title: A Novel Lineage of 'Naked Filose Amoebae'; Kraken carinae gen. nov. sp. nov. (Cercozoa) with a Remarkable Locomotion by Disassembly of its Cell Body.
abstract: The term 'filose amoebae' describes a highly polyphyletic assemblage of protists whose phylogenetic placement can be unpredictable based on gross morphology alone. We isolated six filose amoebae from soils of two European countries and describe a new genus and species of naked filose amoebae, Kraken carinae gen. nov. sp. nov. We provide a morphological description based on light microscopy and small subunit rRNA gene sequences (SSU rDNA). In culture, Kraken carinae strains were very slow-moving and preyed on bacteria using a network of filopodia. Phylogenetic analyses of SSU sequences reveal that Kraken are core (filosan) Cercozoa, branching weakly at the base of the cercomonad radiation, most closely related to Paracercomonas, Metabolomonas, and Brevimastigomonas. Some Kraken sequences are >99% similar to an environmental sequence obtained from a freshwater lake in Antarctica, indicating that Kraken is not exclusively soil dwelling, but also inhabits freshwater habitats.
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum Köln, Institut für Zoologie, Abt. Terrestrische Ökologie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany. Electronic address: kenneth.dumack@uni-koeln.de.
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dumack
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum Köln, Institut für Zoologie, Abt. Terrestrische Ökologie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schuster
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum London, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK; Cefas, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.affiliation: Biozentrum Köln, Institut für Zoologie, Abt. Terrestrische Ökologie, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Köln, Germany.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonkowski
mesh_terms: D056907:Cercozoa / Q000145:classification* / Q000166:cytology / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D008853:Microscopy; D010802:Phylogeny; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012987:Soil / Q000469:parasitology
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; D012987:Soil
keywords: Cercozoa; Filosa; Kraken; cercomonads.; protist; soil