title: Resveratrol suppressed seizures by attenuating IL-1β, IL1-Ra, IL-6, and TNF-α in the hippocampus and cortex of kindled mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is an urge to identify new molecules which can modulate process of epileptogenesis, since currently available drugs act symptomatically and one-third of the patients remain refractory to the disease. Hence, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Resveratrol (RESV) on epileptogenesis in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swiss albino mice were administered RESV (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg,p.o) in acute study. On the seventh day animals were subjected to various neurological and neurobehavioral tests viz, Increasing Current Electroshock Test (ICES), PTZ-induced seizures, passive avoidance response, and elevated plus maze test. For the development of kindling PTZ was administered in a dose of 25 mg/kg, i.p. on every alternate day and RESV in all the three doses was administered daily. Seizure score was continuously monitored till the development of kindling and cognition tests were performed in the end of the study. The animals were sacrificed and levels of inflammatory biomarkers viz., IL-1β, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1-Ra), IL-6, and TNF-α were assessed in the hippocampus and cortex of the kindled animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RESV in all three doses increased the seizure threshold to hind limb extension in the ICES test. RESV in all the tested doses suppressed the development of kindling and reduced the levels of IL-1β, IL1-Ra, IL-6, and TNF-α in kindled mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RESV suppressed the development of kindling in mice and decreased the levels of inflammatory biomarkers in their hippocampus. RESV modified brain inflammation during epileptogenesis and found to possess nootropic activity in the kindled mice.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Translational and Clinical Research , Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062 , India.
authors.forename: Ubedul
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6630-2381
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hoda
authors.affiliation: b Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, Faculty of Science , Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062 , India.
authors.forename: Nidhi Bharal
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.affiliation: c Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062 , India.
authors.forename: Divya
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vohora
authors.affiliation: d Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science , Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062 , India.
authors.forename: Suhel
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6318-6506
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parvez
authors.affiliation: b Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, Faculty of Science , Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062 , India.
authors.forename: Sheikh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raisuddin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003292:Convulsants / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D007696:Kindling, Neurologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D011897:Random Allocation; D000077185:Resveratrol; D012640:Seizures / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000975:Antioxidants; D003292:Convulsants; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D013267:Stilbenes; D000077185:Resveratrol; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole
keywords: Cognition; Epileptogenesis; Inflammatory biomarkers; Kindling; Resveratrol