title: A diphenyl diselenide-supplemented diet and swimming exercise promote neuroprotection, reduced cell apoptosis and glial cell activation in the hypothalamus of old rats.
abstract: Aging is a process characterized by deterioration of the homeostasis of various physiological systems; although being a process under influence of multiple factors, the mechanisms involved in aging are not well understood. Here we investigated the effect of a (PhSe)2-supplemented diet (1ppm, 4weeks) and swimming exercise (1% of body weight, 20min per day, 4weeks) on proteins related to glial cells activation, apoptosis and neuroprotection in the hypothalamus of old male Wistar rats (27month-old). Old rats had activation of astrocytes and microglia which was demonstrated by the increase in the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) in hypothalamus. A decrease of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and procaspase-3 levels as well as an increase of the cleaved PARP/full length PARP ratio (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, PARP) and the pJNK/JNK ratio (c-Jun N-terminal kinase, JNK) were observed. The levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF), the pAkt/Akt ratio (also known as protein kinase B) and NeuN (neuronal nuclei), a neuron marker, were decreased in the hypothalamus of old rats. Old rats that received a (PhSe)2-supplemented diet and performed swimming exercise had the hypothalamic levels of Iba-1 and GFAP decreased. The combined treatment also increased the levels of Bcl-2 and procaspase-3 and decreased the ratios of cleaved PARP/full length PARP and pJNK/JNK in old rats. The levels of mBDNF and NeuN, but not the pAkt/Akt ratio, were increased by combined treatment. In conclusion, a (PhSe)2-supplemented diet and swimming exercise promoted neuroprotection in the hypothalamus of old rats, reducing apoptosis and glial cell activation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marlon R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: José L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cechella
authors.affiliation: Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, CEP 97500-701, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pinton
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cristina W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica e Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Electronic address: gzeni@ufsm.br.
authors.forename: Gilson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zeni
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D034961:Antigens, Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000066829:Neuroprotection; D016566:Organoselenium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D015415:Biomarkers; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D016566:Organoselenium Compounds; C546339:Rbfox3 protein, rat; C061132:diphenyldiselenide; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases
keywords: Aging; Exercise; Hypothalamus; Inflammation; Selenium