title: Effect of a Flared Renal Stent on the Performance of Fenestrated Stent-Grafts at Rest and Exercise Conditions.
abstract: To quantify the hemodynamic impact of a flared renal stent on the performance of fenestrated stent-grafts (FSGs) by analyzing flow patterns and wall shear stress-derived parameters in flared and nonflared FSGs in different physiologic scenarios.
  
  
  
  Hypothetical models of FSGs were created with and without flaring of the proximal portion of the renal stent. Flared FSGs with different dilation angles and protrusion lengths were examined, as well as a nonplanar flared FSG to account for lumbar curvature. Laminar and pulsatile blood flow was simulated by numerically solving Navier-Stokes equations. A physiologically realistic flow rate waveform was prescribed at the inlet, while downstream vasculature was modeled using a lumped parameter 3-element windkessel model. No slip boundary conditions were imposed at the FSG walls, which were assumed to be rigid. While resting simulations were performed on all the FSGs, exercise simulations were also performed on a flared FSG to quantify the effect of flaring in different physiologic scenarios.
  
  
  
  For cycle-averaged inflow of 2.94 L/min (rest) and 4.63 L/min (exercise), 27% of blood flow was channeled into each renal branch at rest and 21% under exercise for all the flared FSGs examined. Although the renal flow waveform was not affected by flaring, flow within the flared FSGs was disturbed. This flow disturbance led to high endothelial cell activation potential (ECAP) values at the renal ostia for all the flared geometries. Reducing the dilation angle or protrusion length and exercise lowered the ECAP values for flared FSGs.
  
  
  
  Flaring of renal stents has a negligible effect on the time dependence of renal flow rate waveforms and can maintain sufficient renal perfusion at rest and exercise. Local flow patterns are, however, strongly dependent on renal flaring, which creates a local flow disturbance and may increase the thrombogenicity at the renal ostia. Smaller dilation angles, shorter protrusion lengths, and moderate lower limb exercise are likely to reduce the risk of thrombosis in flared geometries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK.
authors.forename: Harkamaljot
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kandail
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamady
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK yun.xu@imperial.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Xiao Yun
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D017544:Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001807:Blood Vessel Prosthesis; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D057510:Endovascular Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015444:Exercise; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D011474:Prosthesis Design; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012079:Renal Circulation; D012146:Rest; D015607:Stents; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors
keywords: computational fluid dynamics; fenestrated stent-grafts; hemodynamics; renal stent; stent flaring