Optimizing treatment outcome of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs: the role of therapeutic drug monitoring.
BACKGROUND
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world's deadliest communicable diseases. Although cure rates of the standard four-drug (rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol) treatment schedule can be as high as 95-98 % under clinical trial conditions, success rates may be much lower in less well resourced countries. Unsuccessful treatment with these first-line anti-TB drugs may lead to the development of multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant TB. The intrinsic interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the first-line anti-TB drugs is further exacerbated by co-morbidities such as HIV infection and diabetes.


METHODS
Therapeutic drug monitoring has been proposed in an attempt to optimize treatment outcome and reduce the development of drug resistance. Several studies have shown that maximum plasma concentrations (C max), especially of rifampicin and isoniazid, are well below the proposed target C max concentrations in a substantial fraction of patients being treated with the standard four-drug treatment schedule, even though treatment's success rate in these studies was typically at least 85 %.


CONCLUSIONS
The proposed target C max concentrations are based on the concentrations of these agents achieved in healthy volunteers and patients receiving the standard doses. Estimation of C max based on one or two sampling times may not have the necessary accuracy since absorption rate, especially for rifampicin, may be highly variable. In addition, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) variability should be taken into account to set clinically meaningful susceptibility breakpoints. Clearly, there is a need to better define the key target PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of the first-line anti-TB drugs to be efficacious, C max (or area under the curve (AUC)) and C max/MIC (or AUC/MIC).


CONCLUSIONS
Although TDM of first-line anti-TB drugs has been successfully used in a limited number of specialized centers to improve treatment outcome in slow responders, a better characterization of the target PK and/or PK/PD parameters is in our opinion necessary to make it cost-effective.
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia. rverbeeck@unam.na.
Roger K
RK
Verbeeck
Katutura State Hospital, Windhoek, Namibia.|Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Borstel, Germany.
Gunar
G
Günther
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
Dan
D
Kibuule
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
Christian
C
Hunter
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia.
Tim W
TW
Rennie
D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D004977:Ethambutol / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011718:Pyrazinamide / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012293:Rifampin / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000188:drug therapy*
D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D011718:Pyrazinamide; D004977:Ethambutol; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin
Anti-TB drugs; Ethambutol; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampicin; Therapeutic drug monitoring