title: The rising cost of hospital care for children with gastroparesis: 2004-2013.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cost of hospital care for adults with gastroparesis (GP) is increasing. Our objective was to evaluate the cost of hospital care for children with GP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Pediatric Health Information System, we selected hospitalizations with a diagnosis of GP (ICD-9 536.3), dyspepsia and other specified disorders of function of stomach (DYS, 536.8) and unspecified functional disorder of stomach (UFD, 536.9) from 2004 to 2013. We recorded dates of hospitalization, demographics, costs, and length of stay (LOS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 2004 to 2013, 4015 patients were admitted for GP (54.2% female, median age 8 years). Total cost of hospitalization for GP increased 5.8 fold from $6 185 390 to $35 654 075 (p = 0.0001). Cost per hospitalization did not change. Cost of initial hospitalization was highest in patients 0-5 years and lowest in patients 16-21 years (p < 0.0001). Number of hospitalizations each year for GP increased from 252 to 1310 (p < 0.0001) and unique patients hospitalized increased from 174 to 723 (p < 0.0001). Number of hospitalizations and unique patients for DYS/UFD also increased (p < 0.0001). LOS for GP did not change with time. Females and younger GP patients had more repeat hospitalizations (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The financial burden of hospitalization for pediatric GP has increased dramatically from 2004 to 2013, driven by a rise in number of hospitalizations and unique patients hospitalized each year. Cost and LOS per hospitalization remain stable. Unlike in adults, hospitalizations for DYS/UFD have also increased, suggesting that the increase in hospitalizations for GP is not secondary to changing diagnostic practices.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA. peter.lu@nationwidechildrens.org.
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Core, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moore-Clingenpeel
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yacob
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Mousa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D018589:Gastroparesis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000639:trends*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D005791:Patient Care / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends
keywords: gastroparesis; hospitalization; pediatrics