Four-dimensional MRI flow examinations in cerebral and extracerebral vessels - ready for clinical routine?
To evaluate the feasibility of 4-dimensional (4D) flow MRI for the clinical assessment of cerebral and extracerebral vascular hemodynamics in patients with neurovascular disease.



4D flow MRI has been applied in multiple studies to qualitatively and quantitatively study intracranial aneurysm blood flow for potential risk stratification and to assess treatment efficacy of various neurovascular lesions, including intraaneurysmal and parent artery blood flow after flow diverter stent placement and staged embolizations of arteriovenous malformations and vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations. Recently, the technique has been utilized to characterize age-related changes of normal cerebral hemodynamics in healthy individuals over a broad age range.



4D flow MRI is a useful tool for the noninvasive, volumetric and quantitative hemodynamic assessment of neurovascular disease without the need for gadolinium contrast agents. Further improvements are warranted to overcome technical limitations before broader clinical implementation. Current developments, such as advanced acceleration techniques (parallel imaging and compressed sensing) for faster data acquisition, dual or multiple velocity encoding strategies for more accurate arterial and venous flow quantification, ultrahigh-field strengths to achieve higher spatial resolution and streamlined postprocessing workflow for more efficient and standardized flow analysis, are promising advancements in 4D flow MRI.
aDepartment of Radiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois bDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois cDepartment of Neurology, Northwestern University dDepartment of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Susanne
S
Schnell
Can
C
Wu
Sameer A
SA
Ansari
D001161:Arteriosclerosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014680:Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology