title: Expression of Genes by Aflatoxigenic and Nonaflatoxigenic Strains of Aspergillus flavus Isolated from Brazil Nuts.
abstract: The aims of the present study were to monitor the production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and mycelial growth, and to evaluate the expression of genes directly and indirectly involved in the biosynthesis of aflatoxins by Aspergillus flavus isolated from Brazil nuts. Six previously identified A. flavus strains were grown on coconut agar at 25°C for up to 10 days. Mycotoxins were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and fungal growth was measured daily using the diametric mycelial growth rate. Transcriptional analysis was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after 2 and 7 d of incubation using specific primers (aflR, aflD, aflP, lipase, metalloprotease, and LaeA). Three (50%) of the six A. flavus isolates produced AFB1 (ICB-1, ICB-12, and ICB-54) and three (50%) were not aflatoxigenic (ICB-141, ICB-161, and ICB-198). Aflatoxin production was observed from d 2 of incubation (1.5 ng/g for ICB-54) and increased gradually with time of incubation until d 10 (15,803.6 ng/g for ICB-54). Almost all A. flavus isolates exhibited a similar gene expression pattern after 2 d of incubation (p > 0.10). After 7 d of incubation, the LaeA (p < 0.05) and metalloprotease (p < 0.05) genes were the most expressed by nonaflatoxigenic strains, whereas aflatoxigenic isolates exhibited higher expression of the aflR (p < 0.05) and aflD genes (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that the expression of aflR and aflD is correlated with aflatoxin production in A. flavus and that overexpression of aflR could affect the transcriptional and aflatoxigenic pattern (ICB-54). Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the secondary metabolism of toxigenic fungi may permit the rational silencing of the genes involved and consequently the programmed inhibition of aflatoxin production. Knowledge of the conditions, under which aflatoxin genes are expressed, should contribute to the development of innovative and more cost-effective strategies to reduce and prevent aflatoxin contamination in Brazil nuts.
authors.affiliation: 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Arianne Costa
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Baquião
authors.affiliation: 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Aline Guedes
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Rodriges
authors.affiliation: 2 Escola Paulista de Política, Economia e Negócios, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Evandro Luiz
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Sabina Moser
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Tralamazza
authors.affiliation: 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zorzete
authors.affiliation: 1 Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil .
authors.forename: Benedito
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Correa
mesh_terms: D016604:Aflatoxin B1 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D001231:Aspergillus flavus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development; D031383:Bertholletia / Q000382:microbiology*; D005506:Food Contamination; D015870:Gene Expression; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D025282:Mycelium / Q000254:growth & development; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D016604:Aflatoxin B1