Interaction between diet and gastrointestinal endocrine cells.
The gastrointestinal endocrine cells are essential for life. They regulate the gastrointestinal motility, secretion, visceral sensitivity, absorption, local immune defense, cell proliferation and appetite. These cells act as sensory cells with specialized microvilli that project into the lumen that sense the gut contents (mostly nutrients and/or bacteria byproducts), and respond to luminal stimuli by releasing hormones into the lamina propria. These released hormones exert their actions by entering the circulating blood and reaching distant targets (endocrine mode), nearby structures (paracrine mode) or via afferent and efferent synaptic transmission. The mature intestinal endocrine cells are capable of expressing several hormones. A change in diet not only affects the release of gastrointestinal hormones, but also alters the densities of the gut endocrine cells. The interaction between ingested foodstuffs and the gastrointestinal endocrine cells can be utilized for the clinical management of gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome, obesity and diabetes.
Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Helse-Fonna Hospital, 5409 Stord, Norway; Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
Magdy
M
El-Salhy
Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
Tarek
T
Mazzawi
Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
Trygve
T
Hausken
Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, National Centre for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
Jan Gunnar
JG
Hatlebakk
diet; endocrine cells; gut; microbiota; paracrine