title: Globus pallidus degeneration and clinicopathological features of Huntington disease.
abstract: Numerous studies have focused on striatal neurodegeneration in Huntington disease (HD). In comparison, the globus pallidus (GP), a main striatal output nucleus, has received less focus in HD research. This study characterizes the pattern of neurodegeneration in 3 subdivisions of the human GP, and its relation to clinical symptomatology.
  
  
  
  Stereology was used to measure regional atrophy, neuronal loss, and soma neuronal atrophy in 3 components of the GP-the external segment (GPe), internal segment (GPi), and ventral pallidum (VP)-in 8 HD cases compared with 7 matched control cases. The findings in the HD patients were compared with HD striatal neuropathological grade, and symptom scores of motor impairment, chorea, cognition, and mood.
  
  
  
  Relative to controls, in the HD patients the GPe showed a 54% overall volume decline, 60% neuron loss, and 34% reduced soma volume. Similarly, the VP was reduced in volume by 31%, with 48% neuron loss and 64% reduced soma volume. In contrast, the GPi was less affected, with a 38% reduction in overall volume only. The extent of GP neurodegeneration correlated with increasing striatal neuropathological grade. Decreasing GPe and VP volumes were associated with poorer cognition and increasing motor impairments, but not chorea. In contrast, decreasing GPi volumes were associated with decreasing levels of irritability.
  
  
  
  The HD gene mutation produces variable degrees of GP segment degeneration, highlighting the differential vulnerability of striato-GP target projections. The relationship established between clinical symptom scores and pallidal degeneration provides a novel contribution to understanding the clinicopathological associations in HD. Ann Neurol 2016;80:185-201.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Malvindar K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Singh-Bains
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Lynette J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Tippett
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Virginia M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Hogg
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Department of Forensic Pathology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Beth J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Synek
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Department of Neurology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Roxburgh
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Henry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Waldvogel
authors.affiliation: Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.|Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Richard L M
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Faull
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001284:Atrophy / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D000071058:Huntingtin Protein / Q000235:genetics; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000068079:Motor Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018911:Trinucleotide Repeats / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C086055:HTT protein, human; D000071058:Huntingtin Protein