title: Sodium in Store and Restaurant Food Environments - Guam, 2015.
abstract: Compared with the United States overall, Guam has higher mortality rates from cardiovascular disease and stroke (1). Excess sodium intake can increase blood pressure and risk for cardiovascular disease (2,3). To determine the availability and promotion of lower-sodium options in the nutrition environment, the Guam Department of Public Health and Social Services (DPHSS) conducted an assessment in September 2015 using previously validated tools adapted to include sodium measures. Stores (N = 114) and restaurants (N = 63) were randomly sampled by region (north, central, and south). Data from 100 stores and 62 restaurants were analyzed and weighted to account for the sampling design. Across the nine product types assessed, lower-sodium products were offered less frequently than regular-sodium products (p<0.001) with <50% of stores offering lower-sodium canned vegetables, tuna, salad dressing, soy sauce, and hot dogs. Lower-sodium products were also less frequently offered in small stores than large (two or more cash registers) stores. Reduced-sodium soy sauce cost more than regular soy sauce (p<0.001) in stores offering both options in the same size bottle. Few restaurants engaged in promotion practices such as posting sodium information (3%) or identifying lower-sodium entrées (1%). Improving the availability and promotion of lower-sodium foods in stores and restaurants could help support healthier eating in Guam.
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Brenna K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: VanFrank
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lundeen
authors.forename: Alyssa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uncangco
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: Sallyann M Coleman
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cogswell
mesh_terms: D003132:Commerce; D005504:Food Analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006141:Guam; D006801:Humans; D012147:Restaurants; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012982:Sodium, Dietary