Survival status and functional outcome of children who required prolonged intensive care after cardiac surgery.
Children who require prolonged intensive care after cardiac surgery are at risk of high mortality. The long-term survival and functional outcome of these children have not been studied in detail.



Children who stayed in intensive care for >28 days after cardiac surgery from 1997 to 2012 were studied in a single institution. A total of 116 patients were identified; 107 (92%) were <1 year of age and 63 (54%) had univentricular physiology.



The incidence of children requiring prolonged intensive care increased from 1.01/100 undergoing cardiac surgery in 1997 to 2000 to 2.66/100 in 2009 to 2012 (P trend = .002). This increase coincided with an increase in the number of children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome having prolonged intensive care during the same period (0.13/100 in 1997-2000 to 1.0/100 in 2009-2012; P trend = .001). Survival to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) discharge was 74% (95% confidence interval [CI], 65-82) and 51% (95% CI, 41-59) at 3 years. Factors associated with mortality were univentricular repair (hazard ratio [HR], 2.12; 95% CI, 1.21-3.70; P = .008) and acute renal failure (HR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.77-5.12; P < .001), but era did not influence mortality (1997-2005 vs 2006-2012; log-rank P = .66). Among PICU survivors, 3-year survival in those who did not need early reoperation was 81% (95% CI, 66-90), compared with 58% (95% CI, 42-71) in those who required early reoperation (log-rank P = .01). Among survivors, 36% had either moderate or severe disability and 13% had poor quality of life.



The incidence of children requiring prolonged intensive care after cardiac surgery has increased in our institution. Our data suggest that the long-term outcome for most of these children is poor, especially after univentricular repair.
Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia. Electronic address: siva.namachivayam@rch.org.au.
Siva P
SP
Namachivayam
Cardiac Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Yves
Y
d'Udekem
Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
Johnny
J
Millar
Department of Cardiology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Michael M
MM
Cheung
Intensive Care Unit, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Warwick
W
Butt
D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
functional outcome; pediatric cardiac surgery; prolonged intensive care; survival status