title: Clinical analysis of moderate-to-deep-sedation by nonmedical sedation practitioners in 597 patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy: a retrospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether moderate-to-deep sedation with propofol and alfentanil can be administered safely by nonmedical sedation practitioners, and the outcomes of this practice in the Netherlands. We retrospectively analyzed the occurrence of sedation-related complications in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study, 597 adult patients consecutively underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures. The health status of the patients was screened according to a standardized protocol, and the patients were sedated by trained nonmedical sedation practitioners. Their vital signs were continuously monitored and recorded. All patients received oxygen, and the depth of sedation was continuously assessed and recorded. Mild and severe complications were recorded and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients recovered uneventfully, and no mortality occurred. Overall, of the 597 sedated patients, 85 had mild and 4 had severe complications. Hypoxemia and upper airway obstruction, which were easily managed by trained nonmedical sedation practitioners, were the most common events. Hypotension was rare. No signs or symptoms suggestive of aspiration were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Moderate-to-deep sedation has been and continues to be a risky medical procedure. Serious complications of propofol/opioid-based sedation, especially respiratory and cardiovascular adverse events, may occur. These complications need to be recognized rapidly and appropriately managed. Our study shows that well-trained nonmedical sedation practitioners can be entrusted to take responsibility for the safe administration of moderate-to-deep sedation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Hermanus
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vaessen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bruens
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Knape