title: The neonicotinoid pesticide, imidacloprid, affects Bombus impatiens (bumblebee) sonication behavior when consumed at doses below the LD50.
abstract: We investigated changes in sonication (or buzz-pollination) behavior of Bombus impatiens bumblebees, after consumption of the neonicotinoid pesticide, imidacloprid. We measured sonication frequency, sonication length, and flight (wing beat) frequency of marked bees collecting pollen from Solanum lycopsersicum (tomato), and then randomly assigned bees to consume 0, 0.0515, 0.515, or 5.15 ng of imidacloprid. We recorded the number of bees in each treatment group that resumed sonication behavior after consuming imidacloprid, and re-measured sonication and flight behavior for these bees. We did not find evidence that consuming 0.0515 ng imidacloprid affected the sonication length, sonication frequency, or flight frequency for bees that sonicated after consuming imidacloprid; we were unable to test changes in these variables for bees that consumed 0.515 or 5.15 ng because we did not observe enough of these bees sonicating after treatment. We performed Cox proportional hazard regression to determine whether consuming imidacloprid affected the probability of engaging in further sonication behavior on S. lycopersicum and found that bumblebees who consumed 0.515 or 5.15 ng of imidacloprid were significantly less likely to sonicate after treatment than bees who consumed no imidacloprid. At the end of the experiment, we classified bees as dead or alive; our data suggest a trend of increasing mortality with higher doses of imidacloprid. Our results show that even modest doses of imidacloprid can significantly affect the likelihood of bumblebees engaging in sonication, a behavior critical for the pollination of a variety of crops and other plants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. callin.switzer@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Callin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Switzer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Stacey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Combes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D054817:Pollination / Q000187:drug effects*; D013010:Sonication; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid
keywords: Buzz pollination; Native bees; Pollination; Solanum; Tomato; Vibration