title: The Greek version of the Gagging Assessment Scale in children and adolescents: psychometric properties, prevalence of gagging, and the association between gagging and dental fear.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  No studies assessing the association between gagging and dental fear are available in pediatric samples.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the Gagging Assessment Scale (GAS), to explore the prevalence of gagging, and to evaluate the relationship between gagging and dental fear in a pediatric sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 849 8- and 14-year-old children filled out a questionnaire consisting of demographic items, the Greek version of the GAS, and the Greek Children's Fear Survey Schedule Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS); the older children also completed the Greek version of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS). The short form of dentist part of the Gagging Problem Assessment (GPA-de-c/SF) was used to objectively assess gagging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 51 children (6.0%) demonstrated gagging on the GPA-de-c/SF. Children rated as gaggers on the GPA-de-c/SF had significantly higher GAS scores. There were no relationships between GPA-de-c/SF and the CFSS-DS or MDAS. The GAS ratings were significantly correlated with the CFSS-DS (rho = 0.420, P < 0.001) and MDAS (rho = 0.429, P < 0.001). The internal consistency was good (Cronbach's alpha = 0.697).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GAS demonstrated good psychometric properties. Dental fear was correlated with the self-report gagging assessment, but not with the objective gagging assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katsouda
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, Veria, Greece.
authors.forename: Efthymia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Provatenou
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arapostathis
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Trilby
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coolidge
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kotsanos
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005683:Gagging; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires