title: Tartrate/tripolyphosphate as co-crosslinker for water soluble chitosan used in protein antigens encapsulation.
abstract: In drug delivery research, several toxic chemical crosslinkers and non-toxic ionic crosslinkers have been exploited for the synthesis of microparticles from acetic acid soluble chitosan. This paper hypothesized the implementation of sodium potassium tartrate (SPT) as an alternative crosslinker for sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and SPT/TPP co-crosslinkers for synthesis of the microparticles using water soluble chitosan (WSC) for encapsulation of Bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein, and Tetanus toxoid (TT) as a model vaccine. The crosslinking was confirmed by FT-IR, SEM with EDS. The XRD entailed molecular dispersion of proteins and thermal analysis confirmed the higher stability of STP/TPP co-crosslinked formulations. The resultant microparticles were exhibiting crosslinking degree (52-67%), entrapment efficiency (72-80%), particle size (0.3-1.7μm), zeta potential (+24 to 46mV) and mucoadhesion (41-68%). The superiority of SPT over TPP was confirmed by higher crosslinking degree and entrapment efficiency. However, co-crosslinking were advantageous in higher regression values for Langmuir adsorption isotherm, slower swelling tendency and extended 30days controlled in-vitro release study. TT release obeyed the Quasi-Fickian diffusion mechanism for single and cocrosslinked formulations. Overall, in crosslinking of chitosan as biological macromolecules, STP/TPP may be alternative for single ionic crosslinked formulations for protein antigen delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune 411007, India.
authors.forename: Gopal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune 411007, India.
authors.forename: Shilratna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walke
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune 411007, India.
authors.forename: Dilip
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dhavale
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune 411007, India.
authors.forename: Wasudeo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gade
authors.affiliation: Toxoid Purification Department, Serum Institute of India Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India.
authors.forename: Jignesh
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doshi
authors.affiliation: Toxoid Purification Department, Serum Institute of India Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India.
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Toxoid Purification Department, Serum Institute of India Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune 411028, India.
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ravetkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University (Formerly University of Pune), Pune 411007, India. Electronic address: pdoshi@chem.unipune.ac.in.
authors.forename: Pooja
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Doshi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry*; D002417:Cattle; D048271:Chitosan / Q000737:chemistry*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011122:Polyphosphates / Q000737:chemistry*; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013644:Tartrates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D011122:Polyphosphates; D013644:Tartrates; D013745:Tetanus Toxoid; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine; D048271:Chitosan; C005692:triphosphoric acid; C029768:tartaric acid
keywords: SPT/TPP; Water soluble chitosan; pH-dependent synthesis