title: Two polyketide synthases are necessary for 4-hydroxy-5-methylcoumarin biosynthesis in Gerbera hybrida.
abstract: Gerbera (Gerbera hybrida) is an economically important ornamental species and a model plant of the Asteraceae family for flower development and secondary metabolism. Gerberin and parasorboside, two bitter tasting glucosidic lactones, are produced in high amounts in nearly all gerbera tissues. Gerbera and its close relatives also produce a rare coumarin, 4-hydroxy-5-methylcoumarin (HMC). Unlike most coumarins, 5-methylcoumarins have been suggested to be derived through the acetate-malonate pathway. All of these polyketide-derived glucosylated molecules are considered to have a role in defense against herbivores and phytopathogens in gerbera. Gerbera expresses three genes encoding 2-pyrone synthases (G2PS1-3). The enzymes are chalcone synthase-like polyketide synthases with altered starter substrate specificity. We have shown previously that G2PS1 is responsible for the synthesis of 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone (triacetolactone), a putative precursor of gerberin and parasorboside. Here we show that polyketide synthases G2PS2 and G2PS3 are necessary for the biosynthesis of HMC in gerbera, and that a reductase enzyme is likely required to complete the pathway to HMC. G2PS2 is expressed in the leaf blade and inflorescences of gerbera, while G2PS3 is strictly root specific. Heterologous expression of G2PS2 or G2PS3 in tobacco leads to the formation of 4,7-dihydroxy-5-methylcoumarin, apparently an unreduced precursor of HMC, while ectopic expression in gerbera leads to HMC formation in tissues where nontransgenic tissue does not express the genes and does not accumulate the compound. Using protein modelling and site-directed mutagenesis we identified the residues I203 and T344 in G2PS2 and G2PS3 to be critical for pentaketide synthase activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Milla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pietiäinen
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Juha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kontturi
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paasela
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Xianbao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Miia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ainasoja
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hotti
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland. teemu.teeri@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Teemu H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Teeri
mesh_terms: D000217:Acyltransferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019659:Asteraceae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003374:Coumarins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D048630:Polyketide Synthases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011753:Pyrones / Q000378:metabolism; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C584017:2-pyrone; C000623267:4-hydroxy-5-methylcoumarin; D003374:Coumarins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D011753:Pyrones; D048630:Polyketide Synthases; D000217:Acyltransferases; C020141:flavanone synthetase
keywords: Gerbera hybrida; biosynthesis; coumarins; natural products; type III polyketide synthase