title: Imbalance of Fecal Microbiota at Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes in Chinese Children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have indicated that an imbalance of gut microbiota is associated with the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and there is no literature regarding it in Chinese children yet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the alteration of gut microbiota between children with newly diagnosed T1DM and healthy controls and to determine if gut microbiota could partly explain the etiology of this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was carried out with 15 children with T1DM and 15 healthy children. The fecal bacteria composition was investigated by high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rDNA gene and analyzed by the estimators of community richness (Chao) indexes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a notable lower richness of fecal bacteria in T1DM group than controls (156.53 ± 36.96 vs. 130.0 ± 32.85, P = 0.047). At the genus level, the composition of Blautia was increased in T1DM group than control group whereas the composition of Haemophilus, Lachnospira, Dialister, and Acidaminococcus was decreased. In addition, we found that the percentage of Blautia was correlated positively with HbA1c (ρ = 0.40, P = 0.031), the numbers of T1DM autoantibodies (ρ = 0.42, P = 0.023), and the titers of tyrosine phosphatase autoantibodies (IA-2) (ρ = 0.82, P = 0.000) in the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that gut microbiota was associated with the development of T1DM by affecting the autoimmunity, and the results suggested a potential therapy for T1DM via modulating the gut microbiota.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Cui-Juan
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Miao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Jian-Ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Tong
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Diabetes Research Center of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Xin-Hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D019295:Computational Biology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D000069196:Gastrointestinal Microbiome / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006190:Haemophilus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S