Structure of nanocrystalline calcium silicate hydrates: insights from X-ray diffraction, synchrotron X-ray absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance.
The structure of nanocrystalline calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) having Ca/Si ratios ranging between 0.57 ± 0.05 and 1.47 ± 0.04 was studied using an electron probe micro-analyser, powder X-ray diffraction,29Si magic angle spinning NMR, and Fourier-transform infrared and synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopies. All samples can be described as nanocrystalline and defective tobermorite. At low Ca/Si ratio, the Si chains are defect free and the SiQ3andQ2environments account, respectively, for up to 40.2 ± 1.5% and 55.6 ± 3.0% of the total Si, with part of theQ3Si being attributable to remnants of the synthesis reactant. As the Ca/Si ratio increases up to 0.87 ± 0.02, the SiQ3environment decreases down to 0 and is preferentially replaced by theQ2environment, which reaches 87.9 ± 2.0%. At higher ratios,Q2decreases down to 32.0 ± 7.6% for Ca/Si = 1.38 ± 0.03 and is replaced by theQ1environment, which peaks at 68.1 ± 3.8%. The combination of X-ray diffraction and NMR allowed capturing the depolymerization of Si chains as well as a two-step variation in the layer-to-layer distance. This latter first increases from ∼11.3 Å (for samples having a Ca/Si ratio <∼0.6) up to 12.25 Å at Ca/Si = 0.87 ± 0.02, probably as a result of a weaker layer-to-layer connectivity, and then decreases down to 11 Å when the Ca/Si ratio reaches 1.38 ± 0.03. The decrease in layer-to-layer distance results from the incorporation of interlayer Ca that may form a Ca(OH)2-like structure, nanocrystalline and intermixed with C-S-H layers, at high Ca/Si ratios.
D3E/SVP, BRGM (French Geological Survey) , 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, Orléans, 45060, France.
Sylvain
S
Grangeon
D3E/SVP, BRGM (French Geological Survey) , 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, Orléans, 45060, France.
Francis
F
Claret
D3E/SVP, BRGM (French Geological Survey), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, Orléans, 45060, France; Scientific Division, Andra, 1-7 rue Jean Monnet, Parc de la Croix Blanche, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
Cédric
C
Roosz
Laboratory of Environmental Geology, Research Group of Geoenvironmental/Engineering Division of Solid Waste, Resources and Geoenvironmental/Engineering Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University , Kita 13 Nishi 8, Sapporo, Japan.
Tsutomu
T
Sato
D3E/SVP, BRGM (French Geological Survey) , 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, Orléans, 45060, France.
Stéphane
S
Gaboreau
Centre de Meuse/Haute Marne, Andra , Bure, 55290, France.
Yannick
Y
Linard
29Si NMR; C–S–H; X-ray diffraction; calcium silicate hydrates; synchrotron X-ray absorption