title: Salivary alkaline phosphatase levels speak about association of smoking, diabetes and potentially malignant diseases???
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a hydrolase intracellular enzyme participating in the metabolic processes of cells. Rise in salivary ALP (S-ALP) levels reflects inflammation and destruction of healthy tissues suggesting it as a clinical biomarker. S-ALP is used in analyzing the severity of the disease occurrence in smokers and nonsmokers who are diabetic and nondiabetic. S-ALP levels are analyzed using autoanalyzer in 40 patients who visited our department.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the levels of S-ALP in diagnosing potentially malignant conditions and debilitating diseases in early stages of inflammation and altered cellular metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study groups include: (1) Group A - 10 smokers who are diabetic. (2) Group B - 10 smokers who are nondiabetic. (3) Group C - 10 nonsmokers who are diabetic. (4) Group D - 10 nonsmokers and nondiabetic as control. Unstimulated saliva samples are collected and run in auto-analyzer with ALP enzyme reagent to analyze ALP levels. Comparison is made between all the four groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results were statistically significant with increased activity of ALP levels in saliva from Group A when compared to Group D. The results are Group A > Group B > Group C > Group D. The results also revealed significant raise in levels of ALP levels in saliva from smokers when compared to diabetes. Thus explaining adverse effects of smoking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S-ALP can be considered to be the biomarker for evaluating adverse effects of smoking, diabetes and other debilitating diseases in early stages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, G Pulla Reddy Dental College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: A Ravi
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, G Pulla Reddy Dental College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Kundana
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Indupuru
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, G Pulla Reddy Dental College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sreenath
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, G Pulla Reddy Dental College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: M Rajini
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kanth
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, G Pulla Reddy Dental College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: A Vikram Simha
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, G Pulla Reddy Dental College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Indira
keywords: Diabetic; salivary alkaline phosphatase levels; smokers