title: Biological Response Modifier in Cancer Immunotherapy.
abstract: Biological response modifiers (BRMs) emerge as a lay of new compounds or approaches used in improving cancer immunotherapy. Evidences highlight that cytokines, Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, and noncoding RNAs are of crucial roles in modulating antitumor immune response and cancer-related chronic inflammation, and BRMs based on them have been explored. In particular, besides some cytokines like IFN-α and IL-2, several Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists like BCG, MPL, and imiquimod are also licensed to be used in patients with several malignancies nowadays, and the first artificial small noncoding RNA (microRNA) mimic, MXR34, has entered phase I clinical study against liver cancer, implying their potential application in cancer therapy. According to amounts of original data, this chapter will review the regulatory roles of TLR signaling, some noncoding RNAs, and several key cytokines in cancer and cancer-related immune response, as well as the clinical cases in cancer therapy based on them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.|Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Ronghua
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.|Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Feifei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.|Department of Dermatology, Shenzhen Hospital, Peking University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, China.
authors.forename: Xiaoming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.|Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Luman
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.|Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.|Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Yuting
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.|Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Enyu
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.|Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Jiawen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.|Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Zhou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.|Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Xuechao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.|Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, No.138, Yi Xue Yuan Rd., mail box 226, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. yiweichu@fudan.edu.cn.|Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. yiweichu@fudan.edu.cn.
authors.forename: Yiwei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D000077271:Imiquimod; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D009163:Mycobacterium bovis / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D022661:RNA, Untranslated / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053628:Receptors, Thrombopoietin / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000819:agonists / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D007376:Interleukin-2; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D053628:Receptors, Thrombopoietin; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; C082218:MPL protein, human; D000077271:Imiquimod
keywords: Biological response modifiers; Cancer immunotherapy; Cytokines; Noncoding RNAs; Toll-like receptor