title: Hepatitis C in the Russian Federation: challenges and future directions.
abstract: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the most prevalent health problems in the world. Official registration of HCV infections in the Russian Federation started in 1994. Two clinical forms of infection - acute and chronic hepatitis C - are registered separately. Moreover, the HCV national surveillance system also includes reports from laboratories on results from testing ∼20 population risk groups for antibodies to HCV; approximately 15-16 million tests are performed annually. Modern epidemiological features of HCV infection in the Russian Federation are characterized by low incidence of the acute form of infection (acute HCV; one to two per 100,000) and a dramatic increase in chronic HCV (CHCV) cases. In 2013, the average nationwide rate of newly detected CHCV cases was 39.3/100,000. In the same year, the prevalence of CHCV demonstrating an accumulation of chronically infected patients in the country was much higher - 335.8/100,000. Four risk groups were identified as greatly affected by HCV, which were demonstrated by a high prevalence of antibodies to HCV: newborns from chronically infected women, persons from correctional facilities, patients with chronic liver diseases, and clients from clinics for sexually transmitted disease patients and drug users. It was found that several HCV genotypes circulated in different regions of the country; HCV1b had a prevalence of 55%-80% in almost every part of the country. However, in St Petersburg during the final decade of the last century and from 2001-2005, HCV3a subtype expanded circulation among young people due to increased intravenous drug addiction. Intravenous drug users were the major cause of a higher registration of double infection, with two different virus subtypes, and the appearance in Russia of new recombinant virus RF_2k/1b. It can be concluded that CHCV infection should be a focus of the health care system in Russia because serious epidemics of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma will be seen in the near future that will require urgent preventive and therapeutic measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, the Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukomolov
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, the Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Galina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Trifonova
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, the Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Levakova
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, the Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bolsun
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Saint-Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, the Russian Federation.
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Krivanogova
keywords: chronic hepatitis C; epidemiology; hepatitis C; the Russian Federation