title: Pentoxifylline Ameliorates Mechanical Hyperalgesia in a Rat Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain.
abstract: Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain is difficult to treat. Pentoxifylline inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α(TNF- α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β).
  
  
  
  The aims of our study were to investigate the analgesic and preventive effects of pentoxifylline on paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain in rats and to identify its mechanisms of action.
  
  
  
  Controlled animal study.
  
  
  
  Neuropathic pain was induced with intraperitoneally injected paclitaxel on 4 alternate days in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pentoxifylline was administered systemically as a single injection and a continuous infusion before or after the injection of paclitaxel. The mechanical threshold for allodynia was measured by using von Frey filaments. Protein levels and localization of inflammatory cytokines were performed by using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively.
  
  
  
  After the rats developed neuropathic pain behavior, a single intraperitoneal injection and continuous infusion of pentoxifylline ameliorated paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia. In addition, systemic infusion of pentoxifylline in the early phase of the development of pain behavior delayed the onset of paclitaxel-induced pain behavior. Paclitaxel increased the levels of the catalytic subunit α of protein kinase A, phosphorylated nuclear factor ;κB, TNF- α, and IL-1κ in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia. Pentoxifylline decreased the paclitaxel-induced TNF- α and IL-1β levels. In addition, IL-1β was expressed in neurons and satellite cells in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia after paclitaxel.
  
  
  
  Although this study was performed in the animal model by well-designed manner, clinical study will be needed to confirm the analgesic effect of pentoxifylline.
  
  
  
  Pentoxifylline alleviated chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain in rats by reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines in dorsal root ganglia and may be effective chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain in patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Medicine, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Hee Kee
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Medicine, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Seon-Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.affiliation: Department of Pain Medicine, Division of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Sing-Ong
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sung Hoon
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
authors.forename: Salahadin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abdi
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000378:metabolism; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D010431:Pentoxifylline / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D010431:Pentoxifylline