title: Sex differences in mortality among patients admitted with affective disorders in North Norway: a 33-year prospective register study.
abstract: Previous studies from North Norway showed significantly increased mortality in patients with schizophrenia and personality disorder. The aim of the present study was to investigate total and cause-specific mortality in inpatients with affective disorder in a 33-year follow-up cohort, with a specific focus on sex differences.
  
  
  
  Based on a hospital case register covering all admissions to psychiatric hospital in the two northernmost counties in Norway from 1980 to 2012, 790 men and 866 women with major depressive disorder and 331 men and 514 women with bipolar disorder were included. The cohort was linked to the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. The relative mortality in men compared to women was tested using Cox regression with attained age as the time variable. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of the patients when compared to the general population in Norway was calculated.
  
  
  
  Patients with affective disorders had twice the mortality of the general Norwegian population [SMR = 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9-2.3]. For major depressive disorder, the SMR for total mortality was higher among men (2.6, 95% CI: 2.2-3.0) than women (1.8, 95% CI: 1.5-2.1). For bipolar disorder, no difference was seen between men and women. The SMR for suicide among women showed an increasing trend throughout the period 1980-1990: 20.0 (95% CI: 10.4-38.4); 1991-2001: 27.0 (95% CI: 15.7-46.2); 2002-2012: 40.4 (95% CI: 23.0-71.2).
  
  
  
  The substantially increased mortality in patients with affective disorders in Norway has been persistent over a period of 33 years, despite extensive reforms in psychiatric health care. Indications of increasing SMR for suicide in women call for further research.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital of North, Tromsø, Norway.|Centre of Clinical Documentation and Evaluation, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Høye
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Environment, and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.|Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ragnar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nesvåg
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Environment, and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reichborn-Kjennerud
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: Bjarne K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013405:Suicide / Q000639:trends
keywords: affective disorders; mortality; sex differences