title: The Impact of Price-cap Regulations on Exit by Generic Pharmaceutical Firms.
abstract: In 1998, the Province of Ontario in Canada adopted price-cap "70/90" regulations whereby the first generic entrant was required to be priced at ≤70% of the associated brand-name product and subsequent generics were priced at ≤90% of the first generic price. The price-caps were further lowered to 50% in 2006 and 25% in 2010. This study assessed the impact of such price-cap regulations on exit by generic drug firms.
  
  
  
  Formulary (2003-2012) listings of prescription drugs covered under the Ontario Drug Benefit program were used. The formulary tracks the "status" (on formulary, discontinued by manufacturer, and delisted for other reasons) for each drug. Markets were defined based on unique active ingredient and form within Ontario. Firm exit occurred when a manufacturer discontinued all its generic drugs within a market. The exit rate was defined as the number of generic firm-market exits divided by total generic firm-market follow-up years. Poisson regression was used to compare the exit rates during the 3 policy periods ("25," "50," and "70/90").
  
  
  
  A total of 1126 generic manufacturers paired with 290 markets were identified. The exit rate ratio during the 25% price-cap period compared with the 70%/90% period was 2.42 (95% confidence interval, 1.56-3.77). A small manufacturer or a manufacturer in a market with ≥3 competitors or in an older market was more likely to exit.
  
  
  
  Lowering the price-cap level is associated with a higher incidence of generic firm exit from markets. Continuously reducing price-caps may have the unintended consequence of forcing generic firms to exit.
authors.affiliation: *Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences †School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC ‡School of Pharmacy, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL §Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Guh
authors.forename: Huiying
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Carlo A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.forename: Larry D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lynd
authors.forename: Aslam H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Anis
mesh_terms: D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D016527:Drug Costs; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000191:economics*; D004465:Economic Competition / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006801:Humans; D009864:Ontario
chemical_list: D016568:Drugs, Generic