title: The influence of listener training on the perceptual assessment of hypernasality.
abstract: Introduction A high agreement in the perceptual assessment of hypernasality among different listeners is difficult to achieve. Prior listener training and the standardization of analysis criteria may be effective strategies to decrease the effect of perceptual assessment subjectivity and increase the agreement among listeners. Objective To investigate the influence of prior training on agreement among different listeners in the perceptual assessment of hypernasality. Methods Three experienced speech-language pathologists analyzed 77 audio-recorded speech samples of individuals with repaired cleft palate. During the first phase, the listeners classified hypernasality according to their own criteria, using a 4-point scale. Seventy days later, they were required to complete the training to define the stimuli to be used as anchors for the assessment in the following phase. During the second phase, the listeners analyzed the same samples and rated hypernasality in a 4-point scale, using the anchors defined during training as the criteria. Intra- and interrater agreement in both the phases were calculated by the kappa coefficient. These values were statistically compared using the Z-test. Results The intrarater agreement obtained between the two phases of the study ranged from 0.38 to 0.92, with a statistically significant difference for one of the listeners (p=0.004). The agreement for the hypernasality degree obtained among the three listeners after training (0.54) was significantly higher than that obtained before training (0.37; p=0.044). Conclusion Listener training and the definition of criteria to rate hypernasality lead to the increase of intra- and interrater agreement.
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Adriana Cristina de Almeida Santos Furlan de
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Rafaeli Higa
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Scarmagnani
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Fukushiro
authors.affiliation: Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Renata Paciello
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Yamashita
mesh_terms: D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013067:Speech Perception; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013066:Speech-Language Pathology / Q000193:education; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000503:physiopathology; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014833:Voice Quality