title: Rapid and Slow Progressors Show Increased IL-6 and IL-10 Levels in the Pre-AIDS Stage of HIV Infection.
abstract: Cytokines are intrinsically related to disease progression in HIV infection. We evaluated the plasma levels of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in extreme progressors, including slow (SPs) and rapid (RPs) progressors, who were thus classified based on clinical and laboratory follow-up covering a period of time before the initiation of HAART, ranging from 93-136.5 months for SPs and 7.5-16.5 months for RPs. Analyses were also performed based on the different stages of HIV infection (chronic, pre-HAART individuals-subjects sampled before initiating HAART but who initiated therapy from 12 to 24 months-and those receiving HAART). The plasma cytokine levels of 16 HIV-infected rapid progressors and 25 slow progressors were measured using a Human Th1/Th2/Th17 CBA kit. The IL-6 and IL-10 plasma levels differed significantly between the stages of HIV infection. The IL-6 levels were higher in slow progressors pre-HAART than in chronically infected SPs and HIV-seronegative individuals. The IL-10 levels were higher in slow progressors pre-HAART than in slow progressors receiving HAART and HIV-seronegative controls, and in rapid progressors, the IL-10 levels were higher in pre-HAART subjects than in HIV-seronegative controls. The results reflect the changes in the cytokine profile occurring during different clinical stages in HIV+ subjects. Our results suggest an association between increased IL-6 and IL-10 levels and pre-HAART stages independent of the slow or rapid progression status of the subjects. Thus, increased IL-6 and IL-10 levels could indicate a global inflammatory status and could be used as markers of the disease course in HIV-infected individuals.
authors.affiliation: Technological and Scientific Development Center - CDCT, State Foundation in Production and Health Research - FEPPS, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Post Graduation Program in Genetic and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Rúbia M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: de Medeiros
authors.affiliation: Technological and Scientific Development Center - CDCT, State Foundation in Production and Health Research - FEPPS, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Post Graduation Program in Genetic and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jacqueline M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Valverde-Villegas
authors.affiliation: Technological and Scientific Development Center - CDCT, State Foundation in Production and Health Research - FEPPS, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Uniritter Laureate International Universities, Health Science Department, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Dennis M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Junqueira
authors.affiliation: Technological and Scientific Development Center - CDCT, State Foundation in Production and Health Research - FEPPS, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Post Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biosciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gräf
authors.affiliation: Post Graduation Program in Genetic and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Juliana D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Lindenau
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Service, Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marineide G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: de Mello
authors.affiliation: Post Graduation Program in Genetic and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscila
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vianna
authors.affiliation: Technological and Scientific Development Center - CDCT, State Foundation in Production and Health Research - FEPPS, Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.|Post Graduation Program in Genetic and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sabrina E M
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Post Graduation Program in Genetic and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
authors.forename: Jose Artur B
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Chies
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D062706:Prodromal Symptoms; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C508609:IL10 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016753:Interleukin-10