title: Primary Fatty Alcohols Are Major Components of Suberized Root Tissues of Arabidopsis in the Form of Alkyl Hydroxycinnamates.
abstract: Suberin is a complex hydrophobic polymer that acts as a barrier controlling water and solute fluxes and restricting pathogen infections. Suberin is deposited immediately outside of the plasmalemma in the cell wall of certain tissues such as endodermis of roots, aerial and underground periderms, and seed coats. Suberin consists of a variety of fatty acid derivatives polymerized with glycerol and phenolics. In this study, we show using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques that most of the fatty alcohols not covalently linked to the suberin polymer are in the form of alkyl hydroxycinnamates (AHCs), with alkyl caffeates predominating. Such compounds are not restricted to the periderm of mature roots but also are present in the endodermis of younger roots, where they are not extracted by rapid dipping in chloroform. Analysis of several mutants affected in key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and export of suberin monomers suggests that the formation of the suberin polymer and associated waxes involves common pathways and occurs concomitantly in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots. Although fatty alcohols represent only minor components of the suberin polymer in Arabidopsis roots, this study demonstrates that they constitute the major aliphatics of suberin-associated waxes in the form of AHCs. Therefore, our results indicate that esterified fatty alcohols, both soluble and polymerized forms, represent major constituents of Arabidopsis root suberized barriers, being as abundant as α,ω-dicarboxylic and unsubstituted fatty acids. In addition, our results show that suberized layers represent a major sink for acyl-lipid metabolism in Arabidopsis roots.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D., L.F., S.P., J.J., F.D.);Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 (P.B., M.-J.C., O.R.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (P.S., D.K.K.).
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Delude
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D., L.F., S.P., J.J., F.D.);Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 (P.B., M.-J.C., O.R.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (P.S., D.K.K.).
authors.forename: Laetitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fouillen
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D., L.F., S.P., J.J., F.D.);Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 (P.B., M.-J.C., O.R.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (P.S., D.K.K.).
authors.forename: Palash
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhar
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D., L.F., S.P., J.J., F.D.);Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 (P.B., M.-J.C., O.R.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (P.S., D.K.K.).
authors.forename: Marie-Josée
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cardinal
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D., L.F., S.P., J.J., F.D.);Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 (P.B., M.-J.C., O.R.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (P.S., D.K.K.).
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pascal
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D., L.F., S.P., J.J., F.D.);Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 (P.B., M.-J.C., O.R.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (P.S., D.K.K.).
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3030-9207
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D., L.F., S.P., J.J., F.D.);Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 (P.B., M.-J.C., O.R.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (P.S., D.K.K.).
authors.forename: Dylan K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Kosma
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D., L.F., S.P., J.J., F.D.);Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 (P.B., M.-J.C., O.R.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (P.S., D.K.K.).
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Joubès
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D., L.F., S.P., J.J., F.D.);Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 (P.B., M.-J.C., O.R.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (P.S., D.K.K.).
authors.forename: Owen
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2752-2584
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rowland
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Université de Bordeaux, Bâtiment A3-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Bordeaux Aquitaine, 33140 Villenave D'Ornon, France (C.D., L.F., S.P., J.J., F.D.);Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6 (P.B., M.-J.C., O.R.); andDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 (P.S., D.K.K.) frederic.domergue@u-bordeaux2.fr.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-0183-7000
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Domergue
mesh_terms: D000445:Aldehyde Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D014885:Waxes / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D003373:Coumaric Acids; C120919:FAR1 protein, Arabidopsis; C000589113:FATTY ACYL REDUCTASE4, Arabidopsis; C000589114:FATTY ACYL REDUCTASE5 protein, Arabidopsis; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D008055:Lipids; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D014885:Waxes; C065875:suberin; D000445:Aldehyde Oxidoreductases