Inhibitory effect of clemastine on P-glycoprotein expression and function: an in vitro and in situ study.
OBJECTIVE
Transporters have an important role in pharmacokinetics of drugs. Inhibition or induction of drug transporters activity can affect drug absorption, safety, and efficacy. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is the most important membrane transporter that is responsible for active efflux of drugs. It is important to understand which drugs are substrates, inhibitors, or inducers of P-gp to minimize or avoid unwanted interactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of clemastine on the expression and function of P-gp.


METHODS
The effect of clemastine on P-gp function and expression was evaluated in vitro byrhodamine-123 (Rho123) efflux assay in Caco-2 cells and Western blot analysis. Rat in situ single pass intestinal permeability model was used to investigate the clemastine effect on digoxin Peff, as a known P-gp substrate. Digoxin levels in intestinal perfusates were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.


RESULTS
The Caco-2 intracellular accumulation of Rho123 in clemastine and verapamil treated cells was 90.8 ± 9.8 and 420.6±25.4 pg/mg protein, respectively which was significantly higher than that in control cells (50.2±6.0; P<0.05). Immunoblotting results indicated that clemastine decreased expression of P-gp in Caco-2 cells in vitro. More over effective intestinal permeability (Peff) of digoxin in the presence of clemastine, was significantly increased compare to control group.


CONCLUSIONS
Findings of our study suggested dose dependent P-gp inhibition activity for clemastine in vitro and in situ. Therefore co-administration of clemastine with P-gp substrates may result in unwanted interactions and side effects.
Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Students Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Mehran Mesgari
MM
Abbasi
Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Hadi
H
Valizadeh
Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Hamed
H
Hamishekar
Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Leila
L
Mohammadnejad
Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Parvin
P
Zakeri-Milani
Clemastine; Digoxin; Intestinal Absorption; P-glycoprotein