The science and art of pediatric critical care nutrition.
Nutritional status and nutrient delivery during critical illness impact clinical outcomes. We have reviewed recent studies that may guide best practices regarding nutrition therapy in critically ill children.



Malnutrition is prevalent in the pediatric ICU population, and is associated with worse outcomes. Nutrition support teams, dedicated dietitians, and educational programs facilitate surveillance for existing malnutrition and nutrition risk, but specific tools for the pediatric ICU population are lacking. Estimation of macronutrient requirements is often inaccurate; novel strategies to accurately determine energy expenditure are being explored. Indirect calorimetry remains the reference method for measuring energy expenditure. Enteral nutrition is the preferred route for nutrition in patients with a functioning gut. Early enteral nutrition and delivery of adequate macronutrients, particularly protein, have been associated with improved clinical outcomes. Delivery of enteral nutrition is often interrupted because of fasting around procedures and perceived intolerance. Objective measures for detection and management of intolerance to nutrient intake are required. In low-risk patients who are able to tolerate enteral nutrition, supplemental parenteral nutrition may be delayed during the first week of critical illness.



Systematic research and consensus-based practices are expected to promote optimal nutritional practices in critically ill children with the potential to improve clinical outcomes.
aDivision of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital bHarvard Medical School cCenter for Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Enid E
EE
Martinez
Nilesh M
NM
Mehta
D002153:Calorimetry, Indirect; D002648:Child; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000628:therapy*; D002149:Energy Intake; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D006801:Humans; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D009752:Nutritional Status; D018529:Nutritional Support / Q000379:methods*; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition