title: Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy with Jones tube: a history and update.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current opinions and trends in the management of upper lacrimal obstruction include design variations on the original Lester Jones tube and updated awareness and management of the problems associated with the tubes. This article includes a brief review of the fascinating history of the development of the Jones tube, which sets the perspective for the current scientific dialog.
  
  
  RESULTS
  First, many design modifications have been proposed to reduce the risk of tube migration and extrusion, with no consensus on the best tube. Second, the issue of retrograde airflow through the Jones tube with the use of continuous positive airway pressure is an increasingly common and challenging problem. Third, bacterial biofilms on the surface of the Jones tube can play a role in recalcitrant infections. Jones tubes can be cleaned or replaced in the office setting with topical anesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy (CDCR) with placement of a Jones tube remains the gold standard for management of upper lacrimal obstruction. This article provides an updated perspective on issues with extrusion or migration of the tube, bothersome retrograde airflow with the use of a continuous positive airway pressure device, and management of crusting and possible infectious biofilms on the tube.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Steele
mesh_terms: D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000601:surgery; D003608:Dacryocystorhinostomy / Q000266:history* / Q000379:methods; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007440:Intubation / Q000266:history* / Q000295:instrumentation; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000601:surgery*; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000266:history* / Q000628:therapy; D009922:Oregon