title: Magnetic Particle / Magnetic Resonance Imaging: In-Vitro MPI-Guided Real Time Catheter Tracking and 4D Angioplasty Using a Road Map and Blood Pool Tracer Approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In-vitro evaluation of the feasibility of 4D real time tracking of endovascular devices and stenosis treatment with a magnetic particle imaging (MPI) / magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) road map approach and an MPI-guided approach using a blood pool tracer.
  
  
  METHODS
  A guide wire and angioplasty-catheter were labeled with a thin layer of magnetic lacquer. For real time MPI a custom made software framework was developed. A stenotic vessel phantom filled with saline or superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MM4) was equipped with bimodal fiducial markers for co-registration in preclinical 7T MRI and MPI. In-vitro angioplasty was performed inflating the balloon with saline or MM4. MPI data were acquired using a field of view of 37.3×37.3×18.6 mm3 and a frame rate of 46 volumes/sec. Analysis of the magnetic lacquer-marks on the devices were performed with electron microscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry and micro-computed tomography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Magnetic marks allowed for MPI/MRI guidance of interventional devices. Bimodal fiducial markers enable MPI/MRI image fusion for MRI based roadmapping. MRI roadmapping and the blood pool tracer approach facilitate MPI real time monitoring of in-vitro angioplasty. Successful angioplasty was verified with MPI and MRI. Magnetic marks consist of micrometer sized ferromagnetic plates mainly composed of iron and iron oxide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  4D real time MP imaging, tracking and guiding of endovascular instruments and in-vitro angioplasty is feasible. In addition to an approach that requires a blood pool tracer, MRI based roadmapping might emerge as a promising tool for radiation free 4D MPI-guided interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salamon
authors.affiliation: Section for Biomedical Imaging, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.|Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael Gerhard
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.affiliation: Section for Biomedical Imaging, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.|Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Franziska
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Werner
authors.affiliation: Section for Biomedical Imaging, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.|Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Kolja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Them
authors.affiliation: Microscopy and Image Analysis, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Rudolph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reimer
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.affiliation: Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vom Scheidt
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.|Section for Biomedical Imaging, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.|Institute for Biomedical Imaging, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Knopp
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ittrich
mesh_terms: D017130:Angioplasty; D057785:Catheters; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008280:Magnetics; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning