title: Urinary soluble CD163 level reflects glomerular inflammation in human lupus nephritis.
abstract: In addition to classically activated macrophages that have effector roles in tissue injury, alternatively activated M2 macrophages are involved in the resolution of inflammation in animal models of kidney disease. To clarify the clinical relevance of macrophage phenotypes in human glomerular diseases, we evaluated the renal accumulation of macrophages and plasma and urine levels of CD163, an M2 marker, in lupus nephritis (LN) patients.
  
  
  
  Kidney biopsies and plasma and urine samples were obtained from LN patients who underwent renal biopsy between 2008 and 2012. CD163+, CD68+and CD204+cells were counted in paraffin-embedded and frozen sections. LN histological activity was evaluated semiquantitatively using the biopsy activity index. Plasma and urinary soluble CD163 (sCD163) concentrations were also measured and evaluated for their significance as potential LN biomarkers.
  
  
  
  Immunohistological analysis of glomeruli from LN patients revealed that >60% of CD68+macrophages had merged with CD163+cells. The increased number of glomerular CD163+macrophages was correlated with LN severity, as determined by the biopsy active index (r = 0.635). Urinary (u-) sCD163 level was strongly correlated with glomerular CD163+cell counts and histological disease score as well as urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 levels (r = 0.638 and 0.592, respectively). Furthermore, the u-sCD163 level was higher in patients with active LN than in those with other diseases.
  
  
  
  Glomerular CD163+macrophages are the predominant phenotype in the kidneys of lupus patients. These findings indicate that the u-sCD163 level can serve as a biomarker for macrophage-dependent glomerular inflammation in human LN.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Nobuhide
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Naotake
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsuboi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.|Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Microbiology/Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furuhashi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Yiqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Qiuna
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Du
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Mayuko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imaizumi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Hangsoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Katsuno
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital and Fujita Health University, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Takenori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ozaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomoki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kosugi
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Seiichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Internal Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Shoichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maruyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000652:urine*; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000652:urine*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000652:urine; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000150:complications*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D000098902:CD163 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D015415:Biomarkers; D000098902:CD163 Antigen; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface
keywords: biomarker; histopathology; lupus nephritis; macrophage; surface marker