title: Effects of endurance, resistance, and concurrent exercise on learning and memory after morphine withdrawal in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Continuous morphine consumption contributes to the development of cognitive disorders. This work investigates the impacts of different types of exercise on learning and memory in morphine-dependent rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty morphine-dependent rats were randomly divided into five groups: sedentary-dependent (Sed-D), endurance exercise-dependent (En-D), strength exercise-dependent (St-D), and combined (concurrent) exercise-dependent (Co-D). Healthy rats were used as controls (Con). After 10weeks of regular exercise (endurance, strength, and concurrent; each five days per week), spatial and aversive learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water maze and shuttle box tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that morphine addiction contributes to deficits in spatial learning and memory. Furthermore, each form of exercise training restored spatial learning and memory performance in morphine-dependent rats to levels similar to those of healthy controls. Aversive learning and memory during the acquisition phase were not affected by morphine addiction or exercise, but were significantly decreased by morphine dependence. Only concurrent training returned the time spent in the dark compartment in the shuttle box test to control levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings show that different types of exercise exert similar effects on spatial learning and memory, but show distinct effects on aversive learning and memory. Further, morphine dependence-induced deficits in cognitive function were blocked by exercise. Therefore, different exercise regimens may represent practical treatment methods for cognitive and behavioral impairments associated with morphine-related disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch, Hamedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Ebrahim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zarrinkalam
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran. Electronic address: heidarian317@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Heidarianpour
authors.affiliation: Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
authors.forename: Iraj
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salehi
authors.affiliation: Young Researchers and Elite Club, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.
authors.forename: Kamal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ranjbar
authors.affiliation: Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Electronic address: alirezakomaki@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Alireza
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Komaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning; D008568:Memory; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D009020:Morphine
keywords: Dependence; Exercise; Learning; Memory; Morphine