title: Insight into the evolution of the Solanaceae from the parental genomes of Petunia hybrida.
abstract: Petunia hybrida is a popular bedding plant that has a long history as a genetic model system. We report the whole-genome sequencing and assembly of inbred derivatives of its two wild parents, P. axillaris N and P. inflata S6. The assemblies include 91.3% and 90.2% coverage of their diploid genomes (1.4 Gb; 2n = 14) containing 32,928 and 36,697 protein-coding genes, respectively. The genomes reveal that the Petunia lineage has experienced at least two rounds of hexaploidization: the older gamma event, which is shared with most Eudicots, and a more recent Solanaceae event that is shared with tomato and other solanaceous species. Transcription factors involved in the shift from bee to moth pollination reside in particularly dynamic regions of the genome, which may have been key to the remarkable diversity of floral colour patterns and pollination systems. The high-quality genome sequences will enhance the value of Petunia as a model system for research on unique biological phenomena such as small RNAs, symbiosis, self-incompatibility and circadian rhythms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 490 West Campus Dr., Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
authors.forename: Aureliano
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bombarely
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Avichai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amrad
authors.affiliation: Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China.
authors.forename: Manzhu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bao
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland, 6 Rte Albert Gockel, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Laure
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bapaume
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Cornelius S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Barry
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Development and (Epi)Genetics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mattijs
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bliek
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Maaike R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Boersma
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstr. 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Borghi
authors.affiliation: Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 6, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Rémy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bruggmann
authors.affiliation: Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Straße 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Marcel
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authors.lastname: Bucher
authors.affiliation: Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, Centro di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura (CREA-ORT), via Cavalleggeri 25, 84098 Pontecagnano (Sa) Italy.
authors.forename: Nunzio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: D'Agostino
authors.affiliation: Department of Breeding and Genomics, Plant and Food Research, Auckland, 120 Mt Albert Road, Mount Albert, Sandringham 1142, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5652-5015
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Propagation, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Kühnhäuserstr. 101, 99090 Erfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Uwe
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Druege
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2063, USA.
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dudareva
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Biotecnología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30202, Cartagena, Spain.
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-4693-9948
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egea-Cortines
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Universita degli Studi di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delledonne
authors.affiliation: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Rd, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Noe
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Pozo
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Propagation, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ), Kühnhäuserstr. 101, 99090 Erfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5710-4538
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Franken
authors.affiliation: Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University and Research Center, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Laurie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grandont
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
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authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hintzsche
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA.
authors.forename: Mitrick
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Development and (Epi)Genetics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koes
authors.affiliation: Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen 518083, China.
authors.forename: Xiaodan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.affiliation: School of Plant Sciences, iPlant Collaborative, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA.
authors.forename: Diwa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Malla
authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant and Microbiology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstr. 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martinoia
authors.affiliation: School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Neil S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Mattson
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), ENS de Lyon/CNRS/INRA/UCBL, 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-1690-8032
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morel
authors.affiliation: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, 533 Tower Rd, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
authors.forename: Lukas A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2063, USA.
authors.forename: Joëlle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Muhlemann
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland, 4 Rte Albert Gockel, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nouri
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Development and (Epi)Genetics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
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authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Universita degli Studi di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy.
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authors.lastname: Pezzotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA.
authors.forename: Qinzhou
authors.initials: Q
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authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland, 3 Rte Albert Gockel, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Didier
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3495-6783
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reinhardt
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland, 5 Rte Albert Gockel, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6109-1290
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.affiliation: Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany.
authors.forename: Katja R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Richert-Pöggeler
authors.affiliation: Department of Crop and Plant Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UL LE12 5RD, UK.
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authors.initials: TP
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authors.affiliation: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.
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authors.initials: MC
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authors.identifier: 0000-0001-6777-6565
authors.initials: ME
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authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Physiology, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Schuurink
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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authors.forename: Michiel
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authors.affiliation: Radboud University, FNWI, IWWR, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Villarino
authors.affiliation: Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Ryan M
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authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Development and (Epi)Genetics, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
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authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas L
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authors.affiliation: Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland.
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mesh_terms: D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018745:Genome, Plant; D006824:Hybridization, Genetic; D032306:Petunia / Q000235:genetics*; D011123:Polyploidy