Exhaled Breath Analysis in Heart Failure.
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical condition that presents high morbidity and mortality and is one of the main reasons for hospital admissions all over the world. Although biochemical processes that occur in the body during heart failure are known, this syndrome is still associated to poor prognosis. Exhaled breath analysis has emerged as a promising noninvasive tool in different clinical conditions and, recently, it has been also tested in patients with HF. This review presents the main breath HF biomarkers, which reflect metabolic changes that occur in this complex syndrome. It also discusses the diagnostic and prognostic value of exhaled breath compounds for HF and makes a short description of the main technologies involved in this analysis. Some perspectives on the area are presented as well.
Heart Transplant Department, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. fgmarcondes@yahoo.com.br.
Fabiana G
FG
Marcondes-Braga
Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Guilherme Lopes
GL
Batista
Heart Transplant Department, Heart Institute, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Fernando
F
Bacal
Chemistry Institute, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Ivano
I
Gutz
D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001944:Breath Tests; D045853:Exhalation; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis
D015415:Biomarkers
Biomarker; Diagnosis; Exhaled breath analysis; Heart failure; Prognosis