title: Hysteroscopic proximal tubal occlusion versus laparoscopic salpingectomy as a treatment for hydrosalpinges prior to IVF or ICSI: an RCT.
abstract: Does hysteroscopic proximal tubal occlusion by intratubal devices as a treatment for hydrosalpinges result in comparable ongoing pregnancy rates following IVF/ICSI when compared with laparoscopic salpingectomy?
  
  
  
  Hysteroscopic proximal tubal occlusion by intratubal devices is inferior to laparoscopic salpingectomy in the treatment of hydrosalpinges in women undergoing IVF/ICSI with respect to ongoing pregnancy rates.
  
  
  
  It is known that women with hydrosalpinges undergoing IVF have poorer pregnancy outcomes compared with women with other forms of tubal infertility. In these women, both laparoscopic salpingectomy and laparoscopic proximal tubal ligation are known to improve IVF outcomes. At present, it is unclear whether a less-invasive hysteroscopic treatment with intratubal devices leads to similar ongoing pregnancy rates following IVF when compared with laparoscopic salpingectomy.
  
  
  
  A two-centre, randomized, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Between October 2009 and December 2014 a total of 85 women were included in this study; of whom, 42 were randomized to hysteroscopic proximal occlusion by intratubal device placement and 43 were randomized to laparoscopic salpingectomy. Randomization was based on a computer-generated randomization list. The study was unblinded. The primary outcome was ongoing pregnancy rate, defined as a fetal heartbeat on ultrasound beyond 10-week gestation following one IVF/ICSI treatment (fresh and frozen-thawed embryo transfers).
  
  
  
  We studied women aged 18-41 years, with uni- or bilateral ultrasound visible hydrosalpinges who were scheduled for an IVF/ICSI treatment.
  
  
  
  The ongoing pregnancy rates per patient according to the intention-to-treat principle were 11/42 (26.2%) after hysteroscopic proximal occlusion by intratubal devices (intervention group) versus 24/43 (55.8%) after laparoscopic salpingectomy (control group) (P = 0.008) [absolute difference: 26.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.5-51.7, relative risk (RR): 0.56; 95% CI: 0.31-1.03, P = 0.01]. In the per protocol analysis, the ongoing pregnancy rate per patient following hysteroscopic proximal occlusion by intratubal devices was 9/27 (33.3%) compared with 19/32 (59.4%) following laparoscopic salpingectomy (P = 0.067) (absolute difference: 29.6%; 95% CI: 7.1 to 49.1, RR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.27-0.83, P = 0.062).
  
  
  
  Masking participants and investigators would be difficult due to the nature of both interventions. Since we had objective outcome measurements, we withheld sham procedures, leaving the study unblinded. Furthermore, our low sample size resulted in wide CIs. A larger sample size would result in a more accurate treatment effect; however, this was non-feasible for recruitment and inclusion.
  
  
  
  In the treatment of hydrosalpinges prior to IVF/ICSI, hysteroscopic proximal occlusion by intratubal devices is inferior to laparoscopic salpingectomy.
  
  
  
  The intratubal devices were received from Conceptus, Inc., San Carlos, CA, USA, which was acquired by Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Whippany, NJ, USA in 2013. Conceptus, Inc./Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Inc. had no role in the study design, data collection and analyses, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. The study as a whole was funded by the SWOG (foundation for scientific investigation in obstetrics and gynaecology of the VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). P.G.A.H. has received non-financial support from Conceptus, Inc. during the conduct of this study. He has received grants from Ferring B.V., Merck Serono and Abbott outside the submitted work. M.H.E. has received personal fees from Smith and Nephew and IQ Medical Ventures outside the submitted work.
  
  
  
  The Dutch Trial Register: NTR 2073.
  
  
  
  October 21, 2009.
  
  
  
  October 26, 2009.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands k.dreyer@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dreyer
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M C I
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lier
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Spaarne Gasthuis, 2134 Hoofddorp, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Emanuel
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J W R
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Twisk
authors.affiliation: School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The Robinson Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: B W J
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Mol
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schats
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P G A
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Hompes
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mijatovic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005184:Fallopian Tube Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D058994:Salpingectomy / Q000379:methods*; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic / Q000379:methods*; D013246:Sterilization, Tubal / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Essure® device; IVF; hydrosalpinges; pregnancy outcome; salpingectomy; tubal infertility