title: Bone Fragility in Turner Syndrome: Mechanisms and Prevention Strategies.
abstract: Bone fragility is recognized as one of the major comorbidities in Turner syndrome (TS). The mechanisms underlying bone impairment in affected patients are not clearly elucidated, but estrogen deficiency and X-chromosomal abnormalities represent important factors. Moreover, although many girls with TS undergo recombinant growth hormone therapy to treat short stature, the efficacy of this treatment on bone mineral density is controversial. The present review will focus on bone fragility in subjects with TS, providing an overview on the pathogenic mechanisms and some prevention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro" , Bari , Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Felicia
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Faienza
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro" , Bari , Italy.
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ventura
authors.affiliation: Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "A. Moro" , Bari , Italy.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colucci
authors.affiliation: Pediatrics Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari "A. Moro" , Bari , Italy.
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari "A. Moro" , Bari , Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grano
authors.affiliation: Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "A. Moro" , Bari , Italy.
authors.forename: Giacomina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Brunetti
keywords: Turner syndrome; bone; bone mineral density; estrogens; fractures