title: Periodontal disease's contribution to Alzheimer's disease progression in Down syndrome.
abstract: People with Down syndrome (DS) are at an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). After 60 years of age, >50% of DS subjects acquire dementia. Nevertheless, the age of onset is highly variable possibly because of both genetic and environmental factors. Genetics cannot be modified, but environmental risk factors present a potentially relevant intervention for DS persons at risk for AD. Among them, inflammation, important in AD of DS type, is potential target. Consistent with this hypothesis, chronic peripheral inflammation and infections may contribute to AD pathogenesis in DS. People with DS have an aggressive form of periodontitis characterized by rapid progression, significant bacterial and inflammatory burden, and an onset as early as 6 years of age. This review offers a hypothetical mechanistic link between periodontitis and AD in the DS population. Because periodontitis is a treatable condition, it may be a readily modifiable risk factor for AD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Angela R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kamer
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Juan O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Fortea
authors.affiliation: Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Sebastià
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Videla
authors.affiliation: Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain; Dentistry School Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mayoral
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Malvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Janal
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carmona-Iragui
authors.affiliation: Down Medical Center, Fundació Catalana Síndrome de Down, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Bessy
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Benejam
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Sciences and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Deepak
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saxena
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Corby
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Glodzik
authors.affiliation: Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kumar Raghava Chowdary
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Annam
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Medicine, Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Mony J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: de Leon
keywords: Aggressive periodontal disease; Alzheimer's disease; Down syndrome; Dysbiosis; Infection; Inflammation; Neuroinflammation; Periodontal disease; Trisomy 21