title: Diagnostic accuracy of a two-item screen for drug use developed from the alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST).
abstract: The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) is a screening instrument to detect substance use in primary care (PC). To screen for illicit substances (excluding tobacco and alcohol), the ASSIST consists of 8-57 questions and requires complicated scoring. To improve the efficiency of screening of drug misuse in PC, this study constructed and validated a two-item screen for drug use from the ASSIST.
  
  
  
  Guided by previous reviews, the ASSIST was revised. Patients were recruited in VA primary care clinics (N=1283). Half of the sample was used to develop the ASSIST-Drug; the other half was used to validate it. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the Inventory of Drug Use Consequences were the criterion measures.
  
  
  
  A brief, two-item ASSIST-Drug was constructed. Based on the development sample, the ASSIST-Drug was 94.1% sensitive and 89.6% specific for drug use disorders. Based on the validation sample, it was 95.4% sensitive and 87.8% specific. The ASSIST-Drug also had comparable sensitivity and specificity to identify drug use negative consequences, as well as for diverse subgroups of patients in terms of gender, age, race/ethnicity, marital status, educational levels, and post traumatic stress disorder status.
  
  
  
  The ASSIST-Drug may be a useful screening tool for PC settings. It is reliable, brief, and easy to remember, administer and score. It is sensitive and specific for drug use disorders and drug use negative consequences, and the predictive properties are consistent across subgroup of patients.
authors.affiliation: VA Palo AltoHealth Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; California School of Professional Psychology at Alliant International University, San Francisco, CA, United States. Electronic address: quyen.tiet@va.gov.
authors.forename: Quyen Q
authors.initials: QQ
authors.lastname: Tiet
authors.affiliation: VA Palo AltoHealth Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Yani
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Leyva
authors.affiliation: VA Palo AltoHealth Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Rudolf H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Moos
authors.affiliation: VA Palo AltoHealth Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
authors.forename: Brandy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012907:Smoking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*
keywords: Drug use disorder; Instrument development and validation; Primary care; Screening; Sensitivity and specificity