Paediatric Multiple Sclerosis: Update on Diagnostic Criteria, Imaging, Histopathology and Treatment Choices.
Paediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) represents less than 5 % of the MS population, but patients with paediatric-onset disease reach permanent disability at a younger age than adult-onset patients. Accurate diagnosis at presentation and optimal long-term treatment are vital to mitigate ongoing neuroinflammation and irreversible neurodegeneration. However, it may be difficult to early differentiate paediatric MS from acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), as they often have atypical presentation that differs from that of adult-onset MS. The purpose of this review is to summarize the updated views on diagnostic criteria, imaging, histopathology and treatment choices.
Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.|Division of Academic Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.|Division of Paediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children's Hospital and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
I-Jun
IJ
Chou
Division of Paediatric Neurology, Chang Gung Children's Hospital and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
Huei-Shyong
HS
Wang
Division of Academic Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
William P
WP
Whitehouse
Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. cris.constantinescu@nottingham.ac.uk.|Clinical Neurology Research Group, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK. cris.constantinescu@nottingham.ac.uk.
Cris S
CS
Constantinescu
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D004673:Encephalomyelitis, Acute Disseminated / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006801:Humans; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D009471:Neuromyelitis Optica / Q000175:diagnosis*
ADEM; CIS; Demyelination; MRI; NMOSD