title: Abscission zone development in Setaria viridis and its domesticated relative, Setaria italica.
abstract: Development of an abscission zone (AZ) is needed for dispersal of seeds, and AZ loss was a critical early step in plant domestication. The AZ forms in different tissues in different species of plants, but whether the AZ is developmentally similar wherever it occurs is unknown. AZ development in Setaria viridis was studied as a representative of the previously uncharacterized subfamily Panicoideae.
  
  
  
  One accession of the wild species S. viridis and two of its domesticate, S. italica, were studied. Strength of the AZ was measured with a force gauge. Anatomy of the AZ was studied throughout development using bright field and confocal microscopy.
  
  
  
  The force required to remove a spikelet of S. viridis from the parent plant dropped steadily during development, whereas that required to remove spikelets of S. italica increased initially before stabilizing at a high level. Despite the clear difference in tensile strength of the AZ, anatomical differences between S. viridis and S. italica were subtle, and the position of the AZ was not easy to determine in cross sections of pedicel apices. Staining with DAPI showed that nuclei were present up to and presumably through abscission in S. viridis, and acridine orange staining showed much less lignification than in other cereals.
  
  
  
  The AZ in Setaria is developmentally and anatomically different from that characterized in rice, barley, and many eudicots. In particular, no set of small, densely cytoplasmic cells is obvious. This difference in anatomy could point to differential genetic control of the structure.
authors.affiliation: University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, USA Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 USA.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.affiliation: Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63132 USA ekellogg@danforthcenter.org.
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Kellogg
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D010641:Phenotype; D032983:Setaria Plant / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013718:Tensile Strength
keywords: Poaceae; abscission zone; domestication; shattering