title: Novel P450nor Gene Detection Assay Used To Characterize the Prevalence and Diversity of Soil Fungal Denitrifiers.
abstract: Denitrifying fungi produce nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, as they generally lack the ability to convert N2O to dinitrogen. Contrary to the case for bacterial denitrifiers, the prevalence and diversity of denitrifying fungi found in the environment are not well characterized. In this study, denitrifying fungi were isolated from various soil ecosystems, and novel PCR primers targeting the P450nor gene, encoding the enzyme responsible for the conversion of nitric oxide to N2O, were developed, validated, and used to study the diversity of cultivable fungal denitrifiers. This PCR assay was also used to detect P450nor genes directly from environmental soil samples. Fungal denitrification capabilities were further validated using an N2O gas detection assay and a PCR assay targeting the nirK gene. A collection of 492 facultative anaerobic fungi was isolated from 15 soil ecosystems and taxonomically identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer sequence. Twenty-seven fungal denitrifiers belonging to 10 genera had the P450nor and the nirK genes and produced N2O from nitrite. N2O production is reported in strains not commonly known as denitrifiers, such as Byssochlamys nivea, Volutella ciliata, Chloridium spp., and Trichocladium spp. The prevalence of fungal denitrifiers did not follow a soil ecosystem distribution; however, a higher diversity was observed in compost and agricultural soils. The phylogenetic trees constructed using partial P450nor and nirK gene sequences revealed that both genes clustered taxonomically closely related strains together.
  
  
  
  A PCR assay targeting the P450nor gene involved in fungal denitrification was developed and validated. The newly developed P450nor primers were used on fungal DNA extracted from a collection of fungi isolated from various soil environments and on DNA directly extracted from soil. The results indicated that approximatively 25% of all isolated fungi possessed this gene and were able to convert nitrite to N2O. All soil samples from which denitrifying fungi were isolated also tested positive for the presence of P450nor The P450nor gene detection assay was reliable in detecting a large diversity of fungal denitrifiers. Due to the lack of homology existing between P450nor and bacterial denitrification genes, it is expected that this assay will become a tool of choice for studying fungal denitrifiers.
authors.affiliation: Université de Moncton, Département de Biologie, Moncton, NB, Canada.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Novinscak
authors.affiliation: Fredericton Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Goyer
authors.affiliation: Fredericton Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
authors.forename: Bernie J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Zebarth
authors.affiliation: Dalhousie University, Faculty of Agriculture, Truro, NS, Canada.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.affiliation: Quebec Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Québec, QC, Canada.
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Chantigny
authors.affiliation: Université de Moncton, Département de Biologie, Moncton, NB, Canada martin.filion@umoncton.ca.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Filion
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044822:Biodiversity; D058440:Denitrification; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012987:Soil; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D009609:Nitrous Oxide