title: Fluorogenic Substrates for Visualizing Acidic Organelle Enzyme Activities.
abstract: Lysosomes are acidic cytoplasmic organelles that are present in all nucleated mammalian cells and are involved in a variety of cellular processes including repair of the plasma membrane, defense against pathogens, cholesterol homeostasis, bone remodeling, metabolism, apoptosis and cell signaling. Defects in lysosomal enzyme activity have been associated with a variety of neurological diseases including Parkinson's Disease, Lysosomal Storage Diseases, Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. Fluorogenic lysosomal staining probes were synthesized for labeling lysosomes and other acidic organelles in a live-cell format and were shown to be capable of monitoring lysosomal metabolic activity. The new targeted substrates were prepared from fluorescent dyes having a low pKa value for optimum fluorescence at the lower physiological pH found in lysosomes. They were modified to contain targeting groups to direct their accumulation in lysosomes as well as enzyme-cleavable functions for monitoring specific enzyme activities using a live-cell staining format. Application to the staining of cells derived from blood and skin samples of patients with Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, Krabbe and Gaucher Diseases as well as healthy human fibroblast and leukocyte control cells exhibited localization to the lysosome when compared with known lysosomal stain LysoTracker® Red DND-99 as well as with anti-LAMP1 Antibody staining. When cell metabolism was inhibited with chloroquine, staining with an esterase substrate was reduced, demonstrating that the substrates can be used to measure cell metabolism. When applied to diseased cells, the intensity of staining was reflective of lysosomal enzyme levels found in diseased cells. Substrates specific to the enzyme deficiencies in Gaucher or Krabbe disease patient cell lines exhibited reduced staining compared to that in non-diseased cells. The new lysosome-targeted fluorogenic substrates should be useful for research, diagnostics and monitoring the effect of secondary therapeutic agents on lysosomal enzyme activity in drug development for the lysosomal storage disorders and allied diseases.
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, Marker Gene Technologies, Inc., Eugene, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Fiona Karen
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Harlan
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, Marker Gene Technologies, Inc., Eugene, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Jason Scott
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Lusk
authors.affiliation: Sonas BioPharma, Inc., Eugene, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Breanna Michelle
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, Marker Gene Technologies, Inc., Eugene, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Anthony Peter
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Guzikowski
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, Marker Gene Technologies, Inc., Eugene, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Robert Hardy
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Batchelor
authors.affiliation: Research and Development, Marker Gene Technologies, Inc., Eugene, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Sonas BioPharma, Inc., Eugene, OR, United States of America.
authors.forename: John Joseph
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7038-3807
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Naleway
mesh_terms: D000588:Amines / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005776:Gaucher Disease / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007965:Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D007966:Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000201:enzymology*; D012867:Skin / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000588:Amines; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C493330:Red DND-99