title: Surgical anatomy of medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy: crucial steps and pitfalls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To give an overview of the basic knowledge of the functional surgical anatomy of the proximal lower leg and the popliteal region relevant to medial high tibial osteotomy (HTO) as key anatomical structures in spatial relation to the popliteal region and the proximal tibiofibular joint are usually not directly visible and thus escape a direct inspection.
  
  
  METHODS
  The surgical anatomy of the human proximal lower leg and its relevance for HTO are illustrated with a special emphasis on the individual steps of the operation involving creation of the osteotomy planes and plate fixation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The posteriorly located popliteal neurovascular bundle, but also lateral structures such as the peroneal nerve, the head of the fibula and the lateral collateral ligament must be protected from the instruments used for osteotomy. Neither positioning the knee joint in flexion, nor the posterior thin muscle layer of the popliteal muscle offers adequate protection of the popliteal neurovascular bundle when performing the osteotomy. Tactile feedback through a loss-of-resistance when the opposite cortex is perforated is only possible when sawing and drilling is performed in a pounding fashion. Kirschner wires with a proximal thread, therefore, always need to be introduced under fluoroscopic control. Due to anatomy of the tibial head, the tibial slope may increase inadvertently.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhanced surgical knowledge of anatomical structures that are at a potential risk during the different steps of osteotomy or plate fixation will help to avoid possible injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expert opinion, Level V.
authors.affiliation: Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, University of Saarland, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany. Henning.Madry@uks.eu.|Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37-38, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany. Henning.Madry@uks.eu.|Cartilage Net of the Greater Region, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany. Henning.Madry@uks.eu.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Madry
authors.affiliation: Center of Experimental Orthopaedics and Osteoarthritis Research, University of Saarland, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.|Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 37-38, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.|Cartilage Net of the Greater Region, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goebel
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Public Research Centre for Health, Luxembourg, Medical Center Foundation Norbert Metz, 76 Rue d'Eich, 1460, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Public Research Centre for Health, Luxembourg, Medical Center Foundation Norbert Metz, 76 Rue d'Eich, 1460, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dück
authors.affiliation: Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Public Research Centre for Health, Luxembourg, Medical Center Foundation Norbert Metz, 76 Rue d'Eich, 1460, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gerich
authors.affiliation: Cartilage Net of the Greater Region, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.|Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Public Research Centre for Health, Luxembourg, Medical Center Foundation Norbert Metz, 76 Rue d'Eich, 1460, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Romain
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seil
authors.affiliation: Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Saarland University Medical School, Kirrberger Strasse 100, Building 61, 66421, Homburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tschernig
authors.affiliation: Cartilage Net of the Greater Region, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.|Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Public Research Centre for Health, Luxembourg, Medical Center Foundation Norbert Metz, 76 Rue d'Eich, 1460, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pape
mesh_terms: D000715:Anatomy; D001860:Bone Plates; D005260:Female; D005360:Fibula; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000601:surgery*; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000295:instrumentation; D013977:Tibia / Q000601:surgery*
keywords: Biplanar technique; High tibial osteotomy; Plate fixator; Popliteal neurovascular bundle