Urinary KIM-1 and AQP-1 in patients with clear renal cell carcinoma: Potential noninvasive biomarkers.
OBJECTIVE
Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) are potential early urinary biomarkers of clear renal cell carcinoma (cRCC). The aim of this study was to ascertain relationship between the urine concentrations KIM-1 and AQP-1 with tumor size, grade, pT stage and type of operation (radical or partial nephrectomy) in patients with cRCC.


METHODS
Urinary concentrations of urinary KIM-1 (uKIM-1) and urinary AQP-1 (uAQP-1) were determined by commercially available ELISA kits. The analysis included 40 patients undergoing partial or radical nephrectomy for cRCC and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy adult volunteers.


RESULTS
The median preoperative concentrations of KIM-1 in the cRCC group [0.724 ? 1.120 ng/mg urinary creatinine (Ucr)] were significantly greater compared with controls (healthy volunteers) (0.210 +/- 0.082 ng/mgUcr) (p = 0.0227). Postoperatively, uKIM-1 concentration decreased significantly to control values (0.177 +/- 0.099 ng/mgUcr vs 0.210 + 0.082 ng/mgUcr, respectively). The size, grade and stage of tumor were correlated positively with preoperative uKIM-1 concentrations. Contrary to these results, concentrations of uAQP-1 in the cRCC group were significantly lower (0.111 +/- 0.092 ng/mgUcr) compared with the control group (0.202 +/- 0.078 ng/mgUcr) (p = 0.0014). Postoperatively, the concentrations of uAQP-1 increased progressively up to control values, approximately. We find no significant correlation between preoperative uAQP-1 concentrations and tumor size, grade and stage.


CONCLUSIONS
uKIM-1 was found to be a reliable diagnostic marker of cRCC, based on its significantly increased values before and decreased values after the nephrectomy.
Mirjana
M
Mijugković
Ivan
I
Stanojević
Novak
N
Milović
Snezana
S
Cerović
Dejan
D
Petrović
Dragan
D
Jovanović
Predrag
P
Aleksić
Bozidar
B
Kovacević
Tamara
T
Andjelić
Brankica
B
Terzic
Mirjana
M
Djukić
Danilo
D
Vojvodić
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D051398:Aquaporin 1 / Q000652:urine*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000652:urine*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000652:urine*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000652:urine*; D008875:Middle Aged; D060787:Neoplasm Grading; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009392:Nephrectomy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D047368:Tumor Burden
C496020:AQP1 protein, human; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C491143:HAVCR1 protein, human; D000072596:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D011991:Receptors, Virus; D051398:Aquaporin 1