Spatial analysis of drug poisoning deaths in the American West, particularly Utah.
Most states in the Western US have high rates of drug poisoning death (DPD), especially New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona and Utah (UT). This seems paradoxical in UT where illicit drug use, smoking and drinking rates are low. To investigate this, spatial analysis of county level DPD data and other relevant factors in the Western US and UT was undertaken.



Poisson kriging was used to smooth the DPD data, populate data gaps and improve the reliability of rates recorded in sparsely populated counties. Links between DPD and economic, environmental, health, lifestyle, and demographic factors were investigated at four scales using multiple linear regression. LDS church membership and altitude, factors not previously considered, were included. Spatial change in the strength and sign of relationships was investigated using geographically weighted regression and significant DPD clusters were identified using the Local Moran's I.



Economic factors, like the sharp social gradient between rural and urban areas were important to DPD throughout the west. Higher DPD rates were also found in areas of higher elevation and the desert rural areas in the south. The unique characteristics of DPD in UT in terms of health and lifestyle factors, as well as the demographic structure of DPD in the most LDS populous states (UT, Idaho, Wyoming), suggest that high DPD in heavily LDS areas are predominantly prescription opioid related whereas in other Western states a larger proportion of DPD might come from illicit drugs.



Drug policies need to be adapted to the geographical differences in the dominant type of drug causing death. Educational materials need to be marketed to the demographic groups at greatest risk and take into account differences in population characteristics between and within States. Some suggestions about how such adaptations can be made are given and future research needs outlined.
Department of Geography, Brigham Young University, UT, USA. Electronic address: ruth_kerry@byu.edu.
Ruth
R
Kerry
BioMedware Inc., MI, USA.
Pierre
P
Goovaerts
Department of Public Health & Policy, University of Liverpool, UK.
Maureen
M
Vowles
Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Chile.
Ben
B
Ingram
D002423:Cause of Death; D034682:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; D005260:Female; D006291:Health Policy; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000506:poisoning*; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011041:Poisoning / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015206:Southwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D062206:Spatial Analysis; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality*; D014589:Utah / Q000453:epidemiology
D013287:Illicit Drugs
Altitude; American West; Drug poisoning deaths; LDS faith; Spatial analysis; Utah