title: Two Different Concentrations of Ketofol for Procedural Sedation and Analgesia in Closed Reduction of Nasal Fracture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ketofol is a mixture of propofol and ketamine in various concentrations. It is accepted as a suitable combination in procedural sedation and analgesia. The mixture of propofol and ketamine with different respiratory and hemodynamic effects may result in fewer dose-related side effects and a probable synergistic effect. This study was designed to compare the adverse effects and quality of analgesia of 2 different intravenous concentrations of ketofol in patients undergoing closed reduction of the nose.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized double-blinded study was conducted on 100 patients who underwent closed reduction of nose. The patients were divided into 2 groups of 50, and received either a combination of propofol/ketamine (1:1) (Group I) or propofol/ketamine (3:1) (Group II). Hemodynamic changes, including systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and O2sat, and side effects such as hallucination, vomiting, coughing and apnea, were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data analysis showed that the demographic characteristics (age, height, and weight) were similar in 2 groups, and there were no significant differences between the 2 groups. There was no significant hemodynamic change between both groups. However, there was a decrease in hallucination and vomiting in the group that received higher concentration of ketofol (ketamine/propofol of 1:3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no significant hemodynamic change between both groups that received concentrations of 1:1 and 3:1 propofol /ketamine. However, there was a reduction in hallucination, vomiting, and recovery duration in the group that received higher concentration of propofol. In conclusion, increasing the concentration of propofol can be useful with fewer side effects and lower duration of recovery.
authors.affiliation: Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
authors.forename: Vida
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ayatollahi
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vafaiyan
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hatami
authors.forename: Shekoufeh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Behdad
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000293:injuries*; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007649:Ketamine; D015742:Propofol