title: Life stage sensitivity of the marine mussel Mytilus edulis to ammonia.
abstract: Ammonia is an important contaminant to consider in all toxicity tests. It is especially important to consider the impacts of ammonia in test methods that use sensitive water column organisms exposed to sediments or sediment extracts, such as porewater and elutriate toxicity tests. Embryo-larval development toxicity tests, such as the 48-h method using Mytilus mussel species, are particularly sensitive to ammonia. To better understand the effect thresholds across different life stages of these mussels, 6 short-term (48-h) development toxicity tests and 3 21-d toxicity tests with different-sized juvenile mussels were conducted. Two of the juvenile mussel tests involved 21-d continuous chronic exposure to ammonia, whereas the third involved an acute 2-d ammonia exposure, followed by a 19-d recovery period. The embryo-larval development test method (50% effect concentration [EC50] = 0.14-0.18 mg/L un-ionized ammonia) was 2.5 times more sensitive than the juvenile mussel 21-d survival endpoint (50% lethal concentration = 0.39 mg/L un-ionized ammonia) and 2 times more sensitive than the most sensitive sublethal juvenile mussel endpoint (EC50 = 0.26 mg/L un-ionized ammonia). Further, it was found that the juveniles recovered from a 48-h exposure to un-ionized ammonia of up to 1.1 mg/L. The data generated suggest that the embryo development endpoint was sufficiently sensitive to un-ionized ammonia to protect the chronically exposed (21 d) juvenile mussels. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:89-95. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
authors.affiliation: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lindsay
authors.affiliation: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Biedenbach
authors.affiliation: US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
authors.forename: Ashley R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Harmon
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D007814:Larva; D049880:Mytilus edulis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000641:Ammonia
keywords: Ammonia; Development; Larvae; Mussel; Toxicity