OL3, a novel low-absorbed TGR5 agonist with reduced side effects, lowered blood glucose via dual actions on TGR5 activation and DPP-4 inhibition.
OBJECTIVE
TGR5 agonists stimulate intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) release, but systemic exposure causes unwanted side effects, such as gallbladder filling. In the present study, linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor with a large molecular weight and polarity, and MN6, a previously described TGR5 agonist, were linked to produce OL3, a novel low-absorbed TGR5 agonist with reduced side-effects and dual function in lowering blood glucose by activation of TGR5 and inhibition of DPP-4.


METHODS
TGR5 activation was assayed in HEK293 cells stably expressing human or mouse TGR5 and a CRE-driven luciferase gene. DPP-4 inhibition was assessed based on the rate of hydrolysis of a surrogate substrate. GLP-1 secretion was measured in human enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells. OL3 permeability was tested in Caco-2 cells. Acute glucose-lowering effects of OL3 were evaluated in ICR and diabetic ob/ob mice.


RESULTS
OL3 activated human and mouse TGR5 with an EC50of 86.24 and 17.36 nmol/L, respectively, and stimulated GLP-1 secretion in human enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells (3-30 μmol/L). OL3 inhibited human and mouse DPP-4 with IC50values of 18.44 and 69.98 μmol/L, respectively. Low permeability of OL3 was observed in Caco-2 cells. In ICR mice treated orally with OL3 (150 mg/kg), the serum OL3 concentration was 101.10 ng/mL at 1 h, and decreased to 13.38 ng/mL at 5.5 h post dose, confirming the low absorption of OL3 in vivo. In ICR mice and ob/ob mice, oral administration of OL3 significantly lowered the blood glucose levels, which was a synergic effect of activating TGR5 that stimulated GLP-1 secretion in the intestine and inhibiting DPP-4 that cleaved GLP-1 in the plasma. In ICR mice, oral administration of OL3 did not cause gallbladder filling.


CONCLUSIONS
OL3 is a low-absorbed TGR5 agonist that lowers blood glucose without inducing gallbladder filling. This study presents a new strategy in the development of potent TGR5 agonists in treating type 2 diabetes, which target to the intestine to avoid systemic side effects.
State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
Shan-Yao
SY
Ma
State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
Meng-Meng
MM
Ning
State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
Qing-An
QA
Zou
State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
Ying
Y
Feng
State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
Yang-Liang
YL
Ye
State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
Jian-Hua
JH
Shen
State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
Ying
Y
Leng
D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010539:Permeability; D011810:Quinoxalines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000819:agonists*; D014970:Xanthines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*
D001786:Blood Glucose; D054873:Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors; C473772:GPBAR1 protein, human; C513561:Gpbar1 protein, mouse; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C000613884:OL3 compound; D011810:Quinoxalines; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D014970:Xanthines