title: Serum β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene derived from Satsuma mandarin and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity: The Mikkabi cohort study.
abstract: Findings of observational studies suggest cardioprotective effects of antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids. However, recent meta-analyses failed to show the beneficial effects of supplemental intake of antioxidants on cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to assess the association between CVD risk and β-cryptoxanthin in Japan, where Satsuma mandarin, a major source of β-cryptoxanthin, is widely consumed.
  
  
  
  This was part of the Mikkabi cohort study. Surveys were conducted at baseline, in 2003 and 2005, and on follow-up in 2006, 2009, and 2013. We examined brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) with a high cut-off value set at 18.3 m s(-1). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals for high baPWV were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model with adjustment for potential confounders. A total of 635 participants with baPWV of less than 18.3 m s(-1) at baseline were included in the analysis. During the follow-up period of 57,921 person-months, 99 subjects developed high baPWV. After multivariate adjustment, the HR for high baPWV in the highest tertile compared with the lowest tertile was significantly low for β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and total carotenoids. Serum concentrations of β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene were higher in people who ate Satsuma mandarin frequently. Compared with <1/d intake of Satsuma mandarin, 3-4/d was associated with a low risk of high PWV.
  
  
  
  This study indicated that β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene derived from Satsuma mandarin are candidate micronutrients for preventing arteriosclerosis development. Further longitudinal and interventional studies will be required to validate the effect on CVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Hamamatsu City, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan. Electronic address: miekons@hama-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.affiliation: Citrus Research Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 485-6 Okitsu-nakachou, Shimizu, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.affiliation: Citrus Research Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 485-6 Okitsu-nakachou, Shimizu, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.affiliation: Citrus Research Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 485-6 Okitsu-nakachou, Shimizu, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikoma
authors.affiliation: Citrus Research Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 485-6 Okitsu-nakachou, Shimizu, Shizuoka City, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000072743:Beta-Cryptoxanthin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D002957:Citrus; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D013997:Time Factors; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D000072743:Beta-Cryptoxanthin; D019207:beta Carotene
keywords: Antioxidants; Arteriosclerosis; Carotenoids; Citrus fruit; Satsuma mandarin