title: Electrocatalytic oxidation of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine at metal oxide doped phthalocyanine/MWCNT composite sensor.
abstract: Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with metal oxides (MO = Fe3O4, ZnO) nanoparticles doped phthalocyanine (Pc) and functionalized MWCNTs, and the electrocatalytic properties were studied. Successful synthesis of the metal oxide nanoparticles and the MO/Pc/MWCNT composite were confirmed using FTIR, Raman and SEM techniques. The electrodes were characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. The electrocatalytic behaviour of the electrode towards epinephrine (EP) and norepinephrine (NE) oxidation was investigated using CV and DPV. Result showed that GCE-MWCNT/Fe3O4/2,3-Nc, GCE-MWCNT/Fe3O429H,31H-Pc, GCE-MWCNT/ZnO/2,3-Nc and GCE-MWCNT/ZnO/29H,31H-Pc electrodes gave enhanced EP and NE current response. Stability study indicated that the four GCE-MWCNT/MO/Pc modified electrodes were stable against electrode fouling effect with the percentage NE current drop of 5.56-5.88% after 20 scans. GCE-MWCNT/Fe3O4/29H,31H-Pc gave the lowest limit of detection (4.6 μM) towards EP while MWCNT/ZnO/29H,31H-Pc gave the lowest limit of detection (1.7 μM) towards NE. The limit of detection and sensitivity of the electrodes compared well with literature. Electrocatalytic oxidation of EP and NE on GCE-MWCNT/MO/Pc electrodes was diffusion controlled with some adsorption of electro-oxidation reaction intermediates products. The electrodes were found to be electrochemically stable, reusable and can be used for the analysis of EP and NE in real life samples.
authors.affiliation: Material Science Innovation &Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
authors.forename: Ntsoaki G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Mphuthi
authors.affiliation: Material Science Innovation &Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.|Department of Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Abolanle S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Adekunle
authors.affiliation: Material Science Innovation &Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Agriculture, Science and Technology, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.
authors.forename: Eno E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Ebenso
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D055664:Electrochemical Techniques; D004566:Electrodes; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000032:analysis*; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007211:Indoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D054833:Isoindoles; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000032:analysis*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012996:Solutions; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D007211:Indoles; D054833:Isoindoles; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon; D012996:Solutions; C000499:ferric oxide; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D015034:Zinc Oxide; C013647:phthalocyanine; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine