Source apportionment of mass concentration and inhalation risk with long-term ambient PCDD/Fs measurements in an urban area.
This study applies a receptor model to quantify source contributions to ambient concentration of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and inhalation cancer risk in Taipei from 2003 through 2009. Seventeen PCDD/F congeners were used in the effective variance solution to the Chemical Mass Balance equations to estimate source-specific mass contributions and inhalation risks. The average total PCDD/F concentration was 0.611pg/Nm(3) (0.036pg I-TEQ/Nm(3)). Traffic emissions contributed the most to the PCDD/F concentration (55.7%), followed by waste incinerators (18.6%) and joss stick burning (9.6%). For the inhalation cancer risk, the average was 1.1×10(-6) with traffic, waste incinerators, and joss paper burning as the main contributors (67.3%, 19.4%, and 6.3%, respectively). The mass and risk contributions of waste incinerators decreased significantly from 2003 to 2009 and were higher at downwind sites than at upwind sites. Reducing PCDD/F emissions from traffic and waste incinerators would provide the greatest health benefit. Policies that reduce the uncontrolled burning of joss stick and joss paper also need to be implemented.
Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, No.17, Xu-Zhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan.
Chi-Chang
CC
Ho
Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, No.17, Xu-Zhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan.
Chang-Chuan
CC
Chan
Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, No.17, Xu-Zhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan.
Chia-Pin
CP
Chio
Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Informatics, Cheng-Shiu University, No.840, Chengqing Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng-Shiu University, No.840, Chengqing Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
Yi-Chieh
YC
Lai
Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng-Shiu University, No.840, Chengqing Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; Department of Cosmetic and Fashion Styling, Cheng-Shiu University, No.840, Chengqing Rd., Niaosong Dist., Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
Guo-Ping
GP
Chang-Chien
Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV, USA; Graduate Faculty, University of Nevada, 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, NV, USA.
Judith C
JC
Chow
Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV, USA; Graduate Faculty, University of Nevada, 1664 N Virginia St., Reno, NV, USA.
John G
JG
Watson
Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy., Las Vegas, NV, USA.
Lung-Wen A
LA
Chen
Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, No.17, Xu-Zhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No.17, Xu-Zhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No.8, Zhongshan S. Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan.
Pau-Chung
PC
Chen
Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University, No.17, Xu-Zhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No.17, Xu-Zhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan. Electronic address: changfu@ntu.edu.tw.
Chang-Fu
CF
Wu
Inhalation cancer risk; Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofuran; Source apportionment; Spatio‐temporal variation