title: Airborne Fine Particulate Matter Induces Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells.
abstract: Airborne fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter equal to or smaller than 2.5 μm is abbreviated as PM2.5, which is one of the main components in air pollution. Exposure to PM2.5 is associated with increased risk of many human diseases, including chronic and allergic rhinitis, but the underlying molecular mechanism for its toxicity has not been fully elucidated. We have hypothesized that PM2.5 may cause oxidative stress and enhance inflammatory responses in nasal epithelial cells. Accordingly, we used human RPMI 2650 cells, derived from squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal septum, as a model of nasal epithelial cells, and exposed them to PM2.5 that was collected at Fudan University (31.3°N, 121.5°E) in Shanghai, China. PM2.5 exposure decreased the viability of RPMI 2650 cells, suggesting that PM2.5 may impair the barrier function of nasal epithelial cells. Moreover, PM2.5 increased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the nuclear translocation of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). Importantly, PM2.5 also decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Pretreatment with N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (an anti-oxidant) reduced the degree of the PM2.5-induced oxidative stress in RPMI 2650 cells. In addition, PM2.5 increased the production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-13 and eotaxin (C-C motif chemokine ligand 11), each of which initiates and/or augments local inflammation. These results suggest that PM2.5 may induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in human nasal epithelial cells, thereby leading to nasal inflammatory diseases. The present study provides insights into cellular injury induced by PM2.5.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University.
authors.forename: Zhicong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Zhiqiang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Ruxin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Weiyang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Guoshun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhuang
authors.forename: Congrui
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Deng
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000473:pathology*; D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D009666:Nose / Q000473:pathology*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D007477:Ions; D008670:Metals; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; D052638:Particulate Matter; D012333:RNA, Messenger