title: Increased F3-Isoprostanes in the Canadian Inuit Population Could Be Cardioprotective by Limiting F2-Isoprostane Production.
abstract: F3-isoprostanes (F3-IsoPs), derived from peroxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3), could be cardioprotective by limiting production of F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs), a cardiovascular disease risk factor.
  
  
  
  The objective of the study was to determine whether the n-3-polyunsaturated (PUFA)-rich Inuit diet is associated with a lower plasma ratio of F2-IsoPs to F3-IsoPs.
  
  
  
  This was a cross-sectional observational study.
  
  
  
  The study was conducted in 36 Canadian Arctic Inuit communities.
  
  
  
  Participants included a random subset (n = 233) of Inuit adults taken from a population-based survey.
  
  
  
  Plasma F2-IsoPs and F3-IsoPs, cardiometabolic risk factors (blood lipids, C-reactive protein, blood pressure, fasting glucose) and markers of dietary exposure (erythrocyte n-3 and n-6 PUFA, blood levels of Se, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls) were measured.
  
  
  
  Inuit aged 40 years old and older vs younger Inuit showed higher concentrations of plasma F3-IsoPs and erythrocyte n-3 PUFA and lower plasma F2-IsoPs concentrations despite having higher blood lipids, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, and percentage body fat. Plasma F3-IsoPs were not associated with any cardiometabolic measures. When subjects were categorized into tertiles according to total n-3 PUFA erythrocyte concentrations, F3-IsoPs increased with increasing tertiles, whereas the F2-IsoP to F3-IsoP ratio was lowest at the highest n-3 tertile. The F2-IsoP to F3-IsoP ratio was significantly predicted by C20:5n-3 (β= -.365, P = .002); C20:4n-6:C20:5n-3 (β = .056, P = .006), blood mercury (β = -.812, P =.015), blood Se (β = -1.95, P = .015), and smoking (β = .745, P = .025).
  
  
  
  Plasma F3-IsoPs were not associated with cardiometabolic risk factors previously seen with F2-IsoPs. Higher n-3 fatty acid status was associated with lower plasma F2-IsoPs and higher plasma F3-IsoPs, which provides partial explanation to the cardioprotective effects of the n-3 PUFA-rich Inuit diet.
authors.affiliation: School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition (D.A., S.K.) and Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment (D.A.), McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X3V9; Department of Food Science and Nutrition (D.A.), College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait; Department of Pharmacology and Medicine (R.L.J.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602; and Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (H.M.C.), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5.
authors.forename: Dalal
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alkazemi
authors.affiliation: School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition (D.A., S.K.) and Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment (D.A.), McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X3V9; Department of Food Science and Nutrition (D.A.), College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait; Department of Pharmacology and Medicine (R.L.J.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602; and Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (H.M.C.), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.affiliation: School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition (D.A., S.K.) and Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment (D.A.), McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X3V9; Department of Food Science and Nutrition (D.A.), College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait; Department of Pharmacology and Medicine (R.L.J.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602; and Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (H.M.C.), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5.
authors.forename: Hing Man
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition (D.A., S.K.) and Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment (D.A.), McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X3V9; Department of Food Science and Nutrition (D.A.), College of Life Sciences, Kuwait University, Kuwait; Department of Pharmacology and Medicine (R.L.J.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602; and Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics (H.M.C.), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5.
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kubow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D028441:F2-Isoprostanes / Q000097:blood; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000097:blood; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D004930:Inuit / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D028421:Isoprostanes / Q000097:blood; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D028441:F2-Isoprostanes; D005227:Fatty Acids; D028421:Isoprostanes