title: Effect of Parachlamydia acanthamoebae on pulmonary function parameters in a bovine respiratory model.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate pulmonary dysfunction induced by experimental infection with Parachlamydia acanthamoebae in calves. Intrabronchial inoculation with P. acanthamoebae was performed in 31 calves aged 2-3 months old at two different challenge doses of 10(8) and 10(10) inclusion-forming units (IFU) per animal. Control animals received heat inactivated bacteria. The effects on pulmonary gas exchange were determined by arterial blood gas analysis and haemoximetry during the 7 days post inoculation (DPI). For pulmonary function testing (PFT), impulse oscillometry, capnography, and measurement of O2 uptake were undertaken in spontaneously breathing animals 7 and 3 days before inoculation and were repeated until 10 DPI. In the early phase after challenge (1-3 DPI), mild hypoxaemia occurred, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in both tidal and alveolar volumes (each related to bodyweight, BW). In parallel, expiratory flow rate and specific ventilation (i.e. minute ventilation related to O2 uptake) were significantly increased. Minute and alveolar ventilations (each related to metabolic BW) increased significantly due to higher respiratory rates, lasting until 4 and 5 DPI, respectively. Oxygen uptake was slightly reduced during the first 2 days after challenge, but increased significantly during the recovery phase, from 4 to 8 DPI. No deterioration in respiratory mechanics or acid-base balance was observed. Respiratory infection with 10(10) IFU P. acanthamoebae per calf induced mild respiratory dysfunction, mainly characterised by hypoxaemia. The study's findings do not indicate severe pathophysiological consequences of P. acanthamoebae infection on pulmonary function in the bovine host.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lohr
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prohl
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ostermann
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Diller
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research on Intracellular Bacteria, Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 48, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Greub
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany. Electronic address: petra.reinhold@fli.bund.de.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reinhold
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002695:Chlamydiales / Q000502:physiology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D008168:Lung / Q000382:microbiology; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation; D012119:Respiration; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests / Q000662:veterinary; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics
keywords: Blood gas analysis; Bronchopneumonia; Chlamydia-like organism; Large animal model; Pulmonary function