title: The effect of low parental warmth and low monitoring on disordered eating in mid-adolescence: Findings from the Australian Temperament Project.
abstract: To investigate the interactions between low parental warmth and monitoring at age 13-14 years and disordered eating attitudes and behaviours at age 15-16 years.
  
  
  
  Data on 1300 (667 females) adolescents and their parents were drawn from The Australian Temperament Project (ATP), a 30 year (15 wave) population based longitudinal study of social-emotional development. Parent participants completed surveys on parenting practices in late childhood, and adolescent participants reported disordered eating using the drive for thinness and bulimia subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and an additional body dissatisfaction scale. Interaction was examined on the additive scale by estimating super-additive risk; i.e., risk in excess of the sum of individual risks.
  
  
  
  For boys, neither parental warmth or monitoring, nor their interaction, was related to disordered eating. For girls, low parental warmth (alone) was associated with bulimic behaviours. In contrast, exposure to both low monitoring and warmth was associated with ∼3½-fold, ∼4-fold and ∼5-fold increases in the odds of reporting body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness and bulimia, respectively. For body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness, risk associated with joint exposure exceeded the sum of individual risks, suggesting an additive interaction between parenting styles.
  
  
  
  Further investment in family-level interventions that focus on promoting parental monitoring behaviour and a warm parent-child relationship remain important strategies for preventing a range of disordered eating behaviours in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Australia, 14-20 Blackwood Street, VIC, 3010, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: Isabel.krug@unimelb.edu.au.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Krug
authors.affiliation: Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
authors.forename: Ross M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: George J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Youssef
authors.affiliation: Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
authors.forename: Anisha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sorabji
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia.
authors.forename: Eleanor H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Wertheim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Box 0503, LH Suite 245, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0503, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Le Grange
authors.affiliation: Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Primrose
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Letcher
authors.affiliation: Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victorian Australia, 14-20 Blackwood Street, VIC, 3010, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Olsson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D041923:Adolescent Development; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D057215:Body Dysmorphic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D002032:Bulimia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D020380:Needs Assessment; D010287:Parent-Child Relations / Q000208:ethnology; D016487:Parenting / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D010290:Parents; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012306:Risk; D013851:Thinness / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Additive interaction; Adolescents; Disordered eating; Monitoring; Parenting style; Warmth