title: Interventions for treating oro-antral communications and fistulae due to dental procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An oro-antral communication is an unnatural opening between the oral cavity and maxillary sinus. When it fails to close spontaneously, it remains patent and is epithelialized to develop into an oro-antral fistula. Various surgical and non-surgical techniques have been used for treating the condition. Surgical procedures include flaps, grafts and other techniques like re-implantation of third molars. Non-surgical techniques include allogenic materials and xenografts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness and safety of various interventions for the treatment of oro-antral communications and fistulae due to dental procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (whole database, to 3 July 2015), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, 2015, Issue 6), MEDLINE via OVID (1946 to 3 July 2015), EMBASE via OVID (1980 to 3 July 2015), US National Institutes of Health Trials Registry (http://clinicaltrials.gov) (whole database, to 3 July 2015) and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (http://www.who.int/ictrp/en/) (whole database, to 3 July 2015). We also searched the reference lists of included and excluded trials for any randomised controlled trials (RCTs).
  
  
  METHODS
  We included RCTs evaluating any intervention for treating oro-antral communications or oro-antral fistulae due to dental procedures. We excluded quasi-RCTs and cross-over trials. We excluded studies on participants who had oro-antral communications, fistulae or both related to Caldwell-Luc procedure or surgical excision of tumours.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently selected trials. Two review authors assessed trial risk of bias and extracted data independently. We estimated risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous data, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We assessed the overall quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included only one study in this review, which compared two surgical interventions: pedicled buccal fat pad flap and buccal flap for the treatment of oro-antral communications. The study involved 20 participants. The risk of bias was unclear. The relevant outcome reported in this trial was successful (complete) closure of oro-antral communication.The quality of the evidence for the primary outcome was very low. The study did not find evidence of a difference between interventions for the successful (complete) closure of an oro-antral communication (RR 1.00, 95% Cl 0.83 to 1.20) one month after the surgery. All oro-antral communications in both groups were successfully closed so there were no adverse effects due to treatment failure.We did not find trials evaluating any other intervention for treating oro-antral communications or fistulae due to dental procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found very low quality evidence from a single small study that compared pedicled buccal fat pad and buccal flap. The evidence was insufficient to judge whether there is a difference in the effectiveness of these interventions as all oro-antral communications in the study were successfully closed by one month after surgery. Large, well-conducted RCTs investigating different interventions for the treatment of oro-antral communications and fistulae caused by dental procedures are needed to inform clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka-Manipal Medical College, Jalan Batu Hampar, Melaka, Malaysia, 75150.
authors.forename: Salian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kiran Kumar Krishanappa
authors.forename: Eachempati
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Prashanti
authors.forename: Kumbargere N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Sumanth
authors.forename: Shetty
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naresh
authors.forename: Soe
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moe
authors.forename: Himanshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Rebecca J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mathew
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000637:transplantation*; D000328:Adult; D003729:Dental Care / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009957:Oroantral Fistula / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000637:transplantation*