title: Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients in Accra, Ghana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aims of this study were to: a) determine the nasal carriage prevalence of Stahpylococcus aureus among HIV patients, b) to characterize S. aureus strains isolated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Characterization of S. aureus isolates was done by antibiotyping, spa typing, and detection of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S. aureus isolated (10/124; 8%)  belonged to spa types t084 (n = 3), t10828 (n = 2), t311, t304, t774, t645, and t091. The isolates were resistant to penicillin (100%), tetracycline (40%), rifampicin (10%), fucidic acid (10%), norfloxacin (10%), erythromycin (10%), and sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim (10%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 30% of the isolates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding of MDR S. aureus among HIV-positive patients suggests that surveillance of antimicrobial resistant S. aureus among this patient group could be considered as an infection control measure in the hospital.
authors.affiliation: Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. beverlyegyir@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Beverly
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Egyir
authors.forename: Akwasi Ampofo
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Oteng
authors.forename: Enid
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Owusu
authors.forename: Mercy Jemimah
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Kennedy Kwasi
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Addo
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rhod-Larsen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005098:Exotoxins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007956:Leukocidins / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D058889:Molecular Typing; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000382:microbiology*; D010641:Phenotype; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D013205:Staphylococcal Protein A / Q000235:genetics; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D005098:Exotoxins; D007956:Leukocidins; C078284:Panton-Valentine leukocidin; D013205:Staphylococcal Protein A