title: Evidence for Inflammation-Associated Depression.
abstract: This chapter explores the evidence supporting inflammation-associated depression. Data to date suggest a bidirectional relationship between inflammation and depression wherein one process can drive the other. A wealth of animal and clinical studies have demonstrated an association between concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines - specifically interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α - and depressive symptoms. There is also evidence that this pro-inflammatory state is accompanied by aberrant inflammation-related processes including platelet activation factor hyperactivity, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and damage to mitochondria. These complex and interrelated mechanisms can collectively contribute to negative neurobiological outcomes that may, in part, underlie the etiopathology of depression. Mounting evidence has shown a concomitant reduction in both depressive symptoms and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations following treatment with pharmacological anti-inflammatory interventions. Taken together, the reviewed preclinical and clinical findings may suggest the existence of a distinct inflammatory subtype of depression in which these patients exhibit unique biochemical and clinical features and may potentially experience improved clinical outcomes with inflammation-targeted pharmacotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Celina S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adibfar
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.affiliation: Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.|Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Krista.Lanctot@sunnybrook.ca.|Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada. Krista.Lanctot@sunnybrook.ca.|Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. Krista.Lanctot@sunnybrook.ca.|Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Room FG 08, Toronto, ON, Canada, M4N 3M5. Krista.Lanctot@sunnybrook.ca.
authors.forename: Krista L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lanctôt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines
keywords: Cell-mediated immune activation; Cytokines; Inflammation; Major depressive disorder; Mitochondrial dysfunction; Oxidative and nitrosative stress; Platelet activating factors