In vivo skin elasticity of 22 anatomical sites: The vertical gradient of skin extensibility and implications in gravitational aging.
OBJECTIVE
Regional anatomical variations in bio-mechanical properties of skin were not mapped systematically in the past, despite the obvious clinical variation of this function. The object was to describe variations in skin distensibility and elasticity by the use of a suction chamber device.


METHODS
22 different anatomical sites were measured in 25 healthy volunteers aged 5-72 years. Anatomical sites were numbered systematically from the head toward the foot according to a vertical principle as a part of the study design.


RESULTS
A systematic and vertically oriented decrease of distensibility and hysteresis from the head toward the foot was observed with a gradual increase of skin stiffness toward the ground. Skin elasticity decreased significantly with age. Acral female skin was more easily distended than male skin.


CONCLUSIONS
The vertical gradient of skin distensibility was described for the first time. This appears a prerequisite to resist the hydrostatic pressure and influences of gravity. The findings may have important implications in leg ulcer and gravitational syndrome.
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, SwedenDepartment of Dermatology (Bioengineering and Skin Research Laboratory), Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
M
M
Malm
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, SwedenDepartment of Dermatology (Bioengineering and Skin Research Laboratory), Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
M
M
Samman
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, SwedenDepartment of Dermatology (Bioengineering and Skin Research Laboratory), Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
J
J
Serup
age; anatomical site; elasticity; noninvasive measurement; region; sex; skin; suction method