title: Optical measures of changes in cerebral vascular tone during voluntary breath holding and a Sternberg memory task.
abstract: The human cerebral vasculature responds to changes in blood pressure and demands for oxygenation via cerebral autoregulation. Changes in cerebrovascular tone (vasoconstriction and vasodilation) also mediate the changes in blood flow measured by the BOLD fMRI signal. This cerebrovascular reactivity is known to vary with age. In two experiments, we demonstrate that cerebral pulse parameters measured using optical imaging can quantify changes in cerebral vascular tone, both globally and locally. In experiment 1, 51 older adults (age range=55-87) performed a voluntary breath-holding task while cerebral pulse amplitude measures were taken. We found significant pulse amplitude variations across breath-holding periods, indicating vasodilation during, and vasoconstriction after breath holding. The breath-holding index (BHI), a measure of cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) was derived and found to correlate with age. BHI was also correlated with performance in the Modified Mini-Mental Status Examination, even after controlling for age and education. In experiment 2, the same participants performed a Sternberg task, and changes in regional pulse amplitude between high (set-size 6) and low (set-size 2) task loads were compared. Only task-related areas in the fronto-parietal network (FPN) showed significant reduction in pulse amplitude, indicating vasodilation. Non-task-related areas such as the somatosensory and auditory cortices did not show such reductions. Taken together, these experiments suggest that optical pulse parameters can index changes in brain vascular tone both globally and locally, using both physiological and cognitive load manipulations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.
authors.forename: Chin Hong
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.
authors.forename: Kathy A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Low
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Schneider-Garces
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.
authors.forename: Edward L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Maclin
authors.affiliation: Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.
authors.forename: Antonio M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chiarelli
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gratton
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States. Electronic address: mfabiani@illinois.edu.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fabiani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D062485:Breath Holding; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D061848:Optical Imaging; D011581:Psychological Tests; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology*; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology*
keywords: Aging; Breath-holding task; Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR); Diffuse optical imaging; Sternberg task