Human health risk assessment of chloroxylenol in liquid hand soap and dishwashing soap used by consumers and health-care professionals.
A quantitative human risk assessment of chloroxylenol was conducted for liquid hand and dishwashing soap products used by consumers and health-care workers. The toxicological data for chloroxylenol indicate lack of genotoxicity, no evidence of carcinogenicity, and minimal systemic toxicity. No observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) were established from chronic toxicity studies, specifically a carcinogenicity study that found no cancer excess (18 mg/kg-day) and studies of developmental and reproductive toxicity (100 mg/kg-day). Exposure to chloroxylenol for adults and children was estimated for two types of rinse-off cleaning products, one liquid hand soap, and two dishwashing products. The identified NOAELs were used together with exposure estimates to derive margin of exposure (MOE) estimates for chloroxylenol (i.e., estimates of exposure over NOAELs). These estimates were designed with conservative assumptions and likely overestimate exposure and risk (i.e., highest frequency, 100% dermal penetration). The resulting MOEs ranged from 178 to over 100, 000, 000 indicating negligibly small potential for harm related to consumer or health-care worker exposure to chloroxylenol in liquid soaps used in dish washing and hand washing.
Ramboll Environ, 333 W. Wacker Dr., Suite 2700, Chicago, IL 60606, USA. Electronic address: lyost@ramboll.com.
Lisa J
LJ
Yost
Ramboll Environ, 4350 North Fairfax Drive Suite 300, Arlington, VA 22203, USA. Electronic address: jrodricks@ramboll.com.
Joseph D
JD
Rodricks
Ramboll Environ, 4350 North Fairfax Drive Suite 300, Arlington, VA 22203, USA. Electronic address: dturnbull@ramboll.com.
Duncan
D
Turnbull
American Cleaning Institute, 1331 L Street, N.W., Sui te 650, Washington, D.C. 20005, USA. Electronic address: PDeLeo@CleaningInstitute.org.
Paul C
PC
DeLeo
The Proctor and Gamble Company, 11530 Reed Hartman Hwy., Cincinnati, OH 45241, USA. Electronic address: Nash.jf@pg.com.
J Frank
JF
Nash
GOJO Industries, One GOJO Plaza, Suite 500, Akron, Ohio, 44311, USA. Electronic address: QuinonesA@gojo.com.
Antonio
A
Quiñones-Rivera
Ecolab, 370 Wabasha Street North, Saint Paul, MN 55102, USA. Electronic address: pete.carlson@ecolab.com.
Pete A
PA
Carlson
D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D057225:Data Mining; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016272:Occupational Health; D051381:Rats; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012915:Soaps / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods; D014992:Xylenes / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis
D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D012915:Soaps; D014992:Xylenes; C007027:chloroxylenol
Chloroxylenol; Personal care products; Risk assessment