title: Sex hormone therapy and progression of cardiovascular disease in menopausal women.
abstract: One of the most controversial health decisions facing women is deciding upon the use of hormonal treatments for symptoms of menopause. This brief review focuses on the historical context of use of menopausal hormone treatments (MHT), summarizes results of major observational, primary and secondary prevention studies of MHT and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes, provides evidence for how sex steroids modulate CV function and identifies challenges for future research. As medicine enters an era of personalization of treatment options, additional research into sex differences in the aetiology of CV diseases will lead to better risk identification for CV disease in women and identify whether a woman might receive CV benefit from specific formulations and doses of MHT.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A. Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Rabe E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Alhurani
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A. Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A.
authors.forename: C Anwar A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Chahal
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A. Division of Preventive, Occupational and Aerospace Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Ahmed T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Essa A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, U.S.A. Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, U.S.A. miller.virginia@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Virginia M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones
keywords: 17 β-oestradiol; atherosclerosis; carotid intima-medial thickness; conjugated equine oestrogens; coronary artery calcification