title: Academic well-being and smoking among 14- to 17-year-old schoolchildren in six European cities.
abstract: It is well established that poor academic performance is related to smoking, but the association between academic well-being and smoking is less known. We measured academic well-being by school burnout and schoolwork engagement and studied their associations with smoking among 14- to 17-year-old schoolchildren in Belgium, Germany, Finland, Italy, the Netherlands, and Portugal. A classroom survey (2013 SILNE survey, N = 11,015) was conducted using the Short School Burnout Inventory and the Schoolwork Engagement Inventory. Logistic regression, generalized linear mixed models, and ANOVA were used. Low schoolwork engagement and high school burnout increased the odds for daily smoking in all countries. Academic performance was correlated with school burnout and schoolwork engagement, and adjusting for it slightly decreased the odds for smoking. Adjusting for socioeconomic factors and school level had little effect. Although high school burnout and low schoolwork engagement correlate with low academic performance, they are mutually independent risk factors for smoking.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland. Electronic address: jaana.m.kinnunen@staff.uta.fi.
authors.forename: Jaana M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kinnunen
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland; PERLA - Tampere Centre for Childhood, Youth and Family Research, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland. Electronic address: pirjo.lindfors@uta.fi.
authors.forename: Pirjo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lindfors
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland; PERLA - Tampere Centre for Childhood, Youth and Family Research, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland; Department of Adolescent Psychiatry, Tampere University Hospital, Pitkäniemi Hospital, FI-33380 Nokia, Finland. Electronic address: arja.rimpela@uta.fi.
authors.forename: Arja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rimpelä
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, PO Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland; Cicero Learning, PO Box 9, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: katariina.salmela-aro@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Katariina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Salmela-Aro
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany. Electronic address: katharina.rathmann@medizin.uni-halle.de.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rathmann
authors.affiliation: Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública and Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal. Electronic address: JPerelman@ensp.unl.pt.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perelman
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via S. Angelo snc, Campus Folcara, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy. Electronic address: b.federico@unicas.it.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Federico
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Sociology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany. Electronic address: m.richter@medizin.uni-halle.de.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Electronic address: A.Kunst@amc.uva.nl.
authors.forename: Anton E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kunst
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Université Catholique de Louvain, Clos chapelle aux champs 30 /B1.30.15.05, 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium. Electronic address: vincent.lorant@uclouvain.be.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lorant
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002947:Cities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012574:Schools / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
keywords: Academic performance; Adolescence; School; School burnout; Schoolwork engagement; Smoking