Performances on a cognitive theory of mind task: specific decline or general cognitive deficits? Evidence from normal aging.
Compromised theory of mind (ToM) can be explained either by a failure to implement specific representational capacities (mental state representations) or by more general executive selection demands. In older adult populations, evidence supporting affected executive functioning and cognitive ToM in normal aging are reported. However, links between these two functions remain unclear. In the present paper, we address these shortcomings by using a specific task of ToM and classical executive tasks. We studied, using an original cognitive ToM task, the effect of age on ToM performances, in link with the progressive executive decline. 96 elderly participants were recruited. They were asked to perform a cognitive ToM task, and 5 executive tests (Stroop test and Hayling Sentence Completion Test to appreciate inhibitory process, Trail Making Test and Verbal Fluency for shifting assessment and backward span dedicated to estimate working memory capacity). The results show changes in cognitive ToM performance according to executive demands. Correlational studies indicate a significant relationship between ToM performance and the selected executive measures. Regression analyzes demonstrates that level of vocabulary and age as the best predictors of ToM performance. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that ToM deficits are related to age-related domain-general decline rather than as to a breakdown in specialized representational system. The implications of these findings for the nature of social cognition tests in normal aging are also discussed.
Laboratoire de psychologie et de neurocognition (LPNC, CNRS UMR 5105), Université de Savoie, Chambéry, France, Inserm U955 E01, Neuropsychologie interventionnelle, Créteil, France, Département d'études cognitives, École normale supérieure (ENS), Paris, France.
Rafika
R
Fliss
Laboratoire de psychologie et de neurocognition (LPNC, CNRS UMR 5105), Université de Savoie, Chambéry, France.
Marion
M
Lemerre
Laboratoire de psychologie et de neurocognition (LPNC, CNRS UMR 5105), Université de Savoie, Chambéry, France.
Audrey
A
Mollard
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D056345:Theory of Mind
cognitive theory of mind; executive functions; normal aging