Effects and biological limitations of +Gz acceleration on the autonomic functions-related circulation in rats.
The effects of gravitational loading (G load) on humans have been studied ever since the early 20th century. After the dangers of G load in the vertical head-to-leg direction (+Gz load) became evident, many animal experiments were performed between 1920 and 1945 in an effort to identify the origins of high G-force-induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC), which led to development of the anti-G suit. The establishment of norms and training for G-LOC prevention resulted in a gradual decline in reports of animal experiments on G load, a decline that steepened with the establishment of anti-G techniques in humans, such as special breathing methods and skeletal muscle contraction, called an anti-G straining maneuver, which are voluntary physiological functions. Because the issue involves humans during flight, the effects on humans themselves are clearly of great importance, but ethical considerations largely preclude any research on the human body that probes to any depth the endogenous physiological states and functions. The decline in reports on animal experiments may therefore signify a general decline in research into the changes seen in the various involuntary, autonomic functions. The declining number of related reports on investigations of physiological autonomic systems other than the circulatory system seems to bear this out. In this review, we therefore describe our findings on the effects of G load on the autonomic nervous system, cardiac function, cerebral blood flow, tissue oxygen level, and other physiological autonomic functions as measured in animal experiments, including denervation or pharmacological blocking, in an effort to present the limits and the mechanisms of G-load response extending physiologically. We demonstrate previously unrecognized risks due to G load, and also describe fundamental research aimed at countering these effects and development of a scientific training measure devised for actively enhancing +Gz tolerance in involuntary, autonomic system functions. The research described here is rough and incomplete, but it is offered as a beginning, in the hope that researchers may find it of reference and carry the effort toward completion. The advances described here include (1) a finding that cerebral arterial perfusion pressure decreases to nearly zero under +5.0 Gz loads, (2) indications that G load may cause myocardial microinjuries, (3) detection of differences between cerebral regions in tissue-oxygen level under +3.0 Gz load, (4) discovery that hypotension is deeper under decreasing +Gz loads than increasing +Gz loads with use of an anti-G system, due in part to suppression of baroreceptor reflex, and (5) revelations and efforts investigating new measures to reduce cerebral hypotension, namely the "teeth-clenching pressor response" and preconditioning with slight but repeated G loads.
Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan. ynishida@ndmc.ac.jp.
Yasuhiro
Y
Nishida
Pharmacochemical Section, Aeromedical Laboratory, Japan Air Self-Defense Force, 1-2-10 Sakae, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8585, Japan.
Satoshi
S
Maruyama
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
Ichiro
I
Shouji
Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
Takehito
T
Kemuriyama
Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
Akimasa
A
Tashiro
Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
Hiroyuki
H
Ohta
Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
Kohsue
K
Hagisawa
Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
Megumi
M
Hiruma
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8513, Japan.
Hidetake
H
Yokoe
D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D001775:Blood Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D006112:Gravitation; D051381:Rats
+Gz stress; Arterial pressure at the brain level; Brain-tissue blood flow; Brain-tissue oxygen level; Cardiac output; Myocardial troponin; Preconditioning; Renal sympathetic nerve activity; Teeth-clenching pressor response; Total peripheral resistance