title: Cancer Mortality Risks from Long-term Exposure to Ambient Fine Particle.
abstract: Few studies have assessed long-term effects of particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) on mortality for causes of cancer other than the lung; we assessed the effects on multiple causes. In Hong Kong, most people live and work in urban or suburban areas with high-rise buildings. This facilitates the estimation of PM2.5 exposure of individuals, taking into account the height of residence above ground level for assessment of the long-term health effects with sufficient statistical power.
  
  
  
  We recruited 66,820 persons who were ≥65 in 1998 to 2001 and followed up for mortality outcomes until 2011. Annual concentrations of PM at their residential addresses were estimated using PM2.5 concentrations measured at fixed-site monitors, horizontal-vertical locations, and satellite data. We used Cox regression model to assess the HR of mortality for cancer per 10 μg/m(3) increase of PM2.5 RESULTS: PM2.5 was associated with increased risk of mortality for all causes of cancer [HR, 1.22 (95% CI, 1.11-1.34)] and for specific cause of cancer in upper digestive tract [1.42 (1.06-1.89)], digestive accessory organs [1.35 (1.06-1.71)] in all subjects; breast [1.80 (1.26-2.55)] in females; and lung [1.36 (1.05-1.77)] in males.
  
  
  
  Long-term exposures to PM2.5 are associated with elevated risks of cancer in various organs.
  
  
  
  This study is particularly timely in China, where compelling evidence is needed to support the pollution control policy to ameliorate the health damages associated with economic growth. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(5); 839-45. ©2016 AACR.
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Chit Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Hilda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Hak Kan
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom. thach@hku.hk g.n.thomas@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: G Neil
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Kin Bong
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: King Pan
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Qishi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Jon G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Ayres
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, the Government of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Siu Yin
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Tai Hing
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. thach@hku.hk g.n.thomas@bham.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Thuan Quoc
authors.initials: TQ
authors.lastname: Thach
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012306:Risk; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants