title: Bacteriological quality of raw camel milk along the market value chain in Fafen zone, Ethiopian Somali regional state.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The camel is a multipurpose animal with a huge productive potential. Camel milk is a key food in arid and semi-arid areas of the African and Asian countries. The quality of milk is influenced by different bacteria present in milk. This study was conducted to evaluate total bacterial content in raw camel milk along the market chain in Fafen zone, Ethiopian Somali Regional State.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty-six raw camel milk samples were collected from Gursum (47.1 %) and Babile (52.9 %) districts. The three sampling levels included were udder (14.7 %), milking bucket (29.4 %) and market (55.9 %). Milk samples were analyzed for total bacterial counts (TBC) and coliform counts (CC). Furthermore, major pathogens were isolated and identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  108 (85.7 %) of raw camel milk samples demonstrated bacterial contamination. The overall mean TBC and CC of contaminated raw camel milk samples was 4.75 ± 0.17 and 4.03 ± 0.26 log CFU/ml, respectively. TBC increased from udder to market level and was higher in Gursum compared to Babile district (P < 0.05). Around 38.9 % of TBCs and 88.2 % CCs in contaminated raw camel milk samples were in the range considered unsafe for human utility. Staphylococcus spp. (89.8 %), Streptococcus spp. (53.7 %), E. coli (31.5 %), Salmonella spp. (17.6 %), Klebsiella spp. (5.6 %) and Enterobacter spp. (5.6 %) were the major bacterial microorganisms isolated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of the bacterial isolates in this study showed high incidence in market as compared to production level. These results indicate a lack of compliance with good production practices and hygiene at milking, transportation and market of raw camel milk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia. tsegalem.abera@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Tsegalem
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abera
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Yoseph
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Legesse
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Behar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mummed
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, Jijiga, Ethiopia.
authors.forename: Befekadu
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Urga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002162:Camelus; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005002:Ethiopia; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D012998:Somalia
keywords: Fafen zone; Microbiological quality; Milk value chain; Raw camel milk