title: Three Factors Are Critical in Order to Synthesize Intelligible Noise-Vocoded Japanese Speech.
abstract: Factor analysis (principal component analysis followed by varimax rotation) had shown that 3 common factors appear across 20 critical-band power fluctuations derived from spoken sentences of eight different languages [Ueda et al. (2010). Fechner Day 2010, Padua]. The present study investigated the contributions of such power-fluctuation factors to speech intelligibility. The method of factor analysis was modified to obtain factors suitable for resynthesizing speech sounds as 20-critical-band noise-vocoded speech. The resynthesized speech sounds were used for an intelligibility test. The modification of factor analysis ensured that the resynthesized speech sounds were not accompanied by a steady background noise caused by the data reduction procedure. Spoken sentences of British English, Japanese, and Mandarin Chinese were subjected to this modified analysis. Confirming the earlier analysis, indeed 3-4 factors were common to these languages. The number of power-fluctuation factors needed to make noise-vocoded speech intelligible was then examined. Critical-band power fluctuations of the Japanese spoken sentences were resynthesized from the obtained factors, resulting in noise-vocoded-speech stimuli, and the intelligibility of these speech stimuli was tested by 12 native Japanese speakers. Japanese mora (syllable-like phonological unit) identification performances were measured when the number of factors was 1-9. Statistically significant improvement in intelligibility was observed when the number of factors was increased stepwise up to 6. The 12 listeners identified 92.1% of the morae correctly on average in the 6-factor condition. The intelligibility improved sharply when the number of factors changed from 2 to 3. In this step, the cumulative contribution ratio of factors improved only by 10.6%, from 37.3 to 47.9%, but the average mora identification leaped from 6.9 to 69.2%. The results indicated that, if the number of factors is 3 or more, elementary linguistic information is preserved in such noise-vocoded speech.
authors.affiliation: Human Science, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kishida
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Science/Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshitaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Science/Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ueda
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Science/Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Gerard B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Remijn
keywords: critical band; factor analysis; noise-vocoded speech; principal component analysis; speech perception