title: Independent and joint exposure to passive smoking and cooking oil fumes on oral cancer in Chinese women: a hospital-based case-control study.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Passive smoking and COF exposure are independent risk factors for oral cancer in Chinese women, with the multiplicative interactions from combined exposures. Avoiding exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and COF may contribute to the prevention of oral cancer in Chinese women.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the independent and joint effects of passive smoking and cooking oil fumes (COF) on oral cancer in Chinese women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was performed including 238 female patients with pathologically confirmed oral cancer and 470 controls as age-matched controls. Face-to-face interviews were conducted based on a structured questionnaire. The effects of passive smoking and COF exposure were analyzed using non-conditional logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Passive smoking significantly increased the risk of oral cancer in Chinese women: adjusted ORs were 2.12 (95% CI = 1.11-4.07) for those only exposed before age 18, 1.52 (95% CI = 1.01-2.31) for those only exposed after age 18, and 2.38 (95% CI = 1.47-3.85) for those both exposed before and after age 18. In addition, COF exposure was significantly associated with a risk of oral cancer (adjusted ORs were 1.69 (95% CI = 1.03-2.78) for light exposure and 2.06 (95% CI = 1.21-3.50) for heavy exposure). Furthermore, there was a significantly multiplicative interaction between passive smoking and COF for oral cancer.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health , Fujian Medical University , Fujian , PR China ;
authors.forename: Baochang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: He
authors.affiliation: a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health , Fujian Medical University , Fujian , PR China ;
authors.forename: Fa
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health , Fujian Medical University , Fujian , PR China ;
authors.forename: Lingjun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.affiliation: a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health , Fujian Medical University , Fujian , PR China ;
authors.forename: Jiangfeng
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health , Fujian Medical University , Fujian , PR China ;
authors.forename: Fangping
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: b Department of Stomatology , First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University , Fujian , PR China ;
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.affiliation: b Department of Stomatology , First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University , Fujian , PR China ;
authors.forename: Lisong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: c Department of Epidemiology , UCLA Fielding School of Public Health , Los Angeles , CA , USA.
authors.forename: Zuofeng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health , Fujian Medical University , Fujian , PR China ;
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003296:Cooking; D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D004042:Dietary Fats, Unsaturated; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
keywords: Cooking oil fumes; environmental tobacco smoking; females; oral cancer; passive smoking