title: Study of spatial and temporal distribution of antimicrobial in water and sediments from caging fish farms by on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS.
abstract: An on-line solid phase extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 12 antimicrobials in sediment and surface water was developed and validated. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal antimicrobials distributions in the sediment and in the water of four fish farms located in the hydroelectric dam of Ilha Solteira Reservoir in Brazil were investigated over four seasons in three sampling sites: at the fish cages, 100 and 1,000 m downstream far from the cages. The method was performed using an Agilent Zorbax 80 SB-C8 column (9.4 × 15 mm, 5 µm) as the loading column, and the Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 column (3.0 × 100 mm, 3.5 µm) as a separation column within a run time of 13 min. The limits of quantification were less than 9 ng·L(-1) for the antibiotics in water and 16 µg·kg(-1) in sediment; the recovery ranged from 80 to 119%, with a variation coefficient less than 11%, and the repeatability was lower than 15%. Oxytetracycline was found in the water in all sample seasons. However, florfenicol was identified in April and October 2013 and January 2014, and tetracycline was present in July 2013. Regarding the sediment, oxytetracycline and tetracycline were found in all sampling periods, but chlortetracycline was only identified in January 2014. The spatial distribution of antimicrobials showed that the main pollution source came from the fish farms. This study demonstrated that the proposed method is reliable for the monitoring of antimicrobials in water and sediments and it showed contamination in both matrices from Ilha Solteira Reservoir.
authors.affiliation: a Research and Development Center of Environmental Protection, Biological Institute , São Paulo , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Sérgio H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Monteiro
authors.affiliation: b Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Jeane G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Francisco
authors.affiliation: b Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Graziela C R M
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: b Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Rafael G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Botelho
authors.affiliation: b Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Leila A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Figueiredo
authors.affiliation: b Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo , Piracicaba , SP , Brazil.
authors.forename: Valdemar L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Tornisielo
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D001938:Brazil; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005398:Fisheries; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry*; D012621:Seasons; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000379:methods; D062211:Spatio-Temporal Analysis; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water
keywords: Antibiotics; SPE-LC-MS/MS; aquaculture; florfenicol; on-line SPE; tetracyclines; tilapia