title: Immersion team training in a realistic environment improves team performance in trauma resuscitation.
abstract: In the US military, it is common for health care teams to be formed ad hoc and expected to function cohesively as a unit. Poor team dynamics decreases the effectiveness of trauma care delivery. The US Navy Fleet Surgical Team Three has developed a simulation-based trauma initiative-the Shipboard Surgical Trauma Training (S2T2) Course-that emphasizes team dynamics to improve the delivery of trauma care to the severely injured patient.
  
  
  
  The S2T2 Course combines classroom didactics with hands-on simulation over a period of 6 days, culminating in a daylong, mass casualty scenario. Each resuscitation team was initially evaluated with a simulated trauma resuscitation scenario then retested on the same scenario after completing the course. A written exam was also administered individually both before and after the course. A survey was administered to assess the participants' perceived effectiveness of the course on overall team training.
  
  
  
  From the evaluation of 20 resuscitation teams made up of 123 medical personnel, there was a decrease in the mean time needed to perform the simulated trauma resuscitation, from a mean of 24.4 minutes to 13.5 minutes (P < .01), a decrease in the mean number of critical events missed, from 5.15 to 1.00 (P < .01), and a mean improvement of 41% in written test scores. More than 90% of participants rated the course as highly effective for improving team dynamics.
  
  
  
  A team-based trauma course with immersion in a realistic environment is an effective tool for improving team performance in trauma training. This approach has high potential to improve trauma care and patient outcomes. The benefits of this team-based course can be adapted to the civilian rural sector, where gaps have been identified in trauma care.
authors.affiliation: Naval Medical Center San Diego, Bioskills and Simulation Training Center, San Diego, CA. Electronic address: kris.siriratsivawong@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kris
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siriratsivawong
authors.affiliation: Naval Medical Center San Diego, Bioskills and Simulation Training Center, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.affiliation: Naval Medical Center San Diego, Bioskills and Simulation Training Center, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Riffenburgh
authors.affiliation: Naval Medical Center San Diego, Bioskills and Simulation Training Center, San Diego, CA.
authors.forename: Tuan N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Hoang
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003142:Communication; D003479:Curriculum; D006801:Humans; D054527:Mass Casualty Incidents; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000193:education*; D010348:Patient Care Team; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000193:education*; D000066908:Simulation Training; D014194:Traumatology / Q000193:education*