title: Repeated systemic inflammation was associated with cognitive deficits in older Britons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship of C-reactive protein (CRP) to cognition in the older old group (≥75 years) has recently been found positive on both sides of the Atlantic. We hypothesized that higher levels of CRP and fibrinogen are related to worse episodic memory throughout later life (≥50 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are drawn from older Britons free of dementias in the English Longitudinal Study of Aging 2004-2013. We applied growth trajectory models to repeated observations of episodic memory, CRP, and fibrinogen levels (and sociodemographic confounders). We accounted for practice effects in repeated tests of cognition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher levels of both inflammatory markers were associated with worse episodic memory, where a fibrinogen effect is evident throughout later life (coefficient -0.154; 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.254 to -0.054). Most importantly, the CRP effect is strongly negative among the older old group (coefficient -0.179; CI -0.320 to -0.038).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher levels of fibrinogen are detrimental to older people's cognition, and among the older old, raised CRP levels are comparably deleterious. Repeated measures of inflammation can be considered in clinical practice as part of a response to the challenge of dementias.
authors.affiliation: University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Gindo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tampubolon
keywords: C-reactive protein; England; Episodic memory; Fibrinogen