title: Noninvasive Quantification of Myocardial 11C-Meta-Hydroxyephedrine Kinetics.
abstract: (11)C-meta-hydroxyephedrine ((11)C-HED) kinetics in the myocardium can be quantified using a single-tissue-compartment model together with a metabolite-corrected arterial blood sampler input function (BSIF). The need for arterial blood sampling, however, limits clinical applicability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of replacing arterial sampling with imaging-derived input function (IDIF) and venous blood samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients underwent 60-min dynamic (11)C-HED PET/CT scans with online arterial blood sampling. Thirteen of these patients also underwent venous blood sampling. Data were reconstructed using both 3-dimensional row-action maximum-likelihood algorithm (3DR) and a time-of-flight (TF) list-mode reconstruction algorithm. For each reconstruction, IDIF results were compared with BSIF results. In addition, IDIF results obtained with venous blood samples and with a transformed venous-to-arterial metabolite correction were compared with results obtained with arterial metabolite corrections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlations between IDIF- and BSIF-derived K1 and VT were high (r(2) > =0.89 for 3DR and TF). Slopes of the linear fits were significantly different from 1 for K1, for both 3DR (slope = 0.94) and TF (slope = 1.06). For VT, the slope of the linear fit was different from 1 for TF (slope = 0.93) but not for 3DR (slope = 0.98). Use of venous blood data introduced a large bias in VT (r(2) = 0.96, slope = 0.84) and a small bias in K1 (r(2) = 0.99, slope = 0.98). Use of a second-order polynomial venous-to-arterial transformation was robust and greatly reduced bias in VT (r(2) = 0.97, slope = 0.99) with no effect on K1 CONCLUSION: IDIF yielded precise results for both 3DR and TF. Venous blood samples can be used for absolute quantification of (11)C-HED studies, provided a venous-to-arterial transformation is applied. A venous-to-arterial transformation enables noninvasive, absolute quantification of (11)C-HED studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hendrik J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Harms
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands m.huisman@vumc.nl.
authors.forename: Marc C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Huisman
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mischa T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Rijnierse
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Greuter
authors.affiliation: Philips Healthcare, Cleveland, Ohio; and.
authors.forename: Yu-Lung
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Schuit
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Knaapen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Nuclear Medicine and PET, Uppsala University, Akademiska sjukhuset, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lubberink
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Adriaan A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lammertsma
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006321:Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D009928:Organ Specificity; D000072078:Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; C065363:3-hydroxyephedrine; D004809:Ephedrine
keywords: 11C-HED; absolute quantification; blood samples; image derived input function; sympathetic innervation