IgG and IgG4to 91 allergenic molecules in early childhood by route of exposure and current and future IgE sensitization: Results from the Multicentre Allergy Study birth cohort.
Studies of a limited number of allergens suggested that nonsensitized children produce IgG responses mainly to foodborne allergens, whereas IgE-sensitized children also produce strong IgG responses to the respective airborne molecules.



We sought to systematically test the hypothesis that both the route of exposure and IgE sensitization affect IgG responses to a broad array of allergenic molecules in early childhood.



We examined sera of 148 children participating in the Multicentre Allergy Study, a birth cohort born in 1990. IgG to 91 molecules of 42 sources were tested with the ImmunoCAP Solid-Phase Allergen Chip (ISAC; TFS, Uppsala, Sweden). IgE sensitization at age 2 and 7 years was defined by IgE levels of 0.35 kUA/L or greater to 1 or more of 8 or 9 extracts from common allergenic sources, respectively.



The prevalence and geometric mean levels of IgG to allergenic molecules in nonsensitized children were lower at age 2 years than in IgE-sensitized children, and they were extremely heterogeneous: highest for animal food (87% ± 13%; 61 ISAC Standardized Units [ISU], [95% CI, 52.5-71.5 ISU]), intermediate for vegetable food (48% ± 27%; 13 ISU [95% CI, 11.2-16.1 ISU]), and lowest for airborne allergens (24% ± 20%; 3 ISU [95% CI, 2.4-3.4 ISU]; P for trend < .001 [for percentages], P for trend < .001 [for levels]). IgG4antibodies were infrequent (<5%) and contributed poorly (<3%) to overall IgG antibody levels. IgG responses at age 2 years were slightly more frequent and stronger among children with than in those without IgE sensitization at age 7 years.



The children's repertoire of IgG antibodies at 2 years of age to a broad array of animal foodborne, vegetable foodborne, and airborne allergenic molecules is profoundly dependent on the route of allergen exposure and the child's IgE sensitization status and only marginally involves the IgG4isotype.
Department of Pediatric Pneumology & Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Alina
A
Schwarz
L'altrastatistica srl, Consultancy & Training, Biostatistics Office, Rome, Italy.
Valentina
V
Panetta
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy.
Antonio
A
Cappella
Department of Pediatric Pneumology & Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Stephanie
S
Hofmaier
Department of Pediatric Pneumology & Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Laura
L
Hatzler
Department of Pediatric Pneumology & Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Alexander
A
Rohrbach
Department of Pediatric Pneumology & Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Olympia
O
Tsilochristou
Department of Pediatrics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Carl-Peter
CP
Bauer
Department of Pediatrics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Ute
U
Hoffmann
Department of Pediatrics St Hedwig, St Josefs Hospital, Freiburg, Germany.
Johannes
J
Forster
Department of Pediatrics, University Medicine Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
Fred
F
Zepp
Department of Pediatrics, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Antje
A
Schuster
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy.
Raffaele
R
D'Amelio
Department of Pediatric Pneumology & Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Ulrich
U
Wahn
Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Thomas
T
Keil
Department of Pediatric Pneumology & Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Susanne
S
Lau
Department of Pediatric Pneumology & Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: paolo.matricardi@charite.de.
Paolo Maria
PM
Matricardi
D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male
D000485:Allergens; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D007073:Immunoglobulin E
Allergenic molecules; IgE; IgE sensitization; IgG; IgG(4); birth cohort; childhood; microarray; prediction