title: An updated review of long-term outcomes from randomized controlled trials in approved pharmaceuticals for diabetic macular edema.
abstract: Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a major sight-threatening cause in diabetic patients. We review the long-term outcome of four approved pharmacotherapy for treating DME, including intravitreal injections of corticosteroids (dexamethasone implants and fluocinolone acetonide inserts) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (ranibizumab and aflibercept). They all show superior ability to improve vision and reduce macular thickness, comparing with sham injections or macular focal/grid laser treatment. Anti-VEGF agents result in low incidence of severe ocular or systemic adverse effects, but glaucoma and cataract should be aware after intravitreal corticosteroids. Prompt treatment with these agents can lead to a better outcome
authors.forename: Jia-Kang
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tzu-Lun
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Pei-Yuan
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Pei-Yao
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D002386:Cataract / Q000139:chemically induced; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000150:complications*; D005446:Fluocinolone Acetonide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000139:chemically induced; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D058449:Intravitreal Injections; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D000069579:Ranibizumab / Q000627:therapeutic use; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D005446:Fluocinolone Acetonide; C533178:aflibercept; D003907:Dexamethasone; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D000069579:Ranibizumab