title: Immunological Signaling During Herpes Simplex Virus-2 and Cytomegalovirus Vaginal Shedding After Initiation of Antiretroviral Treatment.
abstract: Vaginal proinflammatory cytokine expression during herpes virus reactivation was examined in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women before and after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Vaginal swabs were screened for levels of cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interferon-γ. The relative risk (RR) of herpes simplex virus-2 or cytomegalovirus (CMV) shedding being associated with cytokine levels above the median were estimated. Herpes simplex virus-2 shedding was significantly associated with higher levels of IL-6 (RR = 1.4, P = .003) and TNF-α (RR = 1.3, P = .010), whereas CMV shedding was associated with higher IL-6 (RR = 1.3, P = .006) and IL-2 (RR = 1.4, P = .01). The association of viral shedding with higher IL-6 levels suggests that herpes virus reactivation may be playing a role in immune activation after ART initiation.
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Research Branch , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH) .
authors.forename: Martha C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Nason
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunoregulation , NIAID, NIH , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Eshan U
authors.initials: EU
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunoregulation , NIAID, NIH , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Allison R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunoregulation , NIAID, NIH , Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Prodger
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases , University of Toronto , Canada.
authors.forename: Kamnoosh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shahabi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health.
authors.forename: Aaron A R
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Tobian
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease , University of California San Diego , La Jolla.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gianella
authors.affiliation: Rakai Health Sciences Program , Entebbe.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kalibbala
authors.affiliation: Rakai Health Sciences Program , Entebbe.
authors.forename: Paschal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ssebbowa
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases , University of Toronto , Canada.
authors.forename: Rupert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe.
authors.forename: Ronald H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Thomas C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.affiliation: Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe; School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Serwadda
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Rakai Health Sciences Program, Entebbe.
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Redd
keywords: CMV; Cytokine; HIV; HSV-2; viral shedding