Prevention and Treatment of Flatulence From a Traditional Persian Medicine Perspective.
BACKGROUND
The feeling of abdominal fullness, bloating, and movement of gas in the abdomen is a very uncomfortable sensation termed flatulence. Since flatulence is one of the most common gastrointestinal symptoms that is bothersome to patients, it is important to identify effective methods to resolve this issue. In modern medicine, management of flatulence is often not satisfactory. On the other hand, traditional systems of medicine can be considered good potential sources to find new approaches for preventing and treating flatulence. The aim of this study is to review flatulence treatments from a traditional Persian medicine (TPM) viewpoint.


METHODS
In this study, the reasons for flatulence and methods for its prevention and treatment are reviewed in traditional Persian medicine (TPM) texts and then related with evidence from modern medicine by searching in databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and IranMedex.


RESULTS
From a traditional Persian scholar viewpoint, one of the most important causes of flatulence is an incorrect manner of eating; valuable advice to correct bad eating habits will be illustrated. In addition, traditional practitioners describe some herbs and vegetables as well as herbal compounds that are effective food additives to relieve flatulence. The anti-flatulent effect of most of these herbs has been experimentally verified using modern medicine.


CONCLUSIONS
Attention to TPM can lead to the identification of new preventive and curative approaches to avoid and treat flatulence. In addition, Persian viewpoints from the medieval era regarding flatulence are historically important.
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
Bagher
B
Larijani
Qoran, Hadis and Teb Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
Mohammad Medhi
MM
Esfahani
School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
Maryam
M
Moghimi
School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
Mohammad Reza
MR
Shams Ardakani
School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
Mansoor
M
Keshavarz
School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
Gholamreza
G
Kordafshari
School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
Esmaiel
E
Nazem
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
Shirin
S
Hasani Ranjbar
School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
Hoorieh
H
Mohammadi Kenari
Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
Arman
A
Zargaran
Flatulence; Modern Medicine; Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM)