title: Bio-optimization of the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio for efficient vermicomposting of chicken manure and waste paper using Eisenia fetida.
abstract: The main objective of the present study was to determine the optimum C/N ratio for converting waste paper and chicken manure to nutrient-rich manure with minimum toxicity. Six treatments of C/N ratio 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6, respectively) achieved by mixing chicken manure with shredded paper were used. The study involved a composting stage for 20 days followed by vermicomposting with Eisenia fetida for 7 weeks. The results revealed that 20 days of composting considerably degraded the organic waste mixtures from all treatments and a further 7 weeks of vermiculture significantly improved the bioconversion and nutrient value of all treatments. The C/N ratio of 40 (T3) resulted in the best quality vermicompost compared to the other treatments. Earthworm biomass was highest at T3 and T4 possibly due to a greater reduction of toxic substances in these waste mixtures. The total N, total P, and total K concentrations increased with time while total carbon, C/N ratio, electrical conductivity (EC), and heavy metal content gradually decreased with time during the vermicomposting process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the intrastructural degradation of the chicken manure and shredded paper matrix which confirmed the extent of biodegradation of treatment mixtures as result of the composting and vermicomposting processes. Phytotoxicity evaluation of final vermicomposts using tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), radish (Raphanus sativus), carrot (Daucus carota), and onion (Allium cepa) as test crops showed the non-phytotoxicity of the vermicomposts to be in the order T3 > T4 > T2 > T1 > T5 > T6. Generally, the results indicated that the combination of composting and vermicomposting processes is a good strategy for the management of chicken manure/paper waste mixtures and that the ideal C/N ratio of the waste mixture is 40 (T3).
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, PBX1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ravindran
authors.affiliation: Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, PBX1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa. pmnkeni@ufh.ac.za.
authors.forename: P N S
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Mnkeni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018533:Biomass; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002645:Chickens; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000378:metabolism*; D010209:Paper; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008372:Manure; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen
keywords: C/N ratio; Chicken manure; Eisenia fetida; Heavy metals; Phytotoxicity; Vermicompost; Waste paper