title: Supramolecular Gels by Design: Towards the Development of Topical Gels for Self-Delivery Application.
abstract: Following a supramolecular synthon approach, simple salt formation has been employed to gain access to a series of supramolecular gelators derived from the well-known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ibuprofen. A well-studied gel-inducing supramolecular synthon, namely primary ammonium monocarboxylate (PAM), has been exploited to generate a series of PAM salts by reacting ibuprofen with various primary amines. Remarkably, all of the salts (S1-S7) thus synthesized proved to be good to moderate gelators of various polar and nonpolar solvents. Single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction studies established the existence of the PAM synthons in the gel network, confirming the efficacy of the supramolecular synthon approach employed. Most importantly, the majority of the salts (S2, S3, S6, and S7) were capable of gelling methyl salicylate (MS), an important ingredient found in many commercial topical gels. In vitro experiments (MTT and PGE2 assays) revealed that all of the salts (except S3 and S7) were biocompatible (up to 0.5 mm concentration), and the most suited one, S6, displayed anti-inflammatory ability as good as that of the parent drug ibuprofen. A topical gel of S6 with methyl salicylate and menthol was found to be suitable for delivering the gelator drug in a self-delivery fashion in treating skin inflammation in mice. Histological studies, including immunohistology, were performed to further probe the role of the gelator drug S6 in treating inflammation. Cell imaging studies supported cellular uptake of the gelator drug in such biomedical application.
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India.
authors.forename: Rumana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Parveen
authors.affiliation: Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India. ocpd@iacs.res.in.
authors.forename: Parthasarathi
authors.identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1011-2386
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dastidar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D005782:Gels / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008610:Menthol / Q000737:chemistry; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D000067996:RAW 264.7 Cells; D012459:Salicylates / Q000737:chemistry; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005782:Gels; D012459:Salicylates; D008610:Menthol; C033069:methyl salicylate; D007052:Ibuprofen
keywords: SAFiNs; anti-inflammatory compounds; crystal engineering; drug delivery; supramolecular gels