title: Eugenia dysenterica DC. (Myrtaceae) exerts chemopreventive effects against hexavalent chromium-induced damage in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eugenia dysenterica DC. (Myrtaceae) has been widely used in the folk medicine and it presents phytochemicals constituents associated to antioxidant properties.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of E. dysenterica leaf hydroalcoholic extract (EDE) in vitro and in vivo using AMJ2-C11 cells and Swiss mice exposed to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)], respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  AMJ2-C11 cells were pretreated with EDE and exposed to Cr(VI) to evaluate cytotoxicity and the pathways involved in the chemopreventive effects of the extract. Mice were daily pretreated with EDE and then exposed to Cr(VI). Survival analysis, histopathological examination and determination of Cr levels in biological tissues were carried out.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro studies showed that pretreatment of the AMJ2-C11 cells with EDE protected against the cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by Cr(VI). Consequently, the pretreatment with EDE reduced reactive oxygen species and apoptosis triggered by Cr(VI), probably by a marked antioxidant and chelating activities demonstrated by EDE. Regarding in vivo studies, pretreatment for 10 days with EDE increased survival of the mice exposed to Cr(VI). In addition, EDE prevented liver and kidney pathological damages, in parallel with reduction in chromium levels found in these organs and plasma. EDE also showed a marked antioxidant potential associated with the presence of polyphenols, especially flavonoids and tannins, as confirmed by HPLC-PDA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study showed that EDE protects against Cr(VI)-induced damage in vitro and in vivo supporting further studies for the development of therapeutic products applied to prevent the damage induced by toxic metals, especially Cr(VI).
authors.affiliation: a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Renato Ivan de
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Ávila
authors.affiliation: a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Cátia Belo
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Mattos Alvarenga
authors.affiliation: a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Henrique Marcelino de
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Ávila
authors.affiliation: b Laboratório de Espectroanalítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Roger Cardoso
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.affiliation: b Laboratório de Espectroanalítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Andréa Fernandes
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Arruda
authors.affiliation: a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Thaís de Oliveira
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.affiliation: a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Bruna Dos Santos
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.affiliation: a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Wanessa Machado
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Andrade
authors.affiliation: c Laboratório de Patologia Bucal, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Aline Carvalho
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Batista
authors.affiliation: d Laboratório de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais - LPPN, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: José Realino de
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Paula
authors.affiliation: a Laboratório de Farmacologia e Toxicologia Celular - FarmaTec, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás , Goiânia , GO , Brazil.
authors.forename: Marize Campos
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Valadares
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002857:Chromium / Q000633:toxicity*; D000068856:Eugenia; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002857:Chromium; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion; D020169:Caspases
keywords: Apoptosis; hepatotoxicity; nephrotoxicity; oxidative stress