title: Facial emotion recognition in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder and their unaffected first-degree relatives.
abstract: Facial emotion recognition (FER) is an important task associated with social cognition because facial expression is a significant source of non-verbal information that guides interpersonal relationships. Increasing evidence suggests that bipolar disorder (BD) patients present deficits in FER and these deficits may be present in individuals at high genetic risk for BD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of FER deficits in euthymic BD patients, their first-degree relatives, and healthy controls (HC) and to consider if these deficits might be regarded as an endophenotype candidate for BD.
  
  
  
  We studied 23 patients with DSM-IV BD type I, 22 first-degree relatives of these patients, and 27 HC. We used the Penn Emotion Recognition Tests to evaluate tasks of FER, emotion discrimination, and emotional acuity. Patients were recruited from outpatient facilities at the Institute of Psychiatry of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School, or from the community through media advertisements, had to be euthymic, with age above 18years old and a diagnosis of DSM-IV BD type I.
  
  
  
  Euthymic BD patients presented significantly fewer correct responses for fear, and significantly increased time to response to recognize happy faces when compared with HC, but not when compared with first-degree relatives. First-degree relatives did not significantly differ from HC on any of the emotion recognition tasks.
  
  
  
  Our results suggest that deficits in FER are present in euthymic patients, but not in subjects at high genetic risk for BD. Thus, we have not found evidence to consider FER as an endophenotype candidate for BD.
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Institute & Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil 05403-010; Psychology and Neuropsychology Units, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05403-010. Electronic address: fbf.fernandes@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Francy
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Brito Ferreira Fernandes
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Institute & Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil 05403-010. Electronic address: adgigante@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alexandre Duarte
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Gigante
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Institute & Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil 05403-010. Electronic address: angie.berutti@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Mariangeles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berutti
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Institute & Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil 05403-010. Electronic address: joseamaral@gmail.com.
authors.forename: José Antônio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Institute & Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil 05403-010. Electronic address: karladealmeida@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Karla Mathias
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: de Almeida
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Institute & Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil 05403-010; Psychology and Neuropsychology Units, Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05403-010. Electronic address: crisrocca@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Cristiana Castanho
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: de Almeida Rocca
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Institute & Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil 05403-010. Electronic address: blafer@usp.br.
authors.forename: Beny
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lafer
authors.affiliation: Bipolar Disorder Program (PROMAN), Institute & Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos, 785, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil 05403-010; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Stetson Building 260 Stetson Street Suite 3200, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA. Electronic address: Fabiano_nery@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Fabiano Gonçalves
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Nery
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D003527:Cyclothymic Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D056348:Emotional Intelligence; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D058068:Endophenotypes; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology; D005149:Facial Expression; D000066499:Facial Recognition / Q000502:physiology; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D012307:Risk Factors