Heavy metal bioaccumulation by wild edible saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal mushrooms.
Heavy metals cause serious problems in the environment, and they can be accumulated in organisms, especially in the higher fungi. The concentration of Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Hg in 10 species of edible mushrooms in Medvednica Nature Park, Croatia was therefore determined. In addition, the similarity between the studied species was determined by cluster analysis based on concentrations of the aforementioned metals in the fruiting bodies. The contents of nickel, chromium, lead, cadmium, and mercury in the fruiting bodies of mushrooms were obtained by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The highest concentrations of Ni (3.62 mg kg(-1)), Cr (3.01 mg kg(-1)), and Cd (2.67 mg kg(-1)) were determined in Agaricus campestris. The highest concentration of Pb (1.67 mg kg(-1)) was determined in Macrolepiota procera, and the highest concentration of Hg (2.39 mg kg(-1)) was determined in Boletus edulis. The concentration of all heavy metals significantly differed (p < 0.001) between examined saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal mushrooms. Considering anatomical part of the fruiting body (cap-stipe), a considerably higher concentration of the analyzed elements was found in the cap for all mushroom species. According to calculated bioconcentration factors, all the examined species were found to be bioexclusors of Ni, Cr, and Pb and bioaccumulators of Cd and Hg. Cluster analysis performed on the basis of the accumulation of the studied metals revealed great phenotypic similarity of mushroom species belonging to the same genus and partial similarity of species of the same ecological affiliation.
Department of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
Ivan
I
Širić
Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljan, Slovenia. miha.humar@bf.uni-lj.si.
Miha
M
Humar
Department of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
Ante
A
Kasap
Department of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
Ivica
I
Kos
Department of Animal Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
Boro
B
Mioč
Department of Wood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljan, Slovenia.
Franc
F
Pohleven
D000363:Agaricales / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D017523:Croatia; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D038821:Mycorrhizae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis
D019216:Metals, Heavy; D012989:Soil Pollutants
Bioaccumulation potential; Ecology; Edible mushrooms; Heavy metal