title: Active Surveillance of Prostate Cancer: Use, Outcomes, Imaging, and Diagnostic Tools.
abstract: Active surveillance (AS) has emerged as a standard management option for men with very low-risk and low-risk prostate cancer, and contemporary data indicate that use of AS is increasing in the United States and abroad. In the favorable-risk population, reports from multiple prospective cohorts indicate a less than 1% likelihood of metastatic disease and prostate cancer-specific mortality over intermediate-term follow-up (median 5-6 years). Higher-risk men participating in AS appear to be at increased risk of adverse outcomes, but these populations have not been adequately studied to this point. Although monitoring on AS largely relies on serial prostate biopsy, a procedure associated with considerable morbidity, there is a need for improved diagnostic tools for patient selection and monitoring. Revisions from the 2014 International Society of Urologic Pathology consensus conference have yielded a more intuitive reporting system and detailed reporting of low-intermediate grade tumors, which should facilitate the practice of AS. Meanwhile, emerging modalities such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and tissue-based molecular testing have shown prognostic value in some populations. At this time, however, these instruments have not been sufficiently studied to consider their routine, standardized use in the AS setting. Future studies should seek to identify those platforms most informative in the AS population and propose a strategy by which promising diagnostic tools can be safely and efficiently incorporated into clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: From the Brady Urological Institute, Departments of Urology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University, New York, NY; Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Tosoian
authors.affiliation: From the Brady Urological Institute, Departments of Urology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University, New York, NY; Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loeb
authors.affiliation: From the Brady Urological Institute, Departments of Urology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University, New York, NY; Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Jonathan I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.affiliation: From the Brady Urological Institute, Departments of Urology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University, New York, NY; Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Baris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Turkbey
authors.affiliation: From the Brady Urological Institute, Departments of Urology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University, New York, NY; Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Choyke
authors.affiliation: From the Brady Urological Institute, Departments of Urology and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Urology and Population Health, New York University, New York, NY; Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL.
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Schaeffer
mesh_terms: D019468:Disease Management; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018579:Patient Selection; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011379:Prognosis; D011467:Prostate / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States