title: Higher Dietary Energy Density is Associated with Stunting but not Overweight and Obesity in a Sample of Urban Malaysian Children.
abstract: Although diets with high energy density are associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity, it is not known whether such diets are associated with undernutrition. This study assessed the relationship between dietary energy density (ED) and nutritional status of 745 urban 1- to 10-year-old children. Dietary intakes were obtained using food recall and record for two days. Dietary energy density was based on food and caloric beverages. Higher dietary ED was associated with lower intakes of carbohydrate, sugar, vitamins C and D, and calcium but higher fat, fiber, iron, and folate intakes. While intakes of fruits and milk/dairy products decreased, meat, fish, and legume intakes increased with higher dietary ED. Stunting, but not other growth problems, was associated with higher dietary ED. Future studies should confirm the cause-and-effect relationship between higher dietary ED and stunting.
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Zalilah Mohd
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Shariff
authors.affiliation: b Dietetics with Nutrition Programme, School of Health Sciences , International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Khor Geok
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: c Department of Healthcare Professional, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences , Management and Science University , Shah Alam , Selangor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Sarina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sariman
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chin Yit
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Siew
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Barakatun Nisak Mohd
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Yusof
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Chan Yoke
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Mun
authors.affiliation: a Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Huang Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: b Dietetics with Nutrition Programme, School of Health Sciences , International Medical University , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia.
authors.forename: Maznorila
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohamad
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D002657:Child Development; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000208:ethnology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000208:ethnology; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006130:Growth Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D063766:Pediatric Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012574:Schools; D012578:Schools, Nursery; D014504:Urban Health / Q000208:ethnology
keywords: Energy and nutrients; energy density; food groups; overweight and obesity; stunting