title: Adolescent's respiratory sinus arrhythmia is associated with smoking rate five years later.
abstract: Vulnerability factors like respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) may help identify adolescents at risk for nicotine dependence. We examined if resting RSA and the acute effects of smoking on RSA was associated with cigarette smoking five years later among adolescents at high risk for smoking escalation and nicotine dependence.
  
  
  
  Sixty-nine adolescents participated in a baseline laboratory session- RSA was collected before and after smoking a single cigarette ad libitum. Participants were then followed for five years.
  
  
  
  Lower pre-smoke resting RSA was related to higher past month smoking rate five years later, even after controlling for baseline smoking rate and other relevant covariates including gender, race/ethnicity, age of initiated use, and frequency of exercise at baseline (p=0.018). Exploratory analyses suggested resting RSA is an independent predictor of increased cigarette rate beyond other baseline predictors.
  
  
  
  Low resting RSA may be a vulnerability factor, helping to identify adolescents at risk for cigarette escalation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL 60607, United States; Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road (M/C 275), Chicago, IL 60608, United States; Department of Psychiatry and the Cognitive Neuroscience Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street (M/C 912), Chicago, IL 60612, United States. Electronic address: ncrane3@uic.edu.
authors.forename: Natania A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Crane
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL 60607, United States.
authors.forename: Stephanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Gorka
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL 60607, United States.
authors.forename: Grace E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Giedgowd
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL 60607, United States.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL 60607, United States; Department of Psychiatry and the Cognitive Neuroscience Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 West Taylor Street (M/C 912), Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Langenecker
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL 60607, United States; Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road (M/C 275), Chicago, IL 60608, United States.
authors.forename: Robin J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mermelstein
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (M/C 285), Chicago, IL 60607, United States.
authors.forename: Jon D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kassel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D065809:Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
keywords: Adolescence; Cigarettes; Heart rate variability (HRV); Nicotine; Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA); Tobacco