title: Clinical and Imaging Findings of Temporomandibular Joint Synovial Chondromatosis: An Analysis of 10 Cases and Literature Review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated clinical and imaging features of synovial chondromatosis (SC) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) for use in clinical applications.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed clinical data from 10 patients with SC of the TMJ in our hospital from 2011 to 2015. We also reviewed and analyzed relevant literature included in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database in the past decade using the search terms "synovial chondromatosis" and "temporomandibular joint."
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of SC of the TMJ was higher in female patients than in male patients (male-to-female ratio, 1:2.22). It occurred most often in middle age (mean, 47.2 years). The characteristic symptoms of SC in the TMJ were pain (90.8%), swelling (67.1%), limited ability to open the mouth (68.4%), deviant jaw opening (34.2%), and crepitation (31.6%). Computed tomography (CT) (42.9%) and magnetic resonance imaging (45.4%) were the most common techniques used to assess SC in the TMJ, and cone-beam CT (10.9%) also was used to make preliminary diagnoses based on its imaging findings. Open surgery was the preferred treatment of SC of the TMJ, and the recurrence rate was low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The main clinical characteristics of SC of the TMJ are pain, swelling, limited mouth opening, joint sounds, and deviant jaw opening. Imaging features include abnormal high-density shadows, condyle hyperostosis or destruction, changes in the temporal bone, and widening of the joint space. Cone-beam CT is useful for diagnosis of SC of the TMJ.
authors.affiliation: Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China; School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors.forename: Xingguang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Resident, Department of Stomatology, Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário, Macau, China.
authors.forename: Zhongyang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Wangyong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Peisheng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.affiliation: Attending Physician and Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China. Electronic address: taoqian@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015838:Chondromatosis, Synovial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014313:Trismus