Sleep Spindle Deficit in Schizophrenia: Contextualization of Recent Findings.
Sleep spindles are wax and waning brain oscillations at a frequency range of 11-16 Hz, lasting 0.5-2 s, that define non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 2. Over the past few years, several independent studies pointed to a decrease of sleep spindles in schizophrenia. The aim of this review is to contextualize these findings within the growing literature on these oscillations across other neuro-psychiatric disorders. Indeed, spindles reflect the coordinated activity of thalamocortical networks, and their abnormality can be observed in a variety of conditions that disrupt local or global thalamocortical connectivity. Although the broad methodological variability across studies limits the possibility of drawing firm conclusions, impaired spindling activity has been observed in several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Despite such lack of specificity, schizophrenia remains the only condition with a typical late adolescence to young adulthood onset in which impaired spindling has been consistently reported. Further research is necessary to clearly define the pathogenetic mechanisms that lead to this deficit and the validity of its widespread use as a clinical biomarker.
Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy. anna.castelnovo@unimi.it.
Anna
A
Castelnovo
Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
Armando
A
D'Agostino
Dipartimento di Salute Mentale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
Cecilia
C
Casetta
Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Battista Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy.
Simone
S
Sarasso
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburg, 3811 O'Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
Fabio
F
Ferrarelli
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
Autism; Dementia; Depression; Endophenotype; Schizophrenia; Sleep spindles; Thalamic lesions