title: Betel quid chewing alters functional connectivity in frontal and default networks: A resting-state fMRI study.
abstract: To explore the acute effect of betel quid (BQ) use on functional network connectivity by comparing the global functional brain networks and their subsets before and immediately after BQ chewing.
  
  
  
  Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed in 27 healthy male participants before and just after chewing BQ on a 3.0T scanner with a gradient-echo echo planar imaging sequence. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to determine components that represent the brain's functional networks and their spatial aspects of functional connectivity. A paired t-test was used for exploring the connectivity differences in each network before and after BQ chewing.
  
  
  
  Sixteen networks were identified by ICA. Nine of them showed connectivity differences before and after BQ chewing (P < 0.05 false discovery rate corrected): (A) orbitofrontal, (B) left frontoparietal, (C) visual, (D) right frontoparietal, (E) anterior default mode, (F) medial frontal/anterior cingulate (G) frontotemporal, (H) occipital/parietal, (I) occipital/temporal/cerebellum. Moreover, networks A, B, C, D, G, H, and I showed increased connectivity, while networks E and F showed decreased connectivity in participants after BQ chewing compared to before chewing.
  
  
  
  The acute effects of BQ use appear to actively alter functional connectivity of frontal and default networks that are known to play a key role in addictive behavior.
  
  
  
  2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:157-166.
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
authors.forename: Xiaojun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.|State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhening
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: College of Health Sciences, University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Tumbwene E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Mwansisya
authors.affiliation: Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.
authors.forename: Weidan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
authors.forename: Chang
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
authors.forename: Xudong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rohrbaugh
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marienfeld
authors.affiliation: Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhimin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychology Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China.
authors.forename: Haihong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry*; D063132:Connectome / Q000379:methods; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D031721:Piper betle / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D012146:Rest; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: betel quid; default network; frontal; functional connectivity; resting-state