Comparative efficacy of oral administrated afoxolaner (NexGard™) and fluralaner (Bravecto™) with topically applied permethrin/imidacloprid (Advantix(®)) against transmission of Ehrlichia canis by infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks to dogs.
The ability of the topical spot-on Advantix(®) (50 % permethrin/10 % imidacloprid) to prevent transmission of Ehrlichia canis by infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks to dogs has previously been reported. The recent market introduction of chewable tablets containing the novel compounds, afoxolaner (NexGard™) and fluralaner (Bravecto™) enabled us to conduct a comparative efficacy study with respect to the ability of these three products to block transmission of E. canis by ticks to dogs. The speed of kill, immediate drop-off rate and anti-attachment efficacy of the respective products were also studied.



The study was a blinded parallel group design, wherein 32 dogs were randomised into four different groups of eight dogs. Group 1 served as negative placebo control, group 2 and 3 were treated on Days 0, 28 and 56 with NexGard™ and Advantix(®), respectively. Group 4 was dosed once on Day 0 with Bravecto™. For tick efficacy assessments 50 non-infected ticks were placed onto the dogs on Days 30, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77 and 84 and on animal tick counts were performed at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h after infestation. To evaluate the ability to block transmission of E. canis, each dog was challenged by releasing 80 adult E. canis-infected R. sanguineus ticks into their sleeping kennels on Days 31, 38, 45 and 52. The animals were monitored for clinical signs of monocytic ehrlichiosis (pyrexia and thrombocytopenia) and were tested for E. canis DNA by PCR and for specific antibodies using IFA. A dog was considered infected with E. canis if both PCR and IFA yielded positive test results up to Day 84.



Mean arithmetic tick counts on dogs treated with the Advantix(®) spot-on were significantly (P < 0.0005) lower throughout the study as compared with the negative controls and was, with respect to the speed of kill and resulting onset of acaricidal efficacy, superior over NexGard™ and Bravecto™ at all time points in the 12 h period observed (3 h, 6 h and 12 h). None of the dogs treated with the Advantix(®) spot-on became infected with E. canis, whereas six out of eight untreated control dogs acquired the infection. Furthermore, E. canis infection was diagnosed in four out of eight dogs treated with NexGard™ and in two out of eight dogs treated with Bravecto™.



The speed of kill of the two recently registered systemic compounds against R. sanguineus was not sufficiently fast to prevent transmission of E. canis and resulted in only low partial blocking and protection capacity while Advantix(®) effectively blocked transmission of E. canis to dogs in the challenge period and thus provided adequate protection for dogs against monocytic ehrlichiosis.
Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), FAO Reference Centre for Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands. F.Jongejan@uu.nl.|Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa. F.Jongejan@uu.nl.
Frans
F
Jongejan
Clinvet International (Pty) Ltd, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa.|Zoology Department, University of Johannesburg, Corner of Kingsway and University Roads, Aucklandpark, South Africa.
Dionne
D
Crafford
Clinvet International (Pty) Ltd, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
Heidi
H
Erasmus
Clinvet International (Pty) Ltd, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
Josephus J
JJ
Fourie
Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Monheim, Germany.
Bettina
B
Schunack
D056810:Acaricides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D001096:Arachnid Vectors / Q000382:microbiology; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004285:Dogs; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D041061:Ehrlichia canis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016873:Ehrlichiosis / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D026023:Permethrin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048508:Rhipicephalus sanguineus / Q000382:microbiology; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000150:complications / Q000662:veterinary
C000591860:A1443 compound; D056810:Acaricides; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D007555:Isoxazoles; D009281:Naphthalenes; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C000589002:afoxolaner; C082359:imidacloprid; D026023:Permethrin
Afoxolaner; Ehrlichia canis; Fluralaner; Permethrin/imidacloprid; Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks; Speed of kill; Transmission blocking