title: Regulation of the Bioavailability of TGF-β and TGF-β-Related Proteins.
abstract: The bioavailability of members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family is controlled by a number of mechanisms. Bona fide TGF-β is sequestered into the matrix in a latent state and must be activated before it can bind to its receptors. Here, we review the molecules and mechanisms that regulate the bioavailability of TGF-β and compare these mechanisms with those used to regulate other TGF-β family members. We also assess the physiological significance of various latent TGF-β activators, as well as other extracellular modulators of TGF-β family signaling, by examining the available in vivo data from knockout mouse models and other biological systems.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016.
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016 Departments of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016.
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Rifkin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D000071837:Fibrillins / Q000378:metabolism; D006031:Glycosylation; D006801:Humans; D053779:Latent TGF-beta Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010802:Phylogeny; D000072417:Protein Domains; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D000071837:Fibrillins; D053779:Latent TGF-beta Binding Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta