title: Inhibition of Osteoclast Differentiation and Bone Resorption by Bisphosphonate-conjugated Gold Nanoparticles.
abstract: In recent years, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been reported to affect the regeneration of bone tissue. The goal of this study was to improve bone tissue regeneration by using targeted GNPs. We fabricated a functionalized GNPs conjugated with alendronate (ALD), of the bisphosphonate group. Subsequently, the ALD, GNPs, and ALD conjugated GNPs (GNPs-ALD) were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible absorbance (UV-vis) spectrophotometer, Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (ATR-FTIR), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The prepared GNPs-ALD were used to investigate their inhibitory effects on the receptor activator of nuclear factor- κb ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). Additionally, the GNPs-ALD were applied to ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporotic mice and the experiments were evaluated. ALD was found to be successfully conjugated to the GNPs surface, and it displayed significant adhesion onto the bone surface. The in-vitro study indicated that the GNPs, ALD and GNPs-ALD suppressed osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, in the OVX mouse model, the mice treated GNPs-ALD had higher bone density as compared to other OVX mice groups. The results from these tests indicated that GNPs-ALD can be useful agents for preventing and treating osteoporosis.
authors.affiliation: Kyung Hee University, Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02477, Korea.
authors.forename: Donghyun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: The George Washington University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Washington DC 20052, United States.
authors.forename: Dong Nyoung
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Konkuk University, Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea.
authors.forename: Han-Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Kyung Hee University, Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02477, Korea.
authors.forename: Wan-Kyu
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Kyung Hee University, Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02477, Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Kyung Hee University, Department of Dentistry, Graduate School, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02477, Korea.
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heo
authors.affiliation: Kyung Hee University, Department of Dental Education, School of Dentistry, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02477, Korea.
authors.forename: Jae Beum
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nashville, TN 37235, United States.
authors.forename: Jung Bok
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Korean Gynecology, Conmaul Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02477, Korea.
authors.forename: Deok-Sang
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Konkuk University, Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 05029, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Do
authors.affiliation: Kyung Hee University, Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02477, Korea.
authors.forename: Il Keun
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Kwon