title: Comparative study of oxidative stress biomarkers in urine of cooks exposed to three types of cooking-related particles.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate how exposure to deep-frying oils, repeated frying oil (RFO) and restaurant waste oil (RWO) affects emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxidative stress in male restaurant workers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study participants included 236 male restaurant workers in 12 restaurants in Shenzhen. Airborne particulate PAHs were measured over 12h on each of two consecutive work days. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) measurements were used to indicate cooking oil fumes (COF) exposure, and urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were adopted as oxidative stress markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The production and emission rates of ultrafine particles (UFPs) and PM2.5 were higher in the exposed groups than in the control group. The concentrations of summed PAHs were in the order of RFO-frying group>RWO-frying group>deep-frying group>unexposed control group. Urinary 1-OHP was found to be a significant predictor of elevated urinary MDA and 8-OHdG concentrations (all, P<0.05). UFPs were a significant predictor of elevated urinary 8-OHdG for restaurant workers (P<0.05). The RFO- and RWO-frying groups had higher mean urinary concentrations of 1-OHP, MDA and 8-OHdG than the control group (P<0.05). RFO exposure was found to be a significant risk factor for elevated urinary 8-OHdG and RWO exposure was found to be a significant risk factor for elevated urinary MDA (both, P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concentrations of urinary 1-OHP, MDA and 8-OHdG reflect occupational exposure to PAHs from COFs and oxidative stress in restaurants workers. Exposure to RFO may cause increased oxidative DNA damage, and exposure to RWO might cause increased lipid peroxidation.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China. Electronic address: keyke@szu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yuebin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Junjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Xinyun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China.
authors.forename: Honghe
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Campbell University School of Medicine, Buies Creek, NC 27546, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, and Virginia Tech-Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Y Robert
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002681:China; D003296:Cooking; D004249:DNA Damage; D003849:Deoxyguanosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000652:urine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000652:urine; D016272:Occupational Health; D009821:Oils / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000652:urine*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000652:urine; D012147:Restaurants; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016482:Urinalysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D015415:Biomarkers; D009821:Oils; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011721:Pyrenes; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D000080242:8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine; D003849:Deoxyguanosine; C033146:1-hydroxypyrene
keywords: 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine; Fine particulates; Malondialdehyde; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; Repeated frying oils; Restaurant waste oils