Activatable Water-Soluble Probes Enhance Tumor Imaging by Responding to Dysregulated pH and Exhibiting High Tumor-to-Liver Fluorescence Emission Contrast.
Dysregulated pH has been recognized as a universal tumor microenvironment signature that can delineate tumors from normal tissues. Existing fluorescent probes that activate in response to pH are hindered by either fast clearance (in the case of small molecules) or high liver background emission (in the case of large particles). There remains a need to design water-soluble, long circulating, pH-responsive nanoprobes with high tumor-to-liver contrast. Herein, we report a modular chemical strategy to create acidic pH-sensitive and water-soluble fluorescent probes for high in vivo tumor detection and minimal liver activation. A combination of a modified Knoevenagel reaction and PEGylation yielded a series of NIR BODIPY fluorophores with tunable pKas, high quantum yield, and optimal orbital energies to enable photoinduced electron transfer (PeT) activation in response to pH. After intravenous administration, Probe 5c localized to tumors and provided excellent tumor-to-liver contrast (apparent T/L = 3) because it minimally activates in the liver. This phenomenon was further confirmed by direct ex vivo imaging experiments on harvested organs. Because no targeting ligands were required, we believe that this report introduces a versatile strategy to directly synthesize soluble probes with broad potential utility including fluorescence-based image-guided surgery, cancer diagnosis, and theranostic nanomedicine.
Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75390, United States.
Hu
H
Xiong
Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75390, United States.
Petra
P
Kos
Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75390, United States.
Yunfeng
Y
Yan
Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75390, United States.
Kejin
K
Zhou
Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75390, United States.
Jason B
JB
Miller
Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75390, United States.
Sussana
S
Elkassih
Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75390, United States.
Daniel J
DJ
Siegwart
D000818:Animals; D001896:Boron Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D008325:Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008970:Molecular Weight; D012995:Solubility; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
C095489:4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene; D001896:Boron Compounds; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D014867:Water