title: Deciphering the gene expression profile of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway in the left atria of patients with mitral regurgitation.
abstract: Differentially expressed genes in the left atria of mitral regurgitation (MR) pigs have been linked to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway in the KEGG pathway. However, specific genes of the PPAR signaling pathway in the left atria of MR patients have never been explored.
  
  
  
  This study enrolled 15 MR patients with heart failure, 7 patients with aortic valve disease and heart failure, and 6 normal controls. We used PCR assay (84 genes) for PPAR pathway and quantitative RT-PCR to study specific genes of the PPAR pathway in the left atria.
  
  
  
  Gene expression profiling analysis through PCR assay identified 23 genes to be differentially expressed in the left atria of MR patients compared to normal controls. The expressions of APOA1, ACADM, FABP3, ETFDH, ECH1, CPT1B, CPT2, SLC27A6, ACAA2, SMARCD3, SORBS1, EHHADH, SLC27A1, PPARGC1B, PPARA and CPT1A were significantly up-regulated, whereas the expression of PLTP was significantly down-regulated in the MR patients compared to normal controls. The expressions of HMGCS2, ACADM, FABP3, MLYCD, ECH1, ACAA2, EHHADH, CPT1A and PLTP were significantly up-regulated in the MR patients compared to patients with aortic valve disease. Notably, only ACADM, FABP3, ECH1, ACAA2, EHHADH, CPT1A and PLTP of the PPAR pathway were significantly differentially expressed in the MR patients compared to patients with aortic valve disease and normal controls.
  
  
  
  Differentially expressed genes of the PPAR pathway have been identified in the left atria of MR patients compared with patients with aortic valve disease and normal controls.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan. chenmien@ms76.hinet.net.
authors.forename: Mien-Cheng
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Jen-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yu-Sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Kuo-Li
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wan-Chun
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Wen-Hao
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Tzu-Hao
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yao-Kuang
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Yuan
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Ta Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chien-Jen
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000235:genetics*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D005227:Fatty Acids; D008055:Lipids; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; D012333:RNA, Messenger
keywords: Atrium; Genes; Mitral regurgitation