Modulation of Different Phases of Formalin Test by Force Swim Stress.
BACKGROUND
The formalin test is the most accepted chemical test for evaluation of nociception. It requires the injection of an adequate amount of formalin into the surface of the hindpaw. Formalin test consists of phase 1 (0-7 min) and phase 2 (15-60) in which the animal shows painful behaviors. These phases are separated with a quiet phase named interphase, in which the nociceptive responses are decreased or completely disappeared.


METHODS
The goal of the current study was to evaluate the effects of swim stress at different heights of water on different phases of the formalin test in male rats.


RESULTS
Swim stress decreased nociceptive behaviors in first phase and prolonged interphase or delayed the start of second phase in a water height dependent manner. Swim stress in 25 and 50cm completely abolished the nociceptive behaviors in phase 1.


CONCLUSIONS
The present results showed different pain modulation during different phases of the formalin test and elucidated the impact of swim stress on duration of interphase. Interphase considered as an inactive period, but a recent research has shown that active inhibitory mechanisms are involved in the modulation of pain during this period. Therefore, swim stress may be considered as a useful tool for study of the basic inhibitory mechanisms underlying attenuation of nociceptive behaviors between phase 1 and 2 of the formalin test.
Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
Mohammad
M
Mohammad-Zadeh
Department of Basic Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.
Hassan
H
Azhdari-Zarmehri
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
Faeze
F
Mosavi
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
Hashem
H
Haghdoost-Yazdi
Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Masoud
M
Nazeri
Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Mohammad
M
Shabani
Formalin test; Interphase; Pain; Swim stress