title: Acculturation levels and personalizing orthognathic surgery for the Asian American patient.
abstract: This study was performed to investigate whether the level of acculturation among Asians living in the USA plays a significant role in their opinion of facial profiles. One hundred and ninety-eight Asian American subjects were asked to complete a pre-validated survey to measure their level of acculturation and to evaluate four sets of pictures that displayed a class II male, class II female, class III male, and class III female. Each set consisted of three lateral profile pictures: an initial unaltered photo, a picture simulating a flatter profile (orthodontic camouflage in class II; mandibular setback in class III), and a picture simulating a fuller profile (mandibular advancement in class II; maxillary advancement in class III). For the class II male, subjects who were more acculturated indicated that a flatter profile (orthodontic camouflage) was less attractive. For the class II female, higher acculturated subjects chose expansive treatment (mandibular advancement) as more aesthetic compared to the less acculturated subjects. Each of these scenarios had statistically significant odds ratios. In general, highly acculturated subjects preferred a fuller facial profile, while low acculturated subjects preferred a flatter facial profile appearance, except for the class III female profile, which did not follow this trend.
authors.affiliation: UCSF Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: Aldrich.sy@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sy
authors.affiliation: Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Columbia University, New York, USA.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, El Camino Real, Daly City, CA, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, Washington St., Daly City, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Private Practice, Cupertino, CA, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.affiliation: UCSF Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, San Francisco, CA, USA; NIDCR/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000328:Adult; D001213:Asian; D002508:Cephalometry; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004954:Esthetics; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D019186:Mandibular Advancement; D008437:Maxilla / Q000601:surgery; D010781:Photography
keywords: Suinn–Lew survey; Western aesthetics; customized orthognathic treatment planning; ethnic variation; facial aesthetics