title: Immunohisto- and Cytochemistry Analysis of Connexins.
abstract: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a ubiquitous used technique to identify and analyze protein expression in the context of tissue and cell morphology. In the connexin research field, IHC is applied to identify the subcellular location of connexin proteins, as this can be directly linked to their functionality. The present chapter describes a protocol for fluorescent IHC to detect connexin proteins in tissues slices and cells, with slight modifications depending on the nature of biological sample, histological processing, and/or protein expression level. Basically, fluorescent IHC is a short, simple, and cost-effective technique, which allows the visualization of proteins based on fluorescent-labeled antibody-antigen recognition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. bcogliati@usp.br.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cogliati
authors.affiliation: Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium.
authors.forename: Michaël
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maes
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabel Veloso Alves
authors.initials: IV
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.affiliation: Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium.
authors.forename: Joost
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Willebrords
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Tereza Cristina
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Da Silva
authors.affiliation: Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crespo Yanguas
authors.affiliation: Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium.
authors.forename: Mathieu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vinken
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017630:Connexins / Q000378:metabolism*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D017629:Gap Junctions / Q000378:metabolism*; D006651:Histocytochemistry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017630:Connexins
keywords: Antibody; Connexins; Fluorophores; Immunocytochemistry; Immunofluorescence; Immunohistochemistry; Localization; Microscopy; Morphology