title: Triple Activity of Lamivudine Releasing Sulfonated Polymers against HIV-1.
abstract: In this article a library of polymeric therapeutic agents against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is presented. The library of statistical copolymers of varied molar mass was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The synthesized polymers comprise pendent hydroxyl and sulfonated side chains as well as the reverse transcriptase prodrug lamivudine (3TC) attached via a disulfide self-immolative linker. The glutathione mediated release of 3TC is demonstrated as well as the antiviral efficacy against HIV entry and polymerase activity. Although a high degree of polymer sulfonation is required for effective HIV entry inhibition, polymers with approximately ∼50% sulfonated monomer demonstrated potent kinase independent reverse transcriptase inhibition. In addition, the sulfonated polymers demonstrate activity against DNA-DNA polymerase, which suggests that these polymers may exhibit activity against a broad spectrum of viruses. In summary, the polymers described provide a triple-active arsenal against HIV with extracellular activity via entry inhibition and intracellular activity by kinase-dependent lamivudine-based and kinase-independent sulfonated polymer based inhibition. Since these sulfonated copolymers are easily formulated into gels, we envision them to be particularly suited for topical application to prevent the mucosal transmission of viruses, particularly HIV.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Manufacturing , Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Danial
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anna H F
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kaja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zuwala
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Manufacturing , Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.|Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cosson
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Camilla Frich
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Riber
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Anton A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus N 8200, Denmark.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tolstrup
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Manufacturing , Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
authors.forename: Graeme
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Moad
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.|iNANO Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre, Aarhus University , Aarhus C 8000, Denmark.
authors.forename: Alexander N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Zelikin
authors.affiliation: CSIRO Manufacturing , Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia.
authors.forename: Almar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Postma
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D011108:Polymers; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D019259:Lamivudine
keywords: HIV-1; RAFT; antiviral; drug delivery; inhibitor; self-immolative linker