title: Deficits in Visual System Functional Connectivity after Blast-Related Mild TBI are Associated with Injury Severity and Executive Dysfunction.
abstract: Approximately, 275,000 American service members deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan have sustained a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), with 75% of these incidents involving an explosive blast. Visual processing problems and cognitive dysfunction are common complaints following blast-related mTBI.
  
  
  
  In 127 veterans, we examined resting fMRI functional connectivity (FC) of four key nodes within the visual system: lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), primary visual cortex (V1), lateral occipital gyrus (LO), and fusiform gyrus (FG). Regression analyses were performed (i) to obtain correlations between time-series from each seed and all voxels in the brain, and (ii) to identify brain regions in which FC variability was related to blast mTBI severity. Blast-related mTBI severity was quantified as the sum of the severity scores assigned to each of the three most significant blast-related injuries self-reported by subjects. Correlations between FC and performance on executive functioning tasks were performed across participants with available behavioral data (n = 94).
  
  
  
  Greater blast mTBI severity scores were associated with lower FC between: (A) LGN seed and (i) medial frontal gyrus, (ii) lingual gyrus, and (iii) right ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus; (B) V1 seed and precuneus; (C) LO seed and middle and superior frontal gyri; (D) FG seed and (i) superior and medial frontal gyrus, and (ii) left middle frontal gyrus. Finally, lower FC between visual network regions and frontal cortical regions predicted worse performance on the WAIS digit-symbol coding task.
  
  
  
  These are the first published results that directly illustrate the relationship between blast-related mTBI severity, visual pathway neural networks, and executive dysfunction - results that highlight the detrimental relationship between blast-related brain injury and the integration of visual sensory input and executive processes.
authors.affiliation: Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center Minneapolis Minnesota; Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System Minneapolis Minnesota.
authors.forename: Casey S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Gilmore
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota.
authors.forename: Jazmin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Camchong
authors.affiliation: Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System Minneapolis Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota.
authors.forename: Nicholas D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Davenport
authors.affiliation: Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System Minneapolis Minnesota; Univ. of St. Thomas Graduate School of Professional Psychology Minneapolis Minnesota.
authors.forename: Nathaniel W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa; Iowa City Veterans Affairs Health Care System Iowa City Iowa.
authors.forename: Randy H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Kardon
authors.affiliation: Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center Minneapolis Minnesota; Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System Minneapolis Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota.
authors.forename: Kelvin O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.affiliation: Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System Minneapolis Minnesota; Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota.
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Sponheim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D060825:Cognitive Dysfunction / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005829:Geniculate Bodies / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014728:Veterans; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: TBI severity; Visual; blast TBI; executive function; functional connectivity; rest fMRI; traumatic brain injury