title: Phytophthora Species in Rivers and Streams of the Southwestern United States.
abstract: Phytophthora species were isolated from rivers and streams in the southwestern United States by leaf baiting and identified by sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The major waterways examined included the Rio Grande River, Gila River, Colorado River, and San Juan River. The most prevalent species identified in rivers and streams were Phytophthora lacustris and P. riparia, both members of Phytophthora ITS clade 6. P. gonapodyides, P. cinnamomi, and an uncharacterized Phytophthora species in clade 9 were also recovered. In addition, six isolates recovered from the Rio Grande River were shown to be hybrids of P. lacustris × P. riparia Pathogenicity assays using P. riparia and P. lacustris failed to produce any disease symptoms on commonly grown crops in the southwestern United States. Inoculation of Capsicum annuum with P. riparia was shown to inhibit disease symptom development when subsequently challenged with P. capsici, a pathogenic Phytophthora species.
  
  
  
  Many Phytophthora species are significant plant pathogens causing disease on a large variety of crops worldwide. Closer examinations of streams, rivers, and forest soils have also identified numerous Phytophthora species that do not appear to be phytopathogens and likely act as early saprophytes in aquatic and saturated environments. To date, the Phytophthora species composition in rivers and streams of the southwestern United States has not been evaluated. This article details a study to determine the identity and prevalence of Phytophthora species in rivers and streams located in New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, and Texas. Isolated species were evaluated for pathogenicity on crop plants and for their potential to act as biological control agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Rio A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Stamler
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Soumalia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanogo
authors.affiliation: Department of Extension Plant Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA.
authors.forename: Natalie P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA jrandall@nmsu.edu.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Randall
mesh_terms: D002212:Capsicum / Q000469:parasitology; D010802:Phylogeny; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D045483:Rivers / Q000469:parasitology*; D015206:Southwestern United States