title: Compulsive buying disorder clustering based on sex, age, onset and personality traits.
abstract: In spite of the revived interest in compulsive buying disorder (CBD), its classification into the contemporary nosologic systems continues to be debated, and scarce studies have addressed heterogeneity in the clinical phenotype through methodologies based on a person-centered approach.
  
  
  
  To identify empirical clusters of CBD employing personality traits, as well as patients' sex, age and the age of CBD onset as indicators.
  
  
  
  An agglomerative hierarchical clustering method defining a combination of the Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion and log-likelihood was used.
  
  
  
  Three clusters were identified in a sample of n=110 patients attending a specialized CBD unit a) "male compulsive buyers" reported the highest prevalence of comorbid gambling disorder and the lowest levels of reward dependence; b) "female low-dysfunctional" mainly included employed women, with the highest level of education, the oldest age of onset, the lowest scores in harm avoidance and the highest levels of persistence, self-directedness and cooperativeness; and c) "female highly-dysfunctional" with the youngest age of onset, the highest levels of comorbid psychopathology and harm avoidance, and the lowest score in self-directedness.
  
  
  
  Sociodemographic characteristics and personality traits can be used to determine CBD clusters which represent different clinical subtypes. These subtypes should be considered when developing assessment instruments, preventive programs and treatment interventions.
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ Fortuna Edificio B, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Roser
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Granero
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fernández-Aranda
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baño
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steward
authors.affiliation: Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mestre-Bach
authors.affiliation: Nursing Department of Mental Health, Public Health, Maternal and Child Health, Nursing School, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Pino-Gutiérrez
authors.affiliation: Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Moragas
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Núria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mallorquí-Bagué
authors.affiliation: Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Neus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aymamí
authors.affiliation: Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goméz-Peña
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychobiology and Methodology of Health Science, Autonomous University of Barcelona, C/ Fortuna Edificio B, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Salomé
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tárrega
authors.affiliation: Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: José M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Menchón
authors.affiliation: Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11 - Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain; Pathological Gambling Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, C/ Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge - Pavelló de Govern, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: sjimenez@bellvitgehospital.cat.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jiménez-Murcia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D015897:Comorbidity; D003192:Compulsive Behavior / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005715:Gambling / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010551:Personality; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011599:Psychopathology; D011678:Punishment / Q000523:psychology*; D012201:Reward; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors