title: Modeling and Simulations in Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation: From Single Level to Multiscale Modeling.
abstract: This review summarizes recent developments, challenges, and strategies in the field of modeling and simulations of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. We focus on water splitting by metal-oxide semiconductors and discuss topics such as theoretical calculations of light absorption, band gap/band edge, charge transport, and electrochemical reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface. In particular, we review the mechanisms of the oxygen evolution reaction, strategies to lower overpotential, and computational methods applied to PEC systems with particular focus on multiscale modeling. The current challenges in modeling PEC interfaces and their processes are summarized. At the end, we propose a new multiscale modeling approach to simulate the PEC interface under conditions most similar to those of experiments. This approach will contribute to identifying the limitations at PEC interfaces. Its generic nature allows its application to a number of electrochemical systems.
authors.affiliation: Photo-/Electrochemical Materials and Interfaces, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), De Zaale 20, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Xueqing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Photo-/Electrochemical Materials and Interfaces, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), De Zaale 20, 5612 AJ, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. a.bieberle@differ.nl.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8794-9312
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bieberle-Hütter
mesh_terms: D011211:Electric Power Supplies; D004579:Electron Transport; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008956:Models, Chemical; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014867:Water
keywords: energy conversion; modeling & simulations; oxygen evolution reaction; photoelectrochemistry; water splitting