Neurochemical correlates of internet game play in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) study.
Previous studies have examined the relationship of brain metabolic changes in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and internet gaming disorder (IGD). However, these studies have been limited by a small number of subjects, a large variance in subject age, and different brain regions of interest. The present study assessed the effects of chronic internet game play in ADHD children. Twenty eight ADHD adolescents with IGD (IGD+ADHD), 27 ADHD adolescents without problematic internet game playing (ADHD only) and 42 healthy comparison adolescents (HC) were included in the study. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was performed on a 3T MRI scanner. Our results indicate that the levels of NAA in both ADHD groups were lower than those observed in the HC group. The levels of Glu+Gln in the ADHD only group were increased, compared to those observed in the control group. However, Glu+Gln was not increased in the IGD+ADHD group. In addition, the levels of Glu+Gln in the IGD+ADHD group were positively correlated with K-ARS total and inattention scores. ADHD and IGD subjects were both characterized by decreased NAA levels within the frontal lobe, consistent with hypofrontality.
Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Chung Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
Sujin
S
Bae
Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: hduk70@gmail.com.
Doug Hyun
DH
Han
Department of Psychiatry, Chung Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
Sun Mi
SM
Kim
Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Xianfeng
X
Shi
Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Perry F
PF
Renshaw
D000293:Adolescent; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005973:Glutamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D008297:Male; D066244:Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D018910:Video Games
D005973:Glutamine; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Glutamate+glutamine; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; N-acetylaspartate