title: Bacterial AvrRpt2-Like Cysteine Proteases Block Activation of the Arabidopsis Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, MPK4 and MPK11.
abstract: To establish infection, pathogens deliver effectors into host cells to target immune signaling components, including elements of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascades. The virulence function of AvrRpt2, one of the first identified Pseudomonas syringae effectors, involves cleavage of the plant defense regulator, RPM1-INTERACTING PROTEIN4 (RIN4), and interference with plant auxin signaling. We show now that AvrRpt2 specifically suppresses the flagellin-induced phosphorylation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) MPK4 and MPK11 but not MPK3 or MPK6. This inhibition requires the proteolytic activity of AvrRpt2, is associated with reduced expression of some plant defense genes, and correlates with enhanced pathogen infection in AvrRpt2-expressing transgenic plants. Diverse AvrRpt2-like homologs can be found in some phytopathogens, plant-associated and soil bacteria. Employing these putative bacterial AvrRpt2 homologs and inactive AvrRpt2 variants, we can uncouple the inhibition of MPK4/MPK11 activation from the cleavage of RIN4 and related members from the so-called nitrate-induced family as well as from auxin signaling. Thus, this selective suppression of specific mitogen-activated protein kinases is independent of the previously known AvrRpt2 targets and potentially represents a novel virulence function of AvrRpt2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.).
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eschen-Lippold
authors.affiliation: Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.).
authors.forename: Xiyuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.).
authors.forename: James Mitch
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Elmore
authors.affiliation: Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.).
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mackey
authors.affiliation: Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.).
authors.forename: Libo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.).
authors.forename: Gitta
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0899-2449
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Coaker
authors.affiliation: Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.).
authors.forename: Dierk
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2105-6711
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Scheel
authors.affiliation: Department of Stress and Developmental Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle/Saale, D-06120 Germany (L.E.-L., X.J., D.S., J.L.);Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (J.M.E., G.C.);Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.); andDepartment of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 (L.S.) jlee@ipb-halle.de.
authors.forename: Justin
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8269-7494
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000069452:Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D057865:Plant Immunity; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D000069452:Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules; C453279:RIN4 protein, Arabidopsis; C420919:avrRpt2 protein, Pseudomonas syringae; C436292:AtMPK4 protein, Arabidopsis; C557478:MPK11 protein, Arabidopsis; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases