title: A Homolog of Blade-On-Petiole 1 and 2 (BOP1/2) Controls Internode Length and Homeotic Changes of the Barley Inflorescence.
abstract: Inflorescence architecture in small-grain cereals has a direct effect on yield and is an important selection target in breeding for yield improvement. We analyzed the recessive mutation laxatum-a (lax-a) in barley (Hordeum vulgare), which causes pleiotropic changes in spike development, resulting in (1) extended rachis internodes conferring a more relaxed inflorescence, (2) broadened base of the lemma awns, (3) thinner grains that are largely exposed due to reduced marginal growth of the palea and lemma, and (4) and homeotic conversion of lodicules into two stamenoid structures. Map-based cloning enforced by mapping-by-sequencing of the mutant lax-a locus enabled the identification of a homolog of BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 (BOP1) and BOP2 as the causal gene. Interestingly, the recently identified barley uniculme4 gene also is a BOP1/2 homolog and has been shown to regulate tillering and leaf sheath development. While the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) BOP1 and BOP2 genes act redundantly, the barley genes contribute independent effects in specifying the developmental growth of vegetative and reproductive organs, respectively. Analysis of natural genetic diversity revealed strikingly different haplotype diversity for the two paralogous barley genes, likely affected by the respective genomic environments, since no indication for an active selection process was detected.
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.).
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8796-1768
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jost
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.).
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taketa
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.).
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mascher
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.).
authors.forename: Axel
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7338-0946
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Himmelbach
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.).
authors.forename: Takahisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yuo
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.).
authors.forename: Fahimeh
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-8236-7647
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shahinnia
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.).
authors.forename: Twan
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5891-6503
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rutten
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.).
authors.forename: Arnis
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3663-2694
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Druka
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.).
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1073-6719
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmutzer
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.).
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8284-7728
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Steuernagel
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.).
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beier
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.).
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Taudien
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.).
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6113-3518
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.).
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morgante
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.).
authors.forename: Robbie
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1045-3065
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Waugh
authors.affiliation: Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany (M.J., Ma.M., A.H., F.S., T.R., T.S., B.S., S.B., U.S., N.S.);Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama 710-0046, Japan (Sh.T., T.Y.);James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom (A.D., R.W.);Leibniz Institute on Aging and Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany (St.T.);Applied Genomics Institute, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy (Mi.M.); andDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom (R.W.) stein@ipk-gatersleben.de.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3011-8731
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D020029:Base Pairing / Q000235:genetics; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D060146:Ecotype; D005801:Genes, Homeobox; D017343:Genes, Plant; D014644:Genetic Variation; D001467:Hordeum / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000235:genetics*; D056626:Inflorescence / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D011995:Recombination, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins