title: The VCD Mouse Model of Menopause and Perimenopause for the Study of Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Disease and the Metabolic Syndrome.
abstract: In females, menopause, the cessation of menstrual cycling, is associated with an increase in risk for several diseases such as cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and ovarian cancer. The majority of women enter menopause via a gradual reduction of ovarian function over several years (perimenopause) and retain residual ovarian tissue. The VCD mouse model of menopause (ovarian failure in rodents) is a follicle-deplete, ovary-intact animal that more closely approximates the natural human progression through perimenopause and into the postmenopausal stage of life. In this review, we present the physiological parameters of how to use the VCD model and explore the VCD model and its application into the study of postmenopausal disease mechanisms, focusing on recent murine studies of diabetic kidney disease, the metabolic syndrome, and hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona brooksh@email.arizona.edu.
authors.forename: H L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Pollow
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
authors.forename: P B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Hoyer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008593:Menopause; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D010053:Ovary / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D047648:Perimenopause; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014753:Vinyl Compounds
chemical_list: D053138:Cyclohexenes; D014753:Vinyl Compounds; C012606:4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide