title: Prophylactic neuroprotective efficiency of co-administration of Ginkgo biloba and Trifolium pretense against sodium arsenite-induced neurotoxicity and dementia in different regions of brain and spinal cord of rats.
abstract: The present study was carried out to evaluate the potential protective role of co-administration of Ginkgo biloba, Trifolium pretenseagainst sodium arsenite-induced neurotoxicity in different parts of brain (Cerebral cortex, Hippocampus, striatum and Hind brain) and in the spinal cord of rats. Sodium arsenite caused impairment in the acquisition and learning in all the behavioral tasks and caused significant increase in tumor necrosis factor-α,thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances andlipid profile, while caused significant decrease in glutathione, total thiol content, total antioxidant capacity, acetylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidase and ATPases activities. These results were confirmed by histopathological, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy examination of different regions of brain. From these results sodium arsenite-induced neurodegenerative disorder in different regions of brain and spinal cord and this could be mediated through modifying the intracellular brain ions homeostasis, cholinergic dysfunction and oxidative damage. The presence of Ginkgo biloba and/orTrifolium pretense with sodium arsenite minimized its neurological damages. It was pronounced that using Ginkgo biloba and Trifolium pretense in combination was more effective as protective agents compared to use eachone of them alone.
authors.affiliation: Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Heba M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Abdou
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Studies, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. Electronic address: yousefmokhtar@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mokhtar I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Yousef
authors.affiliation: Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Desouki A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: El Mekkawy
authors.affiliation: Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Egypt.
authors.forename: Ahmed S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Al-Shami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018053:Arsenites / Q000633:toxicity*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D020441:Ginkgo biloba; D008297:Male; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D029921:Trifolium
chemical_list: D018053:Arsenites; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D017670:Sodium Compounds; C017947:sodium arsenite
keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; Different parts of brain; Fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy examinations; Histopathology; Monoamine oxidase and ATPases activities; Sodium arsenite; TNF-α expression