Deletion of TDO2, IDO-1 and IDO-2 differentially affects mouse behavior and cognitive function.
Tryptophan, an amino acid involved in routine energy metabolism, is a key modulator of sickness behaviors associated with inflammatory states and also plays roles in some psychiatric disorders. Tissue concentrations of tryptophan are regulated primarily by the enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), IDO2 and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO, encoded by TDO2). Altered IDO1 and TDO activities have been linked to the perturbed serotonergic neurotransmission that may underlie certain psychopathologies. Here we assessed mice genetically modified to be deficient in IDO1, IDO2 or TDO2 for their behavior and cognitive function using an automated home cage system, the IntelliCage™. A well-established behavioural and cognitive test battery was applied during two periods (Runs 1 and 2, "R1" and "R2") separated by one month. Various tryptophan-related neurochemicals also were measured in brain extracts. IDO1(-/-) mice displayed remarkable reductions of early diurnal exploration in the IntelliCage and this persisted in R2. In contrast, early diurnal hyperactivity was observed in IDO2(-/-) mice in both R1 and R2. TDO2(-/-) mice displayed increased diurnal and nocturnal exploration, but only in R2. Cognitive assessment suggested enhanced reference memory in IDO2(-/-) mice in a complex patrolling task, while TDO deficiency was associated with enhanced performance in complex patrolling and discrimination reversal tasks. Neurochemical measures showed attenuated brain serotonin levels in IDO1(-/-) mice and augmented tryptophan and serotonin levels in TDO2(-/-) animals, respectively. No neurochemical alterations were detected in IDO2(-/-) mice. Taken together, these findings reveal complex and dissimilar patterns of behavioral and cognitive changes induced by knockout of three different tryptophan-metabolizing enzymes.
Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
Lay Khoon
LK
Too
Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
Kong M
KM
Li
Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, 2010, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
Cacang
C
Suarna
Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, 2010, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
Ghassan J
GJ
Maghzal
Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, 2010, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
Roland
R
Stocker
School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
Iain S
IS
McGregor
Molecular Immunopathology Unit, Bosch Institute and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia. Electronic address: Nicholas.hunt@sydney.edu.au.
Nicholas H
NH
Hunt
D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005260:Female; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007737:Kynurenine / Q000378:metabolism; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008124:Locomotion; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000378:metabolism*; D014366:Tryptophan Oxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
C583637:IDO1 protein, mouse; C586429:IDO2 protein, mouse; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D012701:Serotonin; D007737:Kynurenine; D014364:Tryptophan; D014366:Tryptophan Oxygenase; D004298:Dopamine
5-Hydroxytryptamine; Behavior; Cognition; Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; IntelliCage; Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase