title: Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for detecting histological carotid plaque rupture: Quantitative analysis of ulcer.
abstract: Few studies have evaluated the distinct ability of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for detecting carotid plaque rupture versus histological observations.
  
  
  
  The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the ability of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography to detect plaque rupture compared to ultrasonographic and histological images in terms of geometric accordance.
  
  
  
  Carotid plaque morphology was classified as "smooth," "irregular," or "ulcerated" on 45 conventional ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography images from consecutive patients undergoing endarterectomy, and 55 regions of interests were captured on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. A comparative study with a receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed using histological findings for reference.
  
  
  
  Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography exhibited a higher percentage of "ulcerated" findings in patients with plaque rupture compared to conventional ultrasonography (P = 0.002) as well as an association with thrombus formation (P = 0.048) and fibrous cap disruption (P < 0.0001). On contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, "ulcerated" were significantly more likely than "smooth" findings when the fibrous cap was disrupted (odds ratio (OR), 41.5). The receiver operating characteristic areas under the curve for the orifice, depth, and width of the concavities on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography were significantly greater than 0.5, while their optimal cut-off values were 1.40 mm, 1.30 mm, and 1.88 mm, respectively. When one of these variables was greater than the optimal cut-off value, the sensitivity, negative hit rate, and odds ratio for detecting fibrous cap disruption were 91.3%, 91.6%, and 23.1, respectively.
  
  
  
  In our study, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography has high sensitivity for identifying histological plaque rupture, and the measurement of concavity on contrast-enhanced ultrasonography may enable the accurate detection of fibrous cap disruption.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Omi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hamada
authors.affiliation: General Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sakata
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan toshiogata@fukuoka-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Toshiyasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
authors.forename: Tooru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003287:Contrast Media; D004453:Echoencephalography; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D058226:Plaque, Atherosclerotic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012372:ROC Curve; D012421:Rupture / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media
keywords: Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography; ROC analysis; carotid endarterectomy; histopathology; plaque rupture; ultrasonography