title: Evolving Therapies in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Progress at Last?
abstract: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an acquired disease characterized by chromosomal translocations and somatic mutations that lead to leukemogenesis. Systemic combination chemotherapy with an anthracycline and cytarabine remains the standard induction regimen for "fit" adults. Patients who achieve complete remission generally receive postinduction therapy with cytarabine-based chemotherapy or an allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Those unfit for induction chemotherapy are treated with hypomethylating agents (HMAs), low-dose cytarabine, or they are offered supportive care alone with transfusions and prophylactic antimicrobials. The revolution in understanding the genetics of AML, facilitated by next-generation sequencing, has led to many new drugs against driver mutations. Better methods of identification of leukemic blasts have provided us with better means to detect the disease left behind after cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens. This measurable residual disease has been correlated with poorer relapse-free survival, demonstrating the need for novel strategies to eradicate it to improve the outcome of patients with acute leukemias. In this article, we discuss adapting and improving AML therapy by age and comorbidities, emerging targeted therapies in AML, and minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment in AML.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: DeAngelo
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Eytan M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ravandi
mesh_terms: D018943:Anthracyclines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003561:Cytarabine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D012074:Remission Induction
chemical_list: D018943:Anthracyclines; D003561:Cytarabine