title: A Comparison of Social Bee-Plant Networks between Two Urban Areas.
abstract: In the last decade, several studies demonstrated the effectiveness of ecological network analysis to a better understanding of the structure bee-plant interaction networks; however, such approaches involving urban areas are still scarce. Here, we analyzed two assemblages of corbiculate bees (Apoidea, Apidae) in two geographically distinct urban areas in Brazil. In both study areas, apid bees visiting flowers were captured with an insect net. Surveys were performed biweekly and alternately in each area, over a 1-year period. Both urban areas were very similar for most indices. The two social bee-plant networks were significantly nested, a pattern usually described for bee-plant networks and somehow expected in our study, considering the recognized behavior of social apid bees in exploring a wide range of plant species. The modularity measures were low and very similar for the networks of both urban areas, a finding that could be due at least in part to the low phylogenetic distance between corbiculate bees and the broad dietary habits of the social apid bees. Network-level indices showed that both bee assemblages had a relatively low niche overlap, indicating that the set of social apid species studied exploited differently the arrays of plants available. Species level index (resource range) showed that in both urban areas, Trigona spinipes (Fabr.) and Apis mellifera L. showed the higher number of interactions, a result that demonstrates the importance of these species in social bee-plant interaction networks in urban areas. Similarly to other ecosystems, these two apid species behaved as super-generalists in the two urban areas surveyed herein.
authors.affiliation: Depto. de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brasil.
authors.forename: H G S
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Zotarelli
authors.affiliation: School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, UK.
authors.forename: D M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Depto de Biologia, Fac de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Univ de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Bego
authors.affiliation: Depto. de Biologia Geral, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brasil. shsofia@uel.br.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sofia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees; D001938:Brazil; D002947:Cities; D017753:Ecosystem; D035264:Flowers; D010802:Phylogeny; D010944:Plants
keywords: Connectance; ecological networks; modularity; nestedness; robustness; specialization