title: Cognitive effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in depression: Results from the SELECT-TDCS trial and insights for further clinical trials.
abstract: Cognitive dysfunction treatment remains an unmet clinical need in major depressive disorder (MDD). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may improve cognitive symptoms in MDD. Our aim was to investigate the cognitive effects of tDCS in the Sertraline vs. Electric Current Therapy for Treating Depression Clinical Study (SELECT-TDCS). We also explored whether tDCS could have mood-independent cognitive effects.
  
  
  
  One hundred twenty MDD patients aged from 18 to 65 years received 12 sessions of active/sham tDCS (2mA for 30min) and real/placebo 50mg/d sertraline over 6 weeks in a factorial trial. We analyzed whether changes in performance of neuropsychological tests (Trail Making, Digit Span, Stroop Task, Mini-Mental Status Exam and Montreal Cognitive Assessment) occurred over time, according to treatment group and depression improvement. Exploratory analyses were carried out to verify the influence of clinical and demographic variables on the outcomes.
  
  
  
  Cognitive improvement was showed in most tests used, although they occurred regardless of intervention type and depression improvement. Further exploratory analyses revealed that clinical response and education level could have mediated pro-cognitive tDCS effects on some of the tests used.
  
  
  
  The neuropsychological battery used might not have been sensitive to detect tDCS-induced effects on cognition. Lack of simultaneous cognitive training during application may have also limited its cognitive effects.
  
  
  
  We found no evidence of beneficial or deleterious cognitive effects of tDCS as a treatment for depression. We discussed clinical trial design considerations for further tDCS studies assessing cognitive effects, including sample and outcomes considerations.
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research & Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Neuromodulation (CINA), University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation (SIN), Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: brunoni@usp.br.
authors.forename: André Russowsky
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Brunoni
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research & Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Neuromodulation (CINA), University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation (SIN), Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tortella
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research & Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Neuromodulation (CINA), University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Isabela Martins
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Benseñor
authors.affiliation: Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research & Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Neuromodulation (CINA), University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Paulo Andrade
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lotufo
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
authors.forename: André Ferrer
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Center for Clinical Research Learning, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard University, USA.
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fregni
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011340:Problem Solving; D020280:Sertraline / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065908:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020280:Sertraline
keywords: Cognition; Major depressive disorder; Sertraline; Transcranial direct current stimulation; Working memory