title: The toxicity of picaridin containing insect repellent reported to the National Poison Data System.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While low toxicity is reported, there are sparse data on the safety of acute picaridin (icaridin) exposures in humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to review National Poison Data System (NPDS) data regarding ingestion of insect repellents containing picaridin and compare those to insect repellents containing DEET and other insect repellents not containing DEET.
  
  
  METHODS
  NPDS was queried for single agent human insect repellent ingestions reported between 1 January 2000 and 31 May 2015 using the American Association of Poison Control Center generic categories 201048 (Insect Repellents with DEET) and 201049 (Insect Repellents without DEET). Picaridin-containing product exposures were assessed using Poisindex(®) product ID 6744589. Insect repellents of unknown type were not included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  68,429 exposures occurred; 24% were non-DEET-containing products, of which 2% were picaridin-containing products. Among picaridin exposures, 92.9% were managed outside of a health-care facility; there were no reported cases of major effect or death, and only one case of moderate effect. Primary symptoms across all insect repellent exposures included ocular irritation/pain, vomiting, red eye/conjunctivitis, and oral irritation. Treatment primarily included dilution/irrigation/wash.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unintentional ingestion of picaridin-containing and other insect repellents was associated only with minor toxicity and was generally managed outside of a health-care facility.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA ;
authors.forename: Nathan P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Charlton
authors.affiliation: b Department of Emergency Medicine , Cooper University Health Care , Camden , NJ , USA.
authors.forename: Lauren T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.affiliation: a Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA ;
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Parker Cote
authors.affiliation: a Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Medical Toxicology , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA ;
authors.forename: J Priyanka
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vakkalanka
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010880:Piperidines / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D011039:Poison Control Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007302:Insect Repellents; D010880:Piperidines; C483506:picaridin
keywords: Icaridin; insect repellent; picaridin; toxicity