title: Oxidative stress induced in Hyalella azteca by an effluent from a NSAID-manufacturing plant in Mexico.
abstract: Production in the pharmaceutical industry has increased and along with it, the amount of wastewater of various characteristics and contaminant concentrations. The main chemicals in these effluents are solvents, detergents, disinfectants-such as sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)-and pharmaceutical products, all of which are potentially ecotoxic. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress induced in the amphipod Hyalella azteca by the effluent from a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-manufacturing plant. The median lethal concentration (72 h-LC50) was determined and H. azteca were exposed to the lowest observed adverse effect level (0.0732 %) for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h, and biomarkers of oxidative stress were evaluated [hydroperoxide content (HPC), lipid peroxidation (LPX), protein carbonyl content (PCC), and the activity of the superoxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)]. Statistically significant increases with respect to the control group (P < 0.05) were observed in HPC, LPX and PCC in H. azteca at all exposure times. Antioxidant enzymes activity SOD, CAT and GPx activity also increased significantly (P < 0.05) with respect to the control group. In conclusion, the industrial effluent analyzed in the present study contains NSAIDs and NaClO, and induces oxidative stress in H. azteca.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico.
authors.forename: Karen Adriana
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Novoa-Luna
authors.affiliation: Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Unidad San Cayetano, 50200, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico.
authors.forename: Rubí
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero-Romero
authors.affiliation: Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5, Unidad San Cayetano, 50200, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico.
authors.forename: Reyna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Natividad-Rangel
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados e Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala y Carpio s/n, 11340, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galar-Martínez
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico.
authors.forename: Nely
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: SanJuan-Reyes
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Sección de Graduados e Investigación, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de Ayala y Carpio s/n, 11340, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Medina
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico.
authors.forename: Catalina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez-Vieyra
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico.
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Neri-Cruz
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n. Col. Residencial Colón, 50120, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico. lmgomezo@uaemex.mx.
authors.forename: Leobardo Manuel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7248-3449
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gómez-Oliván
mesh_terms: D033304:Amphipoda / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D000072499:Manufacturing and Industrial Facilities; D008800:Mexico; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D062065:Wastewater / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015415:Biomarkers; D002374:Catalase; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Amphipod; Hyalella azteca; NaClO; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Oxidative stress