title: Special-"T" Training: Extended Follow-up Results from a Residency-Wide Professionalism Workshop on Transgender Health.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Transgender people face unique challenges when accessing health care, including stigma and discrimination. Most residency programs devote little time to this marginalized population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors developed a 90-min workshop to enhance residents' ability to empathize with and professionally treat transgender patients. Attendees completed pre-, post, and 90-day follow-up surveys to assess perceived empathy, knowledge, comfort, interview skill, and motivation for future learning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two residents (64.7 %) completed pre- and post-workshop surveys; 90.9 % of these completed the 90-day follow-up. Compared to baseline, there were statistically significant post-workshop increases in perceived empathy, knowledge, comfort, and motivation for future learning. However on 90-day follow-up, there were no statistically significant differences across any of the five domains, compared to baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This workshop produced significant short-term increases in resident professionalism toward transgender patients. However, extended follow-up results highlight the limitations of one-time interventions and call for recurrent programming to yield durable improvements.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA. kiddjer@nyspi.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kidd
authors.affiliation: Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bockting
authors.affiliation: Columbia University/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Cabaniss
authors.affiliation: University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Blumenshine
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D004645:Empathy; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D009042:Motivation; D011287:Prejudice / Q000517:prevention & control; D000068616:Professionalism / Q000193:education*; D011570:Psychiatry / Q000193:education*; D057545:Social Stigma; D063106:Transgender Persons; D008297:Male; D005260:Female
keywords: Internship and residency; Medical education; Professionalism; Transgender persons