title: The Role of Proanthocyanidins Complex in Structure and Nutrition Interaction in Alfalfa Forage.
abstract: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the main forages grown in the world. Alfalfa is a winter hardy, drought tolerant, N-fixing legume with a good longevity, high yield, high nutrient levels, high digestibility, unique structural to non-structural components ratio, high dry matter intake, and high animal productivity per hectare. However, its main limitation is its excessively rapid initial rate of protein degradation in the rumen, which results in pasture bloat and inefficient use of protein with consequent excessive excretions of nitrogen into the environment. Proanthocyanidins are secondary plant metabolites that can bind with protein and thereby reduce the rate and extent of ruminal protein degradation. However, these secondary metabolites do not accumulate in alfalfa. This review aims to firstly describe the events involved in the rapid release of protein from alfalfa and its effect on ruminant nutrition, environmental pollution, and pasture bloat; secondly, to describe occurrence, structure, functions and benefits of moderate amounts of proanthocyanidin; and finally, to describe the development of alfalfa which accumulates moderate amounts of proanthocyanidins. The emphasis of this review focuses on the role of proanthocyanidins compounds in structure and nutrition interaction in ruminant livestock systems.
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. arjan.jonker@agresearch.co.nz.|Current address: Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Tennent Drive, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. arjan.jonker@agresearch.co.nz.
authors.forename: Arjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jonker
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. peiqiang.yu@usask.ca.
authors.forename: Peiqiang
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000818:Animals; D004063:Digestion / Q000502:physiology; D004787:Environmental Pollution; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D000455:Medicago sativa / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D059748:Proteolysis; D012417:Rumen / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D044945:Proanthocyanidins
keywords: alfalfa; molecular structure and nutrition interaction; proanthocyanidin