title: Diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, optic atrophy, and deafness: A case of Wolfram (DIDMOAD) syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report a case of Wolfram syndrome (WS) characterized by diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, progressive optic atrophy, and deafness.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 19-year-old female patient, a known case of diabetes mellitus type I from six years before, presented with progressive vision loss since four years earlier. On fundoscopic examination, she had bilateral optic atrophy without diabetic retinopathy. The patient also had diabetes insipidus, neurosensory deafness, and neurogenic bladder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WS should be considered a differential diagnosis in patients with diabetes mellitus who present with optic atrophy, and it is necessary to perform a hearing test as well as collecting 24-h urine output.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
authors.forename: Nasrollah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maleki
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
authors.forename: Bahman
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bashardoust
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
authors.forename: Anahita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zakeri
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Shohadaye Khalije Fars Hospital, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences Bushehr, Iran.
authors.forename: Azita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salehifar
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Shohadaye Khalije Fars Hospital, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences Bushehr, Iran.
authors.forename: Zahra
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tavosi
keywords: Deafness; Diabetes insipidus; Diabetes mellitus; Optic atrophy