Schistosomes with wings: how host phylogeny and ecology shape the global distribution of Trichobilharzia querquedulae (Schistosomatidae).
Migratory waterfowl play an important role in the maintenance and spread of zoonotic diseases worldwide. An example is cercarial dermatitis, caused when larval stages of schistosomes that normally develop in birds penetrate human skin. Members of the genus Trichobilharzia (Schistosomatidae), transmitted mainly by ducks, are considered to be major etiological agents of cercarial dermatitis globally. To better understand the diversity and distribution of Trichobilharzia spp., we surveyed ducks from the United States, eastern Canada, Argentina, South Africa and New Zealand. To aid in species identification of the Trichobilharzia worms recovered, regions of the Cox1, ND4 and ITS1 were sequenced. Furthermore, we provide molecular phylogenetic evidence for the cosmopolitan distribution and trans-hemispheric gene flow for one species, Trichobilharzia querquedulae, previously thought to be restricted to North America. These new samples from endemic non-migratory duck species indicate that T. querquedulae transmission occurs within each of the regions we sampled and that it is specific to the blue-winged+silver teal duck clade. Prevalence within this host group is >95% across the known range of T. querquedulae, indicating that transmission is common. Genetic divergence is evenly distributed among continents, and no phylogenetic structure associated with geography was observed. The results provide strong support for the global distribution and transmission of T. querquedulae and represent, to our knowledge, the first report of a cosmopolitan schistosome confirmed by genetic data. These data are the first known to support trans-hemispheric genetic exchange in a species responsible for causing cercarial dermatitis, indicating that the epidemiology of this group of poorly known zoonotic parasites is more complex than previously expected.
Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology Parasite Division, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, 167 Castetter MSCO3 2020, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. Electronic address: gendron@unm.edu.
Erika T
ET
Ebbs
Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology Parasite Division, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, 167 Castetter MSCO3 2020, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
Eric S
ES
Loker
Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Norm E
NE
Davis
Laboratorio de Parasitología (LAPAR), INIBIOMA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Avda. Quintral 1250 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche- Río Negro, Argentina.
Veronica
V
Flores
Laboratorio de Parasitología (LAPAR), INIBIOMA (CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Comahue), Avda. Quintral 1250 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche- Río Negro, Argentina.
Aylen
A
Veleizan
Department of Biology, Museum of Southwestern Biology Parasite Division, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, 167 Castetter MSCO3 2020, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
Sara V
SV
Brant
D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001715:Bird Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000235:genetics; D004372:Ducks / Q000469:parasitology*; D004463:Ecology; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000235:genetics; D005777:Geese / Q000469:parasitology*; D050259:Genes, Mitochondrial; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D009245:NADH Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D012551:Schistosomatidae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D012908:Snails / Q000469:parasitology; D014201:Trematode Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*
D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D009245:NADH Dehydrogenase; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV
Anas; Cercarial dermatitis; Emerging disease; Schistosome; Trichobilharzia; Zoonosis