Normal Foot and Ankle Radiographic Angles, Measurements, and Reference Points.
The limb deformity-based principles originate from a standard set of lower extremity radiographic angles and reference points. Objective radiographic measures are the building blocks for surgical planning. Critical preoperative planning and intraoperative and postoperative evaluation of radiographs are essential for proper deformity planning and correction of all foot and ankle cases. A total of 33 angles and reference points were measured on 24 healthy feet. The radiographic measurements were performed on standard weightbearing anteroposterior, lateral, and axial views of the right foot. A total of 4 measurements were made from the axial view, 12 from the lateral view, and 17 from the anteroposterior view. All angles were measured by both senior authors twice, independent of each other. The radiographic angles and measurements presented in the present study demonstrate a comprehensive and useful set of standard angles, measures, and reference points that can be used in clinical and perioperative evaluation of the foot and ankle. The standard radiographic measures presented in the present study provide the foundation for understanding the osseous foot and ankle position in a normal population.
Chief, Foot and Ankle Surgery and Director, Foot and Ankle Deformity Correction Fellowship, Paley Advanced Limb Lengthening Institute, St. Mary's Medical Center, West Palm Beach, Florida. Electronic address: bradankle@yahoo.com.
Bradley M
BM
Lamm
Podiatrist/Foot and Ankle Surgeon, Finger Lakes Bone and Joint Center, Geneva, NY.
Paul A
PA
Stasko
Clinical Research Manager, International Center for Limb Lengthening, Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD.
Martin G
MG
Gesheff
Division Head, Rehabilitation Services, Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD.
Anil
A
Bhave
D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D011859:Radiography / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values; D055815:Young Adult
ankle; foot; normal ankle angles; normal foot angles; radiographic angles