Stretching of Active Muscle Elicits Chronic Changes in Multiple Strain Risk Factors.
The muscle stretch intensity imposed during "flexibility" training influences the magnitude of joint range of motion (ROM) adaptation. Thus, stretching while the muscle is voluntarily activated was hypothesized to provide a greater stimulus than passive stretching. The effect of a 6-wk program of stretch imposed on an isometrically contracting muscle (i.e., qualitatively similar to isokinetic eccentric training) on muscle-tendon mechanics was therefore studied in 13 healthy human volunteers.



Before and after the training program, dorsiflexion ROM, passive joint moment, and maximal isometric plantarflexor moment were recorded on an isokinetic dynamometer. Simultaneous real-time motion analysis and ultrasound imaging recorded gastrocnemius medialis muscle and Achilles tendon elongation. Training was performed twice weekly and consisted of five sets of 12 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions at 10°·s.



Significant increases (P < 0.01) in ROM (92.7% [14.7°]), peak passive moment (i.e., stretch tolerance; 136.2%), area under the passive moment curve (i.e., energy storage; 302.6%), and maximal isometric plantarflexor moment (51.3%) were observed after training. Although no change in the slope of the passive moment curve (muscle-tendon stiffness) was detected (-1.5%, P > 0.05), a significant increase in tendon stiffness (31.2%, P < 0.01) and a decrease in passive muscle stiffness (-14.6%, P < 0.05) were observed.



The substantial positive adaptation in multiple functional and physiological variables that are cited within the primary etiology of muscle strain injury, including strength, ROM, muscle stiffness, and maximal energy storage, indicate that the stretching of active muscle might influence injury risk in addition to muscle function. The lack of change in muscle-tendon stiffness simultaneous with significant increases in tendon stiffness and decreases in passive muscle stiffness indicates that tissue-specific effects were elicited.
1Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, The University of Northampton, Northampton, UNITED KINGDOM; 2School of Sport, Outdoor and Exercise Science, University of Derby, Derbyshire, UNITED KINGDOM; 3Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, AUSTRALIA.
Anthony David
AD
Kay
Dominic
D
Richmond
Chris
C
Talbot
Minas
M
Mina
Anthony William
AW
Baross
Anthony John
AJ
Blazevich
D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000502:physiology; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D006801:Humans; D007537:Isometric Contraction; D008297:Male; D052580:Muscle Stretching Exercises; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012307:Risk Factors; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult