title: Evolution of target organ damage and haemodynamic parameters over 4 years in patients with increased insulin resistance: the LOD-DIABETES prospective observational study.
abstract: We prospectively examined the impact of type 2 diabetes compared with metabolic syndrome (MetS) on the development of vascular disease over 4 years as determined by anatomic and functional markers of vascular disease. By comparing the vascular outcomes of the 2 disorders, we seek to determine the independent effect of elevated glucose levels on vascular disease.
  
  
  
  2 primary care centres in Salamanca, Spain.
  
  
  
  We performed a prospective observational study involving 112 patients (68 with type 2 diabetes and 44 with MetS) who were followed for 4 years.
  
  
  
  Measurements included blood pressure, blood glucose, lipids, smoking, body mass index, waist circumference, Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), hs-c-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels. We also evaluated vascular, carotid intima media thickness (IMT), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and ankle/brachial index, heart and renal target organ damage (TOD). The haemodynamic parameters were central (CAIx) and peripheral (PAIx) augmentation indices.
  
  
  
  In year 4, participants with type 2 diabetes had increased IMT thickness. These patients had more plaques and an IMT>0.90 mm. In participants with MetS, we only found an increase in the number of plaques. We found no changes in PWV, CAIx and PAIx. The patients with diabetes had a greater frequency of vascular TOD. There were no differences neither in renal nor cardiac percentage of TOD in the patients with MetS or diabetes mellitus type 2.
  
  
  
  This prospective study showed that the evolution of vascular TOD is different in participants with type 2 diabetes compared with those with MetS. While IMT and PWV increased in type 2 diabetes, these were not modified in MetS. The renal and cardiac TOD evolution, as well as the PAIx and CAIx, did not change in either group.
  
  
  
  NCT01065155; Results.
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, Salamanca, Spain Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, REDIAPP: Research Network on Preventive Activities and Health Promotion, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain Medicine Department, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain Statistics Department, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Manuel Ángel
authors.initials: MÁ
authors.lastname: Gómez-Marcos
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, Salamanca, Spain Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, REDIAPP: Research Network on Preventive Activities and Health Promotion, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain Medicine Department, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: José Ignacio
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Recio-Rodríguez
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, Salamanca, Spain Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, REDIAPP: Research Network on Preventive Activities and Health Promotion, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences Department, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: María Carmen
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Patino-Alonso
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, Salamanca, Spain Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, REDIAPP: Research Network on Preventive Activities and Health Promotion, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain Medicine Department, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Agudo-Conde
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, Salamanca, Spain Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, REDIAPP: Research Network on Preventive Activities and Health Promotion, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain Medicine Department, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain Statistics Department, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Emiliano
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, Salamanca, Spain Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, REDIAPP: Research Network on Preventive Activities and Health Promotion, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain Medicine Department, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Jose Angel
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Maderuelo-Fernandez
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, Salamanca, Spain Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, REDIAPP: Research Network on Preventive Activities and Health Promotion, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gómez-Sánchez
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, Salamanca, Spain Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, REDIAPP: Research Network on Preventive Activities and Health Promotion, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gomez-Sanchez
authors.affiliation: Primary Care Research Unit, The Alamedilla Health Center, Salamanca, Spain Castilla and León Health Service-SACYL, REDIAPP: Research Network on Preventive Activities and Health Promotion, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain Medicine Department, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain LOD-DIABETES Group, REDIAPP: Research Network on Preventive Activities and Health Promotion, Salamanca, Spain.
authors.forename: Luís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: García-Ortiz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D001794:Blood Pressure; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D059168:Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007668:Kidney / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D063177:Pulse Wave Analysis / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D013030:Spain; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059289:Vascular Stiffness
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein
keywords: Arterial stiffness; Drug treatment; Metabolic syndrome; Target organ damage; Type 2 diabetes mellitus