title: Adaptation of a plant pathogen to partial host resistance: selection for greater aggressiveness in grapevine downy mildew.
abstract: An understanding of the evolution of pathogen quantitative traits in response to host selective pressures is essential for the development of durable management strategies for resistant crops. However, we still lack experimental data on the effects of partial host resistance on multiple phenotypic traits (aggressiveness) and evolutionary strategies in pathogens. We performed a cross-inoculation experiment with four grapevine hosts and 103 isolates of grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) sampled from susceptible and partially resistant grapevine varieties. We analysed the neutral and adaptive genetic differentiation of five quantitative traits relating to pathogen transmission. Isolates from resistant hosts were more aggressive than isolates from susceptible hosts, as they had a shorter latency period and higher levels of spore production. This pattern of adaptation contrasted with the lack of neutral genetic differentiation, providing evidence for directional selection. No specificity for a particular host variety was detected. Adapted isolates had traits that were advantageous on all resistant varieties. There was no fitness cost associated with this genetic adaptation, but several trade-offs between pathogen traits were observed. These results should improve the accuracy of prediction of fitness trajectories for this biotrophic pathogen, an essential element for the modelling of durable deployment strategies for resistant varieties.
authors.affiliation: UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance.
authors.forename: Chloé E L
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Delmas
authors.affiliation: UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fabre
authors.affiliation: UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jolivet
authors.affiliation: UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance.
authors.forename: Isabelle D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Mazet
authors.affiliation: UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance.
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richart Cervera
authors.affiliation: UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance.
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delière
authors.affiliation: UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du VignobleINRAVillenave d'OrnonFrance; Bordeaux Science AgroUMR 1065 SAVEISVVUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Delmotte
keywords: Vitis vinifera; erosion; evolvability; fitness cost; host specificity; obligate plant pathogen; quantitative resistance; virulence