title: Breast Milk from Frequent Trans Fatty Acid Consumers Shows High Triglyceride and Glucose Levels, but Low Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein A-I levels, with Resulting Impaired In Vitro Zebrafish Embryo Growth and Survival.
abstract: It is well known that breast milk is the best nutritional source for infant growth. However, there has been no information about the quality of breast milk from individuals who daily consume a trans fatty acid (TFA)-enriched diet.
  
  
  
  We performed compositional and functional analyses with breast milk from lactating mothers, in terms of lipid content and zebrafish embryo survivability, among individuals who daily consumed TFA-enriched food (n = 5), normal diet as control (n = 5), and powder formula (n = 5).
  
  
  
  In lipid content of breast milk, the control group showed 2.5- and 4.5-fold higher cholesterol content than the TFA group and infant formula, respectively. The TFA group and infant formula showed 1.8- and 2.0-fold higher triglyceride (TG) than the control group. Moreover, the TFA group and formula showed 1.4- and 4.8-fold higher glucose levels compared with control. The TFA group also showed 25% lower protein content than control. Microinjection with breast milk (50 nL) from the TFA group showed significantly lower zebrafish embryo survivability (50% ± 4%) compared with the control (66% ± 5%), whereas microinjection with formula showed the lowest survivability (39% ± 5%) with the slowest developmental speed. Immunodetection revealed that breast milk from the TFA group showed smaller-sized apoA-I (25.5 ± 0.6 kDa) than that from the control group (27.5 ± 1.5 kDa), whereas formula did not contain apoA-I. Larger apoA-I size in breast milk was directly associated with higher embryo survivability.
  
  
  
  Breast milk from the TFA group showed increased TG and loss of cholesterol, lactalbumin (14 kDa), and apoA-I proteins, resulting in functional impairment of development and growth.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.|2 Research Institute of Protein Sensor, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.|3 BK21plus Program Serum Biomedical Research and Education Team, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seong-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.|2 Research Institute of Protein Sensor, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.|3 BK21plus Program Serum Biomedical Research and Education Team, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jihoe
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.|2 Research Institute of Protein Sensor, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.|3 BK21plus Program Serum Biomedical Research and Education Team, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Inho
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: 4 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine Yeungnam University , Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jae-Ryong
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.|2 Research Institute of Protein Sensor, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.|3 BK21plus Program Serum Biomedical Research and Education Team, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Hyun
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Cho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007774:Lactation; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D023421:Models, Animal; D009753:Nutritive Value; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C505693:APOA1 protein, human; D016632:Apolipoprotein A-I; D044242:Trans Fatty Acids; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol; D005947:Glucose