title: Effects of different titanium zirconium implant surfaces on initial supragingival plaque formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the current study was the evaluation of biofilm development on different implant surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initial biofilm formation was investigated on five different implant surfaces, machined titanium (MTi), modified machined acid-etched titanium (modMATi), machined titanium zirconium (MTiZr), modified machined and acid-etched titanium zirconium (modMATiZr) and sandblasted large grid and acid-etched titanium zirconium surface (SLATiZr) for 24 and 48 h. Biocompatibility was tested after tooth brushing of the samples via cell viability testing with human gingival fibroblasts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 24 h of biofilm collection, mean plaque surface was detected in the following descending order: After 24 h: MTiZr > MTi > SLATiZr > modMATiZr > modMATi. Both M surfaces showed significant higher biofilm formation than the other groups. After 48 h: MTiZr > MTi > SLATiZr > modMATiZr > modMATi. After tooth brushing: SLATiZr > modMATi > modMATiZr > MTi > MTiZr. All native samples depicted significant higher cell viability than their corresponding surfaces after biofilm removal procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TiZr groups especially the modMATiZr group showed slower and less biofilm formation. In combination with the good biocompatibility, both modMA surfaces seem to be interesting candidates for surfaces in transgingival implant design.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Westdeutsche Kieferklinik, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: John
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Westdeutsche Kieferklinik, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Westdeutsche Kieferklinik, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schwarz
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000328:Adult; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015921:Dental Implants; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014099:Toothbrushing; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D015921:Dental Implants; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium
keywords: material sciences; microbiology; surface chemistry