title: Nondopaminergic treatments for Parkinson's disease: current and future prospects.
abstract: Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons, however, nondopaminergic (ND) systems are also involved. ND targets are potentially useful to reduce doses of levodopa or to treat nonlevodopa-responsive symptoms. Recent studies have investigated the role of ND drugs for motor and nonmotor symptoms. Adenosine A2A receptor antagonists, mixed inhibitors of sodium/calcium channels and monoamine oxidase-B have recently been found to improve motor fluctuations. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists and serotonin 5HT1B receptor agonists demonstrated benefit in levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Conversely, studies using antiepileptic drugs and adrenoreceptor antagonist had conflicting results. Moreover, metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists also failed to improve symptoms. The current review summarizes the most recent findings on ND drugs over the last 2 years.
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Clinic, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street MCL7-412, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
authors.forename: Maria Eliza
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Clinic, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street MCL7-412, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
authors.forename: Susan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Fox
mesh_terms: D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D049990:Membrane Transport Modulators / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D058917:Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D049990:Membrane Transport Modulators; D012702:Serotonin Antagonists; D004298:Dopamine
keywords: Parkinson's disease; motor and nonmotor symptoms; nondopaminergic treatment