The Impact of Glyphosate, Its Metabolites and Impurities on Viability, ATP Level and Morphological changes in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.
The toxicity of herbicides to animals and human is an issue of worldwide concern. The present study has been undertaken to assess toxic effect of widely used pesticide-glyphosate, its metabolites: aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and methylphosphonic acid and its impurities: N-(phosphonomethyl)iminodiacetic acid (PMIDA), N-methylglyphosate, hydroxymethylphosphonic acid and bis-(phosphonomethyl)amine on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We have evaluated the effect of those compounds on viability, ATP level, size (FSC-A parameter) and granulation (SSC-A parameter) of the cells studied. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to different concentrations of glyphosate, its metabolites and impurities (0.01-10 mM) for 4 and 24 h. It was found that investigated compounds caused statistically significant decrease in viability and ATP level of PBMCs. The strongest changes in cell viability and ATP level were observed after 24 h incubation of PBMCs with bis-(phosphonomethyl)amine, and particularly PMIDA. Moreover, all studied compounds changed cell granularity, while PMIDA and bis-(phosphonomethyl)amine altered PBMCs size. It may be concluded that bis-(phosphonomethyl)amine, and PMIDA caused a slightly stronger damage to PBMCs than did glyphosate. Changes in the parameters studied in PBMCs were observed only at high concentrations of the compounds examined, which clearly shows that they may occur in this cell type only as a result of acute poisoning of human organism with these substances.
Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Marta
M
Kwiatkowska
Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Paweł
P
Jarosiewicz
Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Jaromir
J
Michałowicz
Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Maria
M
Koter-Michalak
Institute of Industrial Organic Chemistry, Warsaw, Poland.
Bogumiła
B
Huras
Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
Bożena
B
Bukowska
D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006540:Herbicides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007098:Imino Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007555:Isoxazoles; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013777:Tetrazoles; D000097797:Glyphosate
D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D002614:Chelating Agents; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D007098:Imino Acids; D007555:Isoxazoles; D063065:Organophosphonates; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013777:Tetrazoles; D000097797:Glyphosate; C032627:methylphosphonic acid; C418233:2-amino-3-(3-hydrox-5(2-methyl-2H-tetrazol-5-yl)isoxazol-4-yl)propionic acid; C008109:iminodiacetic acid