title: [Insight and psychiatric dangerousness: A review of the literature].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Violence committed by individuals with severe mental illness has become an increasing focus of concern among clinicians, policy makers, and the general public, often as the result of tragic events. Research has shown in the past two decades an increased risk of violence among patients with mental disorder. Nevertheless, of those suffering from mental illness, perpetrators of other directed violence form a minority subgroup. The means by which there is this association between mental illness and violence has remained controversial. Factors such as positive psychotic symptoms, medication non-adherence, alcohol or psychoactive substance abuse and antisocial personality were found to be predictive of violence. Overall, literature provides support to the assertion that violent behavior of mentally ill patients is a heterogeneous phenomenon that is driven by multiple inter-related and independent factors. Furthermore, psychiatrists are often asked to predict an individual's future dangerousness, in a medical or a legal context. In the process of risk assessment of dangerousness, more focus has been placed on dynamic risk factor. In this context, lack of insight has established itself both as a part of violence risk models and as a clinical item in structured approaches to measure dangerousness. However, few studies have tested these associations. The main purpose of this paper is to review the literature concerning the relationship between insight and dangerousness and discuss the contributions of the insight in the assessment of dangerousness in patients with mental illness. We included twenty studies that evaluated the association between insight and variable such as physical or verbal violence, aggressiveness, hostility or sexual aggression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to the findings of this review, the strength and specific nature of this relationship remain unclear due to considerable methodological and conceptual shortcomings, including heterogeneity in the definition and assessment of violence, a minority of prospective studies and the lack of systematic consideration of possible confounding variables. However, the ability of the patient to perceive their illness is an important element to be considered in assessing the dangerousness both medically and legally. Higher belief flexibility and lower confidentiality of individual judgment, which reflect greater cognitive insight, may be associated with a lower incidence of violence, in particular in schizophrenia by decreasing the degree of confidence related to psychotic symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the growing efforts to reduce stigma associated with mental illness, it is important to identify a subgroup of patients at risk of violence and provide them with targeted treatment. In this sense, it seems important in the future to continue in this field of research to determine if the lack of insight is a covariate of a worsened condition or a specific violence risk factor per se.
authors.affiliation: Département d'urgence et post-urgence psychiatrique, hôpital Lapeyronie, CHRU de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France. Electronic address: stephane-bonnet@live.fr.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonnet
authors.affiliation: Département d'urgence et post-urgence psychiatrique, hôpital Lapeyronie, CHRU de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lacambre
authors.affiliation: Service universitaire de psychiatrie adulte, hôpital La-Colombière, CHRU de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schandrin
authors.affiliation: Service universitaire de psychiatrie adulte, hôpital La-Colombière, CHRU de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Capdevielle
authors.affiliation: Département d'urgence et post-urgence psychiatrique, hôpital Lapeyronie, CHRU de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Courtet
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D001364:Awareness; D003617:Dangerous Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D028642:Persons with Psychiatric Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology
keywords: Aggression; Agression; Awareness; Dangerosité; Dangerousness; Insight; Mental disorders; Pathologie psychiatrique; Violence