title: Inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and plant essential oils.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug-resistant bacterial infections cause considerable patient mortality and morbidity. The annual frequency of deaths from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has surpassed those caused by human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), plant essential oils (EOs) and their combinations have proven to be quite effective in killing a wide selection of bacterial pathogens including MRSA.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review summarizes the studies in the use of AMPs, plant EOs and their combinations for coping with MRSA bacteria, and to formulate new prospects for future studies on this topic.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sources of scientific literature such as PubMed, library search, Google Scholar, Science Direct and electronic databases such as 'The Antimicrobial Peptide Database', 'Collection of Anti-Microbial Peptides' and 'YADAMP'. Physicochemical data of anti-MRSA peptides were determined by Scientific DataBase Maker software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 118 peptides, 88 exhibited an activity against MRSA with the highest activity of minimum inhibitory concentration values. Various plant EOs have been effective against MRSA. Remarkably, lemongrass EOs completely inhibited all MRSA growth on the plate. Lemon myrtle, Mountain savory, Cinnamon bark and Melissa EOs showed a significant inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several of these AMPs, EOs and their combinations were effective against MRSA. Their activities have implications for the development of new drugs for medical use.
authors.affiliation: a Nutraceuticals and Functional Proteomics Potential of Biodiversity in Tunisia, University of Tunis El Manar , El Manar , Tunisia.|b Research Unit at Institute of Applied Biological Sciences Tunis (ISSBAT) , Tunis , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Abdelmajid
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zouhir
authors.affiliation: a Nutraceuticals and Functional Proteomics Potential of Biodiversity in Tunisia, University of Tunis El Manar , El Manar , Tunisia.|b Research Unit at Institute of Applied Biological Sciences Tunis (ISSBAT) , Tunis , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Taoufik
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jridi
authors.affiliation: c Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies , Port St. Lucie , FL , USA.
authors.forename: Adel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nefzi
authors.affiliation: a Nutraceuticals and Functional Proteomics Potential of Biodiversity in Tunisia, University of Tunis El Manar , El Manar , Tunisia.|b Research Unit at Institute of Applied Biological Sciences Tunis (ISSBAT) , Tunis , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ben Hamida
authors.affiliation: a Nutraceuticals and Functional Proteomics Potential of Biodiversity in Tunisia, University of Tunis El Manar , El Manar , Tunisia.|b Research Unit at Institute of Applied Biological Sciences Tunis (ISSBAT) , Tunis , Tunisia.
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sebei
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010455:Peptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010455:Peptides; D010938:Plant Oils
keywords: Anti-MRSA activities; anti-MRSA EOs; anti-MRSA peptides; combination of EOs and AMPs