Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and measures of human fertility: a systematic review.
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are found widespread in the environment and humans. The relation of PFASs to fertility has now been examined in a relatively large number of epidemiologic studies and a synthesis is in order. The aim of this study was to assess the current human epidemiologic evidence on the association between exposure to PFASs and measures of human fertility, with particular emphasis on perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA). Systematic literature searches were initially conducted in MEDLINE and EMBASE and subsequently in references and citations of included papers. Studies were included if they assessed exposure to PFASs in biological samples in relation to reproductive hormones, semen characteristics, or time to pregnancy (TTP). Study characteristics and results were abstracted to predefined forms, and the studies were assessed for the risk of bias and confounding. Sixteen studies investigated the association between PFAS exposure in men and semen parameters, reproductive hormone levels, or TTP. There was a lack of consistent results among the numerous investigated exposure-outcome combinations. However, subtle associations between higher PFOS and lower testosterone or abnormal semen morphology cannot be excluded. Eleven studies assessed the association between PFAS exposure in women and TTP or reproductive hormones levels. Four of eight studies found prolonged TTP with higher PFOS or PFOA, but only one study found an association when restricting to nulliparous women. In men, there is little evidence of an association between PFAS exposure and semen quality or levels of reproductive hormones. For PFOS and PFOA, the literature indicates an association with female fecundability in parous women, which is most likely not causal.
a Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit , Aarhus University Hospital , Skejby , Denmark ;|b Horsens Regional Hospital , Horsens , Denmark ;
Cathrine Carlsen
CC
Bach
c Danish Ramazzini Center, Department of Occupational Medicine , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus , Denmark ;|d Department of Public Health, Section for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark ;
Anne
A
Vested
e Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark ;
Kristian Tore
KT
Jørgensen
e Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine , Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark ;
Jens Peter Ellekilde
JP
Bonde
a Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit , Aarhus University Hospital , Skejby , Denmark ;|f Department of Pediatrics , Aarhus University Hospital , Skejby , Denmark ;
Tine Brink
TB
Henriksen
g Department of Clinical Epidemiology , Aarhus University Hospital , Denmark.
Gunnar
G
Toft
D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids / Q000633:toxicity; D002210:Caprylates / Q000633:toxicity; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects*; D005466:Fluorocarbons / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D012098:Reproduction
D017738:Alkanesulfonic Acids; D002210:Caprylates; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005466:Fluorocarbons; C023036:perfluorooctanoic acid; C076994:perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
Epidemiology; fecundability; fecundity; fertility; humans; perfluorinated compounds; perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances; perfluorooctane sulfonate; perfluorooctanoate; semen quality; time to pregnancy