title: Epidemiology of Obesity and Diabetes and Their Cardiovascular Complications.
abstract: Obesity and diabetes mellitus have reached epidemic proportions in the past few years. During 2011 to 2012, more than one-third of the US population was obese. Although recent trend data indicate that the epidemic has leveled off, prevalence of abdominal obesity continues to rise, especially among adults. As seen for obesity, the past few decades have seen a doubling of the diabetes mellitus incidence with an increasing number of type 2 diabetes mellitus cases being diagnosed in children. Significant racial and ethnic disparities exist in the prevalence and trends of obesity and diabetes mellitus. In general, in both adults and children, non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans seem to be at a high risk than their non-Hispanic white counterparts. Secular changes in agricultural policies, diet, food environment, physical activity, and sleep have all contributed to the upward trends in the diabesity epidemic. Despite marginal improvements in physical activity and the US diet, the food environment has changed drastically to an obesogenic one with increased portion sizes and limited access to healthy food choices especially for disadvantaged populations. Interventions that improve the food environment are critical as both obesity and diabetes mellitus raise the risk of cardiovascular disease by ≈2-fold. Among those with type 2 diabetes mellitus, significant sex differences occur in the risk of cardiovascular disease such that diabetes mellitus completely eliminates or attenuates the advantages of being female. Given the substantial burden of obesity and diabetes mellitus, future research efforts should adopt a translational approach to find sustainable and holistic solutions in preventing these costly diseases.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Nutrition (S.N.B., F.B.H.) and Department of Epidemiology (F.B.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (F.B.H.). sbhupath@hsph.harvard.edu.
authors.forename: Shilpa N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Bhupathiraju
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Nutrition (S.N.B., F.B.H.) and Department of Epidemiology (F.B.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (F.B.H.).
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000072001:Diet, Healthy; D006801:Humans; D017058:Mexican Americans; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology
keywords: adolescents; adults; cardiovascular disease; diabetes mellitus; epidemiology; obesity; stroke