title: Design and testing of a new sampler for simplified vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction.
abstract: The design and testing of a new and low-cost experimental setup used for vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (Vac-HSSPME) is reported here. The device consists of a specially designed O-ring seal screw cap offering gas-tight seal to commercially available headspace vials. The new polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) cap was molded by a local manufacturer and had a hole that could tightly accommodate a septum. All operations were performed through the septum: air evacuation of the sampler, sample introduction and HSSPME sampling. The analytical performance of the new sampler was evaluated using 22 mL headspace vials with 9 mL water samples spiked with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Several experimental parameters were controlled and the optimized conditions were: 1000 rpm agitation speed; 30 min extraction time; 40 °C sampling temperature; polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB) fiber. The lack of accurate Henry's law constant (KH) values and information regarding how they change with temperature was a major limitation in predicting the phase location of evaporation resistance during Vac-HSSPME. Nevertheless, the combined effects of system conditions indicated the increasing importance of gas phase resistance with increasing degree of PCBs chlorination. Stirring enhancements were not recorded for the higher chlorinated PCBs suggesting that the hyperhydrophobic gas/water interface was the preferred location for these compounds. Analytically, the developed method was found to yield linear calibration curves with limits of detection in the sub ng L(-1) level and relative standard deviations ranging between 5.8 and 14%. To compensate for the low recoveries of the higher chlorinated PCB congeners in spiked river water the standard addition methodology was applied. Overall, the compact design of the new and reusable sample container allows efficient HSSPME sampling of organic analytes in water within short extraction times and at low sampling temperatures compared to other published HSSPME methods.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Polytechneioupolis, Chania, GR-73100, Greece.
authors.forename: Evangelia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Yiantzi
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Polytechneioupolis, Chania, GR-73100, Greece.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kalogerakis
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Polytechneioupolis, Chania, GR-73100, Greece. Electronic address: elia@enveng.tuc.gr.
authors.forename: Elefteria
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Psillakis
keywords: Gas-tight sampler; Polychlorinated biphenyls; Vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction; Water analysis