Using the PDD Behavior Inventory as a Level 2 Screener: A Classification and Regression Trees Analysis.
In order to improve discrimination accuracy between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and similar neurodevelopmental disorders, a data mining procedure, Classification and Regression Trees (CART), was used on a large multi-site sample of PDD Behavior Inventory (PDDBI) forms on children with and without ASD. Discrimination accuracy exceeded 80 %, generalized to an independent validation set, and generalized across age groups and sites, and agreed well with ADOS classifications. Parent PDDBIs yielded better results than teacher PDDBIs but, when CART predictions agreed across informants, sensitivity increased. Results also revealed three subtypes of ASD: minimally verbal, verbal, and atypical; and two, relatively common subtypes of non-ASD children: social pragmatic problems and good social skills. These subgroups corresponded to differences in behavior profiles and associated bio-medical findings.
Department of Psychology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA. ira.cohen@opwdd.ny.gov.
Ira L
0000-0001-6688-0141
IL
Cohen
Queen's Genomics Lab at Ongwanada, Ongwanada Resource Center, Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, 191 Portsmouth Ave, Kingston, ON, K7M 8A6, Canada.
Xudong
X
Liu
Queen's Genomics Lab at Ongwanada, Ongwanada Resource Center, Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, 191 Portsmouth Ave, Kingston, ON, K7M 8A6, Canada.
Melissa
M
Hudson
Department of Psychology, Binghamton University - State University of N.Y., Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, USA.
Jennifer
J
Gillis
Department of Psychology, Binghamton University - State University of N.Y., Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, USA.
Rachel N S
RN
Cavalari
Department of Psychology, Binghamton University - State University of N.Y., Binghamton, NY, 13902-6000, USA.
Raymond G
RG
Romanczyk
Department of Infant Development, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA.
Bernard Z
BZ
Karmel
Department of Infant Development, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Road, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA.
Judith M
JM
Gardner
D000293:Adolescent; D000465:Algorithms; D000067877:Autism Spectrum Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002659:Child Development Disorders, Pervasive / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D000069550:Machine Learning; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D066107:Social Skills; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
Autism Spectrum Disorder; Data mining; Decision trees; Genotype; Level 2 screeners; Machine learning; Monoamine Oxidase A; Phenotype; Seizures; Subgroups