title: Association of spinal deformity and pelvic tilt with gait asymmetry in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients: Investigation of ground reaction force.
abstract: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a prevalent orthopedic problem in children ages 10 to 16years. Although genetic, physiological and biomechanical factors are considered to contribute to the onset and progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, the underlying mechanisms are not yet clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between spinal deformity and inter-leg ground reaction force asymmetry during walking in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients.
  
  
  
  Fourteen patients (3 males and 11 females) participated in this study. Maximum Cobb's angle, adjusted Cobb's angle, and pelvic tilt were calculated from X-ray images. Asymmetry indices between legs were also calculated from ground reaction force magnitude and time variables from their preferred speed walking. Pearson coefficients of correlation were used to investigate associations of asymmetry indices with angle variables.
  
  
  
  Asymmetry indices of ground reaction force magnitudes positively correlated with adjusted Cobb's angle and maximum Cobb's angle mainly during the peak of braking phase, average of braking phase, while asymmetry indices of ground reaction force time variables showed no significant correlation with adjusted or maximum Cobb's angle. In contrast, asymmetry indices of ground reaction force time variables positively correlated with pelvic tilt during stance phase.
  
  
  
  We concluded that the spinal deformity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients estimated using the maximum and adjusted Cobb's angles is generally associated with greater asymmetry of ground reaction force magnitudes in walking, while the pelvic tilt is associated with the greater asymmetry of ground reaction force time variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Yang Sun
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Division of Sports Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Young Tae
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Kyung
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koh
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jong Moon
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yong-in, South Korea.
authors.forename: Hyun Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Ji Seung
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yong-in, South Korea; Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA; Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. Electronic address: jkshim@umd.edu.
authors.forename: Jae Kun
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Shim
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D010388:Pelvis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Cobb's angle; GRF; Gait asymmetry; Pelvic tilt; Scoliosis