title: Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria Causing Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Associated with Vaginosis.
abstract: Here, we review sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) caused by pathogenic bacteria and vaginal infections which result from an overgrowth of opportunistic bacterial microflora. First, we describe the STDs, the corresponding pathogens and the antimicrobials used for their treatment. In addition to the well-known diseases caused by single pathogens (i.e., syphilis, gonococcal infections, and chlamydiosis), we consider polymicrobial reproductive tract infections (especially those that are difficult to effectively clinically manage). Then, we summarize the biochemical mechanisms that lead to antimicrobial resistance and the most recent data on the emergence of drug resistance in STD pathogens and bacteria associated with vaginosis. A large amount of research performed in the last 10-15 years has shed light on the enormous diversity of mechanisms of resistance developed by bacteria. A detailed understanding of the mechanisms of antimicrobials action and the emergence of resistance is necessary to modify existing drugs and to develop new ones directed against new targets.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics Technologies, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shaskolskiy
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics Technologies, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Ekaterina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dementieva
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics Technologies, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Arvo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leinsoo
authors.affiliation: State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology of the Russian Ministry of Health Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Anastassia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Runina
authors.affiliation: State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology of the Russian Ministry of Health Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vorobyev
authors.affiliation: State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology of the Russian Ministry of Health Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Xenia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Plakhova
authors.affiliation: State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology of the Russian Ministry of Health Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Alexey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kubanov
authors.affiliation: State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology of the Russian Ministry of Health Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Dmitrii
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deryabin
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics Technologies, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Dmitry
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gryadunov
keywords: antimicrobial resistance; antimicrobials; bacterial vaginosis; human reproductive system; sexually transmitted diseases