title: Investigating the role of cortisol and growth hormone in fatty liver development: fatty liver index in patients with pituitary adenomas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hallmark of the metabolic syndrome and has been shown to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Although glucocorticoids and growth hormone are known to be implicated in its pathophysiology, it has only rarely been investigated in the context of patients with pituitary insufficiency or former cortisol excess.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study in patients with biochemically controlled Cushing's disease (CD; N = 33) and non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA; N = 79). NAFLD was estimated by calculating the fatty liver index (FLI) including BMI, waist circumference, GGT and triglyceride levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although there was no difference in FLI between patients with NFPA and CD, we identified average daily hydrocortisone (HC) intake in those with adrenal insufficiency to be an independent predictor of FLI (β = 1.124; p = 0.017), even after adjusting for BMI and waist circumference. In line, those with a FLI > 60 were also taking in average significantly more HC per day than those with a score <60 (21.05 mg ± 5.9 vs. 17.9 mg ± 4.4; p = 0.01). FLI was also the best independent predictor for HbA1c and fasting glucose levels (both p = 0.001). Growth hormone deficiency and replacement therapy were not associated with FLI in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While HC dosage affects FLI as an estimate of NFLD in patients with CD and NFPA, the benefit of GH replacement still needs to be determined. In contrast to reports in CD patients with active disease, NAFLD in those with biochemical control was not different from NFPA patients.
authors.affiliation: RG Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany. mauer@psych.mpg.de.
authors.forename: Matthias K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Auer
authors.affiliation: RG Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Günter K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Stalla
authors.affiliation: RG Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Mareike R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Stieg
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D000309:Adrenal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000172:deficiency*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D065626:Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D047748:Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D013006:Growth Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone
keywords: Adrenal insufficiency; Cortisol; Cushing’s disease; Fatty liver; Growth hormone