title: Economic analysis of insulin initiation by pharmacists in a Canadian setting: The RxING study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conducted in Alberta, the RxING study examined the effect of a community pharmacist prescribing intervention on glycemic control in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using insulin glargine. The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of pharmacists' prescribing of insulin glargine as an early intervention in uncontrolled patients with T2DM vs usual clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The IMS CORE diabetes Markov model was used to project long-term clinical outcomes, costs and cost-effectiveness of interventions. The efficacy of insulin glargine, in terms of hemoglobin A1c reduction and hypoglycemia rates, was obtained from the RxING study. Health utility and cost data were found in Canadian publications. The base-case analyses examined the economic and clinical effects of having pharmacists initiate insulin therapy in patients with uncontrolled T2DM in comparison to a physician initiate it up to 3 years later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin initiation by pharmacists with uncontrolled T2DM patients is cost-effective. Having pharmacists prescribe insulin 1 year earlier than usual clinical practice resulted in an incremental cost savings of $805 (CDN$) and a gain of 0.048 QALYs per patient. Pharmacists prescribing insulin 2 years earlier resulted in an incremental cost savings of $624 (CDN$) per year and a gain of 0.075 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Prescribing 3 years earlier allowed for a minor increase of $26 and a gain of 0.086 QALYs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Earlier initiation of insulin by pharmacists, in uncontrolled T2DM patients, resulted in cost savings and delays in the development of diabetes-related complications, leading to an improved quality of life and increased survival rates.
authors.affiliation: Cornerstone Research Group Inc. (Brown), Burlington, Ontario.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Cornerstone Research Group Inc. (Brown), Burlington, Ontario.
authors.forename: Yazid N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Al Hamarneh
authors.affiliation: Cornerstone Research Group Inc. (Brown), Burlington, Ontario.
authors.forename: Ross T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Tsuyuki
authors.affiliation: Cornerstone Research Group Inc. (Brown), Burlington, Ontario.
authors.forename: Kimberley
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nehme
authors.affiliation: Cornerstone Research Group Inc. (Brown), Burlington, Ontario.
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sauriol