Trace metals in the giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon and mangrove sediments of the Tanzania coast: Is there a risk to marine fauna and public health?
Mangroves ecosystems support livelihood and economic activities of coastal communities in the tropics and subtropics. Previous reports have documented the inefficiency of waste treatment facilities in Tanzania to contain trace metals. Therefore, the rapidly expanding coastal population and industrial sector is likely to threaten mangrove ecosystems with metal pollution. This study analysed trace metals in 60 sediment samples and 160 giant tiger prawns from the Tanzanian coast in order to document the distribution of trace metals and to establish if measured levels present a threat to mangrove fauna and are of public health importance. High levels of Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and V was observed in mangroves of river Pangani, Wami, and Rufiji. Multivariate analysis showed that they originate mainly from weathering and erosion in the river catchments. Extreme enrichment of Cd was observed in a mangrove affected by municipal sewage. The distribution of Hg, Pb, and Zn was related with urbanisation and industrial activities along the coast. The metal pollution index was high at Pangani, Saadani, and Rufiji, suggesting that these estuarine mangroves are also affected by human activities in the catchment. Moderate to considerable ecological risks were observed in all sampled mangroves, except for Kilwa Masoko. It was revealed that As, Cd, and Hg present moderate risks to fauna. High levels of Cu, Fe and Zn were observed in prawns but the level of the non-essential Cd, Hg, and Pb did not exceed the maximum allowed levels for human consumption. However, based on the trends of fish consumption in the country, weekly intake of Hg is likely to exceed provisional tolerable weekly intake level, especially in fishing communities. This calls for measures to control Hg emissions and to strengthen sewage and waste treatment in coastal cities and urban centres in the basin of major rivers.
Marine Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biological Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania. Electronic address: ckrumisha@yahoo.com.
Cyrus
C
Rumisha
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O Box 3021, Morogoro, Tanzania.
Robinson H
RH
Mdegela
Marine Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
Marc
M
Kochzius
Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
Martine
M
Leermakers
Analytical, Environmental and Geo- Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
Marc
M
Elskens
D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis*; D004435:Eating; D017753:Ecosystem; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D033561:Penaeidae; D018570:Risk Assessment; D045483:Rivers; D013636:Tanzania; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014131:Trace Elements; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008628:Mercury; D001151:Arsenic
Asian tiger shrimp (P. monodon); East Africa; Heavy metal pollution; Mangrove forests; Potential ecological risks; Western Indian Ocean