title: Childhood apraxia of speech: A survey of praxis and typical speech characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate current knowledge of the diagnosis childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) in Sweden and compare speech characteristics and symptoms to those of earlier survey findings in mainly English-speakers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a web-based questionnaire 178 Swedish speech-language pathologists (SLPs) anonymously answered questions about their perception of typical speech characteristics for CAS. They graded own assessment skills and estimated clinical occurrence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The seven top speech characteristics reported as typical for children with CAS were: inconsistent speech production (85%), sequencing difficulties (71%), oro-motor deficits (63%), vowel errors (62%), voicing errors (61%), consonant cluster deletions (54%), and prosodic disturbance (53%). Motor-programming deficits described as lack of automatization of speech movements were perceived by 82%. All listed characteristics were consistent with the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) consensus-based features, Strand's 10-point checklist, and the diagnostic model proposed by Ozanne. The mode for clinical occurrence was 5%. Number of suspected cases of CAS in the clinical caseload was approximately one new patient/year and SLP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support and add to findings from studies of CAS in English-speaking children with similar speech characteristics regarded as typical. Possibly, these findings could contribute to cross-linguistic consensus on CAS characteristics.
authors.affiliation: a Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Clinical Science , Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.|b Functional Area Speech & Language Pathology , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malmenholt
authors.affiliation: a Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Clinical Science , Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.|b Functional Area Speech & Language Pathology , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lohmander
authors.affiliation: a Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Clinical Science , Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden.|b Functional Area Speech & Language Pathology , Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden.|c Division of Speech and Language Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Linköping University , Sweden.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McAllister
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001072:Apraxias / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D057189:Checklist; D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D002983:Clinical Competence; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D013066:Speech-Language Pathology / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D014833:Voice Quality
keywords: Assessment; clinical occurrence; consensus; global speech characteristics; inconsistent speech production; self-rating; speech sound disorders; speech–language pathologist