Accumulation and detoxication responses of the gastropod Lymnaea stagnalis to single and combined exposures to natural (cyanobacteria) and anthropogenic (the herbicide RoundUp(®) Flash) stressors.
Freshwater gastropods are increasingly exposed to multiple stressors in the field such as the herbicide glyphosate in Roundup formulations and cyanobacterial blooms either producing or not producing microcystins (MCs), potentially leading to interacting effects. Here, the responses of Lymnaea stagnalis to a 21-day exposure to non-MC or MC-producing (33μgL(-1)) Planktothrix agardhii alone or in combination with the commercial formulation RoundUp(®) Flash at a concentration of 1μgL(-1) glyphosate, followed by 14days of depuration, were studied via i) accumulation of free and bound MCs in tissues, and ii) activities of anti-oxidant (catalase CAT) and biotransformation (glutathione-S-transferase GST) enzymes. During the intoxication, the cyanobacterial exposure induced an early increase of CAT activity, independently of the MC content, probably related to the production of secondary cyanobacterial metabolites. The GST activity was induced by RoundUp(®) Flash alone or in combination with non MC-producing cyanobacteria, but was inhibited by MC-producing cyanobacteria with or without RoundUp(®) Flash. Moreover, MC accumulation in L. stagnalis was 3.2 times increased when snails were concomitantly exposed to MC-producing cyanobacteria with RoundUp(®), suggesting interacting effects of MCs on biotransformation processes. The potent inhibition of detoxication systems by MCs and RoundUp(®) Flash was reversible during the depuration, during which CAT and GST activities were significantly higher in snails previously exposed to MC-producing cyanobacteria with or without RoundUp(®) Flash than in other conditions, probably related to the oxidative stress caused by accumulated MCs remaining in tissues.
UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Bat 18, Campus du Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims cedex, France. Electronic address: emilie.lance@univ-reims.fr.
Emilie
E
Lance
UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; UMR 5023-LEHNA, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Bâtiment Darwin C, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France, France.
Julia
J
Desprat
IDEAS Research Institute, School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK.
Bente Frost
BF
Holbech
UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
Claudia
C
Gérard
UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
Myriam
M
Bormans
IDEAS Research Institute, School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK.
Linda A
LA
Lawton
IDEAS Research Institute, School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Riverside East, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK.
Christine
C
Edwards
UMR CNRS 6553 Ecobio, University of Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Biology, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark.
Claudia
C
Wiegand
D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D000458:Cyanobacteria / Q000378:metabolism*; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D008195:Lymnaea / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D052998:Microcystins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D000097797:Glyphosate
D015415:Biomarkers; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D052998:Microcystins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000097797:Glyphosate; C078588:microcystin
Accumulation; Biotransformation; Cyanobacteria; Gastropod; Glyphosate (Roundup(®) Flash); Microcystins; Oxidative stress