title: Triethyl orthoformate covalently cross-linked chitosan-(poly vinyl) alcohol based biodegradable scaffolds with heparin-binding ability for promoting neovascularisation.
abstract: There is a need to develop pro-angiogenic biomaterials to promote wound healing and to assist in regenerative medicine. To this end, various growth factors have been exploited which have the potential to promote angiogenesis. However, these are generally expensive and labile which limits their effectiveness. An alternative approach is to immobilize heparin onto biocompatible degradable hydrogels. The heparin in turn will then bind endogenous proangiogenic growth factors to induce formation of new blood vessels.In this study, we continue our development of hydrogels for wound healing purposes by exploring covalently cross-linking chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels using triethyl orthoformate. Two concentrations of triethyl orthoformate (4 and 16%) were compared for their effects on the structure of hydrogels - their swelling, pore size, and rate of degradation and for their ability to support the growth of cells and for their heparin-binding capacity and their effects on angiogenesis in a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay.Hydrogels formed with 4 or 16% both triethyl orthoformate cross-linker were equally cyto-compatible. Hydrogels formed with 4% triethyl orthoformate absorbed slightly more water than those made with 16% triethyl orthoformate and broke down slightly faster than non-cross-linked hydrogels. When soaked in heparin the hydrogel formed with 16% triethyl orthoformate showed more blood vessel formation in the CAM assay than that formed with 4% triethyl orthoformate.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Lubna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shahzadi
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yar
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Arshad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jamal
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saadat Anwar
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Siddiqi
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Aqif Anwar
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Chaudhry
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zahid
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tariq
authors.affiliation: Material Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK Materials Science and Engineering, North Campus, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, UK.
authors.forename: Ihtesham Ur
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.affiliation: Material Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK Materials Science and Engineering, North Campus, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, UK s.macneil@sheffield.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: MacNeil
mesh_terms: D020341:Absorbable Implants; D000327:Adsorption; D000818:Animals; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D049033:Chorioallantoic Membrane / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005561:Formates / Q000737:chemistry; D006493:Heparin / Q000737:chemistry*; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000138:chemical synthesis; D008422:Materials Testing; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology*; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000737:chemistry*; D011485:Protein Binding; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D005561:Formates; D020100:Hydrogels; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol; D006493:Heparin; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: Chitosan; angiogenesis; cross-linked chitosan; heparin; hydrogels