title: Protocols for in vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Osteogenic, Chondrogenic and Adipogenic Lineages.
abstract: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) possess high plasticity and the potential to differentiate into several different cell types; this characteristic has implications for cell therapy and reparative biotechnologies. MSC have been originally isolated from the bone marrow (BM-MSC), but they have been found also in other tissues such as adipose tissue, cord blood, synovium, skeletal muscle, and lung. MSC are able to differentiate in vitro and in vivo into several cell types such as bone, osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and skeletal myocytes, just to name a few.During the last two decades, an increasing number of studies have proven the therapeutic potential of MSC for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, spinal cord and brain injuries, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and diseases of the skeleton. Their immuno-privileged profile allows both autologous and allogeneic use. For all these reasons, the scientific appeal of MSC is constantly on the rise.The identity of MSC is currently based on three main criteria: plastic-adherence capacity, defined epitope profile, and capacity to differentiate in vitro into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. Here, we describe standard protocols for the differentiation of BM-MSC into the osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.|Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences - Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi, 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.|Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Maria Chiara
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ciuffreda
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.|Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences - Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi, 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.|Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Malpasso
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences - Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi, 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.|Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Musarò
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences - Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi, 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy.|Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Turco
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. m.gnecchi@unipv.it.|Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Sciences - Coronary Care Unit and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi, 19, Pavia, 27100, Italy. m.gnecchi@unipv.it.|Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology for Cell and Molecular Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. m.gnecchi@unipv.it.|Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. m.gnecchi@unipv.it.
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gnecchi
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D050156:Adipogenesis; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D000066670:Cell Plasticity; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002469:Cell Separation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D020219:Chondrogenesis; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D010011:Osteocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D010012:Osteogenesis
keywords: Adipocytes; Bone marrow; Chondrocytes; Mesenchymal stem cells; Osteocytes