The relationship among pressure ulcer risk factors, incidence and nursing documentation in hospital-acquired pressure ulcer patients in intensive care units.
OBJECTIVE
To explore the quality/comprehensiveness of nursing documentation of pressure ulcers and to investigate the relationship between the nursing documentation and the incidence of pressure ulcers in four intensive care units.


BACKGROUND
Pressure ulcer prevention requires consistent assessments and documentation to decrease pressure ulcer incidence. Currently, most research is focused on devices to prevent pressure ulcers. Studies have rarely considered the relationship among pressure ulcer risk factors, incidence and nursing documentation. Thus, a study to investigate this relationship is needed to fill this information gap.


METHODS
A retrospective, comparative, descriptive, correlational study.


METHODS
A convenience sample of 196 intensive care units patients at the selected medical centre comprised the study sample. All medical records of patients admitted to intensive care units between the time periods of September 1, 2011 through September 30, 2012 were audited. Data used in the analysis included 98 pressure ulcer patients and 98 non-pressure ulcer patients. The quality and comprehensiveness of pressure ulcer documentation were measured by the modified European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel Pressure Ulcers Assessment Instrument and the Comprehensiveness in Nursing Documentation instrument.


RESULTS
The correlations between quality/comprehensiveness of pressure ulcer documentation and incidence of pressure ulcers were not statistically significant. Patients with pressure ulcers had longer length of stay than patients without pressure ulcers stay. There were no statistically significant differences in quality/comprehensiveness scores of pressure ulcer documentation between dayshift and nightshift.


CONCLUSIONS
This study revealed a lack of quality/comprehensiveness in nursing documentation of pressure ulcers. This study demonstrates that staff nurses often perform poorly on documenting pressure ulcer appearance, staging and treatment. Moreover, nursing documentation of pressure ulcers does not provide a complete picture of patients' care needs that require nursing interventions.


CONCLUSIONS
The implication of this study involves pressure ulcer prevention and litigable risk of nursing documentation.
Department of Health and Community Systems, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Dan
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6141-3827
D
Li
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003422:Critical Care; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009737:Nursing Records; D010808:Physical Examination; D003668:Pressure Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000451:nursing*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017592:Skin Care / Q000451:nursing
hospital-acquired pressure ulcer; incidence; intensive care unit; nursing documentation; risk factors