Impact of Exercise on Innate Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis Progression and Symptomatology.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS), an idiopathic progressive immune-mediated neurological disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), is characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammatory demyelination and consequent axonal deterioration. It accounts for functional deterioration and lasting disability among young adults. A body of literature demonstrates that physical activity counteracts fatigue and depression and may improve overall quality of life in MS patients. Furthermore, much data indicates that exercise ameliorates chronic neuroinflammation and its related pathologies by tipping cytokine profiles toward an anti-inflammatory signature. Recent data has focused on the direct impact of exercise training on the innate immune system by targeting toll-like receptors (TLRs), signaling pattern recognition receptors that govern the innate immune response, shedding light on the physiological role of TLRs in health and disease. Indeed, TLRs continue to emerge as players in the neuroinflammatory processes underpinning MS. This review will highlight evidence that physical activity and exercise are potential immunomodulatory therapies, targeting innate signaling mechanism(s) to modulate MS symptom development and progression.
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork Cork, Ireland.
Alison
A
Barry
Department of Medicine, Cork University Hospital Cork, Ireland.
Owen
O
Cronin
Department of Neurology, Cork University Hospital Cork, Ireland.
Aisling M
AM
Ryan
Department of Neurology, Cork University Hospital Cork, Ireland.
Brian
B
Sweeney
Mercy University Hospital Cork, Ireland.
Siew M
SM
Yap
Mercy University Hospital Cork, Ireland.
Orna
O
O'Toole
Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland.
Andrew P
AP
Allen
Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland.
Gerard
G
Clarke
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork Cork, Ireland.
Ken D
KD
O'Halloran
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin Dublin, Ireland.
Eric J
EJ
Downer
Multiple Sclerosis; TLRs; cytokines; exercise; innate immunity; neuroinflammation