title: Development and validation of the Japanese version of cognitive flexibility scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various instruments have been developed to assess cognitive flexibility, which is an important construct in psychology. Among these, the self-report cognitive flexibility scale (CFS) is particularly popular for use with English speakers; however, there is not yet a Japanese version of this scale. This study reports on the development of a Japanese version of the cognitive flexibility scale (CFS-J), and the assessment of its internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and validities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the standard translation-back-translation process to develop the Japanese wording of the items and tested these using a sample of 335 eligible participants who did not have a mental illness, were aged 18 years or older, and lived in the suburbs of Tokyo. Participants included office workers, public servants, and college students; 71.6 % were women and 64.8 % were students. The translated scale's internal consistency reliability was assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega, and test-retest reliability was assessed with 107 eligible participants via intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Spearman's correlation of coefficient. Exploratory factory analysis (EFA) and correlations with other scales were used to examine the factor-based and concurrent validities of the CFS-J.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated that the CFS-J has good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.847, McDonald's omega = 0.871) and acceptable test-retest reliability (Spearman's = 0.687, ICC = 0.689). EFA provided evidence that the CFS-J has a one-factor structure and factor loadings were generally appropriate. The total CFS-J score was significantly and positively correlated with the cognitive flexibility inventory-Japanese version and its two subscales, along with the cognitive control scale and the positive subscale of the short Japanese version of the automatic thought questionnaire-revised (ATQ-R); further, it had a significantly negative correlation with the negative subscale of the ATQ-R (ps < 0.001). This study developed a Japanese version of the cognitive flexibility scale and confirmed its reliability and validity among a sample of people with no current mental illness, who were living in the suburbs of Tokyo.
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. keipunu@gmail.com.|United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan. keipunu@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oshiro
authors.affiliation: Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Sawako
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagaoka
authors.affiliation: Research Centre for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.|United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.|Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shimizu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cognitive flexibility; Cognitive flexibility scale; Japanese version; Reliability; Scale development; Validity