title: Early Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of the Toxic Dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima in the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.
abstract: Okadaic acid (OA) and dinophysistoxins (DTXs) are the main toxins responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) intoxications during harmful algal blooms (HABs). Although the genotoxic and cytotoxic responses to OA have been evaluated in vitro, the in vivo effects of these toxins have not yet been fully explored. The present work fills this gap by evaluating the in vivo effects of the exposure to the DSP-toxin-producing dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima during the simulation of an early HAB episode in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. The obtained results revealed that in vivo exposure to this toxic microalgae induced early genotoxicity in hemocytes, as a consequence of oxidative DNA damage. In addition, the DNA damage observed in gill cells seems to be mainly influenced by exposure time and P. lima concentration, similarly to the case of the oxidative damage found in hemocytes exposed in vitro to OA. In both cell types, the absence of DNA damage at low toxin concentrations is consistent with the notion suggesting that this level of toxicity does not disturb the antioxidant balance. Lastly, in vivo exposure to growing P. lima cell densities increased apoptosis but not necrosis, probably due to the presence of a high number of protein apoptosis inhibitors in molluscs. Overall, this work sheds light into the in vivo genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of P. lima. In doing so, it also demonstrates for the first time the potential of the modified (OGG1) comet assay for assessing oxidative DNA damage caused by marine toxins in marine invertebrates.
authors.affiliation: Chromatin Structure and Evolution Group (Chromevol), Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA. mveronicaprego@gmail.com.|XENOMAR Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruna E15071, Spain. mveronicaprego@gmail.com.
authors.forename: María Verónica
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Prego-Faraldo
authors.affiliation: DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruna E15071, Spain. vvaldiglesias@udc.es.
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Valdiglesias
authors.affiliation: DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruna E15071, Spain. blaffon@udc.es.
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Laffon
authors.affiliation: XENOMAR Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruna E15071, Spain. fina@udc.es.
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mendez
authors.affiliation: Chromatin Structure and Evolution Group (Chromevol), Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA. jeirinlo@fiu.edu.
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Eirin-Lopez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay / Q000379:methods; D004249:DNA Damage; D004141:Dinoflagellida / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D006434:Hemocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects*; D009336:Necrosis; D019319:Okadaic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D008387:Marine Toxins; D019319:Okadaic Acid
keywords: DNA damage; DSP toxins; OGG1 enzyme; bivalve molluscs; comet assay; cytotoxicity; flow cytometry; okadaic acid; oxidative DNA damage