title: Chemical and Antimicrobial Profiling of Propolis from Different Regions within Libya.
abstract: Extracts from twelve samples of propolis collected from different regions of Libya were tested for their activity against Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania donovani, Plasmodium falciparum, Crithidia fasciculata and Mycobacterium marinum and the cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested against mammalian cells. All the extracts were active to some degree against all of the protozoa and the mycobacterium, exhibiting a range of EC50 values between 1.65 and 53.6 μg/ml. The toxicity against mammalian cell lines was only moderate; the most active extract against the protozoan species, P2, displayed an IC50 value of 53.2 μg/ml. The extracts were profiled by using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. The data sets were extracted using m/z Mine and the accurate masses of the features extracted were searched against the Dictionary of Natural Products (DNP). A principal component analysis (PCA) model was constructed which, in combination with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), divided the samples into five groups. The outlying groups had different sets of dominant compounds in the extracts, which could be characterised by their elemental composition. Orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) analysis was used to link the activity of each extract against the different micro-organisms to particular components in the extracts.
authors.affiliation: University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Weam
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Siheri
authors.affiliation: University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.|Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Godwin Unekwuojo
authors.initials: GU
authors.lastname: Ebiloma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Biddau
authors.affiliation: University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Woods
authors.affiliation: University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Muattaz Yassein
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Carol J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.affiliation: BeeVital, Whitby, North Yorkshire, YO22 5JR, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fearnley
authors.affiliation: University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: RuAngelie Edrada
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ebel
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pharmacy, Health and Well-being, University of Sunderland, Wharncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paget
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Sylke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.affiliation: University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Katharine C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Valerie A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.affiliation: Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Harry P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: De Koning
authors.affiliation: University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001688:Biological Products / Q000737:chemistry; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016831:Crithidia fasciculata / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000187:drug effects; D008002:Libya; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D019910:Mycobacterium marinum / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011429:Propolis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D012984:Software; D014346:Trypanosoma brucei brucei / Q000187:drug effects; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D001688:Biological Products; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011429:Propolis