title: Role of butorphanol and ondansetron premedication in reducing postoperative shivering after general and spinal anesthesia: A randomized comparative study from North India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Postoperative shivering (PAS) is a common problem following general and spinal anesthesia and may lead to multiple complications. This placebo-controlled, randomized study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of Ondansetron and butorphanol premedication reduces shivering after general and spinal anaesthesia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study to highlight the efficacy of Butorphenol and ondosteron in controlling postoperative shivering.
  
  
  METHODS
  This clinical trial included 180 patients scheduled for elective general surgery, E.N.T., Ophthamological operations, randomly divided to six groups. Three groups in which General Anaesthesia was used i.e. Group 1-ondansetron 8 mg intravenously(IV).Group 2 butorphanol 2 mg IV and Group 3 - saline 4 ml IV. And three groups where spinal Anaesthesia was used i.e. Group 4-Ondosteron 8 mg IV, Group 5 butorphanol 2 mg IV and Group 6 - saline 4 ml IV 3-5 minutes before anaesthesia. Patients were observed in terms of vital signs, side effects and shivering.
  
  
  METHODS
  The type of the study was double blind randomized trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 13.0 statistical analysis software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative shivering was observed in 15.5%, 22.2% and 60% in general anaesthesia groups I II and III respectively. The reduction of core and dermal temperature during the anaesthesia and recovery, changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were similar in all three groups (i.e. Group I,II,III). In spinal anaesthesia groups, PAS occurred 10%, 13.3% and 43.3% in group IV, V, VI respectively. The reduction of core temperature is similar in all three groups of spinal anaesthesia. But heart rate and mean arterial pressure increase were significant in control saline group in post operative recovery time. No complication seen in any of the six groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggested that use of Butorphanol and Ondansteron both are effective in reducing the incidence of PAS after general and spinal anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, MRA Medical College, Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Sujeet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, MRA Medical College, Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Satyajeet
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, MRA Medical College, Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.affiliation: Department of ENT, MRA Medical College, Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Pramod
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthamology, MRA Medical College, Ambedkar Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
keywords: General anesthesia; ondansetron; postoperative shivering; spinal anesthesia