title: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pomegranate Peel Extract in THP-1 Cells Exposed to Particulate Matter PM10.
abstract: Epidemiological and experimental evidence support health risks associated with the exposure to airborne particulate matter with a diameter of <10 μM (PM10). PM10 stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators. Thus, we assumed that natural antioxidants might provide health benefits attenuating hazardous effects of PM10. In the present study, we examined the effects of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) on THP-1 monocytic cells exposed to PM10. PM10 induced cytotoxicity and the production of ROS. It also increased the expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and cell adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). PPE at 10-100 μg mL(-1) attenuated the production of ROS and the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, and ICAM-1, but not VCAM-1, in THP-1 cells stimulated by PM10 (100 μg mL(-1)). PPE also attenuated the adhesion of PM10-stimulated THP-1 cells to EA.hy926 endothelial cells. PPE constituents, punicalagin and ellagic acid, attenuated PM10-induced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, and punicalagin was less cytotoxic compared to ellagic acid. The present study suggests that PPE and punicalagin may be useful in alleviating inflammatory reactions due to particulate matter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Soojin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin Kyung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Seok
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jun Yup
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Gyeongbuk Natural Color Industry Institute, 181 Cheonmun-ro, Yeongcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38896, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hwa-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Suh
authors.affiliation: Ruby Crown Co., Ltd., 201 Kyungpook National University Business Incubation Center, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young Mi
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Ruby Crown Co., Ltd., 201 Kyungpook National University Business Incubation Center, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yong Chool
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Boo