title: A Systematic Review of Evidence-Based Community Pharmacy Services Aimed at the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and has a substantial impact on people's health and quality of life. CVD also causes an increased use of health care resources and services, representing a significant proportion of health care expenditure. Integrating evidence-based community pharmacy services is seen as an asset to reduce the burden of CVD on individuals and the health care system.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To (a) identify community pharmacy evidence-based services designed to help prevent CVD and (b) provide fundamental information that is needed to assess their potential adaptation to other community pharmacy settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  This review used the DEPICT database, which includes 488 randomized controlled trials (RCT) that address the evaluation of pharmacy services. Articles reviewing these RCTs were identified for the DEPICT database through a systematic search of the following databases: MEDLINE, Scopus, SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), and DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals). The DEPICT database was reviewed to identify evidence-based services delivered in the community pharmacy setting with the purpose of preventing CVD. An evidence-based service was defined as a service that has been shown to have a positive effect (compared with usual care) in a high-quality RCT. From each evidence-based service, fundamental information was retrieved to facilitate adaptation to other community pharmacy settings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the DEPICT database, 14 evidence-based community pharmacy services that addressed the prevention of CVD were identified. All services, except 1, targeted populations with a mean age above 60 years. Pharmacy services encompassed a wide range of practical applications or techniques that can be classified into 3 groups: activities directed at patients, activities directed at health care professionals, and assessments to gather patient-related information in order to support the previous activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review provides pharmacy service planners and policymakers with a comprehensive list of evidence-based services that have the potential to be adapted to different settings from which they were originally implemented and evaluated in order to reduce the burden of CVD.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Funding for this review was provided by the University of Technology Sydney Chancellor's Postdoctoral Fellowship awarded to Sabater-Hernández. No other potential conflict of interest was declared. Study concept and design were contributed by Sabater-Hernández, Fernandez-Llimos, Rotta, and Correr. Sabater-Galindo and Sabater-Hernández took the lead in data collection, along with Franco-Trigo and Rotta. Data interpretation was performed by Sabater-Hernández, Durks, and Lopes. The manuscript was written primarily by Sabater-Hernández, along with Hossain, and revised by Fernandez-Llimos, Rotta, and Benrimoj, with assistance from Durks, Sabater-Galindo, Franco-Trigo, and Correr.
authors.affiliation: 1 Graduate School of Health (UTS: Pharmacy), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia, and Academic Centre in Pharmaceutical Care, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sabater-Hernández
authors.affiliation: 2 University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabater-Galindo
authors.affiliation: 3 Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Department of Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Llimos
authors.affiliation: 4 PostGraduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana.
authors.forename: Inajara
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rotta
authors.affiliation: 7 Graduate School of Health (UTS: Pharmacy), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Lutfun N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.affiliation: 8 Graduate School of Health (UTS: Pharmacy), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Desire
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Durks
authors.affiliation: 9 School of Health (UTS: Pharmacy), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franco-Trigo
authors.affiliation: 5 Post-Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Parana.
authors.forename: Livia A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.affiliation: 6 Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cassyano J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Correr
authors.affiliation: 10 School of Health University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Shalom I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Benrimoj
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D016208:Databases, Factual; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010595:Pharmacists; D024382:Professional Role; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods