Estimation of Energy Expenditure during Treadmill Exercise via Thermal Imaging.
Noninvasive imaging of oxygen uptake may provide a useful tool for the quantification of energy expenditure during human locomotion. A novel thermal imaging method (optical flow) was validated against indirect calorimetry for the estimation of energy expenditure during human walking and running.



Fourteen endurance-trained subjects completed a discontinuous incremental exercise test on a treadmill. Subjects performed 4-min intervals at 3, 5, and 7 km·h (walking) and at 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 km·h (running) with 30 s of rest between intervals. Heart rate, gas exchange, and mean accelerations of ankle, thigh, wrist, and hip were measured throughout the exercise test. A thermal camera (30 frames per second) was used to quantify optical flow, calculated as the movements of the limbs relative to the trunk (internal mechanical work) and vertical movement of the trunk (external vertical mechanical work).



Heart rate, gross oxygen uptake (mL·kg·min) together with gross and net energy expenditure (J·kg·min) rose with increasing treadmill velocities, as did optical flow measurements and mean accelerations (g) of ankle, thigh, wrist, and hip. Oxygen uptake was linearly correlated with optical flow across all exercise intensities (R = 0.96, P < 0.0001; V˙O2 [mL·kg·min] = 7.35 + 9.85 × optical flow [arbitrary units]). Only 3-4 s of camera recording was required to estimate an optical flow value at each velocity.



Optical flow measurements provide an accurate estimation of energy expenditure during horizontal walking and running. The technique offers a novel experimental method of estimating energy expenditure during human locomotion, without use of interfering equipment attached to the subject.
1Department of Architecture, Design and Media Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, DENMARK; and 2Department of Health Science and Technology, SMI, Aalborg University, Aalborg, DENMARK.
Martin Møller
MM
Jensen
Mathias Krogh
MK
Poulsen
Thiemo
T
Alldieck
Ryan Godsk
RG
Larsen
Rikke
R
Gade
Thomas Baltzer
TB
Moeslund
Jesper
J
Franch
D000328:Adult; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D012420:Running / Q000502:physiology*; D013817:Thermography / Q000379:methods*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*