary; D011834:Radiation Monitoring; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D055771:Serbia; D017524:Slovenia; D014316:Tritium / Q000032:analysis*; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D014316:Tritium
keywords: Dose; Nuclear power plant; Rivers; Tritium