title: Evaluation of Amount of Blood in Dry Blood Spots: Ring-Disk Electrode Conductometry.
abstract: A fixed area punch in dried blood spot (DBS) analysis is assumed to contain a fixed amount of blood, but the amount actually depends on a number of factors. The presently preferred approach is to normalize the measurement with respect to the sodium level, measured by atomic spectrometry. Instead of sodium levels, we propose electrical conductivity of the extract as an equivalent nondestructive measure. A dip-type small diameter ring-disk electrode (RDE) is ideal for very small volumes. However, the conductance (G) measured by an RDE depends on the depth (D) of the liquid below the probe. There is no established way of computing the specific conductance (σ) of the solution from G. Using a COMSOL Multiphysics model, we were able to obtain excellent agreement between the measured and the model predicted conductance as a function of D. Using simulations over a large range of dimensions, we provide a spreadsheet-based calculator where the RDE dimensions are the input parameters and the procedure determines the 99% of the infinite depth conductance (G99) and the depth D99 at which this is reached. For typical small diameter probes (outer electrode diameter ∼ <2 mm), D99 is small enough for dip-type measurements in extract volumes of ∼100 μL. We demonstrate the use of such probes with DBS extracts. In a small group of 12 volunteers (age 20-66), the specific conductance of 100 μL aqueous extracts of 2 μL of spotted blood showed a variance of 17.9%. For a given subject, methanol extracts of DBS spots nominally containing 8 and 4 μL of blood differed by a factor of 1.8-1.9 in the chromatographically determined values of sulfate and chloride (a minor and major constituent, respectively). The values normalized with respect to the conductance of the extracts differed by ∼1%. For serum associated analytes, normalization of the analyte value by the extract conductance can thus greatly reduce errors from variations in the spotted blood volume/unit area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States.
authors.forename: Akinde F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Kadjo
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States.
authors.forename: Brian N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Stamos
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States.
authors.forename: C Phillip
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Shelor
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States.
authors.forename: Jordan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.affiliation: Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States.
authors.forename: Benjamin C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Blount
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas , Arlington, Texas 76019, United States.
authors.forename: Purnendu K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Dasgupta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003217:Conductometry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D059788:Dried Blood Spot Testing / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004566:Electrodes; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000097:blood*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018401:Sample Size; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D012965:Sodium Chloride