title: Pharmacological treatment of hypertension and hyperlipidemia in Izhevsk, Russia.
abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Russia. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia are important risk factors for CVD that are modifiable by pharmacological treatment and life-style changes. We aimed to characterize the extent of the problem in a typical Russian city by examining the prevalence, treatment and control rates of hypertension and hyperlipidemia and investigating whether the specific pharmacological regimes used were comparable with guidelines from a country with much lower CVD rates.
  
  
  
  The Izhevsk Family Study II included a cross-sectional survey of a population sample of 1068 men, aged 25-60 years conducted in Izhevsk, Russia (2008-2009). Blood pressure and total cholesterol were measured and self-reported medication use was recorded by a clinician. We compared drug treatments with the Russian and Canadian treatment guidelines for hypertension and hyperlipidemia.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of hypertension was 61 % (age-standardised prevalence 51 %), with 66 % of those with hypertension aware of their diagnosis and 50 % of those aware taking treatment. 17 % of those taking treatment achieved blood pressure control. The majority (59 %) of those taking treatment were not doing so regularly. Prevalence of hyperlipidemia was 45 % (age-standardised prevalence 40 %), however less than 2 % of those with hyperlipidemia were taking any treatment. Types of lipid-lowering and anti-hypertensive medications prescribed were broadly in line with Russian and Canadian guidelines.
  
  
  
  The prevalence of hypertension and hyperlipidemia is high in Izhevsk while the proportion of those treated and attaining treatment targets is very low. Prescribed medications were concurrent with those in Canada, but adherence is a major issue.
authors.affiliation: McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cybulsky
authors.affiliation: Department of Non Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK. sarah.cook@lshtm.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.affiliation: National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Moscow, Russia.
authors.forename: Anna V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kontsevaya
authors.affiliation: Izhevsk State Medical Academy, Izhevsk, Russia.
authors.forename: Maxim
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vasiljev
authors.affiliation: Department of Non Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.|Arctic University of Norway, UiT, Tromsø, Norway.
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Leon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D002170:Canada; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D006949:Hyperlipidemias / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D015995:Prevalence; D065840:Protective Factors; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D002784:Cholesterol
keywords: Anticholesterolemic agents; Antihypertensive agents; Hyperlipidemia; Hypertension; Prevalence; Russia; Treatment