Prevalence and Incidence of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older People: Beijing Longitudinal Study of Aging II.
To estimate the prevalence and incidence of frailty and evaluate the effect of frailty on adverse outcomes in Chinese elderly adults.



Secondary analysis of prospective cohort study.



Community in Beijing, China.



Individuals aged 55 and older (N = 10,039).



A Frailty Index (FI) was derived from 34 items using Rockwood's cumulative deficits method. A FI of 0.25 or greater indicated frailty. The clinical outcome was evaluated using a composite variable of any of the following adverse events: falls, hospitalization, activity of daily living disability, and death.



The overall crude prevalence of frailty was 12.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 11.7-13.0%), and the standardized prevalence was 9.1% (95% CI = 8.6-9.7%). The crude incidence was 13.0% (95% CI = 12.2-13.9%), and the standardized incidence 10.8% (95% CI = 10.0-11.6%). Prevalence and incidence were significantly greater with age (P for trend < .001) and greater in women (P < .001) and urban residents (P < .001). Participants with lower education and having three or more diseases and taking four or more medications daily were more likely to develop frailty over follow-up (all P < .05). After adjusting for age, number of diseases, and smoking at baseline, the risk of any adverse event in 1 year in the frail group was 58% higher than in the nonfrail group (adjusted odds ratio = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.30-1.93, P < .001).



A feasible FI that can be used in routine medical evaluation in a primary care setting was developed, and a 12.3% prevalence and a 13% incidence of frailty was demonstrated in community-dwelling Chinese older adults. Frailty is more common for urban and female residents in the oldest old group. Being frail significantly predicts geriatric adverse outcomes, indicating the importance of early screening and intervention in frail individuals in primary care.
Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.|Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing, China.
Zheng
Z
Zheng
Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Shaochen
S
Guan
Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.|Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing, China.
Hui
H
Ding
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
Zhihui
Z
Wang
Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Jin
J
Zhang
Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Jing
J
Zhao
Neurology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Jinghong
J
Ma
Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.|Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.|Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.|Beijing Key Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing, China.|Neurology, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
Piu
P
Chan
D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000068476:Beijing / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015577:Geriatric Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D057187:Independent Living; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies
comorbidity; disability; frailty; incidence; prevalence