title: Open and closed evolutionary paths for drastic morphological changes, involving serial gene duplication, sub-functionalization, and selection.
abstract: Twin-tail goldfish strains are examples of drastic morphological alterations that emerged through domestication. Although this mutation is known to be caused by deficiency of one of two duplicated chordin genes, it is unknown why equivalent mutations have not been observed in other domesticated fish species. Here, we compared the chordin gene morphant phenotypes of single-tail goldfish and common carp (close relatives, both of which underwent chordin gene duplication and domestication). Morpholino-induced knockdown depleted chordin gene expression in both species; however, while knockdown reproduced twin-tail morphology in single-tail goldfish, it had no effect on common carp morphology. This difference can be explained by the observation that expression patterns of the duplicated chordin genes overlap completely in common carp, but are sub-functionalized in goldfish. Our finding implies that goldfish drastic morphological changes might be enhanced by the subsequent occurrence of three different types of evolutionary event (duplication, sub-functionalization, and selection) in a certain order.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan.|Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
authors.forename: Gembu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shu-Hua
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ing-Jia
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Ju
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kinya G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Ota
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002347:Carps / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics; D005775:Gastrula / Q000378:metabolism; D020440:Gene Duplication; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D006054:Goldfish / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D060172:Morpholinos / Q000494:pharmacology; D010641:Phenotype; D010802:Phylogeny; D013045:Species Specificity; D013623:Tail / Q000196:embryology / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D006023:Glycoproteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D060172:Morpholinos; C054234:chordin