Measuring the cost of poor asthma control and exacerbations.
Previous studies have shown an association between cost and poor asthma control. However, longitudinal studies of general populations are lacking.



To examine the cost of poor asthma control and exacerbations across a broad spectrum of asthma patients.



The Observational Study of Asthma Control and Outcomes (OSACO) was a prospective survey of persistent asthma patients in Kaiser Colorado in 2011-2012. Patients received a survey 3 times in one year, which included the Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) and questions on exacerbations. Self-reported exacerbations were compared to actual oral corticosteroid (OCS) use. Regression analyses examined the association of control (ACQ-5 scores) and exacerbations with healthcare expenditures, controlling for sociodemographics and smoking. Analyses of expenditures used Generalized Linear Models (GLM) with log-link.



2681 individuals completed at least one survey; 1799 completed all three. ACQ-5 scores were associated with higher all-cause and asthma-specific expenditures across all categories of costs (medical, outpatient, ER, pharmacy) except for inpatient expenditures. Each 1-point increase in the ACQ-5 score (i.e., worse control) was associated with a corresponding increase in all-cause annual healthcare and asthma-specific expenditures of $1443 and $927 ($US 2013). Asthma exacerbations with documented OCS use were associated with an increase of $3014 and $1626 over 4 months, while self-reported exacerbations were $713 and $506.



Results demonstrate that poor asthma control and exacerbations are strongly associated with higher healthcare expenditures. Results also confirm that collection of validated measures of control such as the ACQ-5 may provide valuable information toward improving clinical and economic outcomes.
a School of Pharmacy, Regis University , Denver , CO , USA.
Patrick W
PW
Sullivan
c Center for Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Clinical Pharmacy , University of Colorado Aurora , CO , USA.|d American University of Armenia , Yerevan , Armenia.
Vahram H
VH
Ghushchyan
c Center for Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Clinical Pharmacy , University of Colorado Aurora , CO , USA.
Jonathan D
JD
Campbell
e Amgen, Inc. , Thousand Oaks , CA , USA.
Gary
G
Globe
f Department of Pediatrics , National Jewish Health , Denver , CO , USA.
Bruce
B
Bender
b Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado , Denver , CO , USA.|g Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado , Denver , CO , USA.
David J
DJ
Magid
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000191:economics* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents
Asthma Control Questionnaire; Medical expenditures; asthma control; exacerbations; oral corticosteroids