Neuroinvasion and Inflammation in Viral Central Nervous System Infections.
Neurotropic viruses can cause devastating central nervous system (CNS) infections, especially in young children and the elderly. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) have been described as relevant sites of entry for specific viruses as well as for leukocytes, which are recruited during the proinflammatory response in the course of CNS infection. In this review, we illustrate examples of established brain barrier models, in which the specific reaction patterns of different viral families can be analyzed. Furthermore, we highlight the pathogen specific array of cytokines and chemokines involved in immunological responses in viral CNS infections. We discuss in detail the link between specific cytokines and chemokines and leukocyte migration profiles. The thorough understanding of the complex and interrelated inflammatory mechanisms as well as identifying universal mediators promoting CNS inflammation is essential for the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
Tobias
0000-0002-4720-9616
T
Dahm
Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
Henriette
0000-0002-3809-4861
H
Rudolph
Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
Christian
0000-0002-1706-0259
C
Schwerk
Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
Horst
H
Schroten
Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
Tobias
0000-0002-7215-8398
T
Tenenbaum
D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D002465:Cell Movement; D002494:Central Nervous System Infections / Q000473:pathology* / Q000821:virology; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D018067:Flaviviridae / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000472:pathogenicity; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000821:virology; D010252:Paramyxoviridae / Q000472:pathogenicity; D010849:Picornaviridae / Q000472:pathogenicity; D012190:Retroviridae / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014035:Togaviridae / Q000472:pathogenicity; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D014780:Viruses / Q000472:pathogenicity*
D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines