Emerging infectious diseases with cutaneous manifestations: Fungal, helminthic, protozoan and ectoparasitic infections.
Given increased international travel, immigration, changing climate conditions, and the increased incidence of iatrogenic immunosuppression, fungal, protozoan, helminthic, and ectoparasitic infections that were once uncommon are being seeing more frequently in the Western hemisphere. However, the diagnosis and management of these infections is fraught with a lack of consistency because there is a dearth of dermatology literature on the cutaneous manifestations of these infections. In addition, delays in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases can lead to significant patient morbidity and mortality. We review the epidemiology, cutaneous manifestations, diagnostic modalities, and treatment options for emerging fungal, protozoan, helminthic, and ectoparasitic infections. It should be noted, however, that throughout this review we cite statistics documenting their increased incidence to back-up these infections as emerging, and although some of the diagnoses are clinical, others rely on newer laboratory tests, and the possibility exists that the increased incidence could be caused by better detection methods.
Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas.
Ramya
R
Kollipara
Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas.
Andrew J
AJ
Peranteau
Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas. Electronic address: znawas@ccstexas.com.
Zeena Y
ZY
Nawas
Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas.
Yun
Y
Tong
Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
Laila
L
Woc-Colburn
Section of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Albert C
AC
Yan
Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro and Policlinica Geral do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janerio, Brazil.
Omar
O
Lupi
Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas; Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.
Stephen K
SK
Tyring
D000818:Animals; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003881:Dermatomycoses / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D014943:Global Health; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012876:Skin Diseases, Parasitic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*
Chagas disease; balamuthia; cysticercosis; emerging infections; fusariosis; leishmaniasis; myiasis; phaeohyphomycosis; toxocariasis; zygomycosis