title: Cardiovascular Responses to Sexual Activity in Able-Bodied Individuals and Those Living with Spinal Cord Injury.
abstract: Sexuality is an integral part of the human experience and persists in health and disability. The cardiovascular system is crucial to sexual function and can be affected profoundly by spinal cord injury (SCI). The effects of sexual activity on the cardiovascular system in SCI have not been summarized and compared with sexual activity in able-bodied individuals. A keyword search of Embase, PubMed, and Medline was conducted. From 471 retrieved studies for able-bodied individuals, 11 were included that met the strict criteria of medically uncomplicated participants. In the SCI literature, 117 studies were screened, with 18 meeting criteria. In able-bodied persons, sexual activity resulted in modest increases in systolic blood pressure peaking at orgasm (males of 163 mm Hg and females of 142 mm Hg) and returning to baseline shortly afterward. In persons with SCI, results varied from minimal changes to significant elevations in systolic blood pressure because of episodes of autonomic dysreflexia, especially in those with high thoracic and cervical lesions. Peak systolic blood pressure in these individuals was measured to be as high as 325 mm Hg. In the SCI population, more intense stimuli (including penile vibrostimulation and electroejaculation) tended to result in a greater increase in systolic blood pressure compared with self-stimulation. Studies that used continuous versus intermittent monitoring were more likely to report greater changes in systolic blood pressure. In able-bodied persons, sexual activity results in modest increases in blood pressure. In those with SCI, intense stimulation and higher injury levels result in a higher likelihood of autonomic dysreflexia and elevated blood pressure. Because of rapid changes in blood pressure, continuous monitoring is more advantageous than intermittent measurement, because the latter may miss peak values.
authors.affiliation: 1 Faculty of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .|2 International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.affiliation: 1 Faculty of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .|3 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .|4 Vancouver Coastal Health , GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.affiliation: 1 Faculty of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .|2 International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .|4 Vancouver Coastal Health , GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Krassioukov
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*
keywords: autonomic dysreflexia; blood pressure; penile vibratory stimulation; sperm retrieval; spinal cord injury