title: Affect in the eyes: explicit and implicit evaluations.
abstract: The present study investigated whether another individual's gaze direction influences an observer's affective responses. In Experiment 1, subjective self-ratings and an affective priming paradigm were employed to examine how participants explicitly and implicitly, respectively, evaluated the affective valence of direct gaze, averted gaze, and closed eyes. The explicit self-ratings showed that participants evaluated closed eyes more positively than direct gaze. However, the implicit priming task showed an inverse pattern of results indicating that direct gaze was automatically evaluated more positively than closed eyes were. Experiment 2 confirmed that the opposite patterns of results between the two tasks were not due to differences in presentation times of the gaze stimuli. The results provide evidence for automatic affective reactions to eye gaze and indicate a dissociation between explicit and implicit affective evaluations of eyes and gaze direction.
authors.affiliation: a Human Information Processing Laboratory, School of Social Sciences and Humanities/Psychology , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Tingji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.affiliation: a Human Information Processing Laboratory, School of Social Sciences and Humanities/Psychology , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Terhi M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Helminen
authors.affiliation: a Human Information Processing Laboratory, School of Social Sciences and Humanities/Psychology , University of Tampere , Tampere , Finland.
authors.forename: Jari K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hietanen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D060865:Repetition Priming; D014796:Visual Perception; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Eye gaze; affective evaluation; affective priming; response time; self-ratings