title: Cloning and expression analysis of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) genes in sorghum.
abstract: Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) is the first enzyme in the monolignol-specific branch of the lignin biosynthetic pathway. In this research, three sorghum CCR genes including SbCCR1, SbCCR2-1 and SbCCR2-2 were cloned and characterized. Analyses of the structure and phylogeny of the three CCR genes showed evolutionary conservation of the functional domains and divergence of function. Transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves demonstrated that the three CCR proteins were localized in the cytoplasm. The expression analysis showed that the three CCR genes were induced by drought. But in 48 h, the expression levels of SbCCR1 and SbCCR2-2 did not differ between CK and the drought treatment; while the expression level of SbCCR2-1 in the drought treatment was higher than in CK. The expression of the SbCCR1 and SbCCR2-1 genes was not induced by sorghum aphid [Melanaphis sacchari (Zehntner)] attack, but SbCCR2-2 was significantly induced by sorghum aphid attack. It is suggested that SbCCR2-2 is involved in the process of pest defense. Absolute quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the three CCR genes were mainly expressed in lignin deposition organs. The gene copy number of SbCCR1 was significantly higher than those of SbCCR2-1 and SbCCR2-2 in the tested tissues, especially in stem. The results provide new insight into the functions of the three CCR genes in sorghum.
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University , Fengyang , China.
authors.forename: Jieqin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University , Fengyang , China.
authors.forename: Feifei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University , Fengyang , China.
authors.forename: Lihua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University , Fengyang , China.
authors.forename: Qiuwen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University , Fengyang , China.
authors.forename: Peijin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University , Fengyang , China.
authors.forename: Junli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University , Fengyang , China.
authors.forename: Xiaocui
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: College of Agriculture, Anhui Science and Technology University , Fengyang , China.
authors.forename: Yanlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
keywords: CCR; Gene cloning; Phylogenetic analysis; Sorghum; qRT-PCR