title: Age-Related Differences in Sleep Architecture and Electroencephalogram in Adolescents in the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence Sample.
abstract: To investigate age-related differences in polysomnographic and sleep electroencephalographic (EEG) measures, considering sex, pubertal stage, ethnicity, and scalp topography in a large group of adolescents in the National Consortium on Alcohol and NeuroDevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA).
  
  
  
  Following an adaptation/clinical screening night, 141 healthy adolescents (12-21 y, 64 girls) had polysomnographic recordings, from which sleep staging and EEG measures were derived. The setting was the SRI International Human Sleep Laboratory and University of Pittsburgh Pediatric Sleep Laboratory.
  
  
  
  Older age was associated with a lower percentage of N3 sleep, accompanied by higher percentages of N2, N1, and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Older boys compared with younger boys had more frequent awakenings and wakefulness after sleep onset, effects that were absent in girls. Delta (0.3-4 Hz) EEG power in nonrapid eye movement NREM sleep was lower in older than younger adolescents at all electrode sites, with steeper slopes of decline over the occipital scalp. EEG power in higher frequency bands was also lower in older adolescents than younger adolescents, with equal effects across electrodes. Percent delta power in the first NREM period was similar across age. African Americans had lower EEG power across frequency bands (delta to sigma) compared with Caucasians. Finally, replacing age with pubertal status in the models showed similar relationships.
  
  
  
  Substantial differences in sleep architecture and EEG were evident across adolescence in this large group, with sex modifying some relationships. Establishment and follow-up of this cohort allows the investigation of sleep EEG-brain structural relationships and the effect of behaviors, such as alcohol and substance use, on sleep EEG maturation.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.|Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
authors.forename: Fiona C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
authors.forename: Adrian R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Willoughby
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Zambotti
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Franzen
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
authors.forename: Devin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prouty
authors.affiliation: Division of Education, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.
authors.forename: Harold
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Javitz
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Brant
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hasler
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
authors.forename: Duncan B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.|Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Colrain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D041923:Adolescent Development / Q000502:physiology*; D000367:Age Factors; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012737:Sex Factors; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: adolescence; alcohol; delta; electroencephalogram; nonrapid eye movement sleep; sex differences; sleep cycles; slow wave activity