title: A method for the simultaneous quantification of eight metabolites of synthetic pyrethroids in urine of the general population using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: Synthetic pyrethroids are highly effective, widespread insecticides applied worldwide for different purposes. Among the possible sources of exposure for the general population, pyrethroid residues in food and their prominent use for the conservation of wool carpets or in indoor pest control might play a major role. On the basis of previous works, we have developed and validated a highly sensitive and specific GC/MS/MS-method to simultaneously quantify the metabolites of the most common synthetic pyrethroids in urine, namely cis- and trans-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (DCCA), cis-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (DBCA), 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (F-PBA), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) as well as the metabolites cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ClF3CA, λ-cyhalothrin/bifenthrin), 4-chloro-α-isopropylbenzene acetic acid (CPBA, esfenvalerate), and 2-methyl-3-phenylbenzoic acid (MPB, bifenthrin). After acidic hydrolysis to cleave conjugates in urine, the analytes are subjected to a pH-controlled extraction into n-hexane. After concentration, the analytes are derivatised using MTBSTFA and finally quantified by GC/MS/MS in EI-mode using d6-trans-DCCA and (13)C6-3-PBA as internal standards. The limit of quantification for these metabolites was 0.01 μg/L urine. Precision within and between series was determined to range between 1.6 and 10.7 % using a native quality control sample as well as a urine sample spiked with 0.3 μg/L of the analytes. To investigate possible background excretions, we analysed spot urine samples of 38 persons of the general population in a pilot study. cis- and trans-DCCA as well as 3-PBA could be quantified in every urine sample investigated, while MPB and F-PBA could only be detected in two samples. The median levels for excretion of cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA, 3-PBA, ClF3CA, DBCA, CPBA, F-PBA and MPA were 0.08, 0.17, 0.22, 0.04, 0.04, <0.01, <0.01 and < 0.01 μg/L urine, respectively. The excretion of metabolites revealed excellent correlations between cyclopropane carboxylic acids and 3-PBA. Our method is highly suitable for human biomonitoring of exposures to synthetic pyrethroids in environmental medicine. Remarkable are the high detection rates for the metabolites ClF3CA (90 %) and CPBA (40 %), proving that their parent pyrethroids have entered the market in Germany.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany. tschettgen@ukaachen.de.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schettgen
authors.affiliation: Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dewes
authors.affiliation: Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kraus
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000652:urine*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D045424:Complex Mixtures; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins
keywords: Bifenthrin; Biomarkers of exposure; Esfenvalerate; Human biomonitoring; Insecticides; Metabolism