title: Profiles and changes in stimulant use in Belgium in the period of 2011-2015.
abstract: Adapting illicit drug policy strategies requires detailed knowledge on types and amounts of substances consumed by the target population. In this study, we applied wastewater-based epidemiology to detect spatio-temporal changes in the relative amounts of stimulants (amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine) used in seven locations in Belgium over 2011-2015. Clear geographical differences were observed with stimulant users in large cities (Antwerp, Brussels) showing a preference for cocaine, while amphetamine use was most abundant in smaller cities (Geraardsbergen, Koksijde, Lier, Ninove, Ostend). Results obtained across õdifferent years revealed that the investigated substances had a stable share in the total amount of stimulants used, suggesting that habits of stimulant use remained constant, although differences in absolute amounts were observed across years. Investigation of the weekly pattern in stimulant use showed an increase in the use of MDMA on the weekends compared to cocaine and amphetamine.
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Been
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Foon Yin
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Juliet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kinyua
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Covaci
authors.affiliation: Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium. Electronic address: alexander.vannuijs@uantwerpen.be.
authors.forename: Alexander L N
authors.initials: ALN
authors.lastname: van Nuijs
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000032:analysis*; D001530:Belgium; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities; D003042:Cocaine / Q000032:analysis*; D005843:Geography; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000032:analysis*; D011156:Population Density; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D013997:Time Factors; D062065:Wastewater / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D015415:Biomarkers; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D003042:Cocaine; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D062065:Wastewater; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
keywords: Amphetamine-type stimulants; Belgium; Cocaine; Spatiotemporal changes; Stimulant use; Wastewater-based epidemiology