title: [Antidepressant-resistant depression and the bipolar spectrum -- diagnostic and therapeutic considerations].
abstract: According to the results of epidemiological studies mood disorders with unipolar (major and minor depressive disorder; dysthymia) or bipolar features are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders. These disorders with their frequent comorbidities (alcohol and/or drug use disorders, smoking, suicide, cardiovascular disorders) pose great public health challenge and cause substantial individual and familar burdens as well. Since SSRIs and other new antidepressant agents entered the market the possibilities to treat depression improved substantially but 25-35 percent of major depressives do not respond even to the second antidepressant trial but the rate of patients who are resistant after the third and fourth adequate antidepressant trial are around only 15-25 and 10 percent, respectively. Pharmacotherapy-resistant depression is a multicausal phenomenon. Along with its well-known risk-factors investigations of the past decade have revealed that unrecognised or hidden (subsyndromal or subthreshold) bipolarity is one of the most frequent causes of treatment resistance. In the case of bipolar depression (either as a part of syndromal bipolar I or II disorder or a subsyndromal manifestation) antidepressant monotherapy should be avoided and, instead of it, the administration of a mood stabilizer (primarily lithium and lamotrigine) or some atypical antipsychotics (preferably quetiapine) are recommended. If antidepressant is inevitably necessary in bipolar depression, we should use it always in combination with mood stabilizers or atypical antipsychotics.
authors.affiliation: Semmelweis Egyetem Pszichiatriai es Pszichoterapias Klinika, Klinikai es Kutatasi Mentalhigienes Osztaly, Budapest, Hungary, E-mail: rihmer.zoltan@med.semmelweis-univ.hu.
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Rihmer
authors.forename: Xénia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gonda
authors.forename: Annamária
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rihmer
authors.forename: Péter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Döme
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D061218:Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018020:Lithium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation; D016574:Seasonal Affective Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D017678:Sex Distribution; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology; D013694:Temperament; D000092864:Suicide Prevention
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018020:Lithium Compounds