Radiographic assessment of congenital malformations of the upper extremity.
Congenital and developmental malformations of the upper extremity are uncommon and their diagnosis can challenge radiologists. Many complex classification systems exist, the latest of which accounts for the complex embryology and pathogenetic mechanisms that govern the formation of these anomalies. Using appropriate descriptors allows for more specific diagnosis and improved consultation with referring pediatricians and surgeons, helping to guide medical and surgical interventions and, if indicated, further investigation for associated abnormalities and underlying syndromes. We review the imaging characteristics of upper limb malformations to help pediatric radiologists better understand the classification and workup necessary in these cases.
Department of Radiology, Musculoskeletal Division, Penn Medicine University City, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3737 Market St., 7th floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. mattwinfeld@gmail.com.
Matthew J
MJ
Winfeld
Department of Radiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
Hansel
H
Otero
D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D038062:Upper Extremity Deformities, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
Children; Congenital; Hand; Malformation; Musculoskeletal; Radiography; Upper extremity