title: Seed wintering and deterioration characteristics between weedy and cultivated rice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Incidences of weedy rice continuously occurred in paddy fields because its shattering seeds were able to over-winter. In this research, the seed deterioration of weedy rice was investigated compared with cultivated rice, and the wintering characteristics of these two types of rice were investigated with the field wintering test, freezing resistance test, and accelerated aging test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the wintering test, the seeds of weedy rice were placed on the soil surface of a paddy with cultivated rice seeds during the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 winter seasons from November to April. The viability of seeds after wintering was 4.3% for cultivated rice, but 92.7% for weedy rice in 2008/2009. In the second wintering test, the seeds were placed under flooded and dry paddy conditions. The seed viability of cultivated rice was 5% in dry paddy and 0.5% in flooded paddy, but weedy rice maintained a high viability during winter of 90% in the dry paddy and 61% in the flooded paddy. Following freezing treatment of the imbibed seeds, the seed viability was 78% for weedy rice and 16% for cultivated rice. The deterioration of seed tissue induced by freezing treatment was observed by the tetrazolium test. In an accelerated aging test at low temperature and soaking conditions, the seed viability of the weedy rice was 40% higher than the cultivated rice 90 days after treatment. During accelerated aging of seeds, the protein content remained higher in the weedy rice compared to the cultivated rice, and fat acidity remained lower in the weedy rice compared to the cultivated rice. Catalase and superoxide dismutase activity of the weedy rice was 4 times higher than that of the cultivated rice, and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the weedy rice was also much higher than for the cultivated rice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, the superior ability of seed wintering in weedy rice was based on freezing resistibility of embryo cellular tissue and higher antioxidant activity to protect seed deterioration during the winter season.
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jung-Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea. njchung@jbnu.ac.kr.
authors.forename: Nam-Jin
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Chung
keywords: Accelerated aging; Antioxidant; Deterioration; Freezing resistance; Seed; Weedy rice; Wintering