Nonlocal Means Denoising of Self-Gated and k-Space Sorted 4-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Block-Matching and 3-Dimensional Filtering: Implications for Pancreatic Tumor Registration and Segmentation.
To denoise self-gated k-space sorted 4-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (SG-KS-4D-MRI) by applying a nonlocal means denoising filter, block-matching and 3-dimensional filtering (BM3D), to test its impact on the accuracy of 4D image deformable registration and automated tumor segmentation for pancreatic cancer patients.



Nine patients with pancreatic cancer and abdominal SG-KS-4D-MRI were included in the study. Block-matching and 3D filtering was adapted to search in the axial slices/frames adjacent to the reference image patch in the spatial and temporal domains. The patches with high similarity to the reference patch were used to collectively denoise the 4D-MRI image. The pancreas tumor was manually contoured on the first end-of-exhalation phase for both the raw and the denoised 4D-MRI. B-spline deformable registration was applied to the subsequent phases for contour propagation. The consistency of tumor volume defined by the standard deviation of gross tumor volumes from 10 breathing phases (σ_GTV), tumor motion trajectories in 3 cardinal motion planes, 4D-MRI imaging noise, and image contrast-to-noise ratio were compared between the raw and denoised groups.



Block-matching and 3D filtering visually and quantitatively reduced image noise by 52% and improved image contrast-to-noise ratio by 56%, without compromising soft tissue edge definitions. Automatic tumor segmentation is statistically more consistent on the denoised 4D-MRI (σ_GTV = 0.6 cm(3)) than on the raw 4D-MRI (σ_GTV = 0.8 cm(3)). Tumor end-of-exhalation location is also more reproducible on the denoised 4D-MRI than on the raw 4D-MRI in all 3 cardinal motion planes.



Block-matching and 3D filtering can significantly reduce random image noise while maintaining structural features in the SG-KS-4D-MRI datasets. In this study of pancreatic tumor segmentation, automatic segmentation of GTV in the registered image sets is shown to be more consistent on the denoised 4D-MRI than on the raw 4D-MRI.
Department of Computer Science, Xidian University, Xi'An, China.
Jun
J
Jin
Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Elizabeth
E
McKenzie
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Zhaoyang
Z
Fan
Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Richard
R
Tuli
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Zixin
Z
Deng
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Jianing
J
Pang
Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Benedick
B
Fraass
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Debiao
D
Li
Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Howard
H
Sandler
Department of Computer Science, Xidian University, Xi'An, China.
Guang
G
Yang
Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
Ke
K
Sheng
Department of Computer Science, Xidian University, Xi'An, China.
Shuiping
S
Gou
Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: wensha.yang@cshs.org.
Wensha
W
Yang
D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods; D061089:Radiotherapy, Image-Guided / Q000379:methods; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055425:Respiratory-Gated Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D059629:Signal-To-Noise Ratio; D013382:Subtraction Technique