title: Electronic Cigarette Marketing Online: a Multi-Site, Multi-Product Comparison.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Electronic cigarette awareness and use has been increasing rapidly. E-cigarette brands have utilized social networking sites to promote their products, as the growth of the e-cigarette industry has paralleled that of Web 2.0. These online platforms are cost-effective and have unique technological features and user demographics that can be attractive for selective marketing. The popularity of multiple sites also poses a risk of exposure to social networks where e-cigarette brands might not have a presence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the marketing strategies of leading e-cigarette brands on multiple social networking sites, and to identify how affordances of the digital media are used to their advantage. Secondary analyses include determining if any brands are benefitting from site demographics, and exploring cross-site diffusion of marketing content through multi-site users.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected data from two e-cigarette brands from four social networking sites over approximately 2.5 years. Content analysis is used to search for themes, population targeting, marketing strategies, and cross-site spread of messages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twitter appeared to be the most frequently used social networking site for interacting directly with product users. Facebook supported informational broadcasts, such as announcements regarding political legislation. E-cigarette brands also differed in their approaches to their users, from informal conversations to direct product marketing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  E-cigarette makers use different strategies to market their product and engage their users. There was no evidence of direct targeting of vulnerable populations, but the affordances of the different sites are exploited to best broadcast context-specific messages. We developed a viable method to study cross-site diffusion, although additional refinement is needed to account for how different types of digital media are used.
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Department of Preventive Medicine Los Angeles, CA United States.
authors.forename: Kar-Hai
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-2486-8846
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Department of Preventive Medicine Los Angeles, CA United States.
authors.forename: Anupreet K
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8943-2226
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sidhu
authors.affiliation: University of Southern California Department of Preventive Medicine Los Angeles, CA United States.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-8824-5816
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Valente
keywords: content analysis; electronic cigarettes; marketing; social networking sites