title: Dissociation in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: What is the role of different types of childhood adversity?
abstract: Our study aimed to explore the effects of different types of adverse childhood experiences (e.g. domestic violence, early loss, parental dysfunction, sexual and physical abuse) as well as experiences of sexual and physical abuse in adulthood on dissociative symptoms in adult patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.
  
  
  
  145 patients were examined for psychotic symptoms with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), for dissociative symptoms with the German version of the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and for adverse experiences in childhood and adulthood with the Structured Trauma Interview (STI).
  
  
  
  Childhood physical abuse was reported by 32%, childhood sexual abuse by 17% of the patients. Other forms of childhood adversity were also quite common; 18% had witnessed domestic violence, 26% reported early loss, and nearly half of patients reported at least one condition potentially related to parental dysfunction. The DES total score was significantly associated with childhood sexual abuse, witnessing of domestic violence and paternal dysfunction, as well as with physical violence in adulthood. In the final regression model, reports of paternal dysfunction and sexual abuse in childhood were independently associated with adult dissociation. Variance in dissociative symptoms was mainly explained by paternal dysfunction (18%).
  
  
  
  Substantial rates of childhood adversity were found and specific associations were evident with adult dissociation amongst psychosis patients who reported sexual abuse or paternal dysfunction in childhood. Therefore, it is important that patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders are routinely asked about a broad range of possible adverse childhood experiences in order to provide appropriate interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address: katrin.schroeder@uke-hh.de.
authors.forename: Katrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schroeder
authors.affiliation: Bascous, France.
authors.forename: Willemien
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Langeland
authors.affiliation: MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Helen L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.affiliation: Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christian G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Huber
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schäfer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D057566:Self Report; D055815:Young Adult