title: Occurrence and distribution of antifouling biocide Irgarol-1051 in coral reef ecosystems, Zanzibar.
abstract: 2-methythiol-4-tert-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine (Irgarol-1051) has been widely used as effective alternative antifouling paint in marine structures including ships. However, it has been causing deleterious effects to marine organisms including reef building corals. The main objective of this study was to establish baseline levels of Irgarol-1051 around coral reefs and nearby ecosystems along coastline of Zanzibar Island. The levels of Irgarol-1051 ranged from 1.35ng/L around coral reefs to 15.44ng/L around harbor with average concentration of 4.11 (mean)±0.57 (SD) ng/L. This is below Environmental Risk Limit of 24ng/L as proposed by Dutch Authorities which suggests that the contamination is not alarming especially for coral reef ecosystem health. The main possible sources of the contamination are from shipping activities. This paper provides important baseline information of Irgarol-1051 around the coral reef ecosystems within the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region and may be useful for formulation of marine conservation strategies and policies.
authors.affiliation: Tropical Research Centre for Oceanography, Environment and Natural Resources, The State University of Zanzibar, P. O. Box 146, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Electronic address: sheikhmali2003@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mohammed A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.affiliation: Tropical Research Centre for Oceanography, Environment and Natural Resources, The State University of Zanzibar, P. O. Box 146, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Fatma S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Juma
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Building B1.04, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Staehr
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Building B1.04, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dahl
authors.affiliation: Tropical Research Centre for Oceanography, Environment and Natural Resources, The State University of Zanzibar, P. O. Box 146, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Rashid J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rashid
authors.affiliation: Tropical Research Centre for Oceanography, Environment and Natural Resources, The State University of Zanzibar, P. O. Box 146, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Mohammed S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: Tropical Research Centre for Oceanography, Environment and Natural Resources, The State University of Zanzibar, P. O. Box 146, Zanzibar, Tanzania.
authors.forename: Ali M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ussi
authors.affiliation: Tropical Research Centre for Oceanography, Environment and Natural Resources, The State University of Zanzibar, P. O. Box 146, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Electronic address: hassanrashidali@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Hassan R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D037421:Anthozoa / Q000187:drug effects*; D057894:Coral Reefs; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D017753:Ecosystem; D019156:Indian Ocean; D013636:Tanzania; D014227:Triazines / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants; D014227:Triazines; C103341:irgarol 1051
keywords: Coral reefs; Harbor; Marine resources; Tourism; WIO; Zanzibar Island