title: Body MR angiography in children: how we do it.
abstract: Vascular pathology is ubiquitous in children. Common indications for angiographic imaging in the body include congenital anomalies, portal hypertension, assessing resectability of neoplasms, renovascular hypertension, vascular malformations, vasculitis, systemic vein thrombosis, and trauma. MR angiography, with or without the use of intravenous contrast agents, is therefore a mainstay in the repertoire of MR imaging in children. Pediatric contrast-enhanced MR angiography has benefited from several innovations in recent years, including improved hardware options like high-field-strength scanners and integrated high-density coil arrays, new sequences that combine parallel imaging, innovative k-space sampling and Dixon fat suppression with time-resolved imaging, new contrast agents with longer blood-pool residence time, and advanced post-processing solutions like image fusion. This article focuses on the principles of contrast-enhanced MR angiography of the body as it pertains to the physiologies and pathologies encountered in children. It also discusses tools to adapt the MR angiographic technique to the clinical indication, as well as pitfalls of post-processing and interpretation in commonly encountered vascular imaging scenarios in the pediatric body.
authors.affiliation: EB Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin St., Suite 1280, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. rxkrishn@texaschildrens.org.|Department of Radiology and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. rxkrishn@texaschildrens.org.
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krishnamurthy
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: LaDonna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA.
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.affiliation: EB Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin St., Suite 1280, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ketwaroo
authors.affiliation: EB Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin St., Suite 1280, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.affiliation: EB Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin St., Suite 1280, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ashton
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003287:Contrast Media; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D051598:Whole Body Imaging / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Abdomen; Body; Children; Contrast media; Magnetic resonance angiography; Magnetic resonance imaging