Perceptions of patient provider agreements.
OBJECTIVE
Use of patient provider agreements (PPAs) is increasing, yet there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of PPAs to prevent prescription opioid misuse and diversion, and few guidelines for providers. We conducted eight focus groups to understand patient and prescriber perceptions of PPAs.


METHODS
We recruited 40 patients who had been asked to sign a PPA and 40 prescribers who had administered at least one PPA. We developed topic guides for the two groups based on prior literature. Focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Two investigators independently performed the content analysis of the transcripts and reached consensus on recurring themes.


RESULTS
PPA use varied according to physician specialty. General practitioners used PPAs the least but reported increasing pressure from liability insurers to use them. Many patients reported signing a PPA in the emergency room of a hospital. Prescribers and patients reported a lack of understanding among patients concerning the purpose and content of the PPA. Prescribers questioned the legal status of the PPA, while patients believed that the PPA was a legal document intended to protect prescribers. Patients and prescribers valued PPA content items differently, although both groups agreed that signing a PPA would not prevent opioid misuse.


CONCLUSIONS
We identified several themes concerning the administration, content, effectiveness and utility of PPAs that highlight areas of research to improve PPAs. We also describe trends requiring further investigation. Understanding content of importance to patients will facilitate the development of a patient-centred PPA.
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland, USA.
Jennifer S
JS
Albrecht
Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy.
Bilal
B
Khokhar
Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy.
Françoise
F
Pradel
Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy.
Michelle
M
Campbell
Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy; Health Economics & Outcomes Research: Critical Care, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Basel, Switzerland.
Jacqueline
J
Palmer
Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy; Health Division, IMPAQ International, LLC, Columbia, Maryland, USA.
Ilene
I
Harris
Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy.
Francis
F
Palumbo
focus group; opioid contract; opioids; patient provider agreement