title: Effect of meal size reduction and protein enrichment on intake and satiety in vital community-dwelling older adults.
abstract: Undernutrition risk among community-dwelling older adults is partly caused by inadequate protein intake. Enriching readymade meals with protein could be beneficial in increasing protein intake. Moreover, reduced-size meals could suit older adults with diminished appetite. In this single-blind randomized crossover study with 120 participants (age: 70.5 ± 4.5 y, BMI: 27.2 ± 4.4 kg/m(2)), 60 participants consumed four beef meals and another 60 consumed four chicken meals on four different days, once per week. These meals were produced according to a 2 × 2 factorial design: the protein content was either ∼25 g (lower) or ∼30 g (enriched), and the portion size was either 450 g (normal) or of 400 g (reduced). Palatability evaluation, meal intake, and subsequent satiety ratings after 120 min were measured. No significant differences in palatability among meals were found. While absolute intake (g) of the normal-size meals was significantly higher than that of the reduced-size meals, the relative intake (%) of the served meals did not differ between the four meals. Both protein and energy intakes were significantly higher for the enriched meals, regardless of portion size. Protein intakes were 5.4 g and 5.1 g higher in the normal-size and reduced-size enriched beef meals, respectively, and 6.1 g and 7.1 g higher in the enriched chicken meals, respectively. The normal-size enriched beef meal and reduced-size enriched chicken meal led to slightly but significantly higher ratings of satiety than the non-enriched meals. Due to these mixed satiety findings, separate effects of meal-size reduction and protein enrichment could not be distinguished in this study. The intake findings show that palatable protein-enriched meals support higher protein and energy intakes in vital community-dwelling older adults during a single meal.
authors.affiliation: Consumer Science & Health, Wageningen UR Food & Biobased Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: canan.ziylan@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Canan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ziylan
authors.affiliation: Consumer Science & Health, Wageningen UR Food & Biobased Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: stefanie.kremer@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: jessie.eerens@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Jessie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eerens
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: annemien.haveman@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Annemien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haveman-Nies
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: lisette.degroot@wur.nl.
authors.forename: Lisette C P G M
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: de Groot
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D000073600:Diet, High-Protein; D058620:Elder Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D063105:Food Assistance; D005518:Food Preferences; D005522:Food Services; D006801:Humans; D062409:Lunch; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008460:Meat; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D064787:Portion Size; D012306:Risk; D012528:Satiety Response; D016037:Single-Blind Method
keywords: Older adults; Protein intake; Protein-enriched meals; Satiety; Undernutrition