title: Alterations of androgen receptor-regulated enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) contribute to enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer.
abstract: Enzalutamide is a second-generation anti-androgen for treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CPRC). It prolongs survival of CRPC patients, but its overall survival benefit is relatively modest (4.8 months) and by 24 months most patients progress on enzalutamide. To date, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying enzalutamide resistance remain elusive. Herein, we report enzalutamide treatment-induced alterations of androgen receptor (AR)-regulated enhancer RNAs (AR-eRNAs) and their roles in enzalutamide-resistant growth and survival of CRPC cells. AR chromatin immunoprecipitation and high throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) and RNA-seq analyses revealed that 188 and 227 AR-eRNAs were differentially expressed in enzalutamide-resistant LNCaP and C4-2 cells, respectively. The AR-eRNAs upregulated in C4-2 cells and downregulated in LNCaP cells were selected through meta-analysis. Expression of AR-eRNAs and related mRNAs in the loci of FTO, LUZP2, MARC1 and NCAM2 were further verified by real-time RT-PCR. Silencing of LUZP2 inhibited, but silencing of MARC1 increased the growth of enzalutamide-resistant C4-2 cells. Intriguingly, meta-analysis showed that expression of LUZP2 mRNA increased in primary tumors compared to normal prostate tissues, but decreased again in metastatic CRPC. Our findings suggest that eRNA alteration profiling is a viable new approach to identify functional gene loci that may not only contribute to enzalutamide-resistant growth of CRPC, but also serve as new targets for CRPC therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.|Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Jingwen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Liguo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: R Jeffrey
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Karnes
authors.affiliation: Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kohli
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
authors.forename: Guixia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.|Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.|Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Haojie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D001549:Benzamides; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009570:Nitriles; D010669:Phenylthiohydantoin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D064129:Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics*; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: C410798:AR protein, human; D001549:Benzamides; D009570:Nitriles; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D010669:Phenylthiohydantoin; D012313:RNA; C540278:enzalutamide
keywords: androgen receptor; castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC); eRNA; enzalutamide; therapy resistance