Antiviral Effects of Black Raspberry (Rubus coreanus) Seed and Its Gallic Acid against Influenza Virus Infection.
Influenza is a serious public health concern worldwide, as it causes significant morbidity and mortality. The emergence of drug-resistant viral strains requires new approaches for the treatment of influenza. In this study, Rubus coreanus seed (RCS) that is left over from the production of wine or juice was found to show antiviral activities against influenza type A and B viruses. Using the time-of-addition plaque assay, viral replication was almost completely abolished by simultaneous treatment with the RCS fraction of less than a 1-kDa molecular weight (RCSF1). One of the polyphenols derived from RCSF1, gallic acid (GA), identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, showed inhibitory effects against both influenza type A and B viruses, albeit at relatively high concentrations. RCSF1 was bound to hemagglutinin protein, inhibited hemagglutination significantly and disrupted viral particles, whereas GA was found to only disrupt the viral particles by using transmission electron microscopy. In BALB/c mice infected with influenza virus, oral administration of RCSF1 significantly improved the survival rate and reduced the viral titers in the lungs. Our results demonstrate that RCSF1 and GA show potent and broad antiviral activity against influenza A and B type viruses and are promising sources of agents that target virus particles.
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea. jihyelee@korea.ac.kr.
Ji-Hye
JH
Lee
Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Korea. om5865@duksung.ac.kr.
Mi
M
Oh
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea. tjrwhdgus@korea.ac.kr.
Jong Hyeon
JH
Seok
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea. nawatogether@korea.ac.kr.
Sella
S
Kim
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea. ann21010@korea.ac.kr.
Dan Bi
DB
Lee
Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Korea. rkfka3661@duksung.ac.kr.
Garam
G
Bae
Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Korea. haein1017@duksung.ac.kr.
Hae-In
HI
Bae
Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Korea. emily0605@nate.com.
Seon Young
SY
Bae
R &amp; D Center, Dong-il Shimadzu Corp., Seoul 08506, Korea. ymhong@shimadzu.co.kr.
Young-Min
YM
Hong
S &amp; D Co., Ltd., Osong, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28156, Korea. so-kwon0004@hanmail.net.
Sang-Oh
SO
Kwon
College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea. chiclid@konkuk.ac.kr.
Dong-Hun
DH
Lee
College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea. songcs@konkuk.ac.kr.
Chang-Seon
CS
Song
Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Gyeonggi-do 13135, Korea. jiyoung.mun@eulji.ac.kr.
Ji Young
JY
Mun
Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Korea. mschung@duksung.ac.kr.
Mi Sook
MS
Chung
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea. khkim@korea.ac.kr.
Kyung Hyun
KH
Kim
D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005707:Gallic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D065856:Rubus / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*
D000998:Antiviral Agents; D005707:Gallic Acid
Rubus coreanus; antiviral activity; black raspberry seed; gallic acid; influenza virus