title: Quantitative Assessment of Tumor Associated Macrophages in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using CD68 Marker: An Immunohistochemical Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers in India. Clear evidence regarding inflammation being an etiological factor of cancer was found only in the last few decades. A major inflammatory component in the tumor tissue is Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs). The CD68 antibody is a marker for staining TAMs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to quantify the macrophage count in healthy oral mucosa and OSCC and comparing TAMs in different histopathological grades of OSCC immunohistochemically.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty archival specimens of OSCC patients and 10 healthy biopsy samples were collected. Immunohistochemical staining was done using a CD68 marker. Statistical analysis was done using Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing CD68 expression in various study groups showed a significant difference (p=0.000). The pair-wise analysis showed different grades of OSCC, which differed significantly for CD68 expression from the normal oral mucosa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most significant cells present in tumor stroma are TAMs, which remain in close proximity to neoplastic cells and interact with them via several chemical mediators, which may serve to increase the invasiveness of the malignant epithelium. Dense infiltration of TAMs adjacent to tumor cells and islands vividly implies their role in tumor progression.
authors.affiliation: Professor and Head, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Vyas Dental College and Hospital , Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India .
authors.forename: Neeta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bagul
authors.affiliation: Consultant Dental Surgeon, Calcutta Institute of Maxillofacial Surgery and Research , Kolkata, West Bengal, India .
authors.forename: Souparna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D Y Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D Y Patil Vidyapeeth , Pune, Maharashtra, India .
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ganjre
authors.affiliation: Lecturer, Department of Periodontology, Dr. D. Y Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth , Pune, Maharashtra, India .
authors.forename: Rahul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kathariya
authors.affiliation: Intern, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, School of Dentistry, D. Y. Patil University , Nerul, Navi Mumai, Maharashtra, India .
authors.forename: Aishwarya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Meher
authors.affiliation: Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology, D. Y Patil Dental School, D. Y Patil , Knowledge City, Lohegaon, Pune, Maharashtra, India .
authors.forename: Pratibha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Singh
keywords: CD68 antigen; Oral squamous cell carcinoma; Reactive oxygen species; Tumorigenesis