title: The Tobacco Pack Surveillance System: A Protocol for Assessing Health Warning Compliance, Design Features, and Appeals of Tobacco Packs Sold in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco remains the world's leading preventable cause of death, with the majority of tobacco-caused deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries. The first global health treaty, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), outlines a set of policy initiatives that have been demonstrated as effective in reducing tobacco use. Article 11 of the FCTC focuses on using the tobacco package to communicate tobacco-caused harms; it also seeks to restrict the delivery of misleading information about the product on the pack.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to establish a surveillance system for tobacco packs in the 14 low- and middle-income countries with the greatest number of smokers. The Tobacco Pack Surveillance System (TPackSS) monitors whether required health warnings on tobacco packages are being implemented as intended, and identifies pack designs and appeals that might violate or detract from the communication of harm-related information and undermine the impact of a country's tobacco packaging laws. The protocol outlined is intended to be applicable or adaptable for surveillance efforts in other countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tobacco packs were collected in 14 countries during 2013. The intention was, to the extent possible, to construct a census of "unique" pack presentations available for purchase in each country. The TPackSS team partnered with in-country field staff to implement a standardized protocol for acquiring packs from 36 diverse neighborhoods across three cities in each country. At the time of purchase, data on price and place of acquisition of each pack was recorded. The field staff, according to a standardized protocol, then photographed packs before they were shipped to the United States for coding and archiving.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each pack was coded for compliance with the country-specific health warning label laws, as well as for key design features of the pack and appeals of the branding elements. The coding protocols were developed based upon prior research, expert opinion, and communication theories. Each pack was coded by two independent coders, with consistency of personnel across the project. We routinely measured intercoder reliability, and only retained variables for which a good level of reliability was achieved. Variables where reliability was too low were not included in final analyses, and any inconsistencies in coding were resolved on a daily basis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Across the 14 countries, the TPackSS team collected 3307 tobacco packs. We have established a publicly accessible, Internet archive of these packs that is intended for use by the tobacco control policy advocacy and research community.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Tobacco Control Department of Health, Behavior and Society Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD United States.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2140-1690
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Tobacco Control Department of Health, Behavior and Society Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD United States.
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Washington
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Tobacco Control Department of Health, Behavior and Society Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD United States.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Tobacco Control Department of Health, Behavior and Society Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD United States.
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vadnais
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Tobacco Control Department of Health, Behavior and Society Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD United States.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kroart
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Tobacco Control Department of Health, Behavior and Society Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD United States.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferguson
authors.affiliation: Institute for Global Tobacco Control Department of Health, Behavior and Society Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore, MD United States.
authors.forename: Joanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
keywords: cigarettes; developing countries; health communication; marketing; national health policy; public health surveillance; tobacco products