title: Inflammatory signals induce the expression of tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) in microglia.
abstract: Tonicity-responsive enhancer (TonE) binding protein (TonEBP) is known as an osmosensitive transcription factor that regulates cellular homeostasis during states of hypo- and hypertonic stress. In addition to its role in osmoadaptation, growing lines of evidence suggest that TonEBP might have tonicity-independent functions. In particular, a number of studies suggest that inflammatory stimuli induce the expression and activation of TonEBP in peripheral immune cells. However, whether TonEBP is expressed in microglia, resident immune cells of the central nervous system, is unknown. Here we show that inflammatory signals induce the expression of TonEBP in microglia both in vitro and in vitro. In cultured primary microglia, treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interferon-γ, and interleukin 4 increased the expression of TonEBP. Moreover, we found that stereotaxic injection of LPS into the substantia nigra region of rat brain increased TonEBP expression in OX-42-positive cells. Furthermore, expression of TonEBP was induced in OX-42-positive cells in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Together these results show that the expression of TonEBP is regulated by inflammatory signals in mammalian brain, suggesting that TonEBP might play a part during neuroinflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Ga Ram
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.affiliation: Brain Science Institute-Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Sun-Kyoung
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Im
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Hee
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun Su
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byung Kwan
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.affiliation: School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea; School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hyug Moo
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.affiliation: College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Beom-Joon
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Youngmin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bu
authors.affiliation: Brain Science Institute-Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea; Department of Neuroscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-350, Republic of Korea; Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: ehur@kist.re.kr.
authors.forename: Eun-Mi
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Neurodegeneration Control Research Center, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: bdaelee@khu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Byoung Dae
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000494:pharmacology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000473:pathology*; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D039481:CD11b Antigen; D005904:Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C492199:Nfat5 protein, rat; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma
keywords: LPS; Microglia; Neuroinflammation; TonEBP