ADP-Ribosylation and Cross-Linking of Actin by Bacterial Protein Toxins.
Actin and the actin cytoskeleton play fundamental roles in host-pathogen interactions. Proper function of the actin cytoskeleton is crucial for innate and acquired immune defense. Bacterial toxins attack the actin cytoskeleton by targeting regulators of actin. Moreover, actin is directly modified by various bacterial protein toxins and effectors, which cause ADP-ribosylation or cross-linking of actin. Modification of actin can result in inhibition or stimulation of actin polymerization. Toxins, acting directly on actin, are reviewed.
Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany. klaus.aktories@pharmakol.uni-freiburg.de.|Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany. klaus.aktories@pharmakol.uni-freiburg.de.
Klaus
K
Aktories
Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.
Carsten
C
Schwan
Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany.
Alexander E
AE
Lang
D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000737:chemistry; D000199:Actins / Q000737:chemistry*; D000246:Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose / Q000737:chemistry*; D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000737:chemistry; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D058105:Polymerization
D000199:Actins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D000246:Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose
ADP-ribosylation; Actin; Actin cross-linking; Formins; Host–pathogen interaction; Thymosin-β4; Toxins