title: Phosphonic Acids for Interfacial Engineering of Transparent Conductive Oxides.
abstract: Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), such as indium tin oxide and zinc oxide, play an important role as electrode materials in organic-semiconductor devices. The properties of the inorganic-organic interface-the offset between the TCO Fermi level and the relevant transport level, the extent to which the organic semiconductor can wet the oxide surface, and the influence of the surface on semiconductor morphology-significantly affect device performance. This review surveys the literature on TCO modification with phosphonic acids (PAs), which has increasingly been used to engineer these interfacial properties. The first part outlines the relevance of TCO surface modification to organic electronics, surveys methods for the synthesis of PAs, discusses the modes by which they can bind to TCO surfaces, and compares PAs to alternative organic surface modifiers. The next section discusses methods of PA monolayer deposition, the kinetics of monolayer formation, and structural evidence regarding molecular orientation on TCOs. The next sections discuss TCO work-function modification using PAs, tuning of TCO surface energy using PAs, and initiation of polymerizations from TCO-tethered PAs. Finally, studies that examine the use of PA-modified TCOs in organic light-emitting diodes and organic photovoltaics are compared.
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States.
authors.forename: Sergio A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Paniagua
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States.
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States.
authors.forename: O'Neil L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States.|Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.
authors.forename: Neal R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Armstrong
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States.
authors.forename: Jeanne E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Pemberton
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States.|Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST , Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Brédas
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ginger
authors.affiliation: School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States.
authors.forename: Seth R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Marder