title: Pre-retirement physical working conditions and changes in physical health functioning during retirement transition process.
abstract: The aim of this study was to examine the association between pre-retirement physical working conditions and changes in physical health functioning during the retirement transition process.
  
  
  
  Follow-up survey data were collected among ageing employees of the City of Helsinki, Finland, at three time points: wave 1 (2000-2002), wave 2 (2007) and wave 3 (2012). We focused on those who retired full time due to old age between waves 1 and 3 (N=1658). Exposure to physical workload, occupational environmental hazards, and computer work were divided into quartiles and used as measures of pre-retirement physical working conditions. Physical health functioning was measured by the physical component summary (PCS) of the Short-Form 36 questionnaire. Repeated-measures analysis was used to study the associations.
  
  
  
  Higher pre-retirement exposure to physical workload and environmental hazards was associated with lower physical health functioning before and after retirement. The differences in functioning narrowed somewhat during the retirement transition process, as physical health functioning in the higher exposure groups improved significantly compared to lower exposure groups. In addition, both high and low exposure to computer work were associated with lower functioning before retirement. However, functioning among those in the lowest exposure group improved during the follow-up whereas in all other exposure groups it declined slightly. This resulted into significantly lower post-retirement functioning among those in the highest as compared to the lower exposure groups.
  
  
  
  Retirees with higher exposure to adverse physical working conditions before retirement had lower pre- and post-retirement physical health functioning despite improvements in their functioning during the retirement transition process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, FIN-00014, Finland. minna.manty@helsinki.fi.
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mänty
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kouvonen
authors.forename: Tea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lallukka
authors.forename: Jouni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lahti
authors.forename: Eero
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lahelma
authors.forename: Ossi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rahkonen
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012179:Retirement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016526:Workload / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*