title: Chemistry and Biology in the Biosynthesis and Action of Thyroid Hormones.
abstract: Thyroid hormones (THs) are secreted by the thyroid gland. They control lipid, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism, heart rate, neural development, as well as cardiovascular, renal, and brain functions. The thyroid gland mainly produces l-thyroxine (T4) as a prohormone, and 5'-deiodination of T4 by iodothyronine deiodinases generates the nuclear receptor binding hormone T3. In this Review, we discuss the basic aspects of the chemistry and biology as well as recent advances in the biosynthesis of THs in the thyroid gland, plasma transport, and internalization of THs in their target organs, in addition to the deiodination and various other enzyme-mediated metabolic pathways of THs. We also discuss thyroid hormone receptors and their mechanism of action to regulate gene expression, as well as various thyroid-related disorders and the available treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Santanu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mondal
authors.affiliation: Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Karuppusamy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Raja
authors.affiliation: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Nussallee 11, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1380-4780
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schweizer
authors.affiliation: Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. mugesh@ipc.iisc.ernet.in.
authors.forename: Govindasamy
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-5389-5309
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mugesh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003459:Crystallins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D011228:Prealbumin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000378:metabolism; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D056825:Thyroxine-Binding Globulin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003459:Crystallins; D011228:Prealbumin; D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D056825:Thyroxine-Binding Globulin; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase; D013974:Thyroxine
keywords: deiodinases; iodine; selenium; thyroid hormones; thyroxine