title: Functional and anatomical characterization of brown adipose tissue in heart failure with blood oxygen level dependent magnetic resonance.
abstract: Recent studies have suggested that brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in obesity, insulin resistance and heart failure. The characterization of BAT in vivo, however, has been challenging. No technique to comprehensively image BAT anatomy and function has been described. Moreover, the impact on BAT of the neuroendocrine activation seen in heart failure has only recently begun to be evaluated in vivo. The aim of this study was to use MRI to characterize the impact of heart failure on the morphology and function of BAT. Mice subjected to permanent ligation of the left coronary artery were imaged with MRI 6 weeks later. T2 weighted MRI of BAT volume and blood oxygen level dependent MRI of BAT function were performed. T2 * maps of BAT were obtained at multiple time points before and after administration of the β3 adrenergic agonist CL 316 243 (CL). Blood flow to BAT was studied after CL injection using the flow alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) approach. Excised BAT tissue was analyzed for lipid droplet content and for uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) mRNA expression. BAT volume was significantly lower in heart failure (51 ± 1 mm(3) versus 65 ± 3 mm(3) ; p < 0.05), and characterized by a reduction in lipid globules and a fourfold increase in UCP1 mRNA (p < 0.05). CL injection increased BAT T2 * in healthy animals but not in mice with heart failure (24 ± 4% versus 6 ± 2%; p < 0.01), consistent with an increase in flow in control BAT. This was confirmed by a significant difference in the FAIR response in BAT in control and heart failure mice. Heart failure results in the chronic activation of BAT, decreased BAT lipid stores and decreased BAT volume, and it is associated with a marked decrease in ability to respond to acute physiological stimuli. This may have important implications for substrate utilization and overall metabolic homeostasis in heart failure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Section, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.|Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.|Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Panagia
authors.affiliation: Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Yin-Ching Iris
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Howard H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.|DHU Ageing-Thorax-Vessel-Blood, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ernande
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Chan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chao
authors.affiliation: Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kwong
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Marielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scherrer-Crosbie
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.|Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Sosnovik
mesh_terms: D002001:Adipose Tissue, Brown / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D057791:Cardiac Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D066292:Lipid Droplets / Q000378:metabolism; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010092:Oximetry / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen
keywords: BOLD; MRI; brown adipose tissue; heart failure