title: [School shootings by adult outsiders – psychiatric aspects and risk markers].
abstract: Three cases of rampage killings at German schools by adult outsiders were identified and analyzed. The cases took place between 1913 and 1983. To what extent do psychiatric aspects play a role and are there risk factors that can be identified und used for prevention?
  
  
  
  For the identification of risk factors the warning behavior typology was utilized which covers eight behavioral factors.
  
  
  
  Severe mental problems were found in all three cases. The factors of the warning behavior typology were present in different relevance: Pathway (100 %), Fixation (100 %), Identification (33 %), novel aggression (33 %), energy burst (33 %), Leakage (66 %), last resort (66 %), directly communicated threat (0 %).
  
  
  
  The prevention of such cases seems to be most promising installing a regional and interdisciplinary threat management model. The field of threat management offers a scientific frame with evidence based tools and methods.
authors.affiliation: 1 Institut Psychologie und Bedrohungsmanagement, Darmstadt.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: 1 Institut Psychologie und Bedrohungsmanagement, Darmstadt.
authors.forename: Mirko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Allwinn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000987:Antisocial Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D005389:Firearms; D005858:Germany; D006708:Homicide / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools; D012918:Social Alienation / Q000523:psychology*; D013405:Suicide / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000523:psychology; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000523:psychology*
keywords: Rampage; School Shooting; adults; threat assessement; warning behavior