Questionnaires Measuring Patients' Spiritual Needs: A Narrative Literature Review.
BACKGROUND
The objective of the present review was to collect published spiritual needs questionnaires and to present a clear image of the research condition of this domain.


METHODS
First, an electronic search was conducted with no limits on time span (until June 2015) or language in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, ProQuest and Google Scholar. All derivations of the keywords religion and spiritual alongside need and its synonyms were included in the search. Researches that introduced new tools was then selected and included in the study. Due to the limited quantity of questionnaires in this domain and with no consideration given to the existence or lack of exact standardization information, all of the questionnaires were included in the final report.


RESULTS
Eight questionnaires were found: patients spiritual needs assessment scale (PSNAS), spiritual needs inventory (SNI), spiritual interests related to illness tool (SpIRIT), spiritual needs questionnaire (SpNQ), spiritual needs assessment for patients (SNAP), spiritual needs scale (SNS), spiritual care needs inventory (SCNI), and spiritual needs questionnaire for palliative care.


CONCLUSIONS
These questionnaires have been designed from a limited medical perspective and often involve cultural concepts which complicate their cross-cultural applicability.
Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
Ruohollah
R
Seddigh
Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
Amir-Abbas
AA
Keshavarz-Akhlaghi
Shahid Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
Somayeh
S
Azarnik
Needs Assessment; Pastoral Care; Questionnaires; Religion; Spiritual Needs; Spirituality