title: Reorganization in Secondary Somatosensory Cortex in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients.
abstract: METHODS
  A cross-sectional comparative study between chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients and healthy control subjects.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate reorganization in the sensory cortex by comparing cortical activity due to mechanosensory stimulation of the lumbar spine in CLBP patients versus a control group by using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  LBP is now the number 1 condition across the world in terms of years living with a disability. There is growing evidence that maladaptive changes in the processing of sensory input by the central nervous system are central to understanding chronic (back) pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonpainful, posterior-anterior (PA) movement pressure was applied manually to lumbar vertebrae at L1, L3, and L5 in 13 healthy subjects and 13 CLBP patients. The manual pressure (30 N) was monitored and controlled using sensors. A randomized stimulation protocol was used consisting of 51 pressure stimuli of 5 seconds duration. fMRI data analysis was performed for the group activation within the primary and secondary sensory cortices (S1 and S2, respectively) and the representation of the individual vertebrae was extracted and statistically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonpainful PA pressure revealed no cortical reorganization in S1. In contrast, the extent of S2 activation in the CLBP group was significantly reduced in both hemispheres. In the control group, a somatotopy was identified for the lumbar vertebrae between L1 and L3, respectively, and L5 in S2 of the right hemisphere. Most importantly, a blurring of the somatotopic representation of the lumbar spine in S2 was observed in the patient group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together, these maladaptive changes suggest a reorganization of higher-order processing for sensory information in CLBP patients that might have implications for a decreased sensory acuity, also related to body perception and subsequent altered functioning of the lumbar spine.
  
  
  METHODS
  2.
authors.affiliation: Chiropractic Department, University of Zurich and University Hospital Balgrist, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hotz-Boendermaker
authors.forename: Valentine L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Marcar
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boendermaker
authors.forename: Barry K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Humphreys
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055815:Young Adult