title: Initial oral biofilm formation on titanium implants with different surface treatments: An in vivo study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine in vivo the initial bacterial adhesion on titanium implants with different surface treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten subjects wore oral splints containing machined pure titanium disks (Ti-M), acid-etched titanium (Ti-AE) and anodized and laser irradiated disks (Ti-AL) for 24h. After this period, disks were removed from the splints and adherent bacteria were quantified by an enzymatic assay to assess total viable bacteria and by Real Time PCR to evaluate total bacteria and Streptococcus oralis levels. Additionally, the initial adherent microorganisms were visualized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Titanium surface morphology was verified using SEM, and roughness was evaluated by profilometer analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regarding titanium surface roughness, Ti-AL (1.423±0.397) showed significantly higher Ra values than did Ti-M (0.771±0.182) and Ti-AE (0.735±0.196) (p<0.05, ANOVA - Tahame). Ti-AE and Ti-AL presented roughened micro-structure surfaces characterized by open pores, whereas Ti-M showed long grooves alternating with planed areas. Comparing the Ti-M, Ti-AE and Ti-AL groups for viable bacteria (MTT assay), total bacteria and S. oralis quantification (qPCR), no significant differences were observed among these three groups (p>0.05, ANOVA - Tahame). SEM images showed similar bacterial adhesion on the three titanium surfaces, predominantly characterized by cocci and several bacilli, indicating an initial colonization of the oral biofilm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, roughness and microtopography did not stimulate initial biofilm formation on titanium surfaces with different surface treatments.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Dentistry School, University of Taubaté Rua: Expedicionário Ernesto Pereira, 110 Centro, Taubaté, SP 12020-330, Brazil.
authors.forename: Cyntia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ferreira Ribeiro
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, 250, CB-II - sala E06 - 2° Piso, 13083-859, Campinas, SP, Brazil. Electronic address: karicogo@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cogo-Müller
authors.affiliation: Department of General Biology, Area of Physiology and Pathophysiology, State University of Ponta Grossa Av. General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-900, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gilson Cesar
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Franco
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Dentistry School, University of Taubaté Rua: Expedicionário Ernesto Pereira, 110 Centro, Taubaté, SP 12020-330, Brazil.
authors.forename: Laís Regiane
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Silva-Concílio
authors.affiliation: Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, 1011N University Ave, Ann Arbor 48109, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Márcia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sampaio Campos
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Science and Technology Institute, Paulista State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Av. Eng. Francisco José Longo, 777 Jardim São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP 12245-000, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sigmar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: de Mello Rode
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Dentistry School, University of Taubaté Rua: Expedicionário Ernesto Pereira, 110 Centro, Taubaté, SP 12020-330, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Christina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Claro Neves
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019533:Streptococcus oralis / Q000502:physiology; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants; D014025:Titanium
keywords: Biofilm; Implants; Streptococcus oralis; Surface properties; Titanium