title: Spatial short-term memory is impaired in dependent betel quid chewers.
abstract: Betel quid is regarded as a human carcinogen by the World Health Organization. It remains unknown whether chewing betel quid has a chronic effect on healthy betel quid chewers' memory.
  
  
  
  The present study aims to investigate whether chewing betel quid can affect short-term memory (STM).
  
  
  
  Three groups of participants (24 dependent chewers, 24 non-dependent chewers, and 24 non-chewers) were invited to carry out the matrix span task, the object span task, and the digit span task. All span tasks' results were adopted to assess spatial STM, visual STM, and verbal STM, respectively. Besides, there are three set sizes (small, medium, and large) in each span task.
  
  
  
  For the matrix span task, results showed that the dependent chewers had worse performances than the non-dependent chewers and the non-chewers at medium and large set sizes. For the object span task and digit span task, there were no differences in between groups. In each group, recognition performances were worse with the increasing set size and showing successful manipulation of memory load.
  
  
  
  The current study provided the first evidence that dependent betel quid chewing can selectively impair spatial STM rather than visual STM and verbal STM. Theoretical and practical implications of this result are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Chung-Shan Medical University, No.110, Sec. 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Meng-Chun
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Chung-Shan Medical University, No.110, Sec. 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shuo-Heng
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Chung-Shan Medical University, No.110, Sec. 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung, 402, Taiwan. mingchou@csmu.edu.tw.|Clinical Psychological Room, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. mingchou@csmu.edu.tw.
authors.forename: Ming-Chou
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001114:Areca; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D065852:Spatial Memory; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Betel quid; Dependence; Short-term memory