title: Protective effects of estrogen and bortezomib in kidney tissue of post-menopausal rats: an ultrastructural study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Symptoms and disorders related to menopause and its associated estrogen deficiency have become a considerable health concern worldwide. Ovarian hormone depletion/estrogen deficiency can be usefully studied using animal models after removal of the ovaries [ovariectomy (Ovx)]. This study assessed renal changes after Ovx-induced estrogen deficiency in a rat model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were randomly allotted into one control group (group I, healthy) and three study groups (group II, Ovx group; group III, Ovx +17β-estradiol group; and group IV, Ovx + bortezomib group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the Ovx group (group II), thickening of glomerular capillary walls, narrowing of Bowman's capsular space, glomerular hypertrophy, atrophic tubules, and loss of the basal membranes of the tubules were observed. Mesangial cell proliferation was observed, particularly in the glomerulus. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining studies in this group showed dense staining in the mesangial cells, tubular cell Nf-KB/p65, and caspase-3. Groups III and IV (Ovx +17β-estradiol and Ovx + bortezomib) showed decreased NF-kB/p65 and caspase-3 expression compared with the Ovx group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In renal failure related to estrogen deficiency caused by Ovx, 17β-estradiol and bortezomib have a protective effect on renal tissue.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Recep Tayyip Erdogan University , Rize , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Tolga
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mercantepe
authors.affiliation: b Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Unal
authors.affiliation: b Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Jale
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Selli
authors.affiliation: c Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Recep Tayyip Erdogan University , Rize , Turkey.
authors.forename: Filiz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mercantepe
authors.affiliation: b Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Bünyami
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Unal
authors.affiliation: b Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey ;
authors.forename: Tuba Nur
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Karabiyik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000069286:Bortezomib / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004958:Estradiol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010052:Ovariectomy; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; C498145:Rela protein, rat; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D004958:Estradiol; D000069286:Bortezomib; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3
keywords: Bortezomib; estrogen; kidney; nuclear transcription factors; ovariectomy