title: A decade of Australian methotrexate dosing errors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Accidental daily dosing of methotrexate can result in life-threatening toxicity. We investigated methotrexate dosing errors reported to the National Coronial Information System (NCIS), the Therapeutic Goods Administration Database of Adverse Event Notifications (TGA DAEN) and Australian Poisons Information Centres (PICs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of coronial cases in the NCIS (2000-2014), and of reports to the TGA DAEN (2004-2014) and Australian PICs (2004-2015). Cases were included if dosing errors were accidental, with evidence of daily dosing on at least 3 consecutive days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Events per year, dose, consecutive days of methotrexate administration, reasons for the error, clinical features.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two deaths linked with methotrexate were identified in the NCIS, including seven cases in which erroneous daily dosing was documented. Methotrexate medication error was listed in ten cases in the DAEN, including two deaths. Australian PIC databases contained 92 cases, with a worrying increase seen during 2014-2015. Reasons for the errors included patient misunderstanding and incorrect packaging of dosette packs by pharmacists. The recorded clinical effects of daily dosage were consistent with those previously reported for methotrexate toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dosing errors with methotrexate can be lethal and continue to occur despite a number of safety initiatives in the past decade. Further strategies to reduce these preventable harms need to be implemented and evaluated. Recent suggestions include further changes in packet size, mandatory weekly dosing labelling on packaging, improving education, and including alerts in prescribing and dispensing software.
authors.affiliation: NSW Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW rose.cairns@health.nsw.gov.au.
authors.forename: Rose
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cairns
authors.affiliation: NSW Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW.
authors.forename: Jared A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.affiliation: Western Australian Poisons Information Centre, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA.
authors.forename: Ann-Maree
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.affiliation: Victorian Poisons Information Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC.
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.affiliation: Queensland Poisons Information Centre, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD.
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wylie
authors.affiliation: NSW Poisons Information Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW.
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Buckley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000633:toxicity*; D001315:Australia; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004349:Drug Packaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008508:Medication Errors / Q000401:mortality* / Q000639:trends*; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000633:toxicity*; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D008727:Methotrexate