Biofortification of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) with Iodine and Selenium in a Field Experiment.
The low content of iodine (I) and selenium (Se) forms available to plants in soil is one of the main causes of their insufficient transfer in the soil-plant-consumer system. Their deficiency occurs in food in the majority of human and farm animal populations around the world. Both elements are classified as beneficial elements. However, plant response to simultaneous fertilization with I and Se has not been investigated in depth. The study (conducted in 2012-2014) included soil fertilization of carrot cv. "Kazan F1" in the following combinations: (1) Control; (2) KI; (3) KIO3; (4) Na2SeO4; (5) Na2SeO3; (6) KI+Na2SeO4; (7) KIO3+Na2SeO4; (8) KI+Na2SeO3; (9) KIO3+Na2SeO3. I and Se were applied twice: before sowing and as top-dressing in a total dose of 5 kg I⋅ha(-1) and 1 kg Se⋅ha(-1). No negative effects of I and Se fertilization were noted with respect to carrot yield. Higher accumulation and the uptake by leaves and storage roots of I and Se were obtained after the application of KI than KIO3, as well as of Na2SeO4 than Na2SeO3, respectively. Transfer factor values for leaves and roots were about a dozen times higher for Se than for I. Selenomethionine content in carrot was higher after fertilization with Na2SeO4 than with Na2SeO3. However, it was the application of Na2SeO3, KI+Na2SeO3 and KIO3+Na2SeO3 that resulted in greater evenness within the years and a higher share of Se from selenomethionine in total Se in carrot plants. Consumption of 100 g f.w. of carrots fertilized with KI+Na2SeO3 and KIO3+Na2SeO3 can supply approximately or slightly exceed 100% of the Recommended Daily Allowance for I and Se. Moreover, the molar ratio of I and Se content in carrot fertilized with KI+Na2SeO3 and KIO3+Na2SeO3 was the best among the research plots.
Unit of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków Poland.
Sylwester
S
Smoleń
Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Mushroom Processing, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków Poland.
Łukasz
Ł
Skoczylas
Unit of Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków Poland.
Iwona
I
Ledwożyw-Smoleń
Unit of Plant Nutrition, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków Poland.
Roksana
R
Rakoczy
Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków Poland.
Aneta
A
Kopeć
Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków Poland.
Ewa
E
Piątkowska
Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków Poland.
Renata
R
Bieżanowska-Kopeć
Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków Poland.
Aneta
A
Koronowicz
Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków Poland.
Joanna
J
Kapusta-Duch
beneficial element; biofortification target; enrichment of plants; mineral nutrition; selenomethionine; transfer factor