title: Differential effects of childhood trauma and cannabis use disorders in patients suffering from schizophrenia.
abstract: Childhood trauma (CT) and cannabis use are both environmental and modifier risk factors for schizophrenia. However, little is known about how they interact in schizophrenia. We examined the main effect of each of these two environmental factors on the clinical expression of the disease using a large set of variables, and we tested whether and how cannabis and CT interact to influence the course and the presentation of the illness.
  
  
  
  A sample of 366 patients who met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for schizophrenia was recruited through the FACE-SCZ (Fondamental Advanced Centre of Expertise - Schizophrenia) network. Patients completed a large standardized clinical evaluation including Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders-I (SCID-I), Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), Short-Quality of Life-18 (S-QoL-18), and Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS). We assessed CT with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and cannabis status with SCID-I.
  
  
  
  CT significantly predicted the number of hospitalizations, GAF, and S-QoL-18 scores, as well as the PANSS total, positive, excitement, and emotional distress scores. Cannabis use disorders significantly predicted age of onset, and MARS. There was no significant interaction between CT and cannabis use disorders. However, we found evidence of a correlation between these two risk factors.
  
  
  
  CT and cannabis both have differential deleterious effects on clinical and functional outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. Our results highlight the need to systematically assess the presence of these risk factors and adopt suitable therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; INSERM U955, Équipe de Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil F94000, France; AP-HP, DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Créteil F94000, France; Université François-Rabelais de Tours, PAV EA 2114, Tours F37000, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baudin
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'épidémiologie et de Santé Publique (IPLESP UMRS 1136), F75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Godin
authors.affiliation: INSERM U955, Équipe de Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil F94000, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lajnef
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, F-33076, Bordeaux, France; Université de Bordeaux, France; Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, Physiopathologie de la Plasticité Neuronale, U862, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aouizerate
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berna
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; INSERM U955, Équipe de Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil F94000, France; AP-HP, DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Créteil F94000, France; Université Paris-Est Créteil F94000, France.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brunel
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, Hôpital la Colombière, CHRU Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Inserm 1061, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Capdevielle
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; CMP B, CHU, EA 7280 Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Auvergne, BP 69, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chereau
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Pole Est BP 300 39, 95 bd Pinel, 69678 Bron Cedex, France.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dorey
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, Inserm U894, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dubertret
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; Centre Référent de Réhabilitation Psychosociale, CH Alpes Isère, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dubreucq
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faget
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; INSERM U955, Équipe de Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil F94000, France; AP-HP, DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Créteil F94000, France; Université Paris-Est Créteil F94000, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fond
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; Centre Référent de Réhabilitation Psychosociale, CH Alpes Isère, Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gabayet
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Laouamri
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Pôle Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lancon
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, Inserm U894, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, France.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Strat
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; CMP B, CHU, EA 7280 Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Auvergne, BP 69, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tronche
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; Université de Bordeaux, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; CNRS UMR 5287-INCIA, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Misdrahi
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, Pole Est BP 300 39, 95 bd Pinel, 69678 Bron Cedex, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; Service de Psychiatrie d'Adulte, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Passerieux
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie Adulte, Hôpital la Colombière, CHRU Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Inserm 1061, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schandrin
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; Service de Psychiatrie d'Adulte, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Versailles, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Urbach
authors.affiliation: Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, INSERM U1114, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vidalhet
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; CMP B, CHU, EA 7280 Faculté de Médecine, Université d'Auvergne, BP 69, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1, France.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Llorca
authors.affiliation: Fondation FondaMental, Créteil F94000, France; INSERM U955, Équipe de Psychiatrie Translationnelle, Créteil F94000, France; AP-HP, DHU Pe-PSY, Pôle de Psychiatrie des Hôpitaux Universitaires H Mondor, Créteil F94000, France; Université Paris-Est Créteil F94000, France. Electronic address: franck.schurhoff@inserm.fr.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schürhoff
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000069586:Adult Survivors of Child Adverse Events / Q000523:psychology; D017668:Age of Onset; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications
keywords: Cannabis use disorder; Childhood trauma; Schizophrenia