Improved early right ventricular function recovery but increased complications with catheter-directed interventions compared with anticoagulation alone for submassive pulmonary embolism.
The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term and midterm outcomes of catheter-directed intervention (CDI) compared with anticoagulation (AC) alone in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism (sPE).



This was a retrospective review of all patients treated for sPE between January 2009 and October 2014. Two groups were identified on the basis of the therapy: AC and CDI. End points included complications, mortality, and change in echocardiographic parameters. Standard statistical techniques were used.



There were 64 patients who received AC and 64 patients who received CDI (five were initially treated with AC but did not improve or worsened; six received ≤8 mg of tissue plasminogen activator). Most baseline characteristics, including the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index, were similar among the AC and CDI groups. There was no difference in PE-related death (one in each group) or major bleeding events (three in the AC group, four in the CDI group), but CDIs had two additional procedural complications that required open heart surgery. CDIs showed significantly more minor bleeding events (6 vs 0; P = .028) and significantly shorter intensive care unit stay (2.7 ± 2.1 vs 5.6 ± 7.5 days; P = .04). The mean difference in right ventricular/left ventricular ratio from baseline to the first subsequent echocardiogram (within 30 days) showed a trend for higher reduction in favor of CDI (AC, 0.17 ± 0.12; CDI, 0.27 ± 0.15; P = .076). Between 3 and 8 months, significant improvement was evident within groups in all assessed right-sided heart echocardiographic parameters, but there was no difference between groups. Pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery pressure >40 mm Hg) was present in 7 of 15 of the AC group vs 6 of 19 of the CDI group (P = .484). During the follow-up, dyspnea or oxygen dependence, not existing before the index PE event, was recorded in 5 of 49 (10.2%) of the AC patients and 8 of 52 (15.4%) of the CDI patients (P = .556).



CDI for sPE can result in faster restoration of right ventricular function and shorter intensive care unit stay, but at the cost of a higher complication rate, with similar midterm outcomes compared with AC alone. A potential effect of CDI on mortality and pulmonary hypertension needs further investigation through larger studies.
Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Efthymios D
ED
Avgerinos
Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Nathan L
NL
Liang
Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Omar M
OM
El-Shazly
Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Catalyn
C
Toma
Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Michael J
MJ
Singh
Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Michel S
MS
Makaroun
Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pa. Electronic address: chaerra@upmc.edu.
Rabih A
RA
Chaer
D000368:Aged; D002404:Catheterization; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right
D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents