title: Texting-Based Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions to Ensure Patient Safety: A Feasibility Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paper-based adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting has been in practice for more than 6 decades. Health professionals remain the primary source of reports, while the value of patients' reporting is yet unclear. With the increasing popularity of using electronic gadgets in health, it is expected that the electronic transmission of reports will become the norm within a few years.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study are to investigate whether short messaging service or texting can provide an alternative or supplemental method for ADR reporting given the increasing role of mobile phones in health care monitoring; to determine the usefulness of texting in addition to paper-based reporting of ADRs by resident physicians; and to describe the barriers to ADR reporting and estimate the cost for setting up and maintaining a texting-computer reporting system.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a pre-post cross-sectional study that measured the number of ADRs texted by 51 resident physicians for 12 months from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Department of Adult Medicine of a tertiary government hospital in Manila, Philippines, with 1350-bed capacity. Reports were captured by a texting-computer reporting system. Prior to its implementation, key informant interview and focus group discussion were conducted. Baseline information and practice on the existing paper-based reporting system were culled from the records of the hospital's Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. A postintervention survey questionnaire was administered at the end of 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 3 ADRs were texted by 51 resident physicians in 12 months (reporting rate 3/51 or 6%). By contrast, 240 ADRs from the paper-based reporting system from 848 resident physicians of the study hospital were collected and tabulated (reporting rate 240/848 or 28.3%). Texting ADRs was not efficient because of power interruption, competition with the existing paper-based reporting system, and unforeseen expiration of prepaid text loads/credits. The 3 ADRs texted were a report of vivid dreams and nightmares, a report of disturbing dreams and memory lapses, both of which were due to montelukast use, and a report of hepatitis from an isoniazid/rifampicin fixed-dose combination. Nineteen of 51 resident physicians (37%) registered in the reporting system responded to the postintervention survey. The most common reasons for not reporting ADRs were no adverse reaction identified 11/19 (58%) and restrictive reporting syntax 4/19 (21%). All doctors preferred a free form of reporting. The direct cost of the texting-based reporting system was calculated to be US $5581.40 and the indirect cost was US $9989.40. The total cost for texting-based ADR reporting system for 12 months was US $15,570.79.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reporting of ADRs via texting could be lower compared with an existing ADR paper-based system. Problems of Internet connectivity, reporting syntax, and expiration and reliability of text loads/credits should be addressed while implementing a text-based ADR reporting system in a developing country.
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineDepartment of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of the Philippines-ManilaManilaPhilippines; College of MedicineDepartment of Clinical EpidemiologyUniversity of the Philippines-ManilaManilaPhilippines; National Institutes of HealthInstitute of Clinical EpidemiologyUniversity of the Philippines-ManilaManilaPhilippines.
authors.forename: Godofreda
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-9212-9087
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vergeire-Dalmacion
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineDepartment of Clinical EpidemiologyUniversity of the Philippines-ManilaManilaPhilippines; National Institutes of HealthInstitute of Clinical EpidemiologyUniversity of the Philippines-ManilaManilaPhilippines.
authors.forename: Nina T
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5360-1801
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Castillo-Carandang
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineDepartment of Clinical EpidemiologyUniversity of the Philippines-ManilaManilaPhilippines; National Institutes of HealthInstitute of Clinical EpidemiologyUniversity of the Philippines-ManilaManilaPhilippines.
authors.forename: Noel R
authors.identifier: 0000-0003-2727-4733
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Juban
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineDepartment of Clinical EpidemiologyUniversity of the Philippines-ManilaManilaPhilippines; National Institutes of HealthInstitute of Clinical EpidemiologyUniversity of the Philippines-ManilaManilaPhilippines.
authors.forename: Maria Lourdes
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-7488-0990
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Amarillo
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineDepartment of Clinical EpidemiologyUniversity of the Philippines-ManilaManilaPhilippines; National Institutes of HealthInstitute of Clinical EpidemiologyUniversity of the Philippines-ManilaManilaPhilippines.
authors.forename: Maria Pamela
authors.identifier: 0000-0001-5806-7564
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Tagle
authors.affiliation: College of MedicineDepartment of Clinical EpidemiologyUniversity of the Philippines-ManilaManilaPhilippines; National Institutes of HealthInstitute of Clinical EpidemiologyUniversity of the Philippines-ManilaManilaPhilippines.
authors.forename: Emmanuel S
authors.identifier: 0000-0002-3888-8880
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Baja
keywords: adverse drug reactions; pharmacovigilance; postmarketing; spontaneous reporting; texting