title: Prostate Cancer in Pilots.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aviation exposes pilots to various occupationally related hazards, including ionizing radiation and chemical combustion. The possibility of increased prostate cancer incidence and mortality among pilots is a subject of debate. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to summarize the supporting evidence and determine the magnitude of association.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies reporting prostate cancer incidence and mortality in pilots compared to the general population were included regardless of language or size. The comprehensive search included multiple databases and manual search. A random effect model was used to pool relative risks (RR) across studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final search yielded nine studies with good methodological quality. Four studies reported the incidence of prostate cancer while six reported on mortality. Pilots had a small but statistically significant increase in the risk of developing prostate cancer [RR 1.20; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08-1.33], but not in prostate cancer mortality (RR 1.20; 95% CI, 0.91-1.60).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pilots appear to have a very small increase in prostate cancer incidence, but not in mortality. The clinical significance of this finding is uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raslau
authors.forename: Abd Moain
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Abu Dabrh
authors.forename: Douglas T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Summerfield
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lawrence W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Steinkraus
authors.forename: Mohammad Hassan
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Murad
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001359:Aviation; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult