title: Effect of Maximal Versus Supra-Maximal Exhausting Race on Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidant Activity and Muscle-Damage Biomarkers in Long-Distance and Middle-Distance Runners.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exhausting physical exercise increases lipid peroxidation and causes important muscle damages. The human body tries to mitigate these adverse effects by mobilizing its antioxidant defenses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to investigate the effect of a maximal versus supra-maximal race sustained until exhaustion on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant activity and muscle-damage biomarkers in trained (i.e. long-distance and middle-distance runners) and sedentary subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study has been carried out on 8 middle-distance runners (MDR), 9 long-distance runners (LDR), and 8 sedentary subjects (SS). Each subject has undergone two exhaustive running tests, the first one is an incremental event (VAMEVAL test), the second one is a constant supra-maximal intensity test (limited-time test). Blood samples were collected at rest and immediately after each test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations was observed in SS and MDR after the VAMEVAL test and in LDR after the Limited-Time test. A significant difference was also observed between LDR and the other two groups after the VAMEVAL test, and between LDR and MDR after the Limited-Time test. Significant modifications, notably, in myoglobin, CK, LDH, IL-6, TNF-α, and TAS were likewise noted but depending on the race-type and the sportive specialty.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maximal and supra-maximal races induce a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and cause non-negligible inflammation and muscle damage. These effects were relatively related to the physical exercise type and the sportive specialty.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences Applied in Sports and Physical Education, Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Jendouba University, El Kef, ‎Tunisia.
authors.forename: Said
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences Applied in Sports and Physical Education, Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Jendouba University, El Kef, ‎Tunisia.
authors.forename: Ncir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lamya
authors.affiliation: Department Of Biological Sciences Applied in Sports and Physical Education, Institute of Sports and Physical Education, Mannouba University, Ksar-Said, Tunisia.
authors.forename: Mansour
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamda
keywords: Exhaustion, Malondialdehyde; Inflammation; Lipid Peroxidation; Muscle Damage; Race; Runners