The Discovery of Novel Genomic, Transcriptomic, and Proteomic Biomarkers in Cardiovascular and Peripheral Vascular Disease: The State of the Art.
Cardiovascular disease (CD) and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) are leading causes of mortality and morbidity in western countries and also responsible of a huge burden in terms of disability, functional decline, and healthcare costs. Biomarkers are measurable biological elements that reflect particular physiological or pathological states or predisposition towards diseases and they are currently widely studied in medicine and especially in CD. In this context, biomarkers can also be used to assess the severity or the evolution of several diseases, as well as the effectiveness of particular therapies. Genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics have opened new windows on disease phenomena and may permit in the next future an effective development of novel diagnostic and prognostic medicine in order to better prevent or treat CD. This review will consider the current evidence of novel biomarkers with clear implications in the improvement of risk assessment, prevention strategies, and medical decision making in the field of CD.
Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Headquarters, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
Stefano
S
de Franciscis
C.U.R.S, Laboratoire INSERM U1088, Chemin du Thil, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80025 Amiens Cedex 1, France.
Laurent
L
Metzinger
Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Headquarters, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
Raffaele
R
Serra
D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005819:Genetic Markers / Q000235:genetics*; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
D015415:Biomarkers; D005819:Genetic Markers