title: Association Between Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Conditions and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis.
abstract: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder worldwide, but its etiology is still not fully understood. Previous studies have reported that perinatal hypoxic-ischemic conditions may be a potential cause of ADHD.
  
  
  
  An online search of potential English studies published before September 2015 was conducted using the PsycINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. The combined odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated with random-effects models.
  
  
  
  Ten studies were included, with 45 821 cases and 9 207 363 controls. The metaresults found that the following were associated with ADHD: preeclampsia (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.26-1.37), an Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.12-1.54), breech/transverse presentations (OR 1.14; 95% CI 1.06-1.23), and a prolapsed/nuchal cord (OR 1.10; 95% CI 1.06-1.15).
  
  
  
  Our results support that perinatal hypoxia-ischemia may contribute to ADHD. However, more clinical studies are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Tingting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Jichong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Yafei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA mudz@scu.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Dezhi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mu
mesh_terms: D001238:Asphyxia Neonatorum / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors
keywords: ADHD; hypoxia; ischemia; meta-analysis; risk factor