title: A Multiplex Electrochemical Biosensor for Bloodstream Infection Diagnosis.
abstract: Accurate and timely detection of bacterial pathogens will improve the clinical management of infections. Herein, we demonstrate an electrochemical biosensor that directly detects bacteria in human blood samples, resulting in the rapid diagnosis of a bloodstream infection. The multiplex biosensor detects the species-specific sequences of the 16S ribosomal RNA of bacteria for pathogen identification in physiological samples without preamplification. The analytical performance characteristics of the biosensor, including the limit of detection and probe cross-reactivity, are evaluated systematically. The feasibility of the biosensor for a diagnosis of a bloodstream infection is demonstrated by identifying bacterial clinical isolates spiked in whole blood and blood culture samples that were tested positive for bacteria. The electrochemical biosensor correctly identifies all the species in the samples with 100% concordance to microbiological analysis.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Lindsie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Jeffries
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Mach
authors.affiliation: 4 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Craft
authors.affiliation: 5 Departments of Pediatrics and Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Neal J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: 6 GeneFluidics, Inc., Irwindale, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gau
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.|7 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.|8 Department of Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Pak Kin
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000235:genetics; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
keywords: RNA; biosensor; blood; diagnostics; infection