title: Paramagnetic Gd(3+) labeled red blood cells for magnetic resonance angiography.
abstract: Despite significant advances in contrast enhanced-magnetic resonance angiography, the lack of truly blood-pool agents with long circulating property is limiting the clinical impact of this imaging technique. The terminal half-life for blood elimination of most small molecular weight gadolinium (Gd) based extracellular fluid agents is about 1.5 h when administered intravenously to subjects with normal renal function. The small size of these extracellular fluid agents does not prevent them from extravasating, especially from damaged vessels which are generally hyperpermeable. Therefore, the development of novel, clinically relevant blood pool contrast agents is critically needed to improve outcomes in the prevention, detection, and treatment of vascular diseases. We have demonstrated the fusion strategies in which the Gd-liposome without any stealth property radically fuses with red blood cells (RBCs) forming MR glowing Gd-RBC with the order of magnitude enhancements in circulation half-life (t1/2 = 50 h) and r1 relaxivity (r1 = 19.0 mM(-1) s(-1)) of Gd. The in vivo contrast enhancement of Gd-RBC was studied by using 3T clinical MR scanner for extended period of time, which clearly visualized the abdominal aorta. In summary, the vascular delivery of blood pool agents may benefit from carriage by RBCs because it naturally stays within the vascular lumen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State (NICKS), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. Electronic address: saryal@ksu.edu.
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aryal
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stigliano
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jaehong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Key
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Maricela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.affiliation: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Core, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Core, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karmonik
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.affiliation: Department of Translational Imaging, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, 16163, Italy. Electronic address: paolo.decuzzi@iit.it.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Decuzzi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008081:Liposomes / Q000378:metabolism; D060328:Magnetic Phenomena; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013499:Surface Properties; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D008081:Liposomes; D005682:Gadolinium
keywords: Blood pool agent; Gadolinium; Liposome; Magnetic resonance angiography; Red blood cells; Relaxivity