title: Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Photodynamic Therapy for Chronic Periodontitis in Vivo.
abstract: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is increasingly being explored for treatment of periodontitis. Here, we investigated the effect of aPDT on human dental plaque bacteria in suspensions and biofilms in vitro using methylene blue (MB)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) (PLGA) nanoparticles (MB-NP) and red light at 660 nm. The effect of MB-NP-based aPDT was also evaluated in a clinical pilot study with 10 adult human subjects with chronic periodontitis. Dental plaque samples from human subjects were exposed to aPDT-in planktonic and biofilm phases-with MB or MB-NP (25 µg/mL) at 20 J/cm² in vitro. Patients were treated either with ultrasonic scaling and scaling and root planing (US + SRP) or ultrasonic scaling + SRP + aPDT with MB-NP (25 µg/mL and 20 J/cm²) in a split-mouth design. In biofilms, MB-NP eliminated approximately 25% more bacteria than free MB. The clinical study demonstrated the safety of aPDT. Both groups showed similar improvements of clinical parameters one month following treatments. However, at three months ultrasonic SRP + aPDT showed a greater effect (28.82%) on gingival bleeding index (GBI) compared to ultrasonic SRP. The utilization of PLGA nanoparticles encapsulated with MB may be a promising adjunct in antimicrobial periodontal treatment.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Araraquara, SP 14800-903, Brazil. lfmarise@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Laura Marise
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: de Freitas
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Farmacos e Medicamentos, Araraquara, SP 14800-903, Brazil. giovana.calixto@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Giovana Maria Fioramonti
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Calixto
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Farmacos e Medicamentos, Araraquara, SP 14800-903, Brazil. chorilli@fcfar.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Marlus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chorilli
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fisica de Sao Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, Sao Carlos, SP 15980-900, Brazil. jsmgiusti@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Juçaíra Stella M
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Giusti
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Fisica de Sao Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Caixa Postal 369, Sao Carlos, SP 15980-900, Brazil. vander@ifsc.usp.br.
authors.forename: Vanderlei Salvador
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Bagnato
authors.affiliation: Applied Molecular Photomedicine Laboratory, the Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. n.soukos@neu.edu.
authors.forename: Nikolaos S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Soukos
authors.affiliation: Department of PharmaceuticalSciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, 140 The Fenway, Room 156, 360 Huntington Avenue Boston, MA 02115, USA. m.amiji@neu.edu.
authors.forename: Mansoor M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Amiji
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Araraquara, SP 14800-903, Brazil. fontanacr@fcfar.unesp.br.
authors.forename: Carla Raquel
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Fontana
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer
chemical_list: D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; D008751:Methylene Blue
keywords: PLGA; biofilms; methylene blue; nanoparticles; periodontitis; photodynamic therapy