Factors affecting difficult peripheral intravenous cannulation in adults: a prospective observational study.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to identify risk factors for difficult intravenous cannulation in relation to characteristics of patients, healthcare providers and devices in adult patients accessing a radiology service.


BACKGROUND
Early recognition of patients at risk for difficult peripheral intravenous catheterisation is important to adopt strategies able to increase the likelihood of success in intravenous cannulation, as well as to critically evaluate the use of alternative administration routes or venous devices.


METHODS
A prospective observational study was conducted in the radiology service of an Italian university hospital from January to August 2013.


METHODS
Thirteen nurses observed 763 patients during intravenous insertion (53% were female, the mean age was 63 years and 65% had a diagnosis of cancer). For each patient, nurses collected data about potential predictors of difficult intravenous cannulation, which was defined as a procedure lasting more than one minute. Data included characteristics of patient, cannula required, venepuncture performed and operator(s) involved. Logistic regression was performed as univariate and multivariate analysis.


RESULTS
The intravenous insertion time ranged from 45 seconds to 125 minutes. Overall, variables identified as significant independent predictors were chemotherapy received via peripheral cannula (OR = 1·42), veins with many valves (OR = 3·67), fragility (OR = 3·29), visibility (OR = 0·87) and palpability (OR = 0·79) as perceived by nurses.


CONCLUSIONS
Although many risk factors were identified, the overall success rate was very high, suggesting that nurses' attention during cannulation protected at-risk patients from multiple attempts. Multicentre studies should further investigate risk factors across different radiology services and clinical settings.


CONCLUSIONS
These results can help nurses to recognise risk factors for difficult intravenous access and pay appropriate attention when attempting a venepuncture to preserve patients' peripheral veins.
Research Unit Nursing Science, Campus Bio-Medico di Roma University, Rome, Italy.
Michela
M
Piredda
Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Faculty of Medicine, School of Nursing, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.
Valentina
V
Biagioli
Research Unit Nursing Science, Campus Bio-Medico di Roma University, Rome, Italy.
Beatrice
B
Barrella
Research Unit Nursing Science, Campus Bio-Medico di Roma University, Rome, Italy.
Ilaria
I
Carpisassi
Research Unit Nursing Science, Campus Bio-Medico di Roma University, Rome, Italy.
Roberta
R
Ghinelli
Biostatistical Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
Diana
D
Giannarelli
Research Unit Nursing Science, Campus Bio-Medico di Roma University, Rome, Italy.
Maria Grazia
MG
De Marinis
D000368:Aged; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing*; D062905:Central Venous Catheters; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods; D018962:Phlebotomy / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
adult nursing; nursing intervention; observational study; peripheral catheterization; risk assessment