title: A cellular high-throughput screening approach for therapeutic trans-cleaving ribozymes and RNAi against arbitrary mRNA disease targets.
abstract: Major bottlenecks in development of therapeutic post transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) agents (e.g. ribozymes, RNA interference, antisense) include the challenge of mapping rare accessible regions of the mRNA target that are open for annealing and cleavage, testing and optimization of agents in human cells to identify lead agents, testing for cellular toxicity, and preclinical evaluation in appropriate animal models of disease. Methods for rapid and reliable cellular testing of PTGS agents are needed to identify potent lead candidates for optimization. Our goal was to develop a means of rapid assessment of many RNA agents to identify a lead candidate for a given mRNA associated with a disease state. We developed a rapid human cell-based screening platform to test efficacy of hammerhead ribozyme (hhRz) or RNA interference (RNAi) constructs, using a model retinal degeneration target, human rod opsin (RHO) mRNA. The focus is on RNA Drug Discovery for diverse retinal degeneration targets. To validate the approach, candidate hhRzs were tested against NUH↓ cleavage sites (N = G,C,A,U; H = C,A,U) within the target mRNA of secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP), a model gene expression reporter, based upon in silico predictions of mRNA accessibility. HhRzs were embedded in a larger stable adenoviral VAI RNA scaffold for high cellular expression, cytoplasmic trafficking, and stability. Most hhRz expression plasmids exerted statistically significant knockdown of extracellular SEAP enzyme activity when readily assayed by a fluorescence enzyme assay intended for high throughput screening (HTS). Kinetics of PTGS knockdown of cellular targets is measureable in live cells with the SEAP reporter. The validated SEAP HTS platform was transposed to identify lead PTGS agents against a model hereditary retinal degeneration target, RHO mRNA. Two approaches were used to physically fuse the model retinal gene target mRNA to the SEAP reporter mRNA. The most expedient way to evaluate a large set of potential VAI-hhRz expression plasmids against diverse NUH↓ cleavage sites uses cultured human HEK293S cells stably expressing a dicistronic Target-IRES-SEAP target fusion mRNA. Broad utility of this rational RNA drug discovery approach is feasible for any ophthalmological disease-relevant mRNA targets and any disease mRNA targets in general. The approach will permit rank ordering of PTGS agents based on potency to identify a lead therapeutic compound for further optimization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, University at Buffalo- SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA; Department of Ophthalmology (Ira G. Ross Eye Institute), University at Buffalo- SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA.
authors.forename: Edwin H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Yau
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology (Ira G. Ross Eye Institute), University at Buffalo- SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA.
authors.forename: Mark C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.affiliation: Research Service, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Ophthalmology (Ira G. Ross Eye Institute), University at Buffalo- SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA; Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, University at Buffalo- SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA; Department of Physiology/Biophysics, University at Buffalo- SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA; Neuroscience Program, University at Buffalo- SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA; SUNY Eye Institute, University at Albany- SUNY, USA; RNA Institute, University at Albany- SUNY, USA. Electronic address: js354@buffalo.edu.
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sullivan
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques / Q000379:methods; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D016337:RNA, Catalytic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics*; D000067492:RNAi Therapeutics / Q000379:methods*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016337:RNA, Catalytic; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C427204:hammerhead ribozyme
keywords: Autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa; DNAzyme; Gene therapy; Hammerhead ribozyme; Hereditary retinal degenerations; High throughput screening; RNA drug discovery; RNAi; shRNA; siRNA