title: Comparative efficacy of intranasal and oral vaccines against Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs.
abstract: In order to determine the comparative efficacy of vaccines administered intranasally or orally to protect puppies from disease subsequent to experimental infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb), a randomized controlled trial was performed using 48 approximately 8-week-old specific pathogen free, Bb naive Beagle puppies. Puppies were randomized into three groups and administered vaccines containing Bb intranasally or orally, or a placebo intranasally. Twenty-one days later, all dogs were challenge exposed via aerosol administration of Bb. Clinical signs, nasal bacterial shedding and immune responses were monitored for 28 days after challenge. Intranasally vaccinated puppies had significantly lower rates of coughing, nasal discharge, retching and sneezing (i.e. were less sick clinically) than control puppies. The distinction between the orally vaccinated puppies and the control puppies was less consistent. The orally vaccinated puppies had less coughing and less retching than the control puppies, but nasal discharge and sneezing did not differ from control animals. Orally vaccinated puppies had higher rates of coughing, nasal discharge, retching and sneezing than the intranasally vaccinated puppies. Although both intranasal and oral Bb vaccines stimulated immune responses associated with disease sparing following Bb infection, the intranasal route of delivery conferred superior clinical outcomes. The observed difference in clinical efficacy suggests the need to question the rationale for the use of currently available orally administered Bb vaccines.
authors.affiliation: Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4. Electronic address: john.ellis@usask.ca.
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ellis
authors.affiliation: Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4.
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Gow
authors.affiliation: Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4.
authors.forename: C L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Waldner
authors.affiliation: Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.affiliation: Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wappel
authors.affiliation: Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bowers
authors.affiliation: Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lacoste
authors.affiliation: Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.affiliation: Zoetis, 100 Campus Drive, Florham Park, New Jersey 07932, USA.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ball
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal / Q000662:veterinary; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D057138:Bacterial Shedding; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D001885:Bordetella Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D016950:Bordetella bronchiseptica / Q000276:immunology*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D013047:Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines
keywords: Bordetella bronchiseptica; Canine; Canine respiratory disease complex; Intranasal vaccine; Oral vaccine