title: Unmasking immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome: a report of tuberculous epididymo-orchitis mimicking a testicular tumour in a Caucasian AIDS patient.
abstract: Worldwide, it is estimated that 14.8% of all new tuberculosis cases in adults are attributable to HIV infection. Genitourinary tuberculosis is a known complication and is considered to be a severe form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Isolated tuberculous epididymo-orchitis is rare. We report a Caucasian HIV-positive heterosexual male with a clinical diagnosis of testicular tumour for which he underwent a right orchidectomy. Tuberculous epididymo-orchitis was confirmed by histology. In this case, all Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) criteria were met. We want to convey the message that in HIV-positive patients presenting with testicular swelling, an infective aetiology should be considered. This will increase the possibility of early diagnosis and proper management.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Genitourinary and HIV Medicine, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cherif
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Genitourinary and HIV Medicine, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoganathan
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of General Surgery, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Genitourinary and HIV Medicine, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abdulla
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004823:Epididymitis / Q000150:complications*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D020010:Heterosexuality; D006801:Humans; D054019:Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009919:Orchiectomy; D009920:Orchitis / Q000175:diagnosis; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014389:Tuberculosis, Male Genital / Q000150:complications*
keywords: Genitourinary tuberculosis; IRIS; orchidectomy; tuberculous epididymo-orchitis