title: Is Gastric Xanthelasma an Alarming Endoscopic Marker for Advanced Atrophic Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasia?
abstract: The clinical significance of gastric xanthelasmas is unknown. We conducted a case-control study in order to evaluate whether gastric xanthelasma is an indicator of advanced atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia.
  
  
  
  The study was conducted among 1400 patients who underwent elective upper endoscopy. Patients with gastric xanthelasma and atrophy and/or intestinal metaplasia constituted the study group (n = 55). The control group involved patients with only atrophic gastritis and/or intestinal metaplasia (n = 50). Histopathologic findings of the groups including the distribution of atrophic gastritis and/or intestinal metaplasia, operative link on gastritis assessment score, operative link on gastritis intestinal metaplasia assessment (OLGIM) score, and presence of dysplasia and malignancy were compared. Subgroup analysis was performed in order to establish the relation between the characteristics (size, number, and localization) of xanthelasmas, atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia.
  
  
  
  Multifocal atrophic gastritis was significantly more common in patients with a gastric xanthelasma (41.8 vs. 26.0 %, p = 0.03). Patients with multiple xanthelasmas had a significantly higher rate of intestinal metaplasia (p = 0.02) and a higher OLGIM score (p = 0.02) compared to those with a single xanthelasma. Dysplasia was detected in 8 (14.5 %) patients with a xanthelasma and 4 (8.0 %) patients without a xanthelasma (p = 0.2).
  
  
  
  Gastric xanthelasma(s) is a warning endoscopic sign for the presence of multifocal atrophic gastritis and advanced intestinal metaplasia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Aydın Şeref
authors.initials: AŞ
authors.lastname: Köksal
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Yüksek İhtisas Education and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nuretdin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suna
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Kırıkkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey. drismailster@gmail.com.
authors.forename: İsmail Hakkı
authors.initials: İH
authors.lastname: Kalkan
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ahmet Tarık
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Eminler
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Yüksek İhtisas Education and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Şükran Ziyşan
authors.initials: ŞZ
authors.lastname: Sakaoğulları
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Yüksek İhtisas Education and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Nesrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Turhan
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Yüksek İhtisas Education and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Saygılı
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Yüksek İhtisas Education and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ufuk Barış
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Kuzu
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Yüksek İhtisas Education and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erkin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Öztaş
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Erkan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Parlak
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005757:Gastritis, Atrophic / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*; D005773:Gastroscopy; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008679:Metaplasia / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013270:Stomach / Q000473:pathology*; D013272:Stomach Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D014973:Xanthomatosis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology*
keywords: Atrophy; Metaplasia; Operative link on gastritis assessment; Operative link on gastritis intestinal metaplasia assessment; Xanthelasma