Producing ultrapure wood cellulose nanofibrils and evaluating the cytotoxicity using human skin cells.
Wood cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) have been suggested as a potential wound healing material, but its utilization is limited by FDA requirements regarding endotoxin levels. In this study a method using sodium hydroxide followed by TEMPO mediated oxidation was developed to produce ultrapure cellulose nanofibrils, with an endotoxin level of 45 endotoxin units/g (EU/g) cellulose. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (S(T)EM) revealed a highly nanofibrillated structure (lateral width of 3.7±1.3nm). Assessment of cytotoxicity and metabolic activity on Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Human Epidermal Keratinocytes was done. CNF-dispersion of 50μg/ml did not affect the cells. CNF-aerogels induced a reduction of metabolic activity by the fibroblasts and keratinocytes, but no significant cell death. Cytokine profiling revealed no induction of the 27 cytokines tested upon exposure to CNF. The moisture-holding capacity of aerogels was relatively high (∼7500%), compared to a commercially available wound dressing (∼2500%), indicating that the CNF material is promising as dressing material for management of wounds with a moderate to high amount of exudate.
Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. Electronic address: henriette.r.nordli@ntnu.no.
Henriette Rogstad
HR
Nordli
PFI, Høgskoleringen 6b, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway. Electronic address: gary.chinga.carrasco@pfi.no.
Gary
G
Chinga-Carrasco
Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA) and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway. Electronic address: anne.m.rokstad@ntnu.no.
Anne Mari
AM
Rokstad
Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Dermatology, St. Olavs Hospital HF, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. Electronic address: brita.pukstad@ntnu.no.
Brita
B
Pukstad
D002482:Cellulose / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003603:Cytotoxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D057139:Nanofibers / Q000633:toxicity*; D012867:Skin / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D014934:Wood / Q000737:chemistry*
D016207:Cytokines; D003603:Cytotoxins; D002482:Cellulose
Cytotoxicity; Endotoxins; Fibroblasts; Keratinocytes; Ultrapure cellulose nanofibrils