Toxicological assessment of spinosad: Implications for integrated control of Aedes aegypti using larvicides and larvivorous fish.
Integration of larvivorous fish and biolarvicides at low concentrations to control of mosquito larvae in field situations may result in a safer and more effective tool. However, the usefulness of integrated approach depends upon survival and ecological fitness of fish employed. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the genotoxic effects of combining different sublethal concentrations of spinosad, a naturally occurring neurotoxic insecticide, with male adult poecilid larvivorous guppy (Poecilia reticulata) and platy (Xiphophorus maculatus) fish on Aedes larvae mosquitos. Both fish species have been used for biological control of Aedes larvae in Brazil. Sublethal spinosad exposures were predetermined based on CL50-96hr. Nuclear abnormalities (NA) and micronucleus (MN) frequency in gill cells were measured after 14 d of exposure. Behavioral changes were monitored over 96 h. Although genotoxic effects were not markedly different from control, behavioral changes evaluated based upon the no-observable-effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest-observable-effect concentration (LOEC). Adverse effects were noted at concentrations of 12.6 mg/L (NOEC) and 25.3 mg/L (LOEC) spinosad. Therefore, these insecticide concentrations may be considered as being safe to these fish species and have important implications for integrated approach to control Aedes larvae using natural larvicides and larvivorous fish.
a Department of Environmental Health , Laboratory of Environmental Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Santa Mônica Campus , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
Boscolli Barbosa
BB
Pereira
a Department of Environmental Health , Laboratory of Environmental Health, Federal University of Uberlândia, Santa Mônica Campus , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
Evelyn Siqueira
ES
Caixeta
b Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology , Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
Priscila Costa
PC
Freitas
b Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Department of Biotechnology , Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
Vanessa Santana Vieira
VS
Santos
c Department of Environmental Health , Laboratory of Epidemiolgy, Federal University of Uberlândia, Santa Mônica Campus , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
Jean Ezequiel
JE
Limongi
d Department of Genetics and Biochemistry , Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
Edimar Olegário
EO
de Campos Júnior
d Department of Genetics and Biochemistry , Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
Carlos Fernando
CF
Campos
d Department of Genetics and Biochemistry , Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
Henrique Nazareth
HN
Souto
d Department of Genetics and Biochemistry , Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
Tamiris Sabrina
TS
Rodrigues
d Department of Genetics and Biochemistry , Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Mutagenesis, Federal University of Uberlândia, Umuarama Campus , Uberlândia , Minas Gerais , Brazil.
Sandra
S
Morelli
D000330:Aedes / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D003532:Cyprinodontiformes / Q000502:physiology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D020387:Food Chain; D007306:Insecticides; D007814:Larva; D018942:Macrolides; D009032:Mosquito Control; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D011036:Poecilia
D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; C415329:spinosad