title: Review of the Pharmacological Effects of Vitis vinifera (Grape) and its Bioactive Constituents: An Update.
abstract: Vitis vinifera fruit (grape) contains various phenolic compounds, flavonoids and stilbenes. In recent years, active constituents found in the fruits, seeds, stems, skin and pomaces of grapes have been identified and some have been studied. In this review, we summarize the active constituents of different parts of V. vinifera and their pharmacological effects including skin protection, antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic activities, as well as hepatoprotective, cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects in experimental studies published after our 2009 review. Clinical and toxicity studies have also been examined. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nassiri-Asl
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hosseinzadeh
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry*; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000737:chemistry*; D027843:Vitis / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D013267:Stilbenes
keywords: Vitis vinifera; antioxidant; flavonoids; grape; resveratrol