title: Metabolic Risk Profile and Cancer in Korean Men and Women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Associations between metabolic syndrome and several types of cancer have recently been documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the sample cohort data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service from 2002, with a follow-up period extending to 2013. The cohort data included 99 565 individuals who participated in the health examination program and whose data were therefore present in the cohort database. The metabolic risk profile of each participant was assessed based on obesity, high serum glucose and total cholesterol levels, and high blood pressure. The occurrence of cancer was identified using Korean National Health Insurance claims data. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for age group, smoking status, alcohol intake, and regular exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 5937 cases of cancer occurred during a mean follow-up period of 10.4 years. In men with a high-risk metabolic profile, the risk of colon cancer was elevated (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.71). In women, a high-risk metabolic profile was associated with a significantly increased risk of gallbladder and biliary tract cancer (HR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.24 to 3.42). Non-significantly increased risks were observed in men for pharynx, larynx, rectum, and kidney cancer, and in women for colon, liver, breast, and ovarian cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this study support the previously suggested association between metabolic syndrome and the risk of several cancers. A high-risk metabolic profile may be an important risk factor for colon cancer in Korean men and gallbladder and biliary tract cancer in Korean women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seulki
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-0346-2035
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Seok-Jun
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-3297-0071
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dongwoo
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-7731-4081
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: A-Rim
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Economics, Economic Research Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Jung
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hye-Young
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Seo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D008297:Male; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D056910:Republic of Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose
keywords: Cohort studies; Metabolic syndrome; Neoplasms; Risk factors