Validity of longitudinal sections for determining the apical constriction.
OBJECTIVE
To validate the use of longitudinal sections against cross sections using micro-CT for disclosing the topography and location of the apical constriction.


METHODS
Seventy extracted human teeth with 117 completely developed roots were micro-CT scanned and reconstructed at a voxel size of 27 μm. The 3DSlicer program was used to navigate the longitudinal sections parallel to the long axis of the canal and also to rotate and tilt the views. Each root canal was evaluated in both mesio-distal and bucco-lingual planes. Constriction topographies were identified as described in the literature. In each canal, the number of different topographies detected was recorded. Further, serial cross-sectional analysis of the apical portion of the canal was performed. Reconstructed plots of canal areas were assessed to locate the constriction and determine its form. A descriptive analysis of both longitudinal and cross section methods was conducted. In each canal, the frequency of constriction forms was calculated in the mesio-distal or bucco-lingual aspects and the 99% confidence interval was computed.


RESULTS
When both aspects of the longitudinal sections were pooled, all root canals had two or more topographies and consequently different locations of the apical constriction. In contrast, cross-sectional analysis constantly yielded one constriction form per canal.


CONCLUSIONS
Compared to cross-sectional analysis, longitudinal sections of the root canal conveyed inconsistent results regarding the topography and the location of the apical constriction.
Division of Endodontology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
S
S
Schell
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
M S
MS
Judenhofer
Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
J G
JG
Mannheim
Division of Endodontology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
M
M
Hülber-J
Division of Endodontology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
C
C
Löst
Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
B J
BJ
Pichler
Division of Endodontology, Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
A
A
ElAyouti
D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D012984:Software; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D055114:X-Ray Microtomography
apical constriction determination; dental morphology; microcomputed tomography; root canal anatomy; root canal cross sections; root canal longitudinal sections