title: Molecular imaging to guide systemic cancer therapy: Illustrative examples of PET imaging cancer biomarkers.
abstract: Molecular imaging agents have the ability to non-invasively visualize, characterize, and quantify the molecular biology of disease. Recent advances in nuclear probe development, particularly in PET radiotracers, have generated many new imaging agents with precise molecular targets. With such specificity, PET probes may be utilized as biomarkers to objectively interrogate and evaluate pathology. Whereas the current indications for PET imaging are predominately confined to staging and restaging of malignancy, the utility of PET greatly expands when utilized as a biomarker, the topic of this review. As an imaging biomarker, PET may be used to (1) measure target expression to select subsets of patients who would most benefit from targeted therapy; (2) measure early treatment response to predict therapeutic efficacy; and (3) relate tumor response to survival. This review will discuss the application of radiotracers to targeted cancer therapy. Particular attention is given to new radiotracers evaluated in recently completed clinical trials and those with current or potential clinical utility. The diverse roles of PET in clinical trails for drug development are also examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 116 Donner Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA.
authors.forename: Austin R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Pantel
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 116 Donner Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA. Electronic address: david.mankoff@uphs.upenn.edu.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mankoff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D057054:Molecular Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000379:methods*; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D011849:Radioactive Tracers
keywords: Cancer biomarkers; Clinical trials; Positron emission tomography