Chronic hepatitis B in children: Therapeutic challenges and perspectives.
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and HBV-related hepatitis in children remains an unmet medical need, as current treatments are only partially effective, and only in a limited number of affected children. So-called "immunotolerant" children have not shown increased serological responses to available treatments. In cases involving more active disease, serological response has only been obtained in approximately one-third of patients when using interferon, while other cases exhibited virological response solely under continuous treatment with nucleoside analogs. Guidelines have recently been established to aid pediatricians in effectively managing this condition. With the available medications, no treatment is so far indicated for immunotolerant children, but only for cases presenting increased alanine aminotransferase levels to over 1.5-2 times the upper limit of normal for over 6 months, and without spontaneous HB envelope antigen to antibody seroconversion. The therapeutic arsenal approved by the Food and Drugs Administration and European Medicines Agency for children remains limited because of the lack of large-scale clinical trials validating treatments already approved for the adult population. Yet, the recent discovery of a specific HBV-cell surface receptor, NTCP, allows for new treatment perspectives regarding the future.
Department of Paediatrics, Saint Luc University Clinics, and Paediatric Research Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
Florence
F
Defresne
Department of Paediatrics, Saint Luc University Clinics, and Paediatric Research Unit, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
Etienne
E
Sokal
D000225:Adenine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D016898:Interferon-alpha / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058990:Molecular Targeted Therapy; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D000069078:Seroconversion; D000077712:Telbivudine; D000068698:Tenofovir / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013936:Thymidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000276:immunology
D000956:Antigens, Viral; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D016898:Interferon-alpha; D063065:Organophosphonates; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D000077712:Telbivudine; D019259:Lamivudine; C413685:entecavir; D006147:Guanine; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000225:Adenine; C106812:adefovir dipivoxil; D013936:Thymidine
antiviral therapy; children; clinical; hepatitis B