title: Genotoxicity and immunotoxic effects of 1,2-dichloroethane in Wistar rats.
abstract: Dichloroethane is widely used as a solvent, degreasing agent and in a variety of commercial products, and is known for being a ubiquitous contaminant in the environment. Important sources principally include the emissions from industrial processes, improper consumption, storage, and disposal methods. In view of the fact that the mechanism of its genotoxicity has not been satisfactorily elucidated, the acute in vivo toxicological impact is assessed in Rattus norvegicus. A systematic investigation has been made involving the use of conventional methods along with molecular and flow cytometric approaches. The micronucleus and chromosomal aberration frequencies were significantly elevated in bone marrow cells exposed to three concentrations at multiple treatment durations indicating positive time- and dose-response relationships. The mitotic index significantly decreased in similar concentrations in contrast to normal control. Separate studies were performed on blood cells for comet assay. It revealed dichloroethane-induced DNA damage in all exposures readily explainable in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Recent molecular techniques were further employed using leukocytes for the cell apoptosis/cycle and mitochondrial membrane potential employing propidium iodide staining and rhodamine-123, respectively. The effect on mitochondrial membrane permeability, cell cycle phases, and the DNA damage was analyzed through flow cytometry. These indicators revealed dichloroethane treatment decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, affected the cell cycle, and confirmed the DNA damage, leading to apoptosis of the cells of the immune system responsible for immunotoxic effects of dichloroethane on rat leukocytes.
authors.affiliation: a Gene-Tox Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , UP , India.|b Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu , India.
authors.forename: Mohammad Iqbal
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Lone
authors.affiliation: a Gene-Tox Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , UP , India.
authors.forename: Nazia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nazam
authors.affiliation: b Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu , India.
authors.forename: Aashiq
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.affiliation: b Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu , India.
authors.forename: Shashank K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: b Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu , India.|c Department of Dermatology , University of Wisconsin , Madison , Wisconsin , USA.
authors.forename: Abid Hamid
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Dar
authors.affiliation: b Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine , Jammu , India.
authors.forename: Rauf Ahmad
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Najar
authors.affiliation: d Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mohammed Hussein
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Al-Qahtani
authors.affiliation: a Gene-Tox Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , UP , India.|d Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Waseem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ahmad
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D020552:Comet Assay; D004249:DNA Damage; D005025:Ethylene Dichlorides / Q000633:toxicity*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000633:toxicity*; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D005025:Ethylene Dichlorides; D015386:Hazardous Substances; C024565:ethylene dichloride
keywords: Apoptosis; comet assay; flow cytometry; genotoxicity; mitochondrial membrane potential