title: Guidelines for risk reduction when handling gametes from infectious patients seeking assisted reproductive technologies.
abstract: According to the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), couples with blood-borne viruses that lead to infectious disease cannot be denied fertility treatment as long as the direct threat to the health and safety of others can be reduced or eliminated by a modification of policies or procedures. Three types of infectious patients are commonly discussed in the context of fertility treatment: those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C or hepatitis B. Seventy-five per cent of hepatitis C or HIV positive men and women are in their reproductive years, and these couples look to assisted reproductive techniques for risk reduction in conceiving a pregnancy. In many cases, only one partner is infected. Legal and ethical questions about treatment of infectious patients aside, the question most asked by clinical embryologists and andrologists is: "What are the laboratory protocols for working with gametes and embryos from patients with infectious disease?" The serostatus of each patient is the key that informs appropriate treatments. This guidance document describes protocols for handling gametes from seroconcordant and serodiscordant couples with infectious disease. With minor modifications, infectious patients with stable disease status and undetectable or low viral load can be accommodated in the IVF laboratory.
authors.affiliation: Department Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore's Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Health, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Electronic address: sangita.k.jindal@gmail.com.
authors.forename: Sangita K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Jindal
authors.affiliation: Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612.
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Rawlins
authors.affiliation: Male Fertility Lab, Department Urology, University of Washington, 4245 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105.
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.affiliation: Reproductive Medicine and Fertility, Department Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri, 500 N. Keene St, Suite 203, Columbia, MO 65201.
authors.forename: Erma Z
authors.initials: EZ
authors.lastname: Drobnis
mesh_terms: D015925:Cryopreservation; D000069480:Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro; D005854:Germ Cells; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity; D019142:Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; D012306:Risk; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D012661:Semen; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism; D019562:Viral Load; D000071243:Zika Virus Infection / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000069480:Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination
keywords: HIV; IVF; hepatitis B; hepatitis C; sperm purification; standard precautions