title: Fiber content of diet affects exhaled breath volatiles in fasting and postprandial state in a pilot crossover study.
abstract: Our pilot study examined the potential of exhaled breath analysis in studying the metabolic effects of dietary fiber (DF). We hypothesized that a high-fiber diet (HFD) containing whole grain rye changes volatile organic compound (VOC) levels in exhaled breath and that consuming a single meal affects these levels. Seven healthy men followed a week-long low-fiber diet (17 g/d) and HFD (44 g/d) in a randomized crossover design. A test meal containing 50 g of the available carbohydrates from wheat bread was served as breakfast after each week. Alveolar exhaled breath samples were analyzed at fasting state and 30, 60, and 120 minutes after this meal parallel to plasma glucose, insulin, and serum lipids. We used solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for detecting changes in 15 VOCs. These VOCs were acetone, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, 2-methylbutyric acid, hexanoic acid, acetoin, diacetyl, and phenol. Exhaled breath 2-methylbutyric acid in the fasting state and 1-propanol at 120 minutes decreased (P = .091 for both) after an HFD. Ingestion of the test meal increased ethanol, 1-propanol, acetoin, propionic acid, and butyric acid levels while reducing acetone, 1-butanol, diacetyl, and phenol levels. Both DF diet content and having a single meal affected breathVOCs. Exploring exhaled breath further could help to develop tools for monitoring the metabolic effects of DF.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: kaisa.raninen@uef.fi.
authors.forename: Kaisa J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Raninen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: jenni.lappi@pakkasmarja.fi.
authors.forename: Jenni E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lappi
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: maria.mukkala@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mukkala
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: tomi-pekka.tuomainen@uef.fi.
authors.forename: Tomi-Pekka
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Tuomainen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: hannu.mykkanen@uef.fi.
authors.forename: Hannu M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Mykkänen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: kaisa.poutanen@vtt.fi.
authors.forename: Kaisa S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Poutanen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. Electronic address: olavi.raatikainen@uef.fi.
authors.forename: Olavi J
authors.initials: OJ
authors.lastname: Raatikainen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001944:Breath Tests; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015444:Exercise; D005215:Fasting; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012434:Secale / Q000737:chemistry; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis*; D000067348:Whole Grains / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Dietary fiber; Exhaled breath; Postprandial test; Randomized crossover trial; Volatile organic compounds