title: Epinephrine for transient tachypnea of the newborn.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transient tachypnea of the newborn is characterized by tachypnea and signs of respiratory distress. Transient tachypnea typically appears within the first two hours of life in term and late preterm newborns. Although transient tachypnea of the newborn is usually a self limited condition, it is associated with wheezing syndromes in late childhood. The rationale for the use of epinephrine (adrenaline) for transient tachypnea of the newborn is based on studies showing that β-agonists can accelerate the rate of alveolar fluid clearance.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether epinephrine compared to placebo, no treatment or any other drugs (excluding salbutamol) is effective and safe in the treatment of transient tachypnea of the newborn in infants born at 34 weeks' gestational age or more.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, 2016, Issue 3), MEDLINE (1996 to March 2016), EMBASE (1980 to March 2016) and CINAHL (1982 to March 2016). We applied no language restrictions. We searched the abstracts of the major congresses in the field (Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand and Pediatric Academic Societies) from 2000 to 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled trials, quasi-randomized controlled trials and cluster trials comparing epinephrine versus placebo or no treatment or any other drugs administered to infants born at 34 weeks' gestational age or more and less than three days of age with transient tachypnea of the newborn.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the included trial, two review authors independently extracted data (e.g. number of participants, birth weight, gestational age, duration of oxygen therapy (hours), need for continuous positive airway pressure and need for mechanical ventilation, duration of mechanical ventilation, etc.) and assessed the risk of bias (e.g. adequacy of randomization, blinding, completeness of follow-up). The primary outcomes considered in this review were duration of oxygen therapy (hours), need for continuous positive airway pressure and need for mechanical ventilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One trial, which included 20 infants, met the inclusion criteria of this review. Study authors administered three doses of nebulized 2.25% racemic epinephrine or placebo. We found no differences between the two group in the duration of supplemental oxygen therapy (mean difference (MD) -6.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) -54.80 to 41.60 hours) and need for mechanical ventilation (risk ratio (RR) 0.67, 95% CI 0.08 to 5.88; risk difference (RD) -0.07, 95% CI -0.46 to 0.32). Among secondary outcomes, we found no differences in terms of initiation of oral feeding. The quality of the evidence was limited due to the imprecision of the estimates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At present there is insufficient evidence to determine the efficacy and safety of epinephrine in the management of transient tachypnea of the newborn.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric and Neonatology Unit, Ospedale San Paolo Savona, Savona, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moresco
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Calevo
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baldi
authors.forename: Amnon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruschettini
mesh_terms: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D059245:Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D004837:Epinephrine