title: Comorbidity Burden in Trial-Aligned Patients with Established Gout in Germany, UK, US, and France: a Retrospective Analysis.
abstract: Patients with gout have numerous comorbidities. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence rates of renal and cardiovascular morbidities in trial-aligned patients with established gout in Germany (DE), the United Kingdom (UK), the United States (US), and France (FR).
  
  
  
  This longitudinal cohort study used retrospective data from IMS Disease Analyzer™ (DE, FR), Clinical Practice Research Datalink-Hospital Episode Statistics (UK), and IMS' PharMetrics Plus database linked with outpatient laboratory results (US). Included patients were ≥18 years at index date (January 1, 2010; all dates +1 year for FR), with continuous enrollment during the pre-index year, had "prevalent established gout" determined by data in the pre-index year, and ≥1 documented visit after index date; additional inclusion/exclusion criteria were aligned with recent gout clinical trials. Look-back for comorbidity prevalence extended to January 1, 2003 (US: January 1, 2009). Follow-up for incidence extended from index date to at most March 26, 2013 (FR: May 31, 2014). Events of interest were identified by diagnostic codes and/or laboratory data.
  
  
  
  The trial-aligned cohorts included 35,118 (DE), 24,607 (UK), 121,591 (US), and 17,338 (FR) patients. Among renal conditions, baseline diagnosis of chronic kidney disease/renal failure was most prevalent in the UK followed by DE; abnormal serum creatinine was most prevalent in the UK. Hypertension was the most prevalent cardiovascular diagnosis in all countries, followed by ischemic heart disease (IHD) and myocardial infarction. Incidence rates (per 100 patient-years) for new/worsening renal impairment ranged from 1.67 (DE) to 4.34 (US) and for nephrolithiasis diagnosis from 0.31 (FR) to 3.79 (US). The incidence rates for hypertension diagnosis were highest among cardiovascular-related events, ranging from 3.23 (UK) to 20.27 (US), followed by IHD.
  
  
  
  Patients with established gout such as those included in gout trials have a high burden of established morbidity and new diagnoses of morbid events. Consideration of comorbidities, which greatly exacerbate disease burden, is important in gout management.
  
  
  
  AstraZeneca.
authors.affiliation: Medical Evidence and Observational Research, Global Medical Affairs, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden. Fredrik.Nyberg@astrazeneca.com.|Unit of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. Fredrik.Nyberg@astrazeneca.com.
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.affiliation: Medical Evidence and Observational Research, Global Medical Affairs, AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Horne
authors.affiliation: Ardea Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morlock
authors.affiliation: Medical Evidence and Observational Research, Global Medical Affairs, AstraZeneca, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nuevo
authors.affiliation: Ardea Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Storgard
authors.affiliation: Ardea Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Lalitha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aiyer
authors.affiliation: IMS Health, Alexandria, VA, USA.
authors.forename: Dionne M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hines
authors.affiliation: IMS Health, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ansolabehere
authors.affiliation: IMS Health, Vilvoorde, Belgium.
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chevalier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006073:Gout / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States
keywords: Cardiovascular; Comorbidities; European Union; Gout; Incidence; Prevalence; Renal; Serum uric acid; United States