title: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate of human blood exposed to low-level laser.
abstract: This study is designed to investigate in vitro low-level laser (LLL) effects on rheological parameter, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), of human blood. The interaction mechanism between LLL radiation and blood is unclear. Therefore, research addresses the effects of LLL irradiation on human blood and this is essential to understanding how laser radiation interacts with biological cells and tissues. The blood samples were collected through venipuncture into EDTA-containing tubes as an anticoagulant. Each sample was divided into two equal aliquots to be used as a non-irradiated sample (control) and an irradiated sample. The aliquot was subjected to doses of 36, 54, 72 and 90 J/cm(2) with wavelengths of 405, 589 and 780 nm, with a radiation source at a fixed power density of 30 mW/cm(2). The ESR and red blood cell count and volume are measured after laser irradiation and compared with the non-irradiated samples. The maximum reduction in ESR is observed with radiation dose 72 J/cm(2) delivered with a 405-nm wavelength laser beam. Moreover, no hemolysis is observed under these irradiation conditions. In a separate protocol, ESR of separated RBCs re-suspended in irradiated plasma (7.6 ± 2.3 mm/h) is found to be significantly lower (by 51 %) than their counterpart re-suspended in non-irradiated plasma (15.0 ± 3.7 mm/h). These results indicate that ESR reduction is mainly due to the effects of LLL on the plasma composition that ultimately affect whole blood ESR.
authors.affiliation: School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. laser_mu@yahoo.com.|Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq. laser_mu@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Mustafa S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Al Musawi
authors.affiliation: School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jaafar
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Al-Gailani
authors.affiliation: School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Naser M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.affiliation: Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas P. Pinang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Fatanah M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Suhaimi
authors.affiliation: School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakhsh
mesh_terms: D001799:Blood Sedimentation / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006461:Hemolysis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D006801:Humans; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy
keywords: Blood plasma; Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Low-level laser; Red blood cells