title: Effect of PEG Grafting Density and Hydrodynamic Volume on Gold Nanoparticle-Cell Interactions: An Investigation on Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, and DNA Damage.
abstract: In this study, interactions of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with cells were investigated with particular focus on the relationship between the PEG layer properties (conformation, grafting density, and hydrodynamic volume) and cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and DNA damage. Steric hindrance and PEG hydrodynamic volume controlled the protein adsorption, whereas the AuNP core size and PEG hydrodynamic volume were primary factors for cell uptake and viability. At all PEG grafting densities, the particles caused significant cell cycle arrest and DNA damage against CaCo2 and PC3 cells without apoptosis. However, at a particular PEG grafting density (∼0.65 chains/nm(2)), none of these severe damages were observed on 3T3 cells indicating discriminating behavior of the healthy (3T3) and cancer (PC3 and CaCo2) cells. It was concluded that the PEG grafting density and hydrodynamic volume, tuned with the PEG concentration and AuNP size, played an important role in particle-cell interactions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Bioengineering, and §Biotechnology and Bioengineering Graduate Program, Izmir Institute of Technology , Gulbahce Koyu, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey.
authors.forename: Metin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Uz
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Bioengineering, and §Biotechnology and Bioengineering Graduate Program, Izmir Institute of Technology , Gulbahce Koyu, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey.
authors.forename: Volga
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bulmus
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Bioengineering, and §Biotechnology and Bioengineering Graduate Program, Izmir Institute of Technology , Gulbahce Koyu, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sacide
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Alsoy Altinkaya
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects*; D004249:DNA Damage; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D057446:Hydrodynamics; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D006046:Gold