title: Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids from Echium vulgare in Honey Originate Primarily from Floral Nectar.
abstract: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in honey can be a potential human health risk. So far, it has remained unclear whether PAs in honey originate from pollen or floral nectar. We obtained honey, nectar, and plant pollen from two observation sites where Echium vulgare L. was naturally abundant. The PA concentration of honey was determined by targeted analysis using a high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system (HPLC-MS/MS), allowing the quantification of six different PAs and PA-N-oxides present in E. vulgare. Echium-type PAs were detected up to 0.153 μg/g in honey. Nectar and plant pollen were analyzed by nontargeted analysis using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-MS), allowing the detection of 10 alkaloids in small size samples. Echium-type PAs were detected between 0.3-95.1 μg/g in nectar and 500-35000 μg/g in plant pollen. The PA composition in nectar and plant pollen was compared to the composition in honey. Echimidine (+N-oxide) was the main alkaloid detected in honey and nectar samples, while echivulgarine (+N-oxide) was the main PA found in plant pollen. These results suggest that nectar contributes more significantly to PA contamination in honey than plant pollen.
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.|Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel , Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Matteo A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lucchetti
authors.affiliation: Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel , Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Gaetan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Glauser
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Verena
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kilchenmann
authors.affiliation: Quality Services International GmbH (QSI), Flughafendamm 9a, 28199 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dübecke
authors.affiliation: Quality Services International GmbH (QSI), Flughafendamm 9a, 28199 Bremen, Germany.
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Beckh
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology (FARCE), University of Neuchâtel , Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Praz
authors.affiliation: Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kast
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D036661:Echium / Q000737:chemistry*; D035264:Flowers / Q000737:chemistry*; D006722:Honey / Q000032:analysis*; D057048:Plant Nectar / Q000737:chemistry*; D011058:Pollen / Q000737:chemistry; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids / Q000032:analysis*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D057048:Plant Nectar; D011763:Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids
keywords: Echium vulgare; high pressure liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS); honey; nectar; plant pollen; pyrrolizidine alkaloids; ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography−high resolution-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-MS)