title: Sagittal balance is more than just alignment: why PJK remains an unresolved problem.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The durability of adult spinal deformity surgery remains problematic. Revision rates above 20 % have been reported, with a range of causes including wound infection, nonunion and adjacent level pathology. While some of these complications have been amenable to changes in patient selection or surgical technique, Proximal Junctional Kyphosis (PJK) remains an unresolved challenge. This study examines the contributions of non-mechanical factors to the incidence of postoperative sagittal imbalance and PJK after adult deformity surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed a consecutive series of adult spinal deformity patients who required revision for PJK from 2013 to 2015 and examined in their medical records in detail.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neurologic disorders were identified in 22 (76 %) of the 29 PJK cases reviewed in this series. Neurologic disorders included Parkinson's disease (1), prior stroke (5), metabolic encephalopathy (2), seizure disorder (1), cervical myelopathy (7), thoracic myelopathy (1), diabetic neuropathy (5) and other neuropathy (4). Other potential comorbidities affecting standing balance included untreated cataracts (9), glaucoma (1) and polymyositis (1). Eight patients were documented to have frequent falls, with twelve cases having a fall right before symptoms related to the PJK were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PJK is an important contributing factor to the substantial and unsustainable rate of revision surgery following adult deformity correction. Multiple efforts to avoid PJK via alterations in surgical technique have been largely unsuccessful. This study suggests that non-mechanical neuromuscular co-morbidities play an important role in post-operative sagittal imbalance and PJK. Recognizing the multi-factorial etiology of PJK may lead to more successful strategies to avoid PJK and improve surgical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Norton Leatherman Spine Center, 210 East Gray Street, Suite 900, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 USA.
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Glassman
authors.affiliation: Norton Leatherman Spine Center, 210 East Gray Street, Suite 900, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 USA.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Coseo
authors.affiliation: Norton Leatherman Spine Center, 210 East Gray Street, Suite 900, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 USA.
authors.forename: Leah Y
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Carreon
keywords: Adult scoliosis; Adult spinal deformity; PJK; Proximal junctional kyphosis