title: Susceptibility of Alphitobius diaperinus in Texas to permethrin- and β-cyfluthrin-treated surfaces.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Effective control of the lesser mealworm beetle, Alphitobius diaperinus, relies heavily on insecticides. The susceptibility level of beetles to these insecticides can be dependent on active ingredient, population treated, formulation, surface treated and timing of observation. The susceptibility of adult beetles from six populations to β-cyfluthrin was determined up to 48 h after exposure. The susceptibility of adult beetles to the label rate of β-cyfluthrin and permethrin formulations on concrete, wood-chip-type particle board and pressure-treated wood was determined up to 48 h post-exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Variation in LC50values at 2 and 24 h was found within and between beetle populations from two regions of Texas. The permethrin formulation had lower mean mortality than the β-cyfluthrin formulation on all surfaces tested. The permethrin formulation had high levels of recovery on all surfaces tested after 2 h. Surface affected the efficacy of the insecticides tested on killing adult beetles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Permethrin-based insecticide had lower knockdown and persistence on various surfaces over time than β-cyfluthrin-based insecticide. Beetle recovery in less susceptible populations may necessitate longer observation periods for efficacy evaluations. Our study also shows that surfaces chosen can affect the efficacy of the compound on killing adult beetles. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Brandon N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.affiliation: Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Tawni L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Crippen
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Le
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Pete D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Teel
authors.affiliation: Texas A&M Agrilife Extension, Stephenville, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Sonja L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Swiger
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffery K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Tomberlin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera; D003252:Construction Materials; D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D026023:Permethrin; D011722:Pyrethrins; D013781:Texas; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; D026023:Permethrin; C052570:cyfluthrin
keywords: darkling beetle; integrated pest management; poultry; surface treatments