title: The presence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in rice and rice products; and evaluation of dietary intake.
abstract: In present study aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) were analysed in 208 samples of rice and products collected from central areas of Punjab, Pakistan. The analysis was carried out using HPLC equipped with fluorescence detector. The results have shown that 35% of the samples were found contaminated with AFs, out of which 19% and 24% samples were found to be above the European Union (EU) maximum content for AFB1 and total AFs, respectively. About 19% samples were found contaminated with OTA and 14% samples were found to be above the EU maximum content. The highest mean level of AFB1 and total AFs were found in brown rice samples i.e. 8.91 and 12.4μg/kg, respectively. However, white rice samples have shown the highest mean level of OTA (8.50μg/kg) with highest level of 24.9μg/kg. The high mean dietary exposure 22.2 and 24.2ngkg(-1)bwday(-1) to AFB1 and OTA, respectively poses significant health hazard for local population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry & Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: shahzad10542005@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Shahzad Zafar
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Iqbal
authors.affiliation: Food Toxicology Lab., Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), P.O. Box 128, Faisalabad 38950, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad Rafique
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Asi
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry & Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Usman
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hanif
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry & Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zuber
authors.affiliation: Food Safety Research Centre (FOSREC), Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: sjinap@gmail.com.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jinap
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000032:analysis*; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry; D010154:Pakistan
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; C025589:ochratoxin A
keywords: Aflatoxins; Dietary intake; HPLC; Ochratoxin A; Rice and rice products