Engineered Nanoparticles Against MDR in Cancer: The State of the Art and its Prospective.
Cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease at intra/inter patient levels and known as the leading cause of death worldwide. A variety of mono and combinational therapies including chemotherapy have been evolved over the years for its effective treatment. However, advent of chemotherapeutic resistance or multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer is a major challenge researchers are facing in cancer chemotherapy. MDR is a complex process having multifaceted non-cellular or cellular-based mechanisms. Research in the area of cancer nanotechnology over the past two decade has now proven that the smartly designed nanoparticles help in successful chemotherapy by overcoming the MDR and preferentially accumulate in the tumor region by means of active and passive targeting therefore reducing the offtarget accumulation of payload. Many of such nanoparticles are in different stages of clinical trials as nanomedicines showing promising result in cancer therapy including the resistant cases. Nanoparticles as chemotherapeutics carriers offer the opportunity to have multiple payload of drug and or imaging agents for combinational and theranostics therapy. Moreover, nanotechnology further bring in notice the new treatment strategies such as combining the NIR, MRI and HIFU in cancer chemotherapy and imaging. Here, we discussed the cellular/non-cellular factors constituting the MDR in cancer and the role of nanomedicines in effective chemotherapy of MDR cases of cancers. Moreover, recent advancements like combinational payload delivery and combined physical approach with nanotechnology in cancer therapy have also been discussed.
Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, UP-229010, India.
Javed
J
Ahmad
LE STUDIUM Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Centre-Val de Loire region, France.|Nucleic acids transfer by non-viral methods, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Orléans, France.
Sohail
S
Akhter
Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National, Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Nigel H
NH
Greig
Metabolomics & Enzymology Unit, Fundamental and Applied Biology Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.|Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.
Mohammad Amjad
MA
Kamal
Nucleic acids transfer by non-viral methods, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Orléans, France.
Patrick
P
Midoux
Nucleic acids transfer by non-viral methods, Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, Orléans, France.
Chantal
C
Pichon
D001698:Biomedical Engineering; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*