title: HIV Testing among Patients with Presumptive Tuberculosis: How Do We Implement in a Routine Programmatic Setting? Results of a Large Operational Research from India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In March 2012, World Health Organization recommended that HIV testing should be offered to all patients with presumptive TB (previously called TB suspects). How this is best implemented and monitored in routine health care settings in India was not known. An operational research was conducted in Karnataka State (South India, population 64 million, accounts for 10% of India's HIV burden), to test processes and learn results and challenges of screening presumptive TB patients for HIV within routine health care settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross-sectional study conducted between January-March 2012, all presumptive TB patients attending public sector sputum microscopy centres state-wide were offered HIV testing by the laboratory technician, and referred to the nearest public sector HIV counselling and testing services, usually within the same facility. The HIV status of the patients was recorded in the routine TB laboratory form and TB laboratory register. The laboratory register was compiled to obtain the number of presumptive TB patients whose HIV status was ascertained, and the number found HIV positive. Aggregate data on reasons for non-testing were compiled at district level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 115,308 patients with presumptive TB were examined for sputum smear microscopy at 645 microscopy centres state-wide. Of these, HIV status was ascertained for 62,847(55%) among whom 7,559(12%) were HIV-positive, and of these, 3,034(40%) were newly diagnosed. Reasons for non-testing were reported for 37,700(72%) of the 52,461 patients without HIV testing; non-availability of testing services at site of sputum collection was cited by health staff in 54% of respondents. Only 4% of patients opted out of HIV testing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Offering HIV testing routinely to presumptive TB patients detected large numbers of previously-undetected instances of HIV infection. Several operational challenges were noted which provide useful lessons for improving uptake of HIV testing in this important group.
authors.affiliation: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ajay Mv
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Central TB Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Devesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Central TB Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India.|National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Central TB Division, Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India.|National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India.|World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Avinash
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kanchar
authors.affiliation: National AIDS Control Organization, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Raghuram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.affiliation: State TB Cell, Directorate of Health Services, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Suresh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shastri
authors.affiliation: State TB Cell, Directorate of Health Services, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Suryakanth
authors.affiliation: Karnataka State AIDS prevention and control Society, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Chethana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rangaraju
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization Country Office for India, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Balaji
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization Country Office for India, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Deepak K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Guddemane
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization Country Office for India, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Prashant
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bhat
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization Country Office for India, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Achuthan Sreenivas
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.affiliation: International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Paris, France.|London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Anthony David
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Harries
authors.affiliation: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Puneet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dewan
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D012698:Serologic Tests; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology