title: The effect of calcium chloride concentration on alginate/Fmoc-diphenylalanine hydrogel networks.
abstract: Peptide based hydrogels gained a vast interest in the tissue engineering studies thanks to great superiorities such as biocompatibility, supramolecular organization without any need of additional crosslinker, injectability and tunable nature. Fmoc-diphenylalanine (FmocFF) is one of the earliest and widely used example of these small molecule gelators that have been utilized in biomedical studies. However, Fmoc-peptides are not feasible for long term use due to low stability and weak mechanical properties at neutral pH. In this study, Fmoc-FF dipeptides were mechanically enhanced by incorporation of alginate, a biocompatible and absorbable polysaccharide. The binary hydrogel is obtained via molecular self-assembly of FmocFF dipeptide in alginate solution followed by ionic crosslinking of alginate moieties with varying concentrations of calcium chloride. Hydrogel characterization was evaluated in terms of morphology, viscoelastic moduli and diffusional phenomena and the structures were tested as 3D scaffolds for bovine chondrocytes. In vitro evaluation of scaffolds lasted up to 14days and cell viability, sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) levels, collagen type II synthesis were determined. Our results showed that alginate incorporation into FmocFF hydrogels leads to better mechanical properties and higher stability with good biocompatibility.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ekin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Çelik
authors.affiliation: Advanced Technologies Application and Research Center, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bayram
authors.affiliation: Scientific and Technological Research Laboratories, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Rümeysa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Akçapınar
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mustafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Türk
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey. Electronic address: denkbas@hacettepe.edu.tr.
authors.forename: Emir Baki
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Denkbaş
mesh_terms: D000464:Alginates / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002122:Calcium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D004151:Dipeptides; D065546:Drug Liberation; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D006603:Hexuronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000737:chemistry*; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D012212:Rheology; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000464:Alginates; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D024043:Collagen Type II; D016207:Cytokines; D004151:Dipeptides; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D006603:Hexuronic Acids; C026650:phenylalanylphenylalanine; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D010649:Phenylalanine; D014640:Vancomycin; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D002122:Calcium Chloride
keywords: 3D cell culture; Alginate; Cartilage; FmocFF; Hydrogel; Scaffold