title: Pulse Width-Dependent Effects of Intestinal Electrical Stimulation for Obesity: Role of Gastrointestinal Motility and Hormones.
abstract: The goals of this experiment were to study therapeutic potential of intestinal electrical stimulation (IES) for obesity, its mechanisms involving gastrointestinal motility and hormones, and role of pulse width in diet-induced obese rats.
  
  
  
  In a 4-week study, rats equipped with one pair of electrodes at the duodenum were assigned to receive either a sham or IES of varied pulse widths in a sequential way. Food intake was measured daily and body weight measured weekly. Blood samples were collected for the measurement of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Solid gastric emptying (GE) and small bowel transit (SIT) tests were performed at the end of the experiment.
  
  
  
  The results of the study were as follows: (1) Daily food intake, not affected by IES of 0.3 ms, was pulse width-dependently reduced by 1.9 g with 1 ms and by 5.7 g with 3 ms. Accordingly, body weight was pulse width-dependently reduced by 2.4 g with 1 ms and by 12.8 g with 3 ms compared to a gain of 5.6 g in sham. (2) GLP-1 level was elevated by both 0.3 and 3 ms at 15 min, but was elevated only with 3 ms at 60 min. (3) GE was delayed to 52.3 % by IES of 3 ms but not 0.3 ms, compared to that at 64.4 % with sham IES. (4) Compared to the geometric center of 7.0 with sham IES, SIT was accelerated by 3 ms to 7.8 but not by 0.3 ms.
  
  
  
  IES pulse width-dependently reduces food intake and body weight, attributed to the delay of gastric emptying and the acceleration of small bowel transit, as well as the enhancement of GLP-1 secretion.
authors.affiliation: Veterans Research and Education Foundation, VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
authors.forename: Shiying
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Li
authors.affiliation: Veterans Research and Education Foundation, VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. jchen184@jhmi.edu.|Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA. jchen184@jhmi.edu.
authors.forename: Jiande D Z
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004386:Duodenum / Q000503:physiopathology; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000502:physiology*; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000502:physiology*; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000502:physiology; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
keywords: Gastrointestinal motility; Glucagon-like peptide-1; Intestinal electrical stimulation; Neuromodulation; Obesity