Substance use and duration of untreated psychosis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
BACKGROUND
Substance use and psychiatric disorders cause significant burden of disease in low- and middle-income countries. Co-morbid psychopathology and longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) can negatively affect treatment outcomes.


OBJECTIVE
The study assessed substance use amongst adults with severe mental illness receiving services at a regional psychiatric hospital in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). We describe the prevalence and correlates of lifetime substance use and examine the association between substance use and DUP.


METHODS
A cross-sectional survey recruited adults diagnosed with severe mental illness and assessed lifetime and past 3-month substance use using the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. Regression analyses were conducted to determine associations between lifetime substance use (other than alcohol and tobacco) and DUP as measured by the World Health Organization Encounter Form.


RESULTS
Amongst 87 participants, alcohol (81.6%), tobacco (75.6%) and cannabis (49.4%) were the most common substances reported for lifetime use. Risk of health-related problems (health, social, financial, legal and relationship) of cannabis use was associated with younger age, single marital status and lower education. Adjusted regression analyses indicated that use of amphetamines and methaqualone is associated with longer DUP.


CONCLUSIONS
Substance use is prevalent amongst psychiatric patients in KwaZulu-Natal and may contribute to longer DUP. Mental health services in this region should address co-morbid substance use and psychiatric disorders.
Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY, United States of America.
Glen P
GP
Davis
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa.
Andrew
A
Tomita
Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America.
Joy Noel
JN
Baumgartner
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa; KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Durban, South Africa.
Sisanda
S
Mtshemla
Health Economics and HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
Siphumelele
S
Nene
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa; KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Durban, South Africa.
Howard
H
King
Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, New York, NY, United States of America; New York State Psychiatric Institute, United States of America.
Ezra
E
Susser
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa; KwaZulu-Natal Department of Health, Durban, South Africa.
Jonathan K
JK
Burns