title: The Accuracy of Locating Lumbar Vertebrae When Using Palpation Versus Ultrasonography.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of locating lumbar vertebrae using palpation vs ultrasonography.
  
  
  
  In this study, ultrasonic imaging was used by 2 experienced clinicians to identify the third lumbar spinous process (target) of a female participant. The target was then located by 16 undergraduate chiropractic students using clinical palpation techniques learned in their academic program (with participant seated and prone) and ultrasonic imaging learned through a 5-minute training video. Presumed target locations identified by students were recorded by infrared motion capture equipment. The coordinates of the presumed target site were then compared statistically.
  
  
  
  There was no significant difference between the presumed target position identified by the students using sitting and prone palpation (P = .346). These positions were significantly different from the target location identified by expert clinicians using ultrasonic imaging (P < .0001 in both cases). The vertebra identified by ultrasonic imaging by the students was the same vertebra identified by the expert clinicians using ultrasound. This position error in the vertebra identified by palpation resulted in the students mistakenly identifying the L4 spinous process as the target vertebra.
  
  
  
  This study found that ultrasonography provided more accurate identification of a lumbar spinal landmark when compared with palpation. In addition, our data suggest that ultrasonic imaging to identify spinal landmarks can be learned easily and can improve accuracy of landmark detection. Although the time to use ultrasonic imaging was greater than with palpation, these results suggest that this procedure could potentially be used in clinical practice to identify spinal landmarks.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Biomechanics, Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
authors.forename: Rune Mygind
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mieritz
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Electronic address: greg.kawchuk@ualberta.ca.
authors.forename: Gregory Neil
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Kawchuk
mesh_terms: D002684:Chiropractic / Q000193:education*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D010173:Palpation; D016684:Prone Position; D014463:Ultrasonography
keywords: Anatomic Landmarks; Lumbar Vertebrae; Palpation; Spine; Ultrasonography