Prostate-Specific G-Protein Coupled Receptor, an Emerging Biomarker Regulating Inflammation and Prostate Cancer Invasion.
Prostate cancer is highly prevalent among men in developed countries, but a significant proportion of detected cancers remain indolent, never progressing into aggressive carcinomas. This highlights the need to develop refined biomarkers that can distinguish between indolent and potentially dangerous cases. The prostate-specific G-protein coupled receptor (PSGR, or OR51E2) is an olfactory receptor family member with highly specific expression in human prostate epithelium that is highly overexpressed in PIN and prostate cancer. PSGR has been functionally implicated in prostate cancer cell invasiveness, suggesting a potential role in the transition to metastatic PCa. Recently, transgenic mice overexpressing PSGR in the prostate were reported to develop an acute inflammatory response followed by emergence of low grade PIN, whereas mice with compound PSGR overexpression and loss of PTEN exhibited accelerated formation of invasive prostate adenocarcinoma. This article will review recent PSGR findings with a focus on its role as a potential prostate cancer biomarker and regulator of prostate cancer invasion and inflammation.
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Rodriguez
Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Alkek Rm. 505, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA. ssiwko@ibt.tamhsc.edu.
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Siwko
Institute of Biosciences & Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Alkek Rm. 516, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA. mliu@ibt.tamhsc.edu.
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Liu
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018035:Receptors, Odorant / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; C417566:OR51E2 protein, human; D018035:Receptors, Odorant; D051059:PTEN Phosphohydrolase; C494929:PTEN protein, human