title: Association between depression and anemia in otherwise healthy adults.
abstract: It remains debated whether anemia is associated with depression, independently of physical health factors. We report a large-scale cross-sectional study examining this association in adults free of chronic disease and medication from the general population.
  
  
  
  Hemoglobin levels were measured among 44 173 healthy participants [63% men; mean [standard deviation] age = 38.4 (11.1) years] from the 'Investigations Préventives et Cliniques' (IPC) cohort study. Depression was measured with the Questionnaire of Depression 2nd version, Abridged. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between anemia and depression, while adjusting for a wide range of sociodemographic characteristics and health-related factors (i.e., sex, age, living status, education level, occupational status, alcohol intake, smoking status, physical activity, and body mass index).
  
  
  
  Depressed participants were significantly more likely to have anemia compared to non-depressed participants, even after adjustment for sociodemographic and health-related variables [odds ratio = 1.36; 95% confidence interval = (1.18; 1.57)]. Anemia prevalence increased with depression severity, suggesting a dose-response relationship (P for trend <0.001).
  
  
  
  In healthy adults from the general population, we found a significant and robust association between depression and anemia. Further studies are needed to assess the longitudinal relationship between both conditions and determine the mechanisms underlying this association.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.|Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital Group, AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vulser
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Inserm, Villejuif, France.|Versailles St-Quentin University, Versailles, France.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wiernik
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.|Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital Group, AP-HP, Paris, France.|Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, U894, Inserm, Paris, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hoertel
authors.affiliation: Research Department, IPC Center, Paris, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.affiliation: Research Department, IPC Center, Paris, France.|Department of Cardiology, Manhes Hospital, Fleury-Mérogis, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pannier
authors.affiliation: Versailles St-Quentin University, Versailles, France.|Population-based Epidemiologic Cohorts, UMS 11, Inserm, Villejuif, France.|Department of Nutrition, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Czernichow
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.|Department of Geriatrics, Broca Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Hanon
authors.affiliation: Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France.|Department of Pharmacology, St Antoine Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital Group, AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: J-M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.|Department of Cardiology, Western Paris University Hospital Group, AP-HP, Paris, France.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Danchin
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.|Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital Group, AP-HP, Paris, France.|Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, U894, Inserm, Paris, France.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Limosin
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.|Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital Group, AP-HP, Paris, France.|Centre of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, U894, Inserm, Paris, France.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lemogne
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins
keywords: anemia; cohort study; depression; epidemiology; hemoglobin