title: Mild Cognitive Impairment in Late Middle Age in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention Study: Prevalence and Characteristics Using Robust and Standard Neuropsychological Normative Data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Detecting cognitive decline in presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and early mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is challenging, but important for treatments targeting AD-related neurodegeneration. The current study aimed to investigate the utility and performance of internally developed robust norms and standard norms in identifying cognitive impairment in late middle-age (baseline age range = 36-68; M = 54).
  
  
  METHODS
  Robust norms were developed for neuropsychological measures based on longitudinally confirmed cognitively normal (CN) participants (n= 476). Seven hundred and seventy-nine participants enriched for AD risk were classified as psychometric MCI (pMCI) or CN based on standard and robust norms and "single-test" versus "multi-test" criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of pMCI ranged from 3% to 49% depending on the classification scheme used. Those classified as pMCI using robust norms exhibited greater subjective cognitive complaints, diagnostic stability, and mild clinical symptoms at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that identifying early clinically relevant cognitive decline in late middle-age is feasible using robust norms and multi-test criteria.
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.|Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsay R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Koscik
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.|Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.|Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.|Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Ozioma C
authors.initials: OC
authors.lastname: Okonkwo
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.|Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Corinne D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Engelman
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.|School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Bratzke
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.|Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Kirk J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Hogan
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.|Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Bendlin
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.|Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.|Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Carlsson
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.|Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.|Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asthana
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sager
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.|Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Hermann
authors.affiliation: Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.|Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA.|Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
authors.forename: Sterling C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Johnson
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Dementia; Elderly/Geriatrics/Aging; Learning and Memory; Mild cognitive impairment; Norms/normative studies