title: Are endogenous cardenolides controlled by atrial natriuretic peptide.
abstract: Endogenous cardenolides are digoxin-like substances and ouabain-like substances that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and mood disorders in clinical and pre-clinical studies. Regulatory signals for endogenous cardenolides are still unknown. These endogenous compounds are believed to be produced by the adrenal gland in the periphery and the hypothalamus in the central nervous system, and constitute part of an hormonal axis that may regulate the catalytic activity of the α subunit of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. A review of literature suggests that there is great overlap in physiological environments that are associated with either elevations or reductions in the levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and endogenous cardenolides. This suggests that these two factors may share a common regulatory signal or perhaps that ANP may be involved in the regulation of endogenous cardenolides.
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.
authors.forename: Kanwarjeet S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Brar
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States.
authors.forename: Yonglin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.affiliation: Mood Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States. Electronic address: rselma01@louisville.edu.
authors.forename: Rif S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: El-Mallakh
mesh_terms: D000302:Adrenal Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D002298:Cardenolides / Q000378:metabolism*; D002384:Catalysis; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D004077:Digoxin / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002298:Cardenolides; D004077:Digoxin; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase
keywords: Atrial natriuretic factor; Digoxin; Digoxin-like factor; Endogenous cardenolides; Natriuretic peptides; Ouabain; Ouabain-like factor