title: Histamine and Immune Biomarkers in CNS Disorders.
abstract: Neuroimmune dysregulation is a common phenomenon in different forms of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Cross-links between central and peripheral immune mechanisms appear to be disrupted as reflected by a series of immune markers (CD3, CD4, CD7, HLA-DR, CD25, CD28, and CD56) which show variability in brain disorders such as anxiety, depression, psychosis, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, migraine, epilepsy, vascular dementia, mental retardation, cerebrovascular encephalopathy, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, cranial nerve neuropathies, mental retardation, and posttraumatic brain injury. Histamine (HA) is a pleiotropic monoamine involved in several neurophysiological functions, neuroimmune regulation, and CNS pathogenesis. Changes in brain HA show an age- and sex-related pattern, and alterations in brain HA levels are present in different CNS regions of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Brain HA in neuronal and nonneuronal compartments plays a dual role (neurotrophic versus neurotoxic) in a tissue-specific manner. Pathogenic mechanisms associated with neuroimmune dysregulation in AD involve HA, interleukin-1β, and TNF-α, whose aberrant expression contributes to neuroinflammation as an aggravating factor for neurodegeneration and premature neuronal death.
authors.affiliation: Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, C/Castillo de Alarcón 49, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, Santa Marta de Babio, Bergondo, 15165 Corunna, Spain.
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cacabelos
authors.affiliation: EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, Santa Marta de Babio, Bergondo, 15165 Corunna, Spain.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Torrellas
authors.affiliation: EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute for CNS Disorders and Genomic Medicine, Santa Marta de Babio, Bergondo, 15165 Corunna, Spain.
authors.forename: Lucía
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernández-Novoa
authors.affiliation: Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, C/Castillo de Alarcón 49, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i+12), Avenida de Córdoba, s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: López-Muñoz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006632:Histamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D006632:Histamine