Hierarchical Structures of Bone and Bioinspired Bone Tissue Engineering.
Bone, as a mineralized composite of inorganic (mostly carbonated hydroxyapatite) and organic (mainly type I collagen) phases, possesses a unique combination of remarkable strength and toughness. Its excellent mechanical properties are related to its hierarchical structures and precise organization of the inorganic and organic phases at the nanoscale: Nanometer-sized hydroxyapatite crystals periodically deposit within the gap zones of collagen fibrils during bone biomineralization process. This hierarchical arrangement produces nanomechanical heterogeneities, which enable a mechanism for high energy dissipation and resistance to fracture. The excellent mechanical properties integrated with the hierarchical nanostructure of bone have inspired chemists and material scientists to develop biomimetic strategies for artificial bone grafts in tissue engineering (TE). This critical review provides a broad overview of the current mechanisms involved in bone biomineralization, and the relationship between bone hierarchical structures and the deformation mechanism. Our goal in this review is to inspire the application of these principles toward bone TE.
Center for Craniofacial Stem Cell Research and Regeneration, Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China.
Yan
Y
Liu
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.|State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, P. R. China.
Dan
D
Luo
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China. wangtie@iccas.ac.cn.
Tie
T
Wang
D000818:Animals; D032701:Biomimetics / Q000379:methods*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
biomimetic materials; biomineralization; hierarchical structures; intrafibrillar mineralization; tissue engineering