title: Detection of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from maternal blood plasma and amniotic fluid in Indian population.
abstract: There is a widespread exposure of general population, including pregnant women and developing fetuses, to the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These chemicals have been reported to be present in urine, blood serum, breast milk and amniotic fluid. We aimed to investigate the association between the maternal exposure and in utero fetal exposure levels of these chemicals to study their transfer from maternal to fetal unit indicating prenatal exposure. Samples of maternal blood and amniotic fluid were collected as set from 53 pregnant women at full term. Nine phenolic EDCs, methyl paraben (MP; 20.92ng/mL and 18.92ng/mL), ethyl paraben (EP; 1.97ng/ mL and 1.89ng/mL), propyl paraben (PP; 19.22ng/mL and 18.82ng/mL), butyl paraben (BP; 1.11ng/mL and 1.37ng/mL), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA; 29.99ng/mL and 26.15ng/mL), bisphenol A (BPA; 7.43ng/mL and 7.75ng/mL), triclosan (TCS; 7.17ng/mL and 7.04ng/mL), octyl phenol (OP; 5.46ng/mL and 5.72ng/mL) and nonyl phenol (NP; 9.38ng/mL and 8.44ng/mL), were simultaneously detected in samples of maternal blood plasma and amniotic fluid respectively using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Highest positive correlation was found for total concentration of 4-nonyl phenol, NP (r=0.575, p<0.001), whereas the lowest positive correlation was found for free form of bisphenol A, BPA (r=0.343, p<0.05), when compared between the two matrices. Our results suggest that maternal exposure to several EDCs is positively associated with in utero exposure to the developing fetus. Future studies should focus on collection of amniotic fluid at different trimesters and the corresponding maternal samples to better characterize the pharmacokinetics and the associated disease etiologies of these EDCs during fetal development.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Toxicology (EDART) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Sudhanshu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shekhar
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Toxicology (EDART) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Surbhi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sood
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Toxicology (EDART) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Sadiya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Showkat
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Toxicology (EDART) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Christy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lite
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Anjalakshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chandrasekhar
authors.affiliation: School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Mariappanadar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vairamani
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Toxicology (EDART) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barathi
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Disruptors and Reproductive Toxicology (EDART) Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India; P.G. & Research Department of Advanced Zoology and Biotechnology, Government Arts College for Men, Nandanam, Chennai 600035, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: santoshmcc@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Winkins
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Santosh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000653:Amniotic Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010226:Parabens / Q000032:analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D055815:Young Adult; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D010226:Parabens; D010636:Phenols; C474055:octylphenol; C012313:ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate; C025256:nonylphenol; C015358:methylparaben; C041594:4-nonylphenol; C038193:4-hydroxybenzoic acid; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds; C006068:propylparaben
keywords: Amniotic fluid; Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs); GC–MS; Maternal blood plasma; Prenatal exposure