The Prevalence of Tuberous/Constricted Breast Deformity in Population and in Breast Augmentation and Reduction Mammaplasty Patients.
BACKGROUND
The exact prevalence of tuberous breast deformity (TBD) has not been properly investigated and still remains undetermined. We report our data about TBD prevalence with the aim of demonstrating its high prevalence.


METHODS
A retrospective analysis was performed on preoperative photographs of 1600 Caucasian female patients admitted to our department from January 2009 to July 2014 for augmentation or reduction mammaplasty and other breast clinical conditions. The main features of TBD included a contracted skin envelope, a reduction in breast parenchyma of the lower medial and lateral quadrants, a constricted breast base, abnormal elevation of the inframammary fold, herniation of the breast into the areola with a constricted breast base, and nipple areola complex herniation with a normal breast base. Patients were classified into three groups: breast augmentation group (AUG group), breast reduction group (RED group), and general population group (POP group).


RESULTS
Four hundred patients were analyzed for each group (AUG and RED group); 194 patients (48.5 %) and 189 cases (47.3 %), respectively, demonstrated at least one tuberous breast deformity; in 800 patients of the POP group, we found 221 patients (27.6 %) with at least one tuberous breast deformity.


CONCLUSIONS
Retrospective analysis reveals a high prevalence of TBD in the general population and in particular in women seeking breast augmentation or breast reduction (about 50 %). TBD is characterized by a wide range of clinical features with a spectrum of degrees. Preoperative evaluation is crucial to achieve an optimum outcome and patient satisfaction.


METHODS
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Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Research Hospital, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy. macro.klinger@humanitas.it.
Marco
M
Klinger
MultiMedica Holding S.p.A.- Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, University of Milan, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy.
Fabio
F
Caviggioli
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Research Hospital, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Silvia
S
Giannasi
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Research Hospital, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Valeria
V
Bandi
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Research Hospital, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Barbara
B
Banzatti
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Research Hospital, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Alessandra
A
Veronesi
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Research Hospital, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Federico
F
Barbera
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Research Hospital, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Luca
L
Maione
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Research Hospital, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Barbara
B
Catania
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Research Hospital, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Valeriano
V
Vinci
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Research Hospital, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Andrea
A
Lisa
MultiMedica Holding S.p.A.- Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, University of Milan, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy.
Guido
G
Cornegliani
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Research Hospital, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Micol
M
Giaccone
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine BIOMETRA - Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, Humanitas Research Hospital, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
Mattia
M
Siliprandi
MultiMedica Holding S.p.A.- Plastic Surgery Unit, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Plastic Surgery School, University of Milan, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy.
Francesco
F
Klinger
D000328:Adult; D001940:Breast / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D057910:Implant Capsular Contracture / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D007558:Italy; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome
Augmentation mammaplasty; Constricted breast; Prevalence; Reduction mammaplasty; Stenotic breast; Tuberous breast deformity