title: Ginsenoside Rg1 protects starving H9c2 cells by dissociation of Bcl-2-Beclin1 complex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Autophagy can result in cellular adaptation, as well as cell survival or cell death. We investigated how ginsenoside Rg1(G-Rg1) regulates the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis induced by continuous starvation.
  
  
  METHODS
  H9c2 cells under continuous starvation were treated with or without ginsenoside Rg1, and autophagy and apoptosis related proteins were assessed over a continuous time course by Western blot. Dynamic fluorescence intensity of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3 was used to assess autophagosome formation by live cell imaging. Cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) -Beclin1(BECN1) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) -Bcl-2 were co-transfected into cells to observe ginsenoside Rg1 regulation of BECN1/Bcl-2 interaction using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). Immunoprecipitation was also used to assess BECN1/Bcl-2 interaction over a continuous time course.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In H9c2 cells, starvation induced both apoptosis and autophagy. Cell apoptosis was significantly attenuated in ginsenoside Rg1-treated conditions, while autophagy was promoted. Ginsenoside Rg1 weakened the interaction between Beclin1 and Bcl-2, inhibiting apoptosis while promoting autophagy. Our results suggest that autophagy is beneficial to starved cardiac cells over a period of time. Furthermore, we describe the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis during starvation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provide valuable evidence for employing ginsenoside Rg1 as a specific promoter of autophagy and inhibitor of apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Hai Dian District, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dong Cheng District, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Hai Dian District, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jincai
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Hai Dian District, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Complementary Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bensoussan
authors.affiliation: Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Hai Dian District, Beijing, China. ljxunljxun@163.com.
authors.forename: Jianxun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects; D000071186:Beclin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: C491997:BECN1 protein, human; D000071186:Beclin-1; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D036145:Ginsenosides; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; C035054:ginsenoside Rg1
keywords: Apoptosis; Autophagy; Cardiomyocytes; Dynamic relationships; Ginsenoside Rg1