title: Primary Trauma Triage Performed by Bystanders: An Observation Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate whether bystanders with no training in triage can correctly prioritize three injured patients by using a triage instrument.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study was conducted. Participants performed a primary triage on three paper-based patient cases and answered 11 questions during a public event in the center of Stockholm, Sweden.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 69 persons participated in the study. The success rate among all the participants for correct triage of the three patient cases was 52 percent. The female participants and younger participants (<55 years of age) performed correct triage to a greater extent. The over-triage was 12.5 percent and under-triage was 6.3 percent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participants with no prior knowledge of triage instruments may be capable of triaging injured patients with the help of an easy triage instrument. The over- and under-triage percentages were low, and this may indicate that the developed triage instrument is relatively easy to use. It may also indicate that bystanders can identify a severely injured patient. Nordberg M , Castrén M , Lindström V . Primary trauma triage performed by bystanders: an observation study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(4):353-357.
authors.affiliation: 1Karolinska Institutet,Department of Clinical Science and Education,Section of Emergency Medicine,Södersjukhuset,Stockholm,Sweden.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nordberg
authors.affiliation: 2Helsinki University Hospital,Department of Emergency Medicine and Services;Helsinki University,Finland & Karolinska Institutet,Department of Clinical Science and Education,Södersjukhuset,Section of Emergency Medicine,Stockholm,Sweden.
authors.forename: Maaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Castrén
authors.affiliation: 3Karolinska Institutet,Department of Neurobiology,Care Sciences and Society,Division of Nursing;Academic EMS,Stockholm,Sweden.
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lindström
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005392:First Aid / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation; EMCC Emergency Medical Communication Centre; EMD emergency medical dispatchers; EMS Emergency Medical Services; Emergency Medical Services; RETTS Rapid Emergency Triage and Treatment System; ambulance service; bystanders; observation study; prehospital; triage