Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children: prospective, multicenter results from the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network.
OBJECTIVE Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is now established as a viable treatment option for a subgroup of children with hydrocephalus. Here, the authors report prospective, multicenter results from the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network (HCRN) to provide the most accurate determination of morbidity, complication incidence, and efficacy of ETV in children and to determine if intraoperative predictors of ETV success add substantially to preoperative predictors. METHODS All children undergoing a first ETV (without choroid plexus cauterization) at 1 of 7 HCRN centers up to June 2013 were included in the study and followed up for a minimum of 18 months. Data, including detailed intraoperative data, were prospectively collected as part of the HCRN's Core Data Project and included details of patient characteristics, ETV failure (need for repeat hydrocephalus surgery), and, in a subset of patients, postoperative complications up to the time of discharge. RESULTS Three hundred thirty-six eligible children underwent initial ETV, 18.8% of whom had undergone shunt placement prior to the ETV. The median age at ETV was 6.9 years (IQR 1.7-12.6), with 15.2% of the study cohort younger than 12 months of age. The most common etiologies were aqueductal stenosis (24.8%) and midbrain or tectal lesions (21.2%). Visible forniceal injury (16.6%) was more common than previously reported, whereas severe bleeding (1.8%), thalamic contusion (1.8%), venous injury (1.5%), hypothalamic contusion (1.5%), and major arterial injury (0.3%) were rare. The most common postoperative complications were CSF leak (4.4%), hyponatremia (3.9%), and pseudomeningocele (3.9%). New neurological deficit occurred in 1.5% cases, with 0.5% being permanent. One hundred forty-one patients had documented failure of their ETV requiring repeat hydrocephalus surgery during follow-up, 117 of them during the first 6 months postprocedure. Kaplan-Meier rates of 30-day, 90-day, 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year failure-free survival were 73.7%, 66.7%, 64.8%, 61.7%, and 57.8%, respectively. According to multivariate modeling, the preoperative ETV Success Score (ETVSS) was associated with ETV success (p < 0.001), as was the intraoperative ability to visualize a "naked" basilar artery (p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS The authors' documented experience represents the most detailed account of ETV results in North America and provides the most accurate picture to date of ETV success and complications, based on contemporaneously collected prospective data. Serious complications with ETV are low. In addition to the ETVSS, visualization of a naked basilar artery is predictive of ETV success.
Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario.
Abhaya V
AV
Kulkarni
Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Alberta.
Jay
J
Riva-Cambrin
Primary Children's Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Richard
R
Holubkov
Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.
Samuel R
SR
Browd
BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
D Douglas
DD
Cochrane
Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario.
James M
JM
Drake
St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri.
David D
DD
Limbrick
Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama.
Curtis J
CJ
Rozzelle
Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.
Tamara D
TD
Simon
Pittsburgh Children's Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Mandeep S
MS
Tamber
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
John C
JC
Wellons
Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; and.
William E
WE
Whitehead
Primary Children's Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.
John R W
JR
Kestle
D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012086:Reoperation; D020542:Third Ventricle / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*
CPC = choroid plexus cauterization; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; ETV = endoscopic third ventriculostomy; ETVSS = ETV Success Score; HCRN = Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network; IVH = intraventricular hemorrhage; endoscopy; hydrocephalus; pediatric; third ventriculostomy