title: HTCC: Broad Range Inhibitor of Coronavirus Entry.
abstract: To date, six human coronaviruses have been known, all of which are associated with respiratory infections in humans. With the exception of the highly pathogenic SARS and MERS coronaviruses, human coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-HKU1) circulate worldwide and typically cause the common cold. In most cases, infection with these viruses does not lead to severe disease, although acute infections in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients may progress to severe disease requiring hospitalization. Importantly, no drugs against human coronaviruses exist, and only supportive therapy is available. Previously, we proposed the cationically modified chitosan, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC), and its hydrophobically-modified derivative (HM-HTCC) as potent inhibitors of the coronavirus HCoV-NL63. Here, we show that HTCC inhibits interaction of a virus with its receptor and thus blocks the entry. Further, we demonstrate that HTCC polymers with different degrees of substitution act as effective inhibitors of all low-pathogenic human coronaviruses.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.|Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Aleksandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milewska
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaminski
authors.affiliation: Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Justyna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ciejka
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.|Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kosowicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
authors.forename: Slawomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zeglen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
authors.forename: Jacek
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wojarski
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nowakowska
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szczubiałka
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.|Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pyrc
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D048271:Chitosan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017934:Coronavirus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008561:Membrane Fusion / Q000187:drug effects*; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; C550160:N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethylammonium chitosan; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; D048271:Chitosan