title: Non-image forming effects of illuminance level: Exploring parallel effects on physiological arousal and task performance.
abstract: This study investigated diurnal non-image forming (NIF) effects of illuminance level on physiological arousal in parallel to NIF effects on vigilance and working memory performance. We employed a counterbalanced within-subjects design in which thirty-nine participants (mean age=21.2; SD=2.1; 11 male) completed three 90-min sessions (165 vs. 600lx vs. 1700lx at eye level) either in the morning (N=18) or afternoon (N=21). During each session, participants completed four measurement blocks (incl. one baseline block) each consisting of a 10-min Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and a Backwards Digit-Span Task (BDST) including easy trials (4-6 digits) and difficult trials (7-8 digits). Heart rate (HR), skin conductance level (SCL) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were measured continuously. The results revealed significant improvements in performance on the BDST difficult trials under 1700lx vs. 165lx (p=0.01), while illuminance level did not affect performance on the PVT and BDST easy trials. Illuminance level impacted HR and SCL, but not SBP. In the afternoon sessions, HR was significantly higher under 1700lx vs. 165lx during PVT performance (p=0.05), while during BDST performance, HR was only slightly higher under 600 vs. 165lx (p=0.06). SCL was significantly higher under 1700lx vs. 165lx during performance on BDST easy trials (p=0.02) and showed similar, but nonsignificant trends during the PVT and BDST difficult trials. Although both physiology and performance were affected by illuminance level, no consistent pattern emerged with respect to parallel changes in physiology and performance. Rather, physiology and performance seemed to be affected independently, via unique pathways.
authors.affiliation: Human-Technology Interaction, School of Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Intelligent Lighting Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MetaForum 6.069, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: L.M.Huiberts@tue.nl.
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Huiberts
authors.affiliation: Human-Technology Interaction, School of Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Intelligent Lighting Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MetaForum 6.069, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karin C H J
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Smolders
authors.affiliation: Human-Technology Interaction, School of Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Intelligent Lighting Institute, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, MetaForum 6.069, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yvonne A W
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: de Kort
mesh_terms: D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Alertness; Lighting; Physiological arousal; Time of day; Vigilance; Working memory