title: A STUDY OF THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SELENIUM AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN LAMPUNG, INDONESIA.
abstract: Selenium deficient areas have been associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease in some countries. In this study, we investigated the correlation between cardiovascular disease prevalence and selenium concentration in paddy soil and rice grains, the main staple food in Lampung, Indonesia. Paddy soil and rice samples (n(s) = 35) from eight regencies (n(d) = 8) in Lampung were analyzed for selenium content. The prevalences of heart disease, stroke, and hypertension in those regencies were obtained from the Ministry of Health of Indonesia. The Shapiro-Wilk's test was used to examine the data distribution. The Pearson's correlation was used to examine the correlation between cardiovascular disease prevalence and selenium concentration in the paddy soil and rice grains. Heart disease prevalence was negatively correlated with the selenium concentration in the paddy soil (r = -0.77, p = 0.02) and rice grain (r = -0.71, p = 0.05). A negative correlation was seen for stroke prevalence and selenium concentration in paddy soil (r = -0.76, p = 0.02). Hypertension prevalence was negatively correlated with the selenium concentration in the rice grains (r = -0.83, p = 0.01). These findings suggest that the selenium concentration in paddy soil and rice grains in the Lampung area may play a role in the fact the area has the lowest cardiovascular disease prevalence in Indonesia. Keywords: selenium, cardiovascular diseases, paddy soil, rice grain, Indonesia
authors.lastname: Mutakin
authors.forename: Ida F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Rivai
authors.forename: Andi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Setiawan
authors.forename: Rizky
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abdulah
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Chiho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: Satomi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kameo
authors.forename: Minato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koyama
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002523:Edible Grain; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D012275:Oryza / Q000737:chemistry*; D012643:Selenium / Q000032:analysis*; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014131:Trace Elements; D012643:Selenium