title: Safety of Phenylephrine in Antihypotensive Treatment during Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Section.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In Thailand, hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section is routinely treated by ephedrine. As incidence of fetal acidosis reportedly increases resulting from placental transfer of ephedrine, phenylephrine, an alpha-1 agonist with less lipid solubility, becomes an alternative. However, the potential development of serious bradycardia after phenylephrine is a concern. The objectives of this study were to investigate the incidence of serious bradycardia and identify risk factors associated with phenylephrine-induced serious bradycardia and other side effects of phenylephrine.
  
  
  METHODS
  This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between July 1, 2014 and March 15, 2015 on 509 parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Predelivery hypotension was treated by intravenous phenylephrine 100 mcg and pretherapeutic heart rate (pHR) was recorded. If serious bradycardia (HR < 60 bpm and hypotension or HR <45 bpm) developed, atropine 0.6 mg was administered intravenously. Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression and AuROC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incidence of serious bradycardia was 11% (95% CI: 8.0-14.0). A one bpm increment increase in pHR reduced this incidence by 4% (adjusted OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94-0.98, p < 0.001; AuROC: 0.76). As compared to apHR greater than 80 bpm, apHR of 61 to 80 bpm and a pHR of 60 bpm or lower increased the risk of serious bradycardia by 3.55 times and 12.81 times, respectively. Other risk factors were height (adjusted OR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.89-0.98, p = 0.015), baseline DBP (adjusted OR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.94-0.99,p = 0.03), and anesthetic level at first minute (adjusted OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.02-1.23, p = 0.02). Benign and temporary abnormal ECG readings were noted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phenylephrine for antihypotensive treatment in spinal anesthesia induces bradycardia. Findings indicate an association between slower HR at time phenylephrine is administered and serious bradycardia. Close ECG monitoring and prompt treatment are required.
authors.forename: Ratikorn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Anusorntanawat
authors.forename: Ketchada
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uerpairojkit
authors.forename: Nutnicha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thongthaweeporn
authors.forename: Somrat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Charuluxananan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects; D000777:Anesthetics / Q000009:adverse effects; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000633:toxicity*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000777:Anesthetics; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D010656:Phenylephrine