Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise Training on Skeletal Myopathy of Chronic Heart Failure.
BACKGROUND
It remains controversial which type of exercise elicits optimum adaptations on skeletal myopathy of heart failure (HF). Our aim was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without the addition of strength training, on skeletal muscle of HF patients.


RESULTS
Thirteen male HF patients (age 51 ± 13 years, body mass index 27 ± 4 kg/m2) participated in either an HIIT (AER) or an HIIT combined with strength training (COM) 3-month program. Biopsy samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis. Analyses were performed on muscle fiber type, cross-section area (CSA), capillary density, and mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 isoforms (ie, IGF-1Ea, IGF-1Eb, IGF-1Ec), type-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3). Increased expression of IGF-1Ea, IGF-1Eb, IGF-1Ec, and IGFBP-3 transcripts was found (1.7 ± 0.8, 1.5 ± 0.8, 2.0 ± 1.32.4 ± 1.4 fold changes, respectively; P < .05). Type I fibers increased by 21% (42 ± 10% to 51 ± 7%; P < .001) and capillary/fiber ratio increased by 24% (1.27 ± 0.22 to 1.57 ± 0.41; P = .005) in both groups as a whole. Fibers' mean CSA increased by 10% in total, but the increase in type I fibers' CSA was greater after AER than COM (15% vs 6%; P < .05). The increased CSA correlated with the increased expression of IGF-1Ea and IGF-1Εb.


CONCLUSIONS
HIIT reverses skeletal myopathy of HF patients, with the adaptive responses of the IGF-1 bioregulation system possibly contributing to these effects. AER program seemed to be superior to COM to induce muscle hypertrophy.
1st Critical Care Medicine Department, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Rehabilitation Laboratory, "Evgenidio Hospital," National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
Georgios
G
Tzanis
Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
Anastassios
A
Philippou
1st Critical Care Medicine Department, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Rehabilitation Laboratory, "Evgenidio Hospital," National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
Eleftherios
E
Karatzanos
1st Critical Care Medicine Department, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Rehabilitation Laboratory, "Evgenidio Hospital," National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
Stavros
S
Dimopoulos
3rd Cardiology Department, "Laiko" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
Elisavet
E
Kaldara
3rd Cardiology Department, "Laiko" Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
Emmeleia
E
Nana
1st Critical Care Medicine Department, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Rehabilitation Laboratory, "Evgenidio Hospital," National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
Theodoros
T
Pitsolis
Department of Pathology, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Dimitra
D
Rontogianni
Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
Michael
M
Koutsilieris
1st Critical Care Medicine Department, Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Rehabilitation Laboratory, "Evgenidio Hospital," National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. Electronic address: a.icusn@gmail.com.
Serafim
S
Nanas
D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000072696:High-Intensity Interval Training / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012313:RNA / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
C515497:IGFBP3 protein, human; D018972:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3; D012313:RNA
Heart failure; insulin-like growth factor; interval training; skeletal muscle