Assessment of pediatric Malone antegrade continence enema (MACE) complications: Effects of variations in technique.
OBJECTIVE
The Malone antegrade continence enema (MACE) procedure is performed for patients with fecal incontinence and constipation who do not respond to medical therapy. The MACE procedure provides antegrade catheter access to the right colon and allows administration of enemas to help evacuate the bowel regularly. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for surgical complications in children who undergo the MACE procedure.


METHODS
Records from 97 pediatric patients who underwent MACE procedure were reviewed retrospectively. Data collected included age, sex, weight (obese/not obese), stomal location, presence of a permanent button/catheter in the stoma, open vs. laparoscopic surgery, and etiology of fecal incontinence/constipation. The complications reviewed included stomal stenosis, leakage, and stomal site infection. The relationships between the independent variables and complications were assessed using chi-square tests and Fisher's exact test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.


RESULTS
Overall, 66 (68%) patients had at least one complication. Twenty-three (23.7%) patients developed stomal stenosis, and 27 (27.8%) patients had significant stomal leakage. Insertion of a stomal button/catheter device was associated with an increased risk of developing stomal leakage and stomal infection. The presence of a stomal button/catheter was also associated with a decreased risk of stomal stenosis (Figure). The non-intubated, imbricated sub-population, preteen patients (<12 years old) experienced more stomal leakage than teenage patients. In this subgroup, patients with umbilical stomas also experienced more leakage than patients with right lower quadrant (RLQ) stomas.


CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence rates of stomal complications in our study were consistent with previously reported series. In our study, however, stomal leakage had a higher prevalence in comparison with stomal stenosis. This seems to be related to the heterogeneity of the study group, which contained two variants of the MACE procedure; non-imbricated, intubated MACE and imbricated, non-intubated MACE. The use of stomal buttons in conjunction with MACE has previously been reported without changes in complication rates. We found the use of stomal buttons/catheters to be associated with changes in the prevalence of stomal complications. Stomal complications are common in the MACE procedure. The use of a permanent stomal button/catheter is associated with changes in the rates of stomal complications. While many find an umbilical stomal site is more cosmetically appealing, there is an increased risk of leakage with imbricated, non-intubated stomas. In the non-intubated, imbricated sub-population, the MACE procedure results in a higher risk of stomal leakage in preteen patients in comparison with teenage patients.
University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA.
Sami K
SK
Saikaly
University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA; Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA.
Mark A
MA
Rich
University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA; Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA. Electronic address: Hubert.Swana@nemours.org.
Hubert S
HS
Swana
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003106:Colon / Q000601:surgery*; D003125:Colostomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D003248:Constipation / Q000601:surgery*; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D004733:Enema / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
Complications; MACE; Pediatric; Stoma