Spatial distribution, transport dynamics, and health risks of endosulfan at a contaminated site.
We analyzed concentrations, distribution characteristics, and health risks of endosulfan (α and β isomers, and endosulfan sulfate) in soils (top soils and soil profiles) and air, at and around a typical endosulfan production site in Jiangsu, China. The air-soil surface exchange flux is calculated to investigate transport dynamics of endosulfan. Concentrations at the production site ranged from 0.01 to 114 mg/kg d.w. in soil and 4.81-289 ng/m(3) in air, with very high concentrations occurring at the location of endosulfan emulsion workshop. In the surrounding area, endosulfan was detected in all samples, with concentrations ranging from 1.37-415 ng/g d.w. in soil and 0.89-10.4 ng/m(3) in air. In the contaminated site, endosulfan concentrations fluctuated with depth in the upper soil layers, then decreased below 120 cm. Soil and air within a distance of 2.0 km appear to be affected by endosulfan originating from the site. Even the health risk at the location of the endosulfan emulsifiable solution workshop was over seven times the acceptable value, the risk to nearby adults and children was low.
College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
Yanyan
Y
Fang
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
Zhiqiang
Z
Nie
College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
Qingqi
Q
Die
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
Yajun
Y
Tian
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
Feng
F
Liu
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
Jie
J
He
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China. Electronic address: huangqf@vip.sina.com.
Qifei
Q
Huang
D002681:China; D004726:Endosulfan / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000633:toxicity; D012307:Risk Factors; D012987:Soil / Q000737:chemistry*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*
D007306:Insecticides; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D004726:Endosulfan
Air; Endosulfan; Fugacity; Health risk; Production site; Soil