Is glans penis width a risk factor for complications after hypospadias repair?
BACKGROUND
Recent studies have suggested that a smaller glans penis size may be associated with a higher likelihood of complications after hypospadias repair. Accurate identification of risk factors other than the well-understood variable of meatal location would allow development of better prognostic models and individualized risk stratification.


OBJECTIVE
To test the hypothesis that a smaller width of the glans penis predicts adverse outcomes after hypospadias surgery.


METHODS
Prospectively recorded clinical data were reviewed from a single-institution registry of primary hypospadias repairs performed between 2011 and 2014. Follow-up records were examined for occurrence of complications. Urethroplasty complications were defined to include meatal stenosis, dehiscence, urethrocutaneous fistula, urethral stricture, and/or urethral diverticulum. The subset of meatal stenosis and dehiscence were regarded as glanular complications. Regression analyses were performed to determine association between glans width and occurrence of complications. Because pre-operative androgen stimulation is known to increase glans penis size, separate subgroup analyses were included of patients with and without pre-operative use of testosterone cream.


RESULTS
A total of 159 patients met criteria for inclusion in the study cohort: 140 patients underwent a single-stage repair, while 19 patients had a two-stage repair. The median glans penis width was 15 mm (range 10-22). Eighty-four patients (53%) received testosterone cream pre-operatively and had a significantly wider glans penis than the 75 patients who did not (median 15.5 vs 14 mm; P < 0.001). Median clinical follow-up was 7 months (IQR 1-12), with a minimum time elapsed since surgery of 10 months at the time of chart review. Twenty-four patients (15%) had one or more urethroplasty complications, including 11 (7%) with glanular complications. Overall, there was no statistically significant association between glans width and urethroplasty complications (P = 0.26) or glanular complications (P = 0.90) (Summary Table). Subgroup analyses of patients with and without pre-operative testosterone also revealed no significant associations between glans width and complications.


CONCLUSIONS
Glans penis width was not a risk factor for complications after hypospadias repair. This finding differs from the results of other recent studies and encourages further research into the value of measuring penile parameters in patients undergoing hypospadias repair.
Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Advocate Children's Hospital, 4400 W. 95th St., Chicago, IL 60453, USA.
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MA
Faasse
Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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EK
Johnson
Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Bowen
Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Lindgren
Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Maizels
Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Marcus
Department of Preventive Medicine-Biostatistics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 680 N. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Jovanovic
Division of Urology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. Electronic address: eyerkes@luriechildrens.org.
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Yerkes
D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D010413:Penis / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
Complications; Glans size; Glans width; Hypospadias; Measurements; Risk factors