title: Independent and Joint Effect of Brachial-Ankle Pulse Wave Velocity and Blood Pressure Control on Incident Stroke in Hypertensive Adults.
abstract: Pulse wave velocity (PWV) has been shown to influence the effects of antihypertensive drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Data are limited on whether PWV is an independent predictor of stroke above and beyond hypertension control. This longitudinal analysis examined the independent and joint effect of brachial-ankle PWV (baPWV) with hypertension control on the risk of first stroke. This report included 3310 hypertensive adults, a subset of the China Stroke Primary Prevention Trial (CSPPT) with baseline measurements for baPWV. During a median follow-up of 4.5 years, 111 participants developed first stroke. The risk of stroke was higher among participants with baPWV in the highest quartile than among those in the lower quartiles (6.3% versus 2.4%; hazard ratio, 1.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-2.60). Similarly, the participants with inadequate hypertension control had a higher risk of stroke than those with adequate control (5.1% versus 1.8%; hazard ratio, 2.32; 95% confidence interval, 1.49-3.61). When baPWV and hypertension control were examined jointly, participants in the highest baPWV quartile and with inadequate hypertension control had the highest risk of stroke compared with their counterparts (7.5% versus 1.3%; hazard ratio, 3.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.88-6.77). There was a significant and independent effect of high baPWV on stroke as shown among participants with adequate hypertension control (4.2% versus 1.3%; hazard ratio, 2.29, 95% confidence interval, 1.09-4.81). In summary, among hypertensive patients, baPWV and hypertension control were found to independently and jointly affect the risk of first stroke. Participants with high baPWV and inadequate hypertension control had the highest risk of stroke compared with other groups.
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tromble
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Weiyi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Fangfang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Huihui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoshu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xianhui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Genfu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Yundai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Tianlun
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Ningling
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lianyou
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Fan Fan
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Junbo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Binyan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China. xipingxu126@126.com huoyong@263.net.cn.
authors.forename: Xiping
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: From the National Clinical Research Study Center for Kidney Disease, State Key Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Renal Division, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (Y.S., W.Z., C.Z., X.Q., F.F.H., B.W., X.X.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China (B.X., R.X., T.F., F.F., Y.Z., J.L., Y.H.); River Hill High School, Clarksville, MD (B.X., R.X., R.T., E.F., W.T.); Renmin University Affiliated High School of China, Beijing, China (T.F.); Shenzhen College of International Education, Guangdong, China (W.Z.); Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (T.Y., G.T.); Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, China (H.B., X.C.); Department of Cardiology (Y.C.) and Department of Geriatric Cardiology (X.L.), General Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (T.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (N.S.); Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China (L.Z.); and Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital (J.G.) and Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital (Q.D.), Fudan University, Shanghai, China. xipingxu126@126.com huoyong@263.net.cn.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index / Q000592:standards*; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D002681:China; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004656:Enalapril / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004656:Enalapril; D005492:Folic Acid
keywords: China; antihypertensive drugs; longitudinal studies; pulse wave analysis; stroke