title: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children with vocal fold nodules.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with vocal fold nodules (VNs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Study group (SG) included children between 4 and 12 years. As a control group (CG), children between 4 and 12 years without VNs were included in the study. Parents of the participants completed the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised: Short Form (CPRS-RS) which was used to analyze the symptoms of ADHD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five children (30 boys and 15 girls) with VNs and 45 controls (30 boys and 15 girls) were enrolled in the study. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that the CPRS-RS Hyperactivity and Oppositional Subscales were significantly higher in the SG than the CG (p < .05), after controlling the effects of age and gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest associations between VNs and hyperactivity and oppositional behaviors in children. Clinicians should be aware of ADHD symptoms in children with VNs.
authors.affiliation: Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Konya, Turkey. Electronic address: dromerdur@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Erdur
authors.affiliation: Konya Training and Research Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Arzu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herguner
authors.affiliation: Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Kayhan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ozturk
authors.affiliation: Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ertugrul
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kibar
authors.affiliation: Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Cagdas
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Elsurer
authors.affiliation: Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Mete Kaan
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
authors.affiliation: Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Konya, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sabri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herguner
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D055154:Dysphonia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007818:Laryngeal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010290:Parents; D014827:Vocal Cords; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology
keywords: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Dysphonia; Oppositional behaviors; Vocal fold nodule