title: Heritability and Reversibility of DNA Methylation Induced by in vitro Grafting between Brassica juncea and B. oleracea.
abstract: Grafting between tuber mustard and red cabbage produced a chimeric shoot apical meristem (SAM) of TTC, consisting of Layers I and II from Tuber mustard and Layer III from red Cabbage. Phenotypic variations, which mainly showed in leaf shape and SAM, were observed in selfed progenies GSn (GS = grafting-selfing, n = generations) of TTC. Here the heritability of phenotypic variation and its association with DNA methylation changes in GSn were investigated. Variation in leaf shape was found to be stably inherited to GS5, but SAM variation reverted over generations. Subsequent measurement of DNA methylation in GS1 revealed 5.29-6.59% methylation changes compared with tuber mustard (TTT), and 31.58% of these changes were stably transmitted to GS5, but the remainder reverted to the original status over generations, suggesting grafting-induced DNA methylation changes could be both heritable and reversible. Sequence analysis of differentially methylated fragments (DMFs) revealed methylation mainly changed within transposons and exon regions, which further affected the expression of genes, including flowering time- and gibberellin response-related genes. Interestingly, DMFs could match differentially expressed siRNA of GS1, GS3 and GS5, indicating that grafting-induced DNA methylation could be directed by siRNA changes. These results suggest grafting-induced DNA methylation may contribute to phenotypic variations induced by grafting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.|Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Liwen
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.|Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Ningning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.|Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Junxing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.|Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Zhenyu
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.|Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.|Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Liping
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D001937:Brassica / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D002678:Chimera / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000737:chemistry; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D009149:Mustard Plant / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D010641:Phenotype; D000069600:Plant Breeding / Q000379:methods*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019655:Quantitative Trait, Heritable
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant; D010940:Plant Proteins