title: Adjuvant indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enzyme inhibition for comprehensive management of epilepsy and comorbid depression.
abstract: Epilepsy is one of the major neurological disorders frequently associated with psychiatric disorders such as depression. Alteration of tryptophan metabolism towards kynurenine pathway may be one of the plausible reasons for association of depression in epilepsy. Hence, this study was envisaged to evaluate the dose dependent inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) enzyme (responsible for shifting tryptophan metabolism) employing minocycline with valproic acid for comprehensive management of epilepsy and comorbid depression. Kindling was induced in male swiss albino mice by administration of pentylenetetrazole subconvulsive dose (35mg/kg, i.p.) at an interval of 48±2h. Kindled animals were treated with saline, valproate (300mg/kg/day i.p.), valproate in combination with different doses of minocycline (10mg/kg; 20mg/kg; 40mg/kg)/day i.p. and minocycline per se (40mg/kg/day i.p.) for 15 days. Except naïve, all the groups were challenged with pentylenetetrazole (35mg/kg i.p.) on day 5, 10, and 15 to evaluate the seizure severity score. Depression was evaluated in all experimental groups using tail suspension and forced swim test on days 1, 5, 10 and 15, 2h after pentylenetetrazole challenge. Results suggested that saline treated kindled animals were significantly associated with depression. Chronic valproate treatment significantly reduced seizure severity score but unable to ameliorate the associated depression. Minocycline supplementation with valproic acid dose dependently ameliorated depression associated with epilepsy. Neurochemical and biochemical findings also supported the behavioural findings of the study. Thus, our results suggested that supplementation of IDO enzyme inhibitors with valproic acid could be explored further for comprehensive management of epilepsy and associated depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
authors.forename: Tanveer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India. Electronic address: goelrkpup@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rajesh Kumar
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Goel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015897:Comorbidity; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008911:Minocycline / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D009573:Nitrites; D014635:Valproic Acid; D008911:Minocycline; D003345:Corticosterone
keywords: Corticosterone; Depression; Epilepsy; Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; Minocycline