title: Blood Pressure Responses to Endovascular Stimulation: A Potential Therapy for Autonomic Disorders With Vasodilatation.
abstract: We have previously shown that sympathetic ganglia stimulation via the renal vein rapidly increases blood pressure. This study further investigated the optimal target sites and effective energy levels for stimulation of the renal vasculatures and nearby sympathetic ganglia for rapid increase in blood pressure.
  
  
  
  The pre-study protocol for endovascular stimulations included 2 minutes of stimulation (1-150 V and 10 pulses per second) and at least 2 minutes of rest during poststimulation. If blood pressure and/or heart rate were changed during the stimulation, time to return to baseline was allowed prior to the next stimulation.
  
  
  
  In 11 acute canine studies, we performed 85 renal artery, 30 renal vein, and 8 hepatic vasculature stimulations. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) rapidly increased during stimulation of renal artery (95 ± 18 mmHg vs. 103 ± 15 mmHg; P < 0.0001), renal vein (90 ± 16 mmHg vs. 102 ± 20 mmHg; P = 0.001), and hepatic vasculatures (74 ± 8 mmHg vs. 82 ± 11 mmHg; P = 0.04). Predictors of a significant increase in MAP were energy >10 V focused on the left renal artery, bilateral renal arteries, and bilateral renal veins (especially the mid segment). Overall, heart rate was unchanged, but muscle fasciculation was observed in 22.0% with an output >10 V (range 15-150 V). Analysis after excluding the stimulations that resulted in fasciculation yielded similar results to the main findings.
  
  
  
  Stimulation of intra-abdominal vasculatures promptly increased the MAP and thus may be a potential treatment option for hypotension in autonomic disorders. Predictors of optimal stimulation include energy delivery and the site of stimulation (for the renal vasculatures), which informs the design of subsequent research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Niyada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Naksuk
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Ammar M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Killu
authors.affiliation: Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Vidhushei
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Yogeswaran
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Desimone
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Ventures, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Suddendorf
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Ventures, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.|Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Dorothy J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Ladewig
authors.affiliation: Mayo Clinic Ventures, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Powers
authors.affiliation: Student Scholar Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Malini
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madhavan
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Yong-Mei
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
authors.forename: Suraj
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kapa
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. asirvatham.samuel@mayo.edu.|Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. asirvatham.samuel@mayo.edu.
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Asirvatham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D062186:Arterial Pressure; D001342:Autonomic Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D002445:Celiac Artery / Q000294:innervation; D004285:Dogs; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005728:Ganglia, Sympathetic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006499:Hepatic Artery / Q000294:innervation; D006503:Hepatic Veins / Q000294:innervation; D007024:Hypotension, Orthostatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000294:innervation; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000294:innervation; D013997:Time Factors; D062666:Vascular Access Devices; D014664:Vasodilation
keywords: autonomic disorder; blood pressure; ganglia stimulation; neurocardiogenic syncope; reflex syncope; renal nerve stimulation; sympathetic stimulation