title: Bio-inspired Hybrid Carbon Nanotube Muscles.
abstract: There has been continuous progress in the development for biomedical engineering systems of hybrid muscle generated by combining skeletal muscle and artificial structure. The main factor affecting the actuation performance of hybrid muscle relies on the compatibility between living cells and their muscle scaffolds during cell culture. Here, we developed a hybrid muscle powered by C2C12 skeletal muscle cells based on the functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) sheets coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) to achieve biomimetic actuation. This hydrophilic hybrid muscle is physically durable in solution and responds to electric field stimulation with flexible movement. Furthermore, the biomimetic actuation when controlled by electric field stimulation results in movement similar to that of the hornworm by patterned cell culture method. The contraction and relaxation behavior of the PEDOT/MWCNT-based hybrid muscle is similar to that of the single myotube movement, but has faster relaxation kinetics because of the shape-maintenance properties of the freestanding PEDOT/MWCNT sheets in solution. Our development provides the potential possibility for substantial innovation in the next generation of cell-based biohybrid microsystems.
authors.affiliation: Center for Self-powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Hyeob
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Center for Self-powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.
authors.forename: Cheong Hoon
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Center for Self-powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.
authors.forename: Changsun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
authors.forename: Jieun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: An
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
authors.forename: Tam Thi Thanh
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Phuong
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Hwa
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA.
authors.forename: Márcio D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA.
authors.forename: Ray H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Baughman
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
authors.forename: Tong Mook
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Center for Self-powered Actuation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.
authors.forename: Seon Jeong
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D009126:Muscle Relaxation; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon