Long-term fatigue after perimesencephalic subarachnoid haemorrhage in relation to cognitive functioning, mood and comorbidity.
To study relationships between fatigue and objective and subjective cognitive functioning, mood and comorbidity in the long term after perimesencephalic subarachnoid haemorrhage (PM-SAH).



Cross-sectional study. Objective cognitive functioning was measured with: Trail Making Test; Symbol Substitution; D2; Verbal and Semantic Fluency; Tower Test; Digit Span; 15-Words Test; Rey Complex Figure. Subjective cognitive functioning: Cognitive Failure Questionnaire. Fatigue: Fatigue Severity Scale. Mood: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.



Forty-six patients, mean age 50.4 (SD = 9.4), mean time after PM-SAH 4.7 (SD = 1.6) years participated. Patients with fatigue (33%) had significantly lower scores than patients without fatigue on most objective cognitive functioning tests (p < 0.05). Fatigue score was significantly associated with subjective and objective cognitive functioning, mood and comorbidity. After adjustment for mood and comorbidity, fatigue remained associated with attention and executive functioning.



This study supports our previous findings that a third of patients with PM-SAH experience fatigue and problems of cognitive functioning, also in the long term. Future research should investigate whether these patients would benefit from long-term follow-up and/or cognitive rehabilitation programmes. Implications for Rehabilitation Consequences for patients with PM-SAH are underestimated. One in every three patients suffered from fatigue in the long term after onset of PM-SAH. Patients with PM-SAH should be screened for problems of cognitive functioning, fatigue and mood in outpatient clinic just as patients with aneurysmal SAH.
a Rijndam Rehabilitation Center , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.|b Department of Rehabilitation Medicine , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.
Wendy
W
Boerboom
c Department of Neurology , Brain Center Rudolf Magnus Institute, & Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht , The Netherlands.
Martine J E
MJ
van Zandvoort
d Department of Neurology , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.
Fop
F
van Kooten
d Department of Neurology , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.
Ladbon
L
Khajeh
e Brain Center Rudolf Magnus Institute, Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation , Utrecht , The Netherlands.
Johanna M A
JM
Visser-Meily
a Rijndam Rehabilitation Center , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.|b Department of Rehabilitation Medicine , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.
Gerard M
GM
Ribbers
a Rijndam Rehabilitation Center , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.|b Department of Rehabilitation Medicine , Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands.
Majanka H
MH
Heijenbrok-Kal
D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*
Cognitive functioning; fatigue; haemorrhage; mood; perimesencephalic; subarachnoid