title: Ascites in Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis: Causes, Characteristics and Predicting Factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the causes, characteristics and factors associated with ascites in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, from November 2007 to November 2014.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients on maintenance hemodialysis and age > 16 years with ascites were included. Frequencies and percentages were computed for different categorical variables. Chi-square or Fischer exact test were used to identify factors associated with ascites like frequency of hemodialysis, serum albumin and cardiac ejection fraction (EF). Odds ratios were calculated for associated factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety patients were included in this study; 55.5% were males. Median age was 33 years. Cause of ascites was nephrogenic in 77.8%, cardiac failure in 16.7%, hypothyroidism in 6.67%, liver cirrhosis in 4.4%, abdominal tuberculosis in 2.2%, and peritoneal carcinomatosis in 1.1% patients. The ascites was severe in 53.3% patients and severity was associated with serum albumin < 2.8 gm/dL(p=0.007) and cardiac EF < 40% (p=0.028). The ascites was low serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG), high protein type (LSHP) in 60% patients and associated with hemorrhage (p=0.040). High SAAG, high protein (HSHP) ascites, found in 33.3%, was associated with cardiac EF < 40% (p=0.005) and portal hypertension (p=0.048). High SAAG, low protein (HSLP) ascites, seen in 6.7%, was associated with portal hypertension (p=0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The commonest cause of ascites in hemodialysis dependent patients is nephrogenic followed by cardiac failure. Low serum albumin and low cardiac EF predispose to severe forms of ascites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi.
authors.forename: Abbas Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Tasneem
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi.
authors.forename: Asad Ali
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi.
authors.forename: Zaigham
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi.
authors.forename: Nasir Hassan
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Luck
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatogastroenterology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi.
authors.forename: Syed Mujahid
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hassan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001201:Ascites / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D012709:Serum Albumin