How do community pharmacists conceptualise and operationalise self-care support of long-term conditions (LTCs)? An English cross-sectional survey.
OBJECTIVE
To explore community pharmacists' contributions to self-care support of long-term conditions by; investigating their conceptual understanding of self-care principles; identifying self-care support activities they considered important and their engagement in them; and examining barriers and enablers.


METHODS
A questionnaire was developed using existing literature and qualitative interviews, piloted and distributed online to a random sample of 10 000 community pharmacists in England between August and November 2014. The questionnaire contained sections addressing the above objectives. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics; free text comments were analysed using content analysis.


RESULTS
A total of 609 responses were received; 334 completed all sections of the survey. Responses to statements exploring conceptual understanding showed that respondents were more likely to agree with self-care principles about patients taking responsibility and being more actively involved in their health and care; they agreed less with self-care principles promoting patient autonomy and independence. Respondents considered medicines-related self-care support activities as a lead role for community pharmacy, which they said they engaged in regularly. Whilst many agreed that other self-care support activities such as supporting self-monitoring and collaborative care planning were important, they indicated only limited engagement. Respondents identified access to patient records and availability of private consultation rooms as their main barriers and enablers, respectively; working relationship with GPs and skill-mix in community pharmacy were viewed as both barriers and enablers.


CONCLUSIONS
Community pharmacists in this study conceptualised and operationalised self-care support of long-term conditions (LTCs) from a narrow, medicines-focussed perspective, rather than from a multifaceted, patient-focussed perspective. A concerted and coherent strategy that builds on the strengths, and tackles the identified barriers is needed if community pharmacy is to improve contributions to self-care support of LTCs.
Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.|Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education (CPPE), Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Oladapo J
OJ
Ogunbayo
Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Ellen I
EI
Schafheutle
Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education (CPPE), Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Christopher
C
Cutts
Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Peter R
PR
Noyce
D002908:Chronic Disease; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D024382:Professional Role; D012648:Self Care / Q000379:methods*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
community pharmacists; cross-sectional survey; long-term conditions; self-care; self-care support