title: Can new psychoactive substances be regulated effectively? An assessment of the British Psychoactive Substances Bill.
abstract: The regulation of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has confounded governments throughout the western world. In 2014 the UK government convened an NPS Review Expert Panel to consider a range of approaches. Ultimately the Panel recommended that the government ban all new psychoactive drugs and allow only psychoactive substances specifically exempted, such as alcohol, tobacco and those allowed as medicines. The government introduced the Psychoactive Substances Bill (PSB) in response to that recommendation. Passed in 2016, the Bill has attracted a torrent of criticism from scientists and experts. The Bill could be improved with revision, but the problems of the total ban, as envisioned by the PSB, with respect to the NPS, may be inherent: (1) defining psychoactivity is conceptually fraught, with great consequence for the scope of the prohibition; (2) operationalizing psychoactivity as a usable concept for legal control purposes is extremely difficult, perhaps impossible; and (3) the detachment of penalties for violating a total ban from establishing the harmfulness of a substance is normatively troubling. Given the uncertainties about the effects of a total ban, it is appropriate at this time for other governments to assess more fully the nature of the NPS problem, and the potential control approaches.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Policy and Department of Criminology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.affiliation: School of Public Policy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Bryce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pardo
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D011619:Psychotropic Drugs
keywords: Headshops; Psychoactive Substances Act; legal highs; new psychoactive substances; psychoactivity; regulation; substitution effect