title: Radioactive Nanomaterials for Multimodality Imaging.
abstract: Nuclear imaging techniques, including primarily positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), can provide quantitative information for a biological event in vivo with ultra-high sensitivity, however, the comparatively low spatial resolution is their major limitation in clinical application. By convergence of nuclear imaging with other imaging modalities like computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging, the hybrid imaging platforms can overcome the limitations from each individual imaging technique. Possessing versatile chemical linking ability and good cargo-loading capacity, radioactive nanomaterials can serve as ideal imaging contrast agents. In this review, we provide a brief overview about current state-of-the-art applications of radioactive nanomaterials in the circumstances of multimodality imaging. We present strategies for incorporation of radioisotope(s) into nanomaterials along with applications of radioactive nanomaterials in multimodal imaging. Advantages and limitations of radioactive nanomaterials for multimodal imaging applications are discussed. Finally, a future perspective of possible radioactive nanomaterial utilization is presented for improving diagnosis and patient management in a variety of diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States; Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States.
authors.forename: Daiqin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States; Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States.
authors.forename: Casey A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dougherty
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States; Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States.
authors.forename: Dongzhi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States; Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States.
authors.forename: Hongwei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States; Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, United States.
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hong
keywords: MRI; PET; Raman imaging; SPECT; fluorescence; multimodality imaging; optical imaging; photoacoustic imaging; radioactive nanomaterials; review