title: An Accurate Methodology to detect Leaching of Nickel and Chromium Ions in the Initial Phase of Orthodontic Treatment: An in vivo Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the release of nickel and chromium ions in human saliva during fixed orthodontic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with Angle's Class-I malocclusion with bimaxillary protrusion without any metal restorations or crowns and with all the permanent teeth were selected. Five male patients and five female patients in the age group range of 14 to 23 years were scheduled for orthodontic treatment with first premolar extraction. Saliva samples were collected in three stages: sample 1, before orthodontic treatment; sample 2, after 10 days of bonding sample; and sample 3, after 1 month of bonding. The samples were analyzed for the following metals nickel and chromium using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The levels of nickel and chromium were statistically significant, while nickel showed a gradual increase in the first 10 days and a decline thereafter. Chromium showed a gradual increase and was statistically significant on the 30th day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was greatest release of ions during the first 10 days and a gradual decline thereafter. Control group had traces of nickel and chromium. While comparing levels of nickel in saliva, there was a significant rise from baseline to 10th and 30th-day sample, which was statistically significant. While comparing 10th day to that of 30th day, there was no statistical significance. The levels of chromium ion in the saliva were more in 30th day, and when comparing 10th-day sample with 30th day, there was statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nickel and chromium levels were well within the permissible levels. However, some hypersensitive individuals may be allergic to this minimal permissible level.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: R Vinoth
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rajvikram
authors.affiliation: Reader, Department of Orthodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai-600107, Tamil Nadu, India, Phone: 9444466148, e-mail: rajscare@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rajakumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saravanan
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: V Arun
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Deepak
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vijaykumar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009532:Nickel / Q000032:analysis*; D009970:Orthodontics; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002857:Chromium; D009532:Nickel
keywords: Chromium; Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES); Nickel; Saliva.