title: Reduction in post-operative acute kidney injury following a change in antibiotic prophylaxis policy for orthopaedic surgery: an observational study.
abstract: Evidence has shown that a prophylactic antibiotic regimen of flucloxacillin and gentamicin for orthopaedic surgery was associated with increased rates of post-operative acute kidney injury (AKI). This resulted in changes in the national antibiotic policy recommendation for orthopaedic surgical prophylaxis. This study aimed to assess whether this change from flucloxacillin and gentamicin to co-amoxiclav was associated with changes in the rates of AKI and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).
  
  
  
  An observational study and interrupted time series analyses were used to assess rates of post-operative AKI separately in patients undergoing neck of femur (NOF) repair and other orthopaedic operations that required antibiotic prophylaxis. Incidence rate ratios were used to evaluate changes in CDI rates.
  
  
  
  Following the change in policy, from flucloxacillin and gentamicin to co-amoxiclav, there was a relative change in rates of post-operative AKI of -63% (95% CI -77% to -49%) at 18 months in the other orthopaedic operations group. In the NOF repair group, there was no change in the rate of post-operative AKI [-10% (95% CI -35%-15%)] at 18 months. The incident rate ratio for CDI in the other orthopaedic operations group was 0.29 (95% CI 0.09-0.96) and in the NOF repair group was 0.76 (95% CI 0.28-2.08).
  
  
  
  The use of co-amoxiclav for antibiotic prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery was associated with a decreased rate of post-operative AKI compared with flucloxacillin and gentamicin and was not associated with increased rates of CDI.
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.affiliation: Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD2 4BF, Scotland.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.affiliation: Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group, Scottish Medicines Consortium, Glasgow G1 2NP, Scotland.
authors.forename: Gwen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bayne
authors.affiliation: Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD2 4BF, Scotland.
authors.forename: Charis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marwick
authors.affiliation: Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group, Scottish Medicines Consortium, Glasgow G1 2NP, Scotland.
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sneddon
authors.affiliation: Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD2 4BF, Scotland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.affiliation: Scottish Antimicrobial Prescribing Group, Scottish Medicines Consortium, Glasgow G1 2NP, Scotland.
authors.forename: Dilip
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nathwani
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland samira.bell@nhs.net.
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005436:Floxacillin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006291:Health Policy; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D065186:Interrupted Time Series Analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016134:Organizational Policy; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D005436:Floxacillin; D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination