title: Hierarchy of prediction errors for auditory events in human temporal and frontal cortex.
abstract: Predictive coding theories posit that neural networks learn statistical regularities in the environment for comparison with actual outcomes, signaling a prediction error (PE) when sensory deviation occurs. PE studies in audition have capitalized on low-frequency event-related potentials (LF-ERPs), such as the mismatch negativity. However, local cortical activity is well-indexed by higher-frequency bands [high-γ band (Hγ): 80-150 Hz]. We compared patterns of human Hγ and LF-ERPs in deviance detection using electrocorticographic recordings from subdural electrodes over frontal and temporal cortices. Patients listened to trains of task-irrelevant tones in two conditions differing in the predictability of a deviation from repetitive background stimuli (fully predictable vs. unpredictable deviants). We found deviance-related responses in both frequency bands over lateral temporal and inferior frontal cortex, with an earlier latency for Hγ than for LF-ERPs. Critically, frontal Hγ activity but not LF-ERPs discriminated between fully predictable and unpredictable changes, with frontal cortex sensitive to unpredictable events. The results highlight the role of frontal cortex and Hγ activity in deviance detection and PE generation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; stefan.duerschmid@googlemail.com.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dürschmid
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Forschungscampus Stimulate, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.affiliation: Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
authors.forename: Callum
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dewar
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Forschungscampus Stimulate, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hinrichs
authors.affiliation: Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Forschungscampus Stimulate, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center of Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany;
authors.forename: Hans-Jochen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Heinze
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143;
authors.forename: Heidi E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.affiliation: Zukunftskolleg and Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany;
authors.forename: Sarang S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dalal
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel; Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
authors.forename: Leon Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Deouell
authors.affiliation: Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Knight
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001307:Auditory Perception; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012640:Seizures / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: frontal cortex; high γ-activity; mismatch negativity; prediction error; predictive coding