title: Driving time modulates accommodative response and intraocular pressure.
abstract: Driving is a task mainly reliant on the visual system. Most of the time, while driving, our eyes are constantly focusing and refocusing between the road and the dashboard or near and far traffic. Thus, prolonged driving time should produce visual fatigue. Here, for the first time, we investigated the effects of driving time, a common inducer of driver fatigue, on two ocular parameters: the accommodative response (AR) and the intraocular pressure (IOP). A pre/post-test design has been used to assess the impact of driving time on both indices. Twelve participants (out of 17 recruited) completed the study (5 women, 24.42±2.84years old). The participants were healthy and active drivers with no visual impairment or pathology. They drove for 2h in a virtual driving environment. We assessed AR and IOP before and after the driving session, and also collected subjective measures of arousal and fatigue. We found that IOP and AR decreased (i.e., the accommodative lag increased) after the driving session (p=0.03 and p<0.001, respectively). Moreover, the nearest distances tested (20cm, 25cm, and 33cm) induced the highest decreases in AR (corrected p-values<0.05). Consistent with these findings, the subjective levels of arousal decreased and levels of fatigue increased after the driving session (all p-values<0.001). These results represent an innovative step towards an objective, valid, and reliable assessment of fatigue-impaired driving based on visual fatigue signs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vera
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center [CIMCYC], University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Diaz-Piedra
authors.affiliation: Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Raimundo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.affiliation: Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center [CIMCYC], University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.affiliation: Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center [CIMCYC], University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Catena
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cardenas
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center [CIMCYC], University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Joint Center University of Granada - Spanish Army Training and Doctrine Command, Spain. Electronic address: distasi@ugr.es.
authors.forename: Leandro L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Di Stasi
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001334:Automobile Driving; D005221:Fatigue / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Fatigue; Neuroergonomics; Ocular biomarkers; Road safety; Sleepiness; Time-on-task