Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Gammaherpesvirus from a Microbat Cell Line.
While employing deep sequencing and de novo assembly to characterize the mRNA transcript profile of a cell line derived from the microbat Myotis velifer incautus, we serendipitously identified mRNAs encoding proteins with a high level of identity to herpesviruses. A majority were closely related to proteins of equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2), a horse gammaherpesvirus. We demonstrated by electron microscopy the presence of herpesvirus-like particles in the microbat cells. Passage of supernatants from microbat cells to Vero cells resulted in syncytium formation, and expression of viral genes and amplification of viral DNA were demonstrated by quantitative PCR. Susceptibility of human cell lines to productive infection was also demonstrated. Next-generation sequencing and de novo assembly of the viral genome from supernatants from Vero cells yielded a single contig of approximately 130 kb with at least 77 open reading frames (ORFs), predicted microRNAs (miRNAs), and a gammaherpesvirus genomic organization. Phylogenic analysis of the envelope glycoprotein (gB) and DNA polymerase (POLD1) revealed similarity to multiple gammaherpesviruses, including those from as-yet-uncultured viruses of the Rhadinovirus genus that were obtained by deep sequencing of bat tissues. Moreover, the assembled genome revealed ORFs that share little or no homology to known ORFs in EHV-2 but are similar to accessory proteins of other gammaherpesviruses. Some also have striking homology to predicted Myotis bat proteins. Cumulatively, this study provides the first isolation and characterization of a replication-competent bat gammaherpesvirus. IMPORTANCE Bats are of significant interest as reservoirs for zoonotic viral pathogens; however, tools to dissect bat-virus interactions are limited in availability. This study serendipitously identified, in an established bat cell line, a fully replication-competent gammaherpesvirus; determined the complete genome sequence of the virus; and generated a viral transcript map. This virus can replicate in select human and nonhuman primate cell lines. However, analyses of viral sequences support a bat origin for this virus; we therefore refer to the virus as bat gammaherpesvirus 8 (BGHV8). The viral genome contains unique open reading frames that likely encode modulators of bat innate and adaptive immune signaling pathways and expresses viral miRNAs. The virus and its gene products should provide a unique tool to dissect both bat and gammaherpesvirus biology.
Virology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA; Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
Reed S
RS
Shabman
Virology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Susmita
S
Shrivastava
Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
Tshidi
T
Tsibane
Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
Oliver
O
Attie
Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
Anitha
A
Jayaprakash
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
Chad E
CE
Mire
Virology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Kari E
KE
Dilley
Virology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Vinita
V
Puri
Virology Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
Timothy B
TB
Stockwell
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
Thomas W
TW
Geisbert
Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
Ravi
R
Sachidanandam
Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
Christopher F
CF
Basler
bats; genomics; herpesviruses; next-generation sequencing; transcriptomics; virus discovery