title: Mesenchymal Stem Cells Synergize with 635, 532, and 405 nm Laser Wavelengths in Renal Fibrosis: A Pilot Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To address whether a single treatment of one of three visible light wavelengths, 635, 532, and 405 nm (constant wave, energy density 2.9 J/m2), could affect the hallmarks of established renal fibrosis and whether these wavelengths could facilitate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) beneficence.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease is a global health problem with only 20% receiving care worldwide. Kidneys with compromised function have ongoing inflammation, including increased oxidative stress and apoptosis, peritubular capillary loss, tubular atrophy, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Promising studies have highlighted the significant potential of MSC-based strategies to mitigate fibrosis; however, reversal of established fibrosis has been problematic, suggesting that methods to potentiate MSC effects require further development. Laser treatments at visible wavelengths have been reported to enhance mitochondrial potential and available cellular ATP, facilitate proliferation, and inhibit apoptosis. We hypothesized that laser-delivered energy might provide wavelength-specific effects in the fibrotic kidney and enhance MSC responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Renal fibrosis, established in C57BL6 mice following 21 days of unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO), was treated with one of three wavelengths alone or with autologous MSC. Mitochondrial activity, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cytokines were measured 24 h later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wavelengths 405, 532, and 635 nm all significantly synergized with MSC to enhance mitochondrial activity and reduce apoptosis. Proliferative activity was observed in the renal cortices following combined treatment with the 532 nm laser and MSC; endothelial proliferation increased in response to the 635 nm laser alone and to the combined effects of MSC and the 405 nm wavelength. Reductions of transforming growth factor-β were observed with 532 nm alone and when combined with MSC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific wavelengths of laser energy appear to induce different responses in renal fibrotic tissue. These findings support further study in the development of a customized laser therapy program of combined wavelengths to optimize MSC effects in the treatment of renal fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Megan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Rachana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Jiangzhou
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hickey
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Kavitha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Premanand
authors.affiliation: 2 Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Andre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kajdacsy-Balla
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.|3 Department of Transplant Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.affiliation: 1 Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.
authors.forename: Amelia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bartholomew
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000528:radiation effects; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D007834:Lasers; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000528:radiation effects; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011897:Random Allocation; D012016:Reference Values; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous
keywords: kidney fibrosis; laser wavelength; mesenchymal stem cell; tissue regeneration