title: The measurement of the normal thorax using the Haller index methodology at multiple vertebral levels.
abstract: The Haller index is a ratio of thoracic width and height, measured from an axial CT image and used to describe the internal dimensions of the thoracic cage. Although the Haller index for a normal thorax has been established (Haller et al. 1987; Daunt et al. 2004), this is only at one undefined vertebral level in the thorax. What is not clear is how the Haller index describes the thorax at every vertebral level in the absence of sternal deformity, or how this is affected by age. This paper documents the shape of the thorax using the Haller index calculated from the thoracic width and height at all vertebral levels of the thorax between 8 and 18 years of age. The Haller Index changes with vertebral level, with the largest ratio seen in the most cranial levels of the thorax. Increasing age alters the shape of the thorax, with the most cranial vertebral levels having a greater Haller index over the mid thorax, which does not change. A slight increase is seen in the more caudal vertebral levels. These data highlight that a 'one size fits all' rule for chest width and depth ratio at all ages and all thoracic levels is not appropriate. The normal range for width to height ratio should be based on a patient's age and vertebral level.
authors.affiliation: The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Archer
authors.affiliation: The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.affiliation: The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berryman
authors.affiliation: School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pynsent
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D013909:Thorax / Q000254:growth & development*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
keywords: CT; Haller index; chest wall; paediatric; pectus excavatum; sternum; thoracic cage