title: Threads for tear film collection and support in quantitative amino acid analysis.
abstract: The collection of tears for chemical composition analysis is complicated by both the difficulty in sampling the tear film and the relatively low microliter volumes available for analysis. The experiments in this study are focused on the demonstration of a method for determining amino acids from tear samples. Phenol red thread was used to absorptively collect tear fluid for qualitative and quantitative analyses of amino acids in basal, reflex, and emotional tears. The thread is also used as a support for sample preparation followed by elution with a buffer. The phenol red indicator on the thread turns from yellow to red with 15-s tear absorption and allows accurate volume measurement from 100 nL to over 1 μL. Derivatization of amino acids was performed directly on the thread with primary amine reactive fluorescamine for fluorescence detection. Analyte elution was performed via centrifugation with the thread in a pipet tip suspended in a centrifuge tube. Collected tear eluate was analyzed via capillary electrophoresis with LED-induced fluorescence. Glycine, glutamate, and aspartate were baseline resolved and used for method characterization. Recoveries were at 50 % for a single derivation and elution step but average recoveries near 90 % were found with two-step processing. Glutamate and aspartate are shown to be stable stored on thread for 3 days. Basal, reflex, and emotional tears were analyzed from three subjects showing distinct amino acid profiles for each tear type. The demonstration of this method may facilitate the development of routine tear compositional analysis to assess ocular health. Graphical Abstract Schematic drawing of thread-based tear collection and quantitative analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St., SES 4500, M/C 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
authors.forename: Vitaly
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Avilov
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St., SES 4500, M/C 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W Taylor St., SES 4500, M/C 111, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA. sshippy@uic.edu.|Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 W Taylor ST., SEL 4311, M/C 067, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA. sshippy@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shippy
mesh_terms: D065966:Absorption, Physicochemical; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry*; D032561:Cotton Fiber; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary / Q000379:methods; D004644:Emotions; D006801:Humans; D010637:Phenolsulfonphthalein / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods*; D013666:Tears / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D010637:Phenolsulfonphthalein
keywords: Amino acid; Capillary electrophoresis; Emotional tears; Phenol red thread; Reflex tears; Tear