title: COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF GOLF-RELATED OCULAR INJURIES.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors aimed to analyze the causes and outcomes of golf-related ocular injuries in this retrospective meta-analysis, literature review, and original case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-one articles identified by PubMed search resulted in 11 included studies yielding 102 subjects. Included articles described all ocular golf injuries that presented to an institution during a determined period. Eight factors were analyzed: age, sex, location and mechanism of injury, protective eyewear use, resulting open-globe injury, resulting enucleation, and visual acuity changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No subjects wore adequate protective eyewear. Significantly more subjects were injured by golf balls (72%) than golf clubs (27%) or foreign body (1%) (P < 0.0001). The ratio of golf ball to club injuries was significantly higher in adults (92%) than in children (23%) (P < 0.0001). Forty-seven of 93 (51%) injuries resulted in an open globe, whereas 27/82 (33%) injuries resulted in enucleation. The mean ± SD logMAR visual acuity improved by -0.641 ± 0.745 after treatment (>6 lines of improvement; P = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reported ocular golf injuries occur less frequently than other ocular sports injuries, but may result in devastating outcomes. Supervision of children using golf equipment should be encouraged.
authors.affiliation: *Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Doctors Office Center, Newark, New Jersey; †Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & Ear Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and ‡Metropolitan Eye Research and Surgery Institute, Palisades Park, New Jersey.
authors.forename: Elliot S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: Anton M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kolomeyer
authors.forename: Eliott
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D015353:Eye Enucleation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D005135:Eye Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006055:Golf / Q000293:injuries*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology