Impact of a chronic smoking habit on the osteo-immunoinflammatory mediators in the peri-implant fluid of clinically healthy dental implants.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of chronic cigarette smoking on the profile of osteo-immunoinflammatory markers in the peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) from clinically healthy implants DESIGNS: Twenty-five smokers and 23 non-smoker subjects with a unitary screwed implant-supported crown in the molar or pre-molar region were enrolled in this study. The implants should have been in functioning for at least 12 months, and the peri-implant tissue should be clinically healthy [probing depth (PD)<4mm with no bleeding on probing (BoP) and no evidence of radiographic bone loss beyond bone remodeling]. The levels of interferon (INF)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-17, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, osteoprotegerin (OPG), soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-κβ ligand (RANKL), osteocalcin (OC), osteopontin (OPN), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP) in the PICF were quantified by a multiplexed bead immunoassay.


RESULTS
The smokers presented reduced levels of IL-4, IL-8, and TNF-α compared with the non-smoker individuals (p<0.05). In addition, although lower OPG levels were detected in the PICF of the smokers, the RANKL/OPG ratio did not show a significant difference (p>0.05). Moreover, higher ICTP concentrations and a higher TH1/TH2 ratio were observed in the PICF of the smoker patients (p<0.05). No differences between the groups were observed for the other markers evaluated (p>0.05).


CONCLUSIONS
Smoking habit modulate peri-implant cytokine profile, leading to reductions in IL-4, -8 TNF-α, and OPG levels and an increased ICTP and TH1/TH2 ratio in peri-implant crevicular fluid.
Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, Av. Dr. Bacelar, 1212, 4° andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil.
Brenno Marcondes
BM
Negri
Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, Av. Dr. Bacelar, 1212, 4° andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil. Electronic address: suppimentel@yahoo.com.
Suzana Peres
SP
Pimentel
Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, Av. Dr. Bacelar, 1212, 4° andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil.
Marcio Zaffalon
MZ
Casati
Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, Av. Dr. Bacelar, 1212, 4° andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil.
Fabiano Ribeiro
FR
Cirano
Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, Av. Dr. Bacelar, 1212, 4° andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil.
Renato Correa
RC
Casarin
Dental Research Division, School of Dentistry, Paulista University, Av. Dr. Bacelar, 1212, 4° andar, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04026-002, Brazil.
Fernanda Vieira
FV
Ribeiro
D000328:Adult; D001641:Bicuspid; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008963:Molar; D016348:Osseointegration; D057873:Peri-Implantitis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis
D016207:Cytokines; D015921:Dental Implants; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D014157:Transcription Factors
Biological markers; Cytokines; Dental implants; Smoking