Autophagy and urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: A review.
The incidence of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (bladder cancer) remains high. While other solid organ malignancies have seen significant improvement in morbidity and mortality, there has been little change in bladder cancer mortality in the past few decades. The mortality is mainly driven by muscle invasive bladder cancer, but the cancer burden remains high even in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer due to high recurrence rates and risk of progression. While apoptosis deregulation has long been an established pathway for cancer progression, nonapoptotic pathways have gained prominence of late. Recent research in the role of autophagy in other malignancies, including its role in treatment resistance, has led to greater interest in the role of autophagy in bladder cancer. Herein, we summarize the literature regarding the role of autophagy in bladder cancer progression and treatment resistance. We address it by systematically reviewing treatment modalities for nonmuscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder cancer.
Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Thenappan
T
Chandrasekar
Department of Urology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Christopher P
CP
Evans
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001343:Autophagy; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D018450:Disease Progression; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D006801:Humans; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents
Autophagy; Drug resistance; Urinary bladder neoplasms