title: The Role of Avocados in Maternal Diets during the Periconceptional Period, Pregnancy, and Lactation.
abstract: Maternal nutrition plays a crucial role in influencing fertility, fetal development, birth outcomes, and breast milk composition. During the critical window of time from conception through the initiation of complementary feeding, the nutrition of the mother is the nutrition of the offspring-and a mother's dietary choices can affect both the early health status and lifelong disease risk of the offspring. Most health expert recommendations and government-sponsored dietary guidelines agree that a healthy diet for children and adults (including those who are pregnant and/or lactating) should include an abundance of nutrient-rich foods such as fruits and vegetables. These foods should contain a variety of essential nutrients as well as other compounds that are associated with lower disease risk such as fiber and bioactives. However, the number and amounts of nutrients varies considerably among fruits and vegetables, and not all fruit and vegetable options are considered "nutrient-rich". Avocados are unique among fruits and vegetables in that, by weight, they contain much higher amounts of the key nutrients folate and potassium, which are normally under-consumed in maternal diets. Avocados also contain higher amounts of several non-essential compounds, such as fiber, monounsaturated fats, and lipid-soluble antioxidants, which have all been linked to improvements in maternal health, birth outcomes and/or breast milk quality. The objective of this report is to review the evidence that avocados may be a unique nutrition source for pregnant and lactating women and, thus, should be considered for inclusion in future dietary recommendations for expecting and new mothers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. kbcomerford@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Kevin B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Comerford
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. keith.ayoob@einstein.yu.edu.
authors.forename: Keith T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Ayoob
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. murrayMD@live.com.
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4KI, Canada. satkins@mcmaster.ca.
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Atkinson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007774:Lactation; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009753:Nutritive Value; D027421:Persea / Q000737:chemistry; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D016742:Preconception Care; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D005492:Folic Acid
keywords: avocado; carotenoids; fetal health; fiber; lactation; maternal diet; monounsaturated fat; oleic acid; pregnancy