title: Intraspecific competition between ectomycorrhizal Pisolithus microcarpus isolates impacts plant and fungal performance under elevated CO2 and temperature.
abstract: Root systems are simultaneously colonized by multiple individuals of mycorrhizal fungi. Intraspecific competitive interactions between fungal isolates are likely to affect both fungal and plant performance and be influenced by abiotic factors. Here, we assessed the impact of intraspecific competition between three Pisolithus microcarpus isolates on the establishment of, and benefit derived from, symbioses with Eucalyptus grandis seedlings. We investigated the outcomes of competition under ambient and elevated temperature and CO2 concentration ([CO2]) in a factorial design. We observed a reduction in mycelium growth, mycorrhiza formation and seedling mass when two P. microcarpus isolates were co-inoculated on a single E. grandis seedling. Isolates invested more in mycelium than in mycorrhizas in the presence of a competitor. All isolates responded negatively to elevated [CO2] and positively to elevated temperature, which led to no changes on the outcomes of the interactions with changing conditions. However, the presence of a competitor hindered the positive response of P. microcarpus isolates to warming, which resulted in larger negative effects of competition under elevated temperature than under ambient conditions. Our study highlights the need to consider how competition affects individual fungal responses as well as plant performance when trying to predict the impacts of climate change.
authors.affiliation: Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia s.hortalbotifoll@uws.edu.au.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hortal
authors.affiliation: Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia.
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.affiliation: Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Plett
authors.affiliation: Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Simonin
authors.affiliation: Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia.
authors.forename: I C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D001487:Basidiomycota / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D057231:Climate Change; D005052:Eucalyptus / Q000382:microbiology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D025282:Mycelium / Q000254:growth & development; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000254:growth & development*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000382:microbiology; D036226:Seedlings / Q000382:microbiology; D013559:Symbiosis / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide
keywords: Eucalyptus grandis; carbon dioxide; climate change; global change; interactions; warming