The role of the NADPH oxidase derived brain oxidative stress in the cocaine-related death associated with excited delirium: A literature review.
Excited delirium syndrome (ExDS) is a term used to describe a clinical condition characterized by bizarre and aggressive behaviour, commonly associated with the use of psychoactive compounds, especially cocaine. The pathophysiology of ExDS is complex and not yet fully understood. In addition to a central dopamine hypothesis, other mechanisms are thought to be involved in cocaine-related ExDS, such as increased reactive oxygen species production by the family of the NADPH oxidase NOX enzymes. In this review, we will summarize current knowledge on the crucial contribution of brain NADPH oxidase derived oxidative stress in the development of cocaine-induced ExDS. Data from animal models as well as human evidence will be discussed.
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122 Foggia, Italy. Electronic address: stefania.schiavone@unifg.it.
Stefania
S
Schiavone
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
Margherita
M
Neri
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
Emanuela
E
Mhillaj
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
Cristoforo
C
Pomara
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
Luigia
L
Trabace
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 20, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
Emanuela
E
Turillazzi
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D003042:Cocaine / Q000633:toxicity*; D003693:Delirium / Q000209:etiology*; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D008959:Models, Neurological; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism
D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; D003042:Cocaine
Brain; Cocaine; Excited delirium; NADPH oxidase; Oxidative stress