title: Assessing validity of observational intervention studies - the Benchmarking Controlled Trials.
abstract: Benchmarking Controlled Trial (BCT) is a concept which covers all observational studies aiming to assess impact of interventions or health care system features to patients and populations.
  
  
  
  To create and pilot test a checklist for appraising methodological validity of a BCT.
  
  
  
  The checklist was created by extracting the most essential elements from the comprehensive set of criteria in the previous paper on BCTs. Also checklists and scientific papers on observational studies and respective systematic reviews were utilized. Ten BCTs published in the Lancet and in the New England Journal of Medicine were used to assess feasibility of the created checklist.
  
  
  
  The appraised studies seem to have several methodological limitations, some of which could be avoided in planning, conducting and reporting phases of the studies.
  
  
  
  The checklist can be used for planning, conducting, reporting, reviewing, and critical reading of observational intervention studies. However, the piloted checklist should be validated in further studies. Key messages Benchmarking Controlled Trial (BCT) is a concept which covers all observational studies aiming to assess impact of interventions or health care system features to patients and populations. This paper presents a checklist for appraising methodological validity of BCTs and pilot-tests the checklist with ten BCTs published in leading medical journals. The appraised studies seem to have several methodological limitations, some of which could be avoided in planning, conducting and reporting phases of the studies. The checklist can be used for planning, conducting, reporting, reviewing, and critical reading of observational intervention studies.
authors.affiliation: a Centre for Health and Social Economics, National Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki , Finland.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malmivaara
mesh_terms: D000288:Administrative Personnel; D019985:Benchmarking / Q000379:methods*; D057186:Comparative Effectiveness Research / Q000379:methods; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D064887:Observational Studies as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*
keywords: Checklist; benchmarking controlled trial; cost-effectiveness; effectiveness; inequality; real-effectiveness medicine; validity