title: Associations between feedlot management practices and bovine respiratory disease in Australian feedlot cattle.
abstract: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the major cause of clinical disease and death in feedlot cattle. A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in a population of Australian feedlot cattle to assess associations between factors related to feedlot management and risk of BRD. In total, 35,131 animals in 170 pens (cohorts) inducted into 14 feedlots were included in statistical analyses. Causal diagrams were used to inform model building to allow separate estimation of total and direct effects. Multilevel mixed effects logistic regression models were fitted within the Bayesian framework. The placement of pen water troughs such that they could be accessed by animals in adjoining pens was associated with markedly increased risk of BRD (OR 4.3, 95% credible interval: 1.4-10.3). Adding animals to pens over multiple days was associated with increased risk of BRD across all animals in those pens compared to placing all animals in the pen on a single day (total effect: OR 1.9, 95% credible interval: 1.2-2.8). The much attenuated direct effect indicated that this was primarily mediated via factors on indirect pathways so it may be possible to ameliorate the adverse effects of adding animals to pens over multiple days by altering exposure to these intervening factors (e.g. mixing history). In pens in which animals were added to the pen over multiple days, animals added ≥7 days (OR: 0.7, credible interval: 0.5-0.9) or 1-6 days (OR: 0.8, credible interval: 0.7-1.0) before the last animal was added were at modestly reduced risk of BRD compared to the animals that were added to the pen on the latest day. Further research is required to disentangle effects of cohort formation patterns at animal-level and higher levels on animal-level risk of BRD. Vaccination against Bovine herpesvirus 1 at feedlot entry was investigated but results were inconclusive and further research is required to evaluate vaccine efficacy. We conclude that there are practical interventions available to feedlot managers to reduce the risk of cattle developing BRD at the feedlot. We recommend placement of water troughs in feedlot pens so that they cannot be accessed by animals in adjoining pens. Further research is required to identify practical and cost-effective management strategies that allow longer adaption times for cattle identified prior to induction as being at higher risk of developing BRD.
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hay
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia; Jemora Pty Ltd., P.O. Box 2277, Geelong 3220, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, School of Population Health, Herston 4006, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: A C A
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: t.mahony@uq.edu.au.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Mahony
authors.affiliation: The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton 4343, Queensland, Australia.
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Barnes
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D048090:Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D002417:Cattle; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: Bovine respiratory disease; Causal diagram; Feedlot; Risk factors; Total effects