title: Novel glyceryl glucoside is a low toxic alternative for cryopreservation agent.
abstract: Glyceryl glucoside (GG, α-d-glucosyglycerol) is a natural glycerol derivative found in alcoholic drinks. Recently GG has been used as an alternative for glycerol in cosmetic products. However, the safety of using GG is still unclear. Currently, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol are wildly used in cryopreservation. Despite GG being a derivative of glycerol, the ability of GG in cryopreservation is still unknown. By using a system of Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO), A549 cells and AG1522 cells, the study examined the cryoprotective effects of DMSO, glycerol and GG. Cytotoxic and genotoxic responses induced by the three chemicals were also investigated with CHO to determine the safety of GG for cosmetic products. Our data suggests that GG has great cryopresearvation ability in the concentration of 30%-40% (v/v). For cytotoxic studies, DMSO showed the highest cytotoxicity above 3% (v/v) in cell doubling time delay among three chemicals. For the acute cytotoxicity with trypan blue dye exclusion assay, GG showed stronger cell killing effect within 24 h above 4% (v/v). For the continuous cytotoxicity with colony formation assay for 7 days, DMSO showed significantly reduced clonogenic ability above 2%. In genotoxicity studies, CHO treated with glycerol at 2% concentration induced three times higher frequencies of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) than background levels. GG did not induce significant amounts of SCE compared to background. Micronuclei formation was equally observed in the 2% and above concentrations of glycerol and GG. Our data showed that GG has significant effects on cryopreservation compared to DMSO. Glycerol and GG have similar cytotoxicity effects to CHO, but glycerol induced genotoxic responses in the same concentration. Therefore, we conclude that GG may be a safer alternative compound to glycerol in cosmetic products and safer alternative to DMSO in cryopreservation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
authors.forename: Allison J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Allum
authors.affiliation: Research and Development Group, Toyo Sugar Refining Co. Ltd., Tokyo 103-0046, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aizawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1618 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. Electronic address: Takamitsu.Kato@Colostate.edu.
authors.forename: Takamitsu A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kato
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D003412:Cricetulus; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005990:Glycerol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D012854:Sister Chromatid Exchange / Q000187:drug effects; D018675:Toxicity Tests
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D005960:Glucosides; D005990:Glycerol; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide
keywords: Cryopreservation; Genotoxicity; Glyceryl glucoside