title: RNA Sequencing of Trigeminal Ganglia in Rattus Norvegicus after Glyceryl Trinitrate Infusion with Relevance to Migraine.
abstract: Infusion of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), a donor of nitric oxide, induces immediate headache in humans that in migraineurs is followed by a delayed migraine attack. In order to achieve increased knowledge of mechanisms activated during GTN-infusion this present study aims to investigate transcriptional responses to GTN-infusion in the rat trigeminal ganglia.
  
  
  
  Rats were infused with GTN or vehicle and trigeminal ganglia were isolated either 30 or 90 minutes post infusion. RNA sequencing was used to investigate transcriptomic changes in response to the treatment. Furthermore, we developed a novel method for Gene Set Analysis Of Variance (GSANOVA) to identify gene sets associated with transcriptional changes across time.
  
  
  
  15 genes displayed significant changes in transcription levels in response to GTN-infusion. Ten of these genes showed either sustained up- or down-regulation in the 90-minute period after infusion. The GSANOVA analysis demonstrate enrichment of pathways pointing towards an increase in immune response, signal transduction, and neuroplasticity in response to GTN-infusion. Future functional in-depth studies of these mechanisms are expected to increase our understanding of migraine pathogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hougaard Pedersen
authors.affiliation: The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Lasse
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maretty
authors.affiliation: Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Roshni
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramachandran
authors.affiliation: The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jonas Andreas
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sibbesen
authors.affiliation: The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yakimov
authors.affiliation: Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rikke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Elgaard-Christensen
authors.affiliation: Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thomas Folkmann
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.affiliation: The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.affiliation: Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olesen
authors.affiliation: Danish Headache Center, Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jansen-Olesen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D057967:Infusions, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005996:Nitroglycerin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D012668:Trigeminal Ganglion / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D005996:Nitroglycerin