title: Ophthalmic complications of endoscopic sinus surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The proximity of the paranasal sinuses to the orbit and its contents allows the occurence of injuries in both primary or revision surgery. The majority of orbital complications are minor. The major complications are seen in 0.01-2.25% and some of them can be serious, leading to permanent dysfunction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the risk and type of ophthalmic complications among patients operated due to a chronic rhinosinusitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective study of 1658 patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with or without polyps or mucocele. Surgeries were performed under general anesthesia in all cases and consisted of polyps' removal, followed by middle metal antrostomy, partial or complete ethmoidectomy, frontal recess surgery and sphenoid surgery if necessary. The ophthalmic complications were classified according to type, frequency and clinical findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our material 32.68% of the patients required revision surgery and only 10.1% had been previously operated in our Department. Overall complications occurred in 11 patients (0.66%). Minor complications were observed in 5 patients (0.3%) with the most frequent being periorbital ecchymosis with or without emphysema. Major complications were observed in one patient (0.06%) and were related to a lacrimal duct injury. Severe complications occurred in 5 cases (0.3%), with 2 cases and referred to a retroorbital hematoma, optic nerve injury (2 cases) and one case of extraocular muscle injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orbital complications of endoscopic nasal surgery are rare. The incidence of serious complications, causing permanent disabilities is less than 0.3%. The most important parameters responsible for complications are extension of the disease, previous endoscopic surgery and coexisting anticoagulant treatment.
authors.affiliation: Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Optometry Collegium Medicum, Toruń, Poland; Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology Collegium Medicum, Toruń, Poland.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seredyka-Burduk
authors.affiliation: Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology Collegium Medicum, Toruń, Poland. Electronic address: pburduk@wp.l.
authors.forename: Pawel Krzysztof
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Burduk
authors.affiliation: Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngological Oncology Collegium Medicum, Toruń, Poland.
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wierzchowska
authors.affiliation: Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Optometry Collegium Medicum, Toruń, Poland; Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology Collegium Medicum, Toruń, Poland.
authors.forename: Bartlomiej
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kaluzny
authors.affiliation: Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology Collegium Medicum, Toruń, Poland.
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malukiewicz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D057605:Natural Orifice Endoscopic Surgery / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000601:surgery; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Chronic rhinosinusitis; Cirurgia endoscópica do seio nasal; Endoscopic sinus surgery; Orbital/ocular; Rinossinusite crônica