title: Primary Care-Based Interventions to Promote Positive Parenting Behaviors: A Meta-analysis.
abstract: Utilization of primary care settings offers a promising approach to enhance parenting practices that are critical for promoting early childhood development. Determining the impact of existing primary care interventions on key parenting behaviors will aid providers and policy makers as they seek strategies to improve early child outcomes.
  
  
  
  To evaluate the efficacy of primary care-based interventions on parenting practices that promote early child development among children younger than 36 months.
  
  
  
  PubMed, Excerpta Medica dataBASE, PsycINFO, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases were searched electronically.
  
  
  
  English-language articles that were quasi-randomized or randomized controlled trials, included parents of children <36 months of age, and reported outcomes related to parenting behaviors that promote early child development.
  
  
  
  Two reviewers independently extracted data regarding participants, interventions, and outcomes. Quantitative meta-analyses were conducted with random effects for study and fitted with restricted maximum likelihood methods.
  
  
  
  The review included 13 studies reporting parenting outcomes in 2 categories: participation in cognitively stimulating activities and positive parent-child interactions. We found a statistically significant positive effect of primary care-delivered interventions and parent-child interactions (summary standardized mean difference 0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06-0.52, P < .0001) and participation in cognitively stimulating activities (summary standardized mean difference 0.34, 95% CI 0.03-0.54; summary odds ratio 0.13, 95% CI 0.01-0.25, P < .0001).
  
  
  
  Limitations included heterogeneity in measures used, outcomes, and timing of assessments.
  
  
  
  Primary care-based interventions modestly affect positive parenting behaviors important for early childhood development. Randomized controlled trials with comparable outcome measures using standardized assessments are needed to assess further beneficial impacts.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics and reshmamd@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Reshma
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.affiliation: Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.affiliation: The Library of the Health Sciences-Chicago, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois;
authors.forename: Maureen D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.affiliation: Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Sarah C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.affiliation: Departments of Pediatrics and Medical Education, College of Medicine, and.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000488:Allied Health Personnel; D002657:Child Development; D002668:Child Rearing; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D000072143:Pediatricians; D011320:Primary Health Care