title: [A Germany-wide survey on anaesthesia in thoracic surgery].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study's objective was to evaluate current thoracic anaesthesia practice in Germany and to quantify potential differences depending on the hospital's level of care.
  
  
  METHODS
  A four-part online survey containing 28 questions was mailed to all anaesthesiology department chairs (n = 777) registered with the German Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The general response rate was 31.5 % (n = 245). High monthly volumes (>50 operations/month) of intrathoracic procedures, performed by specialized thoracic surgeons are mostly limited to hospitals of maximum care, university hospitals, and specialized thoracic clinics. In hospitals with a lower level of care, intrathoracic operations occur less frequently (1-5/month) and are commonly performed by general (69.3 %) rather than thoracic surgeons (15.4 %). Video-assisted thoracic surgeries are the most invasive intrathoracic procedures for most hospitals with a low level of care (61.5 %). Extended resections and pneumonectomies occur mainly in hospitals of maximum care and university hospitals. Thoracic anaesthesia is primarily performed by consultants or senior physicians (59.9 %). The double lumen tube (91.4 %) is the preferred method to enable one-lung ventilation (bronchial blockers: 2.7 %; missing answer: 5.9 %). A bronchoscopic confirmation of the correct placement of a double lumen tube is considered mandatory by 87.7 % of the respondents. Bronchial blockers are available in 64.7 % of all thoracic anaesthesia departments. While CPAP-valves for the deflated lung are commonly used (74.9 %), jet-ventilators are rarely accessible, especially in hospitals with a lower level of care (15.4 %). Although general algorithms for a difficult airway are widely available (87.7 %), specific recommendations for a difficult airway in thoracic anaesthesia are uncommon (4.8 %). Laryngeal mask airways (90.9 %) and videolaryngoscopy (88.8 %) are the primary adjuncts in store for a difficult airway. While hospitals with a lower level of care admitted patients routinely (92.3 %) to an intensive care unit after thoracic surgery, larger clinics used the postanaesthesia recovery room (12.5 %) and intermediate care units (14.6 %) more frequently for further surveillance. Thoracic epidural catheters (85.6 %) are predominantly chosen for peri- and postoperative analgesia, in contrast to paravertebral blockade (single shot: 8.6 %; catheter: 8.0 %) (multiple answers possible). Ultrasound is generally accessible (84.5 %) and mostly employed for the placement of central venous (81.3 %) and arterial (43.9 %) lines as well as a diagnostic tool for pulmonary pathology (62.0 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study reveals considerable differences in the anaesthetic practice in thoracic surgery. These focus mostly on the postoperative surveillance, the availability of bronchial blockers, and the use of regional anaesthetic techniques. Furthermore, it is evident that specific algorithms are needed for the difficult airway in thoracic anaesthesia. A recommendation for the high-tech work environment of thoracic anaesthesia could enhance the structural quality and optimize patient outcomes. Independent of a hospital's level of care, uniform requirements could help establish national quality standards in thoracic anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Klinikum der Universität Witten/Herdecke, Kliniken Köln, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109, Köln, Deutschland. defossej@kliniken-koeln.de.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Defosse
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Klinikum der Universität Witten/Herdecke, Kliniken Köln, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109, Köln, Deutschland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schieren
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Klinikum der Universität Witten/Herdecke, Kliniken Köln, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109, Köln, Deutschland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Böhmer
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anaesthesiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland.
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: von Dossow
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Deutschland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loop
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Klinikum der Universität Witten/Herdecke, Kliniken Köln, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109, Köln, Deutschland.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wappler
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Klinikum der Universität Witten/Herdecke, Kliniken Köln, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109, Köln, Deutschland.
authors.forename: M U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Gerbershagen
mesh_terms: D058109:Airway Management / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D000776:Anesthesiology; D005858:Germany; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D017214:Laryngeal Masks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D061810:One-Lung Ventilation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D066231:Surgeons; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
keywords: Bronchial blocker; Difficult airway; One-lung ventilation; Regional anaesthesia; Thoracic anaesthesia