title: Improved immune response to an attenuated pseudorabies virus vaccine by ginseng stem-leaf saponins (GSLS) in combination with thimerosal (TS).
abstract: Vaccination using attenuated vaccines remains an important method to control animal infectious diseases. The present study evaluated ginseng stem-leaf saponins (GSLS) and thimerosal (TS) for their adjuvant effect on an attenuated pseudorabies virus (aPrV) vaccine in mice. Compared to the group immunized with aPrV alone, the co-inoculation of GSLS and/or TS induced a higher antibody response. Particularly, when administered together with GSLS-TS, the aPrV vaccine provoked a higher serum gB-specific antibody, IgG1 and IgG2a levels, lymphocyte proliferative responses, as well as production of cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-5 and IL-10) from lymphocytes, and more importantly provided an enhanced cytotoxicity of NK cells and protection against virulent field pseudorabies virus challenge. Additionally, the increased expression of miR-132, miR-146a, miR-147 and miR-155 was found in murine macrophages cultured with GSLS and/or TS. These data suggest that GSLS-TS as adjuvant improve the efficacy of aPrV vaccine in mouse model and have potential for the development of attenuated viral vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
authors.forename: Jingxuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ni
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
authors.forename: Shicheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
authors.forename: Cenrong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
authors.forename: Yisong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
authors.forename: Lijuan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China. Electronic address: songhua@zju.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Songhua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005260:Female; D011558:Herpesvirus 1, Suid / Q000276:immunology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D007114:Immunization; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D035683:MicroRNAs / Q000235:genetics; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D011557:Pseudorabies / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012503:Saponins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013849:Thimerosal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated / Q000276:immunology*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D016207:Cytokines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D035683:MicroRNAs; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins; D014613:Vaccines, Attenuated; D014765:Viral Vaccines; D013849:Thimerosal
keywords: Adjuvant; Attenuated pseudorabies vaccine; Ginseng stem-leaf saponins; Thimerosal