title: The High Prevalence of the Varicella Zoster Virus in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: A Case-Control Study in the North of Iran.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common neurological autoimmune disease, characterized by multifocal areas of inflammatory demyelination within the central nervous system. It has been hypothesized that the stimulation of the immune system by viral infections is the leading cause of MS among susceptible individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the varicella zoster virus (VZV) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from MS patients (n = 82) and controls (n = 89) were screened for the presence of anti-VZV antibodies and VZV DNA by the ELISA and PCR methods. DNA was extracted from all samples, and VZV infection was examined by the PCR technique. Statistical analysis was used to investigate the frequency of the virus in MS patients and a healthy control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of all the MS patients, 78 (95.1%) and 21 (25.6%) were positive for anti-VZV and VZV DNA, respectively. Statistical analysis of the PCR results showed a significant correlation between the abundance of VZV and MS disease (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between the abundance of anti-VZV antibodies and MS disease by the ELISA method.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the hypothesis that VZV may contribute to MS in establishing a systemic infection process and inducing an immune response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Saeideh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Najafi
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Masood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghane
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IR Iran.
authors.forename: Shahrokh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yousefzadeh-Chabok
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Canada.
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amiri
keywords: Multiple Sclerosis; Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis; Varicella Zoster Virus