title: Etiology of symptomatic urethritis in men and association with sexual behaviors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gonorrhea and chlamydia are sexually transmitted infections (STI) that are the most common causes of urethritis in men. The role of specific sexual behaviors and presentation of urethritis is often overlooked.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data was retrospectively reviewed on all men presenting at the major STI clinic in Providence, Rhode Island. Predictors of gonorrhea and chlamydia infection were modeled using a generalized model assuming a binary distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the men with urethritis, 27% had chlamydia, 13% gonorrhea, 3% both, and 63% neither (non-gonococcal, non-chlamydial urethritis). MSM were more likely to test positive for gonorrhea than MSW (25% of MSM versus 6% of MSW; p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MSM with urethritis were much more likely to test positive for gonorrhea which may be due to increased risk behaviors and spread within concentrated sexual networks. A large number of both MSM and MSW had non-gonococcal, non-chlamydial urethritis, which suggests the need for improved diagnostic testing. [Full article available at http://rimed.org/rimedicaljournal-2016-06.asp, free with no login].
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Hari T
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Vigneswaran
authors.affiliation: Lifespan Biostatistics Core, Lifespan Hospital System, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Grayson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Renzulli
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006069:Gonorrhea / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012237:Rhode Island / Q000453:epidemiology; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014526:Urethritis / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: men who have sex with men; sexually transmitted diseases; urethritis