title: Is Working Risky or Protective for Married Adolescent Girls in Urban Slums in Kenya? Understanding the Association between Working Status, Savings and Intimate-Partner Violence.
abstract: Previous studies have shown that women's empowerment, though beneficial in many aspects, can also increase the risk of intimate-partner violence (IPV). This study seeks to examine the association between work and experience of physical violence among married adolescents, and to understand the impact of access to independent financial resources on this risk. Authors draw on the asset-building framework and the ecological model.
  
  
  
  The data is from a baseline survey of girls aged 15-19 residing in urban slums in four cities and towns in Kenya (Nairobi, Thika, Nakuru and Kisumu). The analytic sample is 452 married girls. Logistic regression is used to examine associations between working status, savings and experience of IPV in the previous six months, controlling for other factors. This is complemented by content analysis of in-depth interviews with 32 adolescent girls and 16 young men.
  
  
  
  Compared to girls who did not work, working with no regular savings was significantly associated with greater odds (OR = 1.96, p<0.01) of experiencing IPV. There was no difference between girls who did not work and those who worked but had regular savings. Qualitative findings indicate savings decrease girls' dependency on men and allow them to leave abusive partners.
  
  
  
  Findings imply that in these communities with patriarchal gender norms and high levels of poverty, female employment and financial conflicts can be triggers of violence in marriages. On the other hand, girls' management of and access to independent financial resources through savings can potentially help to reduce this risk.
authors.affiliation: Poverty Gender and Youth Program, Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Eunice
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Muthengi
authors.affiliation: Poverty Gender and Youth Program, Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Tabither
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gitau
authors.affiliation: Poverty Gender and Youth Program, Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Austrian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D000066511:Intimate Partner Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007630:Kenya; D008297:Male; D008393:Marriage; D011204:Poverty Areas; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult