title: Genetic Characterization and Classification of Human and Animal Sapoviruses.
abstract: Sapoviruses (SaVs) are enteric caliciviruses that have been detected in multiple mammalian species, including humans, pigs, mink, dogs, sea lions, chimpanzees, and rats. They show a high level of diversity. A SaV genome commonly encodes seven nonstructural proteins (NSs), including the RNA polymerase protein NS7, and two structural proteins (VP1 and VP2). We classified human and animal SaVs into 15 genogroups (G) based on available VP1 sequences, including three newly characterized genomes from this study. We sequenced the full length genomes of one new genogroup V (GV), one GVII and one GVIII porcine SaV using long range RT-PCR including newly designed forward primers located in the conserved motifs of the putative NS3, and also 5' RACE methods. We also determined the 5'- and 3'-ends of sea lion GV SaV and canine GXIII SaV. Although the complete genomic sequences of GIX-GXII, and GXV SaVs are unavailable, common features of SaV genomes include: 1) "GTG" at the 5'-end of the genome, and a short (9~14 nt) 5'-untranslated region; and 2) the first five amino acids (M [A/V] S [K/R] P) of the putative NS1 and the five amino acids (FEMEG) surrounding the putative cleavage site between NS7 and VP1 were conserved among the chimpanzee, two of five genogroups of pig (GV and GVIII), sea lion, canine, and human SaVs. In contrast, these two amino acid motifs were clearly different in three genogroups of porcine (GIII, GVI and GVII), and bat SaVs. Our results suggest that several animal SaVs have genetic similarities to human SaVs. However, the ability of SaVs to be transmitted between humans and animals is uncertain.
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.|Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.
authors.forename: Zhongyan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Blood System Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.|University of California San Francisco, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tung
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.affiliation: Blood System Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.|University of California San Francisco, Dept of Laboratory Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States of America.
authors.forename: Eric L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Delwart
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Saif
authors.affiliation: Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America.
authors.forename: Qiuhong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D000818:Animals; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases / Q000235:genetics*; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006801:Humans; D029341:Sapovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D014764:Viral Proteins; D012321:DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases