Trends in prostate cancer incidence and mortality in Canada during the era of prostate-specific antigen screening.
BACKGROUND
Widespread use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to screen for prostate cancer began in the early 1990s. Advocates for screening assert that this has caused a decrease in prostate cancer mortality. We sought to describe secular changes in prostate cancer incidence and mortality in Canada in relation to the onset of PSA screening.


METHODS
Age-standardized and age-specific prostate cancer incidence (1969-2007) and mortality (1969-2009) from Public Health Agency of Canada databases were analyzed by joinpoint regression. Changes in incidence and mortality were related to introduction of PSA screening.


RESULTS
Prior to PSA screening, prostate cancer incidence increased from 54.2 to 99.8 per 100 000 between 1969 and 1990. Thereafter, incidence increased sharply (12.8% per year) to peak at 140.8/100 000 in 1993. After decreasing in all age groups between 1993 and 1996, incidence continued to increase for men aged less than 70 years, but decreased for older men. Age-standardized mortality was stable from 1969 to 1977, increased 1.4% per year to peak in 1995 and subsequently decreased at 3.3% per year; the decline started from 1987 in younger men (age < 60 yr).


CONCLUSIONS
Incidence was increasing before PSA screening occurred, but rose further after it was introduced. Reductions in prostate cancer mortality began before PSA screening was widely used and were larger than could be anticipated from screening alone. These findings suggest that screening caused artifactual increase in incidence, but no more than a part of reductions in prostate cancer mortality. The reduction may be due to changing treatment or certification of death.
University of Calgary Medical Centre, Family Medicine; University of Calgary, Community Health Sciences (Dickinson), Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Shane) Ottawa, Ont.; University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary, Office of the Vice President (Research) (Tonelli), Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada, Preventive Health Care Division (Connor Gorber), Ottawa, Ont.; Simon Fraser University (Joffres), Faculty of Health Sciences, Vancouver, BC; Department of Internal Medicine (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Family Medicine/Public Health Sciences (Bell), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
James
J
Dickinson
University of Calgary Medical Centre, Family Medicine; University of Calgary, Community Health Sciences (Dickinson), Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Shane) Ottawa, Ont.; University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary, Office of the Vice President (Research) (Tonelli), Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada, Preventive Health Care Division (Connor Gorber), Ottawa, Ont.; Simon Fraser University (Joffres), Faculty of Health Sciences, Vancouver, BC; Department of Internal Medicine (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Family Medicine/Public Health Sciences (Bell), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
Amanda
A
Shane
University of Calgary Medical Centre, Family Medicine; University of Calgary, Community Health Sciences (Dickinson), Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Shane) Ottawa, Ont.; University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary, Office of the Vice President (Research) (Tonelli), Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada, Preventive Health Care Division (Connor Gorber), Ottawa, Ont.; Simon Fraser University (Joffres), Faculty of Health Sciences, Vancouver, BC; Department of Internal Medicine (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Family Medicine/Public Health Sciences (Bell), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
Marcello
M
Tonelli
University of Calgary Medical Centre, Family Medicine; University of Calgary, Community Health Sciences (Dickinson), Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Shane) Ottawa, Ont.; University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary, Office of the Vice President (Research) (Tonelli), Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada, Preventive Health Care Division (Connor Gorber), Ottawa, Ont.; Simon Fraser University (Joffres), Faculty of Health Sciences, Vancouver, BC; Department of Internal Medicine (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Family Medicine/Public Health Sciences (Bell), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
Sarah
S
Connor Gorber
University of Calgary Medical Centre, Family Medicine; University of Calgary, Community Health Sciences (Dickinson), Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Shane) Ottawa, Ont.; University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary, Office of the Vice President (Research) (Tonelli), Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada, Preventive Health Care Division (Connor Gorber), Ottawa, Ont.; Simon Fraser University (Joffres), Faculty of Health Sciences, Vancouver, BC; Department of Internal Medicine (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Family Medicine/Public Health Sciences (Bell), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
Michel
M
Joffres
University of Calgary Medical Centre, Family Medicine; University of Calgary, Community Health Sciences (Dickinson), Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Shane) Ottawa, Ont.; University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary, Office of the Vice President (Research) (Tonelli), Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada, Preventive Health Care Division (Connor Gorber), Ottawa, Ont.; Simon Fraser University (Joffres), Faculty of Health Sciences, Vancouver, BC; Department of Internal Medicine (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Family Medicine/Public Health Sciences (Bell), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
Harminder
H
Singh
University of Calgary Medical Centre, Family Medicine; University of Calgary, Community Health Sciences (Dickinson), Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada (Shane) Ottawa, Ont.; University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine; University of Calgary, Office of the Vice President (Research) (Tonelli), Calgary, Alta.; Public Health Agency of Canada, Preventive Health Care Division (Connor Gorber), Ottawa, Ont.; Simon Fraser University (Joffres), Faculty of Health Sciences, Vancouver, BC; Department of Internal Medicine (Singh), University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Man.; Family Medicine/Public Health Sciences (Bell), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
Neil
N
Bell