Use of in vitro assays to assess the potential cytotoxic, genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of vanillic and cinnamic acid.
Vanillic acid (VA) found in vanilla and cinnamic acid (CA) the precursor of flavonoids and found in cinnamon oil, are natural plant phenolic acids which are secondary aromatic plant products suggested to possess many physiological and pharmacological functions. In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that phenolic acids exhibit powerful effects on biological responses by scavenging free radicals and eliciting antioxidant capacity. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant capacity of VA and CA by the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay, cytotoxicity by neutral red uptake (NRU) assay in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and also the genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of these phenolic acids using the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus (CBMN) and the alkaline comet assays in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. At all tested concentrations, VA (0.17-67.2 μg/ml) showed antioxidant activity but CA (0.15-59.2 μg/ml) did not show antioxidant activity against 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS). VA (0.84, 4.2, 8.4, 16.8, 84 and 168 μg/ml) and CA (0.74, 3.7, 7.4, 14.8, 74, 148 μg/ml) did not have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects alone at the studied concentrations as compared with the controls. Both VA and CA seem to decrease DNA damage induced by H2O2in human lymphocytes.
a Department of Bioengineering , Faculty of Natural Sciences, Architecture and Engineering, Bursa Technical University , Bursa , Turkey.
Gökçe
G
Taner
b Sungurlu Vocational High School, Health Programs, Hitit University , Çorum , Turkey.
Deniz
D
Özkan Vardar
c Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey.
Sevtap
S
Aydin
d Department of Biology , Faculty of Science, Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey , and.
Zeki
Z
Aytaç
e Department of Pharmacognosy , Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey.
Ahmet
A
Başaran
c Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey.
Nurşen
N
Başaran
D000818:Animals; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D052160:Benzothiazoles / Q000737:chemistry; D001681:Biological Assay; D016466:CHO Cells; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D020552:Comet Assay; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D048629:Micronuclei, Chromosome-Defective / Q000139:chemically induced; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests / Q000379:methods*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013451:Sulfonic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D014641:Vanillic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity
D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D052160:Benzothiazoles; D002934:Cinnamates; D013451:Sulfonic Acids; C029010:cinnamic acid; C002502:2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D014641:Vanillic Acid
CHO cells; Vanillic acid; cinnamic acid; comet assay; cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay; human lymphocytes; neutral red uptake assay; trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity