title: What is kangaroo mother care? Systematic review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kangaroo mother care (KMC), often defined as skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her newborn, frequent or exclusive breastfeeding, and early discharge from the hospital has been effective in reducing the risk of mortality among preterm and low birth weight infants. Research studies and program implementation of KMC have used various definitions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the current definitions of KMC in various settings, analyze the presence or absence of KMC components in each definition, and present a core definition of KMC based on common components that are present in KMC literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and the World Health Organization Regional Databases for studies with key words "kangaroo mother care", "kangaroo care" or "skin to skin care" from 1 January 1960 to 24 April 2014. Two independent reviewers screened articles and abstracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We screened 1035 articles and reports; 299 contained data on KMC and neonatal outcomes or qualitative information on KMC implementation. Eighty-eight of the studies (29%) did not define KMC. Two hundred and eleven studies (71%) included skin-to-skin contact (SSC) in their KMC definition, 49 (16%) included exclusive or nearly exclusive breastfeeding, 22 (7%) included early discharge criteria, and 36 (12%) included follow-up after discharge. One hundred and sixty-seven studies (56%) described the duration of SSC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There exists significant heterogeneity in the definition of KMC. A large number of studies did not report definitions of KMC. Skin-to-skin contact is the core component of KMC, whereas components such as breastfeeding, early discharge, and follow-up care are context specific. To implement KMC effectively development of a global standardized definition of KMC is needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Saving Newborn Lives, Save the Children, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Grace J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.affiliation: Saving Newborn Lives, Save the Children, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Bina
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Valsangkar
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Sandhya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kajeepeta
authors.affiliation: Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Boundy
authors.affiliation: Saving Newborn Lives, Save the Children, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wall
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D060127:Kangaroo-Mother Care Method / Q000145:classification*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000379:methods*