The Global Rise of Zero Liquid Discharge for Wastewater Management: Drivers, Technologies, and Future Directions.
Zero liquid discharge (ZLD)-a wastewater management strategy that eliminates liquid waste and maximizes water usage efficiency - has attracted renewed interest worldwide in recent years. Although implementation of ZLD reduces water pollution and augments water supply, the technology is constrained by high cost and intensive energy consumption. In this critical review, we discuss the drivers, incentives, technologies, and environmental impacts of ZLD. Within this framework, the global applications of ZLD in the United States and emerging economies such as China and India are examined. We highlight the evolution of ZLD from thermal- to membrane-based processes, and analyze the advantages and limitations of existing and emerging ZLD technologies. The potential environmental impacts of ZLD, notably greenhouse gas emission and generation of solid waste, are discussed and the prospects of ZLD technologies and research needs are highlighted.
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States.
Tiezheng
T
Tong
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States.|Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment (NEWT), Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286, United States.
Menachem
M
Elimelech
D002681:China; D013672:Technology; D062065:Wastewater; D014876:Water Pollution; D014881:Water Supply
D062065:Wastewater