title: Chlamydial Antibiotic Resistance and Treatment Failure in Veterinary and Human Medicine.
abstract: TheChlamydiaceaeare widespread pathogens of both humans and animals.Chlamydia trachomatisinfection causes blinding trachoma and reproductive complications in humans.Chlamydia pneumoniaecauses human respiratory tract infections and atypical pneumonia.Chlamydia suisinfection is associated with conjunctivitis, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight in domestic swine. Chlamydial infections in humans and domesticated animals are generally controlled by antibiotic treatment-particularly macrolides (usually azithromycin) and tetracyclines (tetracycline and doxycycline). Tetracycline-containing feed has also been used to limit infections and promote growth in livestock populations, although its use has decreased because of growing concerns about antimicrobial resistance development. Because Sandoz and Rockey published an elegant review of chlamydial anti-microbial resistance in 2010, we will review the following: (i) antibiotic resistance inC. suis, (ii) recent evidence for acquired resistance in human chlamydial infections, and (iii) recent non-genetic mechanisms of antibiotic resistance that may contribute to treatment failure.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Borel
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Cory
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Box 70579, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Box 70579, Johnson City, TN 37614-0579 USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slade
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Box 70579, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Box 70579, Johnson City, TN 37614-0579 USA.
authors.forename: Robert V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Schoborg
keywords: Chlamydia muridarum; Chlamydia suis; Chlamydia trachomatis; Gastrointestinal infection; Tetracycline resistance; Treatment failure