Efficacy and Safety of Antidepressants Added to Antipsychotics for Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
OBJECTIVE
The authors examined the safety and efficacy of antidepressants added to antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of schizophrenia.


METHODS
Multiple databases and previous publications were searched through June 2015 to identify all randomized controlled trials of any add-on antidepressants compared with placebo or no-treatment in schizophrenia. Depressive and negative symptoms (primary outcomes), overall symptoms, positive symptoms, side effects, exacerbation of psychosis, and responder rates were examined. Subgroup, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses were performed, as well as investigations of publication bias and risk of bias.


RESULTS
Eighty-two randomized controlled trials with a total of 3,608 participants were included. Add-on antidepressants appeared more efficacious than controls for depressive symptoms (standardized mean difference: -0.25, 95% CI=-0.38 to -0.12), negative symptoms (standardized mean difference: -0.30, 95% CI=-0.44 to -0.16), overall symptoms (standardized mean difference: -0.24, 95% CI=-0.39 to -0.09), positive symptoms (standardized mean difference: -0.17, 95% CI=-0.33 to -0.01), quality of life (standardized mean difference: -0.32, 95% CI=-0.57 to -0.06), and responder rate (risk ratio: 1.52, 95% CI=1.29 to 1.78; number-needed-to-treat-to-benefit: 5, 95% CI=4 to 7). The effects on depressive and negative symptoms appeared more pronounced when minimum thresholds of these symptoms were inclusion criteria (standardized mean difference: -0.34, 95% CI=-0.58 to -0.09 and standardized mean difference: -0.58, 95% CI=-0.94 to -0.21, respectively). There were no significant differences between antidepressants and controls in terms of exacerbation of psychosis, premature discontinuation, and the number of participants with at least one adverse event. More patients taking add-on antidepressants suffered from abdominal pain, constipation, dizziness, and dry mouth.


CONCLUSIONS
Analysis of primary outcomes (depressive and negative symptoms) suggests small, beneficial effects of adjunctive antidepressants. It would appear that this augmentation can be accomplished with a low risk of exacerbation of psychosis and adverse effects. However, secondary and subgroup analyses should be interpreted cautiously and considered exploratory.
From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
Bartosz
B
Helfer
From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
Myrto T
MT
Samara
From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
Maximilian
M
Huhn
From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
Elisabeth
E
Klupp
From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
Claudia
C
Leucht
From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
Yikang
Y
Zhu
From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
Rolf R
RR
Engel
From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.
Stefan
S
Leucht
D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents