title: Lipid-based Vesicular Nanocargoes as Nanotherapeutic Targets for the Effective Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an immune mediated joint-based chronic inflammatory disorder recognized by joint inflammation, destruction, pain and remission. Currently, numerous pharmacotherapeutic strategies have gained immense popularity in RA therapy and improving the patient life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Besides, it exhibits numerous drawbacks such as requirement of high dose of drugs, unavoidable adverse effects and diseases remission. Thus, use of currently available pharmacotherapeutics employing conventional formulations can only provide therapeutic effects to a certain extent.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recent advancements in nanotechnology-based lipidic vesicular nanocarriers have led provided improved efficacy and safety for the anti-rheumatic drugs. These include liposomes, stealth liposomes, ethosomes, transfersomes, etc., which have shown their potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of antirheumatic drugs with lesser toxicity. Although the results of animal models for use of lipid vesicular nanocarriers for drug targeting in RA have been found to be highly promising, but lack of sufficient data in a clinical setup are still evident to demonstrate their practical utility in patient populations. In this regard, considerable research studies are required for evaluating the efficacy and safety of the aforementioned nanocarriers in RA through clinical studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present review, therefore, covers the brief pathophysiology of RA, current medication and their challenges in RA therapy. Besides, an extensive account on recent advancements in novel lipid vesicular nanocarriers in RA therapy has also been addressed with special emphasis on the patent literature too.
authors.affiliation: Research Scholar at Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (SHIATS), Allahabad, India. mahfoozkaifi@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mahfoozur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Sarwar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beg
authors.forename: Gajanand
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Sumant
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.forename: Rehan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Rub
authors.forename: Preeti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aneja
authors.forename: Firoz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Anwar
authors.forename: Mohammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences (SHIATS), Allahabad, India. phvikas@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004339:Drug Compounding; D055808:Drug Discovery; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008081:Liposomes; D050997:Nanomedicine / Q000379:methods*; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010330:Patents as Topic
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D008055:Lipids; D008081:Liposomes