title: Robert's uterus: modern imaging techniques and ultrasound-guided hysteroscopic treatment without laparoscopy or laparotomy.
abstract: Robert's uterus is a unique malformation, described as a septate uterus with a non-communicating hemicavity, consisting of a blind uterine horn usually with unilateral hematometra, a contralateral unicornuate uterine cavity and a normally shaped external uterine fundus. The main symptom in affected young women is pelvic pain that becomes intensified near menses. We describe the case of a 22-year-old woman who was referred for diagnostic assessment and treatment of a congenital uterine anomaly. We used three-dimensional sonohysterography with volume-contrast imaging, HDLive rendering mode and automatic volume calculation (SonoHysteroAVC) for the diagnosis, surgical planning and postoperative evaluation. These imaging techniques provided a complete understanding of the internal and external uterine structures, enabling us to perform a minimally invasive hysteroscopic metroplasty, guided by transrectal ultrasound, and therefore avoiding the need for laparotomy/laparoscopy. The outcome of treatment was considered satisfactory; menstruation ceased to be painful and, after two hysteroscopic procedures, the communicating 0.3-cm3hemicavity was visualized as a 3.6-cm3normalized uterine cavity using the same imaging techniques. The findings of this case report raise questions about the embryological origin of Robert's uterus, the suitability of current classification systems, and the role of more invasive approaches (laparoscopy/laparotomy) and surgical procedures (horn resection/endometrectomy) that do not aim to improve uterine cavity shape and volume in women with this condition. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. ludwin@cm-uj.krakow.pl.|Ludwin & Ludwin Gynecology, Private Medical Center, Krakow, Poland. ludwin@cm-uj.krakow.pl.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ludwin
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Oncology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.|Ludwin & Ludwin Gynecology, Private Medical Center, Krakow, Poland.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ludwin
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.
authors.forename: W P
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015907:Hysteroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods; D014564:Urogenital Abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery*; D014599:Uterus / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: HDLive; SonoAVC; VCI; congenital uterine anomalies; septate uterus; sonohysterography; uterus