title: Technogenic magnetic particles in soils as evidence of historical mining and smelting activity: A case of the Brynica River Valley, Poland.
abstract: In the area of Brynica River basin (Upper Silesia, southern Poland) the exploitation and smelting of iron, silver and lead ores was historically documented since early Middle Ages. First investigations showed that metallurgy industry had a large impact from 9th century (AD) until the Second World War. The aim of the study was to use magnetic prospection to detect traces of past mining and ore smelting in Brynica River Valley located in Upper Silesia (southern Poland). The field screening was performed by measurement magnetic susceptibility (κ) on surface and in vertical profiles and was supported locally by gradiometric measurements. Vertical distribution of magnetic susceptibility values was closely associated with the type of soil use. Historical technogenic magnetic particles resulting from exploitation, processing, and smelting of iron, silver, and lead ores were accumulated in the soil layer at the depth 10 to 25cm. They were represented by sharp-edged particles of slag, coke, as well as various mineralogical forms of iron minerals and aggregates composed of carbon particles, aluminosilicate glass, and single particles of metallic iron. The additional geochemical study in adjacent peat bog supported by radiocarbon dating was also performed. The application of integrated geochemical-magnetic methods to reconstruct the historical accumulation of pollutants in the studied peat bog was effective. The magnetic peak, which was pointed out by magnetic analyses, is consistent with the presence of charcoal and pollution from heavy metals, such as Ag, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, or Sn. The results of this work will be helpful for the further study of human's impact on the environment related to the historical and even pre-historical ore exploitation and smelting and also used for better targeting the archeological excavations on such areas.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Skłodowskiej-Curie 34, Zabrze, Poland. Electronic address: tadeusz.magiera@ipis.zabrze.pl.
authors.forename: Tadeusz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Magiera
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Skłodowskiej-Curie 34, Zabrze, Poland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mendakiewicz
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Skłodowskiej-Curie 34, Zabrze, Poland.
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Szuszkiewicz
authors.affiliation: Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, Sosnowiec, Poland.
authors.forename: Mariola
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jabłońska
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Ecological Research, Ekopomiar, Gliwice, Poland.
authors.forename: Leszek
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chróst
mesh_terms: D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D007501:Iron; D007854:Lead; D060328:Magnetic Phenomena; D008669:Metallurgy; D008906:Mining; D011044:Poland; D012834:Silver; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D007854:Lead; D012834:Silver; D007501:Iron
keywords: Heavy metals; Historical soil pollution; Magnetic susceptibility; Peat bogs; Technogenic magnetic particles