title: Ontogenetic allometry constrains cranial shape of the head-first burrowing worm lizard Cynisca leucura (Squamata: Amphisbaenidae).
abstract: Amphisbaenians are fossorial, predominantly limbless squamate reptiles with distinct cranial shapes corresponding to specific burrowing behaviors. Due to their cryptic lifestyles and the scarcity of museum specimens, little is known of their intraspecific variation, particularly regarding cranial osteology. This represents a critical lack of information, because the majority of morphological investigations of squamate relationships are based on cranial characters. We investigated cranial variation in the West African Coast Worm Lizard Cynisca leucura, a round-headed member of the Amphisbaenidae. Using geometric morphometric analyses of three-dimensional computed tomographic scans, we found that cranial osteology of C. leucura is highly conserved, with the majority of shape changes occurring during growth as the cranium becomes more slender and elongate, accompanied by increasing interdigitation among the dermal roofing bones. Elements of the ventral portion of the cranium remain loosely connected in adults, possibly as a protective mechanism against repeated compression and torsion during burrow excavation. Intraspecific variation was strongly correlated with size change from juveniles to adults, indicating a dominant role of ontogenetic allometry in determining cranial shape. We found no evidence of sexual dimorphism, either during growth or among adults. Given the fossorial habits of C. leucura, we hypothesize that cranial allometry is under strong stabilizing selection to maintain adequate proportions for head-first digging, thereby constraining the ability of individuals to respond to differing selection pressures, including sexual selection and variation in diet or microhabitat. For species in which digging imposes less mechanical stress (e.g., in softer sand), allometric associations during growth may be weakened, allowing changes to the ontogenetic trajectory and subsequent morphological traits. Such developmental dissociation between size and shape, known as heterochrony, may also be implicit in the evolution of the other amphisbaenian cranial shapes (shovel, spade, and keel), which may themselves be functionally adapted for their respective burrowing techniques. J. Morphol. 277:1159-1167, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.|Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.|Museum Für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christy A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hipsley
authors.affiliation: Museum Für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Marc-Nicolas
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Rentinck
authors.affiliation: Museum Für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Mark-Oliver
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Rödel
authors.affiliation: Museum Für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D008116:Lizards / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology*
keywords: Amphisbaenia; Cynisca leucura; allometry; cranial shape; ontogeny