title: Gadolinium in Humans: A Family of Disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The literature informs us that gadolinium can cause health issues. At least four major gadolinium disorders, including the two well-recognized nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and severe acute adverse event, have been identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose naming the histopathologically proven presence of gadolinium in brain tissue "gadolinium storage condition," and we describe a new entity that represents symptomatic deposition of gadolinium in individuals with normal renal function, for which we propose the designation "gadolinium deposition disease."
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7510 - 2001 Old Clinic Bldg, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510.
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Semelka
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7510 - 2001 Old Clinic Bldg, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510.|2 Department of Radiology, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal.
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramalho
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7510 - 2001 Old Clinic Bldg, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510.|3 Department of Radiology. King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Mamdoh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: AlObaidy
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 7510 - 2001 Old Clinic Bldg, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7510.|4 Department of Neuroradiology, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ramalho
mesh_terms: D001927:Brain Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D054989:Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy / Q000139:chemically induced*; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005682:Gadolinium
keywords: MRI; gadolinium; toxicity