Comparative toxicity of sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate to freshwater organisms.
Sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate (SCP) is a granular algaecide containing H2O2 as an active ingredient to control growth of noxious algae. Measurements of sensitivities of target and non-target species to hydrogen peroxide are necessary for water resource managers to make informed decisions and minimize risks for non-target species when treating noxious algae. The objective of this study was to measure and compare responses among a target noxious alga (cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa) and non-target organisms including a eukaryotic alga (chlorophyte Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata), microcrustacean (Ceriodaphnia dubia), benthic amphipod (Hyalella azteca), and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) to exposures of hydrogen peroxide as SCP. Hydrogen peroxide exposures were confirmed using the I3(-) method. SCP margins of safety for these organisms were compared with published toxicity data to provide context for other commonly used algaecides and herbicides (e.g. copper formulations, endothall, and diquat dibromide). Algal responses (cell density and chlorophyll a concentrations) and animal mortality were measured after 96h aqueous exposures to SCP in laboratory-formulated water to estimate EC50 and LC50 values, as well as potency slopes. Despite a shorter test duration, M. aeruginosa was more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide as SCP (96h EC50:0.9-1.0mgL(-)(1) H2O2) than the eukaryotic alga P. subcapitata (7-d EC50:5.2-9.2mgL(-1) H2O2), indicating potential for selective control of prokaryotic algae. For the three non-target animals evaluated, measured 96-h LC50 values ranged from 1.0 to 19.7mgL(-1) H2O2. C. dubia was the most sensitive species, and the least sensitive species was P. promelas, which is not likely to be affected by concentrations of hydrogen peroxide as SCP that would be used to control noxious algae (e.g. M. aeruginosa). Based on information from peer-reviewed literature, other algaecides could be similarly selective for cyanobacteria. Of the algaecides compared, SCP can selectively mitigate risks associated with noxious cyanobacterial growths (e.g. M. aeruginosa), with an enhanced margin of safety for non-target species (e.g. P. promelas).
Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634-0001, USA. Electronic address: tdgeer@g.clemson.edu.
Tyler D
TD
Geer
Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634-0001, USA.
Ciera M
CM
Kinley
Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634-0001, USA.
Kyla J
KJ
Iwinski
Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634-0001, USA.
Alyssa J
AJ
Calomeni
Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 261 Lehotsky Hall, Clemson, SC 29634-0001, USA.
John H
JH
Rodgers
D033304:Amphipoda / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D059001:Aquatic Organisms / Q000187:drug effects; D002254:Carbonates / Q000633:toxicity*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D003530:Cyprinidae; D005618:Fresh Water; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity*; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D046931:Microcystis / Q000187:drug effects
D002254:Carbonates; D006540:Herbicides; D002734:Chlorophyll; C005686:sodium carbonate; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D000077194:Chlorophyll A
Algaecide; Comparative toxicity; Cyanobacteria; Non-target organisms; Sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate