title: Time without ventilation during intubation in neonates as a patient-centred measure of performance.
abstract: Time without ventilation is often much longer than an intubation attempt, yet patient stability relies on effective gas exchange. We argue that in addition to existing performance criteria, intubation performance measures should include interruption to effective ventilation.
  
  
  
  We reviewed video recorded resuscitations of 31 term and preterm newborns that included at least one intubation attempt. Time stamps were recorded at the end of mask ventilation, laryngoscope insertion and removal (laryngoscope duration), and re-commencement of ventilation via mask or endotracheal tube (ETT). Intubation attempts were defined as Successful (subsequent ventilation via ETT), or Failed (ETT incorrectly placed) or Withdrawn (laryngoscope removed before ETT insertion attempt).
  
  
  
  During intubation, total time without ventilation varied from 31 to 273s, compared to laryngoscope duration of 12-149s. Time without ventilation as Median [min-max] was greater for failed attempts 64 [48-273]s, yet laryngoscope duration was shortest for failed attempts 33 [21-46]s. Time between ceasing ventilation and commencing intubation was 5 [1-46]s suggesting room for improvement during transitions within the procedure.
  
  
  
  Time without ventilation is a more physiologically important measure of a resuscitation team's intubation expertise than laryngoscope duration. Since successful attempts took longer than failed attempts, emphasising haste during vocal cord visualisation and tube insertion may reduce success rates. Reducing the time without ventilation at either end of the procedure may be achievable with better team coordination and could be just as important to patient wellbeing as technical precision.
authors.affiliation: School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ITEE), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Izhak
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nadler
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. Electronic address: m.mclanders@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McLanders
authors.affiliation: School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ITEE), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Penelope
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liley
mesh_terms: D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D002983:Clinical Competence; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017214:Laryngeal Masks; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010348:Patient Care Team; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014741:Video Recording
keywords: Endotracheal intubation; Neonatal resuscitation; Neonate; Team co-ordination; Teamwork