title: Magnetic Optical Microarray Imager for Diagnosing Type of Diabetes in Clinical Blood Serum Samples.
abstract: Due to rapidly rising rates of diabetes and prediabetic conditions worldwide and the associated lethal complications, it is imperative to devise new diagnostic tools that reliably and directly measure insulin levels in clinical samples. Herein, we report a simple and sensitive direct imaging of insulin levels in diabetic patient samples using a surface plasmon resonance microarray imager (SPRi). To enhance sensitivity, we utilized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to capture insulin from serum samples either directly or via a capture antibody immobilized on MNPs. The insulin-captured nanoparticles were allowed to bind surface insulin-antibody for detection from pixel intensity increase using a charge coupled device (CCD) built-in with the SPRi. We have compared the analytical figures-of-merit of the SPRi immunoarray on detecting insulin prepared in various percentages of serum solutions. A four parameter logistic model was used to obtain the best fit of microarray responses with insulin concentration and indicated the cooperative binding of insulin-nanoparticle conjugates to surface antibody in both the buffer insulin and the serum insulin conjugates with MNPs. The cooperativity effect is attributed to the greater association of magnetic nanoparticle-bound insulin molecules with increasing concentration of insulin binding to surface antibody. This is the first report of an SPRi immunoarray to accomplish clinical diagnosis of diabetic and prediabetic conditions based on insulin levels with serum matrix effect analysis and comparison between direct and sandwich insulin assay formats.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States.
authors.forename: Vini
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States.
authors.forename: Cassandra
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodenbaugh
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States.
authors.forename: Sadagopan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krishnan
keywords: clinical diagnosis; insulin; magnetic nanoparticles; microarray imager; serum matrix effect; sigmoidal response; surface plasmon resonance; type of diabetes