title: Attention attraction in an ophthalmic diagnostic device using sound-modulated fixation targets.
abstract: This study relates to eye fixation systems with combined optical and audio systems. Many devices for eye diagnostics and some devices for eye therapeutics require the patient to fixate on a small target for a certain period of time, during which the eyes do not move and data from substructures of one or both eyes are acquired and analyzed. With young pediatric patients, a monotonously blinking target is not sufficient to retain attention steadily. We developed a method for modulating the intensity of a point fixation target using sounds appropriate to the child's age and preference. The method was realized as a subsystem of a Pediatric Vision Screener which employs retinal birefringence scanning for detection of central fixation. Twenty-one children, age 2-18, were studied. Modulation of the fixation target using sounds ensured the eye fixated on the target, and with appropriate choice of sounds, performed significantly better than a monotonously blinking target accompanied by a plain beep. The method was particularly effective with children of ages up to 10, after which its benefit disappeared. Typical applications of target modulation would be as supplemental subsystems in pediatric ophthalmic diagnostic devices, such as scanning laser ophthalmoscopes, optical coherence tomography units, retinal birefringence scanners, fundus cameras, and perimeters.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ophthalmic Instrument Development, The Krieger Children's Eye Center at the Wilmer Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-9028, USA . Electronic address: bgramat@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Boris I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Gramatikov
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ophthalmic Instrument Development, The Krieger Children's Eye Center at the Wilmer Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-9028, USA . Electronic address: srangar03@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Shreya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rangarajan
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ophthalmic Instrument Development, The Krieger Children's Eye Center at the Wilmer Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-9028, USA . Electronic address: kirsch1@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Irsch
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Ophthalmic Instrument Development, The Krieger Children's Eye Center at the Wilmer Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287-9028, USA . Electronic address: dguyton@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Guyton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019721:Ophthalmoscopes; D013016:Sound
keywords: Attention attraction; Pediatric Vision Screener; Sound-modulated fixation target