title: UTILIZATION OF MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES AMONG INTERNAL MIGRANTS IN MUMBAI, INDIA.
abstract: This study aimed to understand access to maternal health care and the factors shaping it amongst poor migrants in Mumbai, India. A cross-sectional mixed methods approach was used. It included multistage cluster sampling and face-to-face interviews, through structured interview schedules, of 234 migrant women who had delivered in the two years previous to the date they were interviewed. Qualitative in-depth interviews of migrant women, health care providers and health officials were also conducted to understand community and provider perspectives. The results showed that access to antenatal care was poor among migrants with less than a third of them receiving basic antenatal care and a quarter delivering at home. Multivariate analysis highlighted that amongst migrant women those who stayed in Mumbai during pregnancy and delivery had better access to maternal health care than those who went back to their home towns. Poor maternal health care was also due to weaker demand for health care as a result of the lack of felt-need among migrants due to socio-cultural factors and lack of social support for, and knowledge of, health facilities in the city. Supply-side factors such as inadequate health infrastructure at primary and secondary levels, lack of specific strategies to improve access to health care for migrants and cumbersome administrative procedures that exclude migrants from certain government programmes all need to be addressed. Migrants should be integral to the urban development process and policies should aim at preventing their exclusion from basic amenities and their entitlements as citizens.
authors.affiliation: *School of Health Systems Studies,Tata Institute of Social Sciences,Mumbai,India.
authors.forename: Nilesh C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Gawde
authors.affiliation: *School of Health Systems Studies,Tata Institute of Social Sciences,Mumbai,India.
authors.forename: Muthusamy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sivakami
authors.affiliation: †Division of Health Systems Research,Indian Council of Medical Research,New Delhi,India.
authors.forename: Bontha V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Babu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D005260:Female; D006295:Health Resources / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D036301:Qualitative Research; D012944:Social Support; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D055815:Young Adult