title: An in-vitro investigation into the efficacy of disinfectants used in the duck industry against Salmonella.
abstract: In 2010, 81 confirmed cases of Salmonella Typhimurium DT8 were reported across England and Northern Ireland - an increase of 26% from 2009 and 41% since 2008. Five cases were hospitalized and one death reported, with a strong association found between cases and the consumption of duck eggs. Once present on farms, Salmonella may become persistent and can survive for long periods of time in residual organic matter, increasing risk of infection for follow-on flocks if cleaning and disinfection is not carried out effectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a range of disinfectants used by the duck industry against Salmonella using laboratory models. Sixteen products were selected from seven chemical groups and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations determined. Each product was also tested at the recommended general orders (GO) concentration using a faecal suspension model to mimic boot dips and a surface contamination model to simulate contaminated building fabric and equipment. In the faecal suspension model, all products were effective at 2 × GO concentration, and activity was more inconsistent at GO concentration. At 0.5 × GO concentration, iodine-based and quaternary-ammonium-compound-based products were significantly less effective than products within other chemical groups (P < 0.001). Glutaraldehyde-based products were significantly more effective than the other products in the surface contamination tests (P < 0.001). Chlorocresol-based products were found to be most effective for use in boot dips and aldehyde-based products for surface disinfection, although there was variability between products within a chemical group.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Bacteriology , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Addlestone Surrey , UK.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Gosling
authors.affiliation: a Department of Bacteriology , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Addlestone Surrey , UK.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breslin
authors.affiliation: a Department of Bacteriology , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Addlestone Surrey , UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fenner
authors.affiliation: a Department of Bacteriology , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Addlestone Surrey , UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Bacteriology , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Addlestone Surrey , UK.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: West
authors.affiliation: b Surveillance and Laboratory Services , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Bury St Edmunds , UK.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mawhinney
authors.affiliation: c Biomathematics and Risk Research , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Addlestone Surrey , UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Birch
authors.affiliation: a Department of Bacteriology , Animal and Plant Health Agency , Addlestone Surrey , UK.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004203:Disinfection; D004372:Ducks / Q000382:microbiology*; D004739:England; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010063:Ovum / Q000382:microbiology; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012481:Salmonella Infections, Animal / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants
keywords: Duck; Indiana; Salmonella; Typhimurium; disinfection