title: Developing a Checklist: Consensus Via a Modified Delphi Technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To create a universal checklist of key preparatory steps to aid anesthesiologists in patient separation from cardiopulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multistep, iterative survey with statistically guided refinement of survey items using a modified Delphi technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Internet-based surveys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety active members of the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists volunteered to participate, including geographically distributed private practice and academic physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  A series of checklist items was created and distributed to 90 anesthesiologists, who assessed each item's importance in preparing for patient separation from cardiopulmonary bypass and added, deleted, or modified any items as they saw fit. Items meeting a threshold of greater than 90% group acceptance were carried forward to a second survey. These items then were evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale to grade relative importance and then compared with the group's responses, creating a third survey with refined checklist items. The results then were used to generate a final survey based on each item achieving certain predefined statistical criteria, which then were scored again by the participants, generating a final checklist via statistically guided consensus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An initial checklist containing 28 possible items was proposed to the participants. After the iterative process was completed, a final checklist of 10 items deemed essential to prepare for bypass separation was created.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A checklist to aid in bypass separation was created with key steps derived from a statistically driven Delphi process. This technique of iterative consensus building may be useful in developing additional safety checklists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Scott & White Hospital, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX.
authors.forename: Shanna R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Ogden
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Scott & White Hospital, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX. Electronic address: wculp@sw.org.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Culp
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Scott & White Hospital, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX.
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Villamaria
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Scott & White Hospital, The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX.
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Ball
mesh_terms: D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000592:standards; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000592:standards*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D057189:Checklist; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards; D003697:Delphi Technique; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D058996:Quality Improvement; D017751:Safety Management / Q000379:methods; D013781:Texas
keywords: Delphi technique; cardiopulmonary bypass; checklist; medical errors; patient safety