title: How do women trade-off benefits and risks in chemotherapy treatment decisions based on gene expression profiling for early-stage breast cancer? A discrete choice experiment.
abstract: Gene expression profiling (GEP) of tumours informs baseline risk prediction, potentially affecting adjuvant chemotherapy decisions for women with early-stage breast cancer. Since only 15% will experience a recurrence, concerns have been raised about potential harms from overtreatment and high GEP costs in publicly funded healthcare systems. We aimed to estimate preferences and personal utility of GEP testing information and benefit-risk trade-offs in chemotherapy treatment decisions.
  
  
  
  Based on literature review and findings from our qualitative research (focus groups, interviews with patients with breast cancer and medical oncologists), we developed a discrete choice experiment (DCE) survey and administered it via an internet panel. The DCE included 12 choice tasks with 5 attributes and 3 alternatives considering orthogonality, D-efficiency and level balance.
  
  
  
  The DCE survey was administered to 1004 Canadian women from the general population.
  
  
  
  Preferences were analysed using conditional logit and hierarchical Bayes and evaluated for goodness of fit. We conducted simulation analyses for alternative scenarios.
  
  
  
  GEP test score indicating likely benefit from chemotherapy was the most important attribute. Doctor's clinical estimate of the risk of cancer returning, trust in your cancer doctor and side effects of chemotherapy (temporary and permanent) were relatively less important but showed significant differences among levels. In the scenario analyses, 78% were likely to choose chemotherapy in a high-risk scenario, 55% in a moderate-risk scenario and 33% in a low-risk scenario, with the other attributes held constant. A high GEP score was more important in influencing the choice of chemotherapy for those at intermediate clinical risk.
  
  
  
  GEP testing information influences chemotherapy treatment decisions in early-stage breast cancer and varies depending on clinical risk. Clinicians should be aware of these differences and tailor the use of GEP testing accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Deborah A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.affiliation: DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Deal
authors.affiliation: Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bombard
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Leighl
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Karen V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: MacDonald
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trudeau
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D002170:Canada; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology; D057240:Patient Preference; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
keywords: Decision making; Discrete choice experiment; HEALTH ECONOMICS; Patient preferences