title: Production of the Fusarium Mycotoxin Moniliformin by Penicillium melanoconidium.
abstract: Moniliformin is a mycotoxin produced by several cereal associated Fusaria. Here, we show for the first time that moniliformin can be produced by the cereal fungus, Penicillium melanoconidium (4 out of 4 strains), but not in the related species in the Viridicata series. Moniliformin was detected in 10 out of 11 media: two agars and several cereal and bean types. Moniliformin was identified by a novel mixed-mode anionic exchange reversed phase chromatographic method which was coupled to both tandem mass spectrometry (MS) and high resolution MS. Mixed-mode chromatography showed superior peak shape compared to that of HILIC and less matrix interference compared to that of reversed phase chromatography, but during a large series of analyses, the column was fouled by matrix interferences. Wheat and beans were artificially infected by P. melanoconidium containing up to 64 and 11 mg/kg moniliformin, respectively, while penicillic acid, roquefortine C, and penitrem A levels in wheat were up to 1095, 38, and 119 mg/kg, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Building 221, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallas-Møller
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Building 221, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kristian Fog
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Building 221, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Jens Christian
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Frisvad
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003503:Cyclobutanes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000382:microbiology; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005670:Fusarium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D003503:Cyclobutanes; D009183:Mycotoxins; C008539:moniliformin
keywords: LC-MS/MS; Penicillium melanoconidium; mixed-mode chromatography; moniliformin; penicillic acid; penitrem A; roquefortine C; wheat grain; white beans