title: Age-related distance esotropia: Clinical features and therapeutic outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of a group of patients with age-related distance esotropia (ARDE).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was conducted on a consecutive case series of 16 adult patients diagnosed with ARDE between 2008 and 2015. The clinical features evaluated included mean age and gender, primary position deviations at distance and near, measured in prism dioptres (pd), treatment offered in each case, and post-surgical deviations. Ductions and versions were full, with no evidence of lateral rectus paresis. None of these patients had any obvious underlying neurological disorder, such as, high myopia or thyroid disease. A good result is considered to be the disappearance of diplopia in all positions of gaze.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 16 patients (11 females [68.8%]) were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 78.19±6.77 years. The mean initial esodeviation was 2.25±3.08 pd at near (-4 to +8 pd) and 9.5±4.18 pd at distance (2 to 18 pd). Treatment was not necessary in 5 cases because the symptoms were intermittent or well-tolerated. Of the 11 patients with symptoms, one was corrected with an external base therapeutic prism. Botulinum toxin was administered in another patient, without satisfactory results. Unilateral medial rectus muscle recession was performed on one patient, and unilateral lateral rectus plication on 7 patients, indicating prisms before surgery. One patient refused surgery despite continuous diplopia in far vision. After a mean follow-up of 16.5 months, all operated patients were asymptomatic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Not all patients with ARDE require treatment, as the tolerance to diplopia varies from one subject to another. Both medial rectus weakening and lateral rectus strengthening provides excellent results.
authors.affiliation: Sección Estrabismo y Motilidad Ocular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gómez de Liaño Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Sección Estrabismo y Motilidad Ocular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España. Electronic address: gloria.olavarri@gmail.com.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olavarri González
authors.affiliation: Sección Estrabismo y Motilidad Ocular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Merino Sanz
authors.affiliation: Sección Estrabismo y Motilidad Ocular, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, España.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Escribano Villafruela
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004948:Esotropia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
keywords: Age-related esotropia; Aging; Cirugía del estrabismo; Diplopia; Diplopía; Envejecimiento; Esotropia asociada a la edad; Músculos rectos; Plegamiento; Plication; Recession; Rectus muscles; Retroinserción; Strabismus surgery