title: Tissue deposition and toxicological effects of commercially significant rare earth oxide nanomaterials: Material and physical properties.
abstract: Rare earth oxide (REO) materials are found naturally in earth's crust and at the nanoscale these REO nanoparticles exhibit unique thermal, electrical, and physicochemical properties. REO nanoparticles are widely used in different industrial sectors for ceramics, glass polishing, metallurgy, lasers, and magnets. Recently, some of these REO nanoparticles have been identified for their potential application in medicine, including therapy, imaging, and diagnostics. Concurrent research into the REO nanomaterials' toxicities has also raised concern for their environmental impacts. The correlation of REO nanoparticles mediated toxicity with their physiochemical properties can help to design nanoparticles with minimal effect on the environment and living organisms. In vitro assay revealed toxicity toward Human squamous epithelial cell line (CCL30) and Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) at a concentration of 100 µM and higher. In vivo results showed, with the exception of CeO2and Gd2O3, most of the naoparticles did not clear or had minimum clearance (10-20%) from the system. Elevated levels of alanine transferase were seen for animals given each different nanoparticle, however the increases were not significant for CeO2and Dy2O3. Nephrotoxicity was only seen in case of Dy2O3and Gd2O3. Lastly, histological examination revealed presence of swollen hepatocytes which further confirms toxicity of the commercial REO nanomaterials. The in vivo toxicity is mainly due to excessive tissue deposition (70-90%) due to the commercial REO nanoparticles' poor physical properties (shape, stability, and extent of agglomeration). Therefore, optimization of nanoparticles physical properties is very important. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 904-917, 2017.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience and Technology Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816.
authors.forename: Soumen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298.
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Reed McDonagh
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience and Technology Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816.
authors.forename: Tamil
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Selvan Sakthivel
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience and Technology Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816.
authors.forename: Swetha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barkam
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience and Technology Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816.
authors.forename: Kelsey
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Killion
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience and Technology Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816.
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ortiz
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience and Technology Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816.
authors.forename: Shashank
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saraf
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience and Technology Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816.
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience and Technology Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816.
authors.forename: Ankur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298.
authors.forename: Jamal
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zweit
authors.affiliation: Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Nanoscience and Technology Center, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816.|College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816.
authors.forename: Sudipta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seal
mesh_terms: D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D061307:Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008674:Metals, Rare Earth / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008674:Metals, Rare Earth; D010087:Oxides; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000410:Alanine Transaminase
keywords: biodistribution; commercial rare earth oxide nanomaterials; physiochemical properties; toxicity