title: Immunotherapy and Checkpoint Inhibitors in Recurrent and Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer.
abstract: Immune surveillance is well recognized as an important mechanism to prevent development or progression of head and neck cancers. Head and neck cancer cells can escape the immune system through multiple mechanisms including development of tolerance in T cells and inhibition of T-cell-related pathways, generally referred to as checkpoint inhibitors. This article highlights advances in immuno-oncology treatment approaches in recurrent and metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical trials are discussed in detail, with an emphasis on response dynamics, oncologic efficacy, safety, and tolerability of checkpoint inhibitors. In addition, developing concepts and ongoing studies in this setting are also reviewed.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Medical Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Cancer Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Nooshin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hashemi-Sadraei
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Medical Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Cancer Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Andrew G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Sikora
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Medical Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Cancer Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Brizel
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D059447:Cell Cycle Checkpoints / Q000187:drug effects; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D060890:B7-H1 Antigen; C423236:CD274 protein, human; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor