title: Possible neuroprotective mechanisms of clove oil against icv-colchicine induced cognitive dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alzheimer's disease (AD), a common neurodegenerative disorder, recognized to be a major cause of dementia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective mechanisms of clove oil in intracerebroventricular (icv)-colchicine induced cognitive dysfunction in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single bilateral icv-colchicine (15μg/5μl) was administered, followed by drug treatment with clove oil (0.05ml/kg and 0.1ml/kg, ip), minocycline (25 and 50mg/kg, ip) and their combinations for a period of 21 days. Various neurobehavioral parameters followed by biochemical, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) level and mitochondrial respiratory enzyme complexes (I-IV) were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Colchicine icv administration significantly impaired cognitive performance in Morris water maze (MWM) causes oxidative stress, raised AChE level, caused neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction as compared to sham treatment. Treatment with clove oil (0.05ml/kg and 0.1ml/kg) and minocycline (25 and 50mg/kg) alone significantly improved cognitive performance as evidenced by reduced transfer latency and increased time spent in target quadrant (TSTQ) in MWM task, reduced AChE activity, oxidative damage (reduced lipid peroxidation levels, nitrite level and restored glutathione levels) and restored mitochondrial respiratory enzyme complex (I-IV) activities as compared to icv-colchicine treatment. Further, combinations of clove oil (0.1ml/kg) with minocycline (50mg/kg) significantly modulate the neuroprotective effect of clove oil as compared to their effect alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study highlights that the major neuroprotective effect of clove oil due to its mitochondrial restoring and anti-oxidant properties along with a microglial inhibitory mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Electronic address: kumaruips@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Archi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aggrawal
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Raghavender
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pottabathini
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Arti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D045783:Clove Oil / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003078:Colchicine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004357:Drug Synergism; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000378:metabolism; D057967:Infusions, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D008911:Minocycline / Q000494:pharmacology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D009245:NADH Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D045783:Clove Oil; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D013385:Succinate Dehydrogenase; D009245:NADH Dehydrogenase; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D008911:Minocycline; D003078:Colchicine
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Clove oil; Colchicine; Minocycline; Mitochondrial dysfunction