title: Emerging Role and Characterization of Immunometabolism: Relevance to HIV Pathogenesis, Serious Non-AIDS Events, and a Cure.
abstract: Immune cells cycle between a resting and an activated state. Their metabolism is tightly linked to their activation status and, consequently, functions. Ag recognition induces T lymphocyte activation and proliferation and acquisition of effector functions that require and depend on cellular metabolic reprogramming. Likewise, recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by monocytes and macrophages induces changes in cellular metabolism. As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses manipulate the metabolism of infected cells to meet their structural and functional requirements. For example, HIV-induced changes in immune cell metabolism and redox state are associated with CD4(+) T cell depletion, immune activation, and inflammation. In this review, we highlight how HIV modifies immunometabolism with potential implications for cure research and pathogenesis of comorbidities observed in HIV-infected patients, including those with virologic suppression. In addition, we highlight recently described key methods that can be applied to study the metabolic dysregulation of immune cells in disease states.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; cpalmer@burnet.edu.au.
authors.forename: Clovis S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia;
authors.forename: Darren C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Henstridge
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Immunomodulation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia;
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease and Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India;
authors.forename: Amit
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6761-1664
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia;
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balderson
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina;
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duette
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Infectious Diseases Department, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng 2000, South Africa; and.
authors.forename: Catherine L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Cherry
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica.
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4541-4683
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Anzinger
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas en Retrovirus y SIDA, Facultad de Medicina, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina;
authors.forename: Matias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ostrowski
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Infectious Diseases Department, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia;
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Crowe
mesh_terms: D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006678:HIV / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism