title: Female bladder outlet obstruction: an update on diagnosis and management.
abstract: The diagnosis and evaluation of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in women remains a challenging topic. The goal of this study is to review recent literature and summarize the diagnosis and management of BOO with special focus on recent progress.
  
  
  
  In recent years, numerous advances in the area of female BOO have taken place including a movement towards unified diagnostic criteria, summary of functional and anatomic causes, and exploration of potential diagnostic options.
  
  
  
  This review discusses the known diagnosis and management of female bladder outlet obstruction, yet highlights specific functional causes, new criteria available for diagnosis, and long-term results of treatment options.
authors.affiliation: aThe University of Kansas, School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA bThe University of Kansas, Department of Urology, Kansas City, USA.
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Priya
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Padmanabhan
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D001748:Urinary Bladder Neck Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D016055:Urinary Retention / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014563:Urodynamics