Antimicrobial resistance among pilgrims: a retrospective study from two hospitals in Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
OBJECTIVE
To identify commonly reported community-acquired organisms and antimicrobial resistance patterns exhibited by Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens among pilgrims visiting emergency care departments in Makkah.


METHODS
The study was designed as a retrospective audit of all patients (pilgrims) admitted to two hospitals and residing in the city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia.


RESULTS
Among 374 isolates, Gram-negative pathogens accounted for 280 (75%), while the remaining 94 (25%) were Gram-positive organisms. Among all isolated pathogens, the highest resistance was observed for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Klebsiella pneumoniae had the highest resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and ampicillin. Most of the organisms were sensitive to tobramycin except Acinetobacter baumannii (n=3, 50%), Escherichia coli (n=4, 57%), and K. pneumoniae (n=6, 46%).


CONCLUSIONS
Overall, a high resistance was observed for beta-lactam antibiotics. In addition, a high resistance was noted for ceftazidime with A. baumannii species (n=16, 77%). However, for quinolones, the highest resistance to ciprofloxacin was observed for E. coli, A. baumannii, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and K. pneumoniae.
College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abidiyya, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
Abdul
A
Haseeb
Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Hani Saleh
HS
Faidah
King Fahad General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Abdul Rahman
AR
Bakhsh
College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abidiyya, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Waleed Hassan Al
WH
Malki
College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abidiyya, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Mahmoud E
ME
Elrggal
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Pakistan.
Fahad
F
Saleem
Department of Pharmacy, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper, KP, Pakistan.
Shafiq Ur
SU
Rahman
School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 45700, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: tahir.mehmood@monash.edu.
Tahir Mehmood
TM
Khan
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
Mohamed Azmi
MA
Hassali
D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000187:drug effects; D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002442:Ceftazidime / Q000494:pharmacology; D002939:Ciprofloxacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012529:Saudi Arabia; D014195:Travel
D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002939:Ciprofloxacin; D019980:Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; D002442:Ceftazidime
Antimicrobial resistance; Community-acquired organisms; Makkah; Pilgrims