title: Genomic and archaeological evidence suggest a dual origin of domestic dogs.
abstract: The geographic and temporal origins of dogs remain controversial. We generated genetic sequences from 59 ancient dogs and a complete (28x) genome of a late Neolithic dog (dated to ~4800 calendar years before the present) from Ireland. Our analyses revealed a deep split separating modern East Asian and Western Eurasian dogs. Surprisingly, the date of this divergence (~14,000 to 6400 years ago) occurs commensurate with, or several millennia after, the first appearance of dogs in Europe and East Asia. Additional analyses of ancient and modern mitochondrial DNA revealed a sharp discontinuity in haplotype frequencies in Europe. Combined, these results suggest that dogs may have been domesticated independently in Eastern and Western Eurasia from distinct wolf populations. East Eurasian dogs were then possibly transported to Europe with people, where they partially replaced European Paleolithic dogs.
authors.affiliation: The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. laurent.frantz@arch.ox.ac.uk greger.larson@arch.ox.ac.uk dbradley@tcd.ie.
authors.forename: Laurent A F
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Frantz
authors.affiliation: Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Victoria E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Mullin
authors.affiliation: CNRS/ENS de Lyon, IGFL, UMR 5242 and French National Platform of Paleogenetics, PALGENE, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France/Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France. CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle/Sorbonne Universités, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnement (UMR 7209), CP56, 55 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Maud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pionnier-Capitan
authors.affiliation: The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Ophélie
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lebrasseur
authors.affiliation: CNRS/ENS de Lyon, IGFL, UMR 5242 and French National Platform of Paleogenetics, PALGENE, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France/Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Morgane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ollivier
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perri
authors.affiliation: The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4352, USA.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linderholm
authors.affiliation: Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mattiangeli
authors.affiliation: Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Teasdale
authors.affiliation: The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: Evangelos A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Dimopoulos
authors.affiliation: CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle/Sorbonne Universités, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnement (UMR 7209), CP56, 55 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tresset
authors.affiliation: CNRS/ENS de Lyon, IGFL, UMR 5242 and French National Platform of Paleogenetics, PALGENE, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France/Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Marilyne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duffraisse
authors.affiliation: School of Geography, Archaeology and Palaeoecology, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK.
authors.forename: Finbar
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: McCormick
authors.affiliation: Osteoarchaeological Research Laboratory, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: László
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bartosiewicz
authors.affiliation: Archaeological Institute, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gál
authors.affiliation: Archaeological Institute, Research Centre for the Humanities, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
authors.forename: Éva A
authors.initials: ÉA
authors.lastname: Nyerges
authors.affiliation: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya Nab. 1, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
authors.forename: Mikhail V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Sablin
authors.affiliation: CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle/Sorbonne Universités, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnement (UMR 7209), CP56, 55 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bréhard
authors.affiliation: CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle/Sorbonne Universités, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnement (UMR 7209), CP56, 55 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marjan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mashkour
authors.affiliation: The National Museum of Romanian History, 12 Calea Victoriei, 030026 Bucharest, Romania.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bălăşescu
authors.affiliation: CNRS/ENS de Lyon, IGFL, UMR 5242 and French National Platform of Paleogenetics, PALGENE, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France/Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gillet
authors.affiliation: CNRS/ENS de Lyon, IGFL, UMR 5242 and French National Platform of Paleogenetics, PALGENE, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France/Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.affiliation: CNRS/ENS de Lyon, IGFL, UMR 5242 and French National Platform of Paleogenetics, PALGENE, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France/Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Chassaing
authors.affiliation: Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-UMR6290, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hitte
authors.affiliation: CNRS/Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle/Sorbonne Universités, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique: Sociétés, Pratiques et Environnement (UMR 7209), CP56, 55 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Jean-Denis
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Vigne
authors.affiliation: Department of Archaeology, School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, St. Mary's, Elphinstone Road, AB24 3UF, UK. Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, 12-14 Abercromby Square, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK.
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dobney
authors.affiliation: CNRS/ENS de Lyon, IGFL, UMR 5242 and French National Platform of Paleogenetics, PALGENE, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France/Université Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France.
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hänni
authors.affiliation: Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. laurent.frantz@arch.ox.ac.uk greger.larson@arch.ox.ac.uk dbradley@tcd.ie.
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.affiliation: The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. laurent.frantz@arch.ox.ac.uk greger.larson@arch.ox.ac.uk dbradley@tcd.ie.
authors.forename: Greger
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Larson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000235:genetics; D001106:Archaeology; D005202:Asia, Eastern; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D005060:Europe; D023281:Genomics; D006239:Haplotypes; D010802:Phylogeny; D019596:Wolves / Q000235:genetics; D025041:Animal Migration
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial