title: Heavy Alcohol Use Is Associated With Worse Retention in HIV Care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Poor retention in HIV care is associated with worse clinical outcomes and increased HIV transmission. We examined the relationship between self-reported alcohol use, a potentially modifiable behavior, and retention.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 9694 people living with HIV from 7 participating US HIV clinical sites (the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems) contributed 23,225 observations from January 2011 to June 2014. The retention outcomes were (1) Institute of Medicine (IOM) retention: 2 visits within 1 year at least 90 days apart and (2) visit adherence [proportion of kept visits/(scheduled + kept visits)]. Alcohol use was measured with Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-C, generating drinking (never, moderate, and heavy) and binge frequency (never, monthly/less than monthly, weekly/daily) categories. Adjusted multivariable logistic models, accounting for repeat measures, were generated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of our sample, 82% was men, 46% white, 35% black, and 14% Hispanic. At first assessment, 37% of participants reported never drinking, 38% moderate, and 25% heavy, and 89% of the patients were retained (IOM retention measure). Participants' mean (SD) visit adherence was 84% (25%). Heavy alcohol use was associated with inferior IOM-defined retention (adjusted odds ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval: 0.69 to 0.88), and daily/weekly binge drinking was associated with lower visit adherence (adjusted odds ratio = 0.90, 95% confidence interval: 0.82 to 0.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both heavy drinking and frequent binge drinking were associated with worse retention in HIV care. Increased identification and treatment of heavy and binge drinking in HIV clinical care settings may improve retention in HIV care, with downstream effects of improved clinical outcomes and decreased HIV transmission.
authors.affiliation: *Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; †Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; ‡Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; §Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA; ‖Department of Medicine, Harvard University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; ¶Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; #Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; **Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and ††Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
authors.forename: Anne K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Monroe
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lau
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mugavero
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Kenneth H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Mayer
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Napravnik
authors.forename: Heidi E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hutton
authors.forename: Hongseok S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jabour
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: McCaul
authors.forename: Katerina A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Christopoulos
authors.forename: Heidi C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.forename: Geetanjali
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chander
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D018451:Homosexuality, Male; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D012307:Risk Factors; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents