title: Factors of land abandonment in mountainous Mediterranean areas: the case of Montenegrin settlements.
abstract: Land use changes have been investigated in the surroundings of 14 rural Montenegrin settlements in order to get specific information about trends in land abandonment since around 1950. Permanently, seasonally and less inhabited settlements with different geographic conditions were studied. This was done by interviewing local inhabitants, which enabled a holistic approach to reveal the underlying processes of land abandonment. According to the observed patterns of land use change, the study sites can be categorized into intensified, urbanized, extensified, overgrown and forested cases. The category of extensified settlements is characterized by a highly reduced agricultural management intensity, resulting in an increase in grasslands and fruit trees at the expense of cropland. This land use change is mainly related to emigrating and aging inhabitants, having less livestock. Such extensive land use is found in both permanently inhabited and abandoned villages. Only some studied settlements became largely overgrown by bushes and forest. The steep average slope gradients and a large distance to the nearest city are explanatory factors of such land abandonment. Land use intensification takes place in low-lying areas located nearby towns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kerckhof
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, University of Montenegro, Nikšić, Montenegro.
authors.forename: Velibor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Spalevic
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Veerle
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Van Eetvelde
authors.affiliation: Department of Geography, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nyssen
keywords: Land use changes; Marginal farmlands; Montenegro; Oral history; Qualitative research; Urbanization