Central Nervous System Injury and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase: Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Targets.
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) includes both traumatic brain and spinal cord injury (TBI and SCI, respectively). These injuries, which are heterogeneous and, therefore, difficult to treat, result in long-lasting functional, cognitive, and behavioral deficits. Severity of injury is determined by multiple factors, and is largely mediated by the activity of the CNS inflammatory system, including the primary CNS immune cells, microglia. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) family of enzymes is a primary source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), key inflammatory mediators after CNS injury. ROS play a central role in inflammation, contributing to cytokine translation and release, microglial polarization and activation, and clearance of damaged tissue. NOX has been suggested as a potential therapeutic target in CNS trauma, as inhibition of this enzyme family modulates inflammatory cell response and ROS production. The purpose of this review is to understand how the different NOX enzymes function and what role they play in the scope of CNS trauma.
1 Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University , Bethesda, Maryland.
Ramona E
RE
von Leden
1 Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University , Bethesda, Maryland.
Young J
YJ
Yauger
2 Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University , Bethesda, Maryland.
Guzal
G
Khayrullina
1 Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University , Bethesda, Maryland.|2 Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University , Bethesda, Maryland.
Kimberly R
KR
Byrnes
D000818:Animals; D000070642:Brain Injuries, Traumatic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*
D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019255:NADPH Oxidases
TBI; inflammation; oxidative stress; traumatic SCI