title: Sugar concentration in nectar: a quantitative metric of crop attractiveness for refined pollinator risk assessments.
abstract: Those involved with pollinator risk assessment know that agricultural crops vary in attractiveness to bees. Intuitively, this means that exposure to agricultural pesticides is likely greatest for attractive plants and lowest for unattractive plants. While crop attractiveness in the risk assessment process has been qualitatively remarked on by some authorities, absent is direction on how to refine the process with quantitative metrics of attractiveness. At a high level, attractiveness of crops to bees appears to depend on several key variables, including but not limited to: floral, olfactory, visual and tactile cues; seasonal availability; physical and behavioral characteristics of the bee; plant and nectar rewards. Notwithstanding the complexities and interactions among these variables, sugar content in nectar stands out as a suitable quantitative metric by which to refine pollinator risk assessments for attractiveness. Provided herein is a proposed way to use sugar nectar concentration to adjust the exposure parameter (with what is called a crop attractiveness factor) in the calculation of risk quotients in order to derive crop-specific tier I assessments. This Perspective is meant to invite discussion on incorporating such changes in the risk assessment process. © 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Stantec Consulting Ltd, Stoney Creek, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Loren D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Knopper
authors.affiliation: Stantec Consulting Ltd, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Tereza
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dan
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Vernon G James Research and Extension Center, Plymouth, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Dominic D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Reisig
authors.affiliation: Maryland Institute College of Art, Baltimore, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Josephine D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bowers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry; D057048:Plant Nectar / Q000737:chemistry*; D054817:Pollination; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013395:Sucrose / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D057048:Plant Nectar; D013395:Sucrose
keywords: attractiveness; crops; exposure; nectar; pesticides; pollinators; risk assessment