title: Emergence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus at a tertiary paediatric hospital in South Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During 2013, the haematology/oncology unit at a tertiary level paediatric hospital in South Africa experienced the emergence of infection with vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical and molecular aspects of the cases identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  VRE isolates identified from blood culture specimens processed at the National Health Laboratory Service were screened for the presence of the vancomycin resistance genes vanA, B and C1, 2 and 3. Further characterisation of these isolates was carried out using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PGFE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Clinical records of infected patients were reviewed to identify possible risk factors, while surveillance with rectal swabs was performed to identify VRE-colonised patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four patients with haematological malignancies were identified with VRE bloodstream infections. Patients were immunocompromised at the time of the bloodstream infection (BSI), with receipt of vancomycin prior to VRE-BSI, and infections were treated with linezolid. Colonisation with VRE was found in 8 of 55 patients screened. Infected and colonised patients were isolated in the unit during their admission and strict contact precaution infection control practices were instituted. The vanA gene was identified in all of the isolates but one. PFGE and MLST results showed a degree of genetic relatedness between certain isolates obtained from rectal swab and blood culture samples, suggesting possible patient-to-patient transmission or persistence of the isolates in the unit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Strict infection control practices are necessary to prevent infection and transmission of resistant organisms among vulnerable patients.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa. harshalochan@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Harsha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lochan
authors.forename: Clinton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moodley
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rip
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bamford
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hendricks
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eley
mesh_terms: D016470:Bacteremia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D060005:Genotyping Techniques; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019337:Hematologic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D017053:Infection Control; D058885:Multilocus Sequence Typing; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013019:South Africa; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance