title: Muslim Spirituality, Religious Coping, and Reactions to Terrorism Among Pakistani University Students.
abstract: Pakistani Muslim university students (N = 207) displayed Personal Distress, Public Distress, and Personal Defeat Reactions to Terrorism. All three reactions predicted poorer mental health with Personal Defeat being especially disturbed in its adjustment implications. In line with the assumptions of coping theory, scores on the Negative Religious Coping Scale correlated positively with Personal Distress and with Personal Defeat. However, Positive Religious Coping, the spirituality of Muslim Experiential Religiousness, and the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Personal Religious Orientations exhibited positive rather than the expected negative linkages with Personal Distress and Public Distress. Muslim Experiential Religiousness moderated associations of Positive and Negative Religious Coping with Public Distress. When spirituality was high, these relationships were negative. When spirituality was low, they became positive. These data documented the negative impacts that terrorism can have on Pakistanis and suggested that Muslim religious commitments may have an important role to play in resisting those influences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ziasma Haneef
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Psychology/Department #2803, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 350 Holt Hall - 615 McCallie Avenue, Chattanooga, TN, 37403, USA. paul-watson@utc.edu.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D029181:Spirituality; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D023481:Terrorism / Q000523:psychology*; D014495:Universities; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Mental health; Muslim Experiential Religiousness; Pakistan; Religious coping; Terrorism