Integrated magnetic tweezers and single-molecule FRET for investigating the mechanical properties of nucleic acid.
Many enzymes promote structural changes in their nucleic acid substrates via application of piconewton forces over nanometer length scales. Magnetic tweezers (MT) is a single molecule force spectroscopy method widely used for studying the energetics of such mechanical processes. MT permits stable application of a wide range of forces and torques over long time scales with nanometer spatial resolution. However, in any force spectroscopy experiment, the ability to monitor structural changes in nucleic acids with nanometer sensitivity requires the system of interest to be held under high degrees of tension to improve signal to noise. This limitation prohibits measurement of structural changes within nucleic acids under physiologically relevant conditions of low stretching forces. To overcome this challenge, researchers have integrated a spatially sensitive fluorescence spectroscopy method, single molecule-FRET, with MT to allow simultaneous observation and manipulation of nanoscale structural transitions over a wide range of forces. Here, we describe a method for using this hybrid instrument to analyze the mechanical properties of nucleic acids. We expect that this method for analysis of nucleic acid structure will be easily adapted for experiments aiming to interrogate the mechanical responses of other biological macromolecules.
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
Xi
X
Long
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
Joseph W
JW
Parks
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Center for Molecular Biology of RNA, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA. Electronic address: mds@ucsc.edu.
Michael D
MD
Stone
D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D008280:Magnetics / Q000379:methods*; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation; D052898:Optical Tweezers; D000072760:Single Molecule Imaging / Q000379:methods*
D004247:DNA
Magnetic tweezers; Nucleic acid; Single-molecule FRET