Honeybee economics: optimisation of foraging in a variable world.
In honeybees fast and efficient exploitation of nectar and pollen sources is achieved by persistent endothermy throughout the foraging cycle, which means extremely high energy costs. The need for food promotes maximisation of the intake rate, and the high costs call for energetic optimisation. Experiments on how honeybees resolve this conflict have to consider that foraging takes place in a variable environment concerning microclimate and food quality and availability. Here we report, in simultaneous measurements of energy costs, gains, and intake rate and efficiency, how honeybee foragers manage this challenge in their highly variable environment. If possible, during unlimited sucrose flow, they follow an 'investment-guided' ('time is honey') economic strategy promising increased returns. They maximise net intake rate by investing both own heat production and solar heat to increase body temperature to a level which guarantees a high suction velocity. They switch to an 'economizing' ('save the honey') optimisation of energetic efficiency if the intake rate is restricted by the food source when an increased body temperature would not guarantee a high intake rate. With this flexible and graded change between economic strategies honeybees can do both maximise colony intake rate and optimise foraging efficiency in reaction to environmental variation.
Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
Anton
A
Stabentheiner
Institute of Zoology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria.
Helmut
H
Kovac
D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001831:Body Temperature; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D002980:Climate; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D004777:Environment; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D035264:Flowers; D005502:Food; D006358:Hot Temperature; D057048:Plant Nectar; D011058:Pollen; D013395:Sucrose / Q000737:chemistry; D013472:Sunlight; D013696:Temperature
D057048:Plant Nectar; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D013395:Sucrose