title: The role of postdeployment social factors in linking deployment experiences and current posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology among male and female veterans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The postdeployment social context is likely highly salient in explaining mental health symptoms following deployment. The aim of this study was to examine the role of postdeployment social factors (social support and social reintegration difficulty) in linking deployment-related experiences (warfare exposure, sexual harassment, concerns about relationship disruptions, and deployment social support) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in male and female veterans.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was administered to 998 potential participants (after accounting for undeliverable mail) who had returned from deployment to Afghanistan or Iraq. Completed surveys were received from 469 veterans, yielding a response rate of 47%.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hypotheses were examined using structural equation modeling.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For male and female veterans, deployment factors predicted later PTSD symptoms through postdeployment social support and social reintegration, with lower support and higher social reintegration difficulty both associated with higher PTSD symptomatology. While the final models for women and men indicated similar risk mechanisms, some differences in pathways were observed. Sexual harassment presented more of a risk for women, whereas lower social support was a greater risk factor for men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postdeployment social factors appear to represent potentially important targets for interventions aiming to reduce the potential impact of stressful deployment experiences.
authors.affiliation: a National Center for PTSD Women's Health Sciences Division , VA Boston Healthcare System , Boston , MA , USA.|b Department of Psychiatry , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Brian N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: c Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System , Boston , MA , USA.|d Department of Epidemiology , Boston University School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Joyce M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: e Department of Psychology , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Rachel A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Vaughn-Coaxum
authors.affiliation: f Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Philadelphia VA Medical Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Brooke A L
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Di Leone
authors.affiliation: a National Center for PTSD Women's Health Sciences Division , VA Boston Healthcare System , Boston , MA , USA.|b Department of Psychiatry , Boston University School of Medicine , Boston , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Dawne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vogt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017406:Sexual Harassment / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012919:Social Behavior; D012944:Social Support; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014728:Veterans / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Stress; reintegration; risk and resilience; social support; veterans