title: Classification of patients with low back-related leg pain: a systematic review.
abstract: The identification of clinically relevant subgroups of low back pain (LBP) is considered the number one LBP research priority in primary care. One subgroup of LBP patients are those with back related leg pain. Leg pain frequently accompanies LBP and is associated with increased levels of disability and higher health costs than simple low back pain. Distinguishing between different types of low back-related leg pain (LBLP) is important for clinical management and research applications, but there is currently no clear agreement on how to define and identify LBLP due to nerve root involvement. The aim of this systematic review was to identify, describe and appraise papers that classify or subgroup populations with LBLP, and summarise how leg pain due to nerve root involvement is described and diagnosed in the various systems.
  
  
  
  The search strategy involved nine electronic databases including Medline and Embase, reference lists of eligible studies and relevant reviews. Selected papers were appraised independently by two reviewers using a standardised scoring tool.
  
  
  
  Of 13,358 initial potential eligible citations, 50 relevant papers were identified that reported on 22 classification systems. Papers were grouped according to purpose and criteria of the classification systems. Five themes emerged: (i) clinical features (ii) pathoanatomy (iii) treatment-based approach (iv) screening tools and prediction rules and (v) pain mechanisms. Three of the twenty two systems focused specifically on LBLP populations. Systems that scored highest following quality appraisal were ones where authors generally included statistical methods to develop their classifications, and supporting work had been published on the systems' validity, reliability and generalisability. There was lack of consistency in how LBLP due to nerve root involvement was described and diagnosed within the systems.
  
  
  
  Numerous classification systems exist that include patients with leg pain, a minority of them focus specifically on distinguishing between different presentations of leg pain. Further work is needed to identify clinically meaningful subgroups of LBLP patients, ideally based on large primary care cohort populations and using recommended methods for classification system development.
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK. s.stynes@keele.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Siobhán
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stynes
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
authors.forename: Kika
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konstantinou
authors.affiliation: Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Research Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
authors.forename: Kate M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Dunn
mesh_terms: D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000294:innervation*; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000150:complications* / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy; D059352:Musculoskeletal Pain / Q000145:classification* / Q000191:economics / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011320:Primary Health Care; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots
keywords: Back pain; Classification; Diagnosis; Leg pain; Nerve root involvement; Sciatica