Library-based display technologies: where do we stand?
Over the past two decades, library-based display technologies have been staggeringly optimized since their appearance in order to mimic the process of natural molecular evolution. Display technologies are essential for the isolation of specific high-affinity binding molecules (proteins, polypeptides, nucleic acids and others) for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer, infectious diseases, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, inflammatory pathologies etc. Applications extend to other fields such as antibody and enzyme engineering, cell-free protein synthesis and the discovery of protein-protein interactions. Phage display technology is the most established of these methods but more recent fully in vitro alternatives, such as ribosome display, mRNA display, cis-activity based (CIS) display and covalent antibody display (CAD), as well as aptamer display and in vitro compartmentalization, offer advantages over phage in library size, speed and the display of unnatural amino acids and nucleotides. Altogether, they have produced several molecules currently approved or in diverse stages of clinical or preclinical testing and have provided researchers with tools to address some of the disadvantages of peptides and nucleotides such as their low affinity, low stability, high immunogenicity and difficulty to cross membranes. In this review we assess the fundamental technological features and point out some recent advances and applications of display technologies.
ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. agcousillas@vef.hr.
Asier
A
Galán
Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia.
Lubos
L
Comor
ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. agcousillas@vef.hr.
Anita
A
Horvatić
ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. agcousillas@vef.hr.
Josipa
J
Kuleš
ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. agcousillas@vef.hr.
Nicolas
N
Guillemin
ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. agcousillas@vef.hr.
Vladimir
V
Mrljak
ERA Chair FP7, Internal diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia. agcousillas@vef.hr and Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia and Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Mangesh
M
Bhide
D000818:Animals; D061505:Cell Surface Display Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D015723:Gene Library; D006801:Humans; D019151:Peptide Library
D019151:Peptide Library