Monitoring for Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Impact Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men-United States, 2012-2014.
Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; vaccination is recommended for US males, including MSM through age 26 years. We assessed evidence of HPV among vaccine-eligible MSM and transgender women to monitor vaccine impact.



During 2012-2014, MSM aged 18-26 years at select clinics completed a computer-assisted self-interview regarding sexual behavior, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, and vaccinations. Self-collected anal swab and oral rinse specimens were tested for HPV DNA (37 types) by L1 consensus polymerase chain reaction; serum was tested for HPV antibodies (4 types) by a multiplexed virus-like particle-based immunoglobulin G direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.



Among 922 vaccine-eligible participants, the mean age was 23 years, and the mean number of lifetime sex partners was 37. Among 834 without HIV infection, any anal HPV was detected in 69.4% and any oral HPV in 8.4%, yet only 8.5% had evidence of exposure to all quadrivalent vaccine types. In multivariate analysis, HPV prevalence varied significantly (P < .05) by HIV status, sexual orientation, and lifetime number of sex partners, but not by race/ethnicity.



Most young MSM lacked evidence of current or past infection with all vaccine-type HPV types, suggesting that they could benefit from vaccination. The impact of vaccination among MSM may be assessed by monitoring HPV prevalence, including in self-collected specimens.
Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases.
Elissa
E
Meites
Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California-Los Angeles.
Pamina M
PM
Gorbach
Howard Brown Health, Chicago, Illinois.
Beau
B
Gratzer
Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases.
Gitika
G
Panicker
Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases.
Martin
M
Steinau
College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington.
Tom
T
Collins
College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington.
Adam
A
Parrish
Howard Brown Health, Chicago, Illinois.
Cody
C
Randel
Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California-Los Angeles.
Mark
M
McGrath
Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California-Los Angeles.
Steven
S
Carrasco
Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California-Los Angeles.
Janell
J
Moore
Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Akbar
A
Zaidi
Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Jim
J
Braxton
Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California-Los Angeles.
Peter R
PR
Kerndt
Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases.
Elizabeth R
ER
Unger
College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington.
Richard A
RA
Crosby
Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases.
Lauri E
LE
Markowitz
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000821:virology; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000821:virology; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D000072339:Sexual and Gender Minorities; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines
epidemiological monitoring; homosexuality, male; papillomavirus infections; papillomavirus vaccines