title: The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) for preschool children-a Swedish validation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In Sweden, 80-90% of children aged 1-5 years attend preschool, and that environment is well suited to identify behaviours that may be signs of mental health problems. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a well-known short and structured instrument measuring child behaviours that indicate mental health problems well suited for preschool use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether SDQ is a reliable and valid instrument for identifying behavioural problems in children aged 1-3 years and 4-5 years in a Swedish population, as rated by preschool teachers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preschools situated in different sized municipalities in Sweden participated. The preschool teacher rated each individual child. Concurrent validity was tested using the Child-Teacher Report Form (C-TRF) and Child Engagement Questionnaire (CEQ). Exploratory factor analysis was conducted for age groups, 1-3 years and 4-5 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The preschool teachers considered most of the SDQ items relevant and possible to rate. For the children aged 1-3 years, the subscales 'Hyperactivity' (Cronbach alpha = 0.84, split half = 0.73) and 'Conduct' (Cronbach alpha = 0.76, split half = 0.80) were considered to be valid. For the age group 4-5 years, the whole original SDQ scale, 4-factor solution was used and showed reasonable validity (Cronbach alpha = 0.83, split half = 0.87).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SDQ can be used in a preschool setting by preschool teachers as a valid instrument for identifying externalizing behavioural problems (hyperactivity and conduct problems) in young children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SDQ could be used to identify preschool children at high-risk for mental health problems later in life.
authors.affiliation: a Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden ;|b Child Psychiatric Clinic, Högland Hospital , Division of Psychiatrics & Rehabilitation/Region Jönköping , Sweden ;|e CHILD research environment , Jönköping University , Sweden.
authors.forename: Berit M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.affiliation: a Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden ;|c Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden ;
authors.forename: Per A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.affiliation: a Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Linköping University , Linköping , Sweden ;|d Psychiatric Clinic, Hospital of Jönköping , Division of Psychiatrics & Rehabilitation/Jönköping Country , Sweden ;
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Proczkowska-Björklund
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D000070777:School Teachers / Q000592:standards*; D012574:Schools / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Mental health; preschool children; psychometrics; screening; strengths and difficulties questionnaire