Stress and body condition are associated with climate and demography in Asian elephants.
Establishing links between ecological variation, physiological markers of stress and demography is crucial for understanding how and why changes in environmental conditions affect population dynamics, and may also play a key role for conservation efforts of endangered species. However, detailed longitudinal studies of long-lived species are rarely available. We test how two markers of stress and body condition vary through the year and are associated with climatic conditions and large-scale mortality and fertility variation in the world's largest semi-captive population of Asian elephants employed in the timber industry in Myanmar. Glucocorticoid metabolites (used as a proxy for stress levels in 75 elephants) and body weight (used as a proxy for condition in 116 elephants) were monitored monthly across a typical monsoon cycle and compared with birth and death patterns of the entire elephant population over half a century (n = 2350). Our results show seasonal variation in both markers of stress and condition. In addition, this variation is correlated with population-level demographic variables. Weight is inversely correlated with population mortality rates 1 month later, and glucocorticoid metabolites are negatively associated with birth rates. Weight shows a highly positive correlation with rainfall 1 month earlier. Determining the factors associated with demography may be key to species conservation by providing information about the correlates of mortality and fertility patterns. The unsustainability of the studied captive population has meant that wild elephants have been captured and tamed for work. By elucidating the correlates of demography in captive elephants, our results offer management solutions that could reduce the pressure on the wild elephant population in Myanmar.
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
Hannah S
HS
Mumby
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
Khyne U
KU
Mar
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
Chatchote
C
Thitaram
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17 10315 Berlin, Germany.
Alexandre
A
Courtiol
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
Patcharapa
P
Towiboon
Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry, Myanma Timber Enterprise, Yangon, Myanmar.
Zaw
Z
Min-Oo
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Yezin University, Myanmar.
Ye
Y
Htut-Aung
Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
Janine L
JL
Brown
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
Virpi
V
Lummaa
Elephas maximus; faeces; glucocorticoids; hormone; seasonality; weight