title: Driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs--An update. Part II: Experimental studies.
abstract: Experimental studies on the impairing effects of drugs of relevance to driving-related performance published between 1998 and 2015 were reviewed. Studies with on-the-road driving, driving simulators, and performance tests were included for benzodiazepines and related drugs, cannabis, opioids, stimulants, GHB, ketamine, antihistamines, and antidepressants. The findings in these experimental studies were briefly discussed in relation to a review of epidemiological studies published recently. The studies mainly concluded that there may be a significant psychomotor impairment after using benzodiazepines or related drugs, cannabis, opioids, GHB, or ketamine. Low doses of central stimulants did not seem to cause impairment of driving behavior.
authors.affiliation: Domain for Forensic Science, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Strand
authors.affiliation: Domain for Forensic Science, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gjerde
authors.affiliation: Domain for Forensic Science, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mørland
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D002188:Cannabis / Q000009:adverse effects; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000066448:Driving Under the Influence; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D012978:Sodium Oxybate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D006633:Histamine Antagonists; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D007649:Ketamine; D012978:Sodium Oxybate
keywords: Amphetamines; DUID; benzodiazepines; cannabis; cocaine; drugged driving; experimental; hypnotics; impaired driving; impairment; opioids