title: Therapeutic options for cutaneous lupus erythematosus: recent advances and future prospects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment and prevention are of critical importance in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), as the disease can have a devastating effect on patient well-being and quality of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a selective search of the PubMed database for articles published between December 2010 and November 2015. This review encompasses both non-pharmaceutical (photoprotection, smoking cessation, drug withdrawal, and vitamin D replacement) and pharmaceutical (topicals, antimalarials, immunosuppressives, biologics, etc.) interventions used in the treatment of CLE. Expert Commentary: Recent work has expanded our understanding of established therapies as well as introduced new treatments for consideration, though existing medications still prove inadequate for a subset of patients. Changes in trial design may help to alleviate this issue.
authors.affiliation: a Dermatology Section, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Philadelphia VA Medical Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA.|b Department of Dermatology , Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.affiliation: a Dermatology Section, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Philadelphia VA Medical Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA.|b Department of Dermatology , Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA.
authors.forename: Victoria P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Werth
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008178:Lupus Erythematosus, Cutaneous / Q000628:therapy*; D010789:Phototherapy; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D028761:Withholding Treatment
chemical_list: D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014807:Vitamin D
keywords: Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity IndexTM (CLASITM); Cutaneous lupus erythematosus; antimalarials; biologics; immunomodulators; immunosuppressives; topical calcineurin inhibitors