Carotenoid intake and adipose tissue carotenoid levels in relation to prostate cancer aggressiveness among African-American and European-American men in the North Carolina-Louisiana prostate cancer project (PCaP).
Associations between carotenoid intake and prostate cancer (CaP) incidence have varied across studies. This may result from combining indolent with aggressive disease in most studies. This study examined whether carotenoid intake and adipose tissue carotenoid levels were inversely associated with CaP aggressiveness.



Data on African-American (AA, n = 1,023) and European-American (EA, n = 1,079) men with incident CaP from North Carolina and Louisiana were analyzed. Dietary carotenoid intake was assessed using a detailed-food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and abdominal adipose tissue samples were analyzed for carotenoid concentrations using high-performance liquid chromatography. Multivariable logistic regression was used in race-stratified analyses to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) comparing high aggressive CaP with low/intermediate aggressive CaP.



Carotenoid intake differed significantly between AAs and EAs, which included higher intake of lycopene among EAs and higher β-cryptoxanthin intake among AAs. Comparing the highest and lowest tertiles, dietary lycopene was associated inversely with high aggressive CaP among EAs (OR = 0.55, 95%CI: 0.34-0.89, Ptrend  = 0.02), while an inverse association was observed between dietary β-cryptoxanthin intake and high aggressive CaP among AAs (OR = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.36-0.87, Ptrend  = 0.01). Adipose tissue α-carotene and lycopene (cis + trans) concentrations were higher among EAs than AAs, and marginally significant inverse linear trends were observed for adipose α-carotene (Ptrend  = 0.07) and lycopene (Ptrend  = 0.11), and CaP aggressiveness among EAs only.



These results suggest that diets high in lycopene and β-cryptoxanthin may protect against aggressive CaP among EAs and AAs, respectively. Differences in dietary behaviors may explain the observed racial differences in associations. Prostate 76:1053-1066, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota.
Samuel O
SO
Antwi
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.|Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.
Susan E
SE
Steck
Boozman College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
L Joseph
LJ
Su
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.|Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina.
James R
JR
Hebert
Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee.
Hongmei
H
Zhang
Craft Technologies, Inc., Wilson, North Carolina.
Neal E
NE
Craft
School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Elizabeth T H
ET
Fontham
Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
Gary J
GJ
Smith
Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Jeannette T
JT
Bensen
Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.
James L
JL
Mohler
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
Lenore
L
Arab
D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000737:chemistry*; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000072743:Beta-Cryptoxanthin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis*; D004032:Diet; D005518:Food Preferences; D006801:Humans; D008145:Louisiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D000077276:Lycopene; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People
D000072743:Beta-Cryptoxanthin; D002338:Carotenoids; C041635:alpha-carotene; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D000077276:Lycopene
adipose tissue; carotenoids; lutein; lycopene; nutritional biomarkers; prostate cancer; supplements; zeaxanthin; α−carotene; β−carotene; β−cryptoxanthin