title: Evaluation of KiSS1 as a Prognostic Biomarker in North Indian Breast Cancer Cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer is the commonest female cancer worldwide and its propensity to metastasize negatively impacts on therapeutic outcome. Several clinicopathological parameters with prognostic/predictive significance have been associated with metastatic suppressor expression levels. The role of metastatic suppressor gene (MSG) KiSS1 in breast cancer remains unclear. Our goal was to investigate the possible clinical significance of KiSS1 breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on 87 histologically proven cases of breast cancer and background normal tiisue. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to investigate KiSS1 at gene and protein levels, respectively, for correlation with several patient characteristics including age, family history, hormonal receptor status, stage, tumor size, nodal involvement and metastatic manifestation and finally with median overall survival (OS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our study revealed (i) KiSS1 levels were generally elevated in breast cancer vs normal tissue (< 0.05). (ii) however, a statistically significant lower expression of KiSS1 was observed in metastatic vs non metastatic cases (P = 0.04). (iii) KiSS1 levels strongly correlated with T,N,M category, histological grade and advanced stage (<0.001) but not other studied parameters. (iv) Lastly, a significant correlation between expression of KiSS1 and median OS was found (P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conclusively, less elevated KiSS1 expression is a negative prognostic factor for OS, advancing tumor stage, axillary lymph node status, metastatic propensity and advancing grade of the breast cancer patient. Patients with negative KiSS1 expression may require a more intensive therapeutic strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, King George's Medical University, India E-mail : drmlbhatt@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Madan Lal Brahma
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: Saurabh Pratap
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Madhu Mati
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: Durga Prasad
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Mishra
authors.forename: Rajendra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D059648:Kisspeptins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D015996:Survival Rate; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C106628:KISS1 protein, human; D059648:Kisspeptins