title: Culex pipiens as a potential vector for transmission of Dirofilaria immitis and other unclassified Filarioidea in Southwest Spain.
abstract: Dirofilaria immitis is one of the most frequently detected mosquito-transmitted zoonotic filarioid nematode in mammals in Europe, being canine dirofilariosis a major animal health problem, endemic in the Mediterranean area. This study, focused on Southwest Spain, in order to bring new insights into (i) the epidemiology of Dirofilaria spp., (ii) the species of Culicid vectors possibly involved in their transmission and (iii) the genetic variability of those potential vectors. A total of 881 adult female mosquitoes from 11 different species, were captured during 2012-2013, and detection of filarioid DNA was attempted by PCR using specific primers (ITS-2 and COI), followed by DNA sequencing. In a single Culex pipiens specimen D. immitis DNA was detected both in the head-thorax and abdomen sections. Filarioid nematode DNA was also detected in eight additional Cx. pipiens specimens also in both the thorax and the abdomen, but analysis of sequence data did not allow unambiguous assignment of any of the obtained sequences to a previously defined species. All Cx. pipiens with filarioid DNA were individually analysed by CQ11 to discriminate between pipiens, molestus, and hybrid forms. Besides, rDNA ITS-2 sequence analysis revealed the presence of haplotype H1 and H2 of Cx. pipiens. To our knowledge this study revealed, for the first time in Spain, the occurrence of likely mature infection of D. immitis in Cx. pipiens, as well as with other yet uncharacterized nematodes, supporting its role as a potential vector of these filarids.
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bravo-Barriga
authors.affiliation: Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Unidade de Microbiología Médica (Grupo de Virologia), Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parreira
authors.affiliation: Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHMT), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; Zoonosis Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
authors.forename: António P G
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Almeida
authors.affiliation: Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHMT), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calado
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blanco-Ciudad
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco Javier
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Serrano-Aguilera
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan Enrique
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pérez-Martín
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine, Animal Medicine Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Spain.
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Peinado
authors.affiliation: Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHMT), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Unidade de Parasitologia Médica, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reina
authors.affiliation: Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Spain. Electronic address: dbravoparasit@unex.es.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frontera
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003465:Culex / Q000235:genetics / Q000469:parasitology*; D018509:DNA, Helminth / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004183:Dirofilaria immitis / Q000502:physiology*; D004184:Dirofilariasis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D004283:Dog Diseases; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000469:parasitology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018509:DNA, Helminth
keywords: Culex pipiens; Dirofilaria immitis; Dirofilariosis; Southwest Spain; pipiens and molestus forms