title: Influence of Betaxolol on the Methamphetamine Dependence in Mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The noradrenaline system is involved in the reward effects of various kinds of abused drugs. Betaxolol (BTX) is a highly selective β1-antagonist. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of BTX on methamphetamine (MAP)-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and hyperactivity in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mice (n=72) were treated with MAP or saline every other day for a total of 6 days (from day 3 to day 8; 3-times MAP and 3-times saline). Each mouse was given saline (1 mL/kg) or MAP (1 mg/kg, s.c.) or BTX (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or MAP with BTX (5 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to the administration of MAP (1 mg/kg, s.c.) every other day and paired with for 1 h (three-drug and three-saline sessions). We then compared the CPP score between the two groups. After the extinction of CPP, the mice were given BTX (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline (1 mL/kg) 24 h prior to a priming injection of MAP, and were then immediately tested to see whether the place preference was reinstated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The repeated administration of BTX 30 min prior to the exposure to MAP significantly reduced the development of MAP-induced CPP. When BTX was administered 24 h prior to the CPP-testing session on day 9, it also significantly attenuated the CPP, but did not result in any change of locomotor activity. In the drug-priming reinstatement study, the extinguished CPP was reinstated by a MAP (0.125 mg/kg, s.c.) injection and this was significantly attenuated by BTX.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that BTX has a therapeutic and preventive effect on the development, expression, and drug-priming reinstatement of MAP-induced CPP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Presbyterian Medical Center-Jesus Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seonam University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Byoung-Jo
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Il
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, Presbyterian Medical Center-Jesus Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seonam University College of Medicine, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Hun-Jeong
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Eun
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.; Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jong-Chul
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yang
keywords: Betaxolol; Conditioned place preference; Hyperactivity; Methamphetamine