title: Single versus repeated applications of CuO and Ag nanomaterials and their effect on soil microflora.
abstract: Nanomaterials enter the terrestrial environment via the repeated application of sludge to soils over many years. The goal of this investigation was to compare the effects of CuO and Ag nanomaterials on soil microorganisms after a single application and after repeated applications ultimately resulting in the same test concentrations. The effect on soil microorganisms was determined using the ammonium oxidation (ISO 15685), enzymatic activity patterns (ISO 22939) and MicroResp™ tests on days 28, 56 and 84. The comparability of single and repeated applications of ion-releasing nanomaterials depended on the test endpoint and duration. No significant differences between single and repeated applications were observed when testing nitrifying microorganisms and exoenzymes, but differences were observed in the substrate-induced respiration test. The three test systems used together provide more comprehensive information about the impact of different nanomaterials on the soil microflora and its diversity.
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany. Electronic address: karsten.schlich@ime.fraunhofer.de.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schlich
authors.affiliation: University of Göttingen, Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystem, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. Electronic address: lukas.beule@stud.uni-goettingen.de.
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Beule
authors.affiliation: Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany. Electronic address: kerstin.hund-rinke@ime.fraunhofer.de.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hund-Rinke
mesh_terms: D044822:Biodiversity; D003300:Copper / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D049329:Nanostructures; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012722:Sewage / Q000737:chemistry*; D012834:Silver / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D012834:Silver; D003300:Copper; C030973:cupric oxide
keywords: Copper oxide nanomaterials; Ecotoxicology; Microbial activity; Silver nanomaterials; Soil