Effects of Dexamphetamine and Music on Reversal Learning.
BACKGROUND
Reversal learning has proven to be a valuable task in assessing the inhibitory process that is central to executive control. Psycho-stimulants and music are prevalent factors that influence cognition.


OBJECTIVE
The present study aimed at investigating the influences of dexamphetamine and music on inhibitory control.


METHODS
This experimental study was conducted between May and June 2014 in the laboratory animal center of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Thirty mice were divided to five groups including a control group, a witness group, and three experimental groups. Food availability was restricted in order to maintain the subjects at 85% of their free-feeding body weight for behavioral testing. After discrimination learning, animals received four injections of 2 mg/kg dexamphetamine at two-hour intervals. The music group was exposed to music half an hour before reversal learning.


RESULTS
According to the results of the repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA), music increased errors (mean difference: -2.40, 95% CI: -3.59 to -1.22), yet dexamphetamine had no significant effect on reversal learning. Due to various advantages, we transited to the mixed model that showed increasing (Beta: 2.2 95% CI: 0.26 to 4.13) and borderline (Beta: 1.8 95% CI: -0.13 to 3.73) effects on the number of errors for dexamphetamine and music group, respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
Drug-treated subjects were impaired in their ability to modulate behavior, based upon changing information about stimulus-reward associations, possibly due to the inability to inhibit their response. These effects may have relevance to some mental disorders such as drug-abuse, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
Farzane
F
Yazdani
Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
Mojtaba
M
Naghshvarian
Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
Alireza
A
Salehi
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IR Iran.
Maryam
M
Marzban
Dexamphetamine; Inhibitory Control; Mixed Model; Music; Repeated Measure; Reversal Learning