Size distribution and sources of 37 toxic species of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during summer and winter in Baoshan suburban area of Shanghai, China.
The objectives of this study were to assess the size-segregated distribution and sources of 37 different species of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a suburban area of Shanghai metropolitan City, China. The ambient particulate sampling was carried out on the rooftop of a five-stories building in Baoshan campus of Shanghai University. An Andersen high-volume air sampler was employed to collect ambient size-segregated particulate matter during summer of August to September and winter of November to December 2015. The high toxic PAHs were determined by a gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The concentrations of total PAHs in suspended particulate matter (SPM) and PM1.1 (suspended particulate matter below 1.1μm in diameter) in the suburban area of Shanghai were 4.58-14.5ng/m(3) and 1.82-8.56ng/m(3), respectively in summer, and 43.6-160ng/m(3) and 23.2-121ng/m(3), separately in winter. 1,8-Naphthalic anhydride (1,8-NA) showed the highest concentration among 37 different species of PAHs in the suburban area of Shanghai. The concentrations of high molecular PAHs (e.g. 5-6 ring PAHs) followed a nearly unimodal size distribution with the highest peaks in PM1.1. The diagnostic ration qualitatively indicated that PAHs in SPM of Shanghai were mainly derived from motor-vehicle or petroleum combustion in summer and from coal and biomass combustion in winter. According to the calculated toxicity equivalency factors based on the methods of Nisbet and Lagoy and the potency equivalency factors (PEF) recommended by U.S. EPA, the highest contributors in the total carcinogenicity of the PAHs in SPM and PM1.1 were dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (46.2% and 45.0% in summer), benzo[a]pyrene (44.4% and 43.8% in winter) and benz[j]aceanthrylene (80.2% and 83.1% in summer and 83.1% and 84.0% in winter), respectively. Therefore, benzo[a]pyrene seemed to be a lower contributor than other carcinogenic PAHs.
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan. Electronic address: seiyo@mail.saitama-u.ac.jp.
Qingyue
Q
Wang
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
Keisuke
K
Kobayashi
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan district, Shanghai City, China.
Weiqian
W
Wang
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
Jie
J
Ruan
Research Center for Environmental Risk, National institute for environmental studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
Daisuke
D
Nakajima
Research Center for Environmental Risk, National institute for environmental studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
Mayuko
M
Yagishita
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan district, Shanghai City, China. Electronic address: senlinlv@staff.shu.edu.cn.
Senlin
S
Lu
School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangdalu, Baoshan district, Shanghai City, China.
Wenchao
W
Zhang
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
Miho
M
Suzuki
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
Tomoya
T
Saitou
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
Kazuhiko
K
Sekiguchi
Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
Kenshi
K
Sankoda
Faculty of Environmental Science, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
Yuji
Y
Takao
Faculty of Environmental Science, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
Masaki
M
Nagae
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-34 Ueda, Morioka City, Iwate 020-8550, Japan.
Masanori
M
Terasaki
High molecular PAHs; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); Shanghai; Size distribution; Suspended particulate matter; Toxicity