title: Image-guided high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy - a valuable salvage treatment approach for loco-regional recurrence of papillary thyroid cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the treatment effect of image-guided high-dose-rate (HDR) interstitial brachytherapy for refractory recurrence of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC).
  
  
  METHODS
  This 66-year-old female presented with recurrence 5 years after thyroidectomy for PTC. Despite external irradiation and radioactive (131)I, the lesion expanded as 3.7 × 3.0 × 2.3 cm(3) and 2.0 × 1.5 × 1.5 cm(3). The locoregional recurrent tumor was treated with image-guided HDR interstitial brachytherapy. The total dose of 30 Gy in 6 fractions were delivered on the whole recurrent tumor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Removal of the recurrent tumor was securely achieved by HDR interstitial brachytherapy guided with ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning. The refractory tumor in the patients healed uneventfully after HDR interstitial brachytherapy without recurrence during the 14 months of follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The image-guided HDR interstitial brachytherapy may be a valuable salvage treatment approach for refractory recurrence of PTC.
authors.affiliation: These two authors contributed equally to this work.
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: These two authors contributed equally to this work.
authors.forename: Hongfu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: These two authors contributed equally to this work.
authors.forename: Dongmei
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: These two authors contributed equally to this work.
authors.forename: Guanghui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: These two authors contributed equally to this work.
authors.forename: Zhipeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: These two authors contributed equally to this work.
authors.forename: Yuxin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ge
keywords: HDR interstitial brachytherapy; local recurrence; papillary thyroid cancer