title: Preparation, Characterization, and Insecticidal Activity of Avermectin-Grafted-Carboxymethyl Chitosan.
abstract: Avermectin-grafted-N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC) derivative was obtained by esterification reaction using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as dehydrating agent and 4-methylaminopyridine as catalyst. The structures of the conjugate were confirmed by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, and XRD. Insecticidal activities against armyworms, carmine spider mites, black bean aphids, and brown plant hoppers were investigated at concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 1000 mg/L. At the concentration of 1000 mg/L and 500 mg/L, the lethal rate was 100%. Good insecticidal activity at 4 mg/L was still shown, especially against the black bean aphids and brown plant hoppers. Moreover, the photostability of the conjugate was evaluated and showed an apparent improvement. At 300 mins, the residual rate of the conjugate was 11.22%, much higher than 0.2% of the avermectin technical material. The conjugate we developed showed potential for further study and application in crop protection.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Yukun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Ronge
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Huahua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Kecheng
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
authors.forename: Pengcheng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000631:Aminopyridines / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000187:drug effects*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004024:Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004951:Esterification; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
chemical_list: D000631:Aminopyridines; D007306:Insecticides; C077199:O,N-carboxymethylchitosan; C061053:4-methylaminopyridine; D004024:Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; D007559:Ivermectin; C019264:avermectin; D048271:Chitosan