Where's Waldo? The utility of a complicated visual search paradigm for transcranial Doppler-based assessments of neurovascular coupling.
The concept of neurovascular coupling has been postulated since the late 1800s and has been demonstrated most commonly in humans using visual stimuli (e.g. reading, checkerboards). These traditional paradigms evoke only a moderate cerebral blood flow response due to the relative simplicity of the visual stimuli.



Forty subjects completed three visual paradigms each challenging the visual processing areas to a different extent: reading text, complicated visual searching (new method: Where's Waldo) and viewing coloured dots. Posterior and middle cerebral artery (PCA, MCA) velocities were recorded using transcranial Doppler ultrasound during each visual paradigm.



Prior to the presentation of the visual stimuli there were no differences in mean arterial pressure, or PCA or MCA velocities for the three paradigms. All three paradigms led to an elevation in PCA and MCA velocities after a delay (∼1.1s). Whereas velocity elevation was consistent across the three paradigms in the MCA, it was markedly larger during the Where's Waldo task in the PCA. Thus, although the onset of the neurovascular coupling response was similar across the three visual paradigms, its overall magnitude was stimulus-dependent.



Given that PCA velocity can be affected by blood pressure or carbon dioxide alterations, traditional neurovascular coupling paradigms (e.g. reading, checkerboards) appear to have a lower signal-to-noise ratio than that observed in complicated visual search tasks such as Where's Waldo.



We recommend complicated visual search paradigms such as Where's Waldo be considered for future transcranial Doppler-based neurovascular coupling studies.
Sport Concussion Research Lab, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada. Electronic address: jonathan.smirl@ubc.ca.
Jonathan D
JD
Smirl
Sport Concussion Research Lab, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada; MD/PhD Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Southern Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
Alexander D
AD
Wright
Sport Concussion Research Lab, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
Kelsey
K
Bryk
Sport Concussion Research Lab, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
Paul
P
van Donkelaar
D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D000069336:Neurovascular Coupling / Q000502:physiology*; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D020769:Posterior Cerebral Artery / Q000502:physiology; D011932:Reading; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
Cerebral blood flow; Functional hyperaemia; Neurovascular coupling; Posterior cerebral artery; Transcranial doppler ultrasound; Where’s Waldo