Solar photocatalysis as disinfection technique: Inactivation of Klebsiella pneumoniae in sewage and investigation of changes in antibiotic resistance profile.
The presence of pathogenic microorganisms in wastewater and their resistant nature to antibiotics impose effective disinfection treatment for public health and environmental protection. In this work, photocatalysis with metal-doped titania under artificial and natural sunlight, chlorination and UV-C irradiation were evaluated for their potential to inactivate Klebsiella pneumoniae in real wastewater. Their overall effect on antibiotic resistance profile and target antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was also investigated. In particular, Mn-, Co- and binary Mn/Co-TiO2were tested resulting in bacterial decrease from 4 to 6 Logs upon 90 min of exposure to simulated solar irradiation. The response of catalysts under natural solar light was insufficient, as only a 2 Log reduction was recorded even after 60 min of treatment. The relative activity of the applied methods for K. pneumoniae inactivation was decreased in the order: photocatalysis with the binary Co/Mn-TiO2under artificial light > chlorination with dose of 5 mg/L of free chlorine > UV-C irradiation, at an initial bacterial concentration of 107CFU/mL. The applied methods showed various effects on antibiotic resistance profile in residual cells. Among the tested antibiotics (ampicillin, cefaclor, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline), considerable changes in MIC values were recorded for cefaclor and tetracycline. Resistance of surviving cells after treatment remained in high levels, reflecting the abundance of the corresponding target ARGs, namely tetA, tetM, sul1, blaTEM and ampC. The notable presence of target ARGs post disinfection raises concerns and makes wastewater effluent a carrier of antibiotic resistance elements into the aquatic environment.
School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100 Chania, Greece. Electronic address: danae.venieri@enveng.tuc.gr.
Danae
D
Venieri
School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
Iosifina
I
Gounaki
School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
Maria
M
Bikouvaraki
Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), FORTH, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Physics, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece.
Vassilios
V
Binas
Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), FORTH, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece.
Apostolos
A
Zachopoulos
Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), FORTH, Vasilika Vouton, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece; Department of Physics, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece.
George
G
Kiriakidis
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece.
Dionissios
D
Mantzavinos
D004203:Disinfection; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae; D012722:Sewage; D013472:Sunlight
D012722:Sewage
Antibiotic resistance; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Resistance genes; Solar photocatalysis; TiO(2); Wastewater disinfection