title: Effect of Ionic Liquids on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Viability, Behavior, and Histology; Correlation between Toxicity and Ionic Liquid Aggregation.
abstract: The effect of 11 common amidinium, imidazolium, and phosphonium based ionic liquids (ILs) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) was investigated with specific emphasis on the effect of anion and cation chain length and aggregation of phosphonium based ILs. Viability and behavioral alteration in the locomotor activity and place preference, after IL treatment of 5 days postfertilization larvae, was recorded. Behavior and histological damage evaluation was performed for adult fish in order to get insight into the long-term effects of two potential biomass-dissolving ILs, [DBNH][OAc] and [P4441][OAc]. To get an understanding of how IL aggregation is linked to the toxicity of ILs, median effective concentrations (EC50) and critical micelle concentrations (CMC) were determined. The long-chain ILs were significantly more toxic than the short-chain ones, and the anion chain length was shown to be less significant than the cation chain length when assessing the impact of ILs on the viability of the organisms. Furthermore, most of the ILs were as monomers when the EC50 was reached. In addition, the ILs used in the long-term tests showed no significant effect on the zebrafish behavior, breeding, or histology, within the used concentration range.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Suvi-Katriina
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ruokonen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sanwald
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine and Neuroscience Center, POB 63, 00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sundvik
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Polnick
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Kashmira
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vyavaharkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Duša
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Ashley J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Holding
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Alistair W T
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: King
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Ilkka
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kilpeläinen
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lämmerhofer
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine and Neuroscience Center, POB 63, 00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Pertti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panula
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, POB 55, 00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Susanne K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Wiedmer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002412:Cations; D003412:Cricetulus; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D002412:Cations; D052578:Ionic Liquids