Continuous dopaminergic stimulation therapy for Parkinson's disease - recent advances.
We aim to review the most interesting recent advances on the clinical aspects of continuous dopaminergic stimulation in Parkinson's disease.



Several large, open-label studies have presented data that are in line with the randomized controlled trial on L-dopa-carbidopa intestinal gel infusion, which shows that a continuous drug delivery can improve motor fluctuations and dyskinesia in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, new extended-release formulations of L-dopa aim to stabilize plasma concentrations and thus reduce the degree of motor complications - despite a reduced number of daily doses. Transdermal rotigotine has been shown to be effective for specific subgroups of patients, although the general effect on nonmotor symptoms is still unclear. New products for L-dopa infusion are also at different stages of development, but the routes of administration are widely different: intrajejunal, subcutaneous, and oral.



The understanding of the mechanisms behind the complications of long-term L-dopa treatment is still not complete, but therapies aiming for continuous dopaminergic stimulation are already widely used in clinical practice and the evidence strength is improving. However, there is still an urgent need for both less invasive and less costly options in order to increase access to these therapies.
aDepartment of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University bDepartment of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden cDepartment of Neurology, Central Hospital, Bremerhaven, Germany.
Jonathan
J
Timpka
Ulrika
U
Mundt-Petersen
Per
P
Odin
D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002230:Carbidopa / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000008:administration & dosage
D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005782:Gels; D013764:Tetrahydronaphthalenes; D013876:Thiophenes; C009265:carbidopa, levodopa drug combination; D007980:Levodopa; C047508:rotigotine; D002230:Carbidopa