Influence of virtual height exposure on postural reactions to support surface translations.
As fear of falling is related to the increased likelihood of falls, it is important to understand the effects of threat-related factors (fear, anxiety and confidence) on dynamic postural reactions. Previous studies designed to examine threat effects on dynamic postural reactions have methodological limitations and lack a comprehensive analysis of simultaneous kinetic, kinematic and electromyographical recordings. The current study addressed these limitations by examining postural reactions of 26 healthy young adults to unpredictable anterior-posterior support-surface translations (acceleration=0.6m/s(2), constant velocity=0.25m/s, total displacement=0.75m) while standing on a narrow virtual surface at Low (0.4cm) and High (3.2m) virtual heights. Standing at virtual height increased fear and anxiety, and decreased confidence. Prior to perturbations, threat led to increased tonic muscle activity in tibialis anterior, resulting in a higher co-contraction index between lower leg muscles. For backward perturbations, muscle activity in the lower leg and arm, and center of pressure peak displacements, were earlier and larger when standing at virtual height. In addition, arm flexion significantly increased while leg, trunk and center of mass displacements remained unchanged across heights. When controlling for leaning, threat-related factors can influence the neuro-mechanical responses to an unpredictable perturbation, causing specific characteristics of postural reactions to be facilitated in young adults when their balance is threatened.
School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Taylor W
TW
Cleworth
School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; International Collaboration for Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Romeo
R
Chua
School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; International Collaboration for Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
J Timothy
JT
Inglis
School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; International Collaboration for Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Electronic address: mark.carpenter@ubc.ca.
Mark G
MG
Carpenter
D000058:Accidental Falls; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D000076142:Virtual Reality; D055815:Young Adult
Balance; Electromyography; Kinematic; Postural threat; Virtual reality