Arterial Spin Labeling to Predict Brain Tumor Grading in Children: Correlations between Histopathologic Vascular Density and Perfusion MR Imaging.
Purpose To compare arterial spin labeling (ASL) data between low- and high-grade brain tumors in children to establish a cutoff to distinguish low- from high-grade neoplasms and to assess potential correlations between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and quantitative histologic microvascular data. Materials and Methods Approval was obtained from the regional review board. ASL data obtained in 129 children between 2011 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. CBF and relative CBF in the most perfused area of each neoplasm and contrast enhancement were quantified with a semiquantitative ratio. The correlation between CBF and microvascular density was analyzed in specimens stained with anti-CD34. Results were controlled in two validation cohorts with 1.5- and 3.0-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Results Mean CBF was significantly higher for high-grade than for low-grade hemispheric (116 mL/min/100 g [interquartile range {IQR}, 73-131 mL/min/100 g] vs 29 mL/min/100 g [IQR, 23-35 29 mL/min/100 g], P < .001), thalamic (87 mL/min/100 g [IQR, 73-100 mL/min/100 g] vs 36 mL/min/100 g [IQR, 30-40 mL/min/100 g], P = .016), and posterior fossa (59 mL/min/100 g [IQR, 45-91 mL/min/100 g] vs 33 mL/min/100 g [IQR, 25-40 mL/min/100 g], P < .001) tumors. With a cutoff of 50 mL/min/100 g, sensitivity and specificity were 90% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 68, 100) and 93% (95% CI: 66, 100), respectively, for hemispheric tumors; 100% (95% CI: 48, 100) and 80% (95% CI: 28, 100), respectively, for thalamic tumors; and 65% (95% CI: 51, 78) and 94% (95% CI: 80, 99), respectively, for posterior fossa tumors. In posterior fossa tumors, additional use of the CBF-to-contrast enhancement ratio yielded sensitivity and specificity of 96% (95% CI: 87, 100) and 97% (95% CI: 84, 100), respectively. Use of a simple algorithm based on these values yielded an accuracy of 93% (95% CI: 87, 97). Validation sets yielded similar results, with grading accuracy of 88% (95% CI: 62, 98) with 1.5-T MR imaging and 77% (95% CI: 46, 95) with 3.0-T MR imaging. CBF was strongly correlated with microvascular density (R = 0.66, P < .001). Conclusion High-grade pediatric brain tumors display higher CBF than do low-grade tumors, and they may be accurately graded by using these values. CBF is correlated with tumor microvascular density.©RSNA, 2016 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Volodia
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1260-5886
V
Dangouloff-Ros
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Christophe
C
Deroulers
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Frantz
F
Foissac
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Mathilde
M
Badoual
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Eimad
E
Shotar
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
David
D
Grévent
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Raphael
R
Calmon
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Mélanie
M
Pagès
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Jacques
J
Grill
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Christelle
C
Dufour
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Thomas
T
Blauwblomme
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Stéphanie
S
Puget
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Michel
M
Zerah
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Christian
C
Sainte-Rose
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Francis
F
Brunelle
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Pascale
P
Varlet
From the Department of Pediatric Radiology, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75105 Paris, France (V.D., E.S., D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); INSERM U1000, Paris, France (V.D., D.G., R.C., F.B., P.V., N.B.); IMNC, UMR 8165 CNRS, University Paris Diderot and University Paris Sud, Campus d'Orsay, Orsay, France (C. Deroulers, M.B.); Clinical Research Unit, Hôpital Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France (F.F.); UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France (D.G., R.C., F.B., N.B.); University René Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (R.C., M.P., T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S., F.B., P.V., N.B.); Department of Neuropathology, Centre Hospitalier Sainte Anne, Paris, France (M.P., P.V.); Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); CNRS, UMR 8203, Gustave Roussy Institute, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France (J.G., C. Dufour); and Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France (T.B., S.P., M.Z., C.S.).
Nathalie
N
Boddaert
D000293:Adolescent; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013113:Spin Labels
D003287:Contrast Media; D013113:Spin Labels