title: Viruses and bacteria in Th2-biased allergic airway disease.
abstract: Allergic airway diseases are typically characterized by a type 2-biased inflammation. Multiple distinct viruses and bacteria have been detected in the airways. Recently, it has been confirmed that the microbiome of allergic individuals differs from that of healthy subjects, showing a close relationship with the type 2 response in allergic airway disease. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the prevalence of viruses and bacteria in type 2-biased airway diseases and on the mechanisms employed by viruses and bacteria in propagating type 2 responses. The understanding of the microbial composition and postinfectious immune programming is critical for the reconstruction of the normal microflora and immune status in allergic airway diseases.
authors.affiliation: Upper Airways Research Laboratory, ENT Department, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.|Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lan
authors.affiliation: Upper Airways Research Laboratory, ENT Department, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Upper Airways Research Laboratory, ENT Department, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gevaert
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Upper Airways Research Laboratory, ENT Department, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium. Claus.Bachert@UGent.be.|Division of ENT Diseases, Clintec, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Claus.Bachert@UGent.be.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bachert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D056265:Microbial Interactions; D015995:Prevalence; D012130:Respiratory Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014780:Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Th2 response; allergy rhinitis; asthma; chronic rhinosinusitis; microbiome