title: High-speed digital holography for neutral gas and electron density imaging.
abstract: An instrument was developed using digital holographic reconstruction of the wavefront from a CO2 laser imaged on a high-speed commercial IR camera. An acousto-optic modulator is used to generate 1-25 μs pulses from a continuous-wave CO2 laser, both to limit the average power at the detector and also to freeze motion from sub-interframe time scales. Extensive effort was made to characterize and eliminate noise from vibrations and second-surface reflections. Mismatch of the reference and object beam curvature initially contributed substantially to vibrational noise, but was mitigated through careful positioning of identical imaging lenses. Vibrational mode amplitudes were successfully reduced to ≲1 nm for frequencies ≳50 Hz, and the inter-frame noise across the 128 × 128 pixel window which is typically used is ≲2.5 nm. To demonstrate the capabilities of the system, a piezo-electric valve and a reducing-expanding nozzle were used to generate a super-sonic gas jet which was imaged with high spatial resolution (better than 0.8 lp/mm) at high speed. Abel inversions were performed on the phase images to produce 2-D images of localized gas density. This system could also be used for high spatial and temporal resolution measurements of plasma electron density or surface deformations.
authors.affiliation: Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Granstedt
authors.affiliation: Third Dimension Technologies, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaita
authors.affiliation: Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Majeski
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Baylor
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Meitner
authors.affiliation: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Combs