Synergistic intrafibrillar/extrafibrillar mineralization of collagen scaffolds based on a biomimetic strategy to promote the regeneration of bone defects.
The mineralization of collagen scaffolds can improve their mechanical properties and biocompatibility, thereby providing an appropriate microenvironment for bone regeneration. The primary purpose of the present study is to fabricate a synergistically intra- and extrafibrillar mineralized collagen scaffold, which has many advantages in terms of biocompatibility, biomechanical properties, and further osteogenic potential. In this study, mineralized collagen scaffolds were fabricated using a traditional mineralization method (ie, immersed in simulated body fluid) as a control group and using a biomimetic method based on the polymer-induced liquid precursor process as an experimental group. In the polymer-induced liquid precursor process, a negatively charged polymer, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), was used to stabilize amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) to form nanocomplexes of CMC/ACP. Collagen scaffolds mineralized based on the polymer-induced liquid precursor process were in gel form such that nanocomplexes of CMC/ACP can easily be drawn into the interstices of the collagen fibrils. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the porous micromorphology and synergistic mineralization pattern of the collagen scaffolds. Compared with simulated body fluid, nanocomplexes of CMC/ACP significantly increased the modulus of the collagen scaffolds. The results of in vitro experiments showed that the cell count and differentiated degrees in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group. Histological staining and micro-computed tomography showed that the amount of new bone regenerated in the experimental group was larger than that in the control group. The biomimetic mineralization will assist us in fabricating a novel collagen scaffold for clinical applications.
School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
Yao
Y
Wang
School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Thaibinh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thaibinh, Vietnam.
Ngo
N
Van Manh
School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
Haorong
H
Wang
School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
Xue
X
Zhong
School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
Xu
X
Zhang
School of Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
Changyi
C
Li
D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000494:pharmacology; D032701:Biomimetics / Q000379:methods*; D001861:Bone Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D002460:Cell Line; D048271:Chitosan / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry*; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008903:Minerals / Q000737:chemistry*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D008903:Minerals; C519480:amorphous calcium phosphate; C514968:carboxymethyl-chitosan; D003094:Collagen; D048271:Chitosan; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase
collagen scaffold; extrafibrillar mineralization; intrafibrillar mineralization; nanocomplexes; tissue engineering