Uremic Toxins - Novel Arrhythmogenic Factor in Chronic Kidney Disease - Related Atrial Fibrillation.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a high prevalence of AF, and uremic toxins are an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases associated with CKD. Uremic toxins can produce pro-fibrotic, pro-hypertrophic, and pro-inflammatory effects on cardiac tissues and enhance oxidative stress or neurohormonal phenomena of cardiovascular injury, which are recognized as arrhythmogenic factors of AF. This article reviews the clinical, molecular, and electrophysiological data of uremic toxins in CKD considered to induce AF through multiple mechanisms on structural and electrical remodeling of the cardiovascular system.
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; ; Fu Jen Catholic University, School of Medicine, New Taipei City; ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei;
Shih-Yu
SY
Huang
Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City;
Yi-Ann
YA
Chen
Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital; ; School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University;
Shih-Ann
SA
Chen
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital;
Yi-Jen
YJ
Chen
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital; ; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Yung-Kuo
YK
Lin
Atrial fibrillation; Inflammation; Oxidative stress; Uremic toxins