title: Mean arterial pressure values calculated using seven different methods and their associations with target organ deterioration in a single-center study of 1878 individuals.
abstract: To assess the differences among seven different methods for the calculation of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and to identify the formula that provides MAP values that are more closely associated with target organ deterioration as expressed by the carotid cross-sectional area (CSA), carotid-to-femoral pulse-wave velocity (cf-PWV) and left ventricular mass (LVM). The study population consisted of 1878 subjects who underwent noninvasive cardiovascular risk assessment. Blood pressure (BP) was assessed in all subjects, and MAP was calculated by direct oscillometry and six different formulas. Carotid artery ultrasound imaging was performed in 1628 subjects. The CSA of the right and left common carotid artery (CCA) were calculated and used as surrogates of arterial wall mass and hypertrophy. Aortic stiffness was evaluated in 1763 subjects by measuring the cf-PWV. Finally, 218 subjects underwent echocardiographic examination for the assessment of LVM. Among the examined methods of MAP calculation, the formula MAP1=[diastolic BP]+0.412 × [pulse pressure] yielded the strongest correlations with the LVM, cf-PWV and CSA of the right and left CCA, even after adjusting for age and gender. The MAP calculation using the 0.412 was superior compared with the traditional formula that uses the 0.33 for the discrimination of subjects with left ventricular and carotid wall hypertrophy, as well as subjects with increased aortic stiffness. MAP estimated with the 0.412 is better correlated with target organ deterioration compared with other formulas. Future studies are needed to explore the accuracy of these formulas for MAP estimation compared with direct intra-arterial BP measurement.
authors.affiliation: Units of Biomedical Engineering and Biostatistics, First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Theodore G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Papaioannou
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Lab, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Athanase D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Protogerou
authors.affiliation: Units of Biomedical Engineering and Biostatistics, First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vrachatis
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Lab, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Giorgos
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Konstantonis
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Lab, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Evaggelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Aissopou
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Lab, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Argyris
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Lab, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Efthimia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nasothimiou
authors.affiliation: Aiginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Elias J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gialafos
authors.affiliation: Units of Biomedical Engineering and Biostatistics, First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karamanou
authors.affiliation: Units of Biomedical Engineering and Biostatistics, First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tousoulis
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Lab, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Laikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Petros P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Sfikakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D062186:Arterial Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000379:methods*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000502:physiology; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment; D059289:Vascular Stiffness / Q000502:physiology*