title: Investigation of the potential immunomodulatory effects of resveratrol on equine whole blood: An in vitro investigation.
abstract: Horses affected with gastrointestinal conditions such as colic or colitis are at substantial risk for translocation of bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) from the gastrointestinal tract into circulation resulting in systemic inflammation and subsequent morbidity and mortality. Therefore, there is a need for effective preventive and treatment strategies aimed at minimizing the host's inflammatory reaction to these pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from gastrointestinal disease. Resveratrol (RES, trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) is a phytoalexin commonly found in fruits and beverages, including red wine. Health benefits associated with the consumption of red wine have been attributed to RES. Resveratrol has been significantly shown to exert a powerful anti-inflammatory effect in laboratory animals subjected to experimental endotoxemia/sepsis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine in vitro whether RES had an inhibitory effect on the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in cultivated whole blood (Cwb) following stimulation by PAMPs. We hypothesized that RES would inhibit TNF production in Cwb following stimulation by LPS or lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Production of TNF bioactivity in Cwb was measured in the presence of phosphate buffered saline (control), ethanol (solvent control), dexamethasone (anti-inflammatory control), LPS, LTA, and three different concentrations of RES. Both LPS and LTA stimulated TNF production, and addition of dexamethasone was inhibitory to this effect. An anti-inflammatory effect for RES was not demonstrated under the current experimental conditions. Further studies are required to characterize the effect of RES on the equine innate immune system during systemic inflammation.
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA. Electronic address: martinlyn@missouri.edu.
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Juliana R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Amorim
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 100 8th Avenue Southeast, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
authors.forename: Allison R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Honaker
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: Amy E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: DeClue
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006736:Horses / Q000097:blood*; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000187:drug effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000662:veterinary; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077185:Resveratrol; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000094162:Phytoalexins
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; D013267:Stilbenes; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C009900:lipoteichoic acid; D000077185:Resveratrol; D000094162:Phytoalexins
keywords: Cytokine; Equine; Gastrointestinal disease; Inflammation; Resveratrol; Sepsis