title: Glucose, cholesterol, and blood pressure: is lower always better for type 2 diabetes?
abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, the excess risk of death may vary substantially in subgroups of patients with type 2 diabetes, being highest in those younger than 55 years of age. A HbA1c value of 7.0 % or less is recommended for most patients with type 2 diabetes to reduce the incidence of microvascular disease, although individualized approaches that balance the benefits of glycemic control against the harms of hypoglycemia are encouraged. The selection of antidiabetic medications is of paramount importance, as the drug should not aggravate, and ideally even improve cardiovascular risk factors, with the hope to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Patients with diabetes mellitus between 40 and 75 years of age with LDL-C between 70 and 189 mg/dL should be treated with a moderate-intensity statin. Implicit in this recommendation is the aim to reduce further LDL-C level in diabetes, in order to improve the cardiovascular outlook. The new PCSK9 inhibitors (evolocumab and arilocumab) are very promising, but, at present, their cost-effectiveness ratios exceed commonly accepted thresholds. For many people with diabetes mellitus and hypertension blood pressure should be <140/90 mmHg, although lower systolic targets (e.g., <130 mmHg) may be appropriate for certain individuals. With the likely exception of LDL-C, it is difficult to define a universal HbA1c and blood pressure target for all patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ultimately, in the face of uncertainty in medicine, the final decision regarding a specific patient is best left to the clinician.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Sciences and Aging, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy. dario.giugliano@unina2.it.
authors.forename: Dario
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Giugliano
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Sciences and Aging, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Ida
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Maiorino
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Sciences and Aging, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bellastella
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Esposito
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Blood pressure; Cholesterol; Hemoglobin H1c; Treatment goal; Type 2 diabetes