title: In vitro - In vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetics of picroside I and II using LC-ESI-MS method.
abstract: Picroside I and II, iridoid glycosides, are the major active markers of roots and rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurroa (family: Scrophulariaceae). The rhizomes of P. kurroa have been traditionally used to treat worms, constipation, low fever, scorpion sting, asthma and ailments affecting the liver. Various Ayurvedic and herbal preparations are available in the market which contains P. kurroa e.g. Arogyavadhini vati, Tiktadi kwath, Picrolax capsules and suspension. These preparations are used without any significant pharmacokinetics data. Previously, we have reported that oral bioavailability of picroside I and II is low. Most of the iridoid glycosides are primarily metabolized by intestinal microbial flora. So, it is necessary to determine the metabolic profile of picroside I and II and check the correlation with lower bioavailability. Therefore, this study was designed to check metabolic (in vitro and in vivo) profile along with pharmacokinetic profile of picroside I and II. For this, a sensitive and selective LC-ESI-MS method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of picroside I and II in rat plasma. Chromatographic separations were performed on C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile: 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer [90:10 v/v], pH 3.5. In-vitro Metabolic study was performed on rat liver microsomes and primary hepatocytes. In-vivo pharmacokinetic and metabolic profile of picroside I and II was generated after oral administration of Kutkin (mixture of picroside I and II) to Sprague-Dawley rats. Various pharmacokinetic parameters viz. Cmax, Tmax, AUC(0-t) were determined. In metabolic study, eight metabolites of picroside I and six metabolites of picroside II were identified in vitro, out of which four metabolites for each picroside I and picroside II were identified in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Dilawar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Sheetal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Anandjiwala
authors.affiliation: Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388120, Gujarat, India.
authors.forename: Harish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Padh
authors.affiliation: B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, S. G. Highway, Thaltej, Ahmedabad, 380054, Gujarat, India. Electronic address: perd@perdcentre.com.
authors.forename: Manish
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nivsarkar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006027:Glycosides / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006207:Half-Life; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D032261:Picrorhiza / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D014641:Vanillic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D002934:Cinnamates; D006027:Glycosides; D057888:Iridoid Glucosides; C057463:kutkin; C109270:picroside I; C416837:picroside II; D014641:Vanillic Acid
keywords: Iridoid; LC-ESI-MS; Metabolism; Pharmacokinetics; Picrorhiza; Picroside