title: Analysis of recent failures of disease modifying therapies in Alzheimer's disease suggesting a new methodology for future studies.
abstract: Pharmaceutical companies and the NIH have invested heavily in a variety of potential disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD) but unfortunately all double-blind placebo-controlled Phase III studies of these drugs have failed to show statistically significant results supporting their clinical efficacy on cognitive measures. These negative results are surprising as most of these medications have the capability to impact the biomarkers which are associated with progression of Alzheimer's disease. Areas covered: This contradiction prompted us to review all study phases of Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG), Bapineuzumab, Solanezumab, Avagacestat and Dimebolin to shed more light on these recent failures. We critically analyzed these studies, recommending seven lessons from these failures which should not be overlooked. Expert commentary: We suggest a new methodology for future treatment research in Alzheimer's disease considering early intervention with more focus on cognitive decline as a screening tool, more sophisticated exclusion criteria with more reliance on biomarkers, stratification of subjects based on the rate of cognitive decline aiming less heterogeneity, and a longer study duration with periodic assessment of cognition and activities of daily living during the study and also after a washout period.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Hamid Reza
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Amanatkar
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Papagiannopoulos
authors.affiliation: a Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , MO , USA.
authors.forename: George Thomas
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Grossberg
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; C550616:solanezumab
keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG); avagacestat; bapineuzumab; dimebolin; disease-modifying therapies; methodology; solanezumab