title: Development of a Brief Multicultural Version of the Test of Mobile Phone Dependence (TMDbrief) Questionnaire.
abstract: The Test of Mobile Phone Dependence (TMD) questionnaire (Chóliz, 2012) evaluates the main features of mobile phone dependence: tolerance, abstinence syndrome, impaired impulse control, associated problems, excessive use, etc.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to develop a multicultural version of the TMD (TMDbrief) adapted to suit the novel communication tools of smartphones.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, the TMD was completed by 2,028 young respondents in six distinct world regions: Southern Europe, Northwest Europe, South-America, Mesoamerica, Pakistan, and India.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Psychometric analysis of the reliability of the instrument and factor analysis were performed to adapt the TMDbrief for use in these regions. Differences among regions with respect to TMD Mobile Phone Dependence scores were obtained.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A brief questionnaire for the evaluation of mobile phone addiction in cross-cultural studies was successfully developed.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Mariano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chóliz
authors.affiliation: Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida, Mexico.
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.affiliation: Savitribai Phule Pune University Pune, India.
authors.forename: Sukanya S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Phansalkar
authors.affiliation: Dún Laoghaire Institute of Art, Design and Technology Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Corr
authors.affiliation: University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mujjahid
authors.affiliation: Universidad Nacional de San Agustin Arequipa, Peru.
authors.forename: Conni
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.affiliation: Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Guatemala, Guatemala.
authors.forename: Pablo E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Barrientos
keywords: cross-cultural studies; gender differences; mobile dependence; mobile phone use; technological addictions