title: Colorectal cancer screening in countries of European Council outside of the EU-28.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an update on colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programmes in non-European Union (EU)-28 Council of Europe member states as of December 2015.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mission of the Council of Europe is to protect and promote human rights in its 47 member countries. Its 19 non-EU member states are Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska, Georgia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Republic of Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, FYR of Macedonia, Turkey, and Ukraine (EU-19). The main data source were GLOBOCAN, IARC, WHO, EUCAN, NORDCAN, ENCR, volume X of the CI5, the ministerial and Public Health Agency websites of the individual countries, PubMed, EMBASE, registries of some websites and the www.cochranelibrary.com, Scopus, www.clinicaltrials.gov, www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu, Research gate, Google and data extracted from screening programme results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show that epidemiological data quality varies broadly between EU-28 and EU-19 countries. In terms of incidence, only 30% of EU-19 countries rank high in data quality as opposed to 86% of EU-28 states. The same applies to mortality data, since 52% of EU-19 countries as against all EU-28 countries are found in the high ranks. Assessment of the method of collection of incidence data showed that only 32% of EU-19 countries are found in the top three quality classes as against 89% of EU-28 countries. For the mortality data, 63% of EU-19 countries are found in the highest ranks as opposed to all EU-28 member states. Interestingly, comparison of neighbouring countries offering regional screening shows, for instance, that incidence and mortality rates are respectively 38.9 and 13.0 in Norway and 29.2 and 10.9 in Sweden, whereas in Finland, where a national organised programme is available, they are respectively 23.5 and 9.3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cancer screening should be viewed as a key health care tool, also because investing in screening protects the weakest in the population, decreases the social burden of cancer, and reduces all types of health care costs, including those for radical surgery, long-term hospitalisation, and chemotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Emma Altobelli, Francesco D'Aloisio, Paolo Matteo Angeletti, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Altobelli
authors.affiliation: Emma Altobelli, Francesco D'Aloisio, Paolo Matteo Angeletti, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Aloisio
authors.affiliation: Emma Altobelli, Francesco D'Aloisio, Paolo Matteo Angeletti, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo Matteo
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Angeletti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer / Q000592:standards; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D058996:Quality Improvement; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D017678:Sex Distribution
keywords: Colorectal cancer; EU-19; EU-28; Early detection; European Council; European Union; Screening