title: Multi-stage hybrid subsurface flow constructed wetlands for treating piggery and dairy wastewater in cold climate.
abstract: This study followed three field-scale hybrid subsurface flow constructed wetland (CW) systems constructed in Hokkaido, northern Japan: piggery O (2009), dairy G (2011), and dairy S (2006). Treatment performance was monitored from the outset of operation for each CW. The ranges of overall purification efficiency for these systems were 70-86%, 40-85%, 71-90%, 91-96%, 94-98%, 84-97%, and 70-97% for total N (TN), NH4-N, total P, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solid, and total Coliform, respectively. The hybrid system's removal rates were highest when influent loads were high. COD removal rates were 46.4 ± 49.2, 94.1 ± 36.6, and 25.1 ± 15.5 g COD m-2d-1in piggery O, dairy G, and dairy S, with average influent loads of 50.5 ± 51.5, 98.9 ± 37.1, and 26.9 ± 16.0 g COD m-2d-1, respectively. The systems had overall COD removal efficiencies of around 90%. TN removal efficiencies were 62 ± 19%, 82 ± 9%, and 82 ± 15% in piggery O, dairy G, and dairy S, respectively. NH4-N removal efficiency was adversely affected by the COD/TN ratio. Results from this study prove that these treatment systems have sustained and positive pollutant removal efficiencies, which were achieved even under extremely cold climate conditions and many years after initial construction.
authors.affiliation: a Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan.
authors.forename: Xiaomeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: a Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: b NARO Tohoku Agricultural Research Center , Morioka , Iwate , Japan.
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: a Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan.
authors.forename: Hayato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Izumoto
authors.affiliation: a Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan.
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.affiliation: a Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan.
authors.forename: Da
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: a Graduate School of Agriculture , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan.
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakuragi
authors.affiliation: c TUSK Co., Ltd ., Nakashibetsu-cho , Hokkaido , Japan.
authors.forename: Hidehiro
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ietsugu
authors.affiliation: d NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center , Sapporo , Hokkaido , Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sugawara
mesh_terms: D064751:Ammonium Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D057919:Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis; D003081:Cold Climate; D003612:Dairying; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009566:Nitrates / Q000032:analysis; D009573:Nitrites / Q000032:analysis; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D006109:Poaceae; D013552:Swine; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D053833:Wetlands
chemical_list: D064751:Ammonium Compounds; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D009584:Nitrogen; D010758:Phosphorus; D062065:Wastewater; D014873:Water Pollutants
keywords: Livestock wastewater; milking parlor; purification efficiency; reed bed; treatment wetland