title: Cardiac injury biomarkers in paediatric age: Are we there yet?
abstract: The aim of this article is to evaluate the clinical utility of cardiac injury biomarkers in paediatric age. In December 2015, a literature search was performed (PubMed access to MEDLINE citations; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/ ). The search strategy included the following medical subject headings and text terms for the key words: "cardiac injury biomarkers", "creatine kinase-MB", "myoglobin", "troponin", "children", "neonate/s", "newborn/s", "infant/s" and echocardiography. In the paediatric population, troponins show a good correlation with the extent of myocardial damage following cardiac surgery and cardiotoxic medication and can be used as predictors of subsequent cardiac recovery and mortality. Elevation of cardiac injury biomarkers may also have diagnostic value in cases when cardiac contusion or pericarditis is suspected. Cardiac injury biomarkers are very sensitive markers for the detection of myocardial injury and have been studied in healthy newborns, after tocolysis, intrauterine growth restriction, respiratory distress and asphyxia. The proportion of newborns with elevated troponin was higher than that in ill infants, children, and adolescents and in healthy adults, suggesting that myocardial injury, although clinically occult, is common in this young age group. Results suggest that significant elevation of cord troponin is an excellent early predictor of severity of hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy and mortality in term infants. Cardiac biomarkers may also benefit centres without on-site echocardiography with evidence showing good correlation with echo-derived markers of myocardial function. Further studies are needed to better clarify the role of cardiac biomarkers in paediatric age and their correlation with echocardiographic parameters.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, São João Hospital, Porto, Portugal. alneves1@gmail.com.|Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. alneves1@gmail.com.|Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. alneves1@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Ana L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Neves
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Department of Paediatric Surgery, São João Hospital, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Tiago
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Henriques-Coelho
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, São João Hospital, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Adelino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leite-Moreira
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, São João Hospital, Porto, Portugal.|Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.|Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: José C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Areias
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form / Q000097:blood; D005312:Fetal Blood; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D009211:Myoglobin / Q000097:blood; D010372:Pediatrics; D014336:Troponin / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009211:Myoglobin; D014336:Troponin; D052279:Creatine Kinase, MB Form
keywords: Cardiac injury biomarker; Creatine kinase-MB; Myoglobin; Paediatrics; Troponin