title: Estrous Cycle Induces Peripheral Sensitization in Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons: An Animal Model of Menstrual Migraine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many women experience menstrual migraines that develop into recurrent migraine attacks during menstruation. In the human menstrual cycle, the estrogen level fluctuates according to changes in the follicular and luteal phases. The rat estrous cycle is used as an animal model to study the effects of estrogen fluctuation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the estrous cycle is involved in migraine development by comparing the neuronal excitability of trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons in each stage of the estrous cycle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female rats were divided into four experimental groups based on examinations of the cytologies of vaginal smears, and serum analyses of estrogen levels following each stage of the estrous cycle. The rats in each stage of the estrous cycle were anesthetized and their trigeminal ganglia were removed The collections of trigeminal ganglia were cultured for two to three hours, after which whole-cell patch clamp experiments were recorded to estimate the electrophysiological properties of the TG neurons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were many vaginal epithelial cells and high estrogen levels in the proestrus and estrus stages of the estrous cycle. Electrophysiological studies revealed that the TG neurons in the proestrus and estrus stages exhibited significantly lower thresholds of stimulation, and significant increase in total spikes compared to the TG neurons that were collected in the diestrus stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results revealed that high estrogen levels in the proestrus and estrus stages altered the thresholds, rheobases, and total spikes of the TG neurons. High estrogen levels in the estrous cycle induced an increase in neuronal excitability and the peripheral sensitization of TG neurons. These findings may provide an explanation for the correlation of estrogen fluctuations during the menstrual cycle with the pathogenesis of menstrual migraines.
authors.forename: Wachirapong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Saleeon
authors.forename: Ukkrit
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Jansri
authors.forename: Anan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srikiatkhachorn
authors.forename: Saknan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bongsebandhu-phubhakdi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D030762:Estrous Cycle; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D023421:Models, Animal; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats / Q000502:physiology*; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012376:Rodent Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D012668:Trigeminal Ganglion / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens