title: Risk Factors for Primary Pulmonary TB in Almaty Region, Kazakhstan: A Matched Case-Control Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined the association between incident pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and social and behavioral characteristics in Almaty Oblast, Kazakhstan from 2012 to 2013.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a matched case-control design to estimate the role of factors for acquiring pulmonary TB. Totally 324 individuals were recruited from Sep 2012 to Mar 2013. Participants included 110 TB index cases with newly detected pulmonary TB. Each case was matched with one household and one community control. A total of 107 household and 107 community controls were included to the study. Adjusted odds ratios measuring associations between TB and risk factors were calculated by using a conditional multiple logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TB cases were more likely to be younger, recent smokers and have diabetes, when compared to household controls. Between TB cases and community controls, TB was significantly associated with age, non-married family status, living in a rented home, recent smoker, and having diabetes. Comparing TB cases with community controls, we found that foreign birth was marginally associated with incident TB case status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings confirm the role of modifiable risk factors for TB in Kazakhstan; highlighting the importance of developing interventions addressing social determinants and proximate risk factors for high TB burden regions.
authors.affiliation: Columbia University Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Baurzhan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhussupov
authors.affiliation: Columbia University in the City of New York, New York City, United States of America.
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hermosilla
authors.affiliation: Columbia University Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Assel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terlikbayeva
authors.affiliation: Columbia University in the City of New York, New York City, United States of America.
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aifah
authors.affiliation: Columbia University in the City of New York, New York City, United States of America.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.affiliation: Center for Life Sciences Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Zhaxybay
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhumadilov
authors.affiliation: National Center for TB in Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Tleukhan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abildayev
authors.affiliation: Columbia University Global Health Research Center of Central Asia, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Meruyert
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Darisheva
authors.affiliation: Center for Life Sciences Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
authors.forename: Kulzhan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berikkhanova
keywords: Kazakhstan; Risk factors; Tuberculosis