title: Novel APOB missense variants, A224T and V925L, in a black South African woman with marked hypocholesterolemia.
abstract: One genetic cause of markedly low plasma concentrations of apolipoprotein (apo) B and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol is familial hypobetalipoproteinemia.
  
  
  
  We aimed to determine the molecular basis for the marked hypocholesterolemia consistent with heterozygous familial hypobetalipoproteinemia in a black female subject of Xhosa lineage.
  
  
  
  Coding regions of APOB, MTTP, PCSK9,ANGPTL3, SAR1B and APOC3 were sequenced, and APOE was genotyped. COS-7 cells were transfected with plasmids containing apoB variants. Western blotting was used to detect cellular and secreted apoB, and co-immunoprecipitation performed to assess binding with the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP).
  
  
  
  Sequence analysis of the APOB gene revealed her to be heterozygous for two novel variants, c.751G>A (A224T) and c.2854G>C (V925L). She was also homozygous for the APOEε2 allele, and did not carry a PCSK9 loss-of-function mutation. Although Ala(224) is within the postulated MTP binding region in apoB, it is not conserved among mammalian species. Subsequent genotyping showed that Ala224Thr is found in a southern African population (n=654) with an allele frequency of 1.15% and is not associated with plasma lipid levels. Val(925), like Ala(224), is within the N-terminal 1000 amino acids required for lipoprotein assembly, but was not found in the population screen. However, in vitro studies showed that apoB V925L did not affect apoB48 production or secretion nor have a deleterious effect on MTP interaction with apoB.
  
  
  
  Taken together, this suggests that the hypocholesterolemia in our case may be a result of being homozygous for APOEε2 with a low baseline cholesterol.
authors.affiliation: School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: Sharon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.affiliation: School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Mantiri
authors.affiliation: Division of Chemical Pathology, University of Cape Town, National Health Laboratory Service and MRC Cape Heart Group, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marais
authors.affiliation: University of Witwatersrand and National Health Laboratory Service and Division of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Tanyanyiwa
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McKnight
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Royal Perth Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. Electronic address: john.burnett@health.wa.gov.au.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Burnett
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D019556:COS Cells; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D005260:Female; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D006995:Hypobetalipoproteinemias / Q000235:genetics*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D000072417:Protein Domains; D013019:South Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D001057:Apolipoproteins E
keywords: ApoB; ApoE, Cell studies; Hypobetalipoproteinemia; Low density lipoprotein; Missense mutations