title: The impact velocity and bone fracture pattern: Forensic perspective.
abstract: Studies on bone-energy interaction are meager and revealed only a general correlation between the fracture pattern and the mechanism of the insult. This study has two objectives, to establish a usable fracture analysis method and to reveal the association between the energy of the force and the fracture pattern. Dynatup Model POE 2000 (Instron Co.) low energy pendulum impact machine was utilized to apply impact loading on fresh pig femoral bones (n=30). The bone clamp shaft was adjusted to position the bone for three-point bending with additional bone compression. Three different velocities of the forced applied were carried out. On average, the number, length and the curviness of the fracture lines created under moderate and high-energy impact is significantly higher compared to a low-energy impact. Most fractures lines were located on the impacted aspect in bones subjected to moderate- and high-velocity impact. Four oblique-radial fracture lines running from the point of impact creating a double butterfly pattern were found in bones subjected to moderate and high-velocity impact. Only "false" wedge-shaped (butterfly) fragments were found in the current study. Our results suggest an association between fracture pattern and the velocity of the impact.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; National Center of Forensic Medicine, Tel Aviv 61490, Israel. Electronic address: haimcoh1@post.tau.ac.il.
authors.forename: Haim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: National Center of Forensic Medicine, Tel Aviv 61490, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. Electronic address: chen.kugel@forensic.health.gov.il.
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kugel
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. Electronic address: hilamay@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Hila
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: May
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. Electronic address: Bahaamedlej@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Bahaa
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Medlej
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. Electronic address: maadan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. Electronic address: slonviviane@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Viviane
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Slon
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel. Electronic address: anatom2@post.tau.ac.il.
authors.forename: Israel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hershkovitz
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Fine Measurements, Dental School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel. Electronic address: tbrosh@post.tau.ac.il.
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brosh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D001842:Bone and Bones; D005269:Femur; D044707:Forensic Sciences; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000473:pathology*; D013552:Swine
keywords: Bone; Forensic; Fracture; Impact; Pattern; Velocity