title: A new synthetic methodology for the preparation of biocompatible and organo-soluble barbituric- and thiobarbituric acid based chitosan derivatives for biomedical applications.
abstract: Chitosan's poor solubility especially in organic solvents limits its use with other organo-soluble polymers; however such combinations are highly required to tailor their properties for specific biomedical applications. This paper describes the development of a new synthetic methodology for the synthesis of organo-soluble chitosan derivatives. These derivatives were synthesized from chitosan (CS), triethyl orthoformate and barbituric or thiobarbituric acid in the presence of 2-butannol. The chemical interactions and new functional motifs in the synthesized CS derivatives were evaluated by FTIR, DSC/TGA, UV/VIS, XRD and (1)H NMR spectroscopy. A cytotoxicity investigation for these materials was performed by cell culture method using VERO cell line and all the synthesized derivatives were found to be non-toxic. The solubility analysis showed that these derivatives were readily soluble in organic solvents including DMSO and DMF. Their potential to use with organo-soluble commercially available polymers was exploited by electrospinning; the synthesized derivatives in combination with polycaprolactone delivered nanofibrous membranes.
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Sohail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shahzad
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Lubna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shahzadi
authors.affiliation: Department of Allied Health Sciences and Chemical Pathology, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Nasir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mahmood
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Saadat Anwar
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Siddiqi
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Abdul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rauf
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Faisal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Manzoor
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Aqif Anwar
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Chaudhry
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, North Campus, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Ihtesham Ur
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.affiliation: Interdisciplinary Research Center in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan. Electronic address: drmyar@ciitlahore.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000440:Butanols / Q000737:chemistry; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012995:Solubility; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013858:Thiobarbiturates / Q000737:chemistry*; D014709:Vero Cells
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D000440:Butanols; D013858:Thiobarbiturates; C043958:2-butanol; D048271:Chitosan; C029684:thiobarbituric acid; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide
keywords: Chitosan derivatives; Organo-soluble; Synthetic method; Triethylorthoformate; Vero cells