Sources of unwanted variability in measurement and description of skin surface topography.
OBJECTIVE
Quantitative measurement of skin roughness has proved to be a valuable tool in the efficacy-control of external applications, but it suffers from not yielding easily comparable results. The most important sources of inter-observer variability are high-pass filters used to separate roughness and waviness, and low-pass filters which result from the finite resolution of the instrument or from the finite sampling interval of digital measurement. In the present study, the effects of high-pass filters and sampling intervals on the roughness measured were investigated.


METHODS
Dynamically focusing optical profilometry was used to measure the surfaces of negative replicas of healthy human skin. High-pass cut-off wavelengths and sampling intervals were varied systematically.


CONCLUSIONS
Virtually unbiased estimates for the roughness parameters K, Sk, Rq , and Ra can be obtained using sampling intervals of 40 or even 80 μm. Regarding these roughness parameters, it is far better to do more scans than to shorten the sampling interval. The roughness parameters Rz , Rp , Rt , Rpm , Rmax , Pt , on the other hand are very sensitive to the influence of the sampling interval; to achieve satisfying estimates, the sampling interval should be no longer than 2 to 5 urn; as an important parameter'of the measurement, it is worthy of remark and should always be indicated. The way the mean square roughness Rq depends on the cut-off wavelength is not well described by the Sayles-Thomas-relation Rq ∼λc (0.5) . If the power-spectrum |h*(v)|(2) approximates sufficiently to a power law, |h*(v)|(2) ∼v(δ) , a better estimate is given by Rq ∼λc (γ) with γ=-(δ+1)/2. In many cases, γ=1 or Rq ∼λc will suffice.
Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
B J
BJ
Connemann
Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
H
H
Busche
Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
J
J
Kreusch
Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
H H
HH
Wolff
high-pass filter; profilometry; roughness; sampling interval; skin markings; stylus geometry