title: Novel microscope-integrated stereoscopic heads-up display for intrasurgical optical coherence tomography.
abstract: Intra-operative optical coherence tomography (OCT) requires a display technology which allows surgeons to visualize OCT data without disrupting surgery. Previous research and commercial intrasurgical OCT systems have integrated heads-up display (HUD) systems into surgical microscopes to provide monoscopic viewing of OCT data through one microscope ocular. To take full advantage of our previously reported real-time volumetric microscope-integrated OCT (4D MIOCT) system, we describe a stereoscopic HUD which projects a stereo pair of OCT volume renderings into both oculars simultaneously. The stereoscopic HUD uses a novel optical design employing spatial multiplexing to project dual OCT volume renderings utilizing a single micro-display. The optical performance of the surgical microscope with the HUD was quantitatively characterized and the addition of the HUD was found not to substantially effect the resolution, field of view, or pincushion distortion of the operating microscope. In a pilot depth perception subject study, five ophthalmic surgeons completed a pre-set dexterity task with 50.0% (SD = 37.3%) higher success rate and in 35.0% (SD = 24.8%) less time on average with stereoscopic OCT vision compared to monoscopic OCT vision. Preliminary experience using the HUD in 40 vitreo-retinal human surgeries by five ophthalmic surgeons is reported, in which all surgeons reported that the HUD did not alter their normal view of surgery and that live surgical maneuvers were readily visible in displayed stereoscopic OCT volumes.
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Liangbo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Carrasco-Zevallos
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Brenton
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Viehland
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Gar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waterman
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Dept. of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.affiliation: Duke University Medical Center, Dept. of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Dept. of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Toth
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Duke University Medical Center, Dept. of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Izatt
keywords: (170.3880) Medical and biological imaging; (170.4460) Ophthalmic optics and devices; (170.4470) Ophthalmology; (170.4500) Optical coherence tomography