Environmental effects of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: A review.
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill constituted an ecosystem-level injury in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Much oil spread at 1100-1300m depth, contaminating and affecting deepwater habitats. Factors such as oil-biodegradation, ocean currents and response measures (dispersants, burning) reduced coastal oiling. Still, >2100km of shoreline and many coastal habitats were affected. Research demonstrates that oiling caused a wide range of biological effects, although worst-case impact scenarios did not materialize. Biomarkers in individual organisms were more informative about oiling stress than population and community indices. Salt marshes and seabird populations were hard hit, but were also quite resilient to oiling effects. Monitoring demonstrated little contamination of seafood. Certain impacts are still understudied, such as effects on seagrass communities. Concerns of long-term impacts remain for large fish species, deep-sea corals, sea turtles and cetaceans. These species and their habitats should continue to receive attention (monitoring and research) for years to come.
NIVA - Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway.
Jonny
J
Beyer
NIVA - Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway.
Hilde C
HC
Trannum
NIVA - Norwegian Institute for Water Research, NO-0349, Oslo, Norway.
Torgeir
T
Bakke
School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada.
Peter V
PV
Hodson
Delta Independent Science Board, 980 Ninth Street, Suite 1500, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA.
Tracy K
TK
Collier
D000818:Animals; D055884:Chemical Hazard Release; D002980:Climate; D017753:Ecosystem; D060851:Gulf of America; D059392:Petroleum Pollution; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D053833:Wetlands
D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical
Deepwater Horizon oil spill; Environmental effects; Review