title: COMPLETE GENOMIC SEQUENCE OF VIRULENT PIGEON PARAMYXOVIRUS IN LAUGHING DOVES (STREPTOPELIA SENEGALENSIS) IN KENYA.
abstract: Following mass deaths of Laughing Doves (Streptopelia senegalensis) in different localities throughout Kenya, internal organs obtained during necropsy of two moribund birds were sampled and analyzed by next generation sequencing. We isolated the virulent strain of pigeon paramyxovirus type-1 (PPMV-1), PPMV1/Laughing Dove/Kenya/Isiolo/B2/2012, which had a characteristic fusion gene motif (110)GGRRQKRF(117). We obtained a partial full genome of 15,114 nucleotides. The phylogenetic relationship based on the fusion gene and genomic sequence grouped our isolate as class II genotype VI, a group of viruses commonly isolated from wild birds but potentially lethal to Chickens ( Gallus gallus domesticus ). The fusion gene isolate clustered with PPMV-I strains from pigeons (Columbidae) in Nigeria. The complete genome showed a basal and highly divergent lineage to American, European, and Asian strains, indicating a divergent evolutionary pathway. The isolated strain is highly virulent and apparently species-specific to Laughing Doves in Kenya. Risk of transmission of such a strain to poultry is potentially high whereas the cyclic epizootic in doves is a threat to conservation of wild Columbidae in Kenya.
authors.affiliation: 1   Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, PO Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Obanda
authors.affiliation: 2   International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Michuki
authors.affiliation: 3   CIBIO/InBIO (Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos), Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrario De Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.|4   National Institute of Ecology, 1210, Geumgang-ro, Maseo-myeon, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do 33657, Korea.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Jowers
authors.affiliation: 2   International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rumberia
authors.affiliation: 1   Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, PO Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mutinda
authors.affiliation: 5   Department of Clinical Microbiology, Division of Virology, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umea, Sweden.
authors.forename: Olivia Wesula
authors.initials: OW
authors.lastname: Lwande
authors.affiliation: 2   International Livestock Research Institute, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Kihara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wangoru
authors.affiliation: 6   Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock Development, Private Bag 00625, Kangemi, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Jacquiline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kasiiti-Orengo
authors.affiliation: 1   Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, PO Box 40241-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yongo
authors.affiliation: 7   Estación Biológica de Doñana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain.|8   Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies (IEU), University of Zurich, Switzerland, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Samer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Angelone-Alasaad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002645:Chickens; D010856:Columbidae / Q000821:virology*; D023281:Genomics; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D007630:Kenya; D009521:Newcastle Disease; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny
keywords: Epizootics; Newcastle disease; genotype; pigeon paramyxyovirus; poultry; vaccine; wild birds