title: Freshwater Crayfish: A Potential Benthic-Zone Indicator of Nanosilver and Ionic Silver Pollution.
abstract: Nowadays, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are utilized in numerous applications, raising justified concerns about their release into the environment. This study demonstrates the potential to use freshwater crayfish as a benthic-zone indicator of nanosilver and ionic silver pollution. Crayfish were acclimated to 20 L aquaria filled with Hudson River water (HRW) and exposed for 14 days to widely used Creighton AgNPs and Ag(+) at doses of up to 360 μg L(-1) to surpass regulated water concentrations. The uptake and distribution of Ag in over 650 exoskeletons, gills, hepatopancreas and muscles samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in conjunction with two complementary U.S. EPA-endorsed methods: the external calibration and the standard additions. Reflecting the environmental plasticity of the two investigated species, Orconectes virilis accumulated in a dose-dependent manner more Ag than Procambarus clarkii (on average 31% more Ag). Both species showed DNA damage and severe histological changes in the presence of Ag. However, Ag(+) generally led to higher Ag accumulations (28%) and was more toxic. By the harvest day, about 14 ± 9% of the 360 μg L(-1) of AgNP exposure in the HRW oxidized to Ag(+) and may have contributed to the observed toxicities and bioaccumulations. The hepatopancreas (1.5-17.4 μg of Ag g(-1) of tissue) was identified as the best tissue-indicator of AgNP pollution, while the gills (4.5-22.0 μg g(-1)) and hepatopancreas (2.5-16.7 μg g(-1)) complementarily monitored the presence of Ag(+).
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Wright State University , 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States.
authors.forename: Seth W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Brittle
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Wright State University , 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States.
authors.forename: Sesha L A
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Paluri
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Wright State University , 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States.
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Foose
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Marist College , 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ruis
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Marist College , 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601, United States.
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Amato
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Wright State University , 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States.
authors.forename: Nhi H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Marist College , 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601, United States.
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buttigieg
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Science, Marist College , 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601, United States.
authors.forename: Zofia E
authors.initials: ZE
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Wright State University , 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States.
authors.forename: Ioana E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Sizemore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003400:Astacoidea; D005618:Fresh Water; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity; D012834:Silver / Q000633:toxicity*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D012834:Silver