title: DEVELOPMENT OF REFERENCE RANGES FOR PLASMA TOTAL CHOLINESTERASE AND BRAIN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY IN FREE-RANGING CARNABY'S BLACK-COCKATOOS (CALYPTORHYNCHUS LATIROSTRIS).
abstract: Published avian reference ranges for plasma cholinesterase (ChE) and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are numerous. However, a consistently reported recommendation is the need for species- and laboratory-specific reference ranges because of variables, including assay methods, sample storage conditions, season, and bird sex, age, and physiologic status. We developed normal reference ranges for brain AChE and plasma total ChE (tChE) activity for Carnaby's Black-Cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus latirostris) using a standardized protocol (substrate acetylthiocholine at 25 C). We report reference ranges for brain AChE (19-41 μmol/min per g, mean 21±6.38) and plasma tChE (0.41-0.53 μmol/min per mL, mean 0.47±0.11) (n=15). This information will be of use in the ongoing field investigation of a paresis-paralysis syndrome in the endangered Carnaby's Black-Cockatoos, suspected to be associated with exposure to anticholinesterase compounds and add to the paucity of reference ranges for plasma tChE and brain AChE in Australian psittacine birds.
authors.affiliation: 1   Veterinary Department, Perth Zoo, 20 Labouchere Road, South Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia.
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vaughan-Higgins
authors.affiliation: 1   Veterinary Department, Perth Zoo, 20 Labouchere Road, South Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vitali
authors.affiliation: 1   Veterinary Department, Perth Zoo, 20 Labouchere Road, South Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia.|2   Zoo and Aquarium Association Australasia, Bradley's Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales 2088, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.affiliation: 3   Animal Health Laboratories, Department of Agriculture and Food, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia.
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Besier
authors.affiliation: 4   Department of Food and Agriculture, South Western Hwy. and Verschuer Place, Bunbury, Western Australia 6230, Australia.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hollingsworth
authors.affiliation: 3   Animal Health Laboratories, Department of Agriculture and Food, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia.
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D002802:Cholinesterases / Q000378:metabolism*; D046410:Cockatoos / Q000378:metabolism*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity; D012016:Reference Values
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D000110:Acetylcholinesterase; D002802:Cholinesterases
keywords: Anticholinesterase compounds; black cockatoos; psittacine; reference ranges