title: Validation study of a Chinese version of Partners in Health in Hong Kong (C-PIH HK).
abstract: The Partners in Health (PIH) scale is a measure designed to assess the generic knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and impacts of self-management. A cross-cultural adaptation of the PIH for use in Hong Kong was evaluated in this study. This paper reports the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of PIH (C-PIH[HK]).
  
  
  
  A 12-item PIH was translated using forward-backward translation technique and reviewed by individuals with chronic diseases and health professionals. A total of 209 individuals with chronic diseases completed the scale. The construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were evaluated in two waves.
  
  
  
  The findings in Wave 1 (n = 73) provided acceptable psychometric properties of the C-PIH(HK) but supported the adaptation of question 5 to improve the cultural relevance, validity, and reliability of the scale. An adapted version of C-PIH(HK) was evaluated in Wave 2. The findings in Wave 2 (n = 136) demonstrated good construct validity and internal consistency of C-PIH(HK). A principal component analysis with Oblimin rotation yielded a 3-factor solution, and the Cronbach's alphas of the subscales ranged from 0.773 to 0.845. Participants were asked whether they perceived the self-management workshops they attended and education provided by health professionals as useful or not. The results showed that the C-PIH(HK) was able to discriminate those who agreed and those who disagreed related to the usefulness of individual health education (p < 0.0001 in all subscales) and workshops (p < 0.001 in the knowledge subscale) as hypothesized. The test-retest reliability was high (ICC = 0.818).
  
  
  
  A culturally adapted version of PIH for use in Hong Kong was evaluated. The study supported good construct validity, discriminate validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of the C-PIH(HK).
authors.affiliation: Independent Researcher, Hong Kong, China. tchiu@space4teams.com.
authors.forename: Teresa Mei Lee
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Haven of Hope Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Katharine Tai Wo
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Tam
authors.affiliation: Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Choi Fong
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Siu
authors.affiliation: Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Phyllis Wai Ping
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Chau
authors.affiliation: Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Malcolm
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battersby
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012648:Self Care; D014177:Translations
keywords: Chinese; Chronic condition; Cultural adaptation; Scale validation; Self-management