title: Glucose Metabolism in T Cells and Monocytes: New Perspectives in HIV Pathogenesis.
abstract: Activation of the immune system occurs in response to the recognition of foreign antigens and receipt of optimal stimulatory signals by immune cells, a process that requires energy. Energy is also needed to support cellular growth, differentiation, proliferation, and effector functions of immune cells. In HIV-infected individuals, persistent viral replication, together with inflammatory stimuli contributes to chronic immune activation and oxidative stress. These conditions remain even in subjects with sustained virologic suppression on antiretroviral therapy. Here we highlight recent studies demonstrating the importance of metabolic pathways, particularly those involving glucose metabolism, in differentiation and maintenance of the activation states of T cells and monocytes. We also discuss how changes in the metabolic status of these cells may contribute to ongoing immune activation and inflammation in HIV- infected persons and how this may contribute to disease progression, establishment and persistence of the HIV reservoir, and the development of co-morbidities. We provide evidence that other viruses such as Epstein-Barr and Flu virus also disrupt the metabolic machinery of their host cells. Finally, we discuss how redox signaling mediated by oxidative stress may regulate metabolic responses in T cells and monocytes during HIV infection.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: cpalmer@burnet.edu.au.
authors.forename: Clovis S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Infectious Diseases Department, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Catherine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Cherry
authors.affiliation: Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sada-Ovalle
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease and Research (CIDR), Indian Institute of Science, India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Infectious Diseases Department, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Crowe
mesh_terms: D018450:Disease Progression; D020031:Epstein-Barr Virus Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005947:Glucose
keywords: CD4 T cells; CD8 T cells; Cardiovascular disease; Glucose transporter 1 (Glut1); HIV; HIV cure; HIV reservoir; Immune activation; Immunometabolism; Inflammation; Macrophage; Metabolism; Monocytes; Oxidative stress; SNAEs