title: Innovations in interventional pain management of chronic spinal pain.
abstract: Interventional pain management dates back to 1901, with significant innovations, which include the definition, literature synthesis, pathophysiology, and technical interventions.
  
  
  
  Interventional pain management and interventional techniques include neural blockade, neural ablative procedures, spinal cord and peripheral nerve stimulation, intrathecal drug delivery systems, minimally invasive lumbar decompression (MILD®), percutaneous endoscopic spinal decompression, and regenerative medicine. In addition, advances are also related to the evidence synthesis of comparative effectiveness research. Expert commentary: Multiple innovations in interventional pain management and potential innovations may reduce costs and improve care and outcomes with proper evidence synthesis and application of principles of evidence-based medicine. Innovations in interventional pain management in managing chronic spinal pain depend on extensive research and appropriate evidence synthesis. Innovations should be developed in conjunction with health care policy based on principles of evidence-based medicine.
authors.affiliation: a Pain Management Center of Paducah , Paducah , KY , USA.|b Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA.
authors.forename: Laxmaiah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manchikanti
authors.affiliation: b Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA.
authors.forename: Mark V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Boswell
authors.affiliation: c NeuroInterventional Services and Neuroendovascular Program , Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA.
authors.forename: Joshua A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hirsch
mesh_terms: D059350:Chronic Pain; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D059408:Pain Management / Q000379:methods; D012106:Research; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000503:physiopathology
keywords: Neural blockade; endoscopic spinal decompression; epidural injections; evidence synthesis; methodological quality assessment; minimally invasive lumbar decompression; regenerative medicine; spinal cord stimulation