title: Sensory-motor training targeting motor dysfunction and muscle weakness in long-term care elderly combined with motivational strategies: a single blind randomized controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study evaluated the effects of a combined innovative training regime consisting of stochastic resonance whole-body vibration (SR-WBV) and a dance video game (DVG) on physical performance and muscle strength in long-term-care dwelling elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirthy long-term-care elderly were randomly allocated to an intervention group (IG; n = 16) receiving combined SR-WBV training and DVG, or a sham group (SG; n = 14). IG performed five sets one minute of SR-WBV, with one minute rest between sets (base frequency 3 Hz up to 6 Hz, Noise 4) during the first five weeks on three days per week. From week five to eight a DVG was added to SR-WBV for IG on three days per week. SG performed a five-set SR-WBV program (1 Hz, Noise 1) lasting five times one minute, with one minute rest in between, three days a week. From week five to eight stepping exercises on a trampoline were added on three days per week.
  
  
  METHODS
  Short physical performance battery (SPPB). Secondary outcome: isometric maximal voluntary contraction (IMVC), and sub phases of IMVC (Fsub), isometric rate of force development (IRFD) and sub time phases of IRFD (IRFDsub) were measured at baseline, after four and eight weeks. ANOVA with repeated measures was used for analyses of time and interaction effects and MANOVA determined between group intervention effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between group effects revealed significant effects on the SPPB primary outcome after four weeks F(1, 27) = 6.17; p = 0.02) and after eight weeks F(1,27) = 11.8; p = 0.002). Secondary muscle function related outcome showed significant between group effects in IG on IRFD, Fsub 30 ms, 100 ms, 200 ms and IRFDsub 0-30 ms, 0-50 ms, 0-100 ms and 100-200 ms compared to SG (all p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Eight weeks SR-WBV and DVG intervention improved lower extremity physical function and muscle strength compared to a sham intervention in long-term-care elderly. SR-WBV and DVG seems to be effective as a training regime for skilling up in long-term-care elderly.
authors.affiliation: Discipline Physiotherapy, Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland ; Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Slavko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rogan
authors.affiliation: Discipline Physiotherapy, Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Lorenz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Radlinger
authors.affiliation: Discipline Physiotherapy, Health, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Baur
authors.affiliation: Department of Sport Science, Wolfgang-Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schmidtbleicher
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands ; Centre for Evidence Based Physiotherapy, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rob A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Bie
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands ; Centre for Evidence Based Physiotherapy, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands ; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Switzerland Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 27, HIT J 31.2, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Eling D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: de Bruin
keywords: Long-term care; Motivational strategies; Motor dysfunction; Muscle weakness; Sensory-motor training