Color Vision Deficiency and Functional Disorders Among Israeli Male Adolescents Between 2007 and 2013.
Color vision deficiency has been associated with educational difficulties among male children, as well as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We examined the association of color vision deficiency with functional conditions, including ADHD, irritable bowel syndrome, enuresis and somatoform disorders, in a large population of male adolescents. We included all Israeli male adolescents that underwent medical and cognitive examinations during conscription between the years 2007 and 2013. The prevalence of ADHD, irritable bowel syndrome, enuresis, and somatoform disorders among color vision deficiency patients was compared to a control group. The study included 305 964 males aging 17 ± 0.6, of which 7584 (2.5%) had color vision deficiency. Using a multivariable analysis, the probability for irritable bowel syndrome, enuresis, and somatoform disorders among color vision deficiency patients was increased by 1.41, 1.94, and 3.87, respectively (P < .05). No significant association was found between ADHD and color vision deficiency. Color vision abnormalities are associated with functional disorders in male adolescents, including irritable bowel syndrome, enuresis, and somatoform disorders.
Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Aviv, Israel Neurosurgery Department, The Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel assaf.berger@gmail.com.
Assaf
A
Berger
Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Aviv, Israel Neurology Department, The Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Michael
M
Findler
Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Dror
D
Maymon
Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Tzfanya
T
Korach
Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Oshrat Fono
OF
Yativ
Plastic Surgery Department, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
Yoav
Y
Gronovich
Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Tel Aviv, Israel Department of Plastic and reconstructive surgery, Hadassah, Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
Ayal
A
Hassidim
D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003117:Color Vision Defects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004775:Enuresis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012042:Registries; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; color vision deficiency; enuresis; irritable bowel syndrome; somatoform disorder