Iatrogenic hemobilia: imaging features and management with transcatheter arterial embolization in 30 patients.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to evaluate the imaging features of computed tomography (CT) and angiography and the efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in patients with hemobilia of different iatrogenic causes.


METHODS
Thirty patients with hemobilia were divided into two groups according to their iatrogenic causes, i.e., group 1, 11 patients (36.7%) with transhepatic intervention and group 2, 19 patients (63.3%) with surgical procedures in the hilar area. Seventeen patients (56.7%) underwent abdominal contrast-enhanced CT before selective angiography. Polyvinyl alcohol particles, gelatin sponges, and coils were used for TAE. Data from the two groups were compared using Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test.


RESULTS
Contrast-enhanced CT showed a hematoma, extravasation of contrast material, and pseudoaneurysm. The bleeding source was determined by angiographic features in all patients, which were not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.127), and pseudoaneurysm was the most common. The embolic material and number of coils used for TAE were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.001), but the embolization was technically successful in all patients. The clinical success rate of the first embolization was 100% in group 1 vs. 84.2% in group 2. The overall clinical success rate of TAE was 100% in all patients. The complication rate was 63.6% in group 1 vs. 68.4% in group 2 (P = 1.000).


CONCLUSIONS
CT was useful in diagnosing hemobilia, and angiograms enabled determination of the bleeding source. Pseudoaneurysm was one of the most common angiographic features. TAE was successfully performed with different embolic materials on the basis of the iatrogenic cause and bleeding location.
Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China. qiyong_guo@163.com.
Wen
W
Feng
Dong
D
Yue
Lu
L
ZaiMing
Liu
L
ZhaoYu
Zhao
Z
XiangXuan
Li
L
Wei
Guo
G
QiYong
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D000792:Angiography; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006431:Hemobilia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult