title: Do traditional cardiovascular risk factors solely explain intima-media thickening in youth with type 1 diabetes?
abstract: The aim of this study was to assess age-specific carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and to investigate associations between cIMT, age, classical cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other risk factors.
  
  
  
  This study included a cross-sectional analysis of cIMT in 178 patients with type 1 diabetes and 208 healthy controls across age categories. In patients, the impact of gender, socio-economic status, ethnicity, current and historical body mass index, blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol on cIMT was studied in a retrospective follow-up cohort study.
  
  
  
  Median cIMT was equally greater in patients versus controls across all age categories (P≤0.03). Regression models in patients confirmed a lack of association between cIMT and classical CVD risk factors.
  
  
  
  Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes showed greater cIMT than controls in all age categories. Increased cIMT did not seem to be consistently associated with classical adult CVD risk factors, adding to the current debate in pediatrics about the impact on classical CVD risk factors to the development of subclinical atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes. Future studies are warranted to determine if cIMT could assist in predicting macrovascular complications of type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Diabeter, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Care and Research, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Sint Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, Netherlands. Electronic address: j.vanderheyden@sfvg.nl.
authors.forename: Josine C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: van der Heyden
authors.affiliation: Diabeter, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Care and Research, Rotterdam, Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Groningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Erwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Birnie
authors.affiliation: Diabeter, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Care and Research, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bovenberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sint Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Manuel Castro
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cabezas
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Sint Franciscus Gasthuis, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Noëlle
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van der Meulen
authors.affiliation: Diabeter, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Care and Research, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mul
authors.affiliation: Diabeter, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Care and Research, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Veeze
authors.affiliation: Diabeter, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Care and Research, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henk-Jan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Aanstoot
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Childhood; Complications; Diabetes; Lipids/lipoproteins; Macrovascular diseas