title: Sexual Coercion, Trauma, and Sex Work in Justice-Involved Women with Substance Use Disorders.
abstract: Sexual victimization is strongly associated with mental health problems, traumatic responses, earlier onset of substance use and criminal justice involvement. It is well known that multiple forms of sexual victimization and aggression have been experienced by most incarcerated women. Two hundred women with a substance use disorder and involvement with the criminal justice system within the previous two years (parole, probation, arrest, or incarceration) were recruited from multiple sites in metropolitan Chicago. We examined whether empowerment moderates the relationship between trauma symptoms, trading sex and the experience of being forced or coerced to have sex. There was a significant three-way interaction between sexual coercion, trading, and empowerment scores on trauma symptoms. For individuals who have not traded sex, lower levels of empowerment were associated with a larger difference in trauma symptomatology between individuals who have been coerced and those who have not been coerced. For individuals who had been coerced to engage in sexual activity, lower levels of empowerment were associated with a larger difference in trauma symptomatology between those who have traded and those who have not traded. The promotion of empowerment beliefs and attitudes in women disproportionately impacted by violence and sexual trauma may reduce the harm that results from being victimized. Furthermore, providing specific interventions that educate women regarding gender roles and cultural values may help women avoid situations that result in exploitation and coercion.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University.
authors.forename: Doreen D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Salina
authors.affiliation: DePaul University.
authors.forename: Daphna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ram
authors.affiliation: DePaul University.
authors.forename: Leonard A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Jason
keywords: Incarcerated Women; empowerment; sexual aggression; sexual violence; substance abuse; trauma