Sub-lethal effects and bioconcentration of the human pharmaceutical clotrimazole in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
The aim of this study was to characterize biomarker responses, haematological profiles, structural changes and uptake in juvenile rainbow trout exposed to clotrimazole (CLO) at three concentrations (0.01 - [lowest environmentally relevant concentration], 1.0 [highest environmentally relevant concentration] and 10 μg L(-1)) in a semi-static system over a period of 42 days. Antioxidant defence enzymes, which responded to CLO exposure, changed the oxidative stress status of cells, but no differences were observed in lipid peroxidation. Clotrimazole triggered a biphasic response of CYP3A-like activity in liver microsomes, which may indicate a detoxification process in the liver. Histopathological alterations were most pronounced in kidneys and testes in the group exposed to 10 μg L(-1). Structural changes in the kidney included tubulonephrosis and hyaline droplet degeneration in the tubular epithelial cells. The relative proportions of germ cells in testes were changed: The number of spermatozoa was reduced, and the spermatogonia and spermatocytes were increased. The highest CLO concentration was detected in fish liver (3710 ng per gram wet tissue) and kidney (4280 ng per gram wet tissue). Depuration half-life was estimated to be 72, 159, and 682 h in liver, muscle, and kidney, respectively. Taken together, these results provide valuable toxicological data on the effects of CLO on aquatic non-target organisms, which could be useful for further understanding of the potential risks in the real aquatic environment.
University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: vburkina@frov.jcu.cz.
Viktoriia
V
Burkina
University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Food Science, P.O. Box 7051, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden. Electronic address: Galia.Zamaratskaia@slu.se.
Galia
G
Zamaratskaia
Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: rhaul.oliveira@ua.pt.
Rhaul
R
Oliveira
University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: Fedorg00@frov.jcu.cz.
Ganna
G
Fedorova
University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: grabicova@frov.jcu.cz.
Katerina
K
Grabicova
Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Vetsuisse Faculty, Laenggassstrasse 122, Bern 3001, Switzerland. Electronic address: heike.schmidt@itpa.unibe.ch.
Heike
H
Schmidt-Posthaus
University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: steinc00@frov.jcu.cz.
Christoph
C
Steinbach
Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. Electronic address: Inesd@ua.pt.
Inês
I
Domingues
University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: ogolovko@frov.jcu.cz.
Oksana
O
Golovko
University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: sakalli@frov.jcu.cz.
Sidika
S
Sakalli
University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: rgrabic@frov.jcu.cz.
Roman
R
Grabic
University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: trandak@frov.jcu.cz.
Tomas
T
Randak
University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic. Electronic address: vzlabek@frov.jcu.cz.
Vladimir
V
Zlabek
D000818:Animals; D003022:Clotrimazole / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D006207:Half-Life; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D009132:Muscles / Q000378:metabolism; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D013076:Sperm Count; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003022:Clotrimazole
Biomarkers; Depuration half time; Hematology; Histopathology