title: The relationship of regional hemoglobin A1c testing and amputation rate among patients with diabetes.
abstract: Objective The risk of leg amputation among patients with diabetes has declined over the past decade, while use of preventative measures-such as hemoglobin A1c monitoring-has increased. However, the relationship between hemoglobin A1c testing and amputation risk remains unclear. Methods We examined annual rates of hemoglobin A1c testing and major leg amputation among Medicare patients with diabetes from 2003 to 2012 across 306 hospital referral regions. We created linear regression models to study associations between hemoglobin A1c testing and lower extremity amputation. Results From 2003 to 2012, the proportion of patients who received hemoglobin A1c testing increased 10% (74% to 84%), while their rate of lower extremity amputation decreased 50% (430 to 232/100,000 beneficiaries). Regional hemoglobin A1c testing weakly correlated with crude amputation rate in both years (2003 R = -0.20, 2012 R = -0.21), and further weakened with adjustment for age, sex, and disability status (2003 R = -0.11, 2012 R = -0.17). In a multivariable model of 2012 amputation rates, hemoglobin A1c testing was not a significant predictor. Conclusion Lower extremity amputation among patients with diabetes nearly halved over the past decade but only weakly correlated with hemoglobin A1c testing throughout the study period. Better metrics are needed to understand the relationship between preventative care and amputation.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.|2 VA Outcomes Group, White River Junction Veterans Hospital, White River Junction, VT, USA.
authors.forename: Karina A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Newhall
authors.affiliation: 3 Section of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Kimon
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bekelis
authors.affiliation: 4 Section of Vascular Surgery, Dartmouth Hitchock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Bjoern D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Suckow
authors.affiliation: 5 The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gottlieb
authors.affiliation: 5 The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Adrienne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Farber
authors.affiliation: 2 VA Outcomes Group, White River Junction Veterans Hospital, White River Junction, VT, USA.|4 Section of Vascular Surgery, Dartmouth Hitchock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.|5 The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Philip P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Goodney
authors.affiliation: 5 The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Skinner
mesh_terms: D000067575:Administrative Claims, Healthcare; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000639:trends*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D058729:Peripheral Arterial Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human
keywords: Diabetes; amputation; glycosylated hemoglobin