title: Anger and guilt in treatment for chronic posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: Feelings of anger and guilt are important to consider when treating PTSD as they are related to higher PTSD severity and may be related to avoidance during treatment. Avoidance may impede emotional engagement, the process of connecting with distressing, fear-related emotions during imaginal exposure, which is considered an important mechanism for successful PTSD treatment in prolonged exposure (PE). Yet, little research has examined possible complications in achieving emotional engagement, such as anger and guilt.
  
  
  
  The present study utilized data from 116 individuals with PTSD who received PE to investigate whether anger and guilt were associated with poorer emotional engagement, as captured by pre, peak, post, and mean subjective units of distress (SUDs), during the initial imaginal exposure, and whether anger and guilt predicted worse treatment outcome generally and as a result of lessened emotional engagement.
  
  
  
  Neither initial anger nor guilt hindered engagement nor predicted worse outcome. Contrary to hypotheses, higher guilt was predictive of greater anticipatory distress and slightly better PTSD outcome. The relationship between pre-treatment guilt cognitions and post-treatment PTSD severity was not mediated by engagement.
  
  
  
  This study used a trauma-specific measure of guilt and general measure for anger, however both are commonly used. In addition, this study examined emotional engagement during imaginal exposure to the exclusion of engagement with other therapy components, such as in vivo exposure.
  
  
  
  These findings help dispel concerns that those with higher anger and guilt will avoid emotionally engaging during the initial imaginal exposure due to feeling distressed by intense negative emotionality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. Electronic address: egd17@case.edu.
authors.forename: Erin G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Clifton
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Norah C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Feeny
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
authors.forename: Lori A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Zoellner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006167:Guilt; D006801:Humans; D007171:Implosive Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D057566:Self Report; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Anger; Emotional engagement; Guilt; PTSD; Prolonged exposure