title: Chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of pistachio hull extracts.
abstract: Phytochemical and bioactivity analyses of pistachio hulls revealed the presence of anacardic acids (3198mg/100g), fatty acids (1500mg/100g), and phytosterols (192mg/100g) as major components. Carotenoids (4.93mg/100g), chlorophylls (10.27mg/100g), tocopherols (8.83mg/100g), and three triterpene acids (mangiferolic, isomangiferolic and mangiferonic acids) were characterized. A polar (P) extract contained quercetin-3-O-glucoside (6.27mg/g), together with smaller concentrations of quercetin, myricetin and luteolin flavonoids, accounting for 5.53mg/g. Gallotannins and other phenolic compounds esterified with a gallic acid moiety characterized the P extract. P extract potently inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The mRNA expression levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine COX-2 were significantly inhibited by fractions P2-P5, while IL-6 was only inhibited by fraction P3. Moreover, the P extract significantly decreased the non-mitochondrial oxidative burst associated with inflammatory response in macrophages.
authors.affiliation: Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, United States.
authors.forename: Mary H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Grace
authors.affiliation: Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, United States.
authors.forename: Debora
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.affiliation: Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, United States.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Timmers
authors.affiliation: Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, United States.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, United States.
authors.forename: Gad
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yousef
authors.affiliation: Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, United States.
authors.forename: Slavko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Komarnytsky
authors.affiliation: Plants for Human Health Institute, Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences Department, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, United States. Electronic address: mlila@ncsu.edu.
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lila
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D027927:Pistacia; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species
keywords: Anacardic acids; Anti-inflammatory; Carotenoids; Polyphenols; Tocopherols; Triterpene acids