Mobile Diagnostics Based on Motion? A Close Look at Motility Patterns in the Schistosome Life Cycle.
Imaging at high resolution and subsequent image analysis with modified mobile phones have the potential to solve problems related to microscopy-based diagnostics of parasitic infections in many endemic regions. Diagnostics using the computing power of "smartphones" is not restricted by limited expertise or limitations set by visual perception of a microscopist. Thus diagnostics currently almost exclusively dependent on recognition of morphological features of pathogenic organisms could be based on additional properties, such as motility characteristics recognizable by computer vision. Of special interest are infectious larval stages and "micro swimmers" of e.g., the schistosome life cycle, which infect the intermediate and definitive hosts, respectively. The ciliated miracidium, emerges from the excreted egg upon its contact with water. This means that for diagnostics, recognition of a swimming miracidium is equivalent to recognition of an egg. The motility pattern of miracidia could be defined by computer vision and used as a diagnostic criterion. To develop motility pattern-based diagnostics of schistosomiasis using simple imaging devices, we analyzed Paramecium as a model for the schistosome miracidium. As a model for invasive nematodes, such as strongyloids and filaria, we examined a different type of motility in the apathogenic nematode Turbatrix, the "vinegar eel." The results of motion time and frequency analysis suggest that target motility may be expressed as specific spectrograms serving as "diagnostic fingerprints."
Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biuology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden. ewertlinder@gmail.com.
Ewert
E
Linder
Center for Machine Vision and Signal Analysis, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland. samivarj@ee.oulu.fi.
Sami
S
Varjo
Public Health Agency of Sweden, SE-17182 Solna, Sweden. cecilia.thors@folkhalsomyndigheten.se.
Cecilia
C
Thors
POC diagnostics; computer vision; image analysis; mini-microscopes; motility patterns; neglected diseases; remote sensing; schistosomiasis; spectrogram; telemedicine