title: Positive impact on heat loss and patient experience of preheated skin disinfection: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the effect of preheated (36 °C) and room-temperature (20 °C) skin disinfectant solution on skin temperature and patients' experience of the skin disinfection process.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  To prevent surgical site infections, it is important to disinfect skin prior to invasive surgery. In clinical practice, conscious patients often comment on the coldness of the preoperative skin disinfection solution. Evidence is lacking, as to whether preheated skin disinfectant has any positive effects during preoperative skin disinfection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 220 patients undergoing pacemaker, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, or cardiac resynchronisation therapy under local anaesthesia were included and randomly allocated to preheated or room-temperature skin disinfection. Skin temperature was assessed before and after skin disinfection at the planned incision site; in addition, three study-specific questions were used to assess how patients experienced the temperature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients experienced the skin disinfection process with preheated disinfectant as significantly more pleasant. They felt less cold and reported increased satisfaction with the temperature of the solution compared to patients who were disinfected with room-temperature solution. Skin disinfection with preheated solution also yielded a significantly higher mean skin temperature compared to room-temperature solution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Preoperative skin disinfection with preheated disinfectant may prevent heat loss and contributes to a more pleasant experience for patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skin disinfection with preheated skin disinfectant is an easy and inexpensive nursing intervention that has a positive impact on heat loss and on patients' experience of the disinfection process.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden. camilla.wistrand@regionorebrolan.se.
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wistrand
authors.affiliation: School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Söderquist
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
authors.forename: Ulrica
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nilsson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D058406:Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D057240:Patient Preference; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012881:Skin Temperature; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D004202:Disinfectants
keywords: experience; intraoperative; perioperative; randomised controlled trial; skin disinfection; temperature