title: Nanoparticle size and combined toxicity of TiO2 and DSLS (surfactant) contribute to lysosomal responses in digestive cells of mussels exposed to TiO2 nanoparticles.
abstract: The aim of this investigation was to understand the bioaccumulation, cell and tissue distribution and biological effects of disodium laureth sulfosuccinate (DSLS)-stabilised TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) in marine mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mussels were exposed in vivo to 0.1, 1 and 10 mg Ti/L either as TiO2 NPs (60 and 180 nm) or bulk TiO2, as well as to DSLS alone. A significant Ti accumulation was observed in mussels exposed to TiO2 NPs, which were localised in endosomes, lysosomes and residual bodies of digestive cells, and in the lumen of digestive tubules, as demonstrated by ultrastructural observations and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. TiO2 NPs of 60 nm were internalised within digestive cell lysosomes to a higher extent than TiO2 NPs of 180 nm, as confirmed by the quantification of black silver deposits after autometallography. The latter were localised mainly forming large aggregates in the lumen of the gut. Consequently, lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) was significantly reduced upon exposure to both TiO2 NPs although more markedly after exposure to TiO2-60 NPs. Exposure to bulk TiO2 and to DSLS also affected the stability of the lysosomal membrane. Thus, effects on the lysosomal membrane depended on the nanoparticle size and on the combined biological effects of TiO2 and DSLS.
authors.affiliation: a CBET Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology , Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Basque Country , Spain .|b Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology , Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Basque Country , Spain , and.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jimeno-Romero
authors.affiliation: c The Laboratory for Biochemistry and Biotechnology of the Skin , The Dead Sea and Ahava Science Center, AHAVA-Dead Sea Laboratories, M.P. Dead Sea , Israel.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oron
authors.affiliation: a CBET Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology , Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Basque Country , Spain .|b Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology , Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Basque Country , Spain , and.
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Cajaraville
authors.affiliation: a CBET Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology , Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Basque Country , Spain .|b Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology , Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Basque Country , Spain , and.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Soto
authors.affiliation: a CBET Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology , Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Basque Country , Spain .|b Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology , Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Basque Country , Spain , and.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marigómez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004064:Digestive System / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000187:drug effects*; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D013386:Succinates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D013386:Succinates; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; C000620825:disodium laureth sulfosuccinate; C009495:titanium dioxide; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Bioaccumulation; cell and tissue distribution; lysosomal membrane destabilisation