Evaluation of two glucuronides resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis as markers of testosterone oral administration.
Testosterone (T) has traditionally been the most commonly reported doping agent by doping control laboratories. The screening of T misuse is performed by the quantification of six endogenous androgenic steroids and the ratio T/E included in the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP). The inclusion of additional metabolites can improve the screening capabilities of ABP. In this study, the potential of 3α-glucuronide-6β-hydroxyandrosterone (6OH-Andros3G) and 3α-glucuronide-6β-hydroxyetiocholanolone (6OH-Etio3G) as markers of T oral administration was evaluated. These glucuronides have been shown to be resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis and their quantification by means of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was reported as the only way to obtain feasible results. Urine samples were collected from five volunteers before and after the oral administration of 40mg of T undecanoate and were analyzed by a LC-MS/MS method recently developed. Concentration of 6OH-Andros3G and 6OH-Etio3G compounds and those of the glucuronides of T (TG), epitestosterone (EG), androsterone and etiocholanolone were established and different concentration ratios were calculated. The detection windows (DWs) for the T administration obtained by each selected ratio were compared to the one of TG/EG. The results showed that four out of the nine tested markers presented DWs much larger for all volunteers than those obtained by the World Anti-Doping Agency established T/E marker or other alternative markers. The 6OH-Andros3G/EG, 6OH-Etio3G/EG, 6OH-Andros3G/TG and 6OH-Etio3G/TG markers were able to identify the T abuse up to 96h after the administration, extending our detection capability for the misuse up to 84h more than the classic marker. The importance of these markers was also highlighted by their prolonged capacity to detect the T misuse in the case of one volunteer whose TG/EG barely exceeded his individual threshold. As a consequence, the four markers presented in this study seem to have an exceptional potential as biomarkers of T oral administration.
Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Aristotelis
A
Kotronoulas
Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
Alex
A
Gomez-Gomez
Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
Jordi
J
Segura
Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
Rosa
R
Ventura
Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
Jesús
J
Joglar
Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: opozo@imim.es.
Oscar J
OJ
Pozo
D000284:Administration, Oral; D000738:Androsterone / Q000032:analysis; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004300:Doping in Sports / Q000517:prevention & control; D004845:Epitestosterone / Q000032:analysis; D005043:Etiocholanolone / Q000032:analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D020719:Glucuronides / Q000032:analysis*; D064368:Healthy Volunteers; D006801:Humans; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013256:Steroids / Q000032:analysis; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis
D015415:Biomarkers; D020719:Glucuronides; D013256:Steroids; D013739:Testosterone; D004845:Epitestosterone; D005043:Etiocholanolone; D000738:Androsterone; C010792:testosterone undecanoate
Doping control; LC–MS/MS; Phase II metabolites; Steroid profile; Testosterone