title: Hot flashes: emerging cardiovascular risk factors in recent and late postmenopause and their association with higher blood pressure.
abstract: The aim of the study was to compare the endothelial function of symptomatic (self-reported hot flashes >3 on a scale of 0-10) versus asymptomatic (≤3) women in different postmenopause stages, and to examine if the association between hot flashes and endothelial function was independent of classical cardiovascular risk factors observed during the analysis.
  
  
  
  Noninvasive venous occlusion plethysmography within two groups: recent (recent postmenopause [RPM], <10 y, n = 63) and late (late postmenopause [LPM], ≥10 y, n = 67) postmenopause.
  
  
  
  Symptomatic women showed lower forearm blood flow and lower percentage increment of it during the reactive hyperemia response; higher systolic (P < 0.0001 in RPM and P = 0.0008 in LPM) and diastolic (P = 0.0005 in RPM and P = 0.0219 in LPM) blood pressure; highest score for perimenopausal hot flashes (P = 0.0007 in RPM and P < 0.0001 in LPM), longer duration of prior oral contraceptive use (P = 0.009 in RPM and P = 0.0253 in LPM), and higher current sleep disorders (P < 0.0001 in RPM and P = 0.0281 in LPM) compared with asymptomatic ones. In the LPM group, symptomatic women also had higher prevalence of previous hypertension diagnosis (P = 0.0092). During multivariate analysis, blood flow during the reactive hyperemia response was associated with hot flashes after adjusting for age, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure (odds ratio 0.55 [0.36-0.84] in RPM and odds ratio 0.7 [0.5-0.97] in LPM).
  
  
  
  In both phases, recent and late post menopause, hot flashes were associated with endothelial dysfunction and higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, but the relationship between hot flashes and endothelial dysfunction was independent of blood pressure.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Research on Vascular Biology-BioVasc, Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliano S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Silveira
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clapauch
authors.forename: Maria das Graças C de
authors.initials: Md
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Eliete
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bouskela
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000502:physiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors