title: Detection of Alzheimer's disease at mild cognitive impairment and disease progression using autoantibodies as blood-based biomarkers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an urgent need to identify biomarkers that can accurately detect and diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD). Autoantibodies are abundant and ubiquitous in human sera and have been previously demonstrated as disease-specific biomarkers capable of accurately diagnosing mild-moderate stages of AD and Parkinson's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sera from 236 subjects, including 50 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects with confirmed low CSF Aβ42 levels, were screened with human protein microarrays to identify potential biomarkers for MCI. Autoantibody biomarker performance was evaluated using Random Forest and Receiver Operating Characteristic curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Autoantibody biomarkers can differentiate MCI patients from age-matched and gender-matched controls with an overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 100.0%. They were also capable of differentiating MCI patients from those with mild-moderate AD and other neurologic and non-neurologic controls with high accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autoantibodies can be used as noninvasive and effective blood-based biomarkers for early diagnosis and staging of AD.
authors.affiliation: Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Cassandra A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: DeMarshall
authors.affiliation: Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Durin Technologies, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Nagele
authors.affiliation: Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Abhirup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.affiliation: Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Nimish K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Godsey
authors.affiliation: Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Goldwaser
authors.affiliation: Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kosciuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Umashanger
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Thayasivam
authors.affiliation: Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: Durin Technologies, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Belinka
authors.affiliation: Biomarker Discovery Center, New Jersey Institute for Successful Aging, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA; Durin Technologies, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Nagele
keywords: Alzheimer's disease; Antibody; Autoantibodies; Autoantibody Biomarker; Biomarkers; Blood biomarkers; Diagnostics; Microarray; Mild Cognitive Impairment