Secondary Education and Health Outcomes in Young People from the Cape Area Panel Study (CAPS).
OBJECTIVE
Education is one of the strongest social determinants of health, yet previous literature has focused on primary education. We examined whether there are additional benefits to completing upper secondary compared to lower secondary education in a middle-income country.


METHODS
We performed a longitudinal analysis of the Cape Area Panel Study, a survey of adolescents living in South Africa. We undertook causal modeling using structural marginal models to examine the association between level of education and various health outcomes, using inverse probability weighting to control for sex, age, ethnicity, home language, income, whether employed in past year, region of birth, maternal educational status, marital status, whether currently pregnant and cognitive ability. Educational attainment was defined as primary (grades 1-7), lower secondary (grades 8-9) or upper secondary (grades 10-12).


RESULTS
Of 3,432 participants, 165 (4.8%) had completed primary education, 646 (18.8%) lower secondary and 2,621 (76.3%) upper secondary. Compared to those completing lower secondary, males completing upper secondary education were less likely to have a health problem (OR 0.49; 95%CI 0.27-0.88; p = 0.02); describe their health as poor (0.52; 0.29-0.95; p = 0.03) or report that health interferes with daily life (0.54; 0.29-0.99; p = 0.047). Females were less likely to have been pregnant (0.45; 0.33-0.61; p<0.001) or pregnant under 18 (0.32; 0.22-0.46; p<0.001); and having had sex under 16 was also less likely (males 0.63; 0.44-0.91; p = 0.01; females 0.39; 0.26-0.58; p<0.001). Cigarette smoking was less likely (males 0.52; 0.38-0.70; p = <0.001; females 0.56; 0.41-0.76; p<0.001), as was taking illicit drugs in males (0.6; 0.38-0.96; p = 0.03). No associations were found between education and alcohol use, psychological distress, obesity, increased waist circumference or hypertension.


CONCLUSIONS
Completing upper secondary education was associated with improved health outcomes compared with lower secondary education. Expanding upper secondary education offers middle-income countries an effective way of improving adolescent health.
UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Joseph L
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7263-8845
JL
Ward
UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
Russell M
RM
Viner
D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D018479:Early Intervention, Educational; D004522:Educational Status; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity; D012574:Schools; D012907:Smoking; D013019:South Africa; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult