title: Endoscopic monitoring in small bowel transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the role of endoscopic monitoring in small bowel transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted in two parts-an initial experimental study followed by a clinical study. In the experimental study, segmental small bowel allotransplantation was performed on white outbred pigs. Stomas were created for exteriorization of the proximal and distal ends of the intestines (Thiry-Vella loop). The grafts were monitored by endoscopy via stomas, with or without immunosuppressive therapy. For the clinical study, the whole small-bowel allograft of a woman with short bowel syndrome was endoscopically monitored via distal stoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common endoscopic findings of graft rejection following small bowel allotransplantation were mucosal erythema, erosion, and ulceration. Diffuse ulceration with bleeding occurred in the late phase of rejection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic monitoring is essential to small bowel transplantation.
authors.affiliation: You-Sheng Li, Jie-Shou Li, Ning Li, Zhi-Wei Jiang, Yuan-Xin Li, Xiao-Hua Li, Institute of General Surgery, PLA, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Y S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: You-Sheng Li, Jie-Shou Li, Ning Li, Zhi-Wei Jiang, Yuan-Xin Li, Xiao-Hua Li, Institute of General Surgery, PLA, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: You-Sheng Li, Jie-Shou Li, Ning Li, Zhi-Wei Jiang, Yuan-Xin Li, Xiao-Hua Li, Institute of General Surgery, PLA, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: You-Sheng Li, Jie-Shou Li, Ning Li, Zhi-Wei Jiang, Yuan-Xin Li, Xiao-Hua Li, Institute of General Surgery, PLA, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Z W
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: You-Sheng Li, Jie-Shou Li, Ning Li, Zhi-Wei Jiang, Yuan-Xin Li, Xiao-Hua Li, Institute of General Surgery, PLA, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Y X
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: You-Sheng Li, Jie-Shou Li, Ning Li, Zhi-Wei Jiang, Yuan-Xin Li, Xiao-Hua Li, Institute of General Surgery, PLA, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: X H
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Li
keywords: Endoscopy; Graft rejection; Intestinal mucosa/pathology; Small intestine/transplantation