title: Using Complier Average Causal Effect Estimation to Determine the Impacts of the Good Behavior Game Preventive Intervention on Teacher Implementers.
abstract: Complier average causal effect (CACE) analysis is a causal inference approach that accounts for levels of teacher implementation compliance. In the current study, CACE was used to examine one-year impacts of PAX good behavior game (PAX GBG) and promoting alternative thinking strategies (PATHS) on teacher efficacy and burnout. Teachers in 27 elementary schools were randomized to PAX GBG, an integration of PAX GBG and PATHS, or a control condition. There were positive overall effects on teachers' efficacy beliefs, but high implementing teachers also reported increases in burnout across the school year. The CACE approach may offer new information not captured using a traditional intent-to-treat approach.
authors.affiliation: Curry School of Education, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA. berg.juliette@gmail.com.|American Institutes for Research, 1000 Thomas Jefferson Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20007, USA. berg.juliette@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Juliette K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: Curry School of Education, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Bradshaw
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Booil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jo
authors.affiliation: Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Ialongo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002055:Burnout, Professional / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D015984:Causality; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D016730:Program Development; D000070777:School Teachers / Q000523:psychology*; D013850:Thinking; D000066477:Work Performance
keywords: Causal inference; Elementary school; Implementation; Teacher effects; Whole school intervention