title: Suitability of passive sampling for the monitoring of pharmaceuticals in Finnish surface waters.
abstract: The occurrence of five pharmaceuticals, consisting of four anti-inflammatory and one antiepileptic drug, was studied by passive sampling and grab sampling in northern Lake Päijänne and River Vantaa. The passive sampling was performed by using Chemcatcher® sampler with a SDB-RPS Empore disk as a receiving phase. In Lake Päijänne, the sampling was conducted during summer 2013 at four locations near the discharge point of a wastewater treatment plant and in the years 2013 and 2015 at four locations along River Vantaa. The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The concentrations of carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen in Lake Päijänne determined by passive sampling ranged between 1.4-2.9 ng L(-1), 15-35 ng L(-1), 13-31 ng L(-1), 16-27 ng L(-1), and 3.3-32 ng L(-1), respectively. Similarly, the results in River Vantaa ranged between 1.2-40 ng L(-1), 15-65 ng L(-1), 13-33 ng L(-1), 16-31 ng L(-1), and 3.3-6.4 ng L(-1). The results suggest that the Chemcatcher passive samplers are suitable for detecting pharmaceuticals in lake and river waters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland. petra.lindholm-lehto@jyu.fi.
authors.forename: Petra C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Lindholm-Lehto
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Centre, Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Survontie 9 A, FI-40500, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Heidi S J
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ahkola
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Knuutinen
authors.affiliation: Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, FI-10900, Hanko, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koistinen
authors.affiliation: The Water Protection Association of the River Vantaa and Helsinki Region, Asemapäällikönkatu 12 B, FI-00520, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kirsti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lahti
authors.affiliation: The Water Protection Association of the River Vantaa and Helsinki Region, Asemapäällikönkatu 12 B, FI-00520, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Heli
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vahtera
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Centre, Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Survontie 9 A, FI-40500, Jyväskylä, Finland.
authors.forename: Sirpa H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Herve
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000032:analysis; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005387:Finland; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000032:analysis; D007660:Ketoprofen / Q000032:analysis; D060106:Lakes / Q000737:chemistry*; D009288:Naproxen / Q000032:analysis; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis*; D045483:Rivers / Q000737:chemistry*; D012621:Seasons; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D002220:Carbamazepine; D004008:Diclofenac; D007052:Ibuprofen; D007660:Ketoprofen; D009288:Naproxen; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Chemcatcher®; Lake water; Liquid chromatography; Mass spectrometry; Passive sampling; Pharmaceuticals; River water