title: Cholesterol is required for maintaining T-tubule integrity and intercellular connections at intercalated discs in cardiomyocytes.
abstract: Low serum cholesterol levels are associated with cardiac arrhythmias and poor prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. However, the underlying mechanisms by which decreases in cholesterol content lead to cardiac dysfunction remain unclear. Multiple studies have implicated damage to cardiac transverse (T)-tubules as a key mediator of excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling dysfunction and heart failure. Since the T-tubule membrane system is enriched in cholesterol, we hypothesized that depletion of membrane cholesterol promotes T-tubule remodeling and E-C coupling dysfunction.
  
  
  
  We first examined the impact of membrane cholesterol depletion on T-tubule architecture by treating isolated C57BL/6 murine cardiomyocytes with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD). T-tubule structural integrity was progressively decreased by MβCD in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Membrane cholesterol depletion also promoted a severe decrease in the amplitude of Ca(2+) transients and an increase in Ca(2+) release dyssynchrony as well as a significant increase in the frequency of spontaneous Ca(2+) sparks. Reintroduction of cholesterol restored T-tubule integrity and partially restored Ca(2+) handling properties in acutely-treated myocytes and slowed T-tubule deterioration in response to chronic MβCD exposure. Studies were extended to determine the impact of membrane cholesterol depletion on T-tubule structure in intact hearts. In addition to T-tubule remodeling, Langendorff perfusion of MβCD resulted in rapid and severe disruption of the intercellular connections between cardiomyocytes, in particular at intercalated disc regions in intact hearts.
  
  
  
  These data provide the first evidence that cholesterol plays a critical role in maintaining cardiac T-tubule structure as well as the integrity of intercalated discs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Yanqi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Caimei
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Biyi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Ang
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
authors.forename: Jiang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. Electronic address: long-sheng-song@uiowa.edu.
authors.forename: Long-Sheng
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Song
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D051244:Caveolin 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D056966:Excitation Contraction Coupling; D015870:Gene Expression; D051379:Mice; D057054:Molecular Imaging; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D051244:Caveolin 3; D047392:beta-Cyclodextrins; C108732:methyl-beta-cyclodextrin; D002784:Cholesterol; D002118:Calcium
keywords: Ca(2+) handling; Cardiomyocytes; Cholesterol; Intercalated discs; T-tubules