title: Dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake modulates impact of Insertion/Deletion polymorphism of ApoB gene on obesity risk in type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of the study described here was to determine whether dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake modulates the association between ApoB Ins/Del polymorphism and obesity in type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study, 700 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited in Tehran. Weight and waist circumference (WC) were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. ApoB genotyping was performed with 8% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a significant interaction between Ins/Del genotype and dietary ω-3 PUFA intake with respect to BMI, WC, and obesity risk in both unadjusted (P = 0.007, P = 0.001, and P = 0.021, respectively) and adjusted (P = 0.007, P = 0.04, and P = 0.002, respectively) samples. Thus, the carriers of the Del allele were only associated with lower BMI (P = 0.01) and WC (P = 0.002) among individuals with high ω-3 PUFA intake (≥0.6% of energy), but not in those with low ω-3 PUFA intake (<0.6%). Also, when dietary ω-3 PUFA was <0.6%, general obesity risk in carriers of the Del allele was about 1.6 times higher than that of Ins/Ins homozygotes (odds ratio = 1.59, 95% confidence interval: 1.05-2.52, P = 0.039). But with high ω-3 PUFA intake (≥0.6%), the risk was 0.46 times lower (odds ratio = 0.46, 95% confidence interval: 0.25-0.79, P = 0.003). Moreover, a similar interaction was observed in central obesity only in men after adjustment for confounder variables (P = 0.041).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the hypothesis that a diet high in ω-3 PUFA (≥0.6%) can decrease the obesity risk in carriers of the Del allele of ApoB gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Masoumeh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rafiee
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Gity
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sotoudeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Djalali
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Ehsan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alvandi
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Mohammadreza
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eshraghian
authors.affiliation: School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fereshteh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sojoudi
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: Fkoohdan@sina.tums.ac.ir.
authors.forename: Fariba
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Koohdani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001055:Apolipoproteins B / Q000235:genetics*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054643:INDEL Mutation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001055:Apolipoproteins B; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3
keywords: ApoB Ins/Del; Diabetes; Obesity; ω-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids