title: Decision Making and Sequential Sampling from Memory.
abstract: Decisions take time, and as a rule more difficult decisions take more time. But this only raises the question of what consumes the time. For decisions informed by a sequence of samples of evidence, the answer is straightforward: more samples are available with more time. Indeed, the speed and accuracy of such decisions are explained by the accumulation of evidence to a threshold or bound. However, the same framework seems to apply to decisions that are not obviously informed by sequences of evidence samples. Here, we proffer the hypothesis that the sequential character of such tasks involves retrieval of evidence from memory. We explore this hypothesis by focusing on value-based decisions and argue that mnemonic processes can account for regularities in choice and decision time. We speculate on the neural mechanisms that link sampling of evidence from memory to circuits that represent the accumulated evidence bearing on a choice. We propose that memory processes may contribute to a wider class of decisions that conform to the regularities of choice-reaction time predicted by the sequential sampling framework.
authors.affiliation: Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. Electronic address: shadlen@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Michael N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Shadlen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute and Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA. Electronic address: ds2619@columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Daphna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shohamy
mesh_terms: D003657:Decision Making; D006801:Humans; D008568:Memory; D011582:Psychological Theory; D013997:Time Factors