title: Packaging colour research by tobacco companies: the pack as a product characteristic.
abstract: Tobacco companies use colour on cigarette packaging and labelling to communicate brand imagery, diminish health concerns, and as a replacement for prohibited descriptive words ('light' and 'mild') to make misleading claims about reduced risks.
  
  
  
  We analysed previously secret tobacco industry documents to identify additional ways in which cigarette companies tested and manipulated pack colours to affect consumers' perceptions of the cigarettes' flavour and strength.
  
  
  
  Cigarette companies' approach to package design is based on 'sensation transference' in which consumers transfer sensations they derive from the packaging to the product itself. Companies manipulate consumers' perceptions of the taste and strength of cigarettes by changing the colour of the packaging. For example, even without changes to the tobacco blends, flavourings or additives, consumers perceive the taste of cigarettes in packages with red and darker colours to be fuller flavoured and stronger, and cigarettes in packs with more white and lighter colours are perceived to taste lighter and be less harmful.
  
  
  
  Companies use pack colours to manipulate consumers' perceptions of the taste, strength and health impacts of the cigarettes inside the packs, thereby altering their characteristics and effectively creating new products. In countries that do not require standardised packaging, regulators should consider colour equivalently to other changes in cigarette characteristics (eg, physical characteristics, ingredients, additives and flavourings) when making determinations about whether or not to permit new products on the market.
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Philip R Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Lempert
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Philip R Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California, USA.|Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Stanton
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glantz
mesh_terms: D003116:Color; D003258:Consumer Behavior; D006801:Humans; D040541:Marketing; D010465:Perception; D011356:Product Labeling; D019064:Product Packaging; D012106:Research; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology; D019460:Tobacco Industry; D062789:Tobacco Products
keywords: Packaging and Labelling; Public policy; Tobacco industry; Tobacco industry documents