Foods contributing to vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12intakes and biomarkers status in European adolescents: The HELENA study.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the association between food groups consumption and vitamin B6, folate and B12intakes and biomarkers in adolescents.


METHODS
In total 2189 individuals participating in the cross-sectional Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study met the eligibility criteria for analysis of dietary intakes (46 % males) and 632 for biomarker analysis (47 % males). Food intakes were assessed by two non-consecutive 24-h recalls. Biomarkers were measured by chromatography and immunoassay. Food groups which best discriminated participants in the extreme tertiles of the distribution of vitamins were identified by discriminant analyses. Food groups with standardised canonical coefficients higher or equal to 0.3 were selected as valid discriminators of vitamins intake and biomarkers extreme tertiles. Linear mixed model elucidated the association between food groups and vitamins intakes and biomarkers.


RESULTS
Vitamin B6intakes and biomarkers were best discriminated by meat (males and females), margarine and mixed origin lipids only in males and breakfast cereals (females). Breakfast cereals (males), and fruits, margarine and mixed origin lipids, vegetables excluding potatoes, breakfast cereals, and soups/bouillon (females) determined the most folate intakes and biomarkers. Considering vitamin B12intakes and biomarkers, meat, and white and butter milk (males and females), snacks (males), and dairy products (females) best discriminated individual in the extremes of the distribution. Fewer associations were obtained with mixed model for biomarkers than for vitamins intakes with food groups.


CONCLUSIONS
Whereas B-vitamin intakes were associated with their food sources, biomarkers did with overall food consumption. Low-nutrient-density foods may compromise adolescents' vitamin status.
GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, SAI Building (Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación), 2nd floor, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain. iglesia@unizar.es.|Red de Salud Materno-infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), Madrid, Spain. iglesia@unizar.es.
Iris
I
Iglesia
GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, SAI Building (Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación), 2nd floor, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
Theodora
T
Mouratidou
ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Marcela
M
González-Gross
Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.|International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France.
Inge
I
Huybrechts
ImFINE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.|Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
Christina
C
Breidenassel
Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
Javier
J
Santabárbara
Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
Ligia-Esperanza
LE
Díaz
Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (Huddinge), Sweden.|Sweden and School of Health, Care and Social Welfare Mälardalens University, Västerås, Sweden.
Lena
L
Hällström
Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Stefaan
S
De Henauw
Inserm U995, Faculté de Médecine, Université Lille 2, Lille, France.
Frédéric
F
Gottrand
University of Crete School of Medicine, 71033, Crete, Greece.
Anthony
A
Kafatos
Division of Clinical Nutrition and Prevention, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Kurt
K
Widhalm
Department of Nutrition- and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
Yannis
Y
Manios
Department of Paediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
Denes
D
Molnar
Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
Peter
P
Stehle
GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research group, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, SAI Building (Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación), 2nd floor, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.|Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain.
Luis A
LA
Moreno
D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood
D015415:Biomarkers; D025101:Vitamin B 6; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12
Adolescents; B-vitamins; Foods contributors