title: Automatic differentiation of color fundus images containing drusen or exudates using a contextual spatial pyramid approach.
abstract: We developed an automatic system to identify and differentiate color fundus images containing no lesions, drusen or exudates. Drusen and exudates are lesions with a bright appearance, associated with age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy, respectively. The system consists of three lesion detectors operating at pixel-level, combining their outputs using spatial pooling and classification with a random forest classifier. System performance was compared with ratings of two independent human observers using human-expert annotations as reference. Kappa agreements of 0.89, 0.97 and 0.92 and accuracies of 0.93, 0.98 and 0.95 were obtained for the system and observers, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Image Analysis Group, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mark J J P
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van Grinsven
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Theelen
authors.affiliation: KSYOS TeleMedical Center, Amstelveen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Witkamp
authors.affiliation: KSYOS TeleMedical Center, Amstelveen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Job
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Heijden
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes P H
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van de Ven
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carel B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hoyng
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Image Analysis Group, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van Ginneken
authors.affiliation: Diagnostic Image Analysis Group, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Clara I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Sánchez
keywords: (100.0100) Image processing; (100.2960) Image analysis; (100.5010) Pattern recognition