title: Haemosporidian parasite prevalence, parasitemia, and diversity in three resident bird species at a shrubland dominated landscape of the Mexican highland plateau.
abstract: Studies of avian haemosporidians allow understanding how these parasites affect wild bird populations, and if their presence is related to factors such as habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation, and climate change. Considering the importance of the highland Plateau of Mexico as part of the North American bird migratory route and as a region containing important habitat for numerous bird species, the purpose of this study was to document haemosporidian species richness and how habitat degradation, bird body condition, and distance from water sources correlate with bird parasitemia.
  
  
  
  We assessed the presence of avian haemosporidians in three resident bird species through microscopy and PCR amplification of a fragment of the haemosporidian cytochrome b gene. Average parasitemia was estimated in each species, and its relationship with habitat degradation through grazing, bird body condition and distance from water bodies was assessed.
  
  
  
  High levels of parasitemia were recorded in two of the three bird species included in this study. Four lineages of haemosporidians were identified in the study area with nearly 50 % prevalence. Areas with highly degraded shrublands and villages showed higher parasitemia relative to areas with moderately degraded shrublands. No strong relationship between parasitemia and distance from water bodies was observed. There were no significant differences in prevalence and parasitemia between the two bird species infected with the parasites. Two of the sequences obtained from the fragments of the parasite's cytochrome b gene represent a lineage that had not been previously reported.
  
  
  
  Haemosporidian diversity in arid zones of the Mexican highland plateau is high. Shrubland habitat degradation associated to the establishment of small villages, as well as tree extraction and overgrazing in the surroundings of these villages, significantly enhances parasitemia of birds by haemosporidians.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., Camino a la Presa San José #2055, Colonia Lomas 4. Sección, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., C.P. 78216, México.
authors.forename: María Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Reinoso-Pérez
authors.affiliation: CONACYT-Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología Estación El Carmen, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Playa Norte y López Mateos s/n, Ciudad del Carmen, C.P. 24121, Campeche, México.
authors.forename: Julio César
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Canales-Delgadillo
authors.affiliation: Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., Camino a la Presa San José #2055, Colonia Lomas 4. Sección, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., C.P. 78216, México. lchapa@ipicyt.edu.mx.
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chapa-Vargas
authors.affiliation: Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., Camino a la Presa San José #2055, Colonia Lomas 4. Sección, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., C.P. 78216, México.
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Riego-Ruiz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D001717:Birds; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D017753:Ecosystem; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000469:parasitology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D016787:Haemosporida / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008800:Mexico / Q000453:epidemiology; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D011529:Protozoan Infections, Animal / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000662:veterinary; D013045:Species Specificity
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D045303:Cytochromes b
keywords: Arid zones; Birds; Habitat degradation; Haemosporidians