title: Efficacy and Feasibility of Low-Dose Rate Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer in Renal Transplant Recipients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In young patients with localized prostate cancer, radical prostatectomy is the treatment of choice in the general population. Radiotherapy, such as low-dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy or intensity-modulated radiotherapy, is a viable alternative as well. However, in transplant patients, irradiation is not proposed as often as it is in healthy adults because of the risk of post-radiation ureteral stenosis and gastrointestinal toxicity as the result of fragile tissue. The objective of the study was to assess the efficacy and feasibility of LDR brachytherapy for prostate cancer in renal transplant recipients (RTRs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between May 2007 and December 2014, all patients who had undergone LDR brachytherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer at our institution were retrospectively identified (n = 203). Of these patients, 2 had a history of renal transplantation. We reviewed all available clinical data retrospectively. One patient had a functioning graft and the other had re-started hemodialysis 7 years after the transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean time from renal transplantation to prostate cancer diagnosis was 16 years. The mean follow-up after seed implantation was 45 months. There were no peri-operative complications after seed implantation. The 2 patients remained free of prostate-specific antigen progression during the follow-up period. The renal function of the patient with a functioning graft, as measured by serum creatinine, was stable during and after the operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LDR brachytherapy is technically feasible and acceptable as a minimally invasive treatment in carefully selected RTRs with localized prostate cancer. This treatment should be considered a suitable option for RTRs with localized prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Electronic address: jiizuka@kc.twmu.ac.jp.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Iizuka
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yas
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yai
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takagi
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nozaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology and Particle Therapy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akimoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karasawa
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanabe
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000368:Aged; D001918:Brachytherapy; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome