title: Heterogeneous effects of market integration on sub-adult body size and nutritional status among the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Market integration (MI)-increasing production for and consumption from a market-based economy-is drastically altering traditional ways of life and environmental conditions among indigenous Amazonian peoples. The effects of MI on the biology and health of Amazonian children and adolescents, however, remain unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the impact of MI on sub-adult body size and nutritional status at the population, regional and household levels among the Shuar of Amazonian Ecuador.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anthropometric data were collected between 2005-2014 from 2164 Shuar (aged 2-19 years) living in two geographic regions differing in general degree of MI. High-resolution household economic, lifestyle and dietary data were collected from a sub-sample of 631 participants. Analyses were performed to investigate relationships between body size and year of data collection, region and specific aspects of household MI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results from temporal and regional analyses suggest that MI has a significant and overall positive impact on Shuar body size and nutritional status. However, household-level results exhibit nuanced and heterogeneous specific effects of MI underlying these overarching relationships.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides novel insight into the complex socio-ecological pathways linking MI, physical growth and health among the Shuar and other indigenous Amazonian populations.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Human Evolutionary Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , MA , USA ;
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Urlacher
authors.affiliation: b Department of Anthropology , University of Oregon , Eugene , OR , USA ;
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Liebert
authors.affiliation: b Department of Anthropology , University of Oregon , Eugene , OR , USA ;
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Josh Snodgrass
authors.affiliation: c Department of Anthropology , University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , USA ;|d Broom Center for Demography, University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , USA ;|e Center for Evolutionary Psychology, University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , USA ;
authors.forename: Aaron D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.affiliation: f Department of Anthropology , University of Colorado , Colorado Springs , CO , USA ;
authors.forename: Tara J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Cepon-Robins
authors.affiliation: b Department of Anthropology , University of Oregon , Eugene , OR , USA ;
authors.forename: Theresa E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Gildner
authors.affiliation: g Department of Anthropology , Queens College , Flushing , NY , USA ;
authors.forename: Felicia C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Madimenos
authors.affiliation: h Department of Anthropology , Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA ;
authors.forename: Dorsa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Amir
authors.affiliation: h Department of Anthropology , Yale University , New Haven , CT , USA ;
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bribiescas
authors.affiliation: b Department of Anthropology , University of Oregon , Eugene , OR , USA ;|e Center for Evolutionary Psychology, University of California , Santa Barbara , CA , USA ;|i Institute of Cognitive and Decision Sciences, University of Oregon , Eugene , OR , USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Sugiyama
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000886:Anthropometry; D049628:Body Size; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004484:Ecuador; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D040541:Marketing; D009752:Nutritional Status; D044382:Population Groups; D018401:Sample Size; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Economic development; child and adolescent growth; indigenous health; nutritional transition