title: Evaluation of biomarkers for ulcerative colitis comparing two sampling methods: fecal markers reflect colorectal inflammation both macroscopically and on a cellular level.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Simple, objective and inexpensive tools for the assessment of mucosal inflammation in ulcerative colitis (UC) are highly desirable. The aim of this study was to evaluate a broad spectrum of activity markers comparing two sampling methods: fecal samples and the mucosal patch technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients with active UC and 14 healthy controls were characterized by means of clinical indices and endoscopy together with histology and immunohistochemistry on colorectal sections. Neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO), calprotectin, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil protein X (EPX/EDN) and IL-1β were analyzed in fecal samples and rectal fluid collected by the patch technique. Nitric oxide (NO) was analyzed in rectal gas samples. Expression of activity markers on colorectal neutrophils and eosinophils were analyzed by flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All fecal and patch markers were increased in UC patients compared with healthy controls. Fecal markers and the level of neutrophil activation correlated to disease activity, whereas patch markers did not. The best markers in terms of discriminative power were fecal MPO and IL-1β. Fecal marker levels were related to sigmoidal histology scores and to neutrophil number and activation. Patch markers were related to rectal inflammation only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The levels of inflammation markers in feces and patch fluid distinctly reflected active inflammation in UC. The degree of disease activity was however best assessed by fecal markers, particularly MPO and IL-1β. Fecal markers reflect colorectal inflammation both macroscopically and on a cellular level, and may be useful for the evaluation of subclinical inflammation. The applicability of patch markers is restricted to rectal inflammation.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Medical Sciences , Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital , Uppsala , Sweden ;
authors.forename: Christer G B
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medical Sciences , Gastroenterology Research Group, University Hospital , Uppsala , Sweden ;
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lampinen
authors.affiliation: c Department of Women's and Children's Health , University Hospital , Uppsala , Sweden ;
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hansson
authors.affiliation: d Department of Medical Sciences , Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital , Uppsala , Sweden.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lidén
authors.affiliation: d Department of Medical Sciences , Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital , Uppsala , Sweden.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hällgren
authors.affiliation: b Department of Medical Sciences , Gastroenterology Research Group, University Hospital , Uppsala , Sweden ;
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carlson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003113:Colonoscopy; D047150:Eosinophil Cationic Protein / Q000032:analysis; D047208:Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin; D005243:Feces / Q000166:cytology; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007249:Inflammation; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009092:Mucous Membrane; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D039841:Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; D009195:Peroxidase; D047208:Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin; D047150:Eosinophil Cationic Protein
keywords: Eosinophil; fecal markers; inflammatory bowel disease; mucosal patch technique; neutrophil