title: Comparative genomics of Crohn's disease-associated adherent-invasiveEscherichia coli.
abstract: Adherent-invasiveEscherichia coli(AIEC) are a leading candidate bacterial trigger for Crohn's disease (CD). The AIEC pathovar is defined by in vitro cell-line assays examining specific bacteria/cell interactions. No molecular marker exists for their identification. Our aim was to identify a molecular property common to the AIEC phenotype.
  
  
  
  41 B2 phylogroupE. colistrains were isolated from 36 Australian subjects: 19 patients with IBD and 17 without. Adherence/invasion assays were conducted using the I-407 epithelial cell line and survival/replication assays using the THP-1 macrophage cell line. Cytokine secretion tumour necrosis factor ((TNF)-α, interleukin (IL) 6, IL-8 and IL-10) was measured using ELISA. The genomes were assembled and annotated, and cluster analysis performed using CD-HIT. The resulting matrices were analysed to identify genes unique/more frequent in AIEC strains compared with non-AIEC strains. Base composition differences and clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR) analyses were conducted.
  
  
  
  Of all B2 phylogroup strains assessed, 79% could survive and replicate in macrophages. Among them, 11/41 strains (5 CD, 2 UCs, 5 non-IBD) also adhere to and invade epithelial cells, a phenotype assigning them to the AIEC pathovar. The AIEC strains were phylogenetically heterogeneous. We did not identify a gene (or nucleic acid base composition differences) common to all, or the majority of, AIEC. Cytokine secretion and CRISPRs were not associated with the AIEC phenotype.
  
  
  
  Comparative genomic analysis of AIEC and non-AIEC strains did not identify a molecular property exclusive to the AIEC phenotype. We recommend a broader approach to the identification of the bacteria-host interactions that are important in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease.
authors.affiliation: Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.|Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: Claire L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.affiliation: INRA UMR1324, CNRS UMR6265, Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Dijon, France.|UMR1071 Inserm/University of Auvergne, INRA USC2018, M2iSH, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Agnès
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Bringer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Kathryn E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.affiliation: Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.affiliation: UMR1071 Inserm/University of Auvergne, INRA USC2018, M2iSH, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Anaëlle L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.affiliation: UMR1071 Inserm/University of Auvergne, INRA USC2018, M2iSH, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Barnich
authors.affiliation: UMR1071 Inserm/University of Auvergne, INRA USC2018, M2iSH, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
authors.forename: Arlette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darfeuille-Michaud
authors.affiliation: Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.|Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pavli
mesh_terms: D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D002460:Cell Line; D064112:Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000382:microbiology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000382:microbiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000150:complications; D016678:Genome; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10
keywords: CROHN'S DISEASE; ENTERIC BACTERIAL MICROFLORA; INTESTINAL MICROBIOLOGY