title: The interplay between sleep behavior and affect in elementary school children's daily life.
abstract: Recent reviews raised the idea of a bidirectional relation between sleep behavior and affect in adults, but little is known about this interplay in general and especially regarding children. In this micro-longitudinal study, the interplay of sleep and affect was captured directly in children's daily life context in and out of school through ambulatory assessment. For 31 consecutive days, 110 elementary school children (8-11 years old) provided information about their last night's sleep and reported their current affect at four daily occasions in school and at home on smartphones. A multilevel approach was used to analyze the relation between sleep and affect the next day (morning, noon, and afternoon) and the relation between evening affect and subsequent sleep. At the within-person level, sleep quality was related to all observed facets of affect the next day and the strongest effects were found in the morning. The effect of sleep quality on positive affect was particularly pronounced for children who on average went to bed early and slept long. There were, however, no direct within-person effects of sleep quantity on affect. Furthermore, evening affect was related to subsequent sleep. The findings support the idea of a bidirectional relation between affect and sleep in children's daily life (including school). They suggest that good sleep provides a basis and resource for children's affective well-being the next day and demonstrate the importance of analyzing within-person variations of children's sleep. Micro-longitudinal findings can contribute to explain how macro-longitudinal relations between sleep and affect develop over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; IDeA (Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk) Center, D-60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Electronic address: koenen@psych.uni-frankfurt.de.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Könen
authors.affiliation: IDeA (Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk) Center, D-60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF), D-60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dirk
authors.affiliation: IDeA (Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk) Center, D-60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF), D-60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leonhardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; IDeA (Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk) Center, D-60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Institute for International Educational Research (DIPF), D-60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schmiedek
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012890:Sleep
keywords: Children; Experience sampling; Intraindividual variability; Mood; Sleep; Within-person