title: Nuclear-localized cyclic nucleotide-gated channels mediate symbiotic calcium oscillations.
abstract: Nuclear-associated Ca(2+) oscillations mediate plant responses to beneficial microbial partners--namely, nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria that colonize roots of legumes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that colonize roots of the majority of plant species. A potassium-permeable channel is known to be required for symbiotic Ca(2+) oscillations, but the calcium channels themselves have been unknown until now. We show that three cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in Medicago truncatula are required for nuclear Ca(2+) oscillations and subsequent symbiotic responses. These cyclic nucleotide-gated channels are located at the nuclear envelope and are permeable to Ca(2+) We demonstrate that the cyclic nucleotide-gated channels form a complex with the postassium-permeable channel, which modulates nuclear Ca(2+) release. These channels, like their counterparts in animal cells, might regulate multiple nuclear Ca(2+) responses to developmental and environmental conditions.
authors.affiliation: Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK. myriam.charpentier@jic.ac.uk giles.oldroyd@jic.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Charpentier
authors.affiliation: Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Jongho
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.affiliation: Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vaz Martins
authors.affiliation: Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Guru V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.affiliation: Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Findlay
authors.affiliation: Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Soumpourou
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS-386 INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research)-SupAgro-M-Université Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-INRA, 34060 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thouin
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS-386 INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research)-SupAgro-M-Université Montpellier, Campus SupAgro-INRA, 34060 Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Anne-Aliénor
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Véry
authors.affiliation: Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.affiliation: Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.affiliation: Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK. myriam.charpentier@jic.ac.uk giles.oldroyd@jic.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Giles E D
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Oldroyd
mesh_terms: D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D046913:Medicago truncatula / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009685:Nuclear Envelope / Q000378:metabolism*; D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic / Q000378:metabolism*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D015220:Calcium Channels; D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D009712:Nucleotides, Cyclic; D015221:Potassium Channels