title: Spread and persistence of VIM-1 Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in three German swine farms in 2011 and 2012.
abstract: The occurrence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in livestock is considered as a threat for public health. In Germany, VIM-1-producing Escherichia (E.) coli sequence type (ST) 88 and Salmonella Infantis isolates harbouring blaVIM-1IncHI2 plasmids have been isolated from swine and poultry farms. A retrospective study was performed to determine if there was a broader distribution of VIM-1-positive isolates in any of the carbapenemase-positive swine farms. Selective incubation (carbapenem-containing broth) of 249 conserved cultures collected in three farms (2011-2012), allowed the detection of 40 blaVIM-1-positive isolates. Apart from the already known non-motile Salmonella Infantis isolate R25 (farm S1) and R27 (S2), a third isolate was recovered from farm S3. For E. coli, additional to isolates R29 and R178 (S2), 35 new isolates were identified in the same farm during all the sampling periods (three dates, 2011) and in samples from different animals, farm environment, manure and flies. The newly identified E. coli and Salmonella isolates showed similar genetic and phenotypic characteristics (XbaI-PFGE profiles, antimicrobial resistance patterns, plasmid content, phylogroups, antigenic formula) to those in the previously described strains, suggesting microevolution within the clonal lines within one fattening period. The study shows that persistence of carbapenemase-producing clonal lines in livestock farms is possible, and underlines the need for harmonised monitoring and surveillance studies to follow up the occurrence of such bacteria in European livestock.
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, BfR, Department for Biological Safety, Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Jennie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, BfR, Department for Biological Safety, Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; University of Oviedo, Area of Microbiology, C/Julián Clavería s/n 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
authors.forename: Mateo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: San José
authors.affiliation: Freie Universitaet Berlin, FU, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, D-14163 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Roschanski
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, BfR, Department for Biological Safety, Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmoger
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, BfR, Department for Biological Safety, Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, BfR, Department for Biological Safety, Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany; Freie Universitaet Berlin, FU, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, D-14163 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Irrgang
authors.affiliation: Freie Universitaet Berlin, FU, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, D-14163 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Anika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friese
authors.affiliation: Freie Universitaet Berlin, FU, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse 7-13, D-14163 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Roesler
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, BfR, Department for Biological Safety, Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Helmuth
authors.affiliation: Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, BfR, Department for Biological Safety, Max-Dohrn Strasse 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: beatriz.guerra@efsa.europa.eu.
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Guerra
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015780:Carbapenems / Q000494:pharmacology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000072480:Farms; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D058751:Livestock / Q000382:microbiology; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D011200:Poultry; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012475:Salmonella / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015780:Carbapenems; C417264:VIM-1 metallo-beta-lactamase; D001618:beta-Lactamases
keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; Carbapenemase; E. coli; Plasmids; Salmonella