title: Chondrogenesis by bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells grown in chondrocyte-conditioned medium for auricular reconstruction.
abstract: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can be obtained by minimally invasive means and would be a favourable source for cell-based cartilage regeneration. However, controlling the differentiation of the BMSCs towards the desired chondrogenic pathway has been a challenge hampering their application. The major aim of the present study was to determine if conditioned medium collected from cultured auricular chondrocytes could promote chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Auricular chondrocytes were isolated and grown in BMSC standard culture medium (SM) that was collected and used as chondrocyte-conditioned medium (CCM). The BMSCs were expanded in either CCM or SM for three passages. Cells were seeded onto fibrous collagen scaffolds and precultured for 2 weeks with or without transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-β3). After preculture, constructs were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice for 6 and 12 weeks and evaluated with real-time polymerase chain reaction, histology, immunohistochemistry and biochemistry. Real-time polymerase chain reaction results showed upregulation of COL2A1 in the constructs cultured in CCM compared with those in SM. After 12 weeks in vivo, abundant neocartilage formation was observed in the implants that had been cultured in CCM, with or without TGF-β3. In contrast, very little cartilage matrix formation was observed within the SM groups, regardless of the presence of TGF-β3. Osteogenesis was only observed in the SM group with TGF-β3. In conclusion, CCM even had a stronger influence on chondrogenesis than the supplementation of the standard culture medium with TGF-β3, without signs of endochondral ossification. Efficient chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs could provide a promising alternative cell population for auricular regeneration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Plastic Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.|Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.|School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Nathaniel S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Plastic Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bichara
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.|MIRA Institute for Biotechnology and Technical Medicine, University Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Saris
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.|Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malda
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Organ Fabrication Lab, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Vacanti
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Organ Fabrication Lab, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pomerantseva
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering and Organ Fabrication Lab, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Cathryn A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sundback
authors.affiliation: David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.|Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.|Division of Health Science Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.|Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Langer
authors.affiliation: David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.|Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.|Division of Health Science Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.|Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Plastic Surgery Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Randolph
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054644:Ear Auricle / Q000502:physiology*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D008819:Mice, Nude; D044968:Regenerative Medicine / Q000379:methods*; D012756:Sheep; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned
keywords: TGF-β3; bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells; cartilage; chondrocyte-conditioned medium; chondrogenesis