title: Perceptions of variability in facial emotion influence beliefs about the stability of psychological characteristics.
abstract: Beliefs about the malleability versus stability of traits (incremental vs. entity lay theories) have a profound impact on social cognition and self-regulation, shaping phenomena that range from the fundamental attribution error and group-based stereotyping to academic motivation and achievement. Less is known about the causes than the effects of these lay theories, and in the current work the authors examine the perception of facial emotion as a causal influence on lay theories. Specifically, they hypothesized that (a) within-person variability in facial emotion signals within-person variability in traits and (b) social environments replete with within-person variability in facial emotion encourage perceivers to endorse incremental lay theories. Consistent with Hypothesis 1, Study 1 participants were more likely to attribute dynamic (vs. stable) traits to a person who exhibited several different facial emotions than to a person who exhibited a single facial emotion across multiple images. Hypothesis 2 suggests that social environments support incremental lay theories to the extent that they include many people who exhibit within-person variability in facial emotion. Consistent with Hypothesis 2, participants in Studies 2-4 were more likely to endorse incremental theories of personality, intelligence, and morality after exposure to multiple individuals exhibiting within-person variability in facial emotion than after exposure to multiple individuals exhibiting a single emotion several times. Perceptions of within-person variability in facial emotion-rather than perceptions of simple diversity in facial emotion-were responsible for these effects. Discussion focuses on how social ecologies shape lay theories. (PsycINFO Database Record
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Denver.
authors.forename: Max
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6463-4692
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weisbuch
authors.affiliation: loan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Grunberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Management, Columbia Business School.
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Slepian
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stanford University.
authors.forename: Nalini
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ambady
mesh_terms: D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005145:Face / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D012938:Social Perception; D055815:Young Adult