title: Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Receptor Pathways in Infectious Disease.
abstract: Costimulatory and inhibitory receptors play a key role in regulating immune responses to infections. Recent translation of knowledge about inhibitory receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 into the cancer clinic highlights the opportunities to manipulate these pathways to treat human disease. Studies in infectious disease have provided key insights into the specific roles of these pathways and the effects of their manipulation. Here, recent studies are discussed that have addressed how major inhibitory and costimulatory pathways play a role in regulating immune responses during acute and chronic infections. Mechanistic insights from studies of infectious disease provide opportunities to further expand our toolkit to treat cancer and chronic infections in the clinic.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Attanasio
authors.affiliation: Institute for Immunology and Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. Electronic address: wherry@mail.med.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: E John
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Wherry
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation; D007239:Infections / Q000276:immunology*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000378:metabolism*; D020239:Receptor Cross-Talk; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor