title: Diagnosis and treatment of ankyloglossia: A narrative review and a report of three cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ankyloglossia or tongue-tie is a congenital oral anomaly with short, tight, and thick lingual frenulum. It may be asymptomatic or can cause movement limitations of the tongue, speech and articulation difficulties, breastfeeding difficulties in neonates, as well as periodontal and malocclusion problems. The etiopathogenesis of ankyloglossia is unknown; it can occur either as a sole anomaly in the vast majority or in association with other craniofacial anomalies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this paper were (1) to provide a comprehensive review on the criteria for clinical assessment and diagnosis, etiology and inheritance, and the therapeutic options of ankyloglossia; and (2) to demonstrate the treatment of ankyloglossia by means of frenuloplasty in three cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The available evidence from the literature indicates that among neonates, children, and adults the prevalence of ankyloglossia is low and in some cases remains undiagnosed. The early clinical assessment, diagnosis, and treatment are beneficial for the patients and their mothers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Frenuloplasty is a safe, quick, effective, and economical method and for this reason the parents should not hesitate towards frenulum release. More clinical studies are needed to confirm the benefits of the surgical interventions and to compare the results with those obtained using nonsurgical therapy or with untreated cases.
authors.forename: Phoebus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tsaousoglou
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Topouzelis
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vouros
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sculean
mesh_terms: D000072676:Ankyloglossia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008035:Lingual Frenum / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male