title: Third harmonic generation imaging for fast, label-free pathology of human brain tumors.
abstract: In brain tumor surgery, recognition of tumor boundaries is key. However, intraoperative assessment of tumor boundaries by the neurosurgeon is difficult. Therefore, there is an urgent need for tools that provide the neurosurgeon with pathological information during the operation. We show that third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy provides label-free, real-time images of histopathological quality; increased cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, and rarefaction of neuropil in fresh, unstained human brain tissue could be clearly recognized. We further demonstrate THG images taken with a GRIN objective, as a step toward in situ THG microendoscopy of tumor boundaries. THG imaging is thus a promising tool for optical biopsies.
authors.affiliation: LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: N V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Kuzmin
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Dept. of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wesseling
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P C de Witt
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain Tumor Center, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Noske
authors.affiliation: LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Galgano
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Mansvelder
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Baayen
authors.affiliation: LaserLab Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Groot
keywords: (170.1530) Cell analysis; (170.2150) Endoscopic imaging; (170.4730) Optical pathology; (170.6935) Tissue characterization; (180.4315) Nonlinear microscopy; (190.4160) Multiharmonic generation