title: Parthenogenesis through the ice ages: A biogeographic analysis of Caucasian rock lizards (genus Darevskia).
abstract: Darevskia rock lizards include both sexual and parthenogenetic species, mostly distributed in the heterogeneous and ecologically diverse Caucasus. The parthenogenetic species originated via directional hybridogenesis, with only some of the sexual species known to serve as parentals. However, it remains unclear when and where these events happened and how many parental lineages were involved. A multilocus phylogeographic analysis was performed on the parthenogens D. unisexualis, D. bendimahiensis and D. uzzeli, and their putative maternal species D. raddei. Results show the parthenogenetic species all have relatively recent origins, approximately 200-70kyr ago, and at least three hybridization events were involved in their formation. Ecological niche models identify the region where hybridization events leading to the formation of D. unisexualis took place, namely in the northeast of the current distribution. Models also suggest that the sexual D. raddei might have undergone a habitat shift between the Last Interglacial and the Last Glacial Maximum.
authors.affiliation: CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, N° 7. 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. Electronic address: freitas.sn@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Freitas
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Inmunology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.affiliation: CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, N° 7. 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal.
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.affiliation: Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Faraham
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahmadzadeh
authors.affiliation: Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università di Firenze, Sezione di Zoologia "La Specola", Via Romana, 17, 50125 Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Corti
authors.affiliation: CICGE Centro de Investigação em Ciências Geo-Espaciais, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Observatório Astronómico Prof. Manuel de Barros, Alameda do Monte da Virgem, 4430-146 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.
authors.forename: Neftali
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sillero
authors.affiliation: Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 35160 Buca, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Çetin
authors.initials: Ç
authors.lastname: Ilgaz
authors.affiliation: Dokuz Eylül University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 35160 Buca, İzmir, Turkey.
authors.forename: Yusuf
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kumlutaş
authors.affiliation: Yerevan State University, Alek Manoogian, 1, Yerevan 0025, Armenia.
authors.forename: Marine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arakelyan
authors.affiliation: CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, N° 7. 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal.
authors.forename: D James
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.affiliation: CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, N° 7. 4485-661 Vairão, Vila do Conde, Portugal.
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carretero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D006239:Haplotypes; D049690:History, Ancient; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D008116:Lizards / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009245:NADH Dehydrogenase / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D010312:Parthenogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D058974:Phylogeography / Q000266:history; D012372:ROC Curve
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; C098483:NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4; D045303:Cytochromes b; D009245:NADH Dehydrogenase
keywords: Darevskia; Ecological niche models; Glaciations; Parthenogenesis; Phylogeny; mtDNA