title: First-time parents' shared representation of postpartum depressive symptoms: A qualitative analysis.
abstract: Maternal postpartum depression (PD) is a common, debilitating mental health problem. Yet despite effective treatments and widespread screening, treatment rates remain low. Previous studies suggest fathers are frequently consulted about maternal PD symptoms, but little is known about the process, content, or outcomes of these consultations.
  
  
  
  The aim of this work was to explore how couples communicate about PD symptoms.
  
  
  
  A single purposive sample of first-time parents stratified by maternal depression screening scores (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; EPDS) and partner status was drawn from a prospective survey of 300 parents in the U.S. Midwest. Partnered mothers with an elevated (EPDS≥10) depression screening score at one of four time points in the postpartum year comprised the majority of the sample. Smaller samples of participants with low EPDS scores and single participants were included to provide contrast in the consultation and decision making process. A total of 39 participants (22 married/EPDS-high, 10 married/EPDS-low, 5 single/ EPDS-high, 2 single/EPDS-low) were interviewed at one year postpartum. Mothers and fathers were interviewed separately to promote candid responses and allow comparison of illness conceptualizations. Interviews were transcribed, analyzed, and coded through an iterative process.
  
  
  
  Couples' conversations about mood changes centered on two overarching questions: How bad is it? and What should we do about it? Answering How bad is it? involved parents comparing maternal mood changes to uncertain depression criteria, and mothers asking partners and female relatives whether changes were normal. Answering What should we do about it? had three themes: Fathers feeling unprepared to respond to depression, mothers and fathers expressing reluctance to seek treatment, and couples working collaboratively to accommodate treatment or self-care.
  
  
  
  Themes suggest partners significantly contribute to women's conceptualization of mood changes and should be actively engaged in education, screening, and referral practices.
authors.affiliation: Denison University, Department of Psychology, 100 West College Street, Granville, OH, 43023, USA. Electronic address: henshawe@denison.edu.
authors.forename: Erin J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Henshaw
authors.affiliation: Denison University, Department of Psychology, 100 West College Street, Granville, OH, 43023, USA. Electronic address: kdurkin@med.wayne.edu.
authors.forename: Kristine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Durkin
authors.affiliation: Denison University, Department of Psychology, 100 West College Street, Granville, OH, 43023, USA. Electronic address: snell_r1@denison.edu.
authors.forename: Rita J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Snell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003142:Communication; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000523:psychology*; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015146:Midwestern United States; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D036301:Qualitative Research; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
keywords: Couples; Depression; Help seeking; Mental health; Perinatal; Postpartum; Treatment seeking