title: Biochar as possible long-term soil amendment for phytostabilisation of TE-contaminated soils.
abstract: Soils contaminated by trace elements (TEs) pose a high risk to their surrounding areas as TEs can spread by wind and water erosion or leaching. A possible option to reduce TE transfer from these sites is phytostabilisation. It is a long-term and cost-effective rehabilitation strategy which aims at immobilising TEs within the soil by vegetation cover and amendment application. One possible amendment is biochar. It is charred organic matter which has been shown to immobilise metals due to its high surface area and alkaline pH. Doubts have been expressed about the longevity of this immobilising effect as it could dissipate once the carbonates in the biochar have dissolved. Therefore, in a pot experiment, we determined plant metal uptake by ryegrass (Lolium perenne) from three TE-contaminated soils treated with two biochars, which differed only in their pH (acidic, 2.80; alkaline, 9.33) and carbonate (0.17 and 7.3 %) content. Root biomass was increased by the application of the alkaline biochar due to the decrease in TE toxicity. Zinc and Cu bioavailability and plant uptake were equally reduced by both biochars, showing that surface area plays an important role in metal immobilisation. Biochar could serve as a long-term amendment for TE immobilisation even after its alkalinity effect has dissipated.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bopp
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biogeochemistry, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Iso
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Christl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulin
authors.affiliation: Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland. michael.evangelou@env.ethz.ch.
authors.forename: Michael W H
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Evangelou
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D018533:Biomass; D002606:Charcoal / Q000737:chemistry*; D008129:Lolium / Q000737:chemistry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C540010:biochar; D002606:Charcoal
keywords: Biochar; Immobilisation; Phytostabilisation; Pot experiment; Ryegrass; Soil contamination