title: Use of metabolomics and lipidomics to evaluate the hypocholestreolemic effect of Proanthocyanidins from grape seed in a pig model.
abstract: This work aims to evaluate changes in the fecal metabolomic profile due to grape seed extract (GSE) intake by untargeted and targeted analysis using high resolution mass spectrometry in conjunction with multivariate statistics.
  
  
  
  An intervention study with six crossbred female pigs was performed. The pigs followed a standard diet for 3 days, then they were fed with a supplemented diet containing 1% (w/w) of MegaNatural® Gold grape seed extract for 6 days. Fresh pig fecal samples were collected daily. A combination of untargeted high resolution mass spectrometry, multivariate analysis (PLS-DA), data-dependent MS/MS scan, and accurate mass database matching was used to measure the effect of the treatment on fecal composition. The resultant PLS-DA models showed a good discrimination among classes with great robustness and predictability. A total of 14 metabolites related to the GSE consumption were identified including biliary acid, dicarboxylic fatty acid, cholesterol metabolites, purine metabolites, and eicosanoid metabolites among others. Moreover, targeted metabolomics using GC-MS showed that cholesterol and its metabolites fecal excretion was increased due to the proanthocyanidins from grape seed extract.
  
  
  
  The results show that oligomeric procyanidins from GSE modifies bile acid and steroid excretion, which could exert a hypocholesterolemic effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy -XARTA-INSA-UB, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.|CIBEROBN del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, Spain.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quifer-Rada
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Ying Yng
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Choy
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Calvert
authors.affiliation: Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Waterhouse
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy -XARTA-INSA-UB, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. lamuela@ub.edu.|CIBEROBN del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII, Spain. lamuela@ub.edu.
authors.forename: Rosa M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lamuela-Raventos
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005243:Feces; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D056604:Grape Seed Extract / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011786:Quality Control; D013261:Sterols / Q000032:analysis; D013552:Swine; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D056604:Grape Seed Extract; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; D013261:Sterols
keywords: Biliary acids; Cholesterol; Feces; Grape seed extract; Hypocholesterolemic effect; Metabolomics; Polyphenols; Proanthocyanidins