Natural abundance (14)N and (15)N solid-state NMR of pharmaceuticals and their polymorphs.
(14)N ultra-wideline (UW), (1)H{(15)N} indirectly-detected HETCOR (idHETCOR) and (15)N dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) experiments, in combination with plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) calculations of (14)N EFG tensors, were utilized to characterize a series of nitrogen-containing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), including HCl salts of scopolamine, alprenolol, isoprenaline, acebutolol, dibucaine, nicardipine, and ranitidine. A case study applying these methods for the differentiation of polymorphs of bupivacaine HCl is also presented. All experiments were conducted upon samples with naturally-abundant nitrogen isotopes. For most of the APIs, it was possible to acquire frequency-stepped UW (14)N SSNMR spectra of stationary samples, which display powder patterns corresponding to pseudo-tetrahedral (i.e., RR'R''NH(+) and RR'NH2(+)) or other (i.e., RNH2 and RNO2) nitrogen environments. Directly-excited (14)N NMR spectra were acquired using the WURST-CPMG pulse sequence, which incorporates WURST (wideband, uniform rate, and smooth truncation) pulses and a CPMG (Carr-Purcell Meiboom-Gill) refocusing protocol. In certain cases, spectra were acquired using (1)H → (14)N broadband cross-polarization, via the BRAIN-CP (broadband adiabatic inversion - cross polarization) pulse sequence. These spectra provide (14)N electric field gradient (EFG) tensor parameters and orientations that are particularly sensitive to variations in local structure and intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions. The (1)H{(15)N} idHETCOR spectra, acquired under conditions of fast magic-angle spinning (MAS), used CP transfers to provide (1)H-(15)N chemical shift correlations for all nitrogen environments, except for two sites in acebutolol and nicardipine. One of these two sites (RR'NH2(+) in acebutolol) was successfully detected using the DNP-enhanced (15)N{(1)H} CP/MAS measurement, and one (RNO2 in nicardipine) remained elusive due to the absence of nearby protons. This exploratory study suggests that this combination of techniques has great potential for the characterization of solid APIs and numerous other organic, biological, and inorganic systems.
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada. rschurko@uwindsor.ca.
Stanislav L
SL
Veinberg
Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3L3, UK.
Karen E
KE
Johnston
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada. rschurko@uwindsor.ca.
Michael J
MJ
Jaroszewicz
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada. rschurko@uwindsor.ca.
Brianna M
BM
Kispal
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada. rschurko@uwindsor.ca.
Christopher R
CR
Mireault
U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA.
Takeshi
T
Kobayashi
U.S. DOE Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3020, USA. mpruski@iastate.edu.
Marek
M
Pruski
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada. rschurko@uwindsor.ca.
Robert W
RW
Schurko