title: Acetophenone azine: a new allergen responsible for severe contact dermatitis from shin pads.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contact dermatitis resulting from the use of shin pads is usually caused by rubber components, dyes, benzoyl peroxide, or formaldehyde resins.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate and identify a new allergen in shin pads that was responsible for severe contact dermatitis in a young football player.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of samples of shin pads was performed. The boy was patch tested with pieces of shin pads and with acetophenone azine, a chemical substance identified by HPLC in the foam of the shin pads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPLC identified acetophenone azine at concentrations of approximately 20 µg/g of shin pad samples. Patch tests gave strongly positive reactions to pieces of shin pads and to acetophenone azine down to 0.001% in acetone, whereas acetophenone and hydrazine sulfate were both negative. Twenty controls were negative for acetophenone azine 0.01% in acetone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acetophenone azine is a new, strong allergen of shin pads, and more generally of other sport equipment based on ethylene vinyl acetate. It may be used as a biocide, but this has to be confirmed. Further investigations are needed to understand factors such as exposure, cross-reaction patterns, metabolism, and the optimal patch test preparation.
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Department, Allergology Unit, Hôpital Saint Eloi - CHU Montpellier, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raison-Peyron
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bergendorff
authors.affiliation: Dermatology Department, Allergology Unit, Hôpital Saint Eloi - CHU Montpellier, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
authors.forename: Jean Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bourrain
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruze
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000485:Allergens / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D007097:Imines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D007868:Leg Dermatoses / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D010328:Patch Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D019876:Sports Equipment
chemical_list: D000485:Allergens; D006834:Hydrazines; D007097:Imines; C532576:acetophenoneazine
keywords: CAS no. 729-43-1; EVA copolymers; acetophenone azine; allergic contact dermatitis; chemical analysis; patch testing; shin pads; sport equipment