Occurrence of human sapoviruses in wastewater and stool samples in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of human sapovirus (SaV) in both wastewater and stool samples in a 3-year (2012-2014) surveillance study performed in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.


RESULTS
A total of 156 wastewater and 341 stool samples were analysed using quantitative real-time PCR. SaV was detected in 3·5% (12/341) in stool samples with virus load concentrations ranging from 10(4) to 10(9) genome copies per gram (gc g(-1) ), and in 33·0% (51/156) wastewater samples, with range concentration varying from 10(4) to 10(6)  gc l(-1) . Partial genome sequencing of wastewater and stool samples revealed the circulation of genotypes GI.1, GI.2, GI.6, GII.1 and GV.1.


CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrated the prevalence of human SaV in acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases and revealed, for the first time, the environmental dissemination of those viruses in Brazil.


CONCLUSIONS
SaV diagnosis should be considered in hospitalized children with AGE and the higher positive rate detection in environmental samples suggests that SaV infection could be underestimated or associated with asymptomatic cases.
Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
J M
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1311-1407
JM
Fioretti
Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
M S
MS
Rocha
Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
T M
TM
Fumian
Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
A
A
Ginuino
Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
T P
TP
da Silva
Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
M R
MR
de Assis
Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
J de S
Jde S
Rodrigues
Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematic, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
F A
FA
Carvalho-Costa
Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
M P
MP
Miagostovich
D000293:Adolescent; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000821:virology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology*; D005260:Female; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000821:virology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D060888:Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; D029341:Sapovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D062065:Wastewater / Q000821:virology*
D062065:Wastewater
Brazil; diarrheal disease; genotypes; sapovirus; wastewater