In vivo measurement of skin surface strain and sub-surface layer deformation induced by natural tissue stretching.
Stratum corneum and epidermal layers change in terms of thickness and roughness with gender, age and anatomical site. Knowledge of the mechanical and tribological properties of skin associated with these structural changes are needed to aid in the design of exoskeletons, prostheses, orthotics, body mounted sensors used for kinematics measurements and in optimum use of wearable on-body devices. In this case study, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and digital image correlation (DIC) were combined to determine skin surface strain and sub-surface deformation behaviour of the volar forearm due to natural tissue stretching. The thickness of the epidermis together with geometry changes of the dermal-epidermal junction boundary were calculated during change in the arm angle, from flexion (90°) to full extension (180°). This posture change caused an increase in skin surface Lagrange strain, typically by 25% which induced considerable morphological changes in the upper skin layers evidenced by reduction of epidermal layer thickness (20%), flattening of the dermal-epidermal junction undulation (45-50% reduction of flatness being expressed as Ra and Rz roughness profile height change) and reduction of skin surface roughness Ra and Rz (40-50%). The newly developed method, DIC combined with OCT imaging, is a powerful, fast and non-invasive methodology to study structural skin changes in real time and the tissue response provoked by mechanical loading or stretching.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK. Electronic address: R.maiti@sheffield.ac.uk.
Raman
R
Maiti
Philips Research, Department of Smart Interfaces and Modules, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Electronic address: Lutz.Gerhardt@philips.com.
Lutz-Christian
LC
Gerhardt
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK.
Zing S
ZS
Lee
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK.
Robert A
RA
Byers
Michelson Diagnostics Limited, Maidstone, Kent, UK.
Daniel
D
Woods
Abengoa Research, Seville, Spain.
José A
JA
Sanz-Herrera
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK; Philips Research, Department of Smart Interfaces and Modules, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK.
Steve E
SE
Franklin
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK.
Roger
R
Lewis
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK.
Stephen J
SJ
Matcher
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, UK.
Matthew J
MJ
Carré
D020405:Dermis / Q000502:physiology*; D004817:Epidermis / Q000502:physiology*; D005542:Forearm; D006801:Humans; D012867:Skin; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence