title: Is there Progress? An Overview of Selecting Biomarker Candidates for Major Depressive Disorder.
abstract: Major depressive disorder (MDD) contributes to a significant worldwide disease burden, expected to be second only to heart disease by 2050. However, accurate diagnosis has been a historical weakness in clinical psychiatry. As a result, there is a demand for diagnostic modalities with greater objectivity that could improve on current psychiatric practice that relies mainly on self-reporting of symptoms and clinical interviews. Over the past two decades, literature on a growing number of putative biomarkers for MDD increasingly suggests that MDD patients have significantly different biological profiles compared to healthy controls. However, difficulty in elucidating their exact relationships within depression pathology renders individual markers inconsistent diagnostic tools. Consequently, further biomarker research could potentially improve our understanding of MDD pathophysiology as well as aid in interpreting response to treatment, narrow differential diagnoses, and help refine current MDD criteria. Representative of this, multiplex assays using multiple sources of biomarkers are reported to be more accurate options in comparison to individual markers that exhibit lower specificity and sensitivity, and are more prone to confounding factors. In the future, more sophisticated multiplex assays may hold promise for use in screening and diagnosing depression and determining clinical severity as an advance over relying solely on current subjective diagnostic criteria. A pervasive limitation in existing research is heterogeneity inherent in MDD studies, which impacts the validity of biomarker data. Additionally, small sample sizes of most studies limit statistical power. Yet, as the RDoC project evolves to decrease these limitations, and stronger studies with more generalizable data are developed, significant advances in the next decade are expected to yield important information in the development of MDD biomarkers for use in clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Juan Joseph
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Nathan Kline Institute , Orangeburg, NY , USA.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Silber
authors.affiliation: Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK.
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA.
authors.forename: Isaac Robert
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Galatzer-Levy
authors.affiliation: Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; NYU Cohen Veterans Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Nunzio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pomara
authors.affiliation: New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; NYU Cohen Veterans Center, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Charles Raymond
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Marmar
keywords: assay; biomarker; diagnosis; major depression; multiplex; state; trait