title: [The incidence, clinical characteristics and risk factors of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention in south China].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence, clinical characteristics and risk factors of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who were administrated with aspirin and clopidogrel dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  ACS patients who had undergone PCI in the cardiovascular institute of Guangdong General Hospital from September 2009 to August 2014 were retrospectively enrolled.The incidence of UGIB and clinical characteristics of ACS patients on dual antiplatelet therapy for 1 year after PCI were analyzed.Risk factors of UGIB were screened in the cohort of patients and sex and age matched controls with ratio 1∶3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 9 118 ACS patients had undergone PCI and UGIB occurred in 189 patients (2.07%, 189/9 118) from September 2009 to August 2014. UGIB patients with history over one year, gastrointestinal tumors or varices or negative endoscopy were excluded.Thus the revised incidence of UGIB occurred was 0.61% in 56 patients (0.61%, 56/9 118) and appeared to decline year by year.Most patients (91.07%, 51/56) had melena or stool occult blood positive (OB+ ), while others had bloody stool or haematemesis.Most UGIB were ulcer-related which was proved by endoscopy, accounting for 67.86% (38/56). There were 24 cases with duodenal ulcer, 13 with gastric ulcer and 1 with complex ulcer, while others were gastric erosion, gastritis and duodenitis.The risk factors of UGIB were previous history of peptic ulcer (P<0.01) and renal impairment (P<0.01). On the other side, PPI intake was a protective factor (P<0.05). The incidence of new-onset ACS was 1.44% (50/3 464) in PPI group, compared with 1.34% (76/5 654) in no PPI group (P>0.05). PPI use for the prevention of UGIB after PCI didn't increase the recurrence of ACS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of UGIB is 0.61% in ACS patients on dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel) for 1 year after PCI and falls year by year.Administration of PPI after PCI protects patients from UGIB, especially in those with precious history of peptic ulcer and renal impairment.
authors.forename: Z F
authors.initials: ZF
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: W H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Sha
authors.forename: G Y
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Guangzhou 510080, China.
authors.forename: Q Y
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D010437:Peptic Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D062645:Percutaneous Coronary Intervention / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D041742:Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin