title: Role of adiponectin gene variants, adipokines and hydrometry-based percent body fat in metabolically healthy and abnormal obesity.
abstract: Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) subjects have better metabolic parameters than metabolically abnormal obesity (MAO) subjects, but the possible mechanisms underlying this remain unknown. Our study was designed to investigate the interrelationships among genes, adipokines, body fat and its distribution in MHO and MAO.
  
  
  
  From 2007 to 2009, 103 males and 131 females aged 18-50 years were enrolled by an intention-to-treat design in a weight management clinic. Participants were divided into MHO and MAO groups. Percent body fat (PBF) was measured by a deuterium oxide dilution method. Four polymorphic variants, including PPARγ2 (Pro12Ala and C1431T) and adiponectin (T45G and G276T) genes, and three adipokines (adiponectin, leptin and resistin) were obtained.
  
  
  
  Of the 234 obese subjects, 130 (55.6%) were MHO. In the univariate analysis, the MAO group has significantly higher anthropometric, metabolic indices and leptin levels than the MHO group. Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, male gender, the T allele of adiponectin T45G polymorphism, leptin and PBF were positively associated with MAO. ANCOVA analysis revealed that the T allele of adiponectin T45G polymorphism was associated with higher fasting and postprandial glucose levels. We further found that TT genotype has a lower high molecular weight (HMW)/low molecular weight (LMW) adiponectin ratio than GG genotype.
  
  
  
  The factors associated with MAO are age, male gender, the T allele of adiponectin T45G polymorphism, leptin, and PBF. The net effects of T45G polymorphism on the MAO phenotype may be achieved by changes in the adiponectin oligomer ratio and glucose levels.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chin-Sung
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yan-Jia
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsiu-Hao
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health & Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Po-Hsiu
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Chang
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Shieh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nuclear Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wei-Jen
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Mei-Chi
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kung-Chia
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Young
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Yuan
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuo-Chin
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Behavioral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Gerontology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Electronic address: paulo@mail.ncku.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Chih-Hsing
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. Electronic address: yaustsai@mail.ncku.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Yau-Sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000235:genetics*; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000483:Alleles; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D056726:Genetic Association Studies; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics*; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D000067329:Obesity, Metabolically Benign / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D052242:Adiponectin; D005947:Glucose
keywords: Adipokine; Adiponectin T45G polymorphism; Metabolically abnormal obesity; Metabolically healthy obesity; Percent body fat