title: The acute respiratory distress syndrome in 2013.
abstract: Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome are major causes of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. This review focuses on new developments in definitions, epidemiology, clinical and basic research, and promising new directions in treatment. There is new information about the potential contribution of environmental factors, especially exposure to cigarette smoke. Pathologic findings in ARDS have been limited to case reports of open lung biopsies and post-mortem studies but there is some new information from a recent pathology study relative to the frequency of diffuse alveolar damage and the severity of arterial hypoxemia. Further, therapy with lung-protective ventilation and fluid conservative protocol has improved outcomes, but several new trials are in progress to test several promising strategies.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Anesthesia, and Pathology and the, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA. Michael.Matthay@ucsf.edu.|Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Ave, M-917, Box 0624, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0624, USA. Michael.Matthay@ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Matthay
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Anesthesia, and Pathology and the, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA.|Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Yuanlin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Anesthesia, and Pathology and the, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA.|Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R. China.
authors.forename: Chunxue
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Anesthesia, and Pathology and the, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA.
authors.forename: Kirk D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Jones