Changes of exoskeleton surface roughness and expression of crucial participation genes for chitin formation and digestion in the mud crab (Macrophthalmus japonicus) following the antifouling biocide irgarol.
Irgarol is a common antifoulant present in coastal sediment. The mud crab Macrophthalmus japonicus is one of the most abundant of the macrobenthos in the costal environment, and its exoskeleton has a protective function against various environmental threats. We evaluated the effects of irgarol toxicity on the exoskeleton of M. japonicus, which is the outer layer facing the environment. We analyzed transcriptional expression of exoskeleton, molting, and proteolysis-related genes in the gill and hepatopancreas of these exposed M. japonicus. In addition, changes in survival and exoskeleton surface characteristics were investigated. In the hepatopancreas, mRNA expression of chitinase 1 (Mj-chi1), chitinase 4 (Mj-chi4), and chitinase 5 (Mj-chi5) increased in M. japonicus exposed to all concentrations of irgarol. Mj-chi1 and Mj-chi4 expressions from 1 to 10μgL(-1) were dose- and time-dependent. Ecdysteroid receptor (Mj-EcR), trypsin (Mj-Tryp), and serine proteinase (Mj-SP) in the hepatopancreas were upregulated in response to different exposure levels of irgarol at day 1, 4, or 7. In contrast, gill Mj-chi5, Mj-Tryp, and Mj-SP exhibited late upregulated responses to 10μgL(-1) irgarol compared to the control at day 7. Mj-chi1 showed early upregulation upon exposure to 10μgL(-1) irgarol and Mj-chi4 showed no changes in transcription in the gill. Gill Mj-EcR presented generally downregulated expression patterns. In addition, decreased survival and change of exoskeleton surface roughness were observed in M. japonicus exposed to the three concentrations of irgarol. These results suggest that exposure to irgarol induces changes in the exoskeleton, molting, and proteolysis metabolism of M. japonicus.
Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 550-749, South Korea.
Kiyun
K
Park
Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 550-749, South Korea; Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 550-749, South Korea.
Chamilani
C
Nikapitiya
Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 550-749, South Korea.
Won-Seok
WS
Kim
Department of Mechanical Engineering, GNTECH, Gyeongnam 660-758, South Korea.
Tae-Soo
TS
Kwak
Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 550-749, South Korea. Electronic address: iskwak@chonnam.ac.kr.
Ihn-Sil
IS
Kwak
D060105:Animal Shells / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003386:Brachyura / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002686:Chitin / Q000378:metabolism; D002688:Chitinases / Q000235:genetics; D004063:Digestion / Q000235:genetics; D004202:Disinfectants / Q000633:toxicity*; D005880:Gills / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D043143:Hepatopancreas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018978:Molting / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011987:Receptors, Steroid / Q000235:genetics; D057057:Serine Proteases / Q000235:genetics; D013499:Surface Properties; D014227:Triazines / Q000633:toxicity*; D014357:Trypsin / Q000235:genetics
D004202:Disinfectants; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011987:Receptors, Steroid; D014227:Triazines; C034808:ecdysteroid receptor; D002686:Chitin; C103341:irgarol 1051; D002688:Chitinases; D057057:Serine Proteases; D014357:Trypsin
Chitinase; Ecdysteroid receptor; Irgarol; Macrophthalmus japonicus; Serine proteinase; Trypsin