title: Handwriting performance versus arm forward reach and grasp abilities among post-stroke patients, a case-control study.
abstract: Evidence-based studies regarding deficits in handwriting performance relative to hand reaching and grasping after a stroke are lacking.
  
  
  
  To evaluate the extent of damage to handwriting skills compared to arm reach and grasp task among post-stroke patients.
  
  
  
  Eighteen patients and 19 healthy subjects were recruited to this case-control study. Patients were evaluated 15.2 days (±6.5) after the stroke using a Computerized Penmanship Evaluation Tool, surface Electromyography and Fugl-Meyer assessment. This study compared motor deficits in hand reaching and grasping and in handwriting between stroke patients and healthy subjects. Damage to handwriting performance relative to hand reaching and grasping skills was also evaluated.
  
  
  
  Significant differences were found between groups in handwriting performance (p < 0.05). The performance of the trapezius, biceps, and triceps muscles can predict 63.5% of the variance in the ability to write a short sentence (p < 0.023). Pen pressure can predict 74.9% of the hand motor performance from Fugl-Meyer assessment (p < 0.05). Handwriting was more damaged than was the pattern of activation of the proximal muscles of the shoulder and arm (p < 0.05). FM scores were highly, negatively correlated with the in-air writing time across tasks (r = -0.819, p < 0.004).
  
  
  
  This study confirms the clinical observation that dexterity skills are more damaged than are arm forward reach after a stroke. However, these differences in motor performance were not significant in mildly disabled patients, demonstrating the feasibility of handwriting rehabilitation in these patients. Therefore, we modestly recommend focusing on handwriting rehabilitation of the hemiparetic upper extremity in mildly impaired patients after a stroke.
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Welfare and Health, Department of Physical Therapy , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel.
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Israely
authors.affiliation: a Faculty of Welfare and Health, Department of Physical Therapy , University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel.
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Carmeli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006236:Handwriting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation
keywords: Electromyography (EMG); Hand reaching; Handwriting; Stroke; Upper extremity