title: Factors That May Enhance Longevity: A Literature Review and a Comprehensive Update for Aesthetic Surgeons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After surgery, the plastic surgeon is very often questioned about how to maintain the result and more frequently how to slow down the aging process. However, this type of knowledge is not commonly delivered during medical education or at least needs an update. This review could be used as a guide to help plastic surgeons to manage these frequent postoperative consultations. The aim of this literature review was to focus discussion on specific positive factors, identified to have a significant impact on human longevity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed using the automated computerized PubMed search, with the keywords "human longevity." Only papers written in the English language were included. References were screened to identify further relevant articles. Experimental studies based on microorganisms and animals, works published in non-indexed journals, case reports, letters, and viewpoints were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and twenty-four articles reporting factors influencing human longevity were analyzed for data extraction. A total of 59 articles reporting only positive factors were included. Fourteen factors seemed to have a positive impact on longevity: caloric restriction, active effort and sports, happiness, vitamins, vegetarian or Mediterranean diet, oriental practices, socioeconomic status, genetics, sexual activity, sleep, moderate wine consumption, religion, and education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While some factors with a positive impact on longevity are clearly identified and should be integrated in the postoperative process, further studies are still needed to be able to slow down the aging process.
  
  
  METHODS
  This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Reconstructive Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iacob
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Reconstructive Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France. Barbara.hersant@gmail.com.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hersant
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Reconstructive Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: M SidAhmed
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mezi
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Reconstructive Surgery and Maxillofacial Surgery, Henri Mondor Hospital, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Meningaud
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D008136:Longevity / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011788:Quality of Life; D066231:Surgeons / Q000523:psychology*; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Cosmetic surgery; Longevity; Rejuvenation; Review