title: Maternal Stress and Depressive Symptoms and Infant Development at Six Months: the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health (MOCEH) Prospective Study.
abstract: Our objective is to evaluate the relationships between prenatal maternal stress and depressive symptoms, respectively, and infant neurodevelopment at 6 months, adjusted for heavy metals and oxidative stress. This research is a part of a multi-center birth cohort study in South Korea. Information on stress and depressive symptoms was collected during the first trimester using Psychosocial Well-Being Index Short Form (PWI-SF) and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The Korean Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II assessment (BSID-II), which includes the standardized mental development index (MDI) and psychomotor developmental index (PDI), and Korean Ages & Stages Questionnaires (K-ASQ) were applied to infants at six months of age. A higher index score indicates better development. Among 641 babies, 320 were female (50%). Maternal PWI ≥ 29 (vs. PWI ≤ 18) during early pregnancy was associated with a decrease in MDI scores of 5.37 points (P = 0.02) after adjusting for socioeconomic factors. Maternal CES-D ≥ 26 (vs. CES-D ≤ 10) during early pregnancy was associated with a decrease in MDI scores of 8.18 points (P = 0.01). The associations remained significant even after adjustment for lead, cadmium, and MDA levels (P < 0.05). However, no association was found between maternal PWI/CES-D and PDI score. No interaction was observed between stress and lead exposure. We found an inverse association between prenatal maternal stress and depressive symptoms, and MDI scores in 6-month-old infants after adjustment for prenatal lead exposure, which is known to affect cognitive function negatively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Eulji General Hospital, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea .
authors.forename: Soo-Young
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5254-0314
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Bhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.; Medical Research Institute, Ewha Global Challenge Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eunhee
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-4224-3858
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea .
authors.forename: Hyesook
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9359-6522
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea .
authors.forename: Mina
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1011-9446
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ha
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea .
authors.forename: Yun-Chul
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9010-7271
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea .
authors.forename: Boong-Nyun
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2403-3291
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea .
authors.forename: Soo-Jeong
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9272-6770
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea .
authors.forename: Kyung Yeon
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6821-1056
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea .
authors.forename: Ja Hyeong
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0691-1924
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea .
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-1407-9376
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea .
authors.forename: Kyoung Sook
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6897-8289
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Korea .
authors.forename: Boeun
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-9032-9656
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea .
authors.forename: Yangho
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-6462-0829
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002104:Cadmium / Q000097:blood; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000097:blood; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D008315:Malondialdehyde
keywords: Antenatal Stress; Cadmium; Cognitive Development; Depression; Lead; Malondialdehyde; Oxidation