title: Aqueous humor immune factors and cytomegalovirus (CMV) levels in CMV retinitis through treatment - The CRIGSS study.
abstract: This study aims to perform comprehensive longitudinal immune factor analysis of aqueous humor in relation to the aqueous CMV viral load and systemic CD4 counts during treatment of patients with co-infection of HIV and CMVR.
  
  
  
  Aqueous humor samples were collected from 17 HIV-positive patients with CMVR scheduled to undergo weekly intravitreal ganciclovir therapy as part of the prospective CMV Retinitis Intravitreal Ganciclovir Singapore Study (CRIGSS) over the course of 1year. Full data across all the 4 time points was obtained and analyzed for CMV DNA viral load, 41 cytokine and chemokine factors using real-time PCR with the FlexMAP 3D (Luminex®) platform and assessed using the Milliplex Human Cytokine® kit.
  
  
  
  The following immune factors (Spearman correlation coefficient r value in parenthesis, p<0.05) showed strong correlation with CMV DNA load in the aqueous - MCP-1 (0.80, IFN-g (0.83), IP-10 (0.82), IL-8 (0.81), fractalkine (0.73), RANTES (0.68) - while the following showed moderate correlation - PDGF-AA (0.58), Flt-3L (0.59) and G-CSF (0.53). Only PDGF-AA revealed a statistically significant negative correlation with serum CD4 levels (r=-0.74).
  
  
  
  Immune factors that correlate with intraocular CMV DNA load are identified. They are indicative of a Th1 and monocyte-macrophage mediated response, and exhibit a decreasing trend longitudinally through the course of treatment. These factors may be an important new consideration in individualizing the treatment of patients with CMVR.
authors.affiliation: National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore. Electronic address: jayant.venkatramani@singhealth.com.sg.
authors.forename: Jayant Venkatramani
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Iyer
authors.affiliation: National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Rupesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.affiliation: National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Tun Kuan
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Yeo
authors.affiliation: National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Dinesh V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Gunasekeran
authors.affiliation: National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Praveen Kumar
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Balne
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
authors.forename: Bernett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
authors.forename: Veonice Bijin
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Au
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.affiliation: National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Stephen C B
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Teoh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001082:Aqueous Humor / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D060085:Coinfection / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D003587:Cytomegalovirus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D003586:Cytomegalovirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D017726:Cytomegalovirus Retinitis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D015774:Ganciclovir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000276:immunology; D006678:HIV / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000276:immunology*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000276:immunology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012846:Singapore
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D015774:Ganciclovir
keywords: Aqueous humor; Cytomegalovirus; HIV; Immune privilege; Opportunistic infection