title: [Effect of bufalin on proliferation and apoptosis through ERK/RSK2 pathway in human esophageal carcinoma cell line xenografts in nude mice].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of bufalin on proliferation and apoptosis through ERK/RSK2 pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma xenografts in nude mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subcutaneous xenograft model of esophageal cancer ECA109 cells in nude mice was established. The mice were divided into the model group, low-dose bufalin group, medium-dose bufalin group, high-dose bufalin group, PD98059 group and combination group to evaluate the effect of bufalin on the xenografts. The morphology of xenografts was observed by microscopy. The cell apoptosis index of xenografts was detected by TUNEL assay. The expression of ERK and RSK2 mRNA of human ECA109 cell transplantation tumor in nude mice was examined by real-time quantitative PCR. The protein levels of ERK, p-ERK, RSK2, p-RSK2, GSK3β, p-GSK3β, Bad and p-Bad in the xenografts were examined by Western blot and Immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tumor size of nude mice in the model group, low-dose bufalin group (BL), medium -dose bufalin group (BM), high-dose bufalin group (BH), PD98059 group and combined therapy group (BP) was (1.758±0.181) cm(3,) (1.680±0.150) cm(3,) (1.285±0.134) cm(3,) (0.873±0.095) cm(3,) (0.815±0.108) cm(3) and (0.530±0.104) cm(3,) respectively. Histological examination showed that the xenografts of each group had varying degrees of necrosis, and the most extensive necrosis was observed in the BP group. The TUNEL assay showed that the cell apoptosis index of xenografts in the model, BL, BM, BH, PD98059 and BP groups was (6.0±0.6)%, (11.0±0.7)%, (19.1±0.9)%, (25.1±1.4)%, (20.0±1.2)% and (17.1±0.7)%, respectively, which is highest in the BH group. The real-time quantitative PCR results showed that the ΔCT values of ERK mRNA in the model, BL, BM, BH, PD98059 and BP groups were 0.270±0.084, 0.293±0.081, 0.596±0.224, 0.857±0.183, 0.868±0.187 and 1.313±0.282, respectively. The ΔCT values of RSK2 mRNA in the model, BL, BM, BH, PD98059 and BP groups were 0.340±0.062, 0.337±0.071, 0.642±0.226, 0.915±0.170, 0.923±0.176 and 1.413±0.269, respectively. The relative expression of ERK and RSK2 mRNA was gradually decreased. Western blot and immunohistochemistry results showed that the protein levels of ERK, RSK2 and Bad in each group were not significantly different (P>0.05). The protein levels of p-ERK in the model, BL, BM, BH, PD98059 and BP groups were 0.721±0.094, 0.695±0.095, 0.555±0.080, 0.388±0.052, 0.341±0.060, 0.235± 0.056, respectively. The median immunoreactivity scores of p-ERK in each group were 8, 8, 6, 4, 5 and 3. The protein levels of p-RSK2 in the model, BL, BM, BH, PD98059 and BP groups were 0.613±0.085, 0.612±0.084, 0.427±0.089, 0.305±0.056, 0.258±0.051, 0.158±0.058, respectively. The median immunoreactivity scores of p-RSK in each group were 8, 8, 5, 3, 3 and 1. The protein level of GSK3β in the model, BL, BM, BH, PD98059 and BP groups were increased gradually, while the protein level of p-GSK3β and p-Bad were decreased gradually.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bufalin exerts significant inhibitory effect on the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma xenogragts in nude mice. Bufalin may suppress the growth of xenogragts in nude mice by down-regulating the level of ERK and RSK2 phosphorylation, inhibit the proliferation of xenogragts via inactivating GSK3β and promote apoptosis through down-regulation of p-Bad.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
authors.forename: X J
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
authors.forename: X L
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002018:Bufanolides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000077277:Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D064593:Heterografts; D006801:Humans; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009336:Necrosis; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002018:Bufanolides; D005419:Flavonoids; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; C022777:bufalin