Dietary Pattern Trajectories from 6 to 12 Months of Age in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Cohort.
Little is known about the dietary patterns of Asian infants in the first year of life, nor of their associations with maternal socio-demographic factors. Based on the Growing Up in Singapore towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) mother-offspring cohort, cross-sectional dietary patterns were derived by factor analysis using 24-h recalls and food diaries of infants at 6-, 9- and 12-months of age. Dietary pattern trajectories were modeled by mapping similar dietary patterns across each age using multilevel mixed models. Associations with maternal socio-demographic variables, collected through questionnaires during pregnancy, were assessed using general linear models. In n = 486 infants, four dietary pattern trajectories were established from 6- to 12-months. Predominantly breastmilk: mainly breastmilk and less formula milk,


CONCLUSIONS
rice porridge, vegetables, fruits and low-fat fish and meat, Easy-to-prepare foods: infant cereals, juices, cakes and biscuits and Noodles (in soup) and seafood: noodle and common accompaniments. In adjusted models, higher maternal education attainment was correlated with higher start scores on Predominantly breastmilk, but lowest education attainment increased its adherence over time. Older mothers had higher start scores on Easy-to-prepare foods, but younger mothers had increased adherence over time. Chinese mothers had higher start scores on Predominantly breastmilk but greater adherence to GUIDELINES over time, while Indian mothers had higher start scores on Easy-to-prepare foods but greater adherence to Predominantly breastmilk with time (p < 0.05 for all). Changes in trajectories over time were small. Hence, dietary patterns established during weaning are strongly influenced by maternal socio-demographic factors and remain stable over the first year of life.
Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore. gerlimhn@gmail.com.
Geraldine Huini
GH
Lim
Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore. toh_jia_ying@sics.a-star.edu.sg.
Jia Ying
JY
Toh
Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore. izzuddin_aris@sics.a-star.edu.sg.
Izzuddin M
IM
Aris
Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228. chiaairu@u.nus.edu.
Ai-Ru
AR
Chia
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore. han.wee.meng@kkh.com.sg.
Wee Meng
WM
Han
Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore. seang_mei_saw@nuhs.edu.sg.
Seang Mei
SM
Saw
Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK. kmg@mrc.soton.ac.uk.
Keith M
KM
Godfrey
Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore. pd.gluckman@auckland.ac.nz.|Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. pd.gluckman@auckland.ac.nz.
Peter D
PD
Gluckman
Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore. yap_seng_chong@nuhs.edu.sg.|Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228. yap_seng_chong@nuhs.edu.sg.
Yap-Seng
YS
Chong
Department of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore. fabian.yap.kp@kkh.com.sg.|Department of Paediatrics, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore. fabian.yap.kp@kkh.com.sg.|Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore. fabian.yap.kp@kkh.com.sg.
Fabian
F
Yap
Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore. yung_seng_lee@nuhs.edu.sg.|Departments of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore. yung_seng_lee@nuhs.edu.sg.|Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore. yung_seng_lee@nuhs.edu.sg.
Yung Seng
YS
Lee
Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228. michael.kramer@mcgill.ca.|Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, QC H3A 1A2, Canada. michael.kramer@mcgill.ca.
Michael S
MS
Kramer
Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 117609, Singapore. ephmcff@nus.edu.sg.|Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore. ephmcff@nus.edu.sg.|Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore. ephmcff@nus.edu.sg.
Mary Foong-Fong
MF
Chong
D044466:Asian People; D002681:China; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D015930:Diet Records; D005006:Ethnicity; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D016014:Linear Models; D008895:Milk, Human; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D012846:Singapore; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D014886:Weaning
Asian; dietary pattern trajectories; factor analysis; first year of life; infant dietary patterns; multilevel mixed models