title: Assessment of Gender Dimorphism on Sagittal Cephalometry in Pakistani Population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine and compare the cephalometric values among Pakistani males and females using commonly used sagittal skeletal measurements (ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta-angle) and newly developed cephalometric analyses (Yen-angle and W-angle).
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orthodontic Department of Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan, from August to October 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  Atotal of 209 pre-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of orthodontic patients were selected from departmental records, comprised of 92 males and 117 females. Radiographs were traced for measurements of ANB, Wits appraisal, Beta-angle, W-angle and Yen-angle. Patients were categorized into skeletal classes I, II, and III on the basis of performed measurements, incisor classification, and profile recorded from their records. Descriptive analysis was used to obtain median interquartile range in both the genders and Mann-Whitney U-test was used to observe gender dimorphism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Skeletal class II was the most prevalent type of malocclusion. There were no difference in the obtained measurements between males and females except the Wits appraisal and Beta-angle in class II patients, which showed significant difference in values (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pakistani population has no significant different difference in the craniofacial morphology of males and females, with the exception of Wits-appraisal and Beta-angle in class II cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Baqai Medical University, Karachi.
authors.forename: Irfan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Qamruddin
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Science, Universiti Sains, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Mohammad Khursheed
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Baqai Medical University, Karachi.
authors.forename: Fazal
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Baqai Medical University, Karachi.
authors.forename: Sadaf
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanveer
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Baqai Medical University, Karachi.
authors.forename: Marvi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mukhtiar
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Baqai Medical University, Karachi.
authors.forename: Zainab
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Asim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003766:Dental Occlusion; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007574:Jaw Relation Record; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008311:Malocclusion, Angle Class I / Q000453:epidemiology; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000453:epidemiology; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000453:epidemiology; D009970:Orthodontics; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011859:Radiography; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors