title: Rol genes enhance the biosynthesis of antioxidants in Artemisia carvifolia Buch.
abstract: The secondary metabolites of the Artemisia genus are well known for their important therapeutic properties. This genus is one of the valuable sources of flavonoids and other polyphenols, but due to the low contents of these important metabolites, there is a need to either enhance their concentration in the original plant or seek alternative sources for them. The aim of the current study was to detect and enhance the yield of antioxidant compounds of Artemisia carvifolia Buch. HPLC analysis was performed to detect the antioxidants. With the aim of increasing flavonoid content, Rol gene transgenics of A. carvifolia were established. Two genes of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase, were studied by real time qPCR. Antioxidant potential was determined by performing different antioxidant assays.
  
  
  
  HPLC analysis of wild-type A. carvifolia revealed the presence of flavonoids such as caffeic acid (30 μg/g DW), quercetin (10 μg/g DW), isoquercetin (400 μg/g DW) and rutin (300 μg/g DW). Compared to the untransformed plants, flavonoid levels increased 1.9-6-fold and 1.6-4-fold in rol B and rol C transgenics, respectively. RT qPCR analysis showed a variable expression of the flavonoid biosynthetic genes, including those encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase, which were found to be relatively more expressed in transformed than wild-type plants, thus correlating with the metabolite concentration. Methanolic extracts of transgenics showed higher antioxidant capacity, reducing power, and protection against free radical-induced DNA damage. Among the transgenic plants, those harboring rol B were slightly more active than the rol C-transformants.
  
  
  
  As well as demonstrating the effectiveness of rol genes in inducing plant secondary metabolism, this study provides insight into the molecular dynamics of the flavonoid accumulation pattern, which correlated with the expression of biosynthetic genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Erum
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dilshad
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Hammad
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ismail
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
authors.forename: Ihsan-Ul-
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Haq
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Cusido
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palazon
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Karla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramirez-Estrada
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. bushramirza@qau.edu.pk.
authors.forename: Bushra
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mirza
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D019306:Artemisia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000378:metabolism; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D000217:Acyltransferases; C020141:flavanone synthetase; D010650:Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase
keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Artemisia carvifolia Buch; Chalcone synthase; Flavonoids; Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; Rol gene; antioxidant assays