Barriers and enablers to advanced practitioners' ability to enact their leadership role: A scoping review.
BACKGROUND
Advanced roles such as nurse practitioner, nurse consultant and advanced nurse or midwife practitioner are increasing across the world. In most countries, clinical practice, education, leadership and research are the four components that define the advanced practitioner's role. Of these, leadership is perhaps the most important part of the role, but its study has largely been neglected. There is a risk that failure to identify and respond to barriers to enacting the advanced practitioners' leadership role will limit the extent to which they can become strategic leaders for professional development, and jeopardise the long-term sustainability of the role.


OBJECTIVE
To identify the barriers and enablers to advanced practitioner's ability to enact their leadership role.


METHODS
A search of the research literature was undertaken in electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ProQuest Dissertation and Theses, from inception to 4-6th June 2015), unpublished research in seventeen online research repositories and institutes, and hand search of 2 leadership journals (March/April 2010-4th June 2015).


METHODS
Using pre-set inclusion criteria, the 1506 titles found were screened by two authors working independently. The 140 full text reports selected were reviewed by two authors separately and 34 were included, and data extracted and cross-checked. Any disagreements were discussed by the scoping team until consensus was reached. Using content analysis, the barriers and enablers relating to leadership enactment were sorted into themes based on their common characteristics, and using a Structure-Process-Outcome conceptual framework were categorised under the four structural layers: (1) healthcare system-level, (2) organisational-level, (3) team-level, and (4) advanced practitioner-level.


RESULTS
Thirteen barriers to, and 11 enablers of, leadership were identified. Of these a majority (n=14) were related to organisational-level factors such as mentoring, support from senior management, opportunity to participate at strategic level, structural supports for the role, and size of clinical caseload. Advanced practitioner-level factors relating to personal attributes, knowledge, skills and values of the advanced practitioner were identified.


CONCLUSIONS
Although building leadership capabilities at advanced practitioner-level and team-level are important, without key inputs from healthcare managers, advanced practitioners' leadership enactment will remain at the level of clinical practice, and their contribution as change agents and innovators at the strategic level of service development and development of the nursing profession will be not be realised.
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: naomi.elliott@tcd.ie.
Naomi
N
Elliott
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland; Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Electronic address: cbegley@tcd.ie.
Cecily
C
Begley
The Library of Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: greg.sheaf@tcd.ie.
Greg
G
Sheaf
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: ahiggins@tcd.ie.
Agnes
A
Higgins
D057179:Advanced Practice Nursing; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D009740:Nursing Staff
Advanced practitioner; Barriers; Enablers; Leadership; Leadership capacity; Nurse consultant; Nurse practitioner; Scoping review