title: Inflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor-kappa B activation in adolescents with bipolar and major depressive disorders.
abstract: Adults with bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) have higher circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines than healthy controls. However, it is not known whether pediatric-onset patients with BD or MDD show increases in levels of inflammation or activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), a key transcription factor in inflammatory signaling. Circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines, as well as spontaneous and stimulated levels of activated NF-κB in total peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocytes and lymphocytes were measured in adolescents with BD (n=18), MDD (n=13), or no psychiatric history (n=20). Participants had a range of mood symptoms at time of testing. Adolescents with BD had significantly higher spontaneous levels of NF-κB in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocyte and lymphocyte populations, and higher plasma levels of IL-1β than healthy controls. Following stimulation with recombinant human TNF-α, participants with BD and MDD both had greater increases in NF-κB in monocytes than controls. Further, greater stimulated increases of NF-κB in monocytes were associated with the current severity of depressive symptoms. The results are limited by the small sample and cross-sectional design. Interventions that target early immunological dysregulation should be examined in relation to long-term outcomes in youth with bipolar and depressive disorders.
  
  
  
  Early Intervention for Youth at Risk for Bipolar Disorder, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01483391.
authors.affiliation: Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: dmiklowitz@mednet.ucla.edu.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Miklowitz
authors.affiliation: Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Larissa C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Portnoff
authors.affiliation: Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Casey C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keenan-Miller
authors.affiliation: Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Breen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Keely A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Muscatell
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Naomi I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Eisenberger
authors.affiliation: Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Irwin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D018655:Lymphocyte Count; D008297:Male; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
keywords: Inflammation; Inflammatory signaling; Interleukin-1; Lymphocytes; Monocytes; NF-ΚB; Peripheral blood mononuclear cells