title: Association of Clomiphene and Assisted Reproductive Technologies With the Risk of Neural Tube Defects.
abstract: Clomiphene and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) are methods used to help subfertile couples become pregnant. ART has been reported to be associated with neural tube defects (NTDs) in offspring. To evaluate these associations, we studied mothers of 219 cases and 4,262 controls from the Slone Epidemiology Center Birth Defects Study (1993-2012) who were interviewed within 6 months after delivery about pregnancy events, including use of fertility treatments. We considered exposures to clomiphene (without ART) and ART during the periconceptional period. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, controlling for education and study center. We observed elevated adjusted odds ratios of 2.1 (95% confidence interval: 0.9, 4.8) and 2.0 (95% confidence interval: 1.1, 3.6) for clomiphene and ART exposure, respectively. We performed a mediation analysis to assess whether the observed elevated NTD risk was mediated through multiple births. For clomiphene exposure without ART use, the direct effect estimate of the adjusted odds ratio (aORDE) was 1.7 and the indirect effect estimate (aORIE) was 1.4. Conversely, for ART exposure, the aORDE was 0.9 and the aORIE was 2.5. Our findings suggest that relatively little of the clomiphene-NTD association is mediated through the pathway of multiple births, while the ART-NTD association was explained by the multiple-births pathway.
authors.forename: Corey M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Benedum
authors.forename: Mahsa M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Yazdy
authors.forename: Samantha E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Allen A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Martha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Werler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002996:Clomiphene / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016015:Logistic Models; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009099:Multiple Birth Offspring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000139:chemically induced*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology; D017584:Reproductive History; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002996:Clomiphene
keywords: assisted reproductive technologies; birth defects; clomiphene; folic acid; infertility; neural tube defects