Computational immuno-biology for organ transplantation and regenerative medicine.
Organ transplantation and regenerative medicine are adopted platforms that provide replacement tissues and organs from natural or engineered sources. Acceptance, tolerance and rejection depend greatly on the proper control of the immune response against graft antigens, motivating the development of immunological and genetical therapies that prevent organ failure. They rely on a complete, or partial, understanding of the immune system. Ultimately, they are innovative technologies that ensure permanent graft tolerance and indefinite graft survival through the modulation of the immune system. Computational immunology has arisen as a tool towards a mechanistic understanding of the biological and physicochemical processes surrounding an immune response. It comprehends theoretical and computational frameworks that simulate immuno-biological systems. The challenge is centered on the multi-scale character of the immune system that spans from atomistic scales, during peptide-epitope and protein interactions, to macroscopic scales, for lymph transport and organ-organ reactions. In this paper, we discuss, from an engineering perspective, the biological processes that are involved during the immune response of organ transplantation. Previous computational efforts, including their characteristics and visible limitations, are described. Finally, future perspectives and challenges are listed to motivate further developments.
Departamento de Materiales y Minerales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia.
Gustavo A
GA
Vásquez-Montoya
Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Juan S
JS
Danobeitia
Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Luis A
LA
Fernández
Departamento de Materiales y Minerales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia; Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Laboratory for Molecular and Computational Genomics, UW Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Electronic address: jphernandezo@unal.edu.co.
Juan P
JP
Hernández-Ortiz
D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D044968:Regenerative Medicine; D014181:Transplantation Immunology; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance