title: The kidney stone and increased water intake trial in steel workers: results from a pilot study.
abstract: Preventing dehydration in subjects at risk may provide a means of primary prevention of kidney stones. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the hydration status of an at-risk group of steel plant workers based on end-of-shift ('post-shift') spot urine osmolality and 24-h urinary stone risk parameters. 100 volunteers were recruited from Gerdau Midlothian steel mill in Texas on 11/14/14 and 12/5/14. Clinical data were recorded and post-shift spot urine sample was used to measure urine osmolality. Participants were invited to submit a 24-h urine sample within 4 weeks of enrollment. The mean age was 41 years and 95 % were men. The majority of subjects were white (75 %), followed by 10 % Hispanic and 9 % black. The mean body mass index was 30.1 kg/m2and overall 16 % had a past history of stone disease. Mean post-shift urine spot osmolality was 704.5 mOsm (169-1165 mOsm) and was >800 and >700 mOsm in 39 and 57 %, respectively. Among 59 24-h urines samples, the mean volume was 1.89 ± 0.92 l/day, with 56 % < 2 L and 17 % < 1 L. Elevated levels of urinary analytes were found in 29 % of subjects for calcium (>250 mg/TV), 39 % for uric acid (>700 mg/TV), 25 % for oxalate (>45 mg/TV) and 50 % for sodium (>200 meq/TV). The prevalence of stone disease in this population of steel workers was higher than the published prevalence of stone disease in the general population. A significant number of workers had concentrated post-shift and 24-h urines and elevated levels of urinary analytes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Moss Bldg, 8th Fl, Ste 112, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. Yair.Lotan@utsouthwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Yair
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lotan
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Moss Bldg, 8th Fl, Ste 112, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Jodi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Antonelli
authors.affiliation: Danone Research RD128, 91767, Palaiseau Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Inmaculada Buendia
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Danone Research RD128, 91767, Palaiseau Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Hakam
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gharbi
authors.affiliation: Gerdau Steel Mill, Midlothian, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herring
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Moss Bldg, 8th Fl, Ste 112, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beaver
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Moss Bldg, 8th Fl, Ste 112, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Aphrihl
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Moss Bldg, 8th Fl, Ste 112, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Dendra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Von Merveldt
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Moss Bldg, 8th Fl, Ste 112, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Suzie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Moss Bldg, 8th Fl, Ste 112, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Poindexter
authors.affiliation: Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA.
authors.forename: Orson W
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Moe
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Moss Bldg, 8th Fl, Ste 112, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.|Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Charles and Jane Pak Center of Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA.
authors.forename: Margaret S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pearle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002118:Calcium / Q000652:urine; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003681:Dehydration / Q000652:urine*; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007669:Kidney Calculi / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008669:Metallurgy; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010070:Oxalates / Q000652:urine; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000652:urine; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000652:urine; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D010070:Oxalates; D014527:Uric Acid; D012964:Sodium; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Hydration; Kidney stones; Prevention; Steel workers