title: The Bacterial iprA Gene Is Conserved across Enterobacteriaceae, Is Involved in Oxidative Stress Resistance, and Influences Gene Expression in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium.
abstract: The iprA gene (formerly known as yaiV or STM0374) is located in a two-gene operon in the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium genome and is associated with altered expression during spaceflight and rotating-wall-vessel culture conditions that increase virulence. However, iprA is uncharacterized in the literature. In this report, we present the first targeted characterization of this gene, which revealed that iprA is highly conserved across Enterobacteriaceae We found that S Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter cloacae ΔiprA mutant strains display a multi-log-fold increase in oxidative stress resistance that is complemented using a plasmid-borne wild-type (WT) copy of the S Typhimurium iprA gene. This observation was also associated with increased catalase activity, increased S Typhimurium survival in macrophages, and partial dependence on the katE gene and full dependence on the rpoS gene. Our results indicate that IprA protein activity is sensitive to deletion of the N- and C-terminal 10 amino acids, while a region that includes amino acids 56 to 80 is dispensable for activity. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis revealed several genes altered in expression in the S Typhimurium ΔiprA mutant strain compared to the WT, including those involved in fimbria formation, spvABCD-mediated virulence, ethanolamine utilization, the phosphotransferase system (PTS) transport, and flagellin phase switching from FlgB to FliC (likely a stochastic event) and several genes of hypothetical or putative function.
  
  
  
  Overall, this work reveals that the conserved iprA gene measurably influences bacterial biology and highlights the pool of currently uncharacterized genes that are conserved across bacterial genomes. These genes represent potentially useful targets for bacterial engineering, vaccine design, and other possible applications.
authors.affiliation: Villanova University, Department of Biology, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.affiliation: Villanova University, Department of Biology, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Jacquelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serfecz
authors.affiliation: Villanova University, Department of Biology, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kinnally
authors.affiliation: Villanova University, Department of Biology, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Crosby
authors.affiliation: Villanova University, Department of Biology, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Youngman
authors.affiliation: Villanova University, Department of Biology, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wykoff
authors.affiliation: Villanova University, Department of Biology, Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA james.w.wilson@villanova.edu.
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology*; D009154:Mutation; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D012313:RNA