title: Prospective study of pregnancy and newborn outcomes in mothers with West nile illness during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A previous case report of West Nile virus (WNV) illness during pregnancy suggested that WNV could be a cause of congenital defects. We performed a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of pregnant women with WNV illness to increase our knowledge of the effects of WNV illness during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were enrolled in 2005 to 2008 from pregnant women with serologically confirmed WNV illness reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Comparison was made to WNV-uninfected women, matched on maternal age and enrollment month. Pregnancy and newborn data were collected; cord blood WNV serology was obtained. Pediatric exams and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition (Bayley-III) were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight WNV-infected mothers and 25 WNV-uninfected mothers participated. Maternal demographics were similar except for a higher rate of planned pregnancies, education, and household income in the WNV-uninfected mothers. There were no differences in pregnancy and delivery characteristics except that infected mothers had a higher incidence of febrile illnesses and used more medications. Birth weight, length, head circumference, and rate of congenital malformations were similar in babies born to WNV-infected and -uninfected mothers. Follow-up physical exams were generally normal. The Bayley-III assessments, available for 17 children born to mothers with WNV illness, showed performance at or above age level across domains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The risk for adverse pregnancy and newborn outcomes in women experiencing WNV illness in pregnancy appears to be low, but future studies with larger numbers are needed to rule out a small risk. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:716-723, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pridjian
authors.affiliation: Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Sirois
authors.affiliation: Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McRae
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado.
authors.forename: Alison F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Hinckley
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
authors.forename: Sonja A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.affiliation: Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kissinger
authors.affiliation: Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Buekens
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado.
authors.forename: Edward B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Leary
authors.affiliation: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado.
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuhn
authors.affiliation: Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Kenneth F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Swan
authors.affiliation: Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Wesson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000821:virology
keywords: West Nile virus; infant development; perinatal infection; pregnancy