Positive inotropes in heart failure: a review article.
Increasing myocardial contractility has long been considered a big help for patients with systolic heart failure, conferring an augmented haemodynamic profile in terms of higher cardiac output, lower cardiac filling pressure and better organ perfusion. Though concerns have been raised over the safety issues regarding the clinical trials of different inotropes in hearts with systolic dysfunction, they still stand as a main therapeutic strategy in many centres dealing with such patients. They must be used as short in duration, low in dose and stopped as early as possible. Evidence-based guidelines have provided clinicians with valuable data for better applying inotropes in heart failure patients. In this paper, the authors address clinical trials with different agents used for increasing cardiac contractility in heart failure patients. Furthermore, the authors focus on recent guidelines on making the most out of inotropes in heart failure patients.
Department of Heart failure and Transplantation, Rajaee Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
Ahmad
A
Amin
Department of Cardiology, Rajaee Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
Majid
M
Maleki
Fallot's tetralogy; Inotropic agents; artificial heart; congenital heart disease; coronary artery disease; heart failure; heart failure with normal ejection fraction; phosphodiesterase inhibitors; rejection; risk stratification; transplantation; ventricular tachycardia; β agonists