Graphene oxide scaffold accelerates cellular proliferative response and alveolar bone healing of tooth extraction socket.
Graphene oxide (GO) consisting of a carbon monolayer has been widely investigated for tissue engineering platforms because of its unique properties. For this study, we fabricated a GO-applied scaffold and assessed the cellular and tissue behaviors in the scaffold. A preclinical test was conducted to ascertain whether the GO scaffold promoted bone induction in dog tooth extraction sockets. For this study, GO scaffolds were prepared by coating the surface of a collagen sponge scaffold with 0.1 and 1 µg/mL GO dispersion. Scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), physical testing, cell seeding, and rat subcutaneous implant testing. Then a GO scaffold was implanted into a dog tooth extraction socket. Histological observations were made at 2 weeks postsurgery. SEM observations show that GO attached to the surface of collagen scaffold struts. The GO scaffold exhibited an interconnected structure resembling that of control subjects. GO application improved the physical strength, enzyme resistance, and adsorption of calcium and proteins. Cytocompatibility tests showed that GO application significantly increased osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation. In addition, an assessment of rat subcutaneous tissue response revealed that implantation of 1 µg/mL GO scaffold stimulated cellular ingrowth behavior, suggesting that the GO scaffold exhibited good biocompatibility. The tissue ingrowth area and DNA contents of 1 µg/mL GO scaffold were, respectively, approximately 2.5-fold and 1.4-fold greater than those of the control. Particularly, the infiltration of ED2-positive (M2) macrophages and blood vessels were prominent in the GO scaffold. Dog bone-formation tests showed that 1 µg/mL GO scaffold implantation enhanced bone formation. New bone formation following GO scaffold implantation was enhanced fivefold compared to that in control subjects. These results suggest that GO was biocompatible and had high bone-formation capability for the scaffold. The GO scaffold is expected to be beneficial for bone tissue engineering therapy.
Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
Erika
E
Nishida
Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
Hirofumi
H
Miyaji
Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
Akihito
A
Kato
Support Section for Education and Research, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
Hiroko
H
Takita
Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
Toshihiko
T
Iwanaga
Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
Takehito
T
Momose
Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
Kosuke
K
Ogawa
Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
Shusuke
S
Murakami
Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
Tsutomu
T
Sugaya
Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
Masamitsu
M
Kawanami
D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000166:cytology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006108:Graphite / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010012:Osteogenesis; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds / Q000737:chemistry; D014081:Tooth Extraction; D020390:Tooth Socket / Q000166:cytology*; D014945:Wound Healing
D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D006108:Graphite; D003094:Collagen
biocompatibility; biomaterial; bone tissue engineering; cell ingrowth; collagen sponge; macrophage; nanocarbon