title: Depression predicts mortality and hospitalization in heart failure: A six-years follow-up study.
abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of depressive symptoms (DS) and its relation on hospitalization for cardiovascular (CV) causes and all-cause mortality risk among outpatients with HF.
  
  
  
  A prospective study was conducted on 130 adult outpatients with HF. The Beck Depression Inventory Scale-second edition (BDI-II) was used to screen for DS. All-cause mortality and hospitalization for CV causes were registered over 6 years. Logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate the independent prognostic value of DS on mortality and hospitalization for CV causes after adjustment for clinical risk factors.
  
  
  
  During a mean follow-up of 6 years, 44% of patients were classified as having DS. Sixty-two participants died for all causes, representing 61% of those with DS and 37% of those without (p=0.006); Forty-nine participants (38%) were hospitalized for CV causes, representing 49% of those with DS and 29% of those without (p=0.027). Logistic regression analysis indicated that DS predicted all-cause mortality (OR: 2.905; 95% CI:1.228-6.870; p=0.006) and multinomial logistic regression indicated that DS were predictive of hospitalization for CV causes (OR: 3.169; 95% CI: 1.230-8.164; p=0.027). These associations were independent of conventional risk factors.
  
  
  
  Only outpatient sample; measure of DS only at baseline; cause of death was not known.
  
  
  
  This study, first held in a portuguese population, showed that DS are independent predictors of death and hospitalization for CV causes among HF patients and its impact persists over 6 years.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal. Electronic address: scramos@sapo.pt.
authors.forename: Sónia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Prata
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bettencourt
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Francisco Rocha
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.affiliation: i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Portugal; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coelho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002423:Cause of Death; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011174:Portugal / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Depression; Heart failure; Hospitalizations; Mortality; Prognosis