title: Detection of atherosclerotic plaques in ApoE-deficient mice using (99m)Tc-duramycin.
abstract: Apoptosis of macrophages and smooth muscle cells is linked to atherosclerotic plaque destabilization. The apoptotic cascade leads to exposure of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, thereby making apoptosis detectable using probes targeting PE. The objective of this study was to exploit capabilities of a PE-specific imaging probe, (99m)Tc-duramycin, in localizing atherosclerotic plaque and assessing plaque evolution in apolipoprotein-E knockout (ApoE(-/-)) mice.
  
  
  
  Atherosclerosis was induced in ApoE(-/-) mice by feeding an atherogenic diet. (99m)Tc-duramycin images were acquired using a small-animal SPECT imager. Six ApoE(-/-) mice at 20weeks of age (Group I) were imaged and then sacrificed for ex vivo analyses. Six additional ApoE(-/-) mice (Group II) were imaged at 20 and 40weeks of age before sacrifice. Six ApoE wild-type (ApoE(+/+)) mice (Group III) were imaged at 40weeks as controls. Five additional ApoE(-/-) mice (40weeks of age) (Group IV) were imaged with a (99m)Tc-labeled inactive peptide, (99m)Tc-LinDUR, to assess (99m)Tc-duramycin targeting specificity.
  
  
  
  Focal (99m)Tc-duramycin uptake in the ascending aorta and aortic arch was detected at 20 and 40weeks in the ApoE(-/-) mice but not in ApoE(+/+) mice. (99m)Tc-duramycin uptake in the aortic lesions increased 2.2-fold on quantitative imaging in the ApoE(-/-) mice between 20 and 40weeks. Autoradiographic and histological data indicated significantly increased (99m)Tc-duramycin uptake in the ascending aorta and aortic arch associated with advanced plaques. Quantitative autoradiography showed that the ratio of activity in the aortic arch to descending thoracic aorta, which had no plaques or radioactive uptake, was 2.1 times higher at 40weeks than at 20weeks (6.62±0.89 vs. 3.18±0.29, P<0.01). There was barely detectable focal uptake of (99m)Tc-duramycin in the aortic arch of ApoE(+/+) mice. No detectable (99m)Tc-LinDUR uptake was observed in the aortas of ApoE(-/-) mice.
  
  
  
  PE-targeting properties of (99m)Tc-duramycin in the atherosclerotic mouse aortas were noninvasively characterized. (99m)Tc-duramycin is promising in localizing advanced atherosclerotic plaques.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Electronic address: zliu@email.arizona.edu.
authors.forename: Zhonglin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Lilach O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Lerman
authors.affiliation: Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc, West Chester, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Christy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Ahmad F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Hedayat
authors.affiliation: Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Lars R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Furenlid
authors.affiliation: Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc, West Chester, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Koon Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Woolfenden
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000378:metabolism; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency*; D001430:Bacteriocins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001692:Biological Transport; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D013667:Technetium / Q000737:chemistry*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D001430:Bacteriocins; D010455:Peptides; C040522:duramycin; D013667:Technetium
keywords: Atherosclerosis; Duramycin; Phosphatidylethanolamine; SPECT