Sequential ovulation and fertility of polyoestrus in American black bears (Ursus americanus).
American black bears (Ursus americanus) are seasonally polyoestrous and exhibit delayed implantation, which may allow equal and independent fertility of recurrent oestruses of a mating season. We postulated that the luteal inactivity during delayed implantation allows bears to have sequential ovulation during a polyoestrous mating season such that each oestrus of a polyoestrous female will have equivalent fertility, and pregnancy would not preclude subsequent ovulation and superfetation. Controlled mating experiments were conducted on semi-free-ranging female American black bears during three mating seasons, wherein females were bred by different male cohorts in each oestrus. Behavioural observation, vulva score ranking, genetic paternity analysis, gross morphology of ovaries and microscopic morphology of diapaused embryos were used to evaluate the fertility of each subsequent oestrus in polyoestrous females. Oestrus duration, number of successful mounts and median vulva scores were similar between first and subsequent oestruses of the season. Polyoestrus occurred in 81.3% of oestrous females, with a 9.7 ± 5.5 day (mean ± SD) inter-oestrous interval. Sequential ovulation was documented in three polyoestrous females, including one that possessed both a corpus haemorrhagicum and a developed corpus luteum. Among polyoestrous dams, four of nine embryos were conceived in the first oestrus and five of nine in the second oestrus. These results indicate that each oestrus of polyoestrous females is capable of fertility, even if the female is already pregnant from a prior oestrus. Although superfetation was not directly observed in the present study, our results strongly suggest the potential of superfetation in the American black bear and provide novel insight into the complex behavioural and physiological breeding mechanisms of bears. Given that most endangered bear species share similar reproductive traits with American black bears, captive breeding programmes could take advantage of superfetation by mating females with different males at each subsequent oestrus of the season in order to increase the genetic diversity of captive endangered bears.
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University San Marcos, 333 South Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA.
Brendan M
BM
Himelright
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University San Marcos, 333 South Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA.
Jenna M
JM
Moore
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University San Marcos, 333 South Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA.
Ramona L
RL
Gonzales
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University San Marcos, 333 South Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA.
Alejandra V
AV
Mendoza
Dakota Hills Veterinary Clinic, Rapid City, SD 57703, USA.
Penny S
PS
Dye
Pewaukee Veterinary Service, Pewaukee, WI 53072, USA.
Randall J
RJ
Schuett
San Diego Zoo's Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, CA 92027, USA.
Barbara S
BS
Durrant
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University San Marcos, 333 South Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA.
Betsy A
BA
Read
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University San Marcos, 333 South Twin Oaks Valley Road, San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USA.
Thomas J
TJ
Spady
Breeding; embryonic diapause; pseudo-oestrus; recurrent oestrus; superfetation; vulva score