Biological control of chestnut blight in Croatia: an interaction between host sweet chestnut, its pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica and the biocontrol agent Cryphonectria hypovirus 1.
BACKGROUND
Chestnut blight, caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, is a severe chestnut disease that can be controlled with naturally occurring hypoviruses in many areas of Europe. The aim of this research was to measure the effect of different Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) strains on the growth of the fungal host and select strains that could potentially be used for human-mediated biocontrol in forests and orchards, and to investigate whether and how chestnut-fungus-virus interactions affect the development and growth of the lesion area on cut stems.


RESULTS
Two Croatian CHV1 strains (CR23 and M56/1) were selected as potential biocontrol agents. The sequencing of CHV1/ORF-A showed that both of these virus strains belonged to the Italian subtype of CHV1. In vitro transfection of selected virus strains from hypovirulent to genetically diverse virus-free fungal isolates and subsequent inoculation of all virus/fungus combinations on stems of genetically diverse sweet chestnut trees revealed that Croatian virus strain CR23 had an equally hypovirulent effect on the host as the strong French strain CHV1-EP713, while M56/1 had a weaker effect. Furthermore, it was shown that in some cases the same hypovirus/fungus combinations induced various degrees of canker development on different chestnut genotypes.


CONCLUSIONS
Some CHV1 strains belonging to the Italian subtype have similar hypovirulent effects on C. parasitica to those belonging to the French subtype. Furthermore, chestnut susceptibility and recovery could be influenced by the response of chestnut trees to particular hypovirulent C. parasitica isolates, and virus-fungus-chestnut interactions could have significant implications for the success of chestnut blight biocontrol. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Department of Biology, University of J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
Ljiljana
L
Krstin
Department of Biology, University of J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
Zorana
Z
Katanić
Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Marin
M
Ježić
Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Igor
I
Poljak
Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Lucija
L
Nuskern
Department of Biology, University of J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Osijek, Croatia.
Ivana
I
Matković
Department of Forest Genetics, Dendrology and Botany, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Marilena
M
Idžojtić
Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
Mirna
M
Ćurković-Perica
D001203:Ascomycota / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000821:virology*; D017523:Croatia; D029962:Fagaceae / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000821:virology; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D012328:RNA Viruses / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
Cryphonectria parasitica; fungal growth; hypovirulence; sweet chestnut genotype