title: Retrospective evaluation of patients with elevated digoxin levels at an emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the demographic characteristics, clinical and laboratory findings, treatment strategies and clinical outcomes of patients presenting at emergency department (ED) with digoxin levels at or above 1.2 ng/ml.
  
  
  METHODS
  The demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with serum digoxin levels at or above 1.2 ng/ml admitted to an ED between January 2010 and July 2011 were investigated in this cross-sectional descriptive study. Patients with ECG and clinical findings consistent with digoxin toxicity and no additional explanation of their symptoms were evaluated for digoxin toxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study 137 patients were included, and 68.6% of patients were women with mean age 76.1 ± 12.2. There was no significant difference between gender and digoxin intoxication. The mean age of intoxicated group was significantly higher than the non-intoxicated group (P = 0.03). The most common comorbidities were congestive heart failure (n = 91) and atrial fibrillation (n = 74). The most common symptoms were nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. The levels of hospitalization and mortality in this group were significantly higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Digoxin intoxication must be suspected in patients present in the ED, particularly those with complaints that include nausea and vomiting, as well as new ECG changes; serum digoxin levels must be determined.
authors.affiliation: Izmir University School of Health Sciences, First Aid and Emergency Care Program, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gulsum
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Limon
authors.affiliation: Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gurkan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ersoy
authors.affiliation: Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nese Colak
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Oray
authors.affiliation: Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Basak
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bayram
authors.affiliation: Izmir University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Onder
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Limon
keywords: Digoxin; Digoxin level; Emergency department; Intoxication