title: Cultural and Environmental Predictors of Pre-European Deforestation on Pacific Islands.
abstract: The varied islands of the Pacific provide an ideal natural experiment for studying the factors shaping human impact on the environment. Previous research into pre-European deforestation across the Pacific indicated a major effect of environment but did not account for cultural variation or control for dependencies in the data due to shared cultural ancestry and geographic proximity. The relative importance of environment and culture on Pacific deforestation and forest replacement and the extent to which environmental impact is constrained by cultural ancestry therefore remain unexplored. Here we use comparative phylogenetic methods to model the effect of nine ecological and two cultural variables on pre-European Pacific forest outcomes at 80 locations across 67 islands. We show that some but not all ecological features remain important predictors of forest outcomes after accounting for cultural covariates and non-independence in the data. Controlling for ecology, cultural variation in agricultural intensification predicts deforestation and forest replacement, and there is some evidence that land tenure norms predict forest replacement. These findings indicate that, alongside ecology, cultural factors also predict pre-European Pacific forest outcomes. Although forest outcomes covary with cultural ancestry, this effect disappears after controlling for geographic proximity and ecology. This suggests that forest outcomes were not tightly constrained by colonists' cultural ancestry, but instead reflect a combination of ecological constraints and the short-term responses of each culture in the face of those constraints.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.|Max Planck Institute for History and the Sciences, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Quentin D
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8499-7535
authors.initials: QD
authors.lastname: Atkinson
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Ties
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Coomber
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Passmore
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for History and the Sciences, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.|School of Culture, History and Language, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.|ARC Center of Excellence for the Dynamics of Language, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Greenhill
authors.affiliation: School of Archaeology and Anthropology, ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
authors.forename: Geoff
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kushnick
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D003469:Culture; D004777:Environment; D005060:Europe; D010139:Pacific Islands / Q000208:ethnology