Tralopyril bioconcentration and effects on the gill proteome of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.
Antifouling (AF) systems are used worldwide as one of the most cost-effective ways of protecting submerged structures against heavy biofouling. The emergence of environmentally friendly AF biocides requires knowledge on their environmental fate and toxicity. In this study we measured the bioconcentration of the emerging AF biocide tralopyril (TP) in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and investigated the effects of TP on the mussel gill proteome following acute (2days) and chronic (30days) exposure, as well as after a 10-day depuration period. The experiments were carried out with 1μg/L TP; blank and solvent (5×10(-5)% DMSO) controls were also included. Proteomics analysis was performed by mass spectrometry-based multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT). Differentially expressed proteins were identified using a label-free approach based on spectral counts and G-test. Our results show that TP is rapidly accumulated by mussels at concentrations up to 362ng/g dw (whole tissues), reaching steady-state condition within 13days. Ten days of depuration resulted in 80% elimination of accumulated TP from the organism, suggesting that a complete elimination could be reached with longer depuration times. In total, 46 proteins were found to be regulated in the different exposure scenarios. Interestingly, not only TP but also DMSO alone significantly modulated the protein expression in mussel gills following acute and chronic exposure. Both compounds regulated proteins involved in bioenergetics, immune system, active efflux and oxidative stress, often in the opposite way. Alterations of several proteins, notably several cytoskeletal ones, were still observed after the depuration period. These may reflect either the continuing chemical effect due to incomplete elimination or an onset of recovery processes in the mussel gills. Our study shows that exposure of adult mussels to sublethal TP concentration results in the bioconcentration of this biocide in the tissues and modulates the expression of several proteins that may intervene in important metabolic pathways.
Biology department and CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ECIMAT, University of Vigo, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 0349 Oslo, Norway.
Isabel B
IB
Oliveira
Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Ksenia J
KJ
Groh
Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
Julita
J
Stadnicka-Michalak
Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
René
R
Schönenberger
ECIMAT, University of Vigo, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
Ricardo
R
Beiras
Biology department and CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
Carlos M
CM
Barroso
Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 0349 Oslo, Norway.
Katherine H
KH
Langford
Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 0349 Oslo, Norway.
Kevin V
KV
Thomas
Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland. Electronic address: suter@eawag.ch.
Marc J-F
MJ
Suter
D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008658:Inactivation, Metabolic; D008297:Male; D049878:Mytilus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D020543:Proteome / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000633:toxicity*; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D036401:Toxicity Tests, Chronic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
D015415:Biomarkers; D004202:Disinfectants; D020543:Proteome; D011758:Pyrroles; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C000595640:4-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile
Antifouling biocides; Multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT); Mytilus galloprovincialis; Proteomic differential analysis; Tralopyril