title: Update on the Management of Fecal Incontinence for the Gastroenterologist.
abstract: Many patients with fecal incontinence respond to conservative measures based upon a careful assessment and a multimodality approach that Is within the expertise of the practicing gastroenterologist. However, there Is a need for new and effective strategies when conservative therapy fails. This article reviews established therapies for fecal incontinence, such as biofeedback, as well as new therapies that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), such as sacral neuromodulation and an injectable bulking agent. Also reviewed are some of the newer approaches that have not yet been approved by the FDA or that have uncertain efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Dr Wald is a professor of medicine in the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health in Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Arnold
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wald
keywords: Fecal incontinence; injectable bulking agent; neuromodulation; sacral nerve stimulation