Placebo effects in cognitive training.
Although a large body of research shows that general cognitive ability is heritable and stable in young adults, there is recent evidence that fluid intelligence can be heightened with cognitive training. Many researchers, however, have questioned the methodology of the cognitive-training studies reporting improvements in fluid intelligence: specifically, the role of placebo effects. We designed a procedure to intentionally induce a placebo effect via overt recruitment in an effort to evaluate the role of placebo effects in fluid intelligence gains from cognitive training. Individuals who self-selected into the placebo group by responding to a suggestive flyer showed improvements after a single, 1-h session of cognitive training that equates to a 5- to 10-point increase on a standard IQ test. Controls responding to a nonsuggestive flyer showed no improvement. These findings provide an alternative explanation for effects observed in the cognitive-training literature and the brain-training industry, revealing the need to account for confounds in future research.
Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 cyrus.foroughi@gmail.com.
Cyrus K
0000-0002-9699-6812
CK
Foroughi
Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030.
Samuel S
SS
Monfort
Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030.
Martin
M
Paczynski
Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030.
Patrick E
PE
McKnight
Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030.
P M
PM
Greenwood
D003071:Cognition; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D015990:Placebo Effect; D013663:Teaching
brain training; cognitive training; fluid intelligence; placebo effects