title: Disruption of Locomotion in Response to Hindlimb Muscle Stretch at Acute and Chronic Time Points after a Spinal Cord Injury in Rats.
abstract: After spinal cord injury (SCI) muscle contractures develop in the plegic limbs of many patients. Physical therapists commonly use stretching as an approach to avoid contractures and to maintain the extensibility of soft tissues. We found previously that a daily stretching protocol has a negative effect on locomotor recovery in rats with mild thoracic SCI. The purpose of the current study was to determine the effects of stretching on locomotor function at acute and chronic time points after moderately severe contusive SCI. Female Sprague-Dawley rats with 25 g-cm T10 contusion injuries received our standard 24-min stretching protocol starting 4 days (acutely) or 10 weeks (chronically) post-injury (5 days/week for 5 or 4 weeks, respectively). Locomotor function was assessed using the BBB (Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan) Open Field Locomotor Scale, video-based kinematics, and gait analysis. Locomotor deficits were evident in the acute animals after only 5 days of stretching and increasing the perceived intensity of stretching at week 4 resulted in greater impairment. Stretching initiated chronically resulted in dramatic decrements in locomotor function because most animals had BBB scores of 0-3 for weeks 2, 3, and 4 of stretching. Locomotor function recovered to control levels for both groups within 2 weeks once daily stretching ceased. Histological analysis revealed no apparent signs of overt and persistent damage to muscles undergoing stretching. The current study extends our observations of the stretching phenomenon to a more clinically relevant moderately severe SCI animal model. The results are in agreement with our previous findings and further demonstrate that spinal cord locomotor circuitry is especially vulnerable to the negative effects of stretching at chronic time points. While the clinical relevance of this phenomenon remains unknown, we speculate that stretching may contribute to the lack of locomotor recovery in some patients.
authors.affiliation: 1 Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.|2 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Anastasia V P
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wainwright
authors.affiliation: 1 Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.|3 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Alice
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shum-Siu
authors.affiliation: 1 Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.|3 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Daniella
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoeper
authors.affiliation: 5 Department of J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: 1 Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.|3 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.|4 Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.
authors.forename: David S K
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Magnuson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012026:Reflex, Stretch / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: locomotor function; rehabilitation; spinal cord injury