title: Serum levels of immunoglobulins in an adult population and their relationship with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Some studies have found patients with diabetes had an impaired humoral immune response. Immunoglobulins provide key information on the humoral immune status. But few population-based studies comprehensively estimated the serum immunoglobulins concentration in type 2 diabetes (T2D). So we design a cross-sectional study to investigate the relationships between immunoglobulin levels and prevalence of T2D in a large-scale adult population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional assessment was performed in 10,691 participants living in Tianjin, China. Type 2 diabetes was defined in accordance with the criteria of the world health organization, and serum levels of immunoglobulins were determined by the immunonephelometric technique. Adjusted logistic models were used to assess relationships between the quintiles of immunoglobulins concentration and the prevalence of T2D.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, the prevalence of T2D was 11.7%, and the means (standard deviation) of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgE, IgM, IgA) were 1192.3 (241.1)mg/dL, 92.3 (234.6)IU/mL, 104.8 (55.8)mg/dL, 234.1 (96.2)mg/dL, respectively. The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of T2D for the highest immunoglobulins (IgG, IgE, IgM, IgA) quintile, when compared to the lowest quintile were 0.64 (0.52, 0.78), 1.00 (0.81, 1.22), 0.77 (0.62, 0.95) and 1.57 (1.29, 1.92), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased IgG and IgM, and increased IgA levels were independently related to the prevalence of T2D among the adult population. Our findings indicate that the immunoglobulins might useful predictive factors for T2D in the general adult population. Further studies are needed to explore the causality and exact mechanisms of immunoglobulins in T2D.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoyan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Fangfang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Hongmei
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Huanmin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Hongbin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Chunlei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xue
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Su
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Yeqing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gu
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Liyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Huijun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Shaomei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Qiyu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Guowei
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Song
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Institute and School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Health Management Centre, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China. Electronic address: nkj0809@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Kaijun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D007136:Immunoglobulins
keywords: Adult population; Serum immunoglobulins; Type 2 diabetes