title: Hepatic and splenic blush on computed tomography in children following blunt abdominal trauma: Is intervention necessary?
abstract: There are no widely accepted guidelines for management of pediatric patients who have evidence of solid organ contrast extravasation ("blush") on computed tomography (CT) scans following blunt abdominal trauma. We report our experience as a Level 1 pediatric trauma center in managing cases with hepatic and splenic blush.
  
  
  
  All pediatric blunt abdominal trauma cases resulting in liver or splenic injury were queried from 2008 to 2014. Patients were excluded if a CT was unavailable in the medical record. The presence of contrast blush was based on final reports from attending pediatric radiologists. Correlations between incidence of contrast blush and major outcomes of interest were determined using χ and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for categorical and continuous variables, respectively, evaluating statistical significance at p < 0.05.
  
  
  
  Of 318 patients with splenic or liver injury after blunt abdominal trauma, we report on 30 patients (9%) with solid organ blush, resulting in 18 cases of hepatic blush and 16 cases of splenic blush (four patients had extravasation from both organs). Blush was not found to correlate significantly with age, gender, or type of injury (liver vs. splenic) but was found to associate with higher grades of solid organ injury (p = 0.002) and higher ISS overall (p < 0.001). Patients with contrast blush on imaging were more likely to be admitted to the intensive care unit (90% vs. 41%, p < 0.001), receive blood products, (50% vs. 12%, p < 0.001), and be considered for an intervention (p < 0.001). Eighty percent of patients with an isolated contrast blush of the spleen or liver did not require an operation. Only 17% of patients with blush required definitive treatment, such as embolization (n = 1), packing (n = 1), or splenectomy (n = 3). Blush had no significant correlation with overall survival (p = 0.13).
  
  
  
  The finding of a blush on CT from a splenic or liver injury is associated with higher grade of injury. These patients receive intensive medical management but do not uniformly require invasive intervention. From our data, we suggest that a blush can safely be managed nonoperatively and that treatment should be dictated by change in physiology.
  
  
  
  Therapeutic study, level IV.
authors.affiliation: From the School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (M.-C.E.I.); Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon (R.V.S.); Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (A.D.M., S.J.H.); Section of Pediatric Surgery at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia (C.D.T., C.E.M., K.F.H., M.V.R., M.T.S.).
authors.forename: Martha-Conley E
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.forename: Ragavan V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Siddharthan
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Sarah J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Curtis D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Travers
authors.forename: Courtney E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: McKracken
authors.forename: Kurt F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Heiss
authors.forename: Mehul V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Raval
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Santore
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008099:Liver / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013154:Spleen / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D014283:Triiodobenzoic Acids; C054871:ioversol