title: Ocular Signs Caused by Dural Arteriovenous Fistula without Involvement of the Cavernous Sinus: A Case Series with Review of the Literature.
abstract: Carotid cavernous fistula is a well-known clinical and angiographic entity responsible for ocular signs and symptoms. On the contrary, ocular signs are unusual in the presentation of cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas at locations other than the cavernous sinus. We retrospectively analyzed data focusing on the pathophysiology of ophthalmologic signs and their angiographic explanations. Thirteen patients were included with a mean age of 50 years. The most common signs were chemosis (61.5%), loss of visual acuity (38.5%), exophthalmia (38.5%), and ocular hypertension (7.7%). Dural arteriovenous fistulas presenting with ocular signs could be classified into 4 types due to their pathologic mechanism (local venous reflux into the superior ophthalmic vein, massive venous engorgement of the cerebrum responsible for intracranial hypertension, compression of an oculomotor nerve by a venous dilation, or intraorbital fistula with drainage into the superior ophthalmic vein).
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France. thomas.robert43@gmail.com.
authors.forename: T
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0028-0124
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: D
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7681-5044
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Botta
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0086-8614
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blanc
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: R
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1887-5097
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fahed
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: G
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5801-0816
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciccio
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6486-1710
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smajda
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6943-9922
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Redjem
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France.
authors.forename: M
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1354-4328
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piotin