title: Chemical immobilization of Pb, Cu, and Cd by phosphate materials and calcium carbonate in contaminated soils.
abstract: Soil contamination with toxic metals has increasingly become a global concern over the past few decades. Phosphate and carbonate compounds are good passivation materials for Pb immobilization, while the effect of phosphate and carbonate on the immobilization of multiple heavy metals (Pb, Cu, and Cd) in contaminated soils was seldom investigated. In this study, bone meal (BM), phosphate rock (PR), oxalic acid-activated phosphate rock (APR), super phosphate (SP), and calcium carbonate (CC) were added to the contaminated soils to evaluate the effect of phosphate materials and calcium carbonate on the immobilization of Pb, Cu, and Cd. The results showed that the pH of the treated soils increased 1.3-2.7, except SP which decreased 0.5 at most. Compared to the control treatment, all phosphates and calcium carbonate added to the polluted soils increased the fraction of residual metals, and the application of APR, PR, BM, and CC significantly reduced exchangeable and carbonate-bound fraction metals. PR and APR were the most effective for the immobilization of Pb, Cu, and Cd in the soils among these materials. Moreover, the concentrations of all metals in the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) leachate decreased with increasing amounts of amendments, and the concentrations of Pb in the TCLP leachate for soils treated with PR and APR were below the nonhazardous regulatory limit of 5 mg L(-1) (US Environmental Protection Agency). Based on our results, phosphate rock and oxalic acid-activated phosphate rock are effective in the immobilization of multiple metals by reducing their mobility in the co-contaminated soils.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Guoyong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Xiaojuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Muhammad Shahid
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Rizwan
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Yifei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China. hqhu@mail.hzau.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Hongqing
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D002119:Calcium Carbonate / Q000737:chemistry*; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D007854:Lead / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D019815:Oxalic Acid; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D010710:Phosphates; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D003300:Copper; D019815:Oxalic Acid; D002119:Calcium Carbonate
keywords: Heavy metal; Immobilization; Phosphate; TCLP; Tessier sequential extraction