title: Neonatal Phototherapy and Infantile Cancer.
abstract: To determine whether neonatal phototherapy is associated with cancer in the first year after birth.
  
  
  
  We analyzed a data set from the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development that was created by linking birth certificates, death certificates, and hospital discharge abstracts up to age 1 year. Subjects were 5 144 849 infants born in California hospitals at ≥35 weeks' gestation from 1998 to 2007. We used International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes to identify phototherapy at <15 days and discharge diagnoses of cancer at 61 to 365 days. We adjusted for potential confounding variables by using traditional and propensity-adjusted logistic regression models.
  
  
  
  Cancer was diagnosed in 58/178 017 infants with diagnosis codes for phototherapy and 1042/4 966 832 infants without such codes (32.6/100 000 vs 21.0/100 000; relative risk 1.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.0, P = .002). In propensity-adjusted analyses, associations were seen between phototherapy and overall cancer (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9), myeloid leukemia (aOR 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3-5.0), and kidney cancer (aOR 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2-5.1). The marginal propensity-adjusted absolute risk increase for cancer after phototherapy in the total population was 9.4/100 000 (number needed to harm of 10 638). Because of the higher baseline risk of cancer in infants with Down syndrome, the number needed to harm was 1285.
  
  
  
  Phototherapy may slightly increase the risk of cancer in infancy, although the absolute risk increase is small. This risk should be considered when making phototherapy treatment decisions, especially for infants with bilirubin levels below current treatment guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Santa Clara, California; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, and andrea.wickremasinghe@kp.org.
authors.forename: Andrea C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Wickremasinghe
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California; and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kuzniewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, and.
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Grimes
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, and.
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McCulloch
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California; and Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California.
authors.forename: Thomas B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Newman
mesh_terms: D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D001719:Birth Certificates; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D003644:Death Certificates; D005260:Female; D006753:Hospital Records; D006801:Humans; D051556:Hyperbilirubinemia, Neonatal / Q000628:therapy*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D010789:Phototherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D057216:Propensity Score
chemical_list: D001663:Bilirubin