title: Modern contraceptive use among migrant and non-migrant women in Kenya.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Manifest socio-economic differences are a trigger for internal migration in many sub-Saharan settings including Kenya. An interplay of the social, political and economic factors often lead to internal migration. Internal migration potentially has significant consequences on an individual's economic growth and on access to health services, however, there has been little research on these dynamics. In Kenya, where regional differentials in population growth and poverty reduction continue to be priorities in the post MDG development agenda, understanding the relationships between contraceptive use and internal migration is highly relevant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from the 2008-09 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), we analyze data from 5,905 women aged 15-49 years who reported being sexually active in the last 12 months prior to the survey. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions are fitted to predict correlates of contraceptive use in the presence of migration streams among other explanatory variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Modern contraceptive use was significantly higher among women in all migration streams (non-migrant urban (OR = 2.8, p < 0.001), urban-urban (OR = 2.0, p < 0.001), urban-rural (OR = 2.0, p < 0.001), rural-urban (OR = 2.6, p < 0.001), rural-rural (OR = 1.7, p < 0.001), than non-migrant rural women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women who internally migrate within Kenya, whether from rural to urban or between urban centres, were more likely to use modern contraception than non-migrant rural women. This phenomenon appears to be due to selection, adaption and disruption effects which are likely to promote use of modern contraceptives. Programmatically, the differentials in modern contraceptive use by the different migration streams should be considered when designing family planning programmes among migrant and non-migrant women.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. rochako@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Rhoune
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ochako
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Askew
authors.affiliation: Population Council, P.O. Box 17643, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: Jerry
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Okal
authors.affiliation: Population Studies and Research Institute, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oucho
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
authors.forename: Marleen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Temmerman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003268:Contraception Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics; D003274:Contraceptive Devices, Female / Q000191:economics; D000069216:Contraceptive Prevalence Surveys; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D011203:Poverty / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D012423:Rural Health / Q000208:ethnology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D014504:Urban Health / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003271:Contraceptive Agents, Female
keywords: Kenya; Migration; Migration streams; Modern contraceptive use