title: Nanostructured lipid carriers for oral bioavailability enhancement of raloxifene: Design and in vivo study.
abstract: The objective of present work was to utilize potential of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) for improvement in oral bioavailability of raloxifene hydrochloride (RLX). RLX loaded NLCs were prepared by solvent diffusion method using glyceryl monostearate and Capmul MCM C8 as solid lipid and liquid lipid, respectively. A full 3(2) factorial design was utilized to study the effect of two independent parameters namely solid lipid to liquid lipid ratio and concentration of stabilizer on the entrapment efficiency of prepared NLCs. The statistical evaluation confirmed pronounced improvement in entrapment efficiency when liquid lipid content in the formulation increased from 5% w/w to 15% w/w. Solid-state characterization studies (DSC and XRD) in optimized formulation NLC-8 revealed transformation of RLX from crystalline to amorphous form. Optimized formulation showed 32.50 ± 5.12 nm average particle size and -12.8 ± 3.2 mV zeta potential that impart good stability of NLCs dispersion. In vitro release study showed burst release for initial 8 h followed by sustained release up to 36 h. TEM study confirmed smooth surface discrete spherical nano sized particles. To draw final conclusion, in vivo pharmacokinetic study was carried out that showed 3.75-fold enhancements in bioavailability with optimized NLCs formulation than plain drug suspension. These results showed potential of NLCs for significant improvement in oral bioavailability of poorly soluble RLX.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Nirmal V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Avinash K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Seth
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balaraman
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Chintan J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Aundhia
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Rajesh A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Maheshwari
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Ghanshyam R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Parmar
keywords: Amorphous nature; Bioavailability; Lipid carrier; Pharmacokinetic parameters; Poor solubility; Transmission electron microscopy