title: Analysis of nutrition judgments using the Nutrition Facts Panel.
abstract: Consumers' judgments and choices of the nutritional value of food products (cereals and snacks) were studied as a function of using information in the Nutrition Facts Panel (NFP, National Labeling and Education Act, 1990). Brunswik's lens model (Brunswik, 1955; Cooksey, 1996; Hammond, 1955; Stewart, 1988) served as the theoretical and analytical tool for examining the judgment process. Lens model analysis was further enriched with the criticality of predictors' technique developed by Azen, Budescu, & Reiser (2001). Judgment accuracy was defined as correspondence between consumers' judgments and the nutritional quality index, NuVal(®), obtained from an expert system. The study also examined several individual level variables (e.g., age, gender, BMI, educational level, health status, health beliefs, etc.) as predictors of lens model indices that measure judgment consistency, judgment accuracy, and knowledge of the environment. Results showed varying levels of consistency and accuracy depending on the food product, but generally the median values of the lens model statistics were moderate. Judgment consistency was higher for more educated individuals; judgment accuracy was predicted from a combination of person level characteristics, and individuals who reported having regular meals had models that were in greater agreement with the expert's model.
  
  
  
  Lens model methodology is a useful tool for understanding how individuals perceive the nutrition in foods based on the NFP label. Lens model judgment indices were generally low, highlighting that the benefits of the complex NFP label may be more modest than what has been previously assumed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ohio University, 200 Porter Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA. Electronic address: gonzalez@ohio.edu.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: González-Vallejo
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ohio University, 200 Porter Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
authors.forename: Bethany D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lavins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Ohio University, 200 Porter Hall, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
authors.forename: Kristina A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Carter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D004522:Educational Status; D057140:Fast Foods / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005515:Food Labeling; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009753:Nutritive Value; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D050177:Overweight / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D010349:Patient Compliance; D062410:Snacks; D014481:United States
keywords: Judgment accuracy; Lens model; Nutrition Facts Panel