title: Arteriovenous oscillations of the redox potential: Is the redox state influencing blood flow?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Studies on the regulation of human blood flow revealed several modes of oscillations with frequencies ranging from 0.005 to 1 Hz. Several mechanisms were proposed that might influence these oscillations, such as the activity of vascular endothelium, the neurogenic activity of vessel wall, the intrinsic activity of vascular smooth muscle, respiration, and heartbeat. These studies relied typically on non-invasive techniques, for example, laser Doppler flowmetry. Oscillations of biochemical markers were rarely coupled to blood flow.
  
  
  METHODS
  The redox potential difference between the artery and the vein was measured by platinum electrodes placed in the parallel homonymous femoral artery and the femoral vein of ventilated anesthetized pigs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Continuous measurement at 5 Hz sampling rate using a digital nanovoltmeter revealed fluctuating signals with three basic modes of oscillations: ∼ 1, ∼ 0.1 and ∼ 0.01 Hz. These signals clearly overlap with reported modes of oscillations in blood flow, suggesting coupling of the redox potential and blood flow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The amplitude of the oscillations associated with heart action was significantly smaller than for the other two modes, despite the fact that heart action has the greatest influence on blood flow. This finding suggests that redox potential in blood might be not a derivative but either a mediator or an effector of the blood flow control system.
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Jaroslaw
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Poznanski
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland.|b Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology , University of Warsaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Pawel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8442-0157
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Szczesny
authors.affiliation: c Department of Large Animals with Clinic , Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Poland.
authors.forename: Bartosz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pawlinski
authors.affiliation: d Department of Cardiology , Medical University of Warsaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3693-8741
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mazurek
authors.affiliation: a Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland.|b Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology , University of Warsaw , Poland.
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zielenkiewicz
authors.affiliation: c Department of Large Animals with Clinic , Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Poland.
authors.forename: Zdzislaw
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gajewski
authors.affiliation: e Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine , Warsaw Medical University , Poland.
authors.forename: Leszek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paczek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005263:Femoral Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D005268:Femoral Vein / Q000502:physiology*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013552:Swine; D058067:Wavelet Analysis
keywords: Arteriovenous potential; Blood flow; EMF; Electromotive force; Oscillations; Redox state