title: Activation of toll-like receptor signaling pathways leading to nitric oxide-mediated antiviral responses.
abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), well-characterized pattern-recognizing receptors of the innate arm of the immune system, are vital in detecting pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The TLR-PAMP interaction initiates an intracellular signaling cascade, predominantly culminating in upregulation of antiviral components, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). After activation, various TLR pathways can promote iNOS production via the myeloid differentiation primary response-88 (MyD-88) adapter protein. Subsequently, iNOS facilitates production of nitric oxide (NO), a highly reactive and potent antiviral molecule that can inhibit replication of RNA and DNA viruses. Furthermore, NO can diffuse freely across cell membranes and elicit antiviral mechanisms in various ways, including direct and indirect damage to viral genomes. This review emphasizes current knowledge of NO-mediated antiviral responses elicited after activation of TLR signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C58, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohamed Sarjoon
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Abdul-Cader
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C58, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
authors.forename: Aruna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amarasinghe
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C58, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada. faizal.abdulcareem@ucalgary.ca.
authors.forename: Mohamed Faizal
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Abdul-Careem
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004267:DNA Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000276:immunology*; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D009569:Nitric Oxide