title: A multiproxy approach to evaluate biocidal treatments on biodeteriorated majolica glazed tiles.
abstract: The Fishing House located on the grounds of the Marquis of Pombal Palace, Oeiras, Portugal, was built in the 18th century. During this epoch, Portuguese gardens, such as the one surrounding the Fishing House, were commonly ornamented with glazed wall tile claddings. Currently, some of these outdoor tile panels are covered with dark colored biofilms, contributing to undesirable aesthetic changes and eventually inducing chemical and physical damage to the tile surfaces. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the investigated biofilms are mainly composed of green algae, cyanobacteria and dematiaceous fungi. With the aim of mitigating biodeterioration, four different biocides (TiO2nanoparticles, Biotin®T, Preventol®RI 80 and Albilex Biostat®) were applied in situ to the glazed wall tiles. Their efficacy was monitored by visual examination, epifluorescence microscopy and DNA-based analysis. Significant changes in the microbial community composition were observed 4 months after treatment with Preventol®RI 80 and Biotin®T. Although the original community was inactivated after these treatments, an early stage of re-colonization was detected 6 months after the biocide application. TiO2nanoparticles showed promising results due to their self-cleaning effect, causing the detachment of the biofilm from the tile surface, which remained clean 6 and even 24 months after biocide application. © 2013 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
authors.affiliation: LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal.|Departamento de Conservação e Restauro, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal.|Research Unit VICARTE (Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, IRNAS-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: A Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: BAM - Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 4.1 Biodeterioration and Reference Organisms, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Martin-Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Laboratório HÉRCULES, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mirão
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Biology (Botany), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gomez-Bolea
authors.affiliation: CERENA, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Machado-Moreira
authors.affiliation: C2TN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cerqueira-Alves
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, IRNAS-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jurado
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia de Sevilla, IRNAS-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Saiz-Jimenez
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Conservação e Restauro, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal.|Research Unit VICARTE (Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.affiliation: UCIBIO, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: A J L
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.affiliation: LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pina
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Conservação e Restauro, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal.|Research Unit VICARTE (Vidro e Cerâmica para as Artes), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal.
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Macedo
mesh_terms: D018441:Biofilms / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects; D002516:Ceramics; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000145:classification; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005658:Fungi / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects; D010802:Phylogeny; D011174:Portugal
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants