title: Suppression of MAPKs/NF-κB Activation Induces Intestinal Anti-Inflammatory Action of Ginsenoside Rf in HT-29 and RAW264.7 Cells.
abstract: This study investigated the intestinal anti-inflammatory action of ginsenoside Rf in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the intestinal tract. It is associated with elevated levels of various inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Ginsenosides, the main active constituents of ginseng, have been reported to exert potent therapeutic effects against diverse diseases. However, ginsenoside Rf treatment for inflammation has not yet been examined. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rf on the inflammatory mediators downstream of p38/NF-kB activation on TNF-α-stimulated intestinal epithelial cells (HT-29) and mouse macrophage cells (RAW264.7). Our results showed that ginsenoside Rf significantly reduced the production of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, NO, and ROS, which are most highly activated in IBD. In addition, ginsenoside Rf significantly suppressed TNF-α/LPS-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rf contains a compound that has potent intestinal anti-inflammatory effects that could be used to treat diseases such as IBD.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology , College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University , Yongin , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sungeun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahn
authors.affiliation: b Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University , Yongin , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Muhammad Hanif
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Siddiqi
authors.affiliation: a Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology , College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University , Yongin , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Veronica Castro
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Aceituno
authors.affiliation: b Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University , Yongin , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Shakina Yesmin
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Simu
authors.affiliation: a Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology , College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University , Yongin , Republic of Korea.|b Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University , Yongin , Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Deok Chun
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D036145:Ginsenosides; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C055328:ginsenoside Rf
keywords: Ginseng; NF-κB; ginsenoside Rf; inflammation; inflammatory bowel disease