title: A Japanese multicenter survey characterizing pain in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain is a frequent, troublesome symptom of PD but is under-recognized and poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We characterized pain prevalence, severity, and location in PD, to better understand its pathophysiology and improve diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional controlled study was conducted at 19 centers across Japan. A total of 632 subjects with Mini-Mental State Examination scores ≥24 were enrolled, including 324 PD patients and 308 controls. Sex and mean age did not differ between the two groups. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Pain was assessed using questionnaires, the SF-36v2 bodily pain scale, and a body illustration for patients to indicate the location of pain in 45 anatomical areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain prevalence in the PD group was 78.6%, significantly higher than in controls (49.0%), as was its severity. There was no correlation between SF-36v2 score and motor scores, such as Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III or Hoehn & Yahr scores. Pain distribution was similar between groups, predominantly in the lower back, followed by the gluteal region, lower legs, thighs, posterior neck, and shoulders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain is a significant problem in the Japanese PD population and we discuss its pathophysiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan. Electronic address: skubo@juntendo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Shin-Ichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hokuyukai Neurological Hospital, 2-4-30 Nijyuyonken-nijo, Nishi-ku, Sapporo 063-0802, Japan. Electronic address: s-hamada@hokuyukai-neurological-hosp.jp.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Research, Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels-Akita, 6-10 Senshukubotamachi, Akita 010-0874, Japan. Electronic address: maeda@akita-noken.go.jp.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, 2-12-12 Sumiyoshi, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 430-8558, Japan. Electronic address: tuchiyama@sis.seirei.or.jp.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Jikei University Katsushika Medical Center, 6-41-2 Aoto, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8506, Japan. Electronic address: hsmtneurology@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Masaya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, 2-17-6 Ohashi, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8515, Japan. Electronic address: d221001@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Nobuatsu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nomoto
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University Omori Medical Center, 6-11-1 Omorinishi, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan. Electronic address: osamukano@aol.com.
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, 3-60-2 Harajuku, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 245-8575, Japan. Electronic address: tkhsh@yokohama-cu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan. Electronic address: terashi@tokyo-med.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Terashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan. Electronic address: tetakaha@mac.com.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan. Electronic address: thatano@juntendo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hatano
authors.affiliation: Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan. Electronic address: thasegawa@med.tohoku.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Houei Clinic, 1609 Shimonagaecho, Miyakonojo-shi, Miyazaki 885-0061, Japan. Electronic address: yasubaba@tokai-u.jp.
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baba
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-19-18 Nishishinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8471, Japan. Electronic address: renpeis@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Renpei
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sengoku
authors.affiliation: Brain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumaicho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan. Electronic address: nabe@med.nagoya-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hirohisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan. Electronic address: kdtaro@v101.vaio.ne.jp.
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kadowaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, 1-30 Fujigaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-8501, Japan. Electronic address: gakinoue@med.showa-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan. Electronic address: kanekosa@takii.kmu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaneko
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, 2-1-1 Tomioka, Urayasu 279-0021, Japan. Electronic address: miurashimura@yahoo.co.jp.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimura
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan. Electronic address: nagayama@nms.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nagayama
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
keywords: Multicenter; Nation-wide; Pain; Parkinson's disease