A combination of liver fluke infection and traditional northeastern Thai foods associated with cholangiocarcinoma development.
Opisthorchis viverrini infection is one of the risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in northeast Thailand, a region with one of the highest reported incidence rates of CCA. The traditional practice of eating raw fish, repeated exposure to liver flukes, and consumption of nitrosamine-contaminated food are major risk factors for CCA. So far, there have been no reports about which northeastern traditional dishes may be involved in CCA development. The present study, thus, investigated the effects of traditional foods. It focused specifically on the consumption of fermented foods in combination with O. viverrini infection in hamsters. Syrian hamsters were divided into six groups: (i) normal hamsters, (ii) O. viverrini infection only and (iii)-(vi) O. viverrini infection plus fermented foods (pla som-fish fermented for 1 day), som wua-fermented beef, som phag-fermented vegetables, and pla ra-fish fermented for 6 months. Syrian hamster livers were used for analysis of histopathological changes through hematoxylin and eosin; Sirius Red; and immunohistostaining for cytokeratin-19, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and CA19-9. Hamster sera were used for liver and kidney function tests. Results of all O. viverrini-infected groups and fermented food groups showed that histopathological changes consisted primarily of aggregations of inflammatory cells surrounding the hepatic bile duct, especially at the hilar region. However, there was a difference in virulence. Interestingly, aggregations of inflammatory cells, new bile duct formation, and fibrosis were observed in subcapsular hepatic tissue, which correlated to positive immunohistochemical staining and increased liver function test. The present study suggests that fermented food consumption can exacerbate cholangitis and cholangiofibrosis, which are risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma-associated opisthorchiasis.
Department of Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology ISAN, Sakonnakhon Campus, Sakonnakhon, 47160, Thailand.|Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
Pranee
P
Sriraj
Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. bthida@kku.ac.th.|Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. bthida@kku.ac.th.|Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand. bthida@kku.ac.th.
Thidarut
T
Boonmars
Department of Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology ISAN, Sakonnakhon Campus, Sakonnakhon, 47160, Thailand.|Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.|Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.|Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
Ratchadawan
R
Aukkanimart
Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.|Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
Jiraporn
J
Songsri
Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.|Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.|Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
Panupan
P
Sripan
Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
Panaratana
P
Ratanasuwan
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
Sirintip
S
Boonjaraspinyo
Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.|Program of Public Health, Faculty of Science and Technology, Loei Rajabhat University Khon Kaen Education Center, Khon Kaen, 40000, Thailand.
Nadchanan
N
Wongchalee
Neglected, Zoonosis and Vector Borne Disease Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.|Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
Porntip
P
Laummaunwai
D000818:Animals; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D002761:Cholangitis / Q000150:complications / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000150:complications / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D005502:Food / Q000009:adverse effects; D005506:Food Contamination; D007668:Kidney / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008647:Mesocricetus; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000009:adverse effects; D009889:Opisthorchiasis / Q000150:complications* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000473:pathology; D009891:Opisthorchis / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013785:Thailand; D014774:Virulence
D009602:Nitrosamines
Animal model; Cholangiocarcinoma; Risk factor; Traditional fermented foods