title: Women Transmits Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) More Than Men: Evidences from Parental Inheritance of T2DM Among Bahrainis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heritability in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is observed but not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, family history and clinical/biochemical data from 789 Bahrainis (418 T2DM, 371 controls) was analyzed. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and HbA1c were measured and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients compared to controls have higher proportions of diabetic mothers (50.2% vs. 32.7%, p=0.005), fathers (35.2% vs. 12.1%, p<0.001) and siblings (56% vs. 15.3%, p<0.001). The proportions of diabetic mothers was higher than the proportions of diabetic fathers among the patients (50.2% vs. 35.2%, p<0.001) and the controls (32.7% vs. 12.1%, p<0.001). Patients born to diabetic mothers compared to the other patients were smaller in age at the time of enrollment in this study (p=0.005), and at onset of T2DM (p<0.001), and also had higher FBG (p=0.033). Interestingly, the prevalence of T1DM was highest amongst the siblings of the controls compared to patients (p=0.04). Finally, the heterozygote I/D genotype of the ACE gene was over expressed in patients born to diabetic mothers when compared to patients born to diabetic fathers, p=0.007.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  there was strong clustering of T2DM in families, with significant dominant maternal role in transmission of T2DM and associated severity markers. Patients (T2DM) born to diabetic mothers were genetically and phenotypically different from the other patients.
authors.affiliation: Al-Jawhara Centre for Molecular Medicine and Inherited Disorders, Arabian Gulf University, Building 61, King Abdulaziz Avenue, Manama, Bahrain.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Al-Harbi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology (Immunology) Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Farid
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Bahrain Defense Force Royal Medical Services Hospital, Bahrain.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Darwish
authors.affiliation: Division of Biosciences - Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gumaa
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Bahrain.
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Giha
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001445:Bahrain; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D040582:Inheritance Patterns / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A