Fipronil and two of its transformation products in water and European eel from the river Elbe.
Fipronil is an insecticide which, based on its mode of action, is intended to be predominantly toxic towards insects. Fipronil bioaccumulates and some of its transformation products were reported to be similar or even more stable in the environment and to show an enhanced toxicity against non-target organisms compared to the parent compound. The current study investigated the occurrence of Fipronil and two of its transformation products, Fipronil-desulfinyl and Fipronil-sulfone, in water as well as muscle and liver samples of eels from the river Elbe (Germany). In water samples total concentrations of FIP, FIP-d and FIP-s ranged between 0.5-1.6ngL(-1) with FIP being the main component in all water samples followed by FIP-s and FIP-d. In contrast, FIP-s was the main component in muscle and liver tissues of eels with concentrations of 4.05±3.73ngg(-1) ww and 19.91±9.96ngg(-1) ww, respectively. Using a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for moderately hydrophobic organic chemicals, the different distributions of FIP, FIP-d and FIP-s in water and related tissue samples could be attributed to metabolic processes of eels. The measured concentrations in water of all analytes and their fractional distribution did not reflect the assumed seasonal application of FIP and it seems that the water was constantly contaminated with FIP, FIP-d and FIP-s.
Thünen-Institute, Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany; Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency-Laboratory, Wüstland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany; TU Berlin, Department of Environmental Technology, Institute for Environmental Chemistry, Fasanenstr. 1a, 10623 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: natascha.michel@mailbox.tu-berlin.de.
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Michel
Thünen-Institute, Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany.
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Freese
RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Brinkmann
Thünen-Institute, Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany.
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Pohlmann
RWTH Aachen University, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Hollert
Thünen-Institute, Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany.
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Kammann
Thünen-Institute, Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany.
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Haarich
Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency-Laboratory, Wüstland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany.
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Theobald
Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency-Laboratory, Wüstland 2, 22589 Hamburg, Germany.
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Gerwinski
TU Berlin, Department of Environmental Technology, Institute for Environmental Chemistry, Fasanenstr. 1a, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
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Rotard
Thünen-Institute, Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany.
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Hanel
D000811:Anguilla / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005858:Germany; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D045483:Rivers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
D007306:Insecticides; D011720:Pyrazoles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C534368:fipronil sulfone; C082360:fipronil
Bioaccumulation; Fipronil-desulfinyl; Fipronil-sulfone; Metabolism; PBTK model; Pesticide