title: Evaluation of Alternative Killing Agents for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Gravid Aedes Trap (GAT).
abstract: The Gravid Aedes Trap (GAT) uses visual and olfactory cues to attract gravid Aedes aegypti (L.) that are then captured when knocked down by a residual pyrethroid surface spray. However, the use of surface sprays can be compromised by poor availability of the spray and pesticide resistance in the target mosquito. We investigated several "alternative" insecticide and insecticide-free killing agents for use in the GAT. This included long-lasting insecticide-impregnated nets (LLINs), vapor-active synthetic pyrethroids (metofluthrin), canola oil, and two types of dry adhesive sticky card. During bench top assays LLINs, metofluthrin, and dry sticky cards had 24-h knockdown (KD) percentages >80% (91.2 ± 7.2%, 84.2 ± 6.8%, and 83.4 ± 6.1%, respectively), whereas the 24-h KD for canola oil was 70 ± 7.7%, which improved to 90.0 ± 3.7% over 48 h. Importantly, there were no significant differences in the number of Ae. aegypti collected per week or the number of traps positive for Ae. aegypti between the sticky card and canola oil treatments compared with the surface spray and LLIN treatments in semifield and field trials. These results demonstrate that the use of inexpensive and widely available insecticide-free agents such as those described in this study are effective alternatives to pyrethroids in regions with insecticide-resistant populations. The use of such environmentally friendly insecticide-free alternatives will also be attractive in areas where there is substantial resistance to insecticide use due to environmental and public health concerns.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ecologia Química de Insetos Vetores (LabEQ), Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil (pequeninissima@gmail.com; alvaro.eiras@gmail.com; brunaoliveira1601@gmail.com; richardcbdiogo@outlook.com).|College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia (brian.johnson@jcu.edu.au; kara.fikrig@yale.edu; michael.townsend@jcu.edu.au; scott.ritchie@jcu.edu.au).
authors.forename: Laila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Heringer
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia (brian.johnson@jcu.edu.au; kara.fikrig@yale.edu; michael.townsend@jcu.edu.au; scott.ritchie@jcu.edu.au).|Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870 Australia.
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia (brian.johnson@jcu.edu.au; kara.fikrig@yale.edu; michael.townsend@jcu.edu.au; scott.ritchie@jcu.edu.au).|Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, 60 College St., P.O. Box 208034, New Haven, CT 06520.
authors.forename: Kara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fikrig
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ecologia Química de Insetos Vetores (LabEQ), Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil (pequeninissima@gmail.com; alvaro.eiras@gmail.com; brunaoliveira1601@gmail.com; richardcbdiogo@outlook.com).
authors.forename: Bruna A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ecologia Química de Insetos Vetores (LabEQ), Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil (pequeninissima@gmail.com; alvaro.eiras@gmail.com; brunaoliveira1601@gmail.com; richardcbdiogo@outlook.com).
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia (brian.johnson@jcu.edu.au; kara.fikrig@yale.edu; michael.townsend@jcu.edu.au; scott.ritchie@jcu.edu.au).|Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870 Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.affiliation: Entomology and Ecology Activity, Dengue Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,1324 Calle Cañada, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00920 (amz9@cdc.gov).
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Barrera
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Ecologia Química de Insetos Vetores (LabEQ), Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil (pequeninissima@gmail.com; alvaro.eiras@gmail.com; brunaoliveira1601@gmail.com; richardcbdiogo@outlook.com).
authors.forename: Álvaro E
authors.initials: ÁE
authors.lastname: Eiras
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia (brian.johnson@jcu.edu.au; kara.fikrig@yale.edu; michael.townsend@jcu.edu.au; scott.ritchie@jcu.edu.au) scott.ritchie@jcu.edu.au.|Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870 Australia.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ritchie
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides
keywords: Aedes aegypti; Zika; dengue; entomological surveillance; mosquito trap