Internal medicine in the United States and Germany: mutual influences from 1870 to today.
Over the past 140 years, the close academic and clinical interactions in Internal Medicine between German-speaking countries and the United States have been through three distinct stages. From 1870 until the First World War, German medical research, teaching, and university organization served as a model for U.S. medical schools and practice. However, after World War I, medical education reforms were implemented in the U.S., and due also to radical economic and political changes at home, German medicine lost its pioneering role. Furthermore, many scientists and clinicians were forced to emigrate in the face of racial and political persecution in Germany and Austria. Since the Second World War, American medicine has grown further to become the world leader in research, training, and clinical practice. The earlier trend of American physicians studying abroad was thus reversed, with many of today's foremost German physicians completing clinical and research training in the United States.
Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Arnd
A
Schulte-Bockolt
Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
Konrad H
KH
Soergel
Department of Internal Medicine, DGD Clinics Sachsenhausen, Schulstrasse 31, 60594, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. j.stein@em.uni-frankfurt.de.
Juergen
J
Stein
D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000266:history*; D005858:Germany; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D007388:Internal Medicine / Q000266:history*; D007393:International Educational Exchange / Q000266:history*; D038622:Internationality / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States
20th century; History of medicine; Medical education; Medical schools