title: Aminoglycoside Resistance: The Emergence of Acquired 16S Ribosomal RNA Methyltransferases.
abstract: Aminoglycoside-producing Actinobacteria are known to protect themselves from their own aminoglycoside metabolites by producing 16S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (16S-RMTase), which prevents them from binding to the 16S rRNA targets. Ten acquired 16S-RMTases have been reported from gram-negative pathogens. Most of them posttranscriptionally methylate residue G1405 of 16S rRNA resulting in high-level resistance to gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, and plazomicin. Strains that produce 16S-RMTase are frequently multidrug-resistant or even extensively drug-resistant. Although the direct clinical impact of high-level aminoglycoside resistance resulting from production of 16S-RMTase is yet to be determined, ongoing spread of this mechanism will further limit treatment options for multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant gram-negative infections.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, S829 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. Electronic address: yod4@pitt.edu.
authors.forename: Yohei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun-Ichi
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Wachino
authors.affiliation: Department of Bacteriology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshichika
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arakawa
mesh_terms: D000617:Aminoglycosides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D008780:Methyltransferases; D012323:RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
chemical_list: D000617:Aminoglycosides; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; C446079:16S rRNA - m7G methyltransferase; D008780:Methyltransferases
keywords: 16S ribosomal RNA; Aminoglycoside; Carbapenemease; Posttranscriptional methylation