title: Targeting innate immunity for neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system.
abstract: Neuroinflammation is critically involved in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, and key signaling steps of innate immune activation hence represent promising therapeutic targets. This mini review series originated from the 4th Venusberg Meeting on Neuroinflammation held in Bonn, Germany, 7-9th May 2015, presenting updates on innate immunity in acute brain injury and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, such as traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer disease, on the role of astrocytes and microglia, as well as technical developments that may help elucidate neuroinflammatory mechanisms and establish clinical relevance. In this meeting report, a brief overview of physiological and pathological microglia morphology is followed by a synopsis on PGE2 receptors, insights into the role of arginine metabolism and further relevant aspects of neuroinflammation in various clinical settings, and concluded by a presentation of technical challenges and solutions when working with microglia and astrocyte cultures. Microglial ontogeny and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia, advances of TREM2 signaling, and the cytokine paradox in Alzheimer's disease are further contributions to this article. Neuroinflammation is critically involved in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, and key signaling steps of innate immune activation hence represent promising therapeutic targets. This mini review series originated from the 4th Venusberg Meeting on Neuroinflammation held in Bonn, Germany, 7-9th May 2015, presenting updates on innate immunity in acute brain injury and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, such as traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer's disease, on the role of astrocytes and microglia, as well as technical developments that may help elucidate neuroinflammatory mechanisms and establish clinical relevance. In this meeting report, a brief overview on physiological and pathological microglia morphology is followed by a synopsis on PGE2 receptors, insights into the role of arginine metabolism and further relevant aspects of neuroinflammation in various clinical settings, and concluded by a presentation of technical challenges and solutions when working with microglia cultures. Microglial ontogeny and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia, advances of TREM2 signaling, and the cytokine paradox in Alzheimer's disease are further contributions to this article.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Katrin I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Andreasson
authors.affiliation: Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors.forename: Adam D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Bachstetter
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colonna
authors.affiliation: Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
authors.forename: Florent
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ginhoux
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lamb
authors.affiliation: Alzheimer Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Landreth
authors.affiliation: USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.|College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
authors.forename: Donovan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Low
authors.affiliation: Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Marina A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: The Shraga Segal Dept. of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, The Faculty of Health Sciences, The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Alon
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Monsonego
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Del Monte Neuromedicine Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
authors.forename: M Kerry
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: O'Banion
authors.affiliation: Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.|Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.|Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Milos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pekny
authors.affiliation: Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: Till
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4859-2482
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Puschmann
authors.affiliation: The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Central Arava Branch, Yair Station, Hazeva, Israel.
authors.forename: Niva
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Russek-Blum
authors.affiliation: USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.|College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Leslie A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Sandusky
authors.affiliation: USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.|College of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tampa, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Maj-Linda B
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Selenica
authors.affiliation: Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.|Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takata
authors.affiliation: Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Teeling
authors.affiliation: Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Terrence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Town
authors.affiliation: Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Van Eldik
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D017628:Microglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
keywords: Alzheimer disease; Venusberg Neuroinflammation Meeting Bonn 2015; blood-brain barrier; innate immunity; macrophage; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)