title: The Impact of African American Parents' Racial Discrimination Experiences and Perceived Neighborhood Cohesion on their Racial Socialization Practices.
abstract: Parental racial socialization is a parenting tool used to prepare African American adolescents for managing racial stressors. While it is known that parents' racial discrimination experiences affect the racial socialization messages they provide, little is known about the influence of factors that promote supportive and communal parenting, such as perceived neighborhood cohesion. In cohesive neighborhoods, neighbors may help parents address racial discrimination by monitoring youth and conveying racial socialization messages; additionally, the effect of neighborhood cohesion on parents' racial socialization may differ for boys and girls because parents socialize adolescents about race differently based on expected encounters with racial discrimination. Therefore, the current study examines how parents' perception of neighborhood cohesion and adolescents' gender moderate associations between parents' racial discrimination experiences and the racial socialization messages they deliver to their adolescents. Participants were a community sample of 608 African American adolescents (54 % girls; mean age = 15.5) and their primary caregivers (86 % biological mothers; mean age = 42.0). Structural equation modeling indicated that parental racial discrimination was associated with more promotion of mistrust messages for boys and girls in communities with low neighborhood cohesion. In addition, parental racial discrimination was associated with more cultural socialization messages about racial pride and history for boys in neighborhoods with low neighborhood cohesion. The findings suggest that parents' racial socialization messages are influenced by their own racial discrimination experiences and the cohesiveness of the neighborhood; furthermore, the content of parental messages delivered varies based on adolescents' gender.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA. fsaleem1@gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Farzana T
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Saleem
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
authors.forename: Devin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: English
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
authors.forename: Danielle R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Busby
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Lambert
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
authors.forename: Aubrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
authors.forename: Frederick X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Gibbons
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D016487:Parenting / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology*; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D063505:Racism / Q000523:psychology*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012938:Social Perception; D012944:Social Support; D012951:Socialization; D035502:Trust
keywords: Parenting practices; Racial discrimination; Racial socialization