Therapeutic Assessment of Chloroquine-Primaquine Combined Regimen in Adult Cohort of Plasmodium vivax Malaria from Primary Care Centres in Southwestern India.
BACKGROUND
Several reports of chloroquine treatment failure and resistance in Plasmodium vivax malaria from Southeast Asian countries have been published. Present study was undertaken to assess the efficacy of chloroquine-primaquine (CQ-PQ) combined regimen for the treatment of P. vivax malaria patients who were catered by the selected primary health centres (PHCs) of Udupi taluk, Udupi district, Karnataka, India.


METHODS
Five PHCs were selected within Udupi taluk based on probability proportional to size. In-vivo therapeutic efficacy assessment of CQ (1500 mg over three days) plus PQ (210 mg over 14 days) regimen was carried out in accordance with the World Health Organization's protocol of 28 days follow-up among microscopically diagnosed monoinfection P. vivax cohort.


RESULTS
In total, 161 participants were recruited in the study of which, 155 (96.3%) participants completed till day 28 follow-up, fully complied with the treatment regimen and showed adequate clinical and parasitological response. Loss to follow up was noted with 5 (3.1%) participants and non-compliance with treatment regimen occurred with one participant (0.6%). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDd, <30% of normal mean activity) was noted among 5 (3.1%) participants and one of them did develop PQ induced dark-brown urination which subsided after PQ discontinuation. G6PDd patients were treated with PQ 45 mg/week for eight weeks while PQ was discontinued in one case with G6PD 1.4 U/g Hb due to complaint of reddish-brown coloured urine by 48 hours of PQ initiation. Nested polymerase chain reaction test revealed 45 (28%) cases as mixed (vivax and falciparum) malaria.


CONCLUSIONS
The CQ-PQ combined regimen remains outstandingly effective to treat uncomplicated P. vivax malaria in Udupi taluk and thus it should continue as first line regimen. For all P. vivax cases, G6PD screening before PQ administration must be mandatory and made available in all PHCs.
Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
Kavitha
K
Saravu
Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
Rishikesh
R
Kumar
District Health Office, Udupi, Karnataka, India.
Herikudru
H
Ashok
District Malaria Office, Udupi, Karnataka, India.
Premananda
P
Kundapura
Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, India.
Veena
V
Kamath
Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, India.
Asha
A
Kamath
Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, India.
Chiranjay
C
Mukhopadhyay
D000328:Adult; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000187:drug effects / Q000472:pathogenicity; D011319:Primaquine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011320:Primary Health Care
D000962:Antimalarials; D002738:Chloroquine; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; C482910:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase A-; D011319:Primaquine