title: Application of phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in whole blood in comparison to ethyl glucuronide in hair (hEtG) in driving aptitude assessment (DAA).
abstract: For driving aptitude assessment (DAA), the analysis of several alcohol biomarkers is essential for the detection of alcohol intake besides psycho-medical exploration. In Switzerland, EtG in hair (hEtG) is often the only direct marker for abstinence monitoring in DAA. Therefore, the suitability of phosphatidylethanol (PEth) was investigated as additional biomarker. PEth 16:0/18:1 and 16:0/18:2 were determined by online-SPE-LC-MS/MS in 136 blood samples of persons undergoing DAA and compared to hEtG, determined in hair segments taken at the same time. With a PEth 16:0/18:1 threshold of 210 ng/mL for excessive alcohol consumption, all (n = 30) but one tested person also had hEtG values ≥30 pg/mg. In 54 cases, results are not in contradiction to an abstinence as neither PEth (<20 ng/mL) nor hEtG (<7 pg/mg) was detected. In eight cases, both markers showed moderate consumption. Altogether, PEth and hEtG were in accordance in 68 % of the samples, although covering different time periods of alcohol consumption. With receiver operating characteristic analysis, PEth was evaluated to differentiate abstinence, moderate, and excessive alcohol consumption in accordance with hEtG limits. A PEth 16:0/18:1 threshold of 150 ng/mL resulted in the best sensitivity (70.6 %) and specificity (98.8 %) for excessive consumption. Values between 20 and 150 ng/mL passed for moderate consumption, values <20 ng/mL passed for abstinence. As PEth mostly has a shorter detection window (2-4 weeks) than hEtG (up to 6 months depending on hair length), changes in drinking behavior can be detected earlier by PEth than by hEtG analysis alone. Therefore, PEth helps to improve the diagnostic information and is a valuable additional alcohol marker for DAA.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 20, 3012, Bern, Switzerland. alexandra.schroeck@irm.unibe.ch.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schröck
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Department of Traffic Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfäffli
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 20, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: König
authors.affiliation: Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 20, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weinmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D064829:Alcohol Abstinence / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D000066448:Driving Under the Influence / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005260:Female; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000032:analysis*; D020404:Glycerophospholipids / Q000097:blood*; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction; D013557:Switzerland; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005965:Glucuronates; D020404:Glycerophospholipids; C051521:phosphatidylethanol; C093924:ethyl glucuronide
keywords: Alcohol biomarker; Ethyl glucuronide in hair (hEtG); Online-SPE-LC-MS/MS; Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in blood