title: Effect of long-term ingestion of weakly oxidised flaxseed oil on biomarkers of oxidative stress in LDL-receptor knockout mice.
abstract: The effect of oxidised fatty acids on atherosclerosis progression is controversial. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effect of long-term consumption of weakly oxidised PUFA from flaxseed oil on oxidative stress biomarkers of LDL-receptor(-/-) mice. To test our hypothesis, mice were separated into three groups. The first group received a high-fat diet containing fresh flaxseed oil (CONT-), the second was fed the same diet prepared using heated flaxseed oil (OXID), and the third group received the same diet containing fresh flaxseed oil and had diabetes induced by streptozotocin (CONT+). Oxidative stress, aortic parameters and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were assessed. After 3 months, plasma lipid profile, glucose levels, body weight, energy intake and dietary intake did not differ among groups. Likewise, oxidative stress, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), hepatic MDA expressed as nmol/mg portion (ptn) and antioxidant enzymes did not differ among the groups. Hepatic linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and EPA acid declined in the OXID and CONT+ groups. Aortic wall thickness, lumen and diameter increased only in the OXID group. OXID and CONT+ groups exhibited higher concentrations of MDA, expressed as μmol/mg ptn per %PUFA, when compared with the CONT- group. Our results suggest that ingestion of oxidised flaxseed oil increases hepatic MDA concentration and is potentially pro-atherogenic. In addition, the mean MDA value observed in all groups was similar to those reported in other studies that used xenobiotics as oxidative stress inducers. Thus, the diet applied in this study represents an interesting model for further research involving antioxidants.
authors.affiliation: 1Laboratory of Functional Foods (LADAF),Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,University of São Paulo,Av. Lineu Prestes,580,B14,05508-900 São Paulo,Brazil.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nogueira
authors.affiliation: 1Laboratory of Functional Foods (LADAF),Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,University of São Paulo,Av. Lineu Prestes,580,B14,05508-900 São Paulo,Brazil.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kessuane
authors.affiliation: 2School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences,University of São Paulo,Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva,87,05508-270 São Paulo,Brazil.
authors.forename: A A B
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lobo Ladd
authors.affiliation: 2School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences,University of São Paulo,Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva,87,05508-270 São Paulo,Brazil.
authors.forename: F V
authors.initials: FV
authors.lastname: Lobo Ladd
authors.affiliation: 2School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences,University of São Paulo,Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva,87,05508-270 São Paulo,Brazil.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cogliati
authors.affiliation: 1Laboratory of Functional Foods (LADAF),Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences,University of São Paulo,Av. Lineu Prestes,580,B14,05508-900 São Paulo,Brazil.
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Castro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019597:Flax / Q000737:chemistry; D008043:Linseed Oil / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000378:metabolism*; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008954:Models, Biological; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011973:Receptors, LDL / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005227:Fatty Acids; D011973:Receptors, LDL; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D008043:Linseed Oil
keywords: ALA 
                    α-linolenic acid; Atherosclerosis; CONT+ high-fat diet prepared with fresh flaxseed oil+streptozotocin; CONT− high-fat diet containing fresh flaxseed oil; Flaxseeds; IS internal standard; LDLr LDL-receptor; MDA malondialdehyde; Malondialdehyde; Mice; OXID high-fat diet prepared with heated flaxseed oil; Oxidation; TBARS thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; ptn portion