Terminalia bellirica Extract Inhibits Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Macrophage Inflammatory Response in Vitro.
The deciduous tree Terminalia bellirica found in Southeast Asia is extensively used in traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of hypertension, rheumatism, and diabetes. The anti-atherogenic effect of Terminalia bellirica fruit has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the effect of Terminalia bellirica extract (TBE) on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and inflammation in macrophages. TBE showed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (EC50: 7.2 ± 1.2 μg/mL) and 15-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity. TBE also significantly inhibited free radical-induced LDL oxidation compared to the solvent control in vitro. In THP-1 macrophages, TBE treatment resulted in significant decreases of the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1). TBE also reduced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 secretion and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in THP-1 macrophages. These results show that TBE has the inhibitory effects on LDL oxidation and macrophage inflammatory response in vitro, suggesting that its in vivo use might inhibit atherosclerosis plaque progression.
Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan. g1670502@edu.cc.ocha.ac.jp.
Miori
M
Tanaka
Endowed Research Department "Food for Health", Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan. kishimoto.yoshimi@ocha.ac.jp.
Yoshimi
Y
Kishimoto
Endowed Research Department "Food for Health", Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan. saita.emi@ocha.ac.jp.
Emi
E
Saita
Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan. notch0708@gmail.com.
Norie
N
Suzuki-Sugihara
Research and Development Division, Toyo Shinyaku Co Ltd., 7-28 Yayoigaoka, Tosu-shi, Saga 841-0005, Japan. kamiyat@toyoshinyaku.co.jp.
Tomoyasu
T
Kamiya
Endowed Research Department "Food for Health", Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan. taguchi.chie@ocha.ac.jp.
Chie
C
Taguchi
Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan. iida.kaoruko@ocha.ac.jp.
Kaoruko
K
Iida
Endowed Research Department "Food for Health", Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan. kondo.kazuo@ocha.ac.jp.|Institute of Life Innovation Studies, Toyo University, 1-1-1 Izumino, Itakura-machi, Ora-gun, Gunma 374-0193, Japan. kondo.kazuo@ocha.ac.jp.
Kazuo
K
Kondo
Terminalia bellirica; atherosclerosis; inflammation; lipid oxidation; macrophage; polyphenol