title: Effect of feeding mixed microbial culture fortified with trace minerals on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen and trace mineral balance in Sheep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of feeding trace mineralsfortified mixed microbial culture (TMC) on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, blood electrolyte status, nitrogen balance, and trace mineral balance in sheep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mixed microbes [0.6 % (v/w) of Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Saccharomyces sp.] were cultured with 99 % feedstuffs and 0.4 % trace minerals including zinc and copper for ensiling. Six sheep (a mean body weight of 46.5 ± 1.2 kg) were fed two diets: a control diet (concentrate mix and rye straw) and an experimental diet (a control diet + 3.1 % TMC).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TMC feeding did not induce negative effects on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, blood electrolytes, and nitrogen balance in sheep. Feeding with TMC increased the intake of trace minerals (p < 0.05) and did not affect absorption of trace minerals in the whole digestive tract. Feeding with TMC increased fecal excretion and absorbable intake, and retention of zinc and copper (p < 0.05) by 71 % and 77 %, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Feeding with TMC resulted in higher zinc and copper bioavailability and retention without any adverse effects on sheep performance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Biosciences, College of Health and Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju, Chung-Buk 380-701 Korea.
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Kwak
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Biosciences, College of Health and Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju, Chung-Buk 380-701 Korea.
authors.forename: Y I
authors.initials: YI
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Biosciences, College of Health and Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju, Chung-Buk 380-701 Korea.
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Division of Food Biosciences, College of Health and Medical Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju, Chung-Buk 380-701 Korea.
authors.forename: Y H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lee
keywords: Absorption; Excretion; Microbial culture; Retention; Sheep; Trace mineral