title: Morphological effects of porous poly-d,l-lactic acid/hydroxyapatite scaffolds produced by supercritical CO2 foaming on their mechanical performance.
abstract: A novel supercritical CO2 foaming technique was used to fabricate scaffolds of controllable morphology and mechanical properties, with the potential to tailor the scaffolds to specific tissue engineering applications. Biodegradable scaffolds are widely used as temporary supportive structures for bone regeneration. The scaffolds must provide a sufficient mechanical support while allowing cell attachment and growth as well as metabolic activities. In this study, supercritical CO2 foaming was used to prepare fully interconnected porous scaffolds of poly-d,l-lactic acid and poly-d,l-lactic acid/hydroxyapatite. The morphological, mechanical and cell behaviours of the scaffolds were measured to examine the effect of hydroxyapatite on these properties. These scaffolds showed an average porosity in the range of 86%-95%, an average pore diameter of 229-347 µm and an average pore interconnection of 103-207 µm. The measured porosity, pore diameter, and interconnection size are suitable for cancellous bone regeneration. Compressive strength and modulus of up to 36.03 ± 5.90 and 37.97 ± 6.84 MPa were measured for the produced porous scaffolds of various compositions. The mechanical properties presented an improvement with the addition of hydroxyapatite to the structure. The relationship between morphological and mechanical properties was investigated. The matrices with different compositions were seeded with bone cells, and all the matrices showed a high cell viability and biocompatibility. The number of cells attached on the matrices slightly increased with the addition of hydroxyapatite indicating that hydroxyapatite improves the biocompatibility and proliferation of the scaffolds. The produced poly-d,l-lactic acid/hydroxyapatite scaffolds in this study showed a potential to be used as bone graft substitutes.
authors.affiliation: Central Laboratory, Marshalls plc, Halifax, UK davrouholamin@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Davood
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rouholamin
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: van Grunsven
authors.affiliation: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Gwendolen C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Reilly
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D018786:Bone Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002460:Cell Line; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D011091:Polyesters / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D018786:Bone Substitutes; D011091:Polyesters; C499699:hydroxyapatite-polylactide; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D017886:Durapatite
keywords: Biodegradable; compression; foams; porosity; supercritical CO2