title: Ultra-trace analysis of furanic compounds in transformer/rectifier oils with water extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography.
abstract: A novel approach for the determination of parts-per-billion level of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, furfuryl alcohol, furfural, 2-furyl methyl ketone, and 5-methylfurfural in transformer or rectifier oils has been successfully innovated and implemented. Various extraction methods including solid-phase extraction, liquid-liquid extraction using methanol, acetonitrile, and water were studied. Water was by far the most efficient solvent for use as an extraction medium. Separation of the analytes was conducted using a 4.6 mm × 250 mm × 3.5 μm Agilent Zorbax column while detection and quantitation were conducted with a variable wavelength UV detector. Detection limits of all furans were at 1 ppb v/v with linear ranges range from 5 to 1000 ppb v/v with correlation coefficients of 0.997 or better. A relative standard deviation of at most 2.4% at 1000 ppb v/v and 7.3% at 5 ppb v/v and a recovery from 43% to 90% depending on the analyte monitored were obtained. The method was purposely designed to be environmental friendly with water as an extraction medium. Also, the method uses 80% water and 20% acetonitrile with a mere 0.2 mL/min of acetonitrile in an acetonitrile/water mixture as mobile phase. The analytical technique has been demonstrated to be highly reliable with low cost of ownership, suitable for deployment in quality control labs or in regions where available analytical resources and solvents are difficult to procure.
authors.affiliation: McGill University, Quebec, Canada.|KPrime Technologies, Inc, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: KPrime Technologies, Inc, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Kham
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: KPrime Technologies, Inc, Calgary, Canada.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Dow Chemical Canada ULC, Alberta, Canada.|Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Ronda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gras
authors.affiliation: Dow Chemical Canada ULC, Alberta, Canada.|Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luong
keywords: Furans; High-performance liquid chromatography; Rectifier oil; Transformer oil; Water extraction