Triphenylphosphonium Decorated Liposomes and Dendritic Polymers: Prospective Second Generation Drug Delivery Systems for Targeting Mitochondria.
Targeting specific intracellular organelles has been a biological process of significant interest. Specifically, for mitochondrial targeting, conventional liposomal and dendritic polymer nanoparticles were selected to be presented in this miniperspective. Both types of nanoparticles were decorated on their external surface with triphenylphosphonium cation (TPP), a well-known and effective mitochondrial targeting moiety. Due to their advantageous specificity toward mitochondria, these nanoparticles may be considered as prospective second generation drug delivery systems (DDSs). Functionalized liposomal and dendritic nanoparticles are conveniently prepared, and although they encounter several hurdles on their route from the extracellular environment to the interior of mitochondria, they manage to be accumulated inside them in experiments in vitro. Therefore, the TPP-functionalized nanoparticles presented in this miniperspective can prove effective DDSs and efforts should be continued to obtain results that will trigger further studies including clinical studies, hopefully leading to effective drugs for mitochondrial diseases. In fact, since these DDSs enter and act at the site where the dysfunction exists, a new medicine subspecialty is emerging, the so-called mitochondrial medicine.
NCSR "Demokritos", Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology , 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece.|Regulon SA , 7 Afxentiou Street, 17455 Alimos, Attiki Greece.
Constantinos M
CM
Paleos
NCSR "Demokritos", Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology , 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece.
Dimitris
D
Tsiourvas
NCSR "Demokritos", Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology , 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece.
Zili
Z
Sideratou
D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects*; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011446:Prospective Studies
D004337:Drug Carriers; D006571:Heterocyclic Compounds; D008081:Liposomes; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D011108:Polymers; C528765:tris(o-phenylenedioxy)cyclotriphosphazene
dendritic polymers; liposomes; mitochondrial targeting; triphenylphosphonium cation