title: The association of serum long-chain n-3 PUFA and hair mercury with exercise cardiac power in men.
abstract: Long-chain n-3 PUFA from fish and exercise capacity are associated with CVD risk. Fish, especially large and old predatory fish, may contain Hg, which may attenuate the inverse association of long-chain n-3 PUFA with CVD. However, the associations of long-chain n-3 PUFA or Hg exposure with exercise capacity are not well known. We aimed to evaluate the associations of serum long-chain n-3 PUFA EPA, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and DHA and hair Hg with exercise cardiac power (ECP, a ratio of VO2max:maximal systolic blood pressure (SBP) during an exercise test), a measure for exercise capacity. For this, data from the population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study were analysed cross-sectionally in order to determine the associations between serum long-chain n-3 PUFA, hair Hg and ECP in 1672 men without CVD, aged 42-60 years. After multivariate adjustments, serum total long-chain n-3 PUFA concentration was associated with higher ECP and VO2max (P trend across quartiles=0·04 and P trend=0·02, respectively), but not with maximal SBP (P trend=0·69). Associations were generally similar when EPA, DPA and DHA were evaluated individually. Hair Hg was not associated with ECP, VO2max or maximal SBP. However, the associations of total long-chain n-3 PUFA (P interaction=0·03) and EPA (P interaction=0·02) with higher VO2max were stronger among men with lower hair Hg. Higher serum long-chain n-3 PUFA concentration, mainly a marker for fish consumption in this study population, was associated with higher ECP and VO2max in middle-aged men from eastern Finland.
authors.affiliation: Kuopio Campus,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition,University of Eastern Finland,70211 Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Behnam
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tajik
authors.affiliation: Kuopio Campus,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition,University of Eastern Finland,70211 Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Sudhir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kurl
authors.affiliation: Kuopio Campus,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition,University of Eastern Finland,70211 Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Tomi-Pekka
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Tuomainen
authors.affiliation: Kuopio Campus,Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition,University of Eastern Finland,70211 Kuopio,Finland.
authors.forename: Jyrki K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Virtanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D004032:Diet; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000097:blood; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000097:blood; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000097:blood*; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000097:blood; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005387:Finland; D005399:Fishes; D006197:Hair / Q000378:metabolism*; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008628:Mercury / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010809:Physical Fitness; D012307:Risk Factors; D017747:Seafood
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid; D008628:Mercury; C026219:docosapentaenoic acid
keywords: Cohort studies; Cross-sectional study; DPA docosapentaenoic acid; ECP exercise cardiac power; Exercise capacity; Fatty acids; KIHD Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study; SBP systolic blood pressure