title: State Policies Regulating the Practice of Pain Management: Statutes, Rules, and Guidelines That Shape Pain Care.
abstract: In response to increased awareness of prescription opioid misuse, abuse, addiction, diversion, and overdose, states have promulgated a large number of public policies intended to regulate the practice of pain medicine. Nearly every state now has at least 1 type of policy; others only provide recommendations to physicians. This article reviews the existing policies and extracts specific provisions within each of them. Although there are many similarities across policies, unique features are found in some and are specifically reviewed. This review can serve as a quick reference for policymakers and as a guide for researchers interested in the impacts of such policies.
authors.affiliation: American Academy of Pain Management, 975 Morning Star Drive, Suite A, Sonora, CA 95370, USA. Electronic address: btwillman@aapainmanage.org.
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Twillman
authors.affiliation: Pain & Policy Studies Group, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, MSC 6152, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gilson
authors.affiliation: American Academy of Pain Management, 975 Morning Star Drive, Suite A, Sonora, CA 95370, USA.
authors.forename: Kathryn N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Duensing
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D059408:Pain Management; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012017:Referral and Consultation
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid
keywords: Clinical practice guidelines; Dosage thresholds; Pain management; Pain policy; Rules and regulations