Proximity to mining industry and respiratory diseases in children in a community in Northern Chile: A cross-sectional study.
In a community in northern Chile, explosive procedures are used by two local industrial mines (gold, copper). We hypothesized that the prevalence of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in the community may be associated with air pollution emissions generated by the mines.



A cross-sectional study of 288 children (aged 6-15 years) was conducted in a community in northern Chile using a validated questionnaire in 2009. The proximity between each child's place of residence and the mines was assessed as indicator of exposure to mining related air pollutants. Logistic regression, semiparametric models and spatial Bayesian models with a parametric form for distance were used to calculate odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals.



The prevalence of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis was 24 and 34 %, respectively. For rhinoconjunctivitis, the odds ratio for average distance between both mines and child's residence was 1.72 (95 % confidence interval 1.00, 3.04). The spatial Bayesian models suggested a considerable increase in the risk for respiratory diseases closer to the mines, and only beyond a minimum distance of more than 1800 m the health impact was considered to be negligible.



The findings indicate that air pollution emissions related to industrial gold or copper mines mainly occurring in rural Chilean communities might increase the risk of respiratory diseases in children.
Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology and NetTeaching Unit, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany. rfherrerac@gmail.com.
Ronald
R
Herrera
Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology and NetTeaching Unit, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
Katja
K
Radon
Department of Community Health Sciences Fielding School of Public Health University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Ondine S
OS
von Ehrenstein
Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology and NetTeaching Unit, Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
Stella
S
Cifuentes
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile.|Facultad de Medicina, Latin American Center of the Center for International Health Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
Daniel Moraga
DM
Muñoz
Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology-IBE University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.
Ursula
U
Berger
D000293:Adolescent; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002648:Child; D002677:Chile / Q000453:epidemiology; D003300:Copper; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008906:Mining; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*
D006046:Gold; D003300:Copper
Air pollution; Asthma; Bayesian analysis; Children; Mining