Potential of rooibos, its major C-glucosyl flavonoids, and Z-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-phenylpropenoic acid in prevention of metabolic syndrome.
Risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) cluster together and are termed the metabolic syndrome. Key factors driving the metabolic syndrome are inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance (IR), and obesity. IR is defined as the impairment of insulin to achieve its physiological effects, resulting in glucose and lipid metabolic dysfunction in tissues such as muscle, fat, kidney, liver, and pancreatic β-cells. The potential of rooibos extract and its major C-glucosyl flavonoids, in particular aspalathin, a C-glucoside dihydrochalcone, as well as the phenolic precursor, Z-2-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-phenylpropenoic acid, to prevent the metabolic syndrome, will be highlighted. The mechanisms whereby these phenolic compounds elicit positive effects on inflammation, cellular oxidative stress and transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism will be discussed in terms of their potential in ameliorating features of the metabolic syndrome and the development of serious metabolic disease. An overview of the phenolic composition of rooibos and the changes during processing will provide relevant background on this herbal tea, while a discussion of the bioavailability of the major rooibos C-glucosyl flavonoids will give insight into a key aspect of the bioefficacy of rooibos.
a Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform , South African Medical Research Council , Tygerberg , South Africa.
Christo J F
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6821-2120
CJF
Muller
b Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division , Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij , Stellenbosch , South Africa.
Christiaan J
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8485-7877
CJ
Malherbe
a Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform , South African Medical Research Council , Tygerberg , South Africa.
Nireshni
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9968-0998
N
Chellan
c Division of Applied Biological Chemistry , Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Fuchu , Tokyo , Japan.|d Center for Bioscience Research and Education , Utsunomiya University , Utsunomiya , Tochigi , Japan.
Kazumi
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9494-9887
K
Yagasaki
c Division of Applied Biological Chemistry , Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , Fuchu , Tokyo , Japan.
Yutaka
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8113-8014
Y
Miura
b Post-Harvest and Wine Technology Division , Agricultural Research Council (ARC), Infruitec-Nietvoorbij , Stellenbosch , South Africa.|e Department of Food Science , Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland Stellenbosch , South Africa.
Elizabeth
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9717-9769
E
Joubert
D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D036903:Aspalathus / Q000737:chemistry*; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000276:immunology; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005960:Glucosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007536:Isomerism; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000737:chemistry; D013019:South Africa; D000069459:Teas, Herbal / Q000032:analysis
C000591224:2-(glucopyranosyloxy)-3-phenylpropenoic acid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D005960:Glucosides; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000069459:Teas, Herbal
Dihydrochalcone; aspalathin; bioavailability; diabetes; flavones; isoorientin; obesity; orientin