The effects of galactooligosaccharide on systemic and mucosal immune response, growth performance and appetite related gene transcript in goldfish (Carassius auratus gibelio).
The present study investigates the effects of supplementation of goldfish (Carassius auratus gibelio) diet with galactooligosaccharide (GOS) on serum immune response, mucosal immune parameters as well as appetite-related (Ghrelin) and immune-related (TNF-1α and TNF-2α) genes expression. One hundred and eighty fish with an average weight of 4.88 ± 0.28 g were stocked in twelve 500-L fiberglass tank assigned to four treatments repeated in triplicates. Fish were fed on experimental diets contain 0.5, 1 and 2% GOS for 6 weeks. Supplementation of diet with GOS had no remarkable effect on goldfish growth performance (P > 0.05). Evaluation of serum innate immune parameters revealed that supplementation of diet with GOS significantly elevated total protein, Albumin, Globulins, Lysozyme and Alkaline phosphatase activity as well as agglutination compared to control group in a dose dependent manner (P < 0.0.5). Also, Fish fed 2% GOS supplemented diet showed increased skin mucus immune response (total protein and lysozyme activity) compared other groups (P < 0.0.5); except in case of ALP activity. Molecular studies on appetite (ghrelin) and inflammatory cytokine (TNF-1α and TNF-2α) genes expression revealed remarkably decrease and increase, respectively in GOS fed fish (P < 0.0.5). These results showed immunomodulatory effects of dietary GOS on serum and skin mucus response as well as expression of inflammatory cytokines in goldfish, though this supplement decreased appetite gene expression and had no effect on growth performance.
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Electronic address: hkolangi@gau.ac.ir.
Hamed Kolangi
HK
Miandare
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
Shoeib
S
Farvardin
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
Ali
A
Shabani
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
Seyed Hossein
SH
Hoseinifar
Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran.
Seyyede Sanaz
SS
Ramezanpour
D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001066:Appetite; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000032:analysis; D006054:Goldfish / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D009844:Oligosaccharides / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011897:Random Allocation; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
D009844:Oligosaccharides
Appetite; Galactooligosaccharide (GOS); Ghrelin; Goldfish; Immune response; Prebiotic; Skin mucus