title: Functional Genomic Analysis of the Impact of Camelina (Camelina sativa) Meal on Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Distal Intestine Gene Expression and Physiology.
abstract: The inclusion of plant meals in diets of farmed Atlantic salmon can elicit inflammatory responses in the distal intestine (DI). For the present work, fish were fed a standard fish meal (FM) diet or a diet with partial replacement of FM with solvent-extracted camelina meal (CM) (8, 16, or 24 % CM inclusion) during a 16-week feeding trial. A significant decrease in growth performance was seen in fish fed all CM inclusion diets (Hixson et al. in Aquacult Nutr 22:615-630, 2016). A 4x44K oligonucleotide microarray experiment was carried out and significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) and rank products (RP) methods were used to identify differentially expressed genes between the DIs of fish fed the 24 % CM diet and those fed the FM diet. Twelve features representing six known transcripts and two unknowns were identified as CM responsive by both SAM and RP. The six known transcripts (including thioredoxin and ependymin), in addition to tgfb, mmp13, and GILT, were studied using qPCR with RNA templates from all four experimental diet groups. All six microarray-identified genes were confirmed to be CM responsive, as was tgfb and mmp13. Histopathological analyses identified signs of inflammation in the DI of salmon fed CM-containing diets, including lamina propria and sub-epithelial mucosa thickening, infiltration of eosinophilic granule cells, increased goblet cells and decreased enterocyte vacuolization. All of these were significantly altered in 24 % CM compared to all other diets, with the latter two also altered in 16 % CM compared with 8 % CM and control diet groups. Significant correlation was seen between histological parameters as well as between five of the qPCR analyzed genes and histological parameters. These molecular biomarkers of inflammation arising from long-term dietary CM exposure will be useful in the development of CM-containing diets that do not have deleterious effects on salmon growth or physiology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
authors.forename: Tyler D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
authors.forename: Tiago S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
authors.forename: Xi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada, B2N 5E3.
authors.forename: Chang Lin
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada, B2N 5E3.
authors.forename: Derek M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.affiliation: Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1 Marine Lab Road, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada. mrise@mun.ca.
authors.forename: Matthew L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Rise
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D019607:Brassicaceae / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000737:chemistry; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects; D029941:Fish Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D063990:Gene Ontology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D007422:Intestines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D050862:Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D020317:Salmo salar / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D029941:Fish Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C031632:ependymins; D013879:Thioredoxins; D050862:Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13
keywords: Atlantic salmon; Camelina meal; Distal intestine; Functional genomics; Inflammation