title: Expert opinion: the therapeutic challenges faced by statin intolerance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Statin intolerance is largely defined by muscle related symptoms, leading to intolerability and cessation. The nocebo effect coupled with the challenges of diagnosing statin myopathy undermines drug adherence that is critical for achieving the benefits of lipid-lowering and cardiovascular risk reduction. A temporal relationship should be made between the initiation of therapy and development of symptoms to aid in diagnosis. The mainstay of treatment is statin cessation or statin dose reduction and evaluation of alternative causes for muscle related symptoms. Most symptoms usually resolve within 2 weeks of discontinuing therapy. The patient can be re-challenged with the same statin at a lower dose or an alternative statin. Non-statin lipid lowering therapies offer an alternative to patients who cannot tolerate statins.
  
  
  METHODS
  We discuss current guideline-focused management of patients with statin intolerance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When initiating statin therapy, attention to risk factors for statin intolerance is strongly recommended. Most patients will tolerate some degree of statin therapy; thus statin re-challenge is advisable. If alternative dosing regimens are not tolerated, non-statin medications are acceptable alternatives. To limit errors in the diagnosis of statin intolerance, improvements in clinician-patient communication about the side effects and benefits of statins should be attempted.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Cardiology , Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease , Baltimore , MD , USA.|b Department of Internal Medicine , VCU Medical Center , Richmond , VA , USA.
authors.forename: Jaideep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.affiliation: a Department of Cardiology , Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease , Baltimore , MD , USA.
authors.forename: Seth S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: c Department of Hypertension , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland.
authors.forename: Maciej
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Banach
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
keywords: Intolerance; cardiovascular; myopathy; prevention; statin