Artesunate attenuates glioma proliferation, migration and invasion by affecting cellular mechanical properties.
Glioma is one of the most common malignant brain tumors. Current chemotherapy is far from providing satisfactory clinical outcomes for patients with glioma. More efficient drugs are urgently needed. Artesunate (ART) is clinically used as an anti-malarial agent and exhibits potent antiproliferative activity as a traditional Chinese medicine. In addition, ART has been shown to exert a profound cytotoxic effect on various tumor cell lines, presenting a novel candidate for cancer chemotherapy. However, its anticancer effect on glioma by altering cell biomechanical properties remains unclear. The present study aimed to identify the anticancer effects of ART on human glioma SHG44 cells by assessing cell proliferation, migration/invasion, the expression of claudin-1 and the biomechanical properties of ART-treated SHG44 cells. The proliferation of the SHG44 cells was assessed by MTT assay. The cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. For cell migration and invasion assays, the Transwell was used. The expression of the gene claudin-1 was detected by polymerase chain reaction. The cell membrane and biomechanical properties, as targets of ART action, were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). ART significantly inhibited the proliferation of SHG44 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. After treatment with 30 mg/l ART, the level of cell apoptosis was significantly increased (from 6.88±0.062 to 23.7±4.16%). Furthermore, the cell migration and invasion abilities of the SHG44 cells were markedly inhibited after treatment with 30 mg/l ART. Compared with the control group (0 mg/l ART), the SHG44 cells treated with 30 mg/l ART exhibited upregulated expression of claudin-1, increased adhesive force (from 2,400±300 to 3,600±500 pN), increased high connection among SHG44 cells, increased cytomembrane roughness (from 0.118±0.011 to 0.269±0.015 µm) and reduced elasticity (from 23±8 to 3.5±1.1 MPa). The present study demonstrated that ART could alter the biomechanical properties of the glioma cells to inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion.
Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.
Shizhong
S
Lian
Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.
Ruyi
R
Shi
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China.
Xun
X
Huang
Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.
Xiaoling
X
Hu
Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.
Bin
B
Song
Basic School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P.R. China.
Yinshan
Y
Bai
Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.
Bin
B
Yang
Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.
Jinyao
J
Dong
The Fourth People's Hospital of Linfen, Linfen, Shanxi 041000, P.R. China.
Zhijie
Z
Du
Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.
Yanyan
Y
Zhang
Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.
Junmei
J
Jia
Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.
Ning
N
Ma
Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.
Geng
G
Guo
Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China.
Mingyu
M
Wang
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077332:Artesunate; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D062445:Claudin-1 / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005910:Glioma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D037621:Artemisinins; D062445:Claudin-1; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D000077332:Artesunate