title: Neighbourhood disadvantage and smoking: Examining the role of neighbourhood-level psychosocial characteristics.
abstract: This study aims to determine if neighbourhood psychosocial characteristics contribute to inequalities in smoking among residents from neighbourhoods of differing socioeconomic disadvantage.
  
  
  
  This cross-sectional study includes 11,035 residents from 200 neighbourhoods in Brisbane, Australia in 2007. Self-reported measures were obtained for smoking and neighbourhood psychosocial characteristics (perceptions of incivilities, crime and safety, and social cohesion). Neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage was measured using a census-derived index. Data were analysed using multilevel logistic regression random intercept models.
  
  
  
  Smoking was associated with neighbourhood disadvantage; this relationship remained after adjustment for individual-level socioeconomic position. Area-level perceptions of crime and safety and social cohesion were not independently associated with smoking, and did not explain the higher prevalence of smoking in disadvantaged areas; however, perceptions of incivilities showed an independent effect.
  
  
  
  Some neighbourhood psychosocial characteristics seem to contribute to the higher rates of smoking in disadvantaged areas.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Ageing, Australian Catholic University, Australia; School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: jerome.rachele@acu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Jerome N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Rachele
authors.affiliation: School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. Electronic address: lisa.wood@uwa.edu.au.
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Ageing, Australian Catholic University, Australia; School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia. Electronic address: andrea.nathan@acu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nathan
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Electronic address: kgis4867@uni.sydney.edu.au.
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Giskes
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health and Ageing, Australian Catholic University, Australia; School of Public Health and Social Work and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: gavin.turrell@acu.edu.au.
authors.forename: Gavin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Turrell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D003415:Crime / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012449:Safety; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012931:Social Environment; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
keywords: Neighbourhood disadvantage; Psychosocial characteristics; Smoking; Social environment; Socioeconomic status