title: Ancient Human Migration after Out-of-Africa.
abstract: The serial founder model of modern human origins predicts that the phylogeny of ancestries exhibits bifurcating, tree-like behavior. Here, we tested this prediction using three methods designed to investigate gene flow in autosome-wide genotype data from 3,528 unrelated individuals from 163 global samples. Specifically, we investigated whether Cushitic ancestry has an East African or Middle Eastern origin. We found evidence for non-tree-like behavior in the form of four migration events. First, we found that Cushitic ancestry is a mixture of ancestries closely related to Arabian ancestry and Nilo-Saharan or Omotic ancestry. We found evidence for additional migration events in the histories of: 1) Indian and Arabian ancestries, 2) Kalash ancestry, and 3) Native American and Northern European ancestries. These findings, based on analysis of ancestry of present-day humans, reveal migration in the distant past and provide new insights into human history.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A, Room 4047 12 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shriner
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A, Room 4047 12 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Fasil
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tekola-Ayele
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A, Room 4047 12 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Adebowale
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adeyemo
authors.affiliation: Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A, Room 4047 12 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Charles N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Rotimi
mesh_terms: D000351:Africa, Eastern; D044383:Black People / Q000235:genetics*; D018703:Founder Effect; D051456:Gene Flow; D005828:Genetics, Population; D015894:Genome, Human; D049690:History, Ancient; D063426:Human Migration / Q000266:history*; D006801:Humans; D008877:Middle East; D010802:Phylogeny; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*