title: Vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced-emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic droplet combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry for the fast determination of cadmium in water samples.
abstract: A novel vortex-assisted surfactant-enhanced-emulsification liquid-liquid microextraction with solidification of floating organic droplet (VSLLME-SFO) was developed for the fast, simple and efficient determination of cadmium (Cd) in water samples followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). In the VSLLME-SFO process, the addition of surfactant (as an emulsifier), could enhance the mass transfer from the aqueous solution into the extraction solvent. The extraction solvent could be dispersed into the aqueous phase under vigorous shaking with the vortex. In this paper, we investigated the influences of analytical parameters, including pH, extraction solvent type and its volume, surfactant type and its volume, concentration of chelating agent, salt effect and vortex time, on the extraction efficiency of Cd. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection was 0.16 μg/L. The analyte enrichment factor was 37.68. The relative standard deviation was 3.2% (10 μg/L, n = 10) and the calibration graph was linear, ranging from 0.5 to 30 μg/L. The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of ultra-trace Cd in river water and wastewater samples.
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China E-mail: heqiang0980@163.com; Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
authors.forename: Guilong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.affiliation: Mathematics and Physics, Armed Police College, Chengdu 610213, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China E-mail: heqiang0980@163.com.
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: National Centre for International Research of Low Carbon and Green Buildings, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mmereki
authors.affiliation: Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment of Three Gorges Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China E-mail: heqiang0980@163.com.
authors.forename: Xiaohui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China.
authors.forename: Zhihui
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.affiliation: Southwest Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute of China, Chengdu 610081, China.
authors.forename: Xiaolong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D002614:Chelating Agents; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000032:analysis; D059627:Liquid Phase Microextraction / Q000379:methods*; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D002614:Chelating Agents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical