title: Compound K attenuates stromal cell-derived growth factor 1 (SDF-1)-induced migration of C6 glioma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stromal cell-derived growth factor 1 (SDF-1), also known as chemokine ligand 12, and chemokine receptor type 4 are involved in cancer cell migration. Compound K (CK), a metabolite of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside by gut microbiota, is reported to have therapeutic potential in cancer therapy. However, the inhibitory effect of CK on SDF-1 pathway-induced migration of glioma has not yet been established.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytotoxicity of CK in C6 glioma cells was determined using an EZ-Cytox cell viability assay kit. Cell migration was tested using the wound healing and Boyden chamber assay. Phosphorylation levels of protein kinase C (PKC)α and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were measured by western blot assay, and matrix metallopeptidases (MMP) were measured by gelatin-zymography analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CK significantly reduced the phosphorylation of PKCα and ERK1/2, expression of MMP9 and MMP2, and inhibited the migration of C6 glioma cells under SDF-1-stimulated conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CK is a cell migration inhibitor that inhibits C6 glioma cell migration by regulating its downstream signaling molecules including PKCα, ERK1/2, and MMPs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostics, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuck
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Dongguk-Ro 32, Goyang 10326, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyo Sun
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea.
authors.forename: Jai Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Prescription, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea.
authors.forename: Sun Dong
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostics, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea.
authors.forename: Won Hwan
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Dongguk-Ro 32, Goyang 10326, Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Moon
keywords: C6 glioma; Panax ginseng; SDF-1; anti-tumor; compound K