title: Genome-wide association study identifies 74 loci associated with educational attainment.
abstract: Educational attainment is strongly influenced by social and other environmental factors, but genetic factors are estimated to account for at least 20% of the variation across individuals. Here we report the results of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for educational attainment that extends our earlier discovery sample of 101,069 individuals to 293,723 individuals, and a replication study in an independent sample of 111,349 individuals from the UK Biobank. We identify 74 genome-wide significant loci associated with the number of years of schooling completed. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with educational attainment are disproportionately found in genomic regions regulating gene expression in the fetal brain. Candidate genes are preferentially expressed in neural tissue, especially during the prenatal period, and enriched for biological pathways involved in neural development. Our findings demonstrate that, even for a behavioural phenotype that is mostly environmentally determined, a well-powered GWAS identifies replicable associated genetic variants that suggest biologically relevant pathways. Because educational attainment is measured in large numbers of individuals, it will continue to be useful as a proxy phenotype in efforts to characterize the genetic influences of related phenotypes, including cognition and neuropsychiatric diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.|Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Aysu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Okbay
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Beauchamp
authors.affiliation: Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA.
authors.forename: Mark Alan
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fontana
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
authors.forename: James J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2116, USA.|Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.|The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.|Statens Serum Institut, Department of Epidemiology Research, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tune H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Pers
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.|Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelius A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rietveld
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Turley
authors.affiliation: Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Guo-Bo
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland.|Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík 107, Iceland.
authors.forename: Valur
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Emilsson
authors.affiliation: Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.|Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.|Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: S Fleur W
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Meddens
authors.affiliation: Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden.
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oskarsson
authors.affiliation: New York Genome Center, New York, New York 10013, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Pickrell
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thom
authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.|Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Timshel
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.|Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.|Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Vlaming
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Abdel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdellaoui
authors.affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.|COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark.|Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2820, Denmark.
authors.forename: Tarunveer S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ahluwalia
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden.
authors.forename: Jonas
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bacelis
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baumbach
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
authors.forename: Gyda
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bjornsdottir
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Johannes H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Brandsma
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pina Concas
authors.affiliation: Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA.
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Derringer
authors.affiliation: 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Furlotte
authors.affiliation: Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tessel E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Galesloot
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Girotto
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Richa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.|NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
authors.forename: Leanne M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.|Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.|Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology &Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK.|Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
authors.forename: Momoko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Horikoshi
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
authors.forename: Jennifer E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Huffman
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kadri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaasik
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece.
authors.forename: Ioanna P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Kalafati
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
authors.forename: Augustine
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.|Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland.
authors.forename: Jari
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lahti
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Sven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: van der Lee
authors.affiliation: Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.|Institute for Computing and Information Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6525 EC, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Christiaan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: deLeeuw
authors.affiliation: Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
authors.forename: Penelope A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lind
authors.affiliation: Department of Government, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden.
authors.forename: Karl-Oskar
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Lindgren
authors.affiliation: Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin 14195, Germany.
authors.forename: Tian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.|NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mangino
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marten
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
authors.forename: Evelin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mihailov
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: van der Most
authors.affiliation: Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.|Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oldmeadow
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.|Human Communication and Deafness, School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Antony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Payton
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.|Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pervjakova
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wouter J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Peyrot
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, 20521 Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Raitakari
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland.|Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rico
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rueedi
authors.affiliation: Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy.
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Salvi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany.
authors.forename: Börge
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
authors.forename: Katharina E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Schraut
authors.affiliation: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9780, USA.
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
authors.forename: Albert V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Raymond A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Poot
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.|School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: St Pourcain
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Teumer
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
authors.forename: Gudmar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thorleifsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Niek
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Verweij
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.
authors.forename: Dragana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vuckovic
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany.
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wellmann
authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.|Divisions of Genetics and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.|Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Harm-Jan
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Westra
authors.affiliation: Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.|Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Jingyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.affiliation: Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.|Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 GZ, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Behrooz Z
authors.initials: BZ
authors.lastname: Alizadeh
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Najaf
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.affiliation: Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bakshi
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.|Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany.
authors.forename: Sebastian E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Baumeister
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia 27100, Italy.
authors.forename: Ginevra
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Biino
authors.affiliation: COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bønnelykke
authors.affiliation: Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.|Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.affiliation: Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
authors.forename: Francesco P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Cappuccio
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.|Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 1HP, UK.
authors.forename: Jan-Emmanuel
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: De Neve
authors.affiliation: William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.|Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Panos
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Deloukas
authors.affiliation: The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany.|Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Berlin 13353, Germany.
authors.forename: Ilja
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Demuth
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.affiliation: German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.|Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eibich
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany.
authors.forename: Lewin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Eisele
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Niina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eklund
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.|The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.affiliation: Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Faul
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA.
authors.forename: Mary F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Feitosa
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany.|Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn 53127, Germany.
authors.forename: Andreas J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Forstner
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gandin
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
authors.forename: Bjarni
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gunnarsson
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.|Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
authors.forename: Bjarni V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Halldórsson
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA.
authors.forename: Tamara B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.affiliation: Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
authors.forename: Lynne J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Hocking
authors.affiliation: Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.|Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia.
authors.forename: Elizabeth G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Holliday
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Homuth
authors.affiliation: Manchester Medical School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Horan
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jouke-Jan
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hottenga
authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.|Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Departments of Neurology &Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.|Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Philip L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: de Jager
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.affiliation: Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Astanand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jugessur
authors.affiliation: Department of Genomics of Common Disease, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
authors.forename: Marika A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kaakinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, 33521 Tampere, Finland.|Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kähönen
authors.affiliation: William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
authors.forename: Stavroula
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kanoni
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keltigangas-Järvinen
authors.affiliation: Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lambertus A L M
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Kiemeney
authors.affiliation: Public Health, Medical School, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kolcic
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koskinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA.
authors.forename: Aldi T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Kraja
authors.affiliation: German Socio- Economic Panel Study, DIW Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kroh
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1005, Switzerland.|Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.|Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1010, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kutalik
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Latvala
authors.affiliation: Neuroepidemiology Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9205, USA.
authors.forename: Lenore J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Launer
authors.affiliation: Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands.|Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 XA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maël P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lebreton
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5797, USA.
authors.forename: Douglas F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Levinson
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lichtner
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.|Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
authors.forename: David C M
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Liewald
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Loukola
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Madden
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
authors.forename: Reedik
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mägi
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Tomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mäki-Opas
authors.affiliation: Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.|Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.|Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
authors.forename: Riccardo E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Marioni
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marques-Vidal
authors.affiliation: Tema BV, Hoofddorp, 2131 HE, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerardus A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Meddens
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meisinger
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Meitinger
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Yusplitri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Milaneschi
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
authors.forename: Lili
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Milani
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
authors.forename: Grant W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.affiliation: Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Ronny
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Myhre
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.|NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.affiliation: Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.|Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland Institute of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia.
authors.forename: Dale R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Nyholt
authors.affiliation: Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, Institute of Population Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
authors.forename: William E R
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Ollier
authors.affiliation: Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.|Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.|The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.|Psychiatric &Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.|Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.|Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Aarno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palotie
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
authors.forename: Lavinia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Paternoster
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
authors.forename: Katja E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Petrovic
authors.affiliation: Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Porteous
authors.affiliation: Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.|Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland.
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Räikkönen
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ring
authors.affiliation: Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Robino
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.|Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA.
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rostapshova
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rudan
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rustichini
authors.affiliation: Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Veikko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Salomaa
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3137, USA.|Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.affiliation: Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.|Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00300 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Antti-Pekka
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Sarin
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.|Research Unit for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, General Hospital and Medical University, Graz, Graz 8010, Austria.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia.|Information Based Medicine Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.
authors.forename: Rodney J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK.
authors.forename: Blair H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.|R&D VitaK Group, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 EV, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Staessen
authors.affiliation: The Berlin Aging Study II; Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany, Berlin 13347, Germany.
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Steinhagen-Thiessen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.|Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität, Munich 81377, Germany.
authors.forename: Konstantin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strauch
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terracciano
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences and Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
authors.forename: Martin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tobin
authors.affiliation: Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy.
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ulivi
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy.
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaccargiu
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quaye
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.|Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Frank J A
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: van Rooij
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.|NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Venturini
authors.affiliation: Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Anna A E
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Vinkhuyzen
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Völker
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Völzke
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Vonk
authors.affiliation: Social Impact, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA.
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vozzi
authors.affiliation: COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark.|Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte 2820, Denmark.
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waage
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.|Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, USA.
authors.forename: Erin B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gonneke
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.affiliation: Public Health Stream, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW 2305, Australia.|Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia.
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Attia
authors.affiliation: Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.|Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.affiliation: Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics &Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany.|Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertram
authors.affiliation: COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2820, Denmark.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bisgaard
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Dorret I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Boomsma
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA.
authors.forename: Ingrid B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Borecki
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Community &Occupational Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bültmann
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Union College, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Chabris
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, Cagliari 9042, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cucca
authors.affiliation: Department Of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milano 20142, Italy.|Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Segrate (Milano) 20090, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cusi
authors.affiliation: Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.|Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
authors.forename: Ian J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Deary
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Dietetics, Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens 17671, Greece.
authors.forename: George V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Dedoussis
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van Duijn
authors.affiliation: Folkhälsan Research Centre, 00014 Helsingfors, Finland.|Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Johan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.affiliation: Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Lude
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.|Medical Genetics, Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste 34100, Italy.|Sidra, Experimental Genetics Division, Sidra, Doha 26999, Qatar.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gasparini
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois 60201-3137, USA.|Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: Pablo V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Gejman
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gieger
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.|Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS-Hospital Stralsund, Stralsund 18437, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans-Jörgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Grabe
authors.affiliation: Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gratten
authors.affiliation: Econometric Institute, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Patrick J F
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Groenen
authors.affiliation: Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
authors.forename: Vilmundur
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gudnason
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.|Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands.|Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van der Harst
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.|Generation Scotland, Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.affiliation: 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hinds
authors.affiliation: Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.|South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.|Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hyppönen
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Iacono
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg 416 85, Sweden.|Department of Genes and Environment, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jacobsson
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment &Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.|Center for Life Course Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.|Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, 90029 Oulu, Finland.|Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
authors.forename: Marjo-Riitta
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Järvelin
authors.affiliation: Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen 45147, Germany.
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jöckel
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.|Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.|Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaprio
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Sharon L R
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kardia
authors.affiliation: Fimlab Laboratories, 33520 Tampere, Finland.|Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, 33014 Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Terho
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lehtimäki
authors.affiliation: Economics, NYU Shanghai, 200122 Pudong, China.|Policy Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Lehrer
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden.
authors.forename: Patrik K E
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Magnusson
authors.affiliation: Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
authors.forename: Nicholas G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McGue
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.|Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Metspalu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute Brain Behaviour and Mental Health, Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester M6 8HD, UK.|Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research in Ageing, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pendleton
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center &GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, 1081 HL, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Brenda W J H
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Penninx
authors.affiliation: Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.|Department of Health, THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Perola
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy.
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pirastu
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica U.O.S. di Sassari, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari 07100, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pirastu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia.
authors.forename: Ozren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Polasek
authors.affiliation: Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.|Department of Clinical Genetics, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Posthuma
authors.affiliation: Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Power
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63018, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Province
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.|NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
authors.forename: Nilesh J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Samani
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schlessinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, General Hospital and Medical University Graz, Graz 8036, Austria.
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.affiliation: The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.|MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.|Institute of Preventive Medicine. Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Frederiksberg 2000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Thorkild I A
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.affiliation: Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK.
authors.forename: Tim D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stefansson
authors.affiliation: deCODE Genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik 101, Iceland.|Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik 101, Iceland.
authors.forename: Unnur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Thorsteinsdottir
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.|Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.|Montpellier Business School, Montpellier 34080, France.|Panteia, Zoetermeer, 2715 CA, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: A Roy
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Thurik
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Timpson
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.|Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.|Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
authors.affiliation: 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California 94041, USA.
authors.forename: Joyce Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Tung
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.|Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: André G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Uitterlinden
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vitart
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vollenweider
authors.affiliation: Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.|Centre for Global Health Research, The Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, UK.
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.affiliation: MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
authors.forename: Alan F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA.|School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Dalton C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Conley
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.affiliation: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK.
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davey Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015 GE, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Laibson
authors.affiliation: Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Medland
authors.affiliation: Bioethics Program, Union Graduate College - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Schenectady, New York 12308, USA.
authors.forename: Michelle N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.affiliation: Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.|The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm 113 83, Sweden.
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johannesson
authors.affiliation: Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.|The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Visscher
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2116, USA.|Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.|Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.|Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Tõnu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Esko
authors.affiliation: Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Behavior and Biology, Rotterdam, 3062 PA, The Netherlands.|Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands.|Amsterdam Business School, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1018 TV, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Philipp D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Koellinger
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA.|Research Institute for Industrial Economics, Stockholm 10215, Sweden.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cesarini
authors.affiliation: Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3332, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Benjamin
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D003071:Cognition; D019295:Computational Biology; D004522:Educational Status; D005333:Fetus / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000235:genetics*; D059647:Gene-Environment Interaction; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006801:Humans; D058977:Molecular Sequence Annotation; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000235:genetics; D006113:United Kingdom