title: Workplace psychological harassment: Gendered exposures and implications for policy.
abstract: This article reports on the results of an empirical study of working conditions including psychological harassment (workplace bullying) in the province of Québec, Canada, the first North American jurisdiction to regulate psychological harassment in its labor legislation. All empirical data provided in this article was drawn from the Québec Survey on Working, Employment and Occupational Health and Safety Conditions, conducted through 5071 telephone interviews of a representative sample of Québec workers, including the self-employed. Here we focus on employees, and provide bivariate and multivariate analyses. All analyses were stratified by gender. We provide a portrait of exposure to psychological harassment, and exposure to other psychosocial factors in the workplace associated with exposure to psychological harassment. Results show associations between exposure to psychological harassment and negative health measures including psychological distress, symptoms of depression, traumatic work accidents, musculoskeletal disorders and negative perception of health status. We report on steps taken by employees to put an end to the harassment. Gender similarities and differences in exposure, associated risk factors, health measures and strategies are presented and discussed in light of the legal context in which the study took place. We conclude with recommendations for prevention strategies that take into consideration the gender composition of the workplace.
authors.affiliation: Canada Research Chair in Occupational Health and Safety Law, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada. Electronic address: klippel@uottawa.ca.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lippel
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vézina
authors.affiliation: Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Canada.
authors.forename: Renée
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bourbonnais
authors.affiliation: Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Amélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Funes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D058445:Bullying / Q000517:prevention & control; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D000071277:Harassment, Non-Sexual / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D006291:Health Policy / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D007750:Labor Unions / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011792:Quebec; D014754:Violence / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology*; D017132:Workplace / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Gender; Law and policy; Occupational violence; Psychological harassment; Work organization; Workplace bullying