title: Emergence of white pine needle damage in the northeastern United States is associated with changes in pathogen pressure in response to climate change.
abstract: The defoliation of the eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) across the northeastern United States is an escalating concern threatening the ecological health of northern forests and economic vitality of the region's lumber industry. First documented in the spring of 2010 affecting 24 328 hectares in the state of Maine, white pine needle damage (WPND) has continued to spread and is now well established in all New England states. While causal agents of WPND are known, current research is lacking in both sampling distribution and the specific environmental factor(s) that affect the development and spread of this disease complex. This study aims to construct a more detailed distribution map of the four primary causal agents within the region, as well as utilize long-term WPND monitoring plots and data collected from land-based weather stations to develop a climatic model to predict the severity of defoliation events in the proceeding year. Sampling results showed a greater distribution of WPND than previously reported. WPND was generally found in forest stands that compromised >50% eastern white pine by basal area. No single species, nor a specific combination of species had a dominating presence in particular states or regions, thus supporting the disease complex theory that WPND is neither caused by an individual species nor by a specific combination of species. In addition, regional weather data confirmed the trend of increasing temperature and precipitation observed in this region with the previous year's May, June, and July rainfall being the best predictor of defoliation events in the following year. Climatic models were developed to aid land managers in predicting disease severity and accordingly adjust their management decisions. Our results clearly demonstrate the role changing climate patterns have on the health of eastern white pine in the northeastern United States.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Wyka
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: USDA Forest Service, 271 Mast Rd., Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
authors.forename: Isabel A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Munck
authors.affiliation: Deparment of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire, Durhm, NH, 03824, USA.
authors.forename: Barrett N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Rock
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
authors.forename: Beth L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Ziniti
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.|Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
authors.forename: Kirk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Broders
mesh_terms: D057231:Climate Change; D065928:Forests; D009511:New England; D028223:Pinus / Q000502:physiology*; D010935:Plant Diseases; D018515:Plant Leaves; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature
keywords: 
  Lecanosticta acicola
  ; 
  Septorioides strobus
  ; climatic modeling; disease complex; emerging pathogens; pathogens and climate change; plant pathogen epidemiology; precipitation