title: Validation of a Newly Developed Instrument Establishing Links Between Motivation and Academic Hardiness.
abstract: The purpose of the study was to establish the reliability, the structural and the convergent validity of the "Dimensions of Academic Hardiness Questionnaire" for late elementary school children. A sample of children (N = 1264) aged 10-12 years completed the questionnaire and the "Athens Coping Scale". Multiple fit indices provided support that the 9-factor model had a good fit to the data. Reliability coefficients ranged from .68 to .83. The study provided also preliminary evidence of convergent validity of the "Dimensions of Academic Hardiness" scores with one theoretically related measure, the "Athens Coping Scale". The results enrich the notion of Academic Hardiness in late elementary school children as the role of awareness and the role of children's previous experiences has been distinguished. The relation between the "Dimensions of Academic Hardiness" and achievement goal orientations in children learning is also noted. These findings are discussed in the context of the relevant literature.
authors.affiliation: Independent Researcher, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Spiridon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kamtsios
authors.affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Pedagogy and Psychology, Section Psychology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karagiannopoulou
keywords: academic hardiness; convergent validity; elementary school children; validation