title: Correlating Cleaning Thoroughness with Effectiveness and Briefly Intervening to Affect Cleaning Outcomes: How Clean Is Cleaned?
abstract: The most efficient approach to monitoring and improving cleaning outcomes remains unresolved. We sought to extend the findings of a previous study by determining whether cleaning thoroughness (dye removal) correlates with cleaning efficacy (absence of molecular or cultivable biomaterial) and whether one brief educational intervention improves cleaning outcomes.
  
  
  
  Before-after trial.
  
  
  
  Newly built community hospital.
  
  
  
  90 minute training refresher with surface-specific performance results.
  
  
  
  Dye removal, measured by fluorescence, and biomaterial removal and acquisition, measured with culture and culture-independent PCR-based assays, were clandestinely assessed for eight consecutive months. At this midpoint, results were presented to the cleaning staff (intervention) and assessments continued for another eight consecutive months.
  
  
  
  1273 surfaces were sampled before and after terminal room cleaning. In the short-term, dye removal increased from 40.3% to 50.0% (not significant). For the entire study period, dye removal also improved but not significantly. After the intervention, the number of rooms testing positive for specific pathogenic species by culturing decreased from 55.6% to 36.6% (not significant), and those testing positive by PCR fell from 80.6% to 53.7% (P = 0.016). For nonspecific biomaterial on surfaces: a) removal of cultivable Gram-negatives (GN) trended toward improvement (P = 0.056); b) removal of any cultivable growth was unchanged but acquisition (detection of biomaterial on post-cleaned surfaces that were contaminant-free before cleaning) worsened (P = 0.017); c) removal of PCR-based detection of bacterial DNA improved (P = 0.046), but acquisition worsened (P = 0.003); d) cleaning thoroughness and efficacy were not correlated.
  
  
  
  At this facility, a minor intervention or minimally more aggressive cleaning may reduce pathogen-specific contamination, but not without unintended consequences.
authors.affiliation: Multidrug-resistant organism Repository and Surveillance Network, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clifford
authors.affiliation: Multidrug-resistant organism Repository and Surveillance Network, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sparks
authors.affiliation: Multidrug-resistant organism Repository and Surveillance Network, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Eve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hosford
authors.affiliation: Multidrug-resistant organism Repository and Surveillance Network, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.affiliation: Multidrug-resistant organism Repository and Surveillance Network, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Richesson
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.affiliation: Multidrug-resistant organism Repository and Surveillance Network, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Yoon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Multidrug-resistant organism Repository and Surveillance Network, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Julius
authors.affiliation: Multidrug-resistant organism Repository and Surveillance Network, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGann
authors.affiliation: Multidrug-resistant organism Repository and Surveillance Network, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Emil
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lesho
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004202:Disinfectants; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D006764:Hospitals, Community / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010362:Patients' Rooms; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004202:Disinfectants