Dehydroeburicoic Acid from Antrodia camphorata Prevents the Diabetic and Dyslipidemic State via Modulation of Glucose Transporter 4, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Expression and AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphorylation in High-Fat-Fed Mice.
This study investigated the potential effects of dehydroeburicoic acid (TT), a triterpenoid compound from Antrodia camphorata, in vitro and examined the effects and mechanisms of TT on glucose and lipid homeostasis in high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed mice. The in vitro study examined the effects of a MeOH crude extract (CruE) of A. camphorata and Antcin K (AnK; the main constituent of fruiting body of this mushroom) on membrane glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and phospho-Akt in C2C12 myoblasts cells. The in vitro study demonstrated that treatment with CruE, AnK and TT increased the membrane levels of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and phospho-Akt at different concentrations. The animal experiments were performed for 12 weeks. Diabetic mice were randomly divided into six groups after 8 weeks of HFD-induction and treated with daily oral gavage doses of TT (at three dose levels), fenofibrate (Feno) (at 0.25 g/kg body weight), metformin (Metf) (at 0.3 g/kg body weight) or vehicle for another 4 weeks while on an HFD diet. HFD-fed mice exhibited increased blood glucose levels. TT treatment dramatically lowered blood glucose levels by 34.2%~43.4%, which was comparable to the antidiabetic agent-Metf (36.5%). TT-treated mice reduced the HFD-induced hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Membrane levels of GLUT4 were significantly higher in CruE-treated groups in vitro. Skeletal muscle membrane levels of GLUT4 were significantly higher in TT-treated mice. These groups of mice also displayed lower mRNA levels of glucose-6-phosphatase (G6 Pase), an inhibitor of hepatic glucose production. The combination of these agents produced a net hypoglycemic effect in TT-treated mice. TT treatment enhanced the expressions of hepatic and skeletal muscle AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in mice. TT-treated mice exhibited enhanced expression of hepatic fatty acid oxidation enzymes, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) and increased mRNA levels of carnitine palmitoyl transferase Ia (CPT-1a). These mice also exhibited decreased expression levels of lipogenic fatty acid synthase (FAS) in liver and adipose tissue and reduced mRNA levels of hepatic adipocyte fatty acid binding protein 2 (aP2) and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT). These alterations resulted in a reduction in fat stores within the liver and lower triglyceride levels in blood. Our results demonstrate that TT is an excellent therapeutic approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and hypertriglyceridemia.
Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung City 40402, Taiwan. kuoyh@mail.cmu.edu.tw.|Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung City 41354, Taiwan. kuoyh@mail.cmu.edu.tw.
Yueh-Hsiung
YH
Kuo
Department of Internal Medicine, Fengyuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Fengyuan District, Taichung City 42055, Taiwan. keny71@pchome.com.tw.
Cheng-Hsiu
CH
Lin
Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Health Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, No. 666 Buzih Road, Beitun District, Taichung City 40601, Taiwan. ccshih@ctust.edu.tw.
Chun-Ching
CC
Shih
D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D055491:Antrodia / Q000737:chemistry*; D015415:Biomarkers; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D059305:Diet, High-Fat; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007810:Lanosterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009928:Organ Specificity; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism
D015415:Biomarkers; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D047493:PPAR alpha; C547186:dehydroeburicoic acid; D007810:Lanosterol; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases
Antrodia camphorata; dehydroeburicoic acid; fatty acid synthase; glucose transporter 4; high-fat-diet; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α