title: Poor Outcome of Stroke Patients With Atrial Fibrillation in the Presence of Coexisting Spontaneous Echo Contrast.
abstract: Spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) is frequently detected in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Coexisting SEC in patients with AF may be associated with heightened thrombogenicity, which affects stroke outcomes.
  
  
  
  Consecutive stroke patients with nonvalvular AF who underwent transesophageal echocardiography were included in this study. We compared initial stroke severity and functional outcome at 3 months between the patients with and those without SEC.
  
  
  
  Of 440 patients with nonvalvular AF who underwent transesophageal echocardiography during a 7-year period, 193 (43.9%) patients had SEC. Stroke was more severe in the patients with SEC than in those without SEC (National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score: median [interquartile range], 5 [2-12] versus 3 [1-8]; P=0.004). The patients with SEC more frequently had poor functional outcomes (modified Rankin scale score of >2) at 3 months than those without SEC (32.3% versus 16.1%; P<0.001). On multivariate analysis, the presence of SEC was an independent factor of poor outcome (odds ratio, 2.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.24-3.53).
  
  
  
  In the ischemic stroke patients with nonvalvular AF, coexisting SEC was associated with more severe stroke and was predictive of poor long-term functional outcome.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (J.Y., D.S., J.-H.B., Y.D.K., H.S.N., J.K., J.H.H.), Cardiology Division, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital (G.-R.H.), and Biostatistics Collaboration Unit (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea (J.K.).
authors.forename: Joonsang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (J.Y., D.S., J.-H.B., Y.D.K., H.S.N., J.K., J.H.H.), Cardiology Division, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital (G.-R.H.), and Biostatistics Collaboration Unit (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea (J.K.).
authors.forename: Dongbeom
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (J.Y., D.S., J.-H.B., Y.D.K., H.S.N., J.K., J.H.H.), Cardiology Division, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital (G.-R.H.), and Biostatistics Collaboration Unit (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea (J.K.).
authors.forename: Jang-Hyun
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (J.Y., D.S., J.-H.B., Y.D.K., H.S.N., J.K., J.H.H.), Cardiology Division, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital (G.-R.H.), and Biostatistics Collaboration Unit (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea (J.K.).
authors.forename: Young Dae
authors.initials: YD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (J.Y., D.S., J.-H.B., Y.D.K., H.S.N., J.K., J.H.H.), Cardiology Division, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital (G.-R.H.), and Biostatistics Collaboration Unit (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea (J.K.).
authors.forename: Hyo Suk
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (J.Y., D.S., J.-H.B., Y.D.K., H.S.N., J.K., J.H.H.), Cardiology Division, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital (G.-R.H.), and Biostatistics Collaboration Unit (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea (J.K.).
authors.forename: Geu-Ru
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (J.Y., D.S., J.-H.B., Y.D.K., H.S.N., J.K., J.H.H.), Cardiology Division, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital (G.-R.H.), and Biostatistics Collaboration Unit (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea (J.K.).
authors.forename: Jinkwon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (J.Y., D.S., J.-H.B., Y.D.K., H.S.N., J.K., J.H.H.), Cardiology Division, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital (G.-R.H.), and Biostatistics Collaboration Unit (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea (J.K.).
authors.forename: Hye Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurology (J.Y., D.S., J.-H.B., Y.D.K., H.S.N., J.K., J.H.H.), Cardiology Division, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital (G.-R.H.), and Biostatistics Collaboration Unit (H.S.L.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and Department of Neurology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea (J.K.). jhheo@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Ji Hoe
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Heo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D001925:Brain Damage, Chronic / Q000209:etiology; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004903:Erythrocyte Aggregation; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology*; D019851:Thrombophilia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: atrial fibrillation; cardioembolism; ischemic stroke; spontaneous echo contrast