title: [Medical and psychological aspects of the treatment of connatal dacryostenosis : Parental evaluation of their own and their child's stress].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lacrimal probing and syringing for connatal dacryostenosis can be performed under local (LA) and general anesthesia (GA). In cases of invasive medical procedures, pain and anxiety can be distressing for children and their parents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using questionnaires (n = 65), parents were asked to evaluate their own stress and that of their child during lacrimal probing and syringing. Analyzing different subgroups, the impact of the kind of anesthesia (LA vs. GA), trust in medical treatment, therapeutic success, prior experiences with GA, parental educational level, age of parents and children, number of children, and time between the intervention and the interview on the stress was examined. Stress level was evaluated on a scale from 1 (no stress) to 10 (maximal stress).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean children's age was 8.5 ± 7.42 months. Mean age of the parents was 30.8 ± 6.17 years. Treating children under LA, parents reported moderate to severe stress levels for themselves (mean, M = 7.15) and for their children (M = 7.82). Children's stress levels were significantly higher when the treatment was performed under LA (n = 47; M = 7.34) in comparison to GA (n = 18; M = 6.06; p < 0.05). Parents having two or more children reported significantly lower stress levels than those with only one child. Furthermore, prior experiences with GA led to significantly higher parental stress levels when their children were treated under GA. Other factors did not show any impact on parent's and children's stress levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parents might have been influenced by hearing the children's reaction (e. g., crying) during the intervention under LA. Nevertheless, parents had a higher acceptance of this type of intervention (LA) in comparison to GA. This effect was even stronger among parents with prior experience of GA.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Deutschland. jens.heichel@uk-halle.de.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heichel
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Deutschland.|Klinik für Neurologie, Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau GmbH, Halle (Saale), Deutschland.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bachner
authors.affiliation: Institut für Psychologie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Deutschland.|MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Deutschland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hübner
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Deutschland.
authors.forename: H-G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Struck
authors.affiliation: Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Straße 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Deutschland.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bredehorn-Mayr
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D058447:Eye Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D013396:Suction / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000523:psychology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Anesthesia; Child; Connatal dacryostenosis; Parents; Stress