Stuttering: Clinical and research update.
OBJECTIVE
To provide an update on the epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of developmental stuttering.


METHODS
The MEDLINE and Cochrane databases were searched for past and recent studies on the epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of developmental stuttering. Most recommendations are based on small studies, limited-quality evidence, or consensus.


RESULTS
Stuttering is a speech disorder, common in persons of all ages, that affects normal fluency and time patterning of speech. Stuttering has been associated with differences in brain anatomy, functioning, and dopamine regulation thought to be due to genetic causes. Attention to making a correct diagnosis or referral in children is important because there is growing consensus that early intervention with speech therapy for children who stutter is critical. For adults, stuttering can be associated with substantial psychosocial morbidity including social anxiety and low quality of life. Pharmacologic treatment has received attention in recent years, but clinical evidence is limited. The mainstay of treatment for children and adults remains speech therapy.


CONCLUSIONS
A growing body of research has attempted to uncover the pathophysiology of stuttering. Referral for speech therapy remains the best option for children and adults.
Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, NY. heperez@montefiore.org.
Hector R
HR
Perez
Fourth-year medical student at Tulane University School of Medicine in New Orleans, LA.
James H
JH
Stoeckle
D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D005194:Family Practice; D006801:Humans; D009017:Morbidity; D000072861:Phobia, Social / Q000150:complications*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013070:Speech Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013342:Stuttering / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000628:therapy*