title: Depth Echolocation Learnt by Novice Sighted People.
abstract: Some blind people have developed a unique technique, called echolocation, to orient themselves in unknown environments. More specifically, by self-generating a clicking noise with the tongue, echolocators gain knowledge about the external environment by perceiving more detailed object features. It is not clear to date whether sighted individuals can also develop such an extremely useful technique. To investigate this, here we test the ability of novice sighted participants to perform a depth echolocation task. Moreover, in order to evaluate whether the type of room (anechoic or reverberant) and the type of clicking sound (with the tongue or with the hands) influences the learning of this technique, we divided the entire sample into four groups. Half of the participants produced the clicking sound with their tongue, the other half with their hands. Half of the participants performed the task in an anechoic chamber, the other half in a reverberant room. Subjects stood in front of five bars, each of a different size, and at five different distances from the subject. The dimension of the bars ensured a constant subtended angle for the five distances considered. The task was to identify the correct distance of the bar. We found that, even by the second session, the participants were able to judge the correct depth of the bar at a rate greater than chance. Improvements in both precision and accuracy were observed in all experimental sessions. More interestingly, we found significantly better performance in the reverberant room than in the anechoic chamber. The type of clicking did not modulate our results. This suggests that the echolocation technique can also be learned by sighted individuals and that room reverberation can influence this learning process. More generally, this study shows that total loss of sight is not a prerequisite for echolocation skills this suggests important potential implications on rehabilitation settings for persons with residual vision.
authors.affiliation: U-VIP: Unit for Visually Impaired People, Science and Technology for Children and Adults, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, Italy.|Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tonelli
authors.affiliation: Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brayda
authors.affiliation: U-VIP: Unit for Visually Impaired People, Science and Technology for Children and Adults, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, Italy.|Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gori
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001766:Blindness / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D009039:Motion Perception; D000072458:Orientation, Spatial; D013017:Sound Localization; D065855:Spatial Processing; D055698:Touch Perception; D014785:Vision, Ocular