title: Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Meta-Analysis.
abstract: Several screening studies have indicated an increased prevalence of celiac disease (CD) among individuals with autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD), but estimates have varied substantially.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of CD in patients with ATD.
  
  
  
  A systematic review was conducted of articles published in PubMed Medline or EMBASE until September 2015. Non-English papers with English-language abstracts were also included, as were research abstracts without full text available when relevant data were included in the abstract. Search terms included "celiac disease" combined with "hypothyroidism" or "hyperthyroidism" or "thyroid disease." Fixed-effects inverse variance-weighted models were used. Meta-regression was used to examine heterogeneity in subgroups.
  
  
  
  A pooled analysis, based on 6024 ATD patients, found a prevalence of biopsy-confirmed CD of 1.6% [confidence interval (CI) 1.3-1.9%]. Heterogeneity was large (I(2) = 70.7%). The prevalence was higher in children with ATD (6.2% [CI 4.0-8.4%]) than it was in adults (2.7%) or in studies examining both adults and children (1.0%). CD was also more prevalent in hyperthyroidism (2.6% [CI 0.7-4.4%]) than it was in hypothyroidism (1.4% [CI 1.0-1.9%]).
  
  
  
  About 1/62 patients with ATD have biopsy-verified CD. It is argued that patients with ATD should be screened for CD, given this increased prevalence.
authors.affiliation: 1 Celiac Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York.
authors.forename: Abhik
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.affiliation: 1 Celiac Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York.
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laszkowska
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden .
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundström
authors.affiliation: 1 Celiac Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lebwohl
authors.affiliation: 1 Celiac Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York.
authors.forename: Peter H R
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Green
authors.affiliation: 3 Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska University Hospital , Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden .
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kämpe
authors.affiliation: 1 Celiac Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York.|4 Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska University Hospital , Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden .|5 Department of Paediatrics, Örebro University Hospital , Örebro, Sweden .|6 Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, United Kingdom .
authors.forename: Jonas F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ludvigsson
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D050031:Hashimoto Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D013967:Thyroiditis, Autoimmune / Q000453:epidemiology*