Automated decoding of facial expressions reveals marked differences in children when telling antisocial versus prosocial lies.
The current study used computer vision technology to examine the nonverbal facial expressions of children (6-11years old) telling antisocial and prosocial lies. Children in the antisocial lying group completed a temptation resistance paradigm where they were asked not to peek at a gift being wrapped for them. All children peeked at the gift and subsequently lied about their behavior. Children in the prosocial lying group were given an undesirable gift and asked if they liked it. All children lied about liking the gift. Nonverbal behavior was analyzed using the Computer Expression Recognition Toolbox (CERT), which employs the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), to automatically code children's facial expressions while lying. Using CERT, children's facial expressions during antisocial and prosocial lying were accurately and reliably differentiated significantly above chance-level accuracy. The basic expressions of emotion that distinguished antisocial lies from prosocial lies were joy and contempt. Children expressed joy more in prosocial lying than in antisocial lying. Girls showed more joy and less contempt compared with boys when they told prosocial lies. Boys showed more contempt when they told prosocial lies than when they told antisocial lies. The key action units (AUs) that differentiate children's antisocial and prosocial lies are blink/eye closure, lip pucker, and lip raise on the right side. Together, these findings indicate that children's facial expressions differ while telling antisocial versus prosocial lies. The reliability of CERT in detecting such differences in facial expression suggests the viability of using computer vision technology in deception research.
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5R 2X2, Canada.
Sarah
S
Zanette
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5R 2X2, Canada.
Xiaoqing
X
Gao
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5R 2X2, Canada.
Megan
M
Brunet
University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Marian Stewart
MS
Bartlett
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5R 2X2, Canada. Electronic address: kang.lee@utoronto.ca.
Kang
K
Lee
D002648:Child; D008192:Deception; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012945:Social Values
Antisocial lying; Emotions; Facial expressions; Machine learning; Nonverbal behavior; Prosocial lying