title: Potential Release of Manufactured Nano Objects During Sanding of Nano-Coated Wood Surfaces.
abstract: Increasing production and applications of manufactured nano objects (MNOs) have become a source for human exposure and therefore raise concerns and questions about the possible health effects. In this study, the potential release of nano objects, their agglomerates, and aggregates (NOAA) as a result of sanding of hardwood treated with MNOs-containing coating was examined. Two types of MNO-containing coating were compared with untreated hardwood that allowed the evaluation of the influence of the chemical composition on the release of particles. Furthermore, the rotation speed of the sander and the grit size of the sanding paper were varied in order to assess their influence on the release of particles.Measurements were conducted in a gas-tight chamber with a volume of 19.5 m(3) in which ventilation was minimized during experiments. Particle size distributions were assessed by scanning mobility particle sizer , aerodynamic particle sizer, and electrical low pressure impactor. Furthermore, aerosol number concentrations (Nanotracer), active surface area (LQ1), and fractionated mass (Cascade Impactor) were measured before, during, and after sanding. Scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) analysis was performed to adequately characterize the morphology, size, and chemical composition of released particles.SEM/EDX analysis indicated that sanding surfaces treated with MNO-containing coating did not release the designated MNO as free primary particles. In both coatings, clusters of MNO were perceived embedded in and attached to micro-sized wood and/or coating particles created by sanding the coated surface. Real-time measurements indicated a lower release of micro-sized particles from sanding of surfaces treated with Coating I than from sanding untreated surfaces or surfaces treated with Coating II. A substantial increase in nanosized and a slight increase in micro-sized particles was perceived as the rotation speed of the sander increased. However, most nanosized particles were most likely emitted by the sanding machine. No effect of the grit size on the release of particles was detected.
authors.affiliation: 1.TNO, PO Box 360, Zeist, The Netherlands; wouter.fransman@tno.nl.
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fransman
authors.affiliation: 1.TNO, PO Box 360, Zeist, The Netherlands; 1.TNO, PO Box 360, Zeist, The Netherlands;
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bekker
authors.affiliation: 1.TNO, PO Box 360, Zeist, The Netherlands;
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tromp
authors.affiliation: 1.TNO, PO Box 360, Zeist, The Netherlands; 1.TNO, PO Box 360, Zeist, The Netherlands;
authors.forename: Willem B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Duis
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000032:analysis*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis; D010316:Particle Size; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D004391:Dust
keywords: direct-reading instruments; exposure assessment; manufactured nano objects; nano-coating; particle monitoring ultrafines; release; sanding