title: Emotional adjustment of children and adolescents with haemophilia in relation to the HIV threat.
abstract: A Dutch nation-wide study on young haemophilia patients, whose former treatment placed them at risk for HIV infection, was done to examine the effect of HIV testing, HIV status, disclosure of HIV status and the child's experiences with disease-related information on emotional adjustment. In the Netherlands HIV tests are not routinely performed for paediatric haemophilia patients, but the number of HIV-infected children is estimated to be low (8%). Seventy-two boys with haemophilia, five HIV positive, 51 HIV negative and 16 not tested, and their mothers were interviewed and administered standardized questionnaires. Multiple regression analyses showed no differences in anxiety and depression between HIV-positive, HIV-negative or untested boys, nor between children who were informed or not informed about their HIV status. Conversely, children who experienced more difficulties to obtain information about the their disease were significantly more anxious and tended to be more depressed. No significant differences in emotional distress were found between the patients and a standardization sample of healthy peers. The data provide evidence that children and adolescents with haemophilia cope effectively with their disease and the emotional impact of the HIV threat. There seems to be no reason to protect children from testing or knowing their HIV status. In the absence of compelling medical reasons, however, health care workers should not forcefully advocate testing or early disclosure. Distinct disease and treatment-related factors as well as social factors modify disclosure practices.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Haematology and Paediatric Psychosocial Department, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC; Haemostasis and Trombosis Research Centre, University Hospital Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Boswerger
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Haematology and Paediatric Psychosocial Department, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC; Haemostasis and Trombosis Research Centre, University Hospital Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fijnvandraat
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Haematology and Paediatric Psychosocial Department, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC; Haemostasis and Trombosis Research Centre, University Hospital Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: VAN Veldhuizen
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Haematology and Paediatric Psychosocial Department, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC; Haemostasis and Trombosis Research Centre, University Hospital Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Rosendaal
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Haematology and Paediatric Psychosocial Department, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital AMC; Haemostasis and Trombosis Research Centre, University Hospital Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peters
keywords: HIV.; adolescents; children; disclosure; emotional adjustment; haemophilia