Urinary excretions of 34 dietary polyphenols and their associations with lifestyle factors in the EPIC cohort study.
Urinary excretion of 34 dietary polyphenols and their variations according to diet and other lifestyle factors were measured by tandem mass spectrometry in 475 adult participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cross-sectional study. A single 24-hour urine sample was analysed for each subject from 4 European countries. The highest median levels were observed for phenolic acids such as 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (157 μmol/24 h), followed by 3-hydroxyphenylacetic, ferulic, vanillic and homovanillic acids (20-50 μmol/24 h). The lowest concentrations were observed for equol, apigenin and resveratrol (<0.1 μmol/24 h). Urinary polyphenols significantly varied by centre, followed by alcohol intake, sex, educational level, and energy intake. This variability is largely explained by geographical variations in the diet, as suggested by the high correlations (r > 0.5) observed between urinary polyphenols and the intake of their main food sources (e.g., resveratrol and gallic acid ethyl ester with red wine intake; caffeic, protocatechuic and ferulic acids with coffee consumption; and hesperetin and naringenin with citrus fruit intake). The large variations in urinary polyphenols observed are largely determined by food preferences. These polyphenol biomarkers should allow more accurate evaluation of the relationships between polyphenol exposure and the risk of chronic diseases in large epidemiological studies.
Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.|Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
Raul
R
Zamora-Ros
Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
David
D
Achaintre
Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
Joseph A
JA
Rothwell
Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
Sabina
S
Rinaldi
Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
Nada
N
Assi
Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
Pietro
P
Ferrari
Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
Michael
M
Leitzmann
Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, and the Université Paris-Sud, and the Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Marie-Christine
MC
Boutron-Ruault
Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, and the Université Paris-Sud, and the Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Guy
G
Fagherazzi
Inserm, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, and the Université Paris-Sud, and the Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
Aurélie
A
Auffret
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
Tilman
T
Kühn
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
Verena
V
Katzke
Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.
Heiner
H
Boeing
Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece.|WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Dept. of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Greece.
Antonia
A
Trichopoulou
Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece.|WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Dept. of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Greece.
Androniki
A
Naska
WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Dept. of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Greece.
Effie
E
Vasilopoulou
Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute - ISPO, Florence, Italy.
Domenico
D
Palli
Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
Sara
S
Grioni
Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University Naples, Naples, Italy.
Amalia
A
Mattiello
Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, "Civic - M.P. Arezzo" Hospital, ASP Ragusa, Italy.
Rosario
R
Tumino
Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO-Piemonte), and Human Genetic Foundation (HuGeF), Turin, Italy.
Fulvio
F
Ricceri
Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
Nadia
N
Slimani
Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
Isabelle
I
Romieu
Nutrition and Metabolism Unit, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France.
Augustin
A
Scalbert
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000652:urine*; D059808:Polyphenols / Q000652:urine*; D012307:Risk Factors
D059808:Polyphenols