title: Tolerance to chitosan by Trichoderma species is associated with low membrane fluidity.
abstract: The effect of chitosan on growth of Trichoderma spp., a cosmopolitan genus widely exploited for their biocontrol properties was evaluated. Based on genotypic (ITS of 18S rDNA) characters, four isolates of Trichoderma were identified as T. pseudokoningii FLM16, T. citrinoviride FLM17, T. harzianum EZG47, and T. koningiopsis VSL185. Chitosan reduces radial growth of Trichoderma isolates in concentration-wise manner. T. koningiopsis VSL185 was the most chitosan tolerant isolate in all culture media amended with chitosan (0.5-2.0 mg ml(-1) ). Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were determined showing that T. koningiopsis VSL185 displays higher chitosan tolerance with MIC value >2000 μg ml(-1) while for other Trichoderma isolates MIC values were around 10 μg ml(-1) . Finally, free fatty acid composition reveals that T. koningiopsis VSL185, chitosan tolerant isolate, displays lower linolenic acid (C18:3) content than chitosan sensitive Trichoderma isolates. Our findings suggest that low membrane fluidity is associated with chitosan tolerance in Trichoderma spp.
authors.affiliation: Food Research and Development Unit (UNIDA), Laboratory of Genetics, Technological Institute of Veracruz, Veracruz, México.|Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Ernesto A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Zavala-González
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lopez-Moya
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Almudena
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aranda-Martinez
authors.affiliation: Food Research and Development Unit (UNIDA), Laboratory of Genetics, Technological Institute of Veracruz, Veracruz, México.
authors.forename: Mayra
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cruz-Valerio
authors.affiliation: Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies (MIES) "Ramon Margalef", University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis Vicente
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Lopez-Llorca
authors.affiliation: Food Research and Development Unit (UNIDA), Laboratory of Genetics, Technological Institute of Veracruz, Veracruz, México.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramírez-Lepe
mesh_terms: D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics; D025301:Hyphae / Q000254:growth & development; D008560:Membrane Fluidity / Q000502:physiology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; D017962:alpha-Linolenic Acid; D048271:Chitosan
keywords: Chitosan; Free fatty acids; Plasma membrane; Trichoderma