title: Additional support for the cognitive model of schizophrenia: evidence of elevated defeatist beliefs in schizotypy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The cognitive model of poor functioning in schizophrenia posits that defeatist performance beliefs-overgeneralized negative beliefs about one's ability to perform tasks-develop prior to the onset of psychosis and contribute to the development and maintenance of negative symptoms and poor functioning. Although several studies with schizophrenia samples have provided support for the model, there is a paucity of research investigating these beliefs in individuals with schizotypy-those exhibiting traits reflecting a putative genetic liability for schizophrenia. This study had two aims: to examine whether defeatist performance beliefs (1) are elevated in schizotypy compared to controls and (2) are associated with decreased quality of life and working memory and increased negative but not positive schizotypy traits in the schizotypy group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Schizotypy (n=48) and control (n=53) groups completed measures of schizotypy traits, defeatist performance beliefs, quality of life, and working memory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analyses revealed that the schizotypy group reported significantly more defeatist performance beliefs than the control group. Within the schizotypy group, increased defeatist performance beliefs were significantly associated with greater negative schizotypy traits and lower quality of life. No significant associations were observed between defeatist performance beliefs and positive schizotypy traits and working memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results generally support the theoretical validity of the cognitive model of poor functioning in schizophrenia and suggest that elevated defeatist performance beliefs may contribute to the manifestation of subclinical negative symptom traits and reduced quality of life among those with a latent vulnerability for schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: lutherl@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Luther
authors.affiliation: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: mpsalyer@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Michelle P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Salyers
authors.affiliation: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: rfirmin@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Ruth L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Firmin
authors.affiliation: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: mpmarggr@umail.iu.edu.
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Marggraf
authors.affiliation: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: davisbes@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Beshaun
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.affiliation: Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Department of Psychology, 402 N. Blackford St., LD 124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. Electronic address: ksminor@iupui.edu.
authors.forename: Kyle S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Minor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010641:Phenotype; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D020377:Self Efficacy