title: The Development of Tracheal Intubation Proficiency Outside the Operating Suite During Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Fellowship Training: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using Cumulative Sum Analysis.
abstract: Tracheal intubation is a core technical skill for pediatric critical care medicine fellows. Limited data exist to describe current pediatric critical care medicine fellow tracheal intubation skill acquisition through the training. We hypothesized that both overall and first-attempt tracheal intubation success rates by pediatric critical care medicine fellows improve over the course of training.
  
  
  
  Retrospective cohort study at a single large academic children's hospital.
  
  
  
  The National Emergency Airway Registry for Children database and local QI database were merged for all tracheal intubations outside the Operating Suite by pediatric critical care medicine fellows from July 2011 to January 2015. Primary outcomes were tracheal intubation overall success (regardless of number of attempts) and first attempt success. Patient-level covariates were adjusted in multivariate analysis. Learning curves for each fellow were constructed by cumulative sum analysis.
  
  
  
  A total of 730 tracheal intubation courses performed by 33 fellows were included in the analysis. The unadjusted overall and first attempt success rates were 87% and 80% during the first 3 months of fellowship, respectively, and 95% and 73%, respectively, during the past 3 months of fellowship. Overall success, but not first attempt success, improved during fellowship training (odds ratio for each 3 months, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.17; p = 0.037) after adjusting for patient-level covariates. Large variance in fellow's tracheal intubation proficiency outside the operating suite was demonstrated with a median number of tracheal intubation equal to 26 (range, 19-54) to achieve a 90% overall success rate. All fellows who completed 3 years of training during the study period achieved an acceptable 90% overall tracheal intubation success rate.
  
  
  
  Tracheal intubation overall success improved significantly during the course of fellowship; however, the tracheal intubation first attempt success rates did not. Large variance existed in individual tracheal intubation performance over time. Further investigations on a larger scale across different training programs are necessary to clarify intensity and duration of the training to achieve tracheal intubation procedural competency.
authors.affiliation: 1Center for Simulation, Advanced Education and Innovation, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. 2Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. 3Department of Nursing, Respiratory and Neurodiagnostics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA. 4Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishizuka
authors.forename: Vijayeta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rangarajan
authors.forename: Taylor L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Napolitano
authors.forename: Donald L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: Wynne E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Justin L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lockman
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Vinay M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Nadkarni
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nishisaki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003422:Critical Care; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D005257:Fellowships and Scholarships; D005260:Female; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D059032:Learning Curve; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D000070316:Pediatric Emergency Medicine; D015143:Philadelphia; D012189:Retrospective Studies