title: Validating self-reporting of hearing-related symptoms against pure-tone audiometry, otoacoustic emission, and speech audiometry.
abstract: To validate self-reported hearing-related symptoms among personnel exposed to moderately high occupational noise levels at an obstetrics clinic.
  
  
  
  Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated for questionnaire items assessing hearing loss, tinnitus, sound sensitivity, poor hearing, difficulty perceiving speech, and sound-induced auditory fatigue. Hearing disorder was diagnosed by pure-tone audiometry, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, and HINT (Hearing In Noise Test).
  
  
  
  Fifty-five female obstetrics personnel aged 22-63 participated; including 26 subjects reporting hearing loss, poor hearing, tinnitus, or sound sensitivity, and 29 randomly selected subjects who did not report these symptoms.
  
  
  
  The questionnaire item assessing sound-induced auditory fatigue had the best combination of sensitivity ≥85% (95% CIs 56 to 100%) and specificity ≥70% (95% CIs 55 to 84%) for hearing disorder diagnosed by audiometry or otoacoustic emission. Of those reporting sound-induced auditory fatigue 71% were predicted to have disorder diagnosed by otoacoustic emission. Participants reporting any hearing-related symptom had slightly worse measured hearing.
  
  
  
  We suggest including sound-induced auditory fatigue in questionnaires for identification of hearing disorder among healthcare personnel, though larger studies are warranted for precise estimates of diagnostic performance. Also, more specific and accurate hearing tests are needed to diagnose mild hearing disorder.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Sweden and.
authors.forename: Sofie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fredriksson
authors.affiliation: a Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Sweden and.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hammar
authors.affiliation: b Department of Audiology , Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Sweden.
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.affiliation: b Department of Audiology , Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Sweden.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kähäri
authors.affiliation: a Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , Institute of Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , Sweden and.
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Persson Waye
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001302:Audiometry, Speech / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001305:Auditory Fatigue; D059026:Diagnostic Self Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013016:Sound; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Validation; audiometry; hearing-related symptoms; otoacoustic emission; questionnaire; sensitivity; sound-induced auditory fatigue; speech audiometry