title: Abdominal Obesity, Race and Chronic Kidney Disease in Young Adults: Results from NHANES 1999-2010.
abstract: Kidney dysfunction in obesity may be independent of and may precede the development of hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus. We aimed to examine if abdominal obesity is associated with early markers of CKD in a young healthy population and whether these associations differ by race and/or ethnicity.
  
  
  
  We analyzed data from the NHANES 1999-2010 for 6918 young adults ages 20-40 years. Abdominal obesity was defined by gender criteria of waist circumference. CKD markers included estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria ≥30 mg/g. Race stratified analyses were done overall and in subgroups with normal blood pressures, normoglycemia and normal insulin sensitivity. Awareness of CKD was assessed in participants with albuminuria.
  
  
  
  Abdominal obesity was present in over one-third of all young adults and was more prevalent among non-Hispanic blacks (45.4%) versus Mexican-Americans (40.6%) or non-Hispanic whites (37.4%) (P-value = 0.004). Mexican-American young adults with abdominal obesity had a higher odds of albuminuria even among those with normal blood pressure, normal glucose, and normal insulin sensitivity [adjusted odds ratio 4.5; 95% confidence interval (1.6-12.2), p = 0.004]. Less than 5% of young adults with albuminuria of all races and ethnicities had been told they had kidney disease.
  
  
  
  Abdominal obesity in young adults, especially in Mexican-Americans, is independently associated with albuminuria even with normal blood pressures, normoglycemia and normal insulin levels. Greater awareness of CKD is needed to protect this young population from long-standing exposure to abdominal obesity and early progressive renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine / Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Harini
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sarathy
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine / Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America.|Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine / Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Henriquez
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine / Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America.|Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Matthew K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Abramowitz
authors.affiliation: Departments of Public Health Sciences and Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Loyola University Health Sciences Center, Maywood, Illinois, United States of America.
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.affiliation: Joslin Diabetes Center and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sylvia E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Rosas
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine / Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Tanya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Juhi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine / Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Skversky
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine / Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kaskel
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine / Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America.|Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America.
authors.forename: Michal L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Melamed
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D056128:Obesity, Abdominal / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D044469:Racial Groups; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult