Web Health Monitoring Survey: A New Approach to Enhance the Effectiveness of Telemedicine Systems.
BACKGROUND
Aging of the European population and interest in a healthy population in western countries have contributed to an increase in the number of health surveys, where the role of survey design, data collection, and data analysis methodology is clear and recognized by the whole scientific community. Survey methodology has had to couple with the challenges deriving from data collection through information and communications technology (ICT). Telemedicine systems have not used patients as a source of information, often limiting them to collecting only biometric data. A more effective telemonitoring system would be able to collect objective and subjective data (biometric parameters and symptoms reported by the patients themselves), and to control the quality of subjective data collected: this goal be achieved only by using and merging competencies from both survey methodology and health research.


OBJECTIVE
The objective of our study was to propose new metrics to control the quality of data, along with the well-known indicators of survey methodology. Web questionnaires administered daily to a group of patients for an extended length of time are a Web health monitoring survey (WHMS) in a telemedicine system.


METHODS
We calculated indicators based on paradata collected during a WHMS study involving 12 patients, who signed in to the website daily for 2 months.


RESULTS
The patients' involvement was very high: the patients' response rate ranged between 1.00 and 0.82, with an outlier of 0.65. Item nonresponse rate was very low, ranging between 0.0% and 7.4%. We propose adherence to the chosen time to connect to the website as a measure of involvement and cooperation by the patients: the difference from the median time ranged between 11 and 24 minutes, demonstrating very good cooperation and involvement from all patients. To measure habituation to the questionnaire, we also compared nonresponse rates to the items between the first and the second month of the study, and found no significant difference. We computed the time to complete the questionnaire both as a measure of possible burden for patient, and to detect the risk of automatic responses. Neither of these hypothesis was confirmed, and differences in time to completion seemed to depend on health conditions. Focus groups with patients confirmed their appreciation for this "new" active role in a telemonitoring system.


CONCLUSIONS
The main and innovative aspect of our proposal is the use of a Web questionnaire to virtually recreate a checkup visit, integrating subjective (patient's information) with objective data (biometric information). Our results, although preliminary and if need of further study, appear promising in proposing more effective telemedicine systems. Survey methodology could have an effective role in this growing field of research and applications.
Institute of Economics, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy. mariafrancesca.romano@sssup.it.
Maria Francesca
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8933-125X
MF
Romano
Maria Vittoria
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0865-0142
MV
Sardella
Fabrizio
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1601-3212
F
Alboni
Web health monitoring survey; Web questionnaire; paradata; quality indicators; survey quality; telemedicine; virtual checkup