title: Novel immunotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of urothelial carcinoma.
abstract: Immunotherapy has long played a role in urothelial cancers with the use of bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) being a mainstay in the treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Novel therapeutic approaches have not significantly impacted mortality in this population and so a renaissance in immunotherapy has resulted. This includes recombinant BCG, oncolytic viruses, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and adoptive T-cell therapy. Herein, we provide a review of the current state of the art and future therapies regarding immunotherapeutic strategies for urothelial carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Akhil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muthigi
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Arvin K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: George
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: Sam J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Brancato
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10- Hatfield CRC, Room 2-5952, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Piyush K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Agarwal
keywords: NMIBC; immunotherapy; urothelial carcinoma