title: Botanical and biological pesticides elicit a similar Induced Systemic Response in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) secondary metabolism.
abstract: Natural pesticides have attracted substantial interest due to the increase in organic agriculture and enhanced attention to environmental pollution. Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) are applied for both disease control and growth enhancement; PGPBs are known to elicit Induced Systemic Response (ISR) in plants. However, less is known about the effect of botanical pesticides, such as the azadirachtin-containing neem extracts, on plant metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effects of foliar application of the above-mentioned natural pesticides on the metabolic profiling of tomato. Leaf application of Bacillus subtilis fostered Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) in treated plants via the Jasmonic acid pathway, and enhanced production of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, phytoalexins and auxins. Changes in sterols and terpenes, as well as an increase in glucosinolates were also observed. Interestingly, azadirachtin-treated tomatoes also showed an increase in ISR and our results revealed that most of the enriched metabolites are shared with a B. subtilis treatment, suggesting conserved biochemical responses. These (un)expected findings indicate that plants are not insensitive to application of natural pesticide and while Azadirachtin is applied as a direct pesticide, it also stimulates a defense response in tomatoes very similar to B. subtilis induced ISR.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122, Piacenza, Italy. Electronic address: luca.pretali@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pretali
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122, Piacenza, Italy. Electronic address: l_bernardo@libero.it.
authors.forename: Letizia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. Electronic address: tsbutterfield@ucdavis.edu.
authors.forename: Timothy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Butterfield
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122, Piacenza, Italy. Electronic address: marco.trevisan@unicatt.it.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trevisan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental and Agricultural Chemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122, Piacenza, Italy. Electronic address: luigi.lucini@unicatt.it.
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lucini
mesh_terms: D031601:Azadirachta / Q000187:drug effects; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000187:drug effects; D061046:Biological Control Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D036701:Limonins / Q000494:pharmacology; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000378:metabolism*; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D064210:Secondary Metabolism; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000378:metabolism; D000094162:Phytoalexins
chemical_list: D061046:Biological Control Agents; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D005419:Flavonoids; D007210:Indoleacetic Acids; D036701:Limonins; D054883:Oxylipins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C011006:jasmonic acid; C010329:azadirachtin; D000094162:Phytoalexins
keywords: Azadirachtin; Bacillus subtilis; Induced Systemic Response; Metabolomics; Solanaceae; Solanum lycopersicum