title: Combined effect of astaxanthin and squalene on oxidative stress in vivo.
abstract: Obesity and diabetes, risk factors for metabolic syndrome, are characterized by oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Marine biofunctionals, astaxanthin (Ax) and squalene (SQ), were evaluated for their combined effect. Groups of male KK-A (y) mice were fed high fat/sucrose diet for 4 weeks, supplemented with either 0.1 %Ax, 2 %SQ or 0.1 %Ax + 2 %SQ. In comparison to control, Sod was elevated in only Ax + SQ. However, Gpx was highest in Ax + SQ, indicating the combined antioxidant effect of Ax and SQ. This was supported by elevated mRNA expression of Sod1 and Gpx1. Except adiponectin (elevated in Ax and Ax + SQ), expression of other inflammatory markers was not altered. Blood glucose levels were decreased in SQ and Ax + SQ while liver triglycerides decreased in SQ group. This is the first in vivo study demonstrating combined effects of Ax and SQ resulting in antioxidant effects and modulation of glucose/triglyceride levels. This study highlights the benefit of utilizing Ax and SQ together for management of obesity/diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato Cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan. sangeetha.rk@gmail.com.|Laboratory of Lung Biology, Department of Pathobiological Sciences and Center for Experimental Infectious Disease Research, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA. sangeetha.rk@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sangeetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravi Kumar
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato Cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan.|Department of Meat and Marine Sciences, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka, 570 020, India.
authors.forename: Bhaskar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato Cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan.
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato Cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan.
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hosokawa
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1, Minato Cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan. kmiya@fish.hokudai.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyashita
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008820:Mice, Obese; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D013185:Squalene / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D014280:Triglycerides; D024341:Xanthophylls; D013185:Squalene; C005948:astaxanthine
keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Astaxanthin; KK-A y mice; Lipid hydroperoxides; Squalene