title: In vitro protective efficacy of Lithium chloride against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection.
abstract: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) infection affects the swine industry. Lithium chloride (LiCl), is a drug used to treat bipolar disorder and has also shown activity against bacterial and viral infections. Herein, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of LiCl on PK-15 cells infected with M. hyopneumoniae. Incubation of LiCl (40mM) with cells for 24h, did not significantly affect the cell viability. The qRT-PCR showed ~80% reduction in M. hyopneumoniae genome when LiCl added post-infection. A direct effect of LiCl on bacteria was also observed. However, treatment of cells with LiCl prior infection, does not protect against the infection. Anti-bacterial activity of LiCl was further confirmed by IFA, which demonstrated a reduction in the bacterial protein. With 40mM LiCI, the apoptotic cell death, production of nitric oxide and superoxide anion induced by M. hyopneumoniae, were prevented by ~80%, 60% and 58% respectively. Moreover, caspase-3 activity was also reduced (82%) in cells treated with 40mM LiCl. LiCl showed activity against various strains of M. hyopneumoniae examined in our study. Collectively, our data showed that LiCl inhibited the infection of M. hyopneumoniae through anti-apoptotic mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Nyala, Nyala, Sudan.
authors.forename: Hassan Z A
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Ishag
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China.
authors.forename: Yu-Zi
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China.
authors.forename: Mao-Jun
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China.
authors.forename: Qi-Yan
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China.
authors.forename: Zhi-Xin
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China.
authors.forename: Ruo-Song
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Research Center for Engineering and Technology of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China. Electronic address: gqshaojaas@163.com.
authors.forename: Guo-Qing
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Shao
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009174:Mycoplasma; D045705:Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D013481:Superoxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D053148:Caspase 3; D018021:Lithium Chloride
keywords: Apoptosis; Inhibition; LiCl; Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae