title: Ionic Strength Is a Barrier to the Habitability of Mars.
abstract: The thermodynamic availability of water (water activity) strictly limits microbial propagation on Earth, particularly in hypersaline environments. A considerable body of evidence indicates the existence of hypersaline surface waters throughout the history of Mars; therefore it is assumed that, as on Earth, water activity is a major limiting factor for martian habitability. However, the differing geological histories of Earth and Mars have driven variations in their respective aqueous geochemistry, with as-yet-unknown implications for habitability. Using a microbial community enrichment approach, we investigated microbial habitability for a suite of simulated martian brines. While the habitability of some martian brines was consistent with predictions made from water activity, others were uninhabitable even when the water activity was biologically permissive. We demonstrate experimentally that high ionic strength, driven to extremes on Mars by the ubiquitous occurrence of multivalent ions, renders these environments uninhabitable despite the presence of biologically available water. These findings show how the respective geological histories of Earth and Mars, which have produced differences in the planets' dominant water chemistries, have resulted in different physicochemical extremes which define the boundary space for microbial habitability.
  
  
  
  Habitability-Mars-Salts-Water activity-Life in extreme environments. Astrobiology 16, 427-442.
authors.affiliation: 1 UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , UK .
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fox-Powell
authors.affiliation: 2 Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast , UK .
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hallsworth
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St. Andrews , UK .
authors.forename: Claire R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cousins
authors.affiliation: 1 UK Centre for Astrobiology, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh , UK .
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Cockell
mesh_terms: D001105:Archaea / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects; D018559:Exobiology; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007477:Ions; D007501:Iron / Q000633:toxicity; D018535:Mars; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010802:Phylogeny; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007477:Ions; D012492:Salts; D014867:Water; D007501:Iron