title: Development of a morphology-based modeling technique for tracking solid-body displacements: examining the reliability of a potential MRI-only approach for joint kinematics assessment.
abstract: Single or biplanar video radiography and Roentgen stereophotogrammetry (RSA) techniques used for the assessment of in-vivo joint kinematics involves application of ionizing radiation, which is a limitation for clinical research involving human subjects. To overcome this limitation, our long-term goal is to develop a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-only, three dimensional (3-D) modeling technique that permits dynamic imaging of joint motion in humans. Here, we present our initial findings, as well as reliability data, for an MRI-only protocol and modeling technique.
  
  
  
  We developed a morphology-based motion-analysis technique that uses MRI of custom-built solid-body objects to animate and quantify experimental displacements between them. The technique involved four major steps. First, the imaging volume was calibrated using a custom-built grid. Second, 3-D models were segmented from axial scans of two custom-built solid-body cubes. Third, these cubes were positioned at pre-determined relative displacements (translation and rotation) in the magnetic resonance coil and scanned with a T1 and a fast contrast-enhanced pulse sequences. The digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) images were then processed for animation. The fourth step involved importing these processed images into an animation software, where they were displayed as background scenes. In the same step, 3-D models of the cubes were imported into the animation software, where the user manipulated the models to match their outlines in the scene (rotoscoping) and registered the models into an anatomical joint system. Measurements of displacements obtained from two different rotoscoping sessions were tested for reliability using coefficient of variations (CV), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Bland-Altman plots, and Limits of Agreement analyses.
  
  
  
  Between-session reliability was high for both the T1 and the contrast-enhanced sequences. Specifically, the average CVs for translation were 4.31 % and 5.26 % for the two pulse sequences, respectively, while the ICCs were 0.99 for both. For rotation measures, the CVs were 3.19 % and 2.44 % for the two pulse sequences with the ICCs being 0.98 and 0.97, respectively. A novel biplanar imaging approach also yielded high reliability with mean CVs of 2.66 % and 3.39 % for translation in the x- and z-planes, respectively, and ICCs of 0.97 in both planes.
  
  
  
  This work provides basic proof-of-concept for a reliable marker-less non-ionizing-radiation-based quasi-dynamic motion quantification technique that can potentially be developed into a tool for real-time joint kinematics analysis.
authors.affiliation: Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA. nm620511@ohio.edu.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA. nm620511@ohio.edu.
authors.forename: Niladri K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Mahato
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Montuelle
authors.affiliation: Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.|Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cotton
authors.affiliation: Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.|School of Rehabilitation and Communication Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.|Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.|Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA.
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D059869:Radiostereometric Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software
keywords: Back pain; Dynamic sequence; MRI; Scientific rotoscoping; Stereophotogrammetry