Breastfeeding difficulties and supports and risk of postpartum depression in a cohort of womenwho have given birth in Calgary: a prospective cohort study.
BACKGROUND
A link exists between breastfeeding difficulties and postpartum depression, and evidence shows that some breastfeeding promotion initiatives may increase maternal stress and contribute to risk of the condition. We conducted a prospective cohort study to determine whether breastfeeding difficulties affect the risk of postpartum depression and whether breastfeeding support modifies the relationship between breastfeeding difficulties and postpartum depression.


METHODS
Between June and October 2010, we recruited 442 women who intended to breastfeed from all maternity hospitals in Calgary within 72 hours of giving birth to full-term, singleton infants. We administered questionnaires at birth and 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum, measuring breastfeeding difficulties, exposure to breastfeeding supports and postpartum depression. We used qualitative inquiry to measure breastfeeding support experiences. Postpartum depression was defined as a score of 10 or greater on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale or a self-reported diagnosis of depression in the first 6 months postpartum.


RESULTS
A total of 386 women (87.3%) reported moderate to severe breastfeeding difficulties and 437 (98.9%) received some form of breastfeeding advice, help or support. Among women with breastfeeding difficulties, those who did not report a negative breastfeeding support experience were at decreased risk of postpartum depression (risk ratio 0.36). In the final regression model a negative breastfeeding support experience was a significant effect modifier of the relationship between breastfeeding difficulties and postpartum depression.


CONCLUSIONS
The quality of breastfeeding support is important not only for breastfeeding promotion but also for maternal mental health. Educating front-line caregivers to ensure that support experiences of breastfeeding women are positive can reduce the risk of postpartum depression.
Department of Community Health Sciences (Chaput, Nettel-Aguirre, Musto, Adair, Tough), Cumming School of Medicine; Department of Paediatrics (Chaput, Nettel-Aguirre, Tough), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services - Calgary Zone (Musto); Department of Psychiatry (Adair), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
Kathleen H
KH
Chaput
Department of Community Health Sciences (Chaput, Nettel-Aguirre, Musto, Adair, Tough), Cumming School of Medicine; Department of Paediatrics (Chaput, Nettel-Aguirre, Tough), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services - Calgary Zone (Musto); Department of Psychiatry (Adair), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
Alberto
A
Nettel-Aguirre
Department of Community Health Sciences (Chaput, Nettel-Aguirre, Musto, Adair, Tough), Cumming School of Medicine; Department of Paediatrics (Chaput, Nettel-Aguirre, Tough), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services - Calgary Zone (Musto); Department of Psychiatry (Adair), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
Richard
R
Musto
Department of Community Health Sciences (Chaput, Nettel-Aguirre, Musto, Adair, Tough), Cumming School of Medicine; Department of Paediatrics (Chaput, Nettel-Aguirre, Tough), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services - Calgary Zone (Musto); Department of Psychiatry (Adair), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
Carol E
CE
Adair
Department of Community Health Sciences (Chaput, Nettel-Aguirre, Musto, Adair, Tough), Cumming School of Medicine; Department of Paediatrics (Chaput, Nettel-Aguirre, Tough), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary; Alberta Health Services - Calgary Zone (Musto); Department of Psychiatry (Adair), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
Suzanne C
SC
Tough