Catestatin Gly364Ser Variant Alters Systemic Blood Pressure and the Risk for Hypertension in Human Populations via Endothelial Nitric Oxide Pathway.
Catestatin (CST), an endogenous antihypertensive/antiadrenergic peptide, is a novel regulator of cardiovascular physiology. Here, we report case-control studies in 2 geographically/ethnically distinct Indian populations (n≈4000) that showed association of the naturally-occurring human CST-Gly364Ser variant with increased risk for hypertension (age-adjusted odds ratios: 1.483; P=0.009 and 2.951; P=0.005). Consistently, 364Ser allele carriers displayed elevated systolic (up to ≈8 mm Hg; P=0.004) and diastolic (up to ≈6 mm Hg; P=0.001) blood pressure. The variant allele was also found to be in linkage disequilibrium with other functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the CHGA promoter and nearby coding region. Functional characterization of the Gly364Ser variant was performed using cellular/molecular biological experiments (viz peptide-receptor binding assays, nitric oxide [NO], phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase, and phosphorylated endothelial NO synthase estimations) and computational approaches (molecular dynamics simulations for structural analysis of wild-type [CST-WT] and variant [CST-364Ser] peptides and docking of peptide/ligand with β-adrenergic receptors [ADRB1/2]). CST-WT and CST-364Ser peptides differed profoundly in their secondary structures and showed differential interactions with ADRB2; although CST-WT displaced the ligand bound to ADRB2, CST-364Ser failed to do the same. Furthermore, CST-WT significantly inhibited ADRB2-stimulated extracellular regulated kinase activation, suggesting an antagonistic role towards ADRB2 unlike CST-364Ser. Consequently, CST-WT was more potent in NO production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells as compared with CST-364Ser. This NO-producing ability of CST-WT was abrogated by ADRB2 antagonist ICI 118551. In conclusion, CST-364Ser allele enhanced the risk for hypertension in human populations, possibly via diminished endothelial NO production because of altered interactions of CST-364Ser peptide with ADRB2 as compared with CST-WT.
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Malapaka
M
Kiranmayi
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Venkat R
VR
Chirasani
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Prasanna K R
PK
Allu
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Lakshmi
L
Subramanian
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Elizabeth E
EE
Martelli
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Bhavani S
BS
Sahu
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Durairajpandian
D
Vishnuprabu
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Rathnakumar
R
Kumaragurubaran
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Saurabh
S
Sharma
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Dhanasekaran
D
Bodhini
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Madhulika
M
Dixit
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Arasambattu K
AK
Munirajan
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Madhu
M
Khullar
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Venkatesan
V
Radha
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Viswanathan
V
Mohan
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Ajit S
AS
Mullasari
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Sathyamangla V
SV
Naga Prasad
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.).
Sanjib
S
Senapati
From the Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (M.Kiranmayi, V.R.C., P.K.R.A., L.S., B.S.S., R.K., M.D., S.Senapati, N.R.M.); Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH (E.E.M., S.V.N.P.); Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.V., A.K.M.); Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India (S.Sharma, M.Khullar); Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (D.B., V.R., V.M.); Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Madras Medical Mission, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India (A.S.M.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco (P.K.R.A.); and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (B.S.S.). nmahapatra@iitm.ac.in.
Nitish R
NR
Mahapatra
D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D053379:Chromogranin A / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
D053379:Chromogranin A; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; C109084:chromogranin A (344-364); D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
chromogranin A; genetic association study; genetic variation; hypertension; nitric oxide