Polymeric ionic liquid modified graphene oxide-grafted silica for solid-phase extraction to analyze the excretion-dynamics of flavonoids in urine by Box-Behnken statistical design.
A solid-phase extraction method for the efficient analysis of the excretion-dynamics of flavonoids in urine was established and described. In this work, in situ surface radical chain-transfer polymerization and in situ anion exchange were utilized to tune the extraction performance of poly(1-vinyl-3-hexylimidazolium bromide)-graphene oxide-grafted silica (poly(VHIm(+)Br(-))@GO@Sil). Graphene oxide (GO) was first coated onto the silica using a layer-by-layer fabrication method, and then the anion of poly(VHIm(+)Br(-))@GO@Sil was changed into hexafluorophosphate (PF6(-)) by in situ anion exchange. The interaction energies between two PILs and four flavonoids were calculated with the Gaussian09 suite of programs. A Box-Behnken design was used for the optimization of four greatly influential parameters after single-factor experiments to obtain more accurate and precise results. Coupled to high performance liquid chromatography, the poly(VHIm(+)PF6(-))@GO@Sil method showed acceptable extraction recoveries for the four flavonoids, with limits of detection in the range of 0.1-0.5μgL(-1), and wide linear ranges with correlation coefficients (R) ranging from 0.9935 to 0.9987. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed method was applied to analyze the urines collected from a healthy volunteer. The excretion amount-time profiles revealed that 4-15h was the main excretion time for the detected flavonoids. The results indicated that the newly developed method offered the advantages of being feasible, green and cost-effective, and could be successfully applied to the extraction and enrichment of flavonoids in human body systems allowing the study of the metabolic kinetics.
Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Xiudan
X
Hou
Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
Shujuan
S
Liu
State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
Panpan
P
Zhou
Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Jin
J
Li
Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
Xia
X
Liu
Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China. Electronic address: wanglc@licp.cas.cn.
Licheng
L
Wang
Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China. Electronic address: guoyong@licp.cas.cn.
Yong
Y
Guo
D000838:Anions; D000077102:Apium / Q000737:chemistry; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000652:urine*; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D007474:Ion Exchange; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D057230:Limit of Detection; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D011145:Polyvinyls / Q000737:chemistry*; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
D000838:Anions; D005419:Flavonoids; D007093:Imidazoles; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D010087:Oxides; D011145:Polyvinyls; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D006108:Graphite
Excretion-dynamics; Interaction energy; Polymeric ionic liquid; Response surface methodology; Solid-phase extraction