title: The impact of frailty on outcomes of paraesophageal hernia repair.
abstract: Frailty is a measure of physiological reserve that has been used to predict outcomes after surgical procedures in the elderly. We hypothesized that frailty would be associated with outcomes after paraesophageal hernia (PEH) repair.
  
  
  
  The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database (2011-2013) was queried for International Classification of Diseases, Version 9 and Current Procedural Terminology codes associated with PEH repair in patients aged ≥ 60 y. A previously described modified frailty index (mFI), based on 11 clinical variables in National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was used to quantify frailty. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between frailty, complications, and mortality.
  
  
  
  Of the 4434 PEH repairs that met inclusion criteria, 885 records were included in the final analysis (20%). Excluded patients were missing one or more variables in the mFI. The rate of complications that were Clavien-Dindo Grade ≥ 3 was 6.1%. Mortality was 0.9%. The readmission rate was 8.2%, and 10.9% of patients were discharged to a facility other than home. Relative to mFI scores of 0, 1, 2, and ≥3, the respective occurrence percentages were as follows; Grade ≥3 complication: 3.2%, 4.7%, 9.8%, and 23.3% (P < 0.0001; odds ratio [OR] 3.51; confidence interval [CI] 1.46-8.46); mortality: 0.0%, 0.9%, 1.8%, and 2.3% (P = 0.0974); discharge to facility other than home: 4.4%, 10.9%, 15.7%, and 31.7% (P < 0.0001; OR 4.07; CI 1.29-12.82); and readmission: 8.9%, 6.8%, 8.5%, and 16.3% (P = 0.1703; OR 1.01; CI 0.36-2.84). Complications and discharge destination were significantly correlated with the mFI.
  
  
  
  Frailty, as assessed by the mFI, is correlated with postoperative complications and discharge to a facility other than home after PEH repair.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Munyaradzi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chimukangara
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Frelich
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Bosler
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Lisa E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Rein
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Aniko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szabo
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Electronic address: jgould@mcw.edu.
authors.forename: Jon C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Gould
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006551:Hernia, Hiatal / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D059685:Herniorrhaphy / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Frailty; Geriatric; NSQIP; Outcomes; Paraesophageal hernia