title: Anti-arthritic activity of 11-O-(4'-O-methyl galloyl)-bergenin and Crassula capitella extract in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Isolation and identification of phytochemicals of Crassula capitella (Thunberg), evaluation of the anti-arthritic potential of the extract and the major isolated compound; 11-O-(4'-O-methyl galloyl)-bergenin and underlying their mechanism on rat model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Different fractions were subjected to column chromatography giving fourteen compound identified by mass and NMR spectroscopic techniques. RA was induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into the right hind paw of rats. Influence of tested samples in comparable to methotrexate on paw oedema, body weight gain, serum diagnostic markers, cartilage and bone degeneration enzymes, pro-inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress biomarkers in arthritic rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen phenolic compounds were isolated and identified for the first time from C. capitella. The major compound identified as 11-O-(4'-O-methyl galloyl)-bergenin. Treatment of arthritic rats with extract or 11-O-(4'-O-methyl galloyl)-bergenin with the tested doses can reduce the progression and severity of RA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Crassula capitella is a new natural and abundant source for 11-O-(4'-O-methyl galloyl)-bergenin for resolving chronic inflammatory diseases as RA through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and membrane stabilizing mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Seham S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: El-Hawary
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
authors.forename: Rabab
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
authors.forename: Sameh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abouzid
authors.affiliation: Biochemistry Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt.
authors.forename: Zeinab Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahlam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elwekeel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D066241:Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D029627:Crassulaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D018450:Disease Progression; D004534:Egypt; D005260:Female; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007596:Joints / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D008517:Phytotherapy; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D015430:Weight Gain
chemical_list: C000618839:11-O-(4'-O-methyl galloyl)bergenin; D001578:Benzopyrans; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010936:Plant Extracts; D005707:Gallic Acid; D005620:Freund's Adjuvant
keywords: 11-O-(4′-O-methyl galloyl)-bergenin; Crassula capitella; lysosomal enzymes; pro-inflammatory mediators; rheumatoid arthritis