title: Instrument Motion Metrics for Laparoscopic Skills Assessment in Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the construct and concurrent validity of instrument motion metrics for laparoscopic skills assessment in virtual reality and augmented reality simulators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Veterinarian students (novice, n = 14) and veterinarians (experienced, n = 11) with no or variable laparoscopic experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants' minimally invasive surgery (MIS) experience was determined by hospital records of MIS procedures performed in the Teaching Hospital. Basic laparoscopic skills were assessed by 5 tasks using a physical box trainer. Each participant completed 2 tasks for assessments in each type of simulator (virtual reality: bowel handling and cutting; augmented reality: object positioning and a pericardial window model). Motion metrics such as instrument path length, angle or drift, and economy of motion of each simulator were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the motion metrics in a virtual reality simulator showed correlation with experience, or to the basic laparoscopic skills score. All metrics in augmented reality were significantly correlated with experience (time, instrument path, and economy of movement), except for the hand dominance metric. The basic laparoscopic skills score was correlated to all performance metrics in augmented reality. The augmented reality motion metrics differed between American College of Veterinary Surgeons diplomates and residents, whereas basic laparoscopic skills score and virtual reality metrics did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results provide construct validity and concurrent validity for motion analysis metrics for an augmented reality system, whereas a virtual reality system was validated only for the time score.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.
authors.forename: Boel A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fransson
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.
authors.forename: Chi-Ya
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6085-9827
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Noyes
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.
authors.forename: Claude A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ragle
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000193:education / Q000662:veterinary*; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D018634:Veterinarians; D014861:Washington