title: Effect of pycnogenol and spirulina on vancomycin-induced renal cortical oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy in adult male albino rat.
abstract: Vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity has been reported to occur in 5%-25% of patients who were administered with it. Several natural antioxidants were found to be effective against drug-induced toxicity. We evaluated the possible protective effects of spirulina and pycnogenol alone or in combination on vancomycin-induced renal cortical oxidative stress. Forty-nine rats were randomly divided into 7 groups: group I, control; group II, received spirulina 1000 mg/kg per day; group III, received pycnogenol 200 mg/kg per day; group IV, received vancomycin 200 mg/kg per day every 12 h; group V, (spirulina + vancomycin); group VI, (pycnogenol + vancomycin); and group VII, (pycnogenol + spirulina + vancomycin). At the end of the experiment, kidney functions were estimated and then the kidneys were removed, weighed, and sampled for histopathological, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical studies. Administration of spirulina and pycnogenol alone or in combination decreased elevated serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, renal malondialdehyde, and immunoexpression of the proapoptotic protein (Bax), autophagic marker protein (LC3/B), and inducible nitric oxide synthase induced by vancomycin. They increased reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and immunoexpression of the antiapoptotic protein (Bcl2). They also ameliorated the morphological changes induced by vancomycin. The combination therapy of spirulina and pycnogenol showed better protective effects than the corresponding monotherapy.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
authors.forename: Naglaa A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bayomy
authors.affiliation: b Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Suez Canal, Egypt.
authors.forename: Eman Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Abdelaziz
authors.affiliation: c Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt.
authors.forename: Mona A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Said
authors.affiliation: d Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.
authors.forename: Marwa S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Badawi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt.
authors.forename: Reda H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: El-Bakary
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007672:Kidney Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D053545:Spirulina; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D005419:Flavonoids; D010936:Plant Extracts; C024070:pycnogenols; D014640:Vancomycin
keywords: Bax; LC3/B; antioxidant; antioxydant; nephrotoxicity; néphrotoxicité; vancomycin; vancomycine