title: Determinants and Prognostic Significance of the Renal Resistive Index.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The noninvasive assessment of renal hemodynamics is currently possible by assessing the renal resistive index (RRI) derived from intrarenal Doppler arterial waveforms as (peak systolic velocity - end-diastolic velocity)/peak systolic velocity. In this review, we outline the important determinants of the RRI to clarify the true identity of the RRI and highlight its potential diagnostic and prognostic value in renal and cardiovascular pathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the RRI was initially considered to reflect intrarenal vascular pathological processes, this index is actually a product of a complex interaction between renal and systemic vascular wall properties and hemodynamic factors. Indeed, studies in patients and general populations consistently demonstrated a significant and direct association between the RRI and central or peripheral pulse pressure independent of other covariables. Moreover, studies in renal transplant patients also showed that the RRI mainly reflects characteristics of the recipient but not those of the graft. Thus, the major influence of the systemic hemodynamics on the intrarenal arterial waveforms excludes RRI as a specific marker of renal vascular pathology. On the other hand, because the RRI reflects pulsatility in renal arteries, it might be useful for the early detection of renal microvascular damage. Future longitudinal studies are still needed to clarify whether the detection of Doppler changes in intrarenal arteries might yield an improvement in the adverse cardiovascular and renal outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Published studies on RRI imply that the interaction between the systemic hemodynamics and peripheral circulation in the kidney is a complex physiological phenomenon. In addition to renal vascular properties, the central hemodynamic factors significantly influence the intrarenal arterial Doppler waveform patterns. Previous research also suggested an important role of the RRI for the evaluation of renal target organ damage, particularly in patients with increased pulsatility of the intrarenal blood flow.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cauwenberghs
authors.affiliation: Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuznetsova
keywords: Pulsatility; Renal resistive index; Renal target organ damage