title: Transcranial sonography findings related to depression in parkinsonian disorders: cross-sectional study in 126 patients.
abstract: Background. Transcranial sonography (TCS) has emerged as a potential diagnostic tool for Parkinson's disease. Recent research has suggested that abnormal echogenicity of substantia nigra, raphe nuclei and third ventricle is associated with increased risk of depression among these patients. We sought to reproduce these findings in an ongoing larger study of patients with parkinsonian syndromes. Methods. A total of 126 patients with parkinsonian symptoms underwent the Hamilton Depression Scale, and TCS of the substantia nigra (SN) (n = 126), the raphe nuclei (RN) (n = 80) and the third ventricle (n = 57). We then calculated the correlation between depression and hyper-echogenic SN, hypo-echogenic RN and a wider third ventricle. Results. In patients with PD we found no significant difference of the SN between non-depressed and depressed patients (46% vs. 22%; p = 0.18). Non-depressed patients with other parkinsonisms more often had hyperechogenicity of the SN than depressed patients (51% vs. 0%; p = 0.01). We found no relation between depression and the echogenicity of the RN or the width of the third ventricle. Conclusions. In patients with parkinsonian syndromes, we found no association between depression and hyper-echogenic SN, hypo-echogenic RN or a wider third ventricle, as determined by transcranial sonography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis , Delft , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Angela E P
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Bouwmans
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wim E J
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert F G
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Leentjens
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , Netherlands.
authors.forename: Werner H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Mess
keywords: Depression; Parkinsonisms; Parkinson’s disease; Raphe nuclei; Substantia nigra; Third ventricle; Transcranial sonography