title: Psychiatric Comorbidity Among Egyptian Patients With Opioid Use Disorders Attributed to Tramadol.
abstract: Opioid use disorders attributed to tramadol (OUD-T) is a public health problem in Egypt. The objective of this study was to assess the psychiatric comorbidity among patients with opioid use disorder attributed to tramadol.
  
  
  
  This study included 100 patients with opioid use disorders attributed to tramadol (according to DSM-IV-TR) and 100 control persons (matched for age, sex, and education), who were recruited from Zagazig University Hospital, Egypt. The participants were interviewed using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM disorders (SCID-I and SCID-II), Addiction Severity Index scale (patients), and urine screening for drugs.
  
  
  
  Twenty-four percent of the patients used tramadol only (pure tramadol group), whereas 76% of the patients used other substances in addition to tramadol (polysubstance group). Most (91%) of the patients had tramadol dependence. Forty-nine percent of the patients had psychiatric comorbidity, especially mood disorders (59.2%), whereas only 24% of the control persons had psychiatric comorbidity, especially anxiety disorders (83.3%). The most common personality disorders among patients were borderline (24%) and antisocial (22%), whereas in control persons, the most common personality disorders were obsessive compulsive personality disorder (8%) and the avoidant personality disorder (7%). Cluster B (76.6%) was the most common category among patients (compared with 25.8% in control persons), whereas cluster C (51.6%) was the most common category among control persons (compared with 15.6% in patients).
  
  
  
  Most of the patients were dependent on tramadol, and approximately 3 out of 4 used many substances. Almost half of the patients had psychiatric comorbidity, and approximately 3 out of 4 had cluster B personality disorders.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagzazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
authors.forename: Medhat M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Bassiony
authors.forename: Usama M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Youssif
authors.forename: Ramadan A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hussein
authors.forename: Mervat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saeed
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D015897:Comorbidity; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014147:Tramadol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D014147:Tramadol