title: Dietary intake variations from pre-conception to gestational period according to the degree of industrial processing: A Brazilian cohort.
abstract: To estimate food intake changes from pre-conception to gestational period according to the degree of food processing.
  
  
  
  Prospective cohort conducted in a public health care center in Rio de Janeiro with Brazilian pregnant women (n = 189). A food frequency questionnaire was applied at the first (5(th)-13(th)) and third (30(th)-36(th)) gestational trimesters. The food items were classified according to characteristics of food processing in four groups: unprocessed/minimally processed foods; sugar/fat; processed foods and ultra-processed foods. The variation of food intake according to the degree of processing between the pre-conception and gestational period was compared using paired Student's t-test. Linear regression models were performed to estimate the association of mother's characteristics on the variation of food group contribution to the total energy intake between periods.
  
  
  
  Total energy intake was 2415 (SD = 813) in the pre-conception and 2379 (750) kcal in the gestational period. We excluded women who had implausible total energy intake (<600 and >6000 kcal/day). The contribution of unprocessed/minimally processed food group to total energy intake during pregnancy when compared to the pre-conception period was higher [50.5 (14.1) vs. 48.8 (12.4), p-value = 0.048], while the caloric share of ultra-processed food group was lower [41.3 (14.6) vs. 43.1 (12.5), p-value = 0.032]. We observed a negative association of age (p-value = 0.009) and a positive association of pre-pregnancy BMI (p-value = 0.060) with the variation of ultra-processed food intake.
  
  
  
  Ultra-processed food intake decreased, while minimally/unprocessed food intake slightly increased from the pre-conception to gestational period. These results indicate potential for a larger improvement in the women's diet quality and that nutritional counseling interventions in pregnant women are still needed.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, RJ, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, RJ, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Brazil. Electronic address: nadyahasantos@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Nadya Helena
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Alves-Santos
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, RJ, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, RJ, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Brazil. Electronic address: ilanaeo92@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ilana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Eshriqui
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, RJ, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, RJ, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Brazil. Electronic address: nutrianabeatriz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana Beatriz
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Franco-Sena
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: paulacocate@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Paula Guedes
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Cocate
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: anaameliafv@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana Amélia
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Freitas-Vilela
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, RJ, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, RJ, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Brazil. Electronic address: camilabenaimnutri@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benaim
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nutrition, Pelotas Federal University, Pelotas, Brazil. Electronic address: juliana.vaz@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Juliana Dos Santos
authors.initials: Jdos S
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, RJ, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, RJ, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Brazil. Electronic address: mbtcastro@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Maria Beatriz Trindade
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Observatory, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, RJ, Brazil; Graduate Program in Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, RJ, Brazil; Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Institute of Nutrition Josué de Castro, Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Brazil. Electronic address: gilberto.kac@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Gilberto
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kac
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001938:Brazil; D015331:Cohort Studies; D000072001:Diet, Healthy / Q000208:ethnology; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling; D006801:Humans; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D050177:Overweight / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000208:ethnology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D011446:Prospective Studies; D057566:Self Report; D013851:Thinness / Q000208:ethnology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014504:Urban Health / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Cohort; Food intake; Food processing; Pregnant women; Ultra-processed food