title: Characterization of Motor and Somatosensory Evoked Potentials in the Yucatan Micropig Using Transcranial and Epidural Stimulation.
abstract: Yucatan micropigs have brain and spinal cord dimensions similar to humans and are useful for certain spinal cord injury (SCI) translational studies. Micropigs are readily trained in behavioral tasks, allowing consistent testing of locomotor loss and recovery. However, there has been little description of their motor and sensory pathway neurophysiology. We established methods to assess motor and sensory cortical evoked potentials in the anesthetized, uninjured state. We also evaluated epidurally evoked motor and sensory stimuli from the T6 and T9 levels, spanning the intended contusion injury epicenter. Response detection frequency, mean latency and amplitude values, and variability of evoked potentials were determined. Somatosensory evoked potentials were reliable and best detected during stimulation of peripheral nerve and epidural stimulation by referencing the lateral cortex to midline Fz. The most reliable hindlimb motor evoked potential (MEP) occurred in tibialis anterior. We found MEPs in forelimb muscles in response to thoracic epidural stimulation likely generated from propriospinal pathways. Cranially stimulated MEPs were easier to evoke in the upper limbs than in the hindlimbs. Autopsy studies revealed substantial variations in cortical morphology between animals. This electrophysiological study establishes that neurophysiological measures can be reliably obtained in micropigs in a time frame compatible with other experimental procedures, such as SCI and transplantation. It underscores the need to better understand the motor control pathways, including the corticospinal tract, to determine which therapeutics are suitable for testing in the pig model.
authors.affiliation: 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami , Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Francisco D
authors.initials: FD
authors.lastname: Benavides
authors.affiliation: 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami , Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Santamaria
authors.affiliation: 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami , Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Nikita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bodoukhin
authors.affiliation: 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami , Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Luis G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Guada
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Pediatrics Critical Care, University of Miami , Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: Juan P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Solano
authors.affiliation: 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami , Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.|3 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami , Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Guest
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013552:Swine; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
keywords: corticospinal; epidural; evoked potentials; porcine; propriospinal; spinal cord injury