First detection of Candidatus Rickettsia barbariae in the flea Vermipsylla alakurt from north-western China.
Vermipsylla is a genus of the family Vermipsyllidae within the order Siphonaptera of fleas. Vermipsylla alakurt is mainly distributed in alpine pastoral areas of Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China and Nepal, and infests sheep, yaks and horses, causing irritation, poor condition, anaemia and even death. However, to date, no rickettsial agents have been reported in V. alakurt.



A total of 133 fleas were collected directly from the tails of three sheep flocks (n = 335) in Minfeng County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, north-western China. Of these, 55 fleas were identified by morphological examination and molecular analysis of four loci (the ribosomal 18S and 28S rDNA genes and the mitochondrial genes cytochrome  c oxidase subunit II and elongation factor 1-alpha). Eight Rickettsia-specific gene fragments originated from seven genes: the 17-kilodalton antigen gene (17-kDa), citrate synthase gene (gltA), 16S rRNA gene (rrs), outer membrane protein A gene (ompA), surface cell antigen 1 gene (sca1), PS120 protein gene (gene D), and outer membrane protein B gene (ompB, two fragments), were used to identify the species of Rickettsia in 53 fleas. The amplified products were sequenced and included in a phylogenetic analysis to verify the taxonomic identification of the rickettsial agents. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, the flea was identified as Vermipsylla alakurt. Nine samples were positive (16.98 %, 9/53) for Rickettsia spp. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the rickettsial agents found in V. alakurt cluster with Candidatus Rickettsia barbariae.



Our study suggests that: (i) V. alakurt may serve as a carrier for Candidatus R. barbariae; and (ii) Candidatus R. barbariae, previously reported in Israel, is the eighth newly discovered validated Rickettsia species in China. This finding extends our knowledge of the distribution of Candidatus R. barbariae and the profile of carriers, which not only comprise ticks but also fleas.
School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 832000, China.
Shan-Shan
SS
Zhao
School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 832000, China.
Hong-Yu
HY
Li
Alashankou Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Alashankou, 833418, China.
Xiao-Ping
XP
Yin
College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China.
Zhi-Qiang
ZQ
Liu
College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China.
Chuang-Fu
CF
Chen
School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 832000, China. wangyuanzhi621@126.com.
Yuan-Zhi
YZ
Wang
D000818:Animals; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D058267:Flea Infestations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology / Q000662:veterinary*; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000382:microbiology*; D008297:Male; D010802:Phylogeny; D012329:RNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S / Q000235:genetics; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S / Q000235:genetics; D012281:Rickettsia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012282:Rickettsia Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary; D012756:Sheep; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D005423:Siphonaptera / Q000382:microbiology*
D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012329:RNA, Bacterial; D012337:RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; D012339:RNA, Ribosomal, 28S
Candidatus Rickettsia barbariae; North-western China; Vermipsylla alakurt