Is Science Built on the Shoulders of Women? A Study of Gender Differences in Contributorship.
Women remain underrepresented in the production of scientific literature, and relatively little is known regarding the labor roles played by women in the production of knowledge. This study examined labor roles by gender using contributorship data from science and medical journals published by the Public Library of Science (PLOS), which require each author to indicate their contribution to one or more of the following tasks: (1) analyzed the data, (2) conceived and designed the experiments, (3) contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, (4) performed the experiments, and (5) wrote the paper.



The authors analyzed contribution data from more than 85,000 articles published between 2008 and 2013 in PLOS journals with respect to gender using both descriptive and regression analyses.



Gender was a significant variable in determining the likelihood of performing a certain task associated with authorship. Women were significantly more likely to be associated with performing experiments, and men were more likely to be associated with all other authorship roles. This holds true controlling for academic age: Although experimentation was associated with academically younger scholars, the gap between male and female contribution to this task remained constant across academic age. Inequalities were observed in the distribution of scientific labor roles.



These disparities have implications for the production of scholarly knowledge, the evaluation of scholars, and the ethical conduct of science. Adopting the practice of identifying contributorship rather than authorship in scientific journals will allow for greater transparency, accountability, and equitable allocation of resources.
B. Macaluso is researcher, Observatoire des sciences et des technologies, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. V. Larivière is Canada Research Chair on the Transformations of Scholarly Communication, Université de Montréal, scientific director, Érudit journal platform, and associate scientific director, Observatoire des sciences et des technologies, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada. T. Sugimoto is researcher, Center for Education and Evaluation Policy, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana. C.R. Sugimoto is associate professor, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana.
Benoit
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Macaluso
Vincent
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Larivière
Thomas
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Sugimoto
Cassidy R
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Sugimoto
D000367:Age Factors; D001319:Authorship; D015706:Bibliometrics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011643:Publishing / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012586:Science / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors