The pro-/anti-inflammatory effects of different fatty acids on visceral adipocytes are partially mediated by GPR120.
OBJECTIVE
This study examines whether G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) is involved in the pro-/anti-inflammatory effects of different types of fatty acids (FAs) in human visceral adipocytes, and whether these effects may be altered in obesity, a state with a chronic inflammation.


METHODS
Pro-/anti-inflammatory effects of palmitic, oleic, linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids on human visceral adipocytes were tested in mature adipocytes from non-obese and morbidly obese (MO) subjects. Also, the effects of these FAs were tested when the GPR120 gene was silenced.


RESULTS
In adipocytes from non-obese subjects, palmitic and linoleic acids increased TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA expression (p < 0.05), and decreased IL-10 and adiponectin expression (p < 0.05). However, oleic and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) produced the opposite effect (p < 0.05). In adipocytes from MO subjects, all FAs used increased TNF-α and IL-6 expression (p < 0.05). Palmitic and linoleic acids decreased IL-10 and adiponectin expression (p < 0.05), but oleic acid and DHA did not have significant effects. Only oleic acid increased adiponectin expression (p < 0.05). The effects of FAs on TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and adiponectin expression in non-obese and MO subjects were significantly annulled when the GPR120 gene was silenced in visceral adipocytes differentiated from human mesenchymal stem cells.


CONCLUSIONS
FAs are capable of directly acting on visceral adipocytes to modulate differently TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and adiponectin expression, with a different and greater effect in MO subjects. These effects are largely annulled when GPR120 expression was silenced, which suggests that they could be mediated by GPR120.
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain.|CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain.
Francisca
F
Rodriguez-Pacheco
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain.
Carolina
C
Gutierrez-Repiso
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain. garciasara79@hotmail.com.|CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain. garciasara79@hotmail.com.|Laboratorio de Investigación, Hospital Civil, Plaza del Hospital Civil s/n, 29009, Málaga, Spain. garciasara79@hotmail.com.
Sara
S
Garcia-Serrano
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Laboratorio, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain.
Miguel A
MA
Alaminos-Castillo
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain.
Ailec
A
Ho-Plagaro
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain.|CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain.
Sergio
S
Valdes
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain.
Juan
J
Garcia-Arnes
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain.
Montserrat
M
Gonzalo
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria/Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.|CIBEREHD, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain.
Raul J
RJ
Andrade
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cirugía General, Digestiva y Trasplantes, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain.
Francisco J
FJ
Moreno-Ruiz
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cirugía General, Digestiva y Trasplantes, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain.
Alberto
A
Rodriguez-Cañete
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cirugía General, Digestiva y Trasplantes, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain.
Abelardo
A
Martinez-Ferriz
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain. edugf1@gmail.com.|CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Málaga, Spain. edugf1@gmail.com.|Laboratorio de Investigación, Hospital Civil, Plaza del Hospital Civil s/n, 29009, Málaga, Spain. edugf1@gmail.com.
Eduardo
E
Garcia-Fuentes
D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D054392:Adipokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism*; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D054392:Adipokines; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; C519853:FFAR4 protein, human; D005227:Fatty Acids; C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D007328:Insulin; D015850:Interleukin-6; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D014280:Triglycerides; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D002784:Cholesterol
Fatty acids; GPR120; Inflammation; Obesity; Visceral adipocytes