title: Untangling approaches to management and leadership across systems of medical education.
abstract: How future doctors might be educated and trained in order to meet the population and system needs of countries is currently being debated. Incorporation of a broad range of capabilities, encompassed within categories of management and, increasingly, leadership, form part of this discussion. The purpose of this paper is to outline a framework by which countries' progress in this area might be assessed and compared.
  
  
  
  Key databases and journals related to this area were reviewed. From relevant articles potential factors impacting on the incorporation of aspects of management and leadership within medical education and training were identified. These factors were tested via an online survey during 2013 with six members of a European Association of doctors who promote medical involvement in hospital management, including members from countries less represented in the health management literature.
  
  
  
  A framework for analysing how management and leadership education is being approached within different systems of healthcare is developed and presented.
  
  
  
  More systematic work across a wider range of countries is needed if we are to have a better understanding of how countries within and beyond Europe are approaching and progressing the education of doctors in management and leadership.
authors.affiliation: Salford Business School, Lady Hale Building, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK. k.a.hartley@salford.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hartley
mesh_terms: D003479:Curriculum / Q000639:trends; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000592:standards; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends*; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000639:trends; D007857:Leadership; D010820:Physicians / Q000592:standards; D011216:Practice Management, Medical / Q000458:organization & administration*; D011361:Professional Competence / Q000592:standards
keywords: Competency frameworks; Leadership; Management; Medical education