Unhealthy behaviour modification, psychological distress, and 1-year survival in cardiac rehabilitation.
OBJECTIVE
Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is considered the recommended secondary prevention treatment for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), in terms of health behaviours and, secondarily, better cardiac outcomes promotion. However, the role of psychiatric and psychosomatic distress on the efficacy of CR is unclear. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of CR on unhealthy behaviour modification and cardiac course, considering the moderating role of depression, anxiety, and psychosomatic syndromes.


METHODS
A longitudinal design between and within groups was employed. The assessment was repeated four times: at admission to CR (T1), at discharge (T2), 6 (T3) and 12 months following CR completion (T4).


METHODS
One hundred and eight patients undergoing CR versus 85 patients with CVD not referred to CR, underwent psychiatric, psychosomatic, and health behaviour assessment. The assessment included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (depression and anxiety), the interview based on Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research, GOSPEL Study questionnaire (health behaviours), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale.


RESULTS
Cardiac rehabilitation was associated with maintenance of physical activity, improvement of behavioural aspects related to food consumption, stress management, and sleep quality. On the contrary, CR was not associated with weight loss, healthy diet, and medication adherence. Depression and psychosomatic syndromes seem to moderate the modification of specific health-related behaviours (physical activity, behavioural aspects of food consumption, stress management, and pharmacological adherence).


CONCLUSIONS
In CR settings, an integrated assessment including both psychiatric and psychosomatic syndromes is needed to address psychological factors associated with unhealthy behaviour modification. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is considered a class 1A treatment recommendation and the most cost-effective model of secondary prevention to reduce cardiovascular events. There is evidence about the association between psychological distress and both unhealthy behaviour and cardiac course. Depression and psychosomatic distress, such as type A behaviour and demoralization, are frequently associated with CVD course. However, the role of psychiatric and psychosomatic distress in CR is not well known. What does this study add? CR exerted a protective effect on physical activity and a positive effect on eating behaviour, stress management, and quality of sleep. CR did not show any particular effect on smoking, overweight/obesity, dietary habits, medication adherence, and patients' 1-year survival. Findings from this study suggest the importance to consider specific psychological and psychosomatic aspects in affecting lifestyle.
Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Italy. sara.gostoli2@unibo.it.
Sara
S
Gostoli
Division of Cardiology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
Renzo
R
Roncuzzi
Division of Cardiology, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
Stefano
S
Urbinati
Department of Community Health Sciences, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Donald E
DE
Morisky
Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Italy.
Chiara
C
Rafanelli
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology*; D000072038:Cardiac Rehabilitation / Q000523:psychology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D015444:Exercise; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity; D050177:Overweight; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012907:Smoking; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D015996:Survival Rate
Anxiety; Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research; cardiac rehabilitation; depression; health behaviours; psychosomatic syndromes