title: BMP4 Signaling Is Able to Induce an Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Like Phenotype in Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma through Induction of SNAIL2.
abstract: Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) signaling is involved in the development of Barrett's esophagus (BE), a precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). In various cancers, BMP4 has been found to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) but its function in the development of EAC is currently unclear.
  
  
  
  To investigate the expression of BMP4 and several members of the BMP4 pathway in EAC. Additionally, to determine the effect of BMP4 signaling in a human Barrett's esophagus (BAR-T) and adenocarcinoma (OE33) cell line.
  
  
  
  Expression of BMP4, its downstream target ID2 and members of the BMP4 pathway were determined by Q-RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis using biopsy samples from EAC patients. BAR-T and OE33 cells were incubated with BMP4 or the BMP4 antagonist, Noggin, and cell viability and migration assays were performed. In addition, expression of factors associated with EMT (SNAIL2, CDH1, CDH2 and Vimentin) was evaluated by Q-RT-PCR and Western blot analysis.
  
  
  
  Compared to squamous epithelium (SQ), BMP4 expression was significantly upregulated in EAC and BE. In addition, the expression of ID2 was significantly upregulated in EAC and BE compared to SQ. Western blot analysis confirmed our results, showing an upregulated expression of BMP4 and ID2 in both BE and EAC. In addition, more phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/8 was observed. BMP4 incubation inhibited cell viability, but induced cell migration in both BAR-T and OE33 cells. Upon BMP4 incubation, SNAIL2 expression was significantly upregulated in BAR-T and OE33 cells while CDH1 expression was significantly downregulated. These results were confirmed by Western blot analysis.
  
  
  
  Our results indicate active BMP4 signaling in BE and EAC and suggest that this results in an invasive phenotype by inducing an EMT-like response through upregulation of SNAIL2 and subsequent downregulation of CDH1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kestens
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.|Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Siersema
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: G Johan A
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Offerhaus
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jantine W P M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: van Baal
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D058750:Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C525809:BMP4 protein, human; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; C000604407:SNAI1 protein, human; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors