title: Access to Medications for Cardiovascular Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.
abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent the highest burden of disease globally. Medicines are a critical intervention used to prevent and treat CVD. This review describes access to medication for CVD from a health system perspective and strategies that have been used to promote access, including providing medicines at lower cost, improving medication supply, ensuring medicine quality, promoting appropriate use, and managing intellectual property issues. Using key evidence in published and gray literature and systematic reviews, we summarize advances in access to cardiovascular medicines using the 5 health system dimensions of access: availability, affordability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality of medicines. There are multiple barriers to access of CVD medicines, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Low availability of CVD medicines has been reported in public and private healthcare facilities. When patients lack insurance and pay out of pocket to purchase medicines, medicines can be unaffordable. Accessibility and acceptability are low for medicines used in secondary prevention; increasing use is positively related to country income. Fixed-dose combinations have shown a positive effect on adherence and intermediate outcome measures such as blood pressure and cholesterol. We have a new opportunity to improve access to CVD medicines by using strategies such as efficient procurement of low-cost, quality-assured generic medicines, development of fixed-dose combination medicines, and promotion of adherence through insurance schemes that waive copayment for long-term medications. Monitoring progress at all levels, institutional, regional, national, and international, is vital to identifying gaps in access and implementing adequate policies.
authors.affiliation: From Department of Global Health, School of Public Health (V.J.W., W.A.K., R.O.L.) and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (G.F.K.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, MA. vwirtz@bu.edu.
authors.forename: Veronika J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Wirtz
authors.affiliation: From Department of Global Health, School of Public Health (V.J.W., W.A.K., R.O.L.) and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (G.F.K.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, MA.
authors.forename: Warren A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.affiliation: From Department of Global Health, School of Public Health (V.J.W., W.A.K., R.O.L.) and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (G.F.K.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, MA.
authors.forename: Gene F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.affiliation: From Department of Global Health, School of Public Health (V.J.W., W.A.K., R.O.L.) and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (G.F.K.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, MA.
authors.forename: Richard O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Laing
mesh_terms: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000191:economics*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D011203:Poverty / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents
keywords: cardiovascular diseases; delivery of health care; drug therapy; essential drugs; health services accessibility; medication adherence; policy