title: Extra-cardiac manifestations of adult congenital heart disease.
abstract: Advancement in correction or palliation of congenital cardiac lesions has greatly improved the lifespan of congenital heart disease patients, resulting in a rapidly growing adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) population. As this group has increased in number and age, emerging science has highlighted the systemic nature of ACHD. Providers caring for these patients are tasked with long-term management of multiple neurologic, pulmonary, hepatic, renal, and endocrine manifestations that arise as syndromic associations with congenital heart defects or as sequelae of primary structural or hemodynamic abnormalities. In this review, we outline the current understanding and recent research into these extra-cardiac manifestations.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gaeta
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
authors.forename: Cary
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC. Electronic address: richard.krasuski@duke.edu.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Krasuski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017741:Survivors; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: Adult congenital heart disease; Cardiovascular disease; Pulmonary hypertension