The incretin hormone GLP-1 and mechanisms underlying its secretion.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a cell type-specific post-translational product of proglucagon. It is encoded by the proglucagon gene and released primarily from intestinal endocrine L-cells in response to hormonal, neuronal, and nutritional stimuli. In addition to serving as an incretin in mediating the effect of meal consumption on insulin secretion, GLP-1 exerts other functions in pancreatic islets, including regulation of β-cell proliferation and protection of β-cells against metabolic stresses. Furthermore, GLP-1 exerts numerous other functions in extrapancreatic organs, whereas brain GLP-1 signaling controls satiety. Herein we review the discovery of two incretins and the development of GLP-1-based drugs. We also describe the development of cellular models for studying mechanisms underlying GLP-1 secretion over the past 30 years. However, the main content of this review is a summary of studies on the exploration of mechanisms underlying GLP-1 secretion. We not only summarize studies conducted over the past three decades on elucidating the role of nutritional components and hormonal factors in regulating GLP-1 secretion, but also present a few very recent studies showing the possible role of dietary polyphenols. Finally, the emerging role of gut microbiota in metabolic homeostasis with the potential implication on GLP-1 secretion is discussed.
Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.|Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. tianru.jin@utoronto.ca.|Banting & Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. tianru.jin@utoronto.ca.|Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. tianru.jin@utoronto.ca.
Tianru
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Jin
D000818:Animals; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008954:Models, Biological
D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
L-cell models; L细胞模型; hormone secretion; incretins; microbiota; short-chain fatty acids; 微生物; 激素分泌; 短链脂肪酸; 肠促胰岛素