SHARAKU: an algorithm for aligning and clustering read mapping profiles of deep sequencing in non-coding RNA processing.
Deep sequencing of the transcripts of regulatory non-coding RNA generates footprints of post-transcriptional processes. After obtaining sequence reads, the short reads are mapped to a reference genome, and specific mapping patterns can be detected called read mapping profiles, which are distinct from random non-functional degradation patterns. These patterns reflect the maturation processes that lead to the production of shorter RNA sequences. Recent next-generation sequencing studies have revealed not only the typical maturation process of miRNAs but also the various processing mechanisms of small RNAs derived from tRNAs and snoRNAs.



We developed an algorithm termed SHARAKU to align two read mapping profiles of next-generation sequencing outputs for non-coding RNAs. In contrast with previous work, SHARAKU incorporates the primary and secondary sequence structures into an alignment of read mapping profiles to allow for the detection of common processing patterns. Using a benchmark simulated dataset, SHARAKU exhibited superior performance to previous methods for correctly clustering the read mapping profiles with respect to 5'-end processing and 3'-end processing from degradation patterns and in detecting similar processing patterns in deriving the shorter RNAs. Further, using experimental data of small RNA sequencing for the common marmoset brain, SHARAKU succeeded in identifying the significant clusters of read mapping profiles for similar processing patterns of small derived RNA families expressed in the brain.



The source code of our program SHARAKU is available at http://www.dna.bio.keio.ac.jp/sharaku/, and the simulated dataset used in this work is available at the same link. Accession code: The sequence data from the whole RNA transcripts in the hippocampus of the left brain used in this work is available from the DNA DataBank of Japan (DDBJ) Sequence Read Archive (DRA) under the accession number DRA004502.



yasu@bio.keio.ac.jp



Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama 161-0031, Japan.
Mariko
M
Tsuchiya
Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama 161-0031, Japan.
Kojiro
K
Amano
Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama 161-0031, Japan.
Masaya
M
Abe
Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama 161-0031, Japan.
Misato
M
Seki
Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama 161-0031, Japan.
Sumitaka
S
Hase
Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama 161-0031, Japan.
Kengo
K
Sato
Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama 161-0031, Japan.
Yasubumi
Y
Sakakibara
D000465:Algorithms; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D030561:Databases, Nucleic Acid; D059014:High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; D022661:RNA, Untranslated; D017423:Sequence Analysis, RNA; D012984:Software
D022661:RNA, Untranslated