title: Impact of maternal and paternal smoking on birth outcomes.
abstract: The adverse effects of maternal and paternal smoking on child health have been studied. However, few studies demonstrate the interaction effects of maternal/paternal smoking, and birth outcomes other than birth weight have not been evaluated. The present study examined individual effects of maternal/paternal smoking and their interactions on birth outcomes.
  
  
  
  A follow-up hospital-based study from pregnancy to delivery was conducted from 1997 to 2010 with parents and newborn infants who delivered at a large hospital in Hamamatsu, Japan. The relationships between smoking and growth were evaluated with logistic regression.
  
  
  
  The individual effects of maternal smoking are related to low birth weight (LBW), short birth length and small head circumference. The individual effects of paternal smoking are related to short birth length and small head circumference. In the adjusted model, both parents' smoking showed clear associations with LBW (odds ratio [OR] = 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-2.27) and short birth length (-1 standard deviation [SD] OR = 1.38, 95% CI 1.07-1.79; -2 SD OR = 2.75, 95% CI 1.84-4.10).
  
  
  
  Maternal smoking was significantly associated with birth weight and length, but paternal smoking was not. However, if both parents smoked, the risk of shorter birth length increased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing Science, Okayama Prefectural University, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Kaba Memorial Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Naruse
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Ecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yorifuji
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuguhiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Perinatal Care Center, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murakoshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.affiliation: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Subramanian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D018812:Paternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: birth length; birth weight; head circumference; smoking