title: Vinegar as a functional ingredient to improve postprandial glycemic control-human intervention findings and molecular mechanisms.
abstract: Type 2 diabetes prevalence worldwide is increasing and the burden is particularly high in Asian countries. Identification of functional food ingredients to curb the rise of diabetes among various Asian population groups is warranted. Vinegar is widely consumed throughout Asia, where the principle bioactive component is acetic acid. This review has collated data from human intervention trials to show that vinegar consumption seems more effective in modulating glycemic control in normal glucose-tolerant individuals than in either type 2 diabetics or in those with impaired glucose tolerance. The molecular mechanisms by which vinegar can improve glycemic control have been presented using human, animal and cell culture data. These mechanisms include (i) activation of the free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) receptors localized in the enteroendocrine L-cells of the intestinal lumen, leading to increased glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion, (ii) increased 5'adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, leading to increased fatty acid oxidation and decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis, (iii) lowering of free fatty acid in circulation, potentially leading to improved insulin sensitivity, (iv) increased blood flow to the peripheral tissues and (v) increased satiety, leading to lower food intake. The review also discusses why these mechanisms appear more effective in nondiabetics than in diabetics.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore.|Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Christiani Jeyakumar
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Henry
authors.affiliation: Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore.
authors.forename: Sumanto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haldar
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D044466:Asian People; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating; D038321:Glycemic Index; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D019342:Acetic Acid
keywords: Acetic acid; Dietary intervention; Glycemic control; Mechanisms; Vinegar