title: Variability of Uncrossmatched Blood Use by Helicopter EMS Programs in the United States.
abstract: Some helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) maintain an independent supply of blood for use during transport, although practice is variable and not well described. We aimed to characterize the blood-carrying practices by HEMS programs across the United States.
  
  
  
  Online surveys were sent to the leadership of the 261 HEMS programs nationwide listed in the 2011 Atlas and Database of Air Medical Services (ADAMS) database. We examined blood-carrying practices in aggregate, including typical transport time, proportion of scene transports, and local population density. A GIS (Geographic Information System) and multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the impact of characteristics of local practice on each program's decision to carry blood.
  
  
  
  A total of 235 (91%) programs responded to the survey, representing 857 of the 929 (92.2%) HEMS rotor wing aircraft nationwide. Fifty-nine (25.3%) programs independently carried blood. A higher proportion of interfacility transports (OR 1.023; 95% CI 1.010-1.036) and decreased local population density (OR 1.006; 95% CI 1.001-1.011) were associated with increased odds of carrying blood. Transport time (OR 1.006; 95% CI 0.991-1.020) and number of transports (OR 1.000; CI 1.000-1.000) were not associated with a program's blood carrying practices. There was no effect of local practices on a program's decision to carry blood (OR 1.002; 95% CI 0.980-1.026).
  
  
  
  There is great variability in the utilization of blood by HEMS programs in the United States. Programs that serve more rural areas and programs with a larger percentage of interfacility transports are more likely to independently carry blood.
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karl
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pham
authors.forename: Jeff D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Yanosky
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lubin
mesh_terms: D017732:Air Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000401:Aircraft; D001788:Blood Grouping and Crossmatching; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D014481:United States
keywords: blood transfusion; helicopter EMS; prehospital care; trauma; uncrossmatched blood