Fermented Red Ginseng Potentiates Improvement of Metabolic Dysfunction in Metabolic Syndrome Rat Models.
Metabolic syndrome including obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension is a cluster of risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Fermentation of medicinal herbs improves their pharmacological efficacy. Red ginseng (RG), a widely used traditional herbal medicine, was reported with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity. Aim in the present study was to investigate that the effects of fermented red ginseng (FRG) on a high-fructose (HF) diet induced metabolic disorders, and those effects were compared to RG and losartan. Animals were divided into four groups: a control group fed a regular diet and tap water, and fructose groups that were fed a 60% high-fructose (HF) diet with/without RG 250 mg/kg/day or FRG 250 mg/kg/day for eight weeks, respectively. Treatment with FRG significantly suppressed the increments of body weight, liver weight, epididymal fat weight and adipocyte size. Moreover, FRG significantly prevented the development of metabolic disturbances such as hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Staining with Oil-red-o demonstrated a marked increase of hepatic accumulation of triglycerides, and this increase was prevented by FRG. FRG ameliorated endothelial dysfunction by downregulation of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and adhesion molecules in the aorta. In addition, FRG induced markedly upregulation of Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4) in the muscle. These results indicate that FRG ameliorates obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and fatty liver in HF diet rats. More favorable pharmacological effects on HF diet induced metabolic disorders were observed with FRG, compared to an equal dose of RG. These results showed that the pharmacological activity of RG was enhanced by fermentation. Taken together, fermentated red ginseng might be a beneficial therapeutic approach for metabolic syndrome.
College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. shadowzetx@hanmail.net.|Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. shadowzetx@hanmail.net.
Min Chul
MC
Kho
College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. shrons@wku.ac.kr.|Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. shrons@wku.ac.kr.
Yun Jung
YJ
Lee
Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. jihuncjstk@naver.com.
Ji Hun
JH
Park
College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. hyeyoomc@naver.com.|Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. hyeyoomc@naver.com.
Hye Yoom
HY
Kim
College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. morality16@hanmail.net.|Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. morality16@hanmail.net.
Jung Joo
JJ
Yoon
College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. aum2668@naver.com.|Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. aum2668@naver.com.
You Mee
YM
Ahn
College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. tanrui@hanmail.net.|Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. tanrui@hanmail.net.
Rui
R
Tan
Department of Oriental Medical Ophthalmology &amp; Otolaryngology &amp; Dermatology, College of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. shadowzetx@hanmail.net.
Min Cheol
MC
Park
Department of Oral Microbiology and Institute of Oral Bioscience, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Korea. joungdan@ijrg.re.kr.
Jeong Dan
JD
Cha
Department of Research Development, Institute of Jinan Red Ginseng, Jinan, Jeonbuk 55442, Korea. kyungmc@ijrg.re.kr.
Kyung Min
KM
Choi
College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. host@wku.ac.kr.|Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. host@wku.ac.kr.
Dae Gill
DG
Kang
College of Oriental Medicine and Professional Graduate School of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. dgkang@wku.ac.kr.|Hanbang Body-Fluid Research Center, Wonkwang University, 460 Iksandae-ro, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538, Korea. dgkang@wku.ac.kr.
Ho Sub
HS
Lee
D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001835:Body Weight; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D005632:Fructose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019808:Losartan / Q000494:pharmacology; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009765:Obesity / Q000188:drug therapy; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D005894:Panax / Q000737:chemistry*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015854:Up-Regulation
D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D019332:Endothelin-1; D051275:Glucose Transporter Type 4; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; C526296:Irs1 protein, rat; D028321:Plant Preparations; C495694:Slc2a4 protein, rat; D014280:Triglycerides; D005632:Fructose; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D019808:Losartan
fermented red ginseng; hyperlipidemia; hypertension; metabolic syndrome; obesity