title: The Effect of Hydrofluoric Acid Etching Duration on the Surface Micromorphology, Roughness, and Wettability of Dental Ceramics.
abstract: The current laboratory study is evaluating the effect of hydrofluoric acid etching duration on the surface characteristics of five silica-based glass ceramics. Changes in the pore pattern, crystal structure, roughness, and wettability were compared and evaluated. Seventy-five rectangularly shaped specimens were cut from each material (IPS e-max™, Dentsply Celtra™, Vita Suprinity™, Vita mark II™, and Vita Suprinity FC™); the sectioned samples were finished, polished, and ultrasonically cleaned. Specimens were randomly assigned into study groups: control (no etching) and four experimental groups (20, 40, 80 and 160 s of etching). The etched surfaces' microstructure including crystal structure, pore pattern, pore depth, and pore width was studied under a scanning electron microscope, and the surface roughness and wettability were analyzed using a non-contact surface profilometer and a contact angle measuring device, respectively. The results were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc Tukey's test. The results showed a significant change in the pore number, pore pattern, crystal structure, surface roughness, and wettability with increased etching duration. Etching for a short time resulted in small pores, and etching for longer times resulted in wider, irregular grooves. A significant increase in the surface roughness and wettability was observed with an increase in the etching duration. The findings also suggested a strong association between the surface roughness and wettability.
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. rramakrishnaiah@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Ravikumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramakrishnaiah
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. aalkhuraif@ksu.edu.sa.
authors.forename: Abdulaziz A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Alkheraif
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. darshandevang@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Darshan Devang
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Divakar
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. jpmat@hku.hk.|Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China. jpmat@hku.hk.
authors.forename: Jukka P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Matinlinna
authors.affiliation: Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P. O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. pekval@utu.fi.|Department of Biomaterials Science, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20520, Finland. pekval@utu.fi.|City of Turku, Division of Welfare, Turku FI-20014, Finland. pekval@utu.fi.
authors.forename: Pekka K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Vallittu
mesh_terms: D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D011897:Random Allocation; D013499:Surface Properties; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; C023506:Glass ceramics; D006858:Hydrofluoric Acid
keywords: acid etching; dental ceramics; lithium disilicate glass ceramics; micromorphology; surface roughness; wettability