title: Imaging Features of the Brain, Cerebral Vessels and Spine in Pediatric Tuberculous Meningitis With Associated Hydrocephalus.
abstract: Pediatric tuberculous meningitis (TBM) leads to high rates of mortality and morbidity. Prompt diagnosis and initiation of treatment are challenging; imaging findings play a key role in establishing the presumptive diagnosis. General brain imaging findings are well reported; however, specific data on cerebral vascular and spinal involvement in children are sparse.
  
  
  
  This prospective cohort study examined admission and followed up computed tomography brain scans and magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain, cerebral vessels (magnetic resonance angiogram) and spine at 3 weeks in children treated for TBM with hydrocephalus (HCP; inclusion criteria). Exclusion criteria were no HCP on admission, treatment of HCP or commencement of antituberculosis treatment before study enrollment. Imaging findings were examined in association with outcome at 6 months.
  
  
  
  Forty-four patients (median age 3.3 [0.3-13.1] years) with definite (54%) or probable TBM were enrolled. Good clinical outcome was reported in 72%; the mortality rate was 16%. Infarcts were reported in 66% of patients and were predictive of poor outcome. Magnetic resonance angiogram abnormalities were reported in 55% of patients. Delayed tuberculomas developed in 11% of patients (after starting treatment). Spinal pathology was more common than expected, occurring in 76% of patients. Exudate in the spinal canal increased the difficulty of lumbar puncture and correlated with high cerebrospinal fluid protein content.
  
  
  
  TBM involves extensive pathology in the central nervous system. Severe infarction was predictive of poor outcome although this was not the case for angiographic abnormalities. Spinal disease occurs commonly and has important implications for diagnosis and treatment. Comprehensive imaging of the brain, spine and cerebral vessels adds insight into disease pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: From the *Division of Neurosurgery, Pediatric Neurosurgery, †Division of Pediatric Radiology, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; and ‡University of Swaziland, Kwaluseni, Swaziland.
authors.forename: Ursula K
authors.initials: UK
authors.lastname: Rohlwink
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kilborn
authors.forename: Nicky
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wieselthaler
authors.forename: Ebrahim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Banderker
authors.forename: Eugene
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zwane
authors.forename: Anthony A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Figaji
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013131:Spine / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014390:Tuberculosis, Meningeal / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology