title: Bactericidal Effect of Strong Acid Electrolyzed Water against Flow Enterococcus faecalis Biofilms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study evaluated the bactericidal effect of strong acid electrolyzed water (SAEW) against flow Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and its potential application as a root canal irrigant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flow E. faecalis biofilms were generated under a constant shear flow in a microfluidic system. For comparison, static E. faecalis biofilms were generated under a static condition on coverslip surfaces. Both the flow and static E. faecalis biofilms were treated with SAEW. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl, 5.25%) and normal saline (0.9%) were included as the controls. Bacterial reductions were evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy and the cell count method. Morphological changes of bacterial cells were observed using scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The confocal laser scanning microscopic and cell count results showed that SAEW had a bactericidal effect similar to that of 5.25% NaOCl against both the flow and static E. faecalis biofilms. The scanning electron microscopic results showed that smooth, consecutive, and bright bacteria surfaces became rough, shrunken, and even lysed after treated with SAEW, similar to those in the NaOCl group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SAEW had an effective bactericidal effect against both the flow and static E. faecalis biofilms, and it might be qualified as a root canal irrigant for effective root canal disinfection.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Biomedical Sciences Department, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas.
authors.forename: Xiaogang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Baoji Stomatology, Baoji, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chunmiao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tiejun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Sciences Department, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas.
authors.forename: Chi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Sciences Department, Texas A&M University Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas. Electronic address: xliu@bcd.tamhsc.edu.
authors.forename: Xiaohua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China. Electronic address: yuqing_fmmu@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D044085:Microfluidics; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; C118085:superoxidized water; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite
keywords: Bactericidal effect; Enterococcus faecalis; flow biofilm; microfluidic system; static biofilm; strong acid electrolyzed water