Variation of the Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade Associated with Different Drying Methods and Polyphenol Oxidase Activity.
The effects of different drying methods (freeze drying, vacuum oven drying, and shade drying) on the phytochemical constituents associated with the antioxidant activities of Z. officinale var. rubrum Theilade were evaluated to determine the optimal drying process for these rhizomes. Total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity were measured using the spectrophotometric method. Individual phenolic acids and flavonoids, 6- and 8-gingerol and shogaol were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography method. Ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays were used for the evaluation of antioxidant activities. The highest reduction in moisture content was observed after freeze drying (82.97%), followed by vacuum oven drying (80.43%) and shade drying (72.65%). The highest TPC, TFC, and 6- and 8-shogaol contents were observed in samples dried by the vacuum oven drying method compared to other drying methods. The highest content of 6- and 8-gingerol was observed after freeze drying, followed by vacuum oven drying and shade drying methods. Fresh samples had the highest PPO activity and lowest content of flavonoid and phenolic acid compounds compared to dried samples. Rhizomes dried by the vacuum oven drying method represent the highest DPPH (52.9%) and FRAP activities (566.5 μM of Fe (II)/g DM), followed by freeze drying (48.3% and 527.1 μM of Fe (II)/g DM, respectively) and shade drying methods (37.64% and 471.8 μM of Fe (II)/g DM, respectively) with IC50 values of 27.2, 29.1, and 34.8 μg/mL, respectively. Negative and significant correlations were observed between PPO and antioxidant activity of rhizomes. Vacuum oven dried rhizomes can be utilized as an ingredient for the development of value-added food products as they contain high contents of phytochemicals with valuable antioxidant potential.
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. alighasemzadeh@upm.edu.my.
Ali
A
Ghasemzadeh
Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. hawazej@upm.edu.my.
Hawa Z E
HZ
Jaafar
Department of Nutrition &amp; Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. profasmah@gmail.com.
Asmah
A
Rahmat
D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004156:Catechol Oxidase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002396:Catechols / Q000737:chemistry; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000737:chemistry; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010636:Phenols / Q000737:chemistry; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D027343:Rhizome / Q000737:chemistry; D030521:Zingiberaceae / Q000737:chemistry
D000975:Antioxidants; D002396:Catechols; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D005419:Flavonoids; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D004156:Catechol Oxidase; C534464:8-gingerol
DPPH activity; FRAP activity; Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade; phytochemicals; polyphenol oxidase; storage