title: Bioinformatic profiling identifies an immune-related risk signature for glioblastoma.
abstract: To investigate the local immune status and its prognostic value in glioma.
  
  
  
  A cohort of 297 glioma samples with whole genome microarray expression data from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas database were included for discovery. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used for validation. Principal components analysis and gene set enrichment analysis were used to explore the bioinformatic implication.
  
  
  
  Distinct local immune status was identified according to histologic grade. Glioblastoma (GBM) exhibited an enhanced immune phenotype compared to lower grade glioma. We profiled the immune-related gene set and identified 8 genes (FOXO3, IL6, IL10, ZBTB16, CCL18, AIMP1, FCGR2B, and MMP9) with the greatest prognostic value in GBM. A local immune-related risk signature was developed from the genes to distinguish cases as high or low risk of unfavorable prognosis, which could be validated in TCGA database. High-risk patients conferred an enhanced intensity of local immune response compared to low-risk ones. Additionally, the signature exhibited different distribution based on molecular features. The signature had prognostic significance in the stratified cohorts and was identified as an independent prognostic factor for GBM.
  
  
  
  We profiled the immune status in glioma and established a local immune signature for GBM, which could independently identify patients with a high risk of reduced survival, indicating the relationship between prognosis and local immune response.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurosurgery (W.C., Y.L., S.H., A.W.), The First Hospital of China Medical University; Department of Pathology (X.R.), Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute (C.Z.), Capital Medical University; and Department of Neurosurgery (J.C.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurosurgery (W.C., Y.L., S.H., A.W.), The First Hospital of China Medical University; Department of Pathology (X.R.), Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute (C.Z.), Capital Medical University; and Department of Neurosurgery (J.C.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Xiufang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurosurgery (W.C., Y.L., S.H., A.W.), The First Hospital of China Medical University; Department of Pathology (X.R.), Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute (C.Z.), Capital Medical University; and Department of Neurosurgery (J.C.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Chuanbao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurosurgery (W.C., Y.L., S.H., A.W.), The First Hospital of China Medical University; Department of Pathology (X.R.), Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute (C.Z.), Capital Medical University; and Department of Neurosurgery (J.C.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Jinquan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurosurgery (W.C., Y.L., S.H., A.W.), The First Hospital of China Medical University; Department of Pathology (X.R.), Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute (C.Z.), Capital Medical University; and Department of Neurosurgery (J.C.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurosurgery (W.C., Y.L., S.H., A.W.), The First Hospital of China Medical University; Department of Pathology (X.R.), Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute (C.Z.), Capital Medical University; and Department of Neurosurgery (J.C.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
authors.forename: Sheng
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Han
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Neurosurgery (W.C., Y.L., S.H., A.W.), The First Hospital of China Medical University; Department of Pathology (X.R.), Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang; Beijing Neurosurgical Institute (C.Z.), Capital Medical University; and Department of Neurosurgery (J.C.), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. wuanhua@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Anhua
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D002681:China; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019295:Computational Biology; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D011379:Prognosis; D012306:Risk; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor