title: Scalable Production of Molybdenum Disulfide Based Biosensors.
abstract: We demonstrate arrays of opioid biosensors based on chemical vapor deposition grown molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) field effect transistors (FETs) coupled to a computationally redesigned, water-soluble variant of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). By transferring dense films of monolayer MoS2 crystals onto prefabricated electrode arrays, we obtain high-quality FETs with clean surfaces that allow for reproducible protein attachment. The fabrication yield of MoS2 FETs and biosensors exceeds 95%, with an average mobility of 2.0 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) (36 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)) at room temperature under ambient (in vacuo). An atomic length nickel-mediated linker chemistry enables target binding events that occur very close to the MoS2 surface to maximize sensitivity. The biosensor response calibration curve for a synthetic opioid peptide known to bind to the wild-type MOR indicates binding affinity that matches values determined using traditional techniques and a limit of detection ∼3 nM (1.5 ng/mL). The combination of scalable array fabrication and rapid, precise binding readout enabled by the MoS2 transistor offers the prospect of a solid-state drug testing platform for rapid readout of the interactions between novel drugs and their intended protein targets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Carl H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Naylor
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Kybert
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schneier
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Jeffery G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Saven
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia 19104, United States.
authors.forename: Renyu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, and §Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia 19104, United States.
authors.forename: A T Charlie
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000032:analysis*; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D004220:Disulfides; D008982:Molybdenum; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004220:Disulfides; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu; D014867:Water; D008982:Molybdenum; C082964:molybdenum disulfide
keywords: biosensors; monolayer MoS2; opioids; scalable; transition-metal dichalcogenide