title: X-ray and Electron Spectroscopy of Water.
abstract: Here we present an overview of recent developments of X-ray and electron spectroscopy to probe water at different temperatures. Photon-induced ionization followed by detection of electrons from either the O 1s level or the valence band is the basis of photoelectron spectroscopy. Excitation between the O 1s and the unoccupied states or occupied states is utilized in X-ray absorption and X-ray emission spectroscopies. These techniques probe the electronic structure of the liquid phase and show sensitivity to the local hydrogen-bonding structure. Both experimental aspects related to the measurements and theoretical simulations to assist in the interpretation are discussed in detail. Different model systems are presented such as the different bulk phases of ice and various adsorbed monolayer structures on metal surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University , S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fransson
authors.affiliation: Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), The University of Tokyo , Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshihisa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Science , Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kosugi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Besley
authors.affiliation: Institute of Methods for Material Development, Helmholtz Center Berlin , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rehr
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Lars G M
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm University , S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nilsson