title: In vitro toxicity determination of antifungal constituents from Combretum zeyheri.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Candida albicans is one of the organisms living on the human body symbiotically, but, in hosts with low immunity it becomes one of the most pathogenic fungal organisms. Combretum zeyheri has been reported to have antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Medicinal plants are believed to be non-toxic by the general public. Toxicity studies, however, have indicated that they are capable of causing numerous side effects, therefore, evaluation of safety is required. The objective of this study was to determine the toxicity of the antifungal constituents of Combretum zeyheri on mammalian cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids-enriched extracts and crude ethanol extracts were prepared from the leaves of Combretum zeyheri. The broth microdilution method was used to investigate for antifungal activity, with miconazole used as the positive control. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to determine cell viability of the Candida albicans cells. The most potent extracts; the ethanol extract, alkaloids and saponins respectively, were further tested for their toxicity on sheep erythrocytes, mouse peritoneal macrophages and Jurkat T cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All Combretum zeyheri extracts displayed a dose-dependent antifungal activity and had IC50 values ranging from 16 μg/ml to 159 μg/ml for Candida albicans. The alkaloids, saponins and ethanol extracts were found to be non-toxic towards mouse peritoneal cells and Jurkat T cells. In the haemolysis assay, all extracts were haemolytic at varying degrees and showed their greatest haemolytic activity at the highest concentration of 5 mg/ml. The saponins were the least haemolytic, followed by the ethanol extracts and the alkaloids respectively. Although these extracts were haemolytic to some extent, they may considered safe at therapeutic concentrations since there was a large difference between the antifungal IC50 and haemolysis EC50 values, hence a large therapeutic window.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combretum zeyheri antifungal constituents are, therefore, a potential source of lead compounds which can be developed into antifungal drugs of natural origin owing to Combretum zeyheri's effective antifungal activity and low toxicity to mammalian cells.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Santana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mapfunde
authors.affiliation: Bio-molecular Interactions Analyses Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
authors.forename: Simbarashe
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sithole
authors.affiliation: Bio-molecular Interactions Analyses Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zimbabwe, P.O. Box MP 167, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe. smukanganyama@medic.uz.ac.zw.
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mukanganyama
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D029765:Combretum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D012756:Sheep; D015030:Zimbabwe
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts
keywords: Candida albicans; Combretum zeyheri; In vitro toxicity; Phytoconstituents