2016 WSES guidelines on acute calculous cholecystitis.
Acute calculus cholecystitis is a very common disease with several area of uncertainty. The World Society of Emergency Surgery developed extensive guidelines in order to cover grey areas. The diagnostic criteria, the antimicrobial therapy, the evaluation of associated common bile duct stones, the identification of "high risk" patients, the surgical timing, the type of surgery, and the alternatives to surgery are discussed. Moreover the algorithm is proposed: as soon as diagnosis is made and after the evaluation of choledocholitiasis risk, laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be offered to all patients exception of those with high risk of morbidity or mortality. These Guidelines must be considered as an adjunctive tool for decision but they are not substitute of the clinical judgement for the individual patient.
General Surgery I, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Piazza OMS 1, 24127 Bergamo, Italy.
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Ansaloni
General Surgery I, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Piazza OMS 1, 24127 Bergamo, Italy.
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0000-0001-9237-3530
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Pisano
General Surgery I, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Piazza OMS 1, 24127 Bergamo, Italy.
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Coccolini
Department of Surgery, UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA USA.
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Peitzmann
Department of Surgical Research, Medical Univeristy of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Fingerhut
Department of Emergency and Trauma Surgery of the University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Catena
Department of General Surgery, Adria Civil Hospital, Adria (RO), Italy.
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Agresta
General Surgery I, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Piazza OMS 1, 24127 Bergamo, Italy.
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Allegri
University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Bailey
Department of Traumatology, John Hunter Hospital and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW Australia.
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Balogh
Department of Traumatology, John Hunter Hospital and University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW Australia.
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Bendinelli
Acute Care Surgery, Queen's Medical Center, School of Medicine of the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI USA.
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Biffl
Department of Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy.
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Bonavina
University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Borzellino
Unit of Digestive, Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Henri Mondor Hospital AP-HP, Université Paris Est-UPEC, Créteil, France.
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Brunetti
Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, USA.
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Burlew
General Surgery - Day Surgery Istituto Clinico Sant'Ambrogio, Insubria University, Milan, Italy.
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Camapanelli
Ospedale San Giovanni Decollato - Andosilla, Civita Castellana, Italy.
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Campanile
General Surgery I, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Piazza OMS 1, 24127 Bergamo, Italy.
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Ceresoli
Emergency Department, Trauma Center, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy.
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Chiara
Department of Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Civil
Division of Trauma, Surgical Critical Care, Burns, and Acute Care Surgery, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, San Diego, CA USA.
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Coimbra
Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA.
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De Moya
General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Maggiore Hospital Trauma Center, Bologna, Italy.
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Di Saverio
Division of Trauma Surgery, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP Brazil.
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Fraga
Department of Surgery, Government Medical College, Chandigarh, India.
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Gupta
Tel Aviv University Sackler School of Medicine, Assia Medical Group, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Kashuk
Acute Surgical Unit, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, ACT Australia.
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Kelly
Surgical Department, Mozyr City Hospital, Mozyr, Belarus.
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Koka
Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Holland Netherlands.
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Jeekel
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA.
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Latifi
Meilahti Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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Leppaniemi
Department of Surgery, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, WA USA.
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Maier
Department of Trauma, Hand, and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Marzi
Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA.
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Moore
General Surgery I, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Piazza OMS 1, 24127 Bergamo, Italy.
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Piazzalunga
First General Surgery Clinic, University Hospital St. George/Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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Sakakushev
Department of Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy.
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Sartelli
Shock Trauma Center, Critical Care Services, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA.
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Scalea
Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO USA.
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Stahel
Taviloglu Proctology Center, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Taviloglu
General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Maggiore Hospital Trauma Center, Bologna, Italy.
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Tugnoli
Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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Uraneus
Emergency Surgery, and Surgical Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA.
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Velmahos
DHS, Srinagar, Kashmir India.
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Wani
Trauma and General Surgery & The University of Western Australia, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia.
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Weber
Infectious Disease Unit, Teaching Hospital, S. Orsola-Malpighi Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Viale
Letterkenny University Hospital & Donegal Clinical Research Academy, Donegal, Ireland.
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Sugrue
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA.
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Ivatury
Division of General Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
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Kluger
Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK.
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Gurusamy
Taviloglu Proctology Center, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Moore
Abdominal infections; Acute calcolous cholecystitis; Antibiotic; Biliary tree stones; Cholecystectomy; Diagnosis; Endoscopic ultrasound; Gallbladder percutaneous drainage; Magnetic resonance; Surgical risk