Chemopreventive properties of 3,3'-diindolylmethane in breast cancer: evidence from experimental and human studies.
Diet is a modifiable factor associated with the risk of several cancers, with convincing evidence showing a link between diet and breast cancer. The role of bioactive compounds of food origin, including those found in cruciferous vegetables, is an active area of research in cancer chemoprevention. This review focuses on 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM), the major bioactive indole in crucifers. Research of the cancer-preventive activity of DIM has yielded basic mechanistic, animal, and human trial data. Further, this body of evidence is largely supported by observational studies. Bioactive DIM has demonstrated chemopreventive activity in all stages of breast cancer carcinogenesis. This review describes current evidence related to the metabolism and mechanisms of DIM involved in the prevention of breast cancer. Importantly, this review also focuses on current evidence from human observational and intervention trials that have contributed to a greater understanding of exposure estimates that will inform recommendations for DIM intake.
Cynthia A. Thomson is with the Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, the University of Arizona Cancer Center, and the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. Emily Ho is with the Moore Family Center for Whole Grain Foods, Nutrition and Preventive Health, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, and the Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA. Meghan B. Strom is with the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. cthomson@email.arizona.edu.
Cynthia A
CA
Thomson
Cynthia A. Thomson is with the Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, the University of Arizona Cancer Center, and the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. Emily Ho is with the Moore Family Center for Whole Grain Foods, Nutrition and Preventive Health, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, and the Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA. Meghan B. Strom is with the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
Emily
E
Ho
Cynthia A. Thomson is with the Mel & Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, the University of Arizona Cancer Center, and the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA. Emily Ho is with the Moore Family Center for Whole Grain Foods, Nutrition and Preventive Health, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, and the Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA. Meghan B. Strom is with the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
Meghan B
MB
Strom
D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D019607:Brassicaceae; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014675:Vegetables
D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D007211:Indoles; C030374:indole; C016392:3,3'-diindolylmethane
3-3′-diindolylmethane; breast cancer chemoprevention; glucosinolates.