title: Occupational Radiation Exposure during Pregnancy: A Survey of Attitudes and Practices among Interventional Radiologists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess attitudes of interventional radiologists toward occupational ionizing radiation exposure in pregnancy and to survey practice patterns and outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 34-question anonymous online survey on attitudes and work practices toward interventional radiologists who worked during pregnancy was sent to active SIR members, including 582 women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 534 (10%) respondents, including 142 women and 363 men. Among respondents, men were statistically older than women (P < .001) and had practiced interventional radiology (IR) longer (P < .001). Of female interventional radiologists, 55% had worked during pregnancy and reported no specific mutagenic events in their offspring. Spontaneous abortions (11%) and use of reproductive technology (17%) matched that of women with similar age and socioeconomic background. Although more women changed their work practice because of concerns of occupational exposure than men (23% vs 13%), this change was largely limited to the duration of a pregnancy. Among pregnant interventional radiologists, 4 (6%) completely abstained from performing fluoroscopically guided interventions (FGIs), whereas 31 (46%) continued to spend > 80% of their work week doing FGIs with additional protection. Perceptions of impact of pregnancy on daytime work redistribution varied significantly with gender (P < .001); however, perceptions regarding impact of pregnancy on on-call hours, distribution of complex cases, and need to hire for temporary coverage were similar between the genders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most pregnant interventional radiologists continue to practice IR while pregnant. Pregnancy and fetal outcomes parallel that of the general population when matched for demographics. However, perceptions of impact of pregnancy on work lives of colleagues vary notably.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ghatan
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, 300 Pasteur Drive, H3630, Stanford, CA 94305-5642; Department of Radiology, and Office of Faculty Development and Diversity, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H3630, Stanford, CA 94305-5642.
authors.forename: Magali
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fassiotto
authors.affiliation: Public Affairs Center, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut.
authors.forename: Joyce P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, 300 Pasteur Drive, H3630, Stanford, CA 94305-5642.
authors.forename: Daniel Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Sze
authors.affiliation: Division of Interventional Radiology, 300 Pasteur Drive, H3630, Stanford, CA 94305-5642. Electronic address: kothary@stanford.edu.
authors.forename: Nishita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kothary
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000528:radiation effects; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control; D016272:Occupational Health; D010822:Physicians, Women; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D000069079:Radiation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000517:prevention & control; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011835:Radiation Protection; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects; D000072177:Radiologists; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D016387:Women's Health; D014931:Women, Working; D055815:Young Adult