title: Impact of Affordable Care Act coverage expansion on women's reproductive preventive services in the United States.
abstract: The Affordable Care Act (ACA) expansion mandated the private health plans to cover women's preventive services starting August 2012. With limited and contradictory evidence, this study intends to assess the impact of ACA on the utilization rates and the cost burden of women's reproductive preventive service.
  
  
  
  A pre-post analysis was conducted using a nationally representative sample of females (aged 15-44years, n=4397) participating in the 2011-2013 National Survey of Family Growth. The utilization rates and cost burdens were compared for six services using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models.
  
  
  
  After the ACA expansion, there wasn't a significant increase in the utilization rates of birth control/prescription (33.7% vs. 30.7%), birth control counseling (17.7% vs. 16.9%), sterilization counseling (3.3% vs. 3.5%), STI counsel/test/treat (15% vs. 14.6%) and HIV screening (24.1% vs. 23.1%). Respondents paying through insurance increased after ACA, but out-of-pocket spending (cost-sharing) didn't decrease for respondents. Type of insurance was an important predictor of utilization rates with publicly insured having significantly higher Odds Ratio (OR) or likelihood of receiving birth control counseling (OR:1.71), sterilization counseling (OR:2.67), STI counsel/test/treat (OR:1.54) and HIV screening (OR:1.69) compared to privately insured.
  
  
  
  The early-on impact of ACA expansion on utilization rates of women's reproductive preventive services didn't appear to be significant. Private health plans, however, might have expanded their coverage but burden of cost sharing still existed. Future research should evaluate the long term impact of ACA expansion on women's health and the economic gains.
authors.affiliation: Social and Administrative Sciences Division, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Pharmacy, 777 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705-2222, USA. Electronic address: parora3@wisc.edu.
authors.forename: Prachi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.affiliation: Surgical Health Services Research Unit, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors.forename: Karishma
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Desai
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019458:Insurance Coverage / Q000191:economics*; D058991:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D060728:Reproductive Health / Q000191:economics*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health / Q000191:economics*
keywords: Affordable care act; Contraception; Insurance; Preventive services; Women's reproductive health