title: Plastic Surgery Training Worldwide: Part 1. The United States and Europe.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major differences exist in residency training, and the structure and quality of residency programs differ between different countries and teaching centers. It is of vital importance that a better understanding of the similarities and differences in plastic surgery training be ascertained as a means of initiating constructive discussion and commentary among training programs worldwide. In this study, the authors provide an overview of plastic surgery training in the United States and Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey was sent to select surgeons in 10 European countries that were deemed to be regular contributors to the plastic surgery literature. The questions focused on pathway to plastic surgery residency, length of training, required pretraining experience, training scheme, research opportunities, and examinations during and after plastic surgery residency.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Plastic surgery residency training programs in the United States differ from the various (selected) countries in Europe and are described in detail.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Plastic surgery education is vastly different between the United States and Europe, and even within Europe, training programs remain heterogeneous. Standardization of curricula across the different countries would improve the interaction of different centers and facilitate the exchange of vital information for quality control and future improvements. The unique characteristics of the various training programs potentially provide a basis from which to learn and to gain from one another.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Division of Plastic Surgery, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Lille, Lille, France; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Kassel, Germany; and Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Center, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Parisa
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Division of Plastic Surgery, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Lille, Lille, France; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Kassel, Germany; and Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Center, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Maaike W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: van Paridon
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Division of Plastic Surgery, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Lille, Lille, France; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Kassel, Germany; and Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Center, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ahmed M S
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Division of Plastic Surgery, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Lille, Lille, France; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Kassel, Germany; and Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Center, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Marek A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Division of Plastic Surgery, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Lille, Lille, France; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Kassel, Germany; and Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Center, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Henri A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Winters
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Division of Plastic Surgery, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Lille, Lille, France; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Kassel, Germany; and Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Center, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Veronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Martinot-Duquennoy
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Division of Plastic Surgery, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Lille, Lille, France; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Kassel, Germany; and Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Center, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Ernst Magnus
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Noah
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Division of Plastic Surgery, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Lille, Lille, France; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Kassel, Germany; and Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Center, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pallua
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, La.; Division of Plastic Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Division of Plastic Surgery, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Lille, Lille, France; Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Kassel, Germany; and Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand Surgery and Burn Center, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Samuel J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lin