title: Increased Tear Film Osmolarity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate tear film osmolarity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 55 eyes from 55 patients with SLE and 47 eyes from 47 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals were included in this study. Tear film osmolarity was evaluated with a lab-on-a-chip technique (TearLab; TearLab Corporation, San Diego, CA) in SLE patients in comparison with healthy individuals, and results were correlated to clinically available diagnostic tests for dry eye, such as tear ﬁlm break-up time (BUT), Schirmer's test, and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean tear film osmolarity in the SLE patients and healthy individuals was 306.02 ± 13.27 mOsm/L and 300.74 ± 9.11 mOsm/L, respectively, which made for a statistically significant difference (p = 0.020). In the SLE group, tear film osmolarity was negatively correlated with the Schirmer's test score and the BUT value (r = -0.295 p = 0.029 and r = 0.347 p = 0.009, respectively), whereas tear film osmolarity was not correlated with OSDI score (r = -0.182 p = 0.183).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed that tear film hyperosmolarity and abnormal tear film function are associated with SLE.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Necati
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duru
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Hasan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Altinkaynak
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Betul Seher
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.affiliation: b Department of Ophthalmology , Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Zeynep
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Duru
authors.affiliation: c Department of Ophthalmology , Keçiören Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Mehmet Erol
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Can
authors.affiliation: d Department of Rheumatology , Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Sukran
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erten
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Nilay
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yuksel
authors.affiliation: a Department of Ophthalmology , Ankara Ataturk Education and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey.
authors.forename: Emine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kalkan Akcay
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry*
keywords: Dry eye; TearLab; ocular surface; systemic lupus erythematosus; tear film osmolarity