title: Role of a NSAID in the apparent cure of a fungal mycetoma.
abstract: We report the case of a fungal mycetoma due to Madurella mycetomatis that failed to respond to surgery and antifungal treatment but responded strongly to the addition of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). This African patient was born in Mauritania in 1972. He was a herdsman, living close to the Senegal River. The first nodules appeared on the left foot at the age of 13years (1985). The patient suffered frequent flare-ups with the appearance of black grains and underwent surgery in 1988 and 1992 in Senegal. After remission for several months after surgery, new fistulae occurred. The patient emigrated to France in 1995 and underwent a third surgical intervention in 1996. M. mycetomatis was cultured from the black grains. The patient was otherwise in good health, with no diabetes, and HIV tests were negative. We saw the patient for the first time in 2005, at which time he had flare-ups every two to three months. Imaging disclosed an absence of bone involvement. The patient underwent a fourth operation in October, 2005, and voriconazole treatment was initiated. A new flare-up occurred in February, 2006. CT, MRI, and PET scans revealed calcaneus and tarsal involvement, and posaconazole then replaced voriconazole. Flucytosine was added four months later, due to an absence of improvement. New flares-ups occurred and a fifth surgical intervention was performed in September, 2006. The pain, which had been present for three years, worsened; the patient had to stop working and was no longer able to walk without crutches. Amputation of the foot was considered. Empiric treatment with a NSAID, diclofenac (Voltaren(®); 100mg/day), was added to the antifungal treatment in November 2006, to treat the patient's pain and inflammation. A major improvement was observed within one week. The patient was able to walk without crutches one month later. After two months, clinical examination was normal: no pain, inflammation, nodules or fistulae. Flucytosine was stopped after six months of treatment, in January 2007, diclofenac after 10months, in October 2007, and posaconazole after 18.5months, also in October 2007. No relapse has occurred during the eight years of follow-up since treatment ended. The patient seems to have been cured and has normal CT, MRI, and PET scans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This eumycetoma, which had progressed over 20years despite surgery and antifungal treatments, seems to have been cured by the addition of a NSAID. This observation suggests that inflammation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of fungal mycetoma. Clinical studies of treatments including an NSAID should be conducted to confirm this finding.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Necker, 75015 Paris, France. Electronic address: bertrand.dupont12@orange.fr.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Datry
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Necker, 75015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poirée
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Tenon, 75020 Paris, France.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canestri
authors.affiliation: Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 75015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boucheneb
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fourniols
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D020461:Madurella / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000472:pathogenicity; D008297:Male; D008435:Mauritania; D008271:Mycetoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D012074:Remission Induction; D012675:Senegal; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000935:Antifungal Agents
keywords: Anti-inflammatoire non stéroïdien; Antifongiques; Antifungal drugs; Fungal mycetoma; Inflammation; Mycétome fongique; Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; Pathogenesis; Physiopathologie; Traitement; Treatment