Development of a practice framework for improving nurses' responses to intimate partner violence.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this article is to discuss critically the theoretical concepts of awareness, recognition and empowerment as manifested in intimate partner violence and to show how these can be translated into a practice framework for improving nurses' response.


BACKGROUND
Intimate partner violence is a universal problem and is considered a significant public health issue. Nurses are in an ideal position to recognise and respond to intimate partner violence, but many lack confidence in this area of practice. In our previous empirical work, we identified three concepts through which nurses' responses to intimate partner violence can be understood: awareness, recognition and empowerment. In this article, we advance nursing knowledge by showing how these concepts can form a practice framework to improve nurses' responses to intimate partner violence.


METHODS
A discussion paper and development of a practice framework to improve nurses' responses to intimate partner violence.


CONCLUSIONS
The framework comprises three principal needs of women and three related key requirements for nurses to meet these needs. Arising from these are a range of practice outcomes: enhanced understanding of intimate partner violence, increased confidence in recognising intimate partner violence, establishment of trusting relationships, increased likelihood of disclosure and optimised safety.


CONCLUSIONS
Nurses sometimes lack confidence in recognising and responding to intimate partner violence. Awareness, recognition and empowerment are important concepts that can form the basis of a framework to support them. When nurses feel empowered to respond to intimate partner violence, they can work together with women to optimise their safety.


CONCLUSIONS
Access to adequate and timely intimate partner violence education and training is important in improving nurses' responses to intimate partner violence. Getting this right can lead to enhanced safety planning and better health outcomes for women who experience intimate partner violence. Although difficult to measure as an outcome, nurses' improved responses can contribute to higher rates of referral for help and reduction in intimate partner violence rates.
School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Caroline
C
Bradbury-Jones
School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Maria T
MT
Clark
Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Jayne
J
Parry
School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.|Edgbaston and Birmingham Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
Julie
J
Taylor
D018585:Battered Women / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000066511:Intimate Partner Violence / Q000523:psychology*; D016294:Models, Nursing; D011209:Power, Psychological; D057184:Practice Patterns, Nurses'
abuse; awareness; education; empowerment; intimate partner violence; nursing; public health; recognition