title: Reducing the Strength: a mixed methods evaluation of alcohol retailers' willingness to voluntarily reduce the availability of low cost, high strength beers and ciders in two UK local authorities.
abstract: Reducing the Strength is an increasingly popular intervention in which local authorities ask retailers to stop selling 'super-strength' beers and ciders. The intervention cannot affect alcohol availability, nor consumption, unless retailers participate. In this paper, we ask whether and why retailers choose or refuse to self-impose restrictions on alcohol sales in this way.
  
  
  
  Mixed method assessment of retailers' participation in Reducing the Strength in two London (UK) local authorities. Compliance rates and the cheapest available unit of alcohol at each store were assessed. Qualitative interviews with retailer managers and staff (n = 39) explored attitudes towards the intervention and perceptions of its impacts.
  
  
  
  Shops selling super-strength across both areas fell from 78 to 25 (18 % of all off-licences). The median price of the cheapest unit of alcohol available across all retailers increased from £0.29 to £0.33 and in shops that participated in Reducing the Strength it rose from £0.33 to £0.43. The project received a mixed response from retailers. Retailers said they participated to deter disruptive customers, reduce neighbourhood disruptions and to maintain a good relationship with the local authority. Reducing the Strength participants and non-participants expressed concern about its perceived financial impact due to customers shopping elsewhere for super-strength. Some felt that customers' ability to circumvent the intervention would limit its effectiveness and that a larger scale compulsory approach would be more effective.
  
  
  
  Reducing the Strength can achieve high rates of voluntary compliance, reduce availability of super-strength and raise the price of the cheapest available unit of alcohol in participating shops. Questions remain over the extent to which voluntary interventions of this type can achieve wider social or health goals if non-participating shops attract customers from those who participate.
authors.affiliation: Camden and Islington Public Health, 222 Upper Street, London, N1 1XR, England.
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sumpter
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Research School for Public Health Research (NIHR SPHR), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, England. elizabeth.mcgill@lshtm.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McGill
authors.affiliation: Camden and Islington Public Health, 222 Upper Street, London, N1 1XR, England.
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dickie
authors.affiliation: Camden and Islington Public Health, 222 Upper Street, London, N1 1XR, England.
authors.forename: Enes
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Champo
authors.affiliation: Camden and Islington Public Health, 222 Upper Street, London, N1 1XR, England.
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Romeri
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Health Research School for Public Health Research (NIHR SPHR), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, England.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egan
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000191:economics*; D003132:Commerce; D003659:Decision Making, Organizational; D003710:Demography; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008131:London
keywords: Alcohol; Availability; Evaluation; Local policy; Mixed methods