title: Increases of Galectin-1 and its S-nitrosylated form in the Brain Tissues of Scrapie-Infected Rodent Models and Human Prion Diseases.
abstract: Galectin-1 (Gal-1) shows neuroprotective activity in brain ischemia, spinal cord injury, and autoimmune neuroinflammation. To evaluate the Gal-1 situation in the brains of prion disease, the brain levels of Gal-1 in several scrapie-infected experimental rodent models were tested by Western blot, including agents 263K-infected hamsters, 139A-, ME7-, and S15-infected mice. Remarkable increases of brain Gal-1 were observed in all tested scrapie-infected rodents at the terminal stage. The brain levels of Gal-1 showed time-dependent increases along with the prolonging of incubation times. Immunohistochemical assays illustrated much stronger stainings in the brain sections of scrapie-infected rodents. Quantitative RT-PCR of Gal-1 gene demonstrated increased transcription in the brains of scrapie-infected mice. Gal-1 was colocalized with GFAP- and NeuN-positive cells, but not with Iba-1-positive cells in immunofluorescent test. Increases of Gal-1 were also detected in the several postmortem cortex regions of human prion diseases. Moreover, the S-nitrosylated forms of Gal-1 in the brains of scrapie-infected rodents were significantly higher than those of normal ones. Our finding here demonstrates markedly increased brain Gal-1 and S-nitrosylated Gal-1 both in scrapie-infected rodents and human prion diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Yongan Rd 95, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yan-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. shiqi76@126.com.|National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China. shiqi76@126.com.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.|National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xiao-Dong
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Yongan Rd 95, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jian-Le
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.|National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.|National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Kang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.|National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Cao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.|National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. dongxp238@sina.com.|National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chang-Bai Rd 155, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China. dongxp238@sina.com.|Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. dongxp238@sina.com.
authors.forename: Xiao-Ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Dong
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D037483:Galectin 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008647:Mesocricetus; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015538:Nitrosation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017096:Prion Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012608:Scrapie / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D037483:Galectin 1; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C492380:NeuN protein, mouse; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Astrocyte; Galectin-1; Neoron; Prion; S-nitrosylation