title: A solvent-free approach to extract the lipid fraction from sewer grease for biodiesel production.
abstract: Fats, oils and greases (FOG) are the number one cause of sewer pipe blockage and have been mostly disposed of as a waste until recently. This study investigated a low cost and environmentally friendly approach to extract the lipid fraction (fatty acids and glycerides for biodiesel production) from sewer grease (SG), i.e., FOGs obtained from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The lipid fraction of the sewer grease was primarily in the form of free fatty acid (FFA), at 20.7wt%. An innovative solvent-free extraction approach was developed using waste cooking oil (WCO) to overcome the challenges of emulsion, impurities and high moisture content of the sewer grease. A 95% extraction yield of sewer grease was achieved under the optimum operating condition of 3.2:1 WCO-SG ratio (wt/wt), 70°C and 240min. In addition, the reusability of the WCO was also investigated. WCO can be used two to three times for sewer grease extraction with more than 90% extraction efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
authors.forename: Qingshi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA. Electronic address: LUMG@ucmail.uc.edu.
authors.forename: Mingming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati, 1600 Gest Street, Cincinnati, OH 45204, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brougham
authors.affiliation: Black & Veatch, 4555 Lake Forest Drive, Suite 310, Cincinnati, OH 45242, USA.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lu
mesh_terms: D056804:Biofuels; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D008055:Lipids; D012722:Sewage; D012997:Solvents; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D056804:Biofuels; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D008055:Lipids; D012722:Sewage; D012997:Solvents; D062065:Wastewater
keywords: Biodiesel; Free fatty acid; Sewer grease; Solvent-free extraction; Waste cooking oil