Novel therapeutic options for second-line therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has gained a variety of therapeutic options since the introduction of targeted therapy, starting in 2007. The basic molecular mechanisms included predominantly the targeting of vascular endothelial growth factor or the inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin. Recently, results from two randomized controlled trials, the CheckMate-25 and the METEOR trial, regarding therapy for RCC in the second-line setting have been published. In the present review, the current status of second-line therapy in mRCC is discussed, together with results from the two newly introduced substances, nivolumab and cabozantinib.
Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
C A
CA
VON Klot
Department of Urology, Campus Lübeck University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
Axel S
AS
Merseburger
Department of Urology and Urological Oncology, Hannover University Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
Markus A
MA
Kuczyk
cabozantinib; nivolumab; rapamycin; renal cell carcinoma; vascular endothelial growth factor