title: Trends in Authorship of Articles in Major Ophthalmology Journals by Gender, 2002-2014.
abstract: To evaluate trends in the prevalence of women authors in ophthalmology in recent years.
  
  
  
  Cohort study.
  
  
  
  Authors listed in publications of 6 leading ophthalmology journals between January 2002 and December 2014.
  
  
  
  Using the PubMed search engine, we conducted an observational study of trends in gender distribution of all authors in 6 leading ophthalmology journals between January 2002 and December 2014. In multiauthored articles, the first listed author often is the lead investigator and the last author is the senior author. Therefore, the full names and positions (first, middle, or last) of all authors in every article were collected. A Google-based name identifier was used to assign the gender of authors.
  
  
  
  Proportion of women authors throughout the study period in all journals, general ophthalmology versus subspecialty journals, and basic science versus clinical research journals. Furthermore, we assessed the proportion of women in different authorship positions (first, middle, and last).
  
  
  
  A total of 102 254 authors from 23 026 published articles were analyzed. There was a significant rise over time in the percentage of women authors, with a steeper slope for first authors than for last authors (P<0.001), although in 2014, women authors were less than the 50% mark in all categories of authorship. The rise in the percentage of women authors was similar in basic and clinical research, but was steeper for first authorship than for last authorship (P<0.001). In all 3 authorship positions (first, middle, or last), women's contributions consistently were higher in basic research publications. The rise in the percentage of women authors was significantly steeper for general journals than for subspecialty journals (P<0.001). There was no significant rise for last authorship in subspecialty journals. In all 3 authorship positions, the proportion of women was consistently higher in general ophthalmology journals than for subspecialty journals.
  
  
  
  Despite an overall increase in the contribution of women to the field of ophthalmology, contributions to articles published in subspecialty ophthalmology journals and the proportion of women listed as last authors on overall articles published in ophthalmology journals are still low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel. Electronic address: michael@intername.co.il.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mimouni
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Shiri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zayit-Soudry
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Meir Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Ori
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Yoreh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Barak
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Meir Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Arie Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Nemet
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Shiri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shulman
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Meir Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: Noa
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Geffen
mesh_terms: D001319:Authorship; D015706:Bibliometrics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009885:Ophthalmology / Q000639:trends*; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011643:Publishing / Q000639:trends*; D012693:Serial Publications / Q000639:trends*; D012737:Sex Factors