title: Gut microbiome in chronic kidney disease: challenges and opportunities.
abstract: More than 100 trillion microbial cells that reside in the human gut heavily influence nutrition, metabolism, and immune function of the host. Gut dysbiosis, seen commonly in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), results from qualitative and quantitative changes in host microbiome profile and disruption of gut barrier function. Alterations in gut microbiota and a myriad of host responses have been implicated in progression of CKD, increased cardiovascular risk, uremic toxicity, and inflammation. We present a discussion of dysbiosis, various uremic toxins produced from dysbiotic gut microbiome, and their roles in CKD progression and complications. We also review the gut microbiome in renal transplant, highlighting the role of commensal microbes in alteration of immune responses to transplantation, and conclude with therapeutic interventions that aim to restore intestinal dysbiosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Anitha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nallu
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Shailendra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramezani
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC.
authors.forename: Jagadeesan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muralidharan
authors.affiliation: Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, The George Washington University, Washington, DC. Electronic address: draj@mfa.gwu.edu.
authors.forename: Dominic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raj
mesh_terms: D064806:Dysbiosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome; D006262:Health; D006801:Humans; D056747:Immunomodulation; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology*; D013559:Symbiosis