Mixed release of two parasitoids and a polyphagous ladybird as a potential strategy to control the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci.
A mixed species release of parasitoids is used to suppress outbreaks of tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); however, this biocontrol may be inhibited by interspecific interactions. We investigated the effects of mixed releases of natural enemies of B. tabaci on predation rates, parasite performance and adult parasitoid emergence under greenhouse conditions. We tested the polyphagous predatory ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and two whitefly-specific parasitoids, namely Encarsia formosa and Encarsia sophia (both, Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Harmonia axyridis exhibited the lowest rates of predation when released with each parasitoid than with both parasitoid species together and showed a significant preference for non-parasitized nymphs as prey. Both E. formosa and E. sophia parasitized more B. tabaci when released with the ladybird than when the wasps were released either alone or mixed with the other parasitoid. We also found that the presence of H. axyridis significantly reduced adult parasitoid emergence; the highest rate of adult emergence was obtained with parasitoids released alone. Our results indicate that different combinations of natural enemies can influence observed rates of predation, parasitism, and parasitoid emergence. Therefore, the combination of natural enemies to be used for a particular biological control program should depend on the specific objectives.
State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.|Institute of Plant &Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
Xiaoling
X
Tan
State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.|Department of Plant Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
Nana
N
Hu
State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
Fan
F
Zhang
Departamento de Producción Agrícola, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, 45100, Jalisco, México.
Ricardo
R
Ramirez-Romero
French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France.
Nicolas
N
Desneux
State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
Su
S
Wang
State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
Feng
F
Ge
D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000469:parasitology*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000469:parasitology*