title: Perceived Control and Hedonic Tone Dynamics During Performance in Elite Shooters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study was to investigate the individuals' dynamics of perceived control and hedonic tone over time, with respect to the 4 performance states as conceptualized within the multiaction plan (MAP) model. We expected to find idiosyncratic and differentiated trends over time in the scores of perceived control and hedonic tone, typified by fluctuations among 2 optimal and 2 suboptimal types of processing during performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten elite-level shooters participated in the study. They were asked to identify the most relevant, idiosyncratic core component of their shooting action and perform 120 shots distanced 10 m from the target. Subjective accounts of perceived control and hedonic tone of the core component of action were assessed prior to and after each shot. We used a probabilistic approach to derive the 4 performance categories according to 2 × 2 interactions of perceived control and performance and hedonic tone and performance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Logistic ordinal regression analysis enabled the identification of 4 idiosyncratic performance types for each athlete with respect to perceived control and hedonic tone intensity scores. Within- and between-individual differences in intensity bandwidth and probability levels were apparent across the 4 performance types. Changes among 4 types of processing were also observed during performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consistent with the MAP model conceptualization, the findings provided support for the different patterns of perceived control and hedonic tone intensity scores during performance. The results suggest applied arguments for using action- and emotion-centered strategies to help athletes in reaching and sustaining optimal performance states.
authors.affiliation: a "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara.
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robazza
authors.affiliation: a "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara.
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bertollo
authors.affiliation: b University of Central Lancashire.
authors.forename: Edson
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Filho
authors.affiliation: c Research Institute for Olympic Sports.
authors.forename: Yuri
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hanin
authors.affiliation: a "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bortoli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D004644:Emotions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010465:Perception; D012044:Regression Analysis; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: IZOF model; multiaction plan model; performance optimization