title: Functional Evidence for a Cerebellar Node of the Dorsal Attention Network.
abstract: The "dorsal attention network" or "frontoparietal network" refers to a network of cortical regions that support sustained attention and working memory. Recent work has demonstrated that cortical nodes of the dorsal attention network possess intrinsic functional connections with a region in ventral cerebellum, in the vicinity of lobules VII/VIII. Here, we performed a series of task-based and resting-state fMRI experiments to investigate cerebellar participation in the dorsal attention network in humans. We observed that visual working memory and visual attention tasks robustly recruit cerebellar lobules VIIb and VIIIa, in addition to canonical cortical dorsal attention network regions. Across the cerebellum, resting-state functional connectivity with the cortical dorsal attention network strongly predicted the level of activation produced by attention and working memory tasks. Critically, cerebellar voxels that were most strongly connected with the dorsal attention network selectively exhibited load-dependent activity, a hallmark of the neural structures that support visual working memory. Finally, we examined intrinsic functional connectivity between task-responsive portions of cerebellar lobules VIIb/VIIIa and cortex. Cerebellum-to-cortex functional connectivity strongly predicted the pattern of cortical activation during task performance. Moreover, resting-state connectivity patterns revealed that cerebellar lobules VIIb/VIIIa group with cortical nodes of the dorsal attention network. This evidence leads us to conclude that the conceptualization of the dorsal attention network should be expanded to include cerebellar lobules VIIb/VIIIa.
  
  
  
  The functional participation of cerebellar structures in nonmotor cortical networks remains poorly understood and is highly understudied, despite the fact that the cerebellum possesses many more neurons than the cerebral cortex. Although visual attention paradigms have been reported to activate cerebellum, many researchers have largely dismissed the possibility of a cerebellar contribution to attention in favor of a motor explanation, namely, eye movements. The present study demonstrates that a cerebellar subdivision (mainly lobules VIIb/VIIIa), which exhibits strong intrinsic functional connectivity with the cortical dorsal attention network, also closely mirrors a myriad of cortical dorsal attention network responses to visual attention and working memory tasks. This evidence strongly supports a reconceptualization of the dorsal attention network to include cerebellar lobules VIIb/VIIIa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and.
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Brissenden
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and.
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Osher
authors.affiliation: Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7427-0789
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Halko
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and somers@bu.edu.
authors.forename: David C
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4169-5895
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Somers
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D012146:Rest; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: cerebellum; dorsal attention network; fMRI; visual attention; visual working memory