Differences in symptom expression between unipolar and bipolar spectrum depression: Results from a nationally representative sample using item response theory (IRT).
The inclusion of subsyndromal forms of bipolarity in the fifth edition of the DSM has major implications for the way in which we approach the diagnosis of individuals with depressive symptoms. The aim of the present study was to use methods based on item response theory (IRT) to examine whether, when equating for levels of depression severity, there are differences in the likelihood of reporting DSM-IV symptoms of major depressive episode (MDE) between subjects with and without a lifetime history of manic symptoms.



We conducted these analyses using a large, nationally representative sample from the USA (n=34,653), the second wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.



The items sadness, appetite disturbance and psychomotor symptoms were better indicators of depression severity in participants without a lifetime history of manic symptoms, in a clinically meaningful way. DSM-IV symptoms of MDE were substantially less informative in participants with a lifetime history of manic symptoms than in those without such history.



Clinical information on DSM-IV depressive and manic symptoms was based on retrospective self-report



The clinical presentation of depressive symptoms may substantially differ in individuals with and without a lifetime history of manic symptoms. These findings alert to the possibility of atypical symptomatic presentations among individuals with co-occurring symptoms or disorders and highlight the importance of continued research into specific pathophysiology differentiating unipolar and bipolar depression.
Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA; AP-HP, Corentin Celton Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; Paris Descartes University, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 894, Psychiatry and Neurosciences Center, Paris, France. Electronic address: nico.hoertel@yahoo.fr.
Nicolas
N
Hoertel
Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA.
Carlos
C
Blanco
Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Robert Debré Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Paris, France; Cognitive Sciences and Psycholinguistic Laboratory, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, EHESS, Paris, France.
Hugo
H
Peyre
Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA.
Melanie M
MM
Wall
Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA.
Kibby
K
McMahon
Paris Descartes University, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Groupe Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, CMME, Paris, France.
Philip
P
Gorwood
AP-HP, Corentin Celton Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; Paris Descartes University, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 894, Psychiatry and Neurosciences Center, Paris, France.
Cédric
C
Lemogne
AP-HP, Corentin Celton Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; Paris Descartes University, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 894, Psychiatry and Neurosciences Center, Paris, France.
Frédéric
F
Limosin
D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011582:Psychological Theory; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D057566:Self Report
Bipolar; Depression; Differential item functioning; Item response theory; Symptoms; Unipolar