title: Genes associated to lactose metabolism illustrate the high diversity of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum.
abstract: The dairy population of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum is characterized by a high diversity suggesting a high diversity of the genetic traits linked to the dairy process. As lactose is the main carbon source in milk, the genetics of lactose metabolism was investigated in this LAB. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the species C. maltaromaticum exhibits genes related to the Leloir and the tagatose-6-phosphate (Tagatose-6P) pathways. More precisely, strains can bear genes related to one or both pathways and several strains apparently do not contain homologs related to these pathways. Analysis at the population scale revealed that the Tagatose-6P and the Leloir encoding genes are disseminated in multiple phylogenetic lineages of C. maltaromaticum: genes of the Tagatose-6P pathway are present in the lineages I, II and III, and genes of the Leloir pathway are present in the lineages I, III and IV. These data suggest that these genes evolved thanks to horizontal transfer, genetic duplication and translocation. We hypothesize that the lac and gal genes evolved in C. maltaromaticum according to a complex scenario that mirrors the high population diversity.
authors.affiliation: Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules (LIBio) Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Christelle F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Iskandar
authors.affiliation: Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules (LIBio) Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cailliez-Grimal
authors.affiliation: Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules (LIBio) Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.affiliation: Université de Lorraine CNRS, Laboratoire réactions et génie des procédés, UPR 3349, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rondags
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1014 Secalim, 44307 Nantes, France; LUNAM Université, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Benoît
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Remenant
authors.affiliation: INRA, UMR1014 Secalim, 44307 Nantes, France; LUNAM Université, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France.
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zagorec
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jorgen J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Leisner
authors.affiliation: Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules (LIBio) Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.affiliation: Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules (LIBio) Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France. Electronic address: anne-marie.revol@univ-lorraine.fr.
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Revol-Junelles
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D056573:Carnobacterium / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005690:Galactose / Q000378:metabolism*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D023281:Genomics; D006600:Hexosephosphates; D007785:Lactose / Q000378:metabolism*; D008892:Milk / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D026801:Synteny
chemical_list: D006600:Hexosephosphates; C026634:tagatose 6-phosphate; D007785:Lactose; D005690:Galactose
keywords: Carnobacterium; Comparative genomic analysis; Diversity; Galactose; Lactose